## The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Gutenberg Webster's Unabridged Dictionary: Section S

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Title: The Gutenberg Webster's Unabridged Dictionary: Section S

Author: Project Gutenberg

Noah Webster

Release date: September 1, 1996 [eBook #668]
Most recently updated: November 2, 2024

Language: English

Other information and formats: www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/668

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GUTENBERG WEBSTER'S UNABRIDGED DICTIONARY: SECTION S ***

# Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary

### Version published 1913

#### by the C. & G. Merriam Co.
Springfield, Mass.
Under the direction of
Noah Porter, D.D., LL.D.

S.

S (s), the nineteenth letter of the English alphabet, is a consonant, and is often called a sibilant, in allusion to its hissing sound. It has two principal sounds; one a mere hissing, as in sack, this; the other a vocal hissing (the same as that of z), as in is, wise. Besides these it sometimes has the sounds of sh and zh, as in sure, measure. It generally has its hissing sound at the beginning of words, but in the middle and at the end of words its sound is determined by usage. In a few words it is silent, as in isle, débris. With the letter h it forms the digraph sh. See Guide to pronunciation, §§ 255-261.

Both the form and the name of the letter S are derived from the Latin, which got the letter through the Greek from the Phœnician. The ultimate origin is Egyptian. S is etymologically most nearly related to c, z, t, and r; as, in ice, OE. is; E. hence, OE. hennes; E. rase, raze; erase, razor; that, G. das; E. reason, F. raison, L. ratio; E. was, were; chair, chaise (see C, Z, T, and R.).

-s. 1. [OE. es, AS. as.] The suffix used to form the plural of most words; as in roads, elfs, sides, accounts.

2. [OE. -s, for older -th, AS. - ð.] The suffix used to form the third person singular indicative of English verbs; as in falls, tells, sends.

3. An adverbial suffix; as in towards, needs, always, -- originally the genitive, possesive, ending. See -'s.

-'s [OE. -es, AS. -es.] The suffix used to form the possessive singular of nouns; as, boy's; man's.

's. A contraction for is or (colloquially) for has. "My heart's subdued." Shak.

Sa"adh (sä"d), n. See Sadh.

Saan (sän), n. pl. (Ethnol.) Same as Bushmen.

Sab`a*dil"la (sb`*dl"l), n. [Sp. cebadilla.] (Bot.) A Mexican liliaceous plant (Schœnocaulon officinale); also, its seeds, which contain the alkaloid veratrine. It was formerly used in medicine as an emetic and purgative.

Sa*bæ"an (?), a. & n. Same as Sabian.

Sa*bæ"an*ism (?), n. Same as Sabianism.

{ Sa"bæ*ism (?), Sa"ba*ism (?) }, n. See Sabianism.

Sa"bal (?), n. (Bot.) A genus of palm trees including the palmetto of the Southern United States.

Sab"a*oth (sb"*th or s"b*th; 277), n. pl. [Heb. tseb'th, pl. of tsb', an army or host, fr. tsb', to go forth to war.] 1. Armies; hosts. [Used twice in the English Bible, in the phrase "The Lord of Sabaoth."]

2. Incorrectly, the Sabbath.

Sab"bat (?), n. [See Sabbath.] In mediæval demonology, the nocturnal assembly in which demons and sorcerers were thought to celebrate their orgies.

Sab`ba*ta"ri*an (?), n. [L. Sabbatarius: cf. F. sabbataire. See Sabbath.] 1. One who regards and keeps the seventh day of the week as holy, agreeably to the letter of the fourth commandment in the Decalogue.

There were Christians in the early church who held this opinion, and certain Christians, esp. the Seventh-day Baptists, hold it now.

2. A strict observer of the Sabbath.

Sab`ba*ta"ri*an, a. Of or pertaining to the Sabbath, or the tenets of Sabbatarians.

Sab`ba*ta"ri*an*ism (?), n. The tenets of Sabbatarians. Bp. Ward (1673).

Sab"bath (?), n. [OE. sabat, sabbat, F. sabbat, L. sabbatum, Gr. sa`bbaton, fr. Heb. shabbth, fr. shbath to rest from labor. Cf. Sabbat.] 1. A season or day of rest; one day in seven appointed for rest or worship, the observance of which was enjoined upon the Jews in the Decalogue, and has been continued by the Christian church with a transference of the day observed from the last to the first day of the week, which is called also Lord's Day.

> Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy.

Ex. xx. 8.

2. The seventh year, observed among the Israelites as one of rest and festival. Lev. xxv. 4.

3. Fig.: A time of rest or repose; intermission of pain, effort, sorrow, or the like.

> Peaceful sleep out the sabbath of the tomb.

Pope.

Sabbath breaker, one who violates the law of the Sabbath. -- Sabbath breaking, the violation of the law of the Sabbath. -- Sabbath-day's journey, a distance of about a mile, which, under Rabbinical law, the Jews were allowed to travel on the Sabbath.

Syn. -- Sabbath, Sunday. Sabbath is not strictly synonymous with Sunday. Sabbath denotes the institution; Sunday is the name of the first day of the week. The Sabbath of the Jews is on Saturday, and the Sabbath of most Christians on Sunday. In New England, the first day of the week has been called "the Sabbath," to mark it as holy time; Sunday is the word more commonly used, at present, in all parts of the United States, as it is in England. "So if we will be the children of our heavenly Father, we must be careful to keep the Christian Sabbath day, which is the Sunday." Homilies.

Sab"bath*less, a. Without Sabbath, or intermission of labor; hence, without respite or rest. Bacon.

{ Sab*bat"ic (?), Sab*bat"ic*al (?) }, a. [Gr. &?;: cf. F. sabbatique.] Of or pertaining to the Sabbath; resembling the Sabbath; enjoying or bringing an intermission of labor.

Sabbatical year (Jewish Antiq.), every seventh year, in which the Israelites were commanded to suffer their fields and vineyards to rest, or lie without tillage.

Sab"ba*tism (?), n. [L. sabbatismus, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to keep the Sabbath: cf. F. sabbatisme. See Sabbath.] Intermission of labor, as upon the Sabbath; rest. Dr. H. More.

Sab"ba*ton (?), n. [Cf. Sp. zapaton, a large shoe, F. sabot a wooden shoe.] A round-toed, armed covering for the feet, worn during a part of the sixteenth century in both military and civil dress.

Sa*be"an (?), a. & n. Same as Sabian.

Sa"be*ism (?), n. Same as Sabianism.

||Sa*bel"la (?), n. [NL., fr. L. sabulum gravel.] (Zoöl.) A genus of tubicolous annelids having a circle of plumose gills around the head.

Sa*bel"li*an (?), a. Pertaining to the doctrines or tenets of Sabellius. See Sabellian, n.

Sa*bel"li*an (?), n. (Eccl. Hist.) A follower of Sabellius, a presbyter of Ptolemais in the third century, who maintained that there is but one person in the Godhead, and that the Son and Holy Spirit are only different powers, operations, or offices of the one God the Father.

Sa*bel"li*an*ism (?), n. (Eccl.) The doctrines or tenets of Sabellius. See Sabellian, n.

Sa*bel"loid (?), a. [Sabella + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Like, or related to, the genus Sabella. -- Sa*bel"loid, n.

{ Sa"ber, Sa"bre } (?), n. [F. sabre, G. säbel; of uncertain origin; cf. Hung. száblya, Pol. szabla, Russ. sabla, and L. Gr. zabo`s crooked, curved.] A sword with a broad and heavy blade, thick at the back, and usually more or less curved like a scimiter; a cavalry sword.

Saber fish, or Sabre fish (Zoöl.), the cutlass fish.

{ Sa"ber, Sa"bre }, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sabered (?) or Sabred (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Sabering or Sabring (&?;).] [Cf. F. sabrer.] To strike, cut, or kill with a saber; to cut down, as with a saber.

> You send troops to saber and bayonet us into submission.

Burke.

{ Sa"ber*bill`, Sa"bre*bill` }, n. (Zoöl.) The curlew.

Sa"bi*an (?), a. [L. Sabaeus.] [Written also Sabean, and Sabæan.] 1. Of or pertaining to Saba in Arabia, celebrated for producing aromatic plants.

2. Relating to the religion of Saba, or to the worship of the heavenly bodies.

Sa"bi*an, n. An adherent of the Sabian religion; a worshiper of the heavenly bodies. [Written also Sabæan, and Sabean.]

Sa"bi*an*ism (?), n. The doctrine of the Sabians; the Sabian religion; that species of idolatry which consists in worshiping the sun, moon, and stars; heliolatry. [Written also Sabæanism.]

||Sab"i*cu (?), n. The very hard wood of a leguminous West Indian tree (Lysiloma Sabicu), valued for shipbuilding.

Sa"bine (?), a. [L. Sabinus.] Of or pertaining to the ancient Sabines, a people of Italy. -- n. One of the Sabine people.

Sab"ine (?), n. [F., fr. L. Sabina herba, fr. Sabini the Sabines. Cf. Savin.] (Bot.) See Savin.

Sa"ble (?), n. [OF. sable, F. zibeline sable (in sense 4), LL. sabellum; cf. D. sabel, Dan. sabel, zobel, Sw. sabel, sobel, G. zobel; all fr. Russ. sóbole.] 1. (Zoöl.) A carnivorous animal of the Weasel family (Mustela zibellina) native of the northern latitudes of Europe, Asia, and America, -- noted for its fine, soft, and valuable fur.

The sable resembles the marten, but has a longer head and ears. Its fur consists of a soft under wool, with a dense coat of hair, overtopped by another still longer. It varies greatly in color and quality according to the locality and the season of the year. The darkest and most valuable furs are taken in autumn and winter in the colder parts of Siberia, Russia, and British North America.

The American sable, or marten, was formerly considered a distinct species (Mustela Americana), but it differs very little from the Asiatic sable, and is now considered only a geographical variety.

2. The fur of the sable.

3. A mourning garment; a funeral robe; -- generally in the plural. "Sables wove by destiny." Young.

4. (Her.) The tincture black; -- represented by vertical and horizontal lines crossing each other.

Sa"ble (?), a. Of the color of the sable's fur; dark; black; -- used chiefly in poetry.

> Night, sable goddess! from her ebon throne,
> In rayless majesty, now stretches forth
> Her leaden scepter o'er a slumbering world.

Young.

Sable antelope (Zoöl.), a large South African antelope (Hippotragus niger). Both sexes have long, sharp horns. The adult male is black; the female is dark chestnut above, white beneath. -- Sable iron, a superior quality of Russia iron; -- so called because originally stamped with the figure of a sable. -- Sable mouse (Zoöl.), the lemming.

Sa"ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sabled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sabling (?).] To render sable or dark; to drape darkly or in black.

> Sabled all in black the shady sky.

G. Fletcher.

||Sa`bot" (s`b"), n. [F.] 1. A kind of wooden shoe worn by the peasantry in France, Belgium, Sweden, and some other European countries.

2. (Mil.) A thick, circular disk of wood, to which the cartridge bag and projectile are attached, in fixed ammunition for cannon; also, a piece of soft metal attached to a projectile to take the groove of the rifling.

||Sa`bo"tière (?), n. [F.] A kind of freezer for ices.

Sa"bre (?), n. & v. See Saber.

||Sa"bre*tasche` (?), n. [F. sabretache, G. säbeltasche; säbel saber + tasche a pocket.] (Mil.) A leather case or pocket worn by cavalry at the left side, suspended from the sword belt. Campbell (Dict. Mil. Sci.).

Sa*bri"na work` (?). A variety of appliqué work for quilts, table covers, etc. Caulfeild & S. (Dict. of Needlework).

Sab"u*lose (?), a. [L. sabulosus, from sabulum, sabulo, sand.] (Bot.) Growing in sandy places.

Sab`u*los"i*ty (?), n. The quality of being sabulous; sandiness; grittiness.

Sab"u*lous (?), a. [L. sabulosus.] Sandy; gritty.

Sac (sk), n. (Ethnol.) See Sacs.

Sac, n. [See Sake, Soc.] (O.Eng. Law) The privilege formerly enjoyed by the lord of a manor, of holding courts, trying causes, and imposing fines. Cowell.

Sac (sk), n. [F., fr. L. saccus a sack. See Sack a bag.] 1. See 2d Sack.

2. (Biol.) A cavity, bag, or receptacle, usually containing fluid, and either closed, or opening into another cavity to the exterior; a sack.

Sac"a*lait (?), n. (Zoöl.) A kind of fresh-water bass; the crappie. [Southern U.S.]

Sa"car (?), n. See Saker.

Sac*cade" (?), n. [F.] (Man.) A sudden, violent check of a horse by drawing or twitching the reins on a sudden and with one pull.

Sac"cate (?), a. [NL. saccatus, fr. L. saccus a sack, bag.] 1. (Biol.) Having the form of a sack or pouch; furnished with a sack or pouch, as a petal.

2. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Saccata, a suborder of ctenophores having two pouches into which the long tentacles can be retracted.

Sac"cha*rate (?), n. (Chem.) (a) A salt of saccharic acid. (b) In a wider sense, a compound of saccharose, or any similar carbohydrate, with such bases as the oxides of calcium, barium, or lead; a sucrate.

Sac*char"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or obtained from, saccharine substances; specifically, designating an acid obtained, as a white amorphous gummy mass, by the oxidation of mannite, glucose, sucrose, etc.

Sac`cha*rif"er*ous (?), a. [L. saccharon sugar + -ferous.] Producing sugar; as, sacchariferous canes.

Sac*char"i*fy (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Saccharified (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Saccharifying (?).] [L. saccharon sugar + -fy: cf. F. saccharifier.] To convert into, or to impregnate with, sugar.

Sac`cha*ril"la (?), n. A kind of muslin.

Sac`cha*rim"e*ter (?), n. [L. saccharon sugar + -meter: cf. F. saccharimètre.] An instrument for ascertaining the quantity of saccharine matter in any solution, as the juice of a plant, or brewers' and distillers' worts. [Written also saccharometer.]

The common saccharimeter of the brewer is an hydrometer adapted by its scale to point out the proportion of saccharine matter in a solution of any specific gravity. The polarizing saccharimeter of the chemist is a complex optical apparatus, in which polarized light is transmitted through the saccharine solution, and the proportion of sugar indicated by the relative deviation of the plane of polarization.

Sac`cha*ri*met"ric*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to saccharimetry; obtained by saccharimetry.

Sac`cha*rim"e*try (sk`k*rm"*tr), n. The act, process or method of determining the amount and kind of sugar present in sirup, molasses, and the like, especially by the employment of polarizing apparatus.

Sac"cha*rin (sk"k*rn), n. [F., from L. saccharon sugar.] (Chem.) A bitter white crystalline substance obtained from the saccharinates and regarded as the lactone of saccharinic acid; -- so called because formerly supposed to be isomeric with cane sugar (saccharose).

Sac"cha*ri*nate (?), n. (Chem.) (a) A salt of saccharinic acid. (b) A salt of saccharine.

Sac"cha*rine (? or ?), a. [F. saccharin, fr. L. saccharon sugar, Gr. &?;, &?;, &?;, Skr. çarkara. Cf. Sugar.] Of or pertaining to sugar; having the qualities of sugar; producing sugar; sweet; as, a saccharine taste; saccharine matter.

Sac"cha*rine (? or ?), n. (Chem.) A trade name for benzoic sulphinide. [Written also saccharin.]

Sac"cha*rin"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or derived from, saccharin; specifically, designating a complex acid not known in the free state but well known in its salts, which are obtained by boiling dextrose and levulose (invert sugar) with milk of lime.

Sac"cha*rize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Saccharized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Saccharizing (?).] To convert into, or to impregnate with, sugar.

{ Sac"cha*roid (?), Sac`cha*roid"al (?) }, a. [L. saccharon sugar + -oid: cf. F. saccharoïde.] Resembling sugar, as in taste, appearance, consistency, or composition; as, saccharoidal limestone.

Sac`cha*rom"e*ter (?), n. A saccharimeter.

||Sac`cha*ro*my"ces (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; sugar + &?;, &?;, a fungus.] (Biol.) A genus of budding fungi, the various species of which have the power, to a greater or less extent, or splitting up sugar into alcohol and carbonic acid. They are the active agents in producing fermentation of wine, beer, etc. Saccharomyces cerevisiæ is the yeast of sedimentary beer. Also called Torula.

||Sac`cha*ro*my*ce"tes (?), n. pl. (Biol.) A family of fungi consisting of the one genus Saccharomyces.

Sac"cha*ro*nate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of saccharonic acid.

Sac"cha*rone (?), n. [Saccharin + lactone.] (Chem.) (a) A white crystalline substance, C6H8O6, obtained by the oxidation of saccharin, and regarded as the lactone of saccharonic acid. (b) An oily liquid, C6H10O2, obtained by the reduction of saccharin.

Sac`cha*ron"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or derived from, saccharone; specifically, designating an unstable acid which is obtained from saccharone (a) by hydration, and forms a well-known series of salts.

Sac"cha*rose` (?), n. (Chem.) Cane sugar; sucrose; also, in general, any one of the group of which saccharose, or sucrose proper, is the type. See Sucrose.

Sac"cha*rous (?), a. Saccharine.

||Sac"cha*rum (?), n. [NL. See Saccharine.] (Bot.) A genus of tall tropical grasses including the sugar cane.

Sac`cho*lac"tate (?), n. [See Saccholactic.] (Chem.) A salt of saccholactic acid; -- formerly called also saccholate. [Obs.] See Mucate.

Sac`cho*lac"tic (?), a. [L. saccharon sugar + lac, lactis, milk.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, an acid now called mucic acid; saccholic. [Obs.]

Sac*chol"ic (?), a. Saccholactic. [Obs.]

Sac*chul"mate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of sacchulmic acid.

Sac*chul"mic (?), a. [Saccharine + ulmic.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, an acid obtained as a dark amorphous substance by the long-continued boiling of sucrose with very dilute sulphuric acid. It resembles humic acid. [Written also sacculmic.]

Sac*chul"min (?), n. (Chem.) An amorphous huminlike substance resembling sacchulmic acid, and produced together with it.

Sac*cif"er*ous (?), a. [L. saccus a sack + -ferous.] (Biol.) Bearing a sac.

Sac"ci*form (?), a. [L. saccus a sack + -form.] (Biol.) Having the general form of a sac.

||Sac`co*glos"sa (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. saccus a sack + Gr. &?; a tongue.] (Zoöl.) Same as Pellibranchiata.

Sac"cu*lar (?), a. Like a sac; sacciform.

Sac"cu*la`ted (?), a. Furnished with little sacs.

Sac"cule (?), n. [L. sacculus, dim. of saccus sack.] A little sac; specifically, the sacculus of the ear.

Sac`cu*lo-coch"le*ar (?), a. (Anat.) Pertaining to the sacculus and cochlea of the ear.

Sac`cu*lo-u*tric"u*lar (?), a. (Anat.) Pertaining to the sacculus and utriculus of the ear.

||Sac"cu*lus (?), n.; pl. Sacculi (#). [L., little sack.] (Anat.) A little sac; esp., a part of the membranous labyrinth of the ear. See the Note under Ear.

||Sac"cus (?), n.; pl. Sacci (#). [L., a sack.] (Biol.) A sac.

Sa*cel"lum (?), n.; pl. Sacella (#). [L., dim. of sacrum a sacred place.] (a) (Rom. Antiq.) An unroofed space consecrated to a divinity. (b) (Eccl.) A small monumental chapel in a church. Shipley.

Sac`er*do"tal (?), a. [L. sacerdotalis, fr. sacerdos, -otis, a priest, fr. sacer holy, sacred: cf. F. sacerdotal.] Of or pertaining to priests, or to the order of priests; relating to the priesthood; priesty; as, sacerdotal dignity; sacerdotal functions.

> The ascendency of the sacerdotal order was long the ascendency which naturally and properly belongs to intellectual superiority.

Macaulay.

Sac`er*do"tal*ism (?), n. The system, style, spirit, or character, of a priesthood, or sacerdotal order; devotion to the interests of the sacerdotal order.

Sac`er*do"tal*ly, adv. In a sacerdotal manner.

Sach"el (sch"l), n. A small bag. See Satchel.

Sa"chem (s&acr";chem), n. A chief of a tribe of the American Indians; a sagamore. See Sagamore.

Sa"chem*dom (-dm), n. The government or jurisdiction of a sachem. Dr. T. Dwight.

Sa"chem*ship, n. Office or condition of a sachem.

||Sa`chet" (?), n. [F., dim. of sac. See Sac.] A scent bag, or perfume cushion, to be laid among handkerchiefs, garments, etc., to perfume them.

Sa*ci"e*ty (?), n. Satiety. [Obs.] Bacon.

Sack (sk), n. [OE. seck, F. sec dry (cf. Sp. seco, It. secco), from L. siccus dry, harsh; perhaps akin to Gr. 'ischno`s, Skr. sikata sand, Ir. sesc dry, W. hysp. Cf. Desiccate.] A name formerly given to various dry Spanish wines. "Sherris sack." Shak.

Sack posset, a posset made of sack, and some other ingredients.

Sack, n. [OE. sak, sek, AS. sacc, sæcc, L. saccus, Gr. sa`kkos from Heb. sak; cf. F. sac, from the Latin. Cf. Sac, Satchel, Sack to plunder.] 1. A bag for holding and carrying goods of any kind; a receptacle made of some kind of pliable material, as cloth, leather, and the like; a large pouch.

2. A measure of varying capacity, according to local usage and the substance. The American sack of salt is 215 pounds; the sack of wheat, two bushels. McElrath.

3. [Perhaps a different word.] Originally, a loosely hanging garment for women, worn like a cloak about the shoulders, and serving as a decorative appendage to the gown; now, an outer garment with sleeves, worn by women; as, a dressing sack. [Written also sacque.]

4. A sack coat; a kind of coat worn by men, and extending from top to bottom without a cross seam.

5. (Biol.) See 2d Sac, 2.

Sack bearer (Zoöl.). See Basket worm, under Basket. -- Sack tree (Bot.), an East Indian tree (Antiaris saccidora) which is cut into lengths, and made into sacks by turning the bark inside out, and leaving a slice of the wood for a bottom. -- To give the sack to or get the sack, to discharge, or be discharged, from employment; to jilt, or be jilted. [Slang]

Sack, v. t. 1. To put in a sack; to bag; as, to sack corn.

> Bolsters sacked in cloth, blue and crimson.

L. Wallace.

2. To bear or carry in a sack upon the back or the shoulders. [Colloq.]

Sack, n. [F. sac plunder, pillage, originally, a pack, packet, booty packed up, fr. L. saccus. See Sack a bag.] The pillage or plunder, as of a town or city; the storm and plunder of a town; devastation; ravage.

> The town was stormed, and delivered up to sack, -- by which phrase is to be understood the perpetration of all those outrages which the ruthless code of war allowed, in that age, on the persons and property of the defenseless inhabitants, without regard to sex or age.

Prescott.

Sack, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sacked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sacking.] [See Sack pillage.] To plunder or pillage, as a town or city; to devastate; to ravage.

> The Romans lay under the apprehensions of seeing their city sacked by a barbarous enemy.

Addison.

Sack"age (?; 48), n. The act of taking by storm and pillaging; sack. [R.] H. Roscoe.

Sack"but (?), n. [F. saquebute, OF. saqueboute a sackbut, earlier, a sort of hook attached to the end of a lance used by foot soldiers to unhorse cavalrymen; prop. meaning, pull and push; fr. saquier, sachier, to pull, draw (perhaps originally, to put into a bag or take out from a bag; see Sack a bag) + bouter to push (see Butt to thrust). The name was given to the musical instrument from its being lengthened and shortened.] (Mus.) A brass wind instrument, like a bass trumpet, so contrived that it can be lengthened or shortened according to the tone required; -- said to be the same as the trombone. [Written also sagbut.] Moore (Encyc. of Music).

The sackbut of the Scriptures is supposed to have been a stringed instrument.

Sack"cloth` (?; 115), n. Linen or cotton cloth such as sacks are made of; coarse cloth; anciently, a cloth or garment worn in mourning, distress, mortification, or penitence.

> Gird you with sackcloth, and mourn before Abner.

2 Sam. iii. 31.

> Thus with sackcloth I invest my woe.

Sandys.

Sack"clothed` (?), a. Clothed in sackcloth.

Sack"er (?), n. One who sacks; one who takes part in the storm and pillage of a town.

Sack"ful (?), n.; pl. Sackfuls (&?;). As much as a sack will hold.

Sack"ful, a. Bent on plunder. [Obs.] Chapman.

Sack"ing, n. [AS. sæccing, from sæcc sack, bag.] Stout, coarse cloth of which sacks, bags, etc., are made.

Sack"less, a. [AS. sacleás; sacu contention + leás loose, free from.] Quiet; peaceable; harmless; innocent. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Sack"-winged` (?), a. (Zoöl.) Having a peculiar pouch developed near the front edge of the wing; -- said of certain bats of the genus Saccopteryx.

Sacque (?), n. [Formed after the analogy of the French. See 2d Sack.] Same as 2d Sack, 3.

Sa"cral (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the sacrum; in the region of the sacrum.

Sac"ra*ment (?), n. [L. sacramentum an oath, a sacred thing, a mystery, a sacrament, fr. sacrare to declare as sacred, sacer sacred: cf. F. sacrement. See Sacred.] 1. The oath of allegiance taken by Roman soldiers; hence, a sacred ceremony used to impress an obligation; a solemn oath-taking; an oath. [Obs.]

> I'll take the sacrament on't.

Shak.

2. The pledge or token of an oath or solemn covenant; a sacred thing; a mystery. [Obs.]

> God sometimes sent a light of fire, and pillar of a cloud . . . and the sacrament of a rainbow, to guide his people through their portion of sorrows.

Jer. Taylor.

3. (Theol.) One of the solemn religious ordinances enjoined by Christ, the head of the Christian church, to be observed by his followers; hence, specifically, the eucharist; the Lord's Supper.

Syn. -- Sacrament, Eucharist. -- Protestants apply the term sacrament to baptism and the Lord's Supper, especially the latter. The R. Cath. and Greek churches have five other sacraments, viz., confirmation, penance, holy orders, matrimony, and extreme unction. As sacrament denotes an oath or vow, the word has been applied by way of emphasis to the Lord's Supper, where the most sacred vows are renewed by the Christian in commemorating the death of his Redeemer. Eucharist denotes the giving of thanks; and this term also has been applied to the same ordinance, as expressing the grateful remembrance of Christ's sufferings and death. "Some receive the sacrament as a means to procure great graces and blessings; others as an eucharist and an office of thanksgiving for what they have received." Jer. Taylor.

Sac"ra*ment (?), v. t. To bind by an oath. [Obs.] Laud.

Sac`ra*men"tal (?), a. [L. sacramentalis: cf. F. sacramental, sacramentel.] 1. Of or pertaining to a sacrament or the sacraments; of the nature of a sacrament; sacredly or solemnly binding; as, sacramental rites or elements.

2. Bound by a sacrament.

> The sacramental host of God's elect.

Cowper.

Sac`ra*men"tal, n. That which relates to a sacrament. Bp. Morton.

Sac`ra*men"tal*ism (?), n. The doctrine and use of sacraments; attachment of excessive importance to sacraments.

Sac`ra*men"tal*ist, n. One who holds the doctrine of the real objective presence of Christ's body and blood in the holy eucharist. Shipley.

Sac`ra*men"tal*ly, adv. In a sacramental manner.

Sac`ra*men*ta"ri*an (?), n. [LL. sacramentarius: cf. F. sacramentaire.] 1. (Eccl.) A name given in the sixteenth century to those German reformers who rejected both the Roman and the Lutheran doctrine of the holy eucharist.

2. One who holds extreme opinions regarding the efficacy of sacraments.

Sac`ra*men*ta"ri*an, a. 1. Of or pertaining a sacrament, or to the sacramentals; sacramental.

2. Of or pertaining to the Sacramentarians.

Sac`ra*men"ta*ry (?), a. 1. Of or pertaining to a sacrament or the sacraments; sacramental.

2. Of or pertaining to the Sacramentarians.

Sac`ra*men"ta*ry, n.; pl. -ries (#). [LL. sacramentarium: cf. F. sacramentaire.] 1. An ancient book of the Roman Catholic Church, written by Pope Gelasius, and revised, corrected, and abridged by St. Gregory, in which were contained the rites for Mass, the sacraments, the dedication of churches, and other ceremonies. There are several ancient books of the same kind in France and Germany.

2. Same as Sacramentarian, n., 1.

> Papists, Anabaptists, and Sacramentaries.

Jer. Taylor.

Sac"ra*ment*ize (?), v. i. To administer the sacraments. [R.]

> Both to preach and sacramentize.

Fuller.

||Sa*cra"ri*um (?), n.; pl. -ria (#). [L., fr. sacer sacred.] 1. A sort of family chapel in the houses of the Romans, devoted to a special divinity.

2. The adytum of a temple. Gwilt.

3. In a Christian church, the sanctuary.

Sa"crate (?), v. t. [L. sacratus, p. p. of sacrare. See Sacred.] To consecrate. [Obs.]

Sa*cra"tion (?), n. Consecration. [Obs.]

Sa"cre (?), n. See Saker.

Sa"cre, v. t. [F. sacrer. See Sacred.] To consecrate; to make sacred. [Obs.] Holland.

Sa"cred (?), a. [Originally p. p. of OE. sacren to consecrate, F. sacrer, fr. L. sacrare, fr. sacer sacred, holy, cursed. Cf. Consecrate, Execrate, Saint, Sexton.] 1. Set apart by solemn religious ceremony; especially, in a good sense, made holy; set apart to religious use; consecrated; not profane or common; as, a sacred place; a sacred day; sacred service.

2. Relating to religion, or to the services of religion; not secular; religious; as, sacred history.

> Smit with the love of sacred song.

Milton.

3. Designated or exalted by a divine sanction; possessing the highest title to obedience, honor, reverence, or veneration; entitled to extreme reverence; venerable.

> Such neighbor nearness to our sacred [royal] blood
> Should nothing privilege him.

Shak.

> Poet and saint to thee alone were given,
> The two most sacred names of earth and heaven.

Cowley.

4. Hence, not to be profaned or violated; inviolable.

> Secrets of marriage still are sacred held.

Dryden.

5. Consecrated; dedicated; devoted; -- with to.

> A temple, sacred to the queen of love.

Dryden.

6. Solemnly devoted, in a bad sense, as to evil, vengeance, curse, or the like; accursed; baleful. [Archaic]

> But, to destruction sacred and devote.

Milton.

Society of the Sacred Heart (R.C. Ch.), a religious order of women, founded in France in 1800, and approved in 1826. It was introduced into America in 1817. The members of the order devote themselves to the higher branches of female education. -- Sacred baboon. (Zoöl.) See Hamadryas. -- Sacred bean (Bot.), a seed of the Oriental lotus (Nelumbo speciosa or Nelumbium speciosum), a plant resembling a water lily; also, the plant itself. See Lotus. -- Sacred beetle (Zoöl.) See Scarab. -- Sacred canon. See Canon, n., 3. - - Sacred fish (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of fresh-water African fishes of the family Mormyridæ. Several large species inhabit the Nile and were considered sacred by the ancient Egyptians; especially Mormyrus oxyrhynchus. -- Sacred ibis. See Ibis. -- Sacred monkey. (Zoöl.) (a) Any Asiatic monkey of the genus Semnopithecus, regarded as sacred by the Hindoos; especially, the entellus. See Entellus. (b) The sacred baboon. See Hamadryas. (c) The bhunder, or rhesus monkey. -- Sacred place (Civil Law), the place where a deceased person is buried.

Syn. -- Holy; divine; hallowed; consecrated; dedicated; devoted; religious; venerable; reverend.

-- Sa"cred*ly (#), adv. -- Sa"cred*ness, n.

{ Sacrif"ic (?), Sa*crif"ic*al (?) }, a. [L. sacrificus, sacrificalis. See Sacrifice.] Employed in sacrifice. [R.] Johnson.

Sa*crif"ic*a*ble (?), a. Capable of being offered in sacrifice. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Sa*crif"ic*ant (?), n. [L. sacrificans, p. pr. See Sacrifice.] One who offers a sacrifice. [R.]

Sac"ri*fi*ca`tor (?), n. [L.] A sacrificer; one who offers a sacrifice. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Sa*crif"ic*a*to*ry (?), n. [Cf. F. sacrificatoire.] Offering sacrifice. [R.] Sherwood.

Sac"ri*fice (?; 277), n. [OE. sacrifise, sacrifice, F. sacrifice, fr. L. sacrificium; sacer sacred + facere to make. See Sacred, and Fact.] 1. The offering of anything to God, or to a god; consecratory rite.

> Great pomp, and sacrifice, and praises loud,
> To Dagon.

Milton.

2. Anything consecrated and offered to God, or to a divinity; an immolated victim, or an offering of any kind, laid upon an altar, or otherwise presented in the way of religious thanksgiving, atonement, or conciliation.

> Moloch, horrid king, besmeared with blood
> Of human sacrifice.

Milton.

> My life, if thou preserv'st my life,
> Thy sacrifice shall be.

Addison.

3. Destruction or surrender of anything for the sake of something else; devotion of some desirable object in behalf of a higher object, or to a claim deemed more pressing; hence, also, the thing so devoted or given up; as, the sacrifice of interest to pleasure, or of pleasure to interest.

4. A sale at a price less than the cost or the actual value. [Tradesmen's Cant]

Burnt sacrifice. See Burnt offering, under Burnt. -- Sacrifice hit (Baseball), in batting, a hit of such a kind that the batter loses his chance of tallying, but enables one or more who are on bases to get home or gain a base.

Sac"ri*fice (?; 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sacrificed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Sacrificing (&?;).] [From Sacrifice, n.: cf. F. sacrifier, L. sacrificare; sacer sacred, holy + -ficare (only in comp.) to make. See -fy.] 1. To make an offering of; to consecrate or present to a divinity by way of expiation or propitiation, or as a token acknowledgment or thanksgiving; to immolate on the altar of God, in order to atone for sin, to procure favor, or to express thankfulness; as, to sacrifice an ox or a sheep.

> Oft sacrificing bullock, lamb, or kid.

Milton.

2. Hence, to destroy, surrender, or suffer to be lost, for the sake of obtaining something; to give up in favor of a higher or more imperative object or duty; to devote, with loss or suffering.

> Condemned to sacrifice his childish years
> To babbling ignorance, and to empty fears.

Prior.

> The Baronet had sacrificed a large sum . . . for the sake of . . . making this boy his heir.

G. Eliot.

3. To destroy; to kill. Johnson.

4. To sell at a price less than the cost or the actual value. [Tradesmen's Cant]

Sac"ri*fice, v. i. To make offerings to God, or to a deity, of things consumed on the altar; to offer sacrifice.

> O teacher, some great mischief hath befallen
> To that meek man, who well had sacrificed.

Milton.

Sac"ri*fi`cer (?), n. One who sacrifices.

Sac`ri*fi"cial (?), a. Of or pertaining to sacrifice or sacrifices; consisting in sacrifice; performing sacrifice. "Sacrificial rites." Jer. Taylor.

Sac"ri*lege (?), n. [F. sacrilège, L. sacrilegium, from sacrilegus that steals, properly, gathers or picks up, sacred things; sacer sacred + legere to gather, pick up. See Sacred, and Legend.] The sin or crime of violating or profaning sacred things; the alienating to laymen, or to common purposes, what has been appropriated or consecrated to religious persons or uses.

> And the hid treasures in her sacred tomb
> With sacrilege to dig.

Spenser.

> Families raised upon the ruins of churches, and enriched with the spoils of sacrilege.

South.

Sac`ri*le"gious (?), a. [From sacrilege: cf. L. sacrilegus.] Violating sacred things; polluted with sacrilege; involving sacrilege; profane; impious.

> Above the reach of sacrilegious hands.

Pope.

-- Sac`ri*le"gious*ly, adv. -- Sac`ri*le"gious*ness, n.

Sac"ri*le`gist (?), n. One guilty of sacrilege.

Sac"ring (?), a. & n. from Sacre.

Sacring bell. See Sanctus bell, under Sanctus.

Sa"crist (?), n. [LL. sacrista. See Sacristan.] A sacristan; also, a person retained in a cathedral to copy out music for the choir, and take care of the books.

Sac"ris*tan (?), n. [F. sacristain, LL. sacrista, fr. L. sacer. See Sacred, and cf. Sexton.] An officer of the church who has the care of the utensils or movables, and of the church in general; a sexton.

Sac"ris*ty (?), n.; pl. Sacristies (#). [F. sacristie, LL. sacristia, fr. L. sacer. See Sacred.] An apartment in a church where the sacred utensils, vestments, etc., are kept; a vestry.

Sa"cro- (&?;). (Anat.) A combining form denoting connection with, or relation to, the sacrum, as in sacro-coccygeal, sacro-iliac, sacrosciatic.

Sac"ro*sanct (?), a. [L. sucrosanctus.] Sacred; inviolable. [R.] Dr. H. More.

Sa`cro*sci*at"ic (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to both the sacrum and the hip; as, the sacrosciatic foramina formed by the sacrosciatic ligaments which connect the sacrum and the hip bone.

Sa`cro*ver"te*bral (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the sacrum and that part of the vertebral column immediately anterior to it; as, the sacrovertebral angle.

||Sa"crum (?), n.; pl. sacra (&?;). [NL., fr. L. sacer sacred, os sacrum the lowest bone of the spine.] (Anat.) That part of the vertebral column which is directly connected with, or forms a part of, the pelvis.

It may consist of a single vertebra or of several more or less consolidated. In man it forms the dorsal, or posterior, wall of the pelvis, and consists of five united vertebræ, which diminish in size very rapidly to the posterior extremity, which bears the coccyx.

Sacs (sks), n. pl.; sing. Sac (&?;). (Ethnol.) A tribe of Indians, which, together with the Foxes, formerly occupied the region about Green Bay, Wisconsin. [Written also Sauks.]

Sad (sd), a. [Compar. Sadder (?); supperl. Saddest.] [OE. sad sated, tired, satisfied, firm, steadfast, AS. sæd satisfied, sated; akin to D. zat, OS. sad, G. satt, OHG. sat, Icel. saðr, saddr, Goth. saþs, Lith. sotus, L. sat, satis, enough, satur sated, Gr. 'a`menai to satiate, 'a`dnh enough. Cf. Assets, Sate, Satiate, Satisfy, Satire.] 1. Sated; satisfied; weary; tired. [Obs.]

> Yet of that art they can not waxen sad,
> For unto them it is a bitter sweet.

Chaucer.

2. Heavy; weighty; ponderous; close; hard. [Obs., except in a few phrases; as, sad bread.]

> His hand, more sad than lump of lead.

Spenser.

> Chalky lands are naturally cold and sad.

Mortimer.

3. Dull; grave; dark; somber; -- said of colors. "Sad-colored clothes." Walton.

> Woad, or wade, is used by the dyers to lay the foundation of all sad colors.

Mortimer.

4. Serious; grave; sober; steadfast; not light or frivolous. [Obs.] "Ripe and sad courage." Chaucer.

> Lady Catharine, a sad and religious woman.

Bacon.

> Which treaty was wisely handled by sad and discrete counsel of both parties.

Ld. Berners.

5. Affected with grief or unhappiness; cast down with affliction; downcast; gloomy; mournful.

> First were we sad, fearing you would not come;
> Now sadder, that you come so unprovided.

Shak.

> The angelic guards ascended, mute and sad.

Milton.

6. Afflictive; calamitous; causing sorrow; as, a sad accident; a sad misfortune.

7. Hence, bad; naughty; troublesome; wicked. [Colloq.] "Sad tipsy fellows, both of them." I. Taylor.

Sad is sometimes used in the formation of self- explaining compounds; as, sad-colored, sad-eyed, sad-hearted, sad-looking, and the like.

Sad bread, heavy bread. [Scot. & Local, U.S.] Bartlett.

Syn. -- Sorrowful; mournful; gloomy; dejected; depressed; cheerless; downcast; sedate; serious; grave; grievous; afflictive; calamitous.

Sad, v. t. To make sorrowful; to sadden. [Obs.]

> How it sadded the minister's spirits!

H. Peters.

||Sad"da (?), n. [Per. sad-dar the hundred gates or ways; sad a hundred + dar door, way.] A work in the Persian tongue, being a summary of the Zend- Avesta, or sacred books.

Sad"den (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Saddened (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Saddening.] To make sad. Specifically: (a) To render heavy or cohesive. [Obs.]

> Marl is binding, and saddening of land is the great prejudice it doth to clay lands.

Mortimer.

(b) To make dull- or sad-colored, as cloth. (c) To make grave or serious; to make melancholy or sorrowful.

> Her gloomy presence saddens all the scene.

Pope.

Sad"den, v. i. To become, or be made, sad. Tennyson.

Sad"der (?), n. Same as Sadda.

Sad"dle (?), n. [OE. sadel, AS. sadol; akin to D. zadel, G. sattel, OHG. satal, satul, Icel. söðull, Dan. & Sw. sadel; cf. Russ. siedlo; all perh. ultimately from the root of E. sit.] 1. A seat for a rider, -- usually made of leather, padded to span comfortably a horse's back, furnished with stirrups for the rider's feet to rest in, and fastened in place with a girth; also, a seat for the rider on a bicycle or tricycle.

2. A padded part of a harness which is worn on a horse's back, being fastened in place with a girth. It serves various purposes, as to keep the breeching in place, carry guides for the reins, etc.

3. A piece of meat containing a part of the backbone of an animal with the ribs on each side; as, a saddle of mutton, of venison, etc.

4. (Naut.) A block of wood, usually fastened to some spar, and shaped to receive the end of another spar.

5. (Mach.) A part, as a flange, which is hollowed out to fit upon a convex surface and serve as a means of attachment or support.

6. (Zoöl.) The clitellus of an earthworm.

7. (Arch.) The threshold of a door, when a separate piece from the floor or landing; -- so called because it spans and covers the joint between two floors.

Saddle bar (Arch.), one the small iron bars to which the lead panels of a glazed window are secured. Oxf. Gloss. -- Saddle gall (Far.), a sore or gall upon a horse's back, made by the saddle. -- Saddle girth, a band passing round the body of a horse to hold the saddle in its place. -- saddle horse, a horse suitable or trained for riding with a saddle. -- Saddle joint, in sheet-metal roofing, a joint formed by bending up the edge of a sheet and folding it downward over the turned-up edge of the next sheet. -- Saddle roof, (Arch.), a roof having two gables and one ridge; -- said of such a roof when used in places where a different form is more common; as, a tower surmounted by a saddle roof. Called also saddleback roof. -- Saddle shell (Zoöl.), any thin plicated bivalve shell of the genera Placuna and Anomia; -- so called from its shape. Called also saddle oyster.

Sad"dle (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Saddled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Saddling (?).] [AS. sadelian.] 1. To put a saddle upon; to equip (a beast) for riding. "saddle my horse." Shak.

> Abraham rose up early, . . . and saddled his ass.

Gen. xxii. 3.

2. Hence: To fix as a charge or burden upon; to load; to encumber; as, to saddle a town with the expense of bridges and highways.

Sad"dle*back` (?), a. Same as Saddle-backed.

Saddleback roof. (Arch.) See Saddle roof, under Saddle.

Sad"dle*back`, n. 1. Anything saddle-backed; esp., a hill or ridge having a concave outline at the top.

2. (Zoöl.) (a) The harp seal. (b) The great blackbacked gull (Larus marinus). (c) The larva of a bombycid moth (Empretia stimulea) which has a large, bright green, saddle-shaped patch of color on the back.

Sad"dle-backed` (?), a. 1. Having the outline of the upper part concave like the seat of a saddle.

2. Having a low back and high neck, as a horse.

Sad"dle*bags (?), n. pl. Bags, usually of leather, united by straps or a band, formerly much used by horseback riders to carry small articles, one bag hanging on each side.

Sad"dle*bow` (?), n. [AS. sadelboga.] The bow or arch in the front part of a saddle, or the pieces which form the front.

Sad"dle*cloth` (?; 115), n. A cloth under a saddle, and extending out behind; a housing.

Sad"dled (?), a. (Zoöl.) Having a broad patch of color across the back, like a saddle; saddle-backed.

Sad"dler (?), n. One who makes saddles.

2. (Zoöl.) A harp seal.

Sad"dler*y (?), n. 1. The materials for making saddles and harnesses; the articles usually offered for sale in a saddler's shop.

2. The trade or employment of a saddler.

Sad"dle-shaped` (?), a. Shaped like a saddle. Specifically: (a) (Bot.) Bent down at the sides so as to give the upper part a rounded form. Henslow.

(b) (Geol.) Bent on each side of a mountain or ridge, without being broken at top; -- said of strata.

Sad"dle*tree` (?), n. The frame of a saddle.

> For saddletree scarce reached had he,
> His journey to begin.

Cowper.

Sad`du*ca"ic (?; 135), a. Pertaining to, or like, the Sadducees; as, Sadducaic reasonings.

Sad"du*cee (?), n. [L. Sadducaei, p., Gr. &?;, Heb. Tsaddkm; -- so called from Tsdk, the founder of the sect.] One of a sect among the ancient Jews, who denied the resurrection, a future state, and the existence of angels. -- Sad`du*ce"an (#), a.

{ Sad"du*cee`ism (?), Sad"du*cism (?) }, n. The tenets of the Sadducees.

Sad"du*cize (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sadducized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sadducizing (?).] To adopt the principles of the Sadducees. Atterbury.

Sadh (?), n. [Skr. sdhu perfect, pure.] A member of a monotheistic sect of Hindoos. Sadhs resemble the Quakers in many respects. Balfour (Cyc. of India).

Sad"i`ron (?), n. [Probably sad heavy + iron.] An iron for smoothing clothes; a flatiron.

Sad"ly, adv. 1. Wearily; heavily; firmly. [Obs.]

> In go the spears full sadly in arest.

Chaucer.

2. Seriously; soberly; gravely. [Obs.]

> To tell thee sadly, shepherd, without blame
> Or our neglect, we lost her as we came.

Milton.

3. Grievously; deeply; sorrowfully; miserably. "He sadly suffers in their grief." Dryden.

Sad"ness, n. 1. Heaviness; firmness. [Obs.]

2. Seriousness; gravity; discretion. [Obs.]

> Her sadness and her benignity.

Chaucer.

3. Quality of being sad, or unhappy; gloominess; sorrowfulness; dejection.

> Dim sadness did not spare
> That time celestial visages.

Milton.

Syn. -- Sorrow; heaviness; dejection. See Grief.

||Sadr (?), n. (Bot.) A plant of the genus Ziziphus (Z. lotus); -- so called by the Arabs of Barbary, who use its berries for food. See Lotus (b).

||Saeng"er*fest (?), n. [G. sängerfest.] A festival of singers; a German singing festival.

Safe (?), a. [Compar. Safer (?); superl. Safest.] [OE. sauf, F. sauf, fr. L. salvus, akin to salus health, welfare, safety. Cf. Salute, Salvation, Sage a plant, Save, Salvo an exception.] 1. Free from harm, injury, or risk; untouched or unthreatened by danger or injury; unharmed; unhurt; secure; whole; as, safe from disease; safe from storms; safe from foes. "And ye dwelled safe." 1 Sam. xii. 11.

> They escaped all safe to land.

Acts xxvii. 44.

> Established in a safe, unenvied throne.

Milton.

2. Conferring safety; securing from harm; not exposing to danger; confining securely; to be relied upon; not dangerous; as, a safe harbor; a safe bridge, etc. "The man of safe discretion." Shak.

> The King of heaven hath doomed
> This place our dungeon, not our safe retreat.

Milton.

3. Incapable of doing harm; no longer dangerous; in secure care or custody; as, the prisoner is safe.

> But Banquo's safe?
> Ay, my good lord, safe in a ditch he bides.

Shak.

Safe hit (Baseball), a hit which enables the batter to get to first base even if no error is made by the other side.

Syn. -- Secure; unendangered; sure.

Safe (?), n. A place for keeping things in safety. Specifically: (a) A strong and fireproof receptacle (as a movable chest of steel, etc., or a closet or vault of brickwork) for containing money, valuable papers, or the like. (b) A ventilated or refrigerated chest or closet for securing provisions from noxious animals or insects.

Safe, v. t. To render safe; to make right. [Obs.] Shak.

Safe"-con"duct (?), n. [Safe + conduct: cf. F. sauf-conduit.] That which gives a safe passage; either (a) a convoy or guard to protect a person in an enemy's country or a foreign country, or (b) a writing, pass, or warrant of security, given to a person to enable him to travel with safety. Shak.

Safe`-con*duct" (?), v. t. To conduct safely; to give safe-conduct to. [Poetic]

> He him by all the bonds of love besought
> To safe-conduct his love.

Spenser.

Safe"guard` (?), n. [Safe = guard: cf. F. sauvegarde.] 1. One who, or that which, defends or protects; defense; protection. Shak.

> Thy sword, the safeguard of thy brother's throne.

Granville.

2. A convoy or guard to protect a traveler or property.

3. A pass; a passport; a safe-conduct. Shak.

Safe"guard`, v. t. To guard; to protect. Shak.

Safe"-keep"ing (?), n. [Safe + keep.] The act of keeping or preserving in safety from injury or from escape; care; custody.

Safe"ly, adv. In a safe manner; danger, injury, loss, or evil consequences.

Safe"ness, n. The quality or state of being safe; freedom from hazard, danger, harm, or loss; safety; security; as the safeness of an experiment, of a journey, or of a possession.

Safe"-pledge" (?), n. (Law) A surety for the appearance of a person at a given time. Bracton.

Safe"ty (?), n. [Cf. F. sauveté.] 1. The condition or state of being safe; freedom from danger or hazard; exemption from hurt, injury, or loss.

> Up led by thee,
> Into the heaven I have presumed,
> An earthly guest . . . With like safety guided down,
> Return me to my native element.

Milton.

2. Freedom from whatever exposes one to danger or from liability to cause danger or harm; safeness; hence, the quality of making safe or secure, or of giving confidence, justifying trust, insuring against harm or loss, etc.

> Would there were any safety in thy sex,
> That I might put a thousand sorrows off,
> And credit thy repentance!

Beau. & Fl.

3. Preservation from escape; close custody.

> Imprison him, . . .
> Deliver him to safety; and return.

Shak.

4. (Football) Same as Safety touchdown, below.

Safety arch (Arch.), a discharging arch. See under Discharge, v. t. -- Safety belt, a belt made of some buoyant material, or which is capable of being inflated, so as to enable a person to float in water; a life preserver. -- Safety buoy, a buoy to enable a person to float in water; a safety belt. -- Safety cage (Mach.), a cage for an elevator or mine lift, having appliances to prevent it from dropping if the lifting rope should break. -- Safety lamp. (Mining) See under Lamp. -- Safety match, a match which can be ignited only on a surface specially prepared for the purpose. -- Safety pin, a pin made in the form of a clasp, with a guard covering its point so that it will not prick the wearer. -- Safety plug. See Fusible plug, under Fusible. -- Safety switch. See Switch. -- Safety touchdown (Football), the act or result of a player's touching to the ground behind his own goal line a ball which received its last impulse from a man on his own side; -- distinguished from touchback. See Touchdown. -- Safety tube (Chem.), a tube to prevent explosion, or to control delivery of gases by an automatic valvular connection with the outer air; especially, a bent funnel tube with bulbs for adding those reagents which produce unpleasant fumes or violent effervescence. -- Safety valve, a valve which is held shut by a spring or weight and opens automatically to permit the escape of steam, or confined gas, water, etc., from a boiler, or other vessel, when the pressure becomes too great for safety; also, sometimes, a similar valve opening inward to admit air to a vessel in which the pressure is less than that of the atmosphere, to prevent collapse.

Saf"flow (?), n. (Bot.) The safflower. [Obs.]

Saf"flow`er (?), n. [F. safleur, saflor, for safran, influenced by fleur flower. See Saffron, and Flower.] 1. (Bot.) An annual composite plant (Carthamus tinctorius), the flowers of which are used as a dyestuff and in making rouge; bastard, or false, saffron.

2. The dried flowers of the Carthamus tinctorius.

3. A dyestuff from these flowers. See Safranin (b).

Oil of safflower, a purgative oil expressed from the seeds of the safflower.

Saf"fron (?; 277), n. [OE. saffran, F. safran; cf. It. zafferano, Sp. azafran, Pg. açafrão; all fr. Ar. & Per. za' farn.] 1. (Bot.) A bulbous iridaceous plant (Crocus sativus) having blue flowers with large yellow stigmas. See Crocus.

2. The aromatic, pungent, dried stigmas, usually with part of the stile, of the Crocus sativus. Saffron is used in cookery, and in coloring confectionery, liquors, varnishes, etc., and was formerly much used in medicine.

3. An orange or deep yellow color, like that of the stigmas of the Crocus sativus.

Bastard saffron, Dyer's saffron. (Bot.) See Safflower. -- Meadow saffron (Bot.), a bulbous plant (Colchichum autumnale) of Europe, resembling saffron. -- Saffron wood (Bot.), the yellowish wood of a South African tree (Elæodendron croceum); also, the tree itself. -- Saffron yellow, a shade of yellow like that obtained from the stigmas of the true saffron (Crocus sativus).

Saf"fron (?; 277), a. Having the color of the stigmas of saffron flowers; deep orange-yellow; as, a saffron face; a saffron streamer.

Saf"fron, v. t. To give color and flavor to, as by means of saffron; to spice. [Obs.]

> And in Latyn I speak a wordes few,
> To saffron with my predication.

Chaucer.

Saf"fron*y (?), a. Having a color somewhat like saffron; yellowish. Lord (1630).

Saf"ra*nin (?), n. (Chem.) (a) An orange-red dyestuff extracted from the saffron. [R.] (b) A red dyestuff extracted from the safflower, and formerly used in dyeing wool, silk, and cotton pink and scarlet; -- called also Spanish red, China lake, and carthamin. (c) An orange-red dyestuff prepared from certain nitro compounds of creosol, and used as a substitute for the safflower dye.

Saf"ra*nine (? or ?), n. [So called because used as a substitute for safranin.] (Chem.) An orange-red nitrogenous dyestuff produced artificially by oxidizing certain aniline derivatives, and used in dyeing silk and wool; also, any one of the series of which safranine proper is the type.

Sag (sg), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sagged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sagging (?).] [Akin to Sw. sacka to settle, sink down, LG. sacken, D. zakken. Cf. Sink, v. i.] 1. To sink, in the middle, by its weight or under applied pressure, below a horizontal line or plane; as, a line or cable supported by its ends sags, though tightly drawn; the floor of a room sags; hence, to lean, give way, or settle from a vertical position; as, a building may sag one way or another; a door sags on its hinges.

2. Fig.: To lose firmness or elasticity; to sink; to droop; to flag; to bend; to yield, as the mind or spirits, under the pressure of care, trouble, doubt, or the like; to be unsettled or unbalanced. [R.]

> The mind I sway by, and the heart I bear,
> Shall never sag with doubt nor shake with fear.

Shak.

3. To loiter in walking; to idle along; to drag or droop heavily.

To sag to leeward (Naut.), to make much leeway by reason of the wind, sea, or current; to drift to leeward; -- said of a vessel. Totten.

Sag, v. t. To cause to bend or give way; to load.

Sag, n. State of sinking or bending; sagging.

Sa"ga (s"g), n.; pl. Sagas (-gz). [Icel., akin to E. saw a saying. See Say, and cf. Saw.] A Scandinavian legend, or heroic or mythic tradition, among the Norsemen and kindred people; a northern European popular historical or religious tale of olden time.

> And then the blue-eyed Norseman told
> A saga of the days of old.

Longfellow.

Sa*ga"cious (?), a. [L. sagax, sagacis, akin to sagire to perceive quickly or keenly, and probably to E. seek. See Seek, and cf. Presage.] 1. Of quick sense perceptions; keen-scented; skilled in following a trail.

> Sagacious of his quarry from so far.

Milton.

2. Hence, of quick intellectual perceptions; of keen penetration and judgment; discerning and judicious; knowing; far-sighted; shrewd; sage; wise; as, a sagacious man; a sagacious remark.

> Instinct . . . makes them, many times, sagacious above our apprehension.

Dr. H. More.

> Only sagacious heads light on these observations, and reduce them into general propositions.

Locke.

Syn. -- See Shrewd.

-- Sa*ga"cious*ly, adv. -- Sa*ga"cious*ness, n.

Sa*gac"i*ty (?), n. [L. sagacitas. See Sagacious.] The quality of being sagacious; quickness or acuteness of sense perceptions; keenness of discernment or penetration with soundness of judgment; shrewdness.

> Some [brutes] show that nice sagacity of smell.

Cowper.

> Natural sagacity improved by generous education.

V. Knox.

Syn. -- Penetration; shrewdness; judiciousness. -- Sagacity, Penetration. Penetration enables us to enter into the depths of an abstruse subject, to detect motives, plans, etc. Sagacity adds to penetration a keen, practical judgment, which enables one to guard against the designs of others, and to turn everything to the best possible advantage.

Sag"a*more (?), n. 1. [Cf. Sachem.] The head of a tribe among the American Indians; a chief; -- generally used as synonymous with sachem, but some writters distinguished between them, making the sachem a chief of the first rank, and a sagamore one of the second rank. "Be it sagamore, sachem, or powwow." Longfellow.

2. A juice used in medicine. [Obs.] Johnson.

Sag"a*pen (?), n. Sagapenum.

||Sag`a*pe"num (?), n. [L. sagapenon, sacopenium, Gr. &?;: cf. F. sagapin, gomme sagapin, sagapénum, Ar. sikbnaj, Per. sakbnah, sikbnah.] (Med.) A fetid gum resin obtained from a species of Ferula. It has been used in hysteria, etc., but is now seldom met with. U. S. Disp.

Sag"a*thy (?), n. [F. sagatis: cf. Sp. sagatí, saetí.] A mixed woven fabric of silk and cotton, or silk and wool; sayette; also, a light woolen fabric.

Sage (?), n. [OE. sauge, F. sauge, L. salvia, from salvus saved, in allusion to its reputed healing virtues. See Safe.] (Bot.) (a) A suffruticose labiate plant (Salvia officinalis) with grayish green foliage, much used in flavoring meats, etc. The name is often extended to the whole genus, of which many species are cultivated for ornament, as the scarlet sage, and Mexican red and blue sage. (b) The sagebrush.

Meadow sage (Bot.), a blue-flowered species of Salvia (S. pratensis) growing in meadows in Europe. -- Sage cheese, cheese flavored with sage, and colored green by the juice of leaves of spinach and other plants which are added to the milk. -- Sage cock (Zoöl.), the male of the sage grouse; in a more general sense, the specific name of the sage grouse. -- Sage green, of a dull grayish green color, like the leaves of garden sage. -- Sage grouse (Zoöl.), a very large American grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus), native of the dry sagebrush plains of Western North America. Called also cock of the plains. The male is called sage cock, and the female sage hen. -- Sage hare, or Sage rabbit (Zoöl.), a species of hare (Lepus Nuttalli, or artemisia) which inhabits the arid regions of Western North America and lives among sagebrush. By recent writers it is considered to be merely a variety of the common cottontail, or wood rabbit. -- Sage hen (Zoöl.), the female of the sage grouse. -- Sage sparrow (Zoöl.), a small sparrow (Amphispiza Belli, var. Nevadensis) which inhabits the dry plains of the Rocky Mountain region, living among sagebrush. -- Sage thrasher (Zoöl.), a singing bird (Oroscoptes montanus) which inhabits the sagebrush plains of Western North America. -- Sage willow (Bot.), a species of willow (Salix tristis) forming a low bush with nearly sessile grayish green leaves.

Sage (?), a. [Compar. Sager (?); superl. Sagest.] [F., fr. L. sapius (only in nesapius unwise, foolish), fr. sapere to be wise; perhaps akin to E. sap. Cf. Savor, Sapient, Insipid.] 1. Having nice discernment and powers of judging; prudent; grave; sagacious.

> All you sage counselors, hence!

Shak.

2. Proceeding from wisdom; well judged; shrewd; well adapted to the purpose.

> Commanders, who, cloaking their fear under show of sage advice, counseled the general to retreat.

Milton.

3. Grave; serious; solemn. [R.] "[Great bards] in sage and solemn tunes have sung." Milton.

Syn. -- Wise; sagacious; sapient; grave; prudent; judicious.

Sage, n. A wise man; a man of gravity and wisdom; especially, a man venerable for years, and of sound judgment and prudence; a grave philosopher.

> At his birth a star,
> Unseen before in heaven, proclaims him come,
> And guides the Eastern sages.

Milton.

Sage"brush` (?), n. A low irregular shrub (Artemisia tridentata), of the order Compositæ, covering vast tracts of the dry alkaline regions of the American plains; -- called also sagebush, and wild sage.

Sage"ly, adv. In a sage manner; wisely.

Sa*gene" (?), n. [Russ. sajene.] A Russian measure of length equal to about seven English feet.

Sage"ness (?), n. The quality or state of being sage; wisdom; sagacity; prudence; gravity. Ascham.

Sag"e*nite (?), n. [F. sagénite, fr. L. sagena a large net. See Seine.] (Min.) Acicular rutile occurring in reticulated forms imbedded in quartz.

Sag`e*nit"ic (?), a. (Min.) Resembling sagenite; -- applied to quartz when containing acicular crystals of other minerals, most commonly rutile, also tourmaline, actinolite, and the like.

Sag"ger (?), n. [See Seggar.] 1. A pot or case of fire clay, in which fine stoneware is inclosed while baking in the kiln; a seggar.

2. The clay of which such pots or cases are made.

Sag"ging (?), n. A bending or sinking between the ends of a thing, in consequence of its own, or an imposed, weight; an arching downward in the middle, as of a ship after straining. Cf. Hogging.

Sag"i*nate (?), v. t. [L. saginatus, p. p. of saginare to fat, fr. sagina stuffing.] To make fat; to pamper. [R.] "Many a saginated boar." Cowper.

Sag`i*na"tion (?), n. [L. saginatio.] The act of fattening or pampering. [R.] Topsell.

||Sa*git"ta (?), n. [L., an arrow.] 1. (Astron.) A small constellation north of Aquila; the Arrow.

2. (Arch.) The keystone of an arch. [R.] Gwilt.

3. (Geom.) The distance from a point in a curve to the chord; also, the versed sine of an arc; -- so called from its resemblance to an arrow resting on the bow and string. [Obs.]

4. (Anat.) The larger of the two otoliths, or ear bones, found in most fishes.

5. (Zoöl.) A genus of transparent, free-swimming marine worms having lateral and caudal fins, and capable of swimming rapidly. It is the type of the class Chætognatha.

Sag"it*tal (?), a. [L. sagitta an arrow: cf. F. sagittal.] 1. Of or pertaining to an arrow; resembling an arrow; furnished with an arrowlike appendage.

2. (Anat.) (a) Of or pertaining to the sagittal suture; in the region of the sagittal suture; rabdoidal; as, the sagittal furrow, or groove, on the inner surface of the roof of the skull. (b) In the mesial plane; mesial; as, a sagittal section of an animal.

Sagittal suture (Anat.), the suture between the two parietal bones in the top of the skull; -- called also rabdoidal suture, and interparietal suture.

||Sag`it*ta"ri*us (?), n. [L., literally, an archer, fr. sagittarius belonging to an arrow, fr. sagitta an arrow.] (Astron.) (a) The ninth of the twelve signs of the zodiac, which the sun enters about November 22, marked thus [] in almanacs; the Archer. (b) A zodiacal constellation, represented on maps and globes as a centaur shooting an arrow.

Sag"it*ta"ry (?), n. [See Sagittarius.] 1. (Myth.) A centaur; a fabulous being, half man, half horse, armed with a bow and quiver. Shak.

2. The Arsenal in Venice; -- so called from having a figure of an archer over the door. Shak.

Sag"it*ta*ry, a. [L. sagittarius.] Pertaining to, or resembling, an arrow. Sir T. Browne.

Sag"it*tate (?), a. [NL. sagittatus, fr. L. sagitta an arrow.] Shaped like an arrowhead; triangular, with the two basal angles prolonged downward.

Sag"it*ta`ted (?), a. Sagittal; sagittate.

Sag"it*to*cyst (?), n. [See Sagitta, and Cyst.] (Zoöl.) A defensive cell containing a minute rodlike structure which may be expelled. Such cells are found in certain Turbellaria.

Sa"go (s"g), n. [Malay. sgu.] A dry granulated starch imported from the East Indies, much used for making puddings and as an article of diet for the sick; also, as starch, for stiffening textile fabrics. It is prepared from the stems of several East Indian and Malayan palm trees, but chiefly from the Metroxylon Sagu; also from several cycadaceous plants (Cycas revoluta, Zamia integrifolia, etc.).

Portland sago, a kind of sago prepared from the corms of the cuckoopint (Arum maculatum). -- Sago palm. (Bot.) (a) A palm tree which yields sago. (b) A species of Cycas (Cycas revoluta). -- Sago spleen (Med.), a morbid condition of the spleen, produced by amyloid degeneration of the organ, in which a cross section shows scattered gray translucent bodies looking like grains of sago.

Sa*goin" (?), n. [F. sagouin(formed from the native South American name).] (Zoöl.) A marmoset; -- called also sagouin.

||Sa"gum (?), n.; pl. Saga (#). [L. sagum, sagus; cf. Gr. &?;. Cf. Say a kind of serge.] (Rom. Antiq.) The military cloak of the Roman soldiers.

||Sa"gus (?), n. [NL. See Sago.] (Bot.) A genus of palms from which sago is obtained.

Sa"gy (?), a. Full of sage; seasoned with sage.

||Sa"hib (?), ||Sa"heb (&?;), n. [Ar. çhib master, lord, fem. çhibah.] A respectful title or appellation given to Europeans of rank. [India]

||Sa"hi*bah (?), n. [See Sahib.] A lady; mistress. [India]

Sa*hid"ic (?), a. Same as Thebaic.

Sah"lite (?), n. (Min.) See Salite.

||Sa*hui" (?), n. (Zoöl.) A marmoset.

||Sa"i (?), n. [Cf. Pg. sahi.] (Zoöl.) See Capuchin, 3 (a).

||Sai"bling (?), n. [Dial. G.] (Zoöl.) A European mountain trout (Salvelinus alpinus); -- called also Bavarian charr.

Sa"ic (?), n. [F. saïque, Turk. shaïka.] (Naut.) A kind of ketch very common in the Levant, which has neither topgallant sail nor mizzen topsail.

Said (?), imp. & p. p. of Say.

Said, a. Before-mentioned; already spoken of or specified; aforesaid; -- used chiefly in legal style.

||Sai"ga (?), n. [Russ. saika.] (Zoöl.) An antelope (Saiga Tartarica) native of the plains of Siberia and Eastern Russia. The male has erect annulated horns, and tufts of long hair beneath the eyes and ears.

Sai"kyr (?), n. (Mil.) Same as Saker. [Obs.]

Sail (?), n. [OE. seil, AS. segel, segl; akin to D. zeil, OHG. segal, G. & Sw. segel, Icel. segl, Dan. seil. √ 153.] 1. An extent of canvas or other fabric by means of which the wind is made serviceable as a power for propelling vessels through the water.

> Behoves him now both sail and oar.

Milton.

2. Anything resembling a sail, or regarded as a sail.

3. A wing; a van. [Poetic]

> Like an eagle soaring
> To weather his broad sails.

Spenser.

4. The extended surface of the arm of a windmill.

5. A sailing vessel; a vessel of any kind; a craft.

In this sense, the plural has usually the same form as the singular; as, twenty sail were in sight.

6. A passage by a sailing vessel; a journey or excursion upon the water.

Sails are of two general kinds, fore-and-aft sails, and square sails. Square sails are always bent to yards, with their foot lying across the line of the vessel. Fore-and-aft sails are set upon stays or gaffs with their foot in line with the keel. A fore- and-aft sail is triangular, or quadrilateral with the after leech longer than the fore leech. Square sails are quadrilateral, but not necessarily square. See Phrases under Fore, a., and Square, a.; also, Bark, Brig, Schooner, Ship, Stay.

Sail burton (Naut.), a purchase for hoisting sails aloft for bending. -- Sail fluke (Zoöl.), the whiff. -- Sail hook, a small hook used in making sails, to hold the seams square. -- Sail loft, a loft or room where sails are cut out and made. -- Sail room (Naut.), a room in a vessel where sails are stowed when not in use. -- Sail yard (Naut.), the yard or spar on which a sail is extended. -- Shoulder-of- mutton sail (Naut.), a triangular sail of peculiar form. It is chiefly used to set on a boat's mast. -- To crowd sail. (Naut.) See under Crowd. -- To loose sails (Naut.), to unfurl or spread sails. -- To make sail (Naut.), to extend an additional quantity of sail. -- To set a sail (Naut.), to extend or spread a sail to the wind. -- To set sail (Naut.), to unfurl or spread the sails; hence, to begin a voyage. -- To shorten sail (Naut.), to reduce the extent of sail, or take in a part. -- To strike sail (Naut.), to lower the sails suddenly, as in saluting, or in sudden gusts of wind; hence, to acknowledge inferiority; to abate pretension. -- Under sail, having the sails spread.

Sail (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sailed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sailing.] [AS. segelian, seglian. See Sail, n.] 1. To be impelled or driven forward by the action of wind upon sails, as a ship on water; to be impelled on a body of water by the action of steam or other power.

2. To move through or on the water; to swim, as a fish or a water fowl.

3. To be conveyed in a vessel on water; to pass by water; as, they sailed from London to Canton.

4. To set sail; to begin a voyage.

5. To move smoothly through the air; to glide through the air without apparent exertion, as a bird.

> As is a winged messenger of heaven, . . .
> When he bestrides the lazy pacing clouds,
> And sails upon the bosom of the air.

Shak.

Sail, v. t. 1. To pass or move upon, as in a ship, by means of sails; hence, to move or journey upon (the water) by means of steam or other force.

> A thousand ships were manned to sail the sea.

Dryden.

2. To fly through; to glide or move smoothly through.

> Sublime she sails
> The aërial space, and mounts the wingèd gales.

Pope.

3. To direct or manage the motion of, as a vessel; as, to sail one's own ship. Totten.

Sail"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being sailed over; navigable; as, a sailable river.

Sail"boat`, n. A boat propelled by a sail or sails.

Sail"cloth` (?), n. Duck or canvas used in making sails.

Sail"er (?), n. 1. A sailor. [R.] Sir P. Sidney.

2. A ship or other vessel; -- with qualifying words descriptive of speed or manner of sailing; as, a heavy sailer; a fast sailer.

Sail"fish (?), n. (Zoöl.) (a) The banner fish, or spikefish (Histiophorus.) (b) The basking, or liver, shark. (c) The quillback.

Sail"ing (?), n. 1. The act of one who, or that which, sails; the motion of a vessel on water, impelled by wind or steam; the act of starting on a voyage.

2. (Naut.) The art of managing a vessel; seamanship; navigation; as, globular sailing; oblique sailing.

For the several methods of sailing, see under Circular, Globular, Oblique, Parallel, etc.

Sailing master (U. S. Navy), formerly, a warrant officer, ranking next below a lieutenant, whose duties were to navigate the vessel; and under the direction of the executive officer, to attend to the stowage of the hold, to the cables, rigging, etc. The grade was merged in that of master in 1862.

Sail"less (?), a. Destitute of sails. Pollok.

Sail"mak`er (?), n. One whose occupation is to make or repair sails. -- Sail"mak`ing, n.

Sail"or (?), n. One who follows the business of navigating ships or other vessels; one who understands the practical management of ships; one of the crew of a vessel; a mariner; a common seaman.

Syn. -- Mariner; seaman; seafarer.

Sailor's choice. (Zoöl.) (a) An excellent marine food fish (Diplodus, or Lagodon, rhomboides) of the Southern United States; -- called also porgy, squirrel fish, yellowtail, and salt- water bream. (b) A species of grunt (Orthopristis, or Pomadasys, chrysopterus), an excellent food fish common on the southern coasts of the United States; -- called also hogfish, and pigfish.

Sail"y (?), a. Like a sail. [R.] Drayton.

Saim (?), n. [OF. sain, LL. saginum, fr. L. sagina a fattening.] Lard; grease. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.]

||Sai*mir" (?), n. (Zoöl.) The squirrel monkey.

Sain (?), obs. p. p. of Say, for sayen. Said. Shak.

Sain, v. t. [Cf. Saint, Sane.] To sanctify; to bless so as to protect from evil influence. [R.] Sir W. Scott.

Sain"foin (?; 277), n. [F., fr. sain wholesome (L. sanus; see Sane.) + foin hay (L. fænum); or perh. fr. saint sacred (L. sanctus; see Saint) + foin hay.] (Bot.) (a) A leguminous plant (Onobrychis sativa) cultivated for fodder. [Written also saintfoin.] (b) A kind of tick trefoil (Desmodium Canadense). [Canada]

Saint (snt), n. [F., fr. L. sanctus sacred, properly p. p. of sancire to render sacred by a religious act, to appoint as sacred; akin to sacer sacred. Cf. Sacred, Sanctity, Sanctum, Sanctus.] 1. A person sanctified; a holy or godly person; one eminent for piety and virtue; any true Christian, as being redeemed and consecrated to God.

> Them that are sanctified in Christ Jesus, called to be saints.

1 Cor. i. 2.

2. One of the blessed in heaven.

> Then shall thy saints, unmixed, and from the impure
> Far separate, circling thy holy mount,
> Unfeigned hallelujahs to thee sing.

Milton.

3. (Eccl.) One canonized by the church. [Abbrev. St.]

Saint Andrew's cross. (a) A cross shaped like the letter X. See Illust. 4, under Cross. (b) (Bot.) A low North American shrub (Ascyrum Crux-Andreæ, the petals of which have the form of a Saint Andrew's cross. Gray. -- Saint Anthony's cross, a T-shaped cross. See Illust. 6, under Cross. -- Saint Anthony's fire, the erysipelas; -- popularly so called because it was supposed to have been cured by the intercession of Saint Anthony. -- Saint Anthony's nut (Bot.), the groundnut (Bunium flexuosum); -- so called because swine feed on it, and St. Anthony was once a swineherd. Dr. Prior. -- Saint Anthony's turnip (Bot.), the bulbous crowfoot, a favorite food of swine. Dr. Prior. -- Saint Barnaby's thistle (Bot.), a kind of knapweed (Centaurea solstitialis) flowering on St. Barnabas's Day, June 11th. Dr. Prior. -- Saint Bernard (Zoöl.), a breed of large, handsome dogs celebrated for strength and sagacity, formerly bred chiefly at the Hospice of St. Bernard in Switzerland, but now common in Europe and America. There are two races, the smooth-haired and the rough-haired. See Illust. under Dog. -- Saint Catharine's flower (Bot.), the plant love-in-a-mist. See under Love. -- Saint Cuthbert's beads (Paleon.), the fossil joints of crinoid stems. -- Saint Dabeoc's heath (Bot.), a heatherlike plant (Dabœcia polifolia), named from an Irish saint. -- Saint Distaff's Day. See under Distaff. -- Saint Elmo's fire, a luminous, flamelike appearance, sometimes seen in dark, tempestuous nights, at some prominent point on a ship, particularly at the masthead and the yardarms. It has also been observed on land, and is due to the discharge of electricity from elevated or pointed objects. A single flame is called a Helena, or a Corposant; a double, or twin, flame is called a Castor and Pollux, or a double Corposant. It takes its name from St. Elmo, the patron saint of sailors. -- Saint George's cross (Her.), a Greek cross gules upon a field argent, the field being represented by a narrow fimbriation in the ensign, or union jack, of Great Britain. -- Saint George's ensign, a red cross on a white field with a union jack in the upper corner next the mast. It is the distinguishing badge of ships of the royal navy of England; -- called also the white ensign. Brande & C. -- Saint George's flag, a smaller flag resembling the ensign, but without the union jack; used as the sign of the presence and command of an admiral. [Eng.] Brande & C. -- Saint Gobain glass (Chem.), a fine variety of soda-lime plate glass, so called from St. Gobain in France, where it was manufactured. -- Saint Ignatius's bean (Bot.), the seed of a tree of the Philippines (Strychnos Ignatia), of properties similar to the nux vomica. -- Saint James's shell (Zoöl.), a pecten (Vola Jacobæus) worn by pilgrims to the Holy Land. See Illust. under Scallop. -- Saint James's-wort (Bot.), a kind of ragwort (Senecio Jacobæa). -- Saint John's bread. (Bot.) See Carob. -- Saint John's-wort (Bot.), any plant of the genus Hypericum, most species of which have yellow flowers; -- called also John's-wort. -- Saint Leger, the name of a race for three-year-old horses run annually in September at Doncaster, England; -- instituted in 1776 by Col. St. Leger. -- Saint Martin's herb (Bot.), a small tropical American violaceous plant (Sauvagesia erecta). It is very mucilaginous and is used in medicine. -- Saint Martin's summer, a season of mild, damp weather frequently prevailing during late autumn in England and the Mediterranean countries; -- so called from St. Martin's Festival, occurring on November 11. It corresponds to the Indian summer in America. Shak. Whittier. -- Saint Patrick's cross. See Illust. 4, under Cross. -- Saint Patrick's Day, the 17th of March, anniversary of the death (about 466) of St. Patrick, the apostle and patron saint of Ireland. -- Saint Peter's fish. (Zoöl.) See John Dory, under John. -- Saint Peter's-wort (Bot.), a name of several plants, as Hypericum Ascyron, H. quadrangulum, Ascyrum stans, etc. -- Saint Peter's wreath (Bot.), a shrubby kind of Spiræa (S. hypericifolia), having long slender branches covered with clusters of small white blossoms in spring. -- Saint's bell. See Sanctus bell, under Sanctus. -- Saint Vitus's dance (Med.), chorea; -- so called from the supposed cures wrought on intercession to this saint.

Saint (snt), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sainted; p. pr. & vb. n. Sainting.] To make a saint of; to enroll among the saints by an offical act, as of the pope; to canonize; to give the title or reputation of a saint to (some one).

> A large hospital, erected by a shoemaker who has been beatified, though never sainted.

Addison.

To saint it, to act as a saint, or with a show of piety.

> Whether the charmer sinner it or saint it.

Pope.

Saint, v. i. To act or live as a saint. [R.] Shak.

Saint"dom (-dm), n. The state or character of a saint. [R.] Tennyson.

Saint"ed, a. 1. Consecrated; sacred; holy; pious. "A most sainted king." Shak.

> Amongst the enthroned gods on sainted seats.

Milton.

2. Entered into heaven; -- a euphemism for dead.

Saint"ess, n. A female saint. [R.] Bp. Fisher.

Saint"hood (?), n. 1. The state of being a saint; the condition of a saint. Walpole.

2. The order, or united body, of saints; saints, considered collectively.

> It was supposed he felt no call to any expedition that might endanger the reign of the military sainthood.

Sir W. Scott.

Saint"ish, a. Somewhat saintlike; - - used ironically.

Saint"ism (?), n. The character or quality of saints; also, hypocritical pretense of holiness. Wood.

Saint"like` (?), a. Resembling a saint; suiting a saint; becoming a saint; saintly.

> Glossed over only with a saintlike show.

Dryden.

Saint"li*ness (?), n. Quality of being saintly.

Saint"ly, a. [Compar. Saintlier (?); superl. Saintliest.] Like a saint; becoming a holy person.

> So dear to Heaven is saintly chastity.

Milton.

Saint*ol"o*gist (?), n. [Saint + -logy + -ist.] (Theol.) One who writes the lives of saints. [R.]

Saint"ship, n. The character or qualities of a saint.

Saint`-Si*mo"ni*an (?), n. A follower of the Count de St. Simon, who died in 1825, and who maintained that the principle of property held in common, and the just division of the fruits of common labor among the members of society, are the true remedy for the social evils which exist. Brande & C.

Saint`-Si*mo"ni*an*ism (?), n. The principles, doctrines, or practice of the Saint-Simonians; -- called also Saint- Simonism.

Saith (?), 3d pers. sing. pres. of Say. [Archaic]

Saithe (?), n. [Gael. saoidheam.] (Zoöl.) The pollock, or coalfish; -- called also sillock. [Scot.]

Sai"va (? or ?), n. [Skr. çaiva devoted to Siva.] One of an important religious sect in India which regards Siva with peculiar veneration.

Sai"vism (?), n. The worship of Siva.

Sa*jene" (?), n. Same as Sagene.

Sa"jou (?; F. &?;), n. (Zoöl.) Same as Sapajou.

Sake (sk), n. [OE. sake cause, also, lawsuit, fault, AS. sacu strife, a cause or suit at law; akin to D. zaak cause, thing, affair, G. sache thing, cause in law, OHG. sahha, Icel. sök, Sw. sak, Dan. sag, Goth. sakj strife, AS. sacan to contend, strive, Goth. sakam, Icel. saka to contend, strive, blame, OHG. sahhan, MHG. sachen, to contend, strive, defend one's right, accuse, charge in a lawsuit, and also to E. seek. Cf. Seek.] Final cause; end; purpose of obtaining; cause; motive; reason; interest; concern; account; regard or respect; -- used chiefly in such phrases as, for the sake of, for his sake, for man's sake, for mercy's sake, and the like; as, to commit crime for the sake of gain; to go abroad for the sake of one's health.

> Moved with wrath and shame and ladies' sake.

Spenser.

> I will not again curse the ground any more for man's sake.

Gen. viii. 21.

> Will he draw out,
> For anger's sake, finite to infinite?

Milton.

> Knowledge is for the sake of man, and not man for the sake of knowledge.

Sir W. Hamilton.

The -s of the possessive case preceding sake is sometimes omitted for euphony; as, for goodness sake. "For conscience sake." 1 Cor. x. 28. The plural sakes is often used with a possessive plural. "For both our sakes." Shak.

Sa"ker (s"kr), n. [F. sacre (cf. It. sagro, Sp. & Pg. sacre), either fr. L. sacer sacred, holy, as a translation of Gr. "ie`rax falcon, from "iero`s holy, or more probably from Ar. çaqr hawk.] [Written also sacar, sacre.] 1. (Zoöl.) (a) A falcon (Falco sacer) native of Southern Europe and Asia, closely resembling the lanner.

The female is called chargh, and the male charghela, or sakeret.

(b) The peregrine falcon. [Prov. Eng.]

2. (Mil.) A small piece of artillery. Wilhelm.

> On the bastions were planted culverins and sakers.

Macaulay.

> The culverins and sakers showing their deadly muzzles over the rampart.

Hawthorne.

Sa"ker*et (s"kr*t), n. [F. sacret. See Saker.] (Zoöl.) The male of the saker (a).

Sa"ki (s"k), n. [Cf. F. & Pg. saki; probably from the native name.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of South American monkeys of the genus Pithecia. They have large ears, and a long hairy tail which is not prehensile.

The black saki (Pithecia satanas), the white-headed (P. leucocephala), and the red-backed, or hand-drinking, saki (P. chiropotes), are among the best-known.

Sa"ki (sä"k), n. The alcoholic drink of Japan. It is made from rice.

Sak"ti (?), n. [Skr.] (Hind. Myth.) The divine energy, personified as the wife of a deity (Brahma, Vishnu, Siva, etc.); the female principle.

||Sal (sl), n. [Hind. sl, Skr. çla.] (Bot.) An East Indian timber tree (Shorea robusta), much used for building purposes. It is of a light brown color, close-grained, heavy, and durable. [Written also saul.]

Sal (sl), n. [L. See Salt.] (Chem. & Pharm.) Salt.

Sal absinthii [NL.] (Old Chem.), an impure potassium carbonate obtained from the ashes of wormwood (Artemisia Absinthium). -- Sal acetosellæ [NL.] (Old Chem.), salt of sorrel. -- Sal alembroth. (Old Chem.) See Alembroth. -- Sal ammoniac (Chem.), ammonium chloride, NH4Cl, a white crystalline volatile substance having a sharp salty taste, obtained from gas works, from nitrogenous matter, etc. It is largely employed as a source of ammonia, as a reagent, and as an expectorant in bronchitis. So called because originally made from the soot from camel's dung at the temple of Jupiter Ammon in Africa. Called also muriate of ammonia. -- Sal catharticus [NL.] (Old Med. Chem.), Epsom salts. -- Sal culinarius [L.] (Old Chem.), common salt, or sodium chloride. -- Sal Cyrenaicus. [NL.] (Old Chem.) See Sal ammoniac above. -- Sal de duobus, Sal duplicatum [NL.] (Old Chem.), potassium sulphate; -- so called because erroneously supposed to be composed of two salts, one acid and one alkaline. -- Sal diureticus [NL.] (Old Med. Chem.), potassium acetate. -- Sal enixum [NL.] (Old Chem.), acid potassium sulphate. -- Sal gemmæ [NL.] (Old Min.), common salt occuring native. -- Sal Jovis [NL.] (Old Chem.), salt tin, or stannic chloride; -- the alchemical name of tin being Jove. -- Sal Martis [NL.] (Old Chem.), green vitriol, or ferrous sulphate; -- the alchemical name of iron being Mars. -- Sal microcosmicum [NL.] (Old Chem.) See Microcosmic salt, under Microcosmic. -- Sal plumbi [NL.] (Old Chem.), sugar of lead. -- Sal prunella. (Old Chem.) See Prunella salt, under 1st Prunella. -- Sal Saturni [NL.] (Old Chem.), sugar of lead, or lead acetate; -- the alchemical name of lead being Saturn. -- Sal sedativus [NL.] (Old Chem.), sedative salt, or boric acid. -- Sal Seignette [F. seignette, sel de seignette] (Chem.), Rochelle salt. -- Sal soda (Chem.), sodium carbonate. See under Sodium. -- Sal vitrioli [NL.] (Old Chem.), white vitriol; zinc sulphate. -- Sal volatile. [NL.] (a) (Chem.) See Sal ammoniac, above. (b) Spirits of ammonia.

||Sa*laam" (s*läm"), n. Same as Salam.

> Finally, Josiah might have made his salaam to the exciseman just as he was folding up that letter.

Prof. Wilson.

Sa*laam", v. i. To make or perform a salam.

> I have salaamed and kowtowed to him.

H. James.

Sal`a*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality or condition of being salable; salableness. Duke of Argyll.

Sal"a*ble (?), a. [From Sale.] Capable of being sold; fit to be sold; finding a ready market. -- Sal"a*ble*ness, n. -- Sal"a*bly, adv.

Sa*la"cious (?), n. [L. salax, -acis, fond of leaping, lustful, fr. salire to leap. See Salient.] Having a propensity to venery; lustful; lecherous. Dryden.

-- Sa*la"cious*ly, adv. -- Sa*la"cious*ness, n.

Sa*lac"i*ty (?), n. [L. salacitas: cf. F. salacité] Strong propensity to venery; lust; lecherousness.

Sal"ad (sl"ad), n. [F. salade, OIt. salata, It. insalata, fr. salare to salt, fr. L. sal salt. See Salt, and cf. Slaw.] 1. A preparation of vegetables, as lettuce, celery, water cress, onions, etc., usually dressed with salt, vinegar, oil, and spice, and eaten for giving a relish to other food; as, lettuce salad; tomato salad, etc.

> Leaves eaten raw are termed salad.

I. Watts.

2. A dish composed of chopped meat or fish, esp. chicken or lobster, mixed with lettuce or other vegetables, and seasoned with oil, vinegar, mustard, and other condiments; as, chicken salad; lobster salad.

Salad burnet (Bot.), the common burnet (Poterium Sanguisorba), sometimes eaten as a salad in Italy.

Sal"ade (?), n. A helmet. See Sallet.

Sal"ad*ing (?), n. Vegetables for salad.

Sal`æ*ra"tus (?), n. See Saleratus.

Sal"a*gane (?), n. [From the Chinese name.] (Zoöl.) The esculent swallow. See under Esculent.

Sal"al-ber`ry (?), n. [Probably of American Indian origin.] (Bot.) The edible fruit of the Gaultheria Shallon, an ericaceous shrub found from California northwards. The berries are about the size of a common grape and of a dark purple color.

||Sa*lam (s*läm"), n. [Ar. salm peace, safety.] A salutation or compliment of ceremony in the east by word or act; an obeisance, performed by bowing very low and placing the right palm on the forehead. [Written also salaam.]

Sal"a*man`der (?), n. [F. salamandre, L. salamandra, Gr. &?;; cf. Per. samander, samandel.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of Urodela, belonging to Salamandra, Amblystoma, Plethodon, and various allied genera, especially those that are more or less terrestrial in their habits.

The salamanders have, like lizards, an elongated body, four feet, and a long tail, but are destitute of scales. They are true Amphibia, related to the frogs. Formerly, it was a superstition that the salamander could live in fire without harm, and even extinguish it by the natural coldness of its body.

> I have maintained that salamander of yours with fire any time this two and thirty years.

Shak.

> Whereas it is commonly said that a salamander extinguisheth fire, we have found by experience that on hot coals, it dieth immediately.

Sir T. Browne.

2. (Zoöl.) The pouched gopher (Geomys tuza) of the Southern United States.

3. A culinary utensil of metal with a plate or disk which is heated, and held over pastry, etc., to brown it.

4. A large poker. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

5. (Metal.) Solidified material in a furnace hearth.

Giant salamander. (Zoöl.) See under Giant. -- Salamander's hair or wool (Min.), a species of asbestus or mineral flax. [Obs.] Bacon.

||Sal`a*man*dri"na (?), n.; pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A suborder of Urodela, comprising salamanders.

Sal`a*man"drine (?), a. Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a salamander; enduring fire. Addison.

Sal`a*man"droid (?), a. [Salamander + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to the salamanders.

||Sal`a*man*droi"de*a (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A division of Amphibia including the Salamanders and allied groups; the Urodela.

Sal"am*stone` (? or ?), n. (Min.) A kind of blue sapphire brought from Ceylon. Dana.

Sa*lan"ga*na (?), n. The salagane.

Sal"a*ried (?), a. Receiving a salary; paid by a salary; having a salary attached; as, a salaried officer; a salaried office.

Sal"a*ry (?), a. [L. salarius.] Saline [Obs.]

Sal"a*ry (?), n.; pl. Salaries (#). [F. salaire, L. salarium, originally, salt money, the money given to the Roman soldiers for salt, which was a part of their pay, fr. salarius belonging to salt, fr. sal salt. See Salt.] The recompense or consideration paid, or stipulated to be paid, to a person at regular intervals for services; fixed wages, as by the year, quarter, or month; stipend; hire.

> This is hire and salary, not revenge.

Shak.

Recompense for services paid at, or reckoned by, short intervals, as a day or week, is usually called wages.

Syn. -- Stipend; pay; wages; hire; allowance.

Sal"a*ry v. t. [imp. & p. p. Salaried (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Salarying (?).] To pay, or agree to pay, a salary to; to attach salary to; as, to salary a clerk; to salary a position.

Sale (?), n. See 1st Sallow. [Obs.] Spenser.

Sale, n. [Icel. sala, sal, akin to E. sell. See Sell, v. t.] 1. The act of selling; the transfer of property, or a contract to transfer the ownership of property, from one person to another for a valuable consideration, or for a price in money.

2. Opportunity of selling; demand; market.

> They shall have ready sale for them.

Spenser.

3. Public disposal to the highest bidder, or exposure of goods in market; auction. Sir W. Temple.

Bill of sale. See under Bill. -- Of sale, On sale, For sale, to be bought or sold; offered to purchasers; in the market. -- To set to sale, to offer for sale; to put up for purchase; to make merchandise of. [Obs.] Milton.

Sale"a*ble (?), a., Sale"a*bly, adv., etc. See Salable, Salably, etc.

Sal"eb (?), n. (Med.) See Salep.

Sal`e*bros"i*ty (?), n. Roughness or ruggedness. [Obs.] Feltham.

Sal"e*brous (?), a. [L. salebrosus, fr. salebra a rugged road, fr. salire to leap.] Rough; rugged. [Obs.]

Sal"ep (sl"p), n. [Ar. sahleb, perhaps a corruption of an Arabic word for fox, one Ar. name of the orchis signifying literally, fox's testicles: cf. F. salep.] [Written also saleb, salop, and saloop.] The dried tubers of various species of Orchis, and Eulophia. It is used to make a nutritious beverage by treating the powdered preparation with hot water. U. S. Disp.

Sal`e*ra"tus (?), n. [NL. sal aëratus; -- so called because it is a source of fixed air (carbon dioxide). See Sal, and and Aërated.] (Old Chem.) Aërated salt; a white crystalline substance having an alkaline taste and reaction, consisting of sodium bicarbonate (see under Sodium.) It is largely used in cooking, with sour milk (lactic acid) or cream of tartar as a substitute for yeast. It is also an ingredient of most baking powders, and is used in the preparation of effervescing drinks.

Sales"man (slz"man), n.; pl. Salesmen (-men). [Sale + man.] One who sells anything; one whose occupation is to sell goods or merchandise.

Sales"wom`an (?), n.; pl. Saleswomen (&?;). A woman whose occupation is to sell goods or merchandise.

Sale"work` (?), n. Work or things made for sale; hence, work done carelessly or slightingly. Shak.

Sa"lian (?), a. Denoting a tribe of Franks who established themselves early in the fourth century on the river Sala [now Yssel]; Salic. -- n. A Salian Frank.

Sa"li*ant (?), a. (Her.) Same as Salient.

Sal"i*aunce (?), a. [See Sally.] Salience; onslaught. [Obs.] "So fierce saliaunce." Spenser.

Sal"ic (sl"k), a. [F. salique, fr. the Salian Franks, who, in the fifth century, formed a body of laws called in Latin leges Salicæ.] Of or pertaining to the Salian Franks, or to the Salic law so called. [Also salique.]

Salic law. (a) A code of laws formed by the Salian Franks in the fifth century. By one provision of this code women were excluded from the inheritance of landed property. (b) Specifically, in modern times, a law supposed to be a special application of the above-mentioned provision, in accordance with which males alone can inherit the throne. This law has obtained in France, and at times in other countries of Europe, as Spain.

Sal`i*ca"ceous (sl`*k"shs), a. [L. salix, -icis, the willow.] Belonging or relating to the willow.

Sal"i*cin (?), n. [L. salix, - icis, a willow: cf. F. salicine. See Sallow the tree.] (Chem.) A glucoside found in the bark and leaves of several species of willow (Salix) and poplar, and extracted as a bitter white crystalline substance.

Sal"i*cyl (?), n. [Salicin + - yl.] (Chem.) The hypothetical radical of salicylic acid and of certain related compounds.

Sal"i*cyl`al (?), n. [Salicylic + aldehide.] (Chem.) A thin, fragrant, colorless oil, HO.C6H4.CHO, found in the flowers of meadow sweet (Spiræa), and also obtained by oxidation of salicin, saligenin, etc. It reddens on exposure. Called also salicylol, salicylic aldehyde, and formerly salicylous, or spiroylous, acid.

Sal"i*cyl`ate (-t), n. (Chem.) A salt of salicylic acid.

Sal`i*cyl"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, derived from, or designating, an acid formerly obtained by fusing salicin with potassium hydroxide, and now made in large quantities from phenol (carbolic acid) by the action of carbon dioxide on heated sodium phenolate. It is a white crystalline substance. It is used as an antiseptic, and in its salts in the treatment of rheumatism. Called also hydroxybenzoic acid.

Sal"i*cyl`ide (?), n. [Salicylic + anhydride.] (Chem.) A white crystalline substance obtained by dehydration of salicylic acid.

Sal"i*cyl`ite (?), n. (Chem.) A compound of salicylal; -- named after the analogy of a salt.

Sal"i*cyl`ol (?), n. [Salicylic + L. oleum oil.] (Chem.) Same as Salicylal.

Sa*lic"y*lous (? or ?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, a substance formerly called salicylous acid, and now salicylal. [Obs.]

Sa"li*ence (?), n. [See Salient.] 1. The quality or condition of being salient; a leaping; a springing forward; an assaulting.

2. The quality or state of projecting, or being projected; projection; protrusion. Sir W. Hamilton.

Sa"li*en*cy (?), n. Quality of being salient; hence, vigor. "A fatal lack of poetic saliency." J. Morley.

Sa"li*ent (?), a. [L. saliens, -entis, p. pr. of salire to leap; cf. F. saillant. See Sally, n. & v. i..] 1. Moving by leaps or springs; leaping; bounding; jumping. "Frogs and salient animals." Sir T. Browne.

2. Shooting out or up; springing; projecting.

> He had in himself a salient, living spring of generous and manly action.

Burke.

3. Hence, figuratively, forcing itself on the attention; prominent; conspicuous; noticeable.

> He [Grenville] had neither salient traits, nor general comprehensiveness of mind.

Bancroft.

4. (Math. & Fort.) Projecting outwardly; as, a salient angle; -- opposed to reëntering. See Illust. of Bastion.

5. (Her.) Represented in a leaping position; as, a lion salient.

Salient angle. See Salient, a., 4. -- Salient polygon (Geom.), a polygon all of whose angles are salient. -- Salient polyhedron (Geom.), a polyhedron all of whose solid angles are salient.

Sa"li*ent, a. (Fort.) A salient angle or part; a projection.

Sa"li*ent*ly, adv. In a salient manner.

Sa*lif"er*ous (?), a. [L. sal salt + -ferous.] Producing, or impregnated with, salt.

Saliferous rocks (Geol.), the New Red Sandstone system of some geologists; -- so called because, in Europe, this formation contains beds of salt. The saliferous beds of New York State belong largely to the Salina period of the Upper Silurian. See the Chart of Geology.

Sal"i*fi`a*ble (?), a. [Cf. F. salifiable. See Salify.] (Chem.) Capable of neutralizing an acid to form a salt; -- said of bases; thus, ammonia is salifiable.

Sal`i*fi*ca"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. salification.] (Chem.) The act, process, or result of salifying; the state of being salified.

Sal"i*fy (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Salified (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Salifying (?).] [F. salifier; from L. sal salt + -ficare (only in comp.) to make. See -fy.] (Chem.) (a) To combine or impregnate with a salt. (b) To form a salt with; to convert into a salt; as, to salify a base or an acid.

Sa*lig"e*nin (?), n. [Salicin + -gen.] (Chem.) A phenol alcohol obtained, by the decomposition of salicin, as a white crystalline substance; -- called also hydroxy-benzyl alcohol.

Sal"i*got (?), n. [F.] (Bot.) The water chestnut (Trapa natans).

Sal*im"e*ter (?), n. [L. sal salt + -meter.] An instrument for measuring the amount of salt present in any given solution. [Written also salometer.]

Sal*im"e*try (?), n. The art or process of measuring the amount of salt in a substance.

Sa*li"na (?), n. [Cf. L. salinae, pl., salt works, from sal salt. See Saline, a.] 1. A salt marsh, or salt pond, inclosed from the sea.

2. Salt works.

Sa*li"na pe"ri*od (?). [So called from Salina, a town in New York.] (Geol.) The period in which the American Upper Silurian system, containing the brine-producing rocks of central New York, was formed. See the Chart of Geology.

Sal`i*na"tion (?), n. The act of washing with salt water. [R. & Obs.] Greenhill.

Sa"line (? or ?; 277), a. [F. salin, fr. L. sal salt: cf. L. salinae salt works, salinum saltcellar. See Salt.] 1. Consisting of salt, or containing salt; as, saline particles; saline substances; a saline cathartic.

2. Of the quality of salt; salty; as, a saline taste.

Sa"line (? or ?; 277), n. [Cf. F. saline. See Saline, a.] A salt spring; a place where salt water is collected in the earth.

Sal"ine (?), n. 1. (Chem.) A crude potash obtained from beet-root residues and other similar sources. [Written also salin.]

2. (Med. Chem.) A metallic salt; esp., a salt of potassium, sodium, lithium, or magnesium, used in medicine.

Sa*line"ness (?), n. The quality or state of being salt; saltness.

Sal`i*nif"er*ous (?), a. [Saline + -ferous.] Same as Saliferous.

Sa*lin"i*form (?), a. Having the form or the qualities of a salt, especially of common salt.

Sa*lin"i*ty (?), n. Salineness. Carpenter.

Sal`i*nom"e*ter (?), n. [Saline + -meter.] A salimeter.

Sa*lin"ous (?), a. Saline. [Obs.]

Sal"ique (? or ?), a. [F.] Salic. Shak.

> She fulmined out her scorn of laws salique.

Tennyson.

Sal`i*re"tin (?), n. [Saligenin + Gr. &?; resin.] (Chem.) A yellow amorphous resinoid substance obtained by the action of dilute acids on saligenin.

||Sal`is*bu"ri*a (?), n. [Named after R. A. Salisbury, an English botanist.] (Bot.) The ginkgo tree (Ginkgo biloba, or Salisburia adiantifolia).

Sal"ite (?), v. t. [L. salitus, p. p. of salire to salt, fr. sal salt.] To season with salt; to salt. [Obs.]

Sa"lite (?), n. [So called from Sala, a town in Sweden.] (Min.) A massive lamellar variety of pyroxene, of a dingy green color. [Written also sahlite.]

Sa*li"va (?), n. [L.; cf. Gr. &?;.] (Physiol.) The secretion from the salivary glands.

In man the saliva is a more or less turbid and slighty viscid fluid, generally of an alkaline reaction, and is secreted by the parotid, submaxillary, and sublingual glands. In the mouth the saliva is mixed with the secretion from the buccal glands. The secretions from the individual salivary glands have their own special characteristics, and these are not the same in all animals. In man and many animals mixed saliva, i.e., saliva composed of the secretions of all three of the salivary glands, is an important digestive fluid on account of the presence of the peculiar enzyme, ptyalin.

Sa*li"val (?; 277), a. Salivary.

Sal"i*vant (?), a. [L. salivans, p. pr. of salivare. See Salivate.] Producing salivation.

Sal"i*vant, n. That which produces salivation.

Sal"i*va*ry (?), a. [L. salivarius slimy, clammy: cf. F. salivaire.] (Physiol.) Of or pertaining to saliva; producing or carrying saliva; as, the salivary ferment; the salivary glands; the salivary ducts, etc.

Sal"i*vate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Salivated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Salivating.] [L. salivatus, p. p. of salivare to salivate. See Saliva.] To produce an abnormal flow of saliva in; to produce salivation or ptyalism in, as by the use of mercury.

Sal`i*va"tion (?), n. [L. salivatio: cf. F. salivation.] (Physiol.) The act or process of salivating; an excessive secretion of saliva, often accompanied with soreness of the mouth and gums; ptyalism.

It may be induced by direct chemical or mechanical stimulation, as in mastication of some tasteless substance like rubber, or indirectly by some agent which affects the whole system, as mercury compounds.

Sa*li"vous (?), a. [L. salivosus: cf. F. saliveux.] Pertaining to saliva; of the nature of saliva.

||Sa"lix (?), n.; pl. Salices (#). [L., the willow.] (Bot.) (a) A genus of trees or shrubs including the willow, osier, and the like, growing usually in wet grounds. (b) A tree or shrub of any kind of willow.

Sal"len*ders (?), n. pl. [F. solandres, solandre.] (Far.) An eruption on the hind leg of a horse. [Written also sellanders, and sellenders.]

> On the inside of the hock, or a little below it, as well as at the bend of the knee, there is occasionally a scurfy eruption called "mallenders" in the fore leg, and "sallenders" in the hind leg.

Youatt.

Sal"let (sl"lt), n. [F. salade, Sp. celada, or It. celata, fr. L. (cassis) caelata, fr. caelare, caelatum, to engrave in relief. So called from the figures engraved upon it.] A light kind of helmet, with or without a visor, introduced during the 15th century. [Written also salade.]

> Then he must have a sallet wherewith his head may be saved.

Latimer.

{ Sal"let, Sal"let*ing }, n. Salad. [Obs.] Shak.

Sal"li*ance (?), n. Salience. [Obs.]

Sal"low (sl"l), n. [OE. salwe, AS. sealh; akin to OHG. salaha, G. salweide, Icel. selja, L. salix, Ir. sail, saileach, Gael. seileach, W. helyg, Gr. "eli`kh.] 1. The willow; willow twigs. [Poetic] Tennyson.

> And bend the pliant sallow to a shield.

Fawkes.

> The sallow knows the basketmaker's thumb.

Emerson.

2. (Bot.) A name given to certain species of willow, especially those which do not have flexible shoots, as Salix caprea, S. cinerea, etc.

Sallow thorn (Bot.), a European thorny shrub (Hippophae rhamnoides) much like an Elæagnus. The yellow berries are sometimes used for making jelly, and the plant affords a yellow dye.

Sal"low, a. [Compar. Sallower (?); superl. Sallowest.] [AS. salu; akin to D. zaluw, OHG. salo, Icel. sölr yellow.] Having a yellowish color; of a pale, sickly color, tinged with yellow; as, a sallow skin. Shak.

Sal"low, v. t. To tinge with sallowness. [Poetic]

> July breathes hot, sallows the crispy fields.

Lowell.

Sal"low*ish, a. Somewhat sallow. Dickens.

Sal"low*ness (?), n. The quality or condition of being sallow. Addison.

Sal"ly (sl"l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sallied (-ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Sallying.] [F. saillir, fr. L. salire to leap, spring, akin to Gr. "a`llesqai; cf. Skr. s to go, to flow. Cf. Salient, Assail, Assault, Exult, Insult, Saltation, Saltire.] To leap or rush out; to burst forth; to issue suddenly; as a body of troops from a fortified place to attack besiegers; to make a sally.

> They break the truce, and sally out by night.

Dryden.

> The foe retires, -- she heads the sallying host.

Byron.

Sal"ly, n.; pl. Sallies (#). [F. saillie, fr. saillir. See Sally, v.] 1. A leaping forth; a darting; a spring.

2. A rushing or bursting forth; a quick issue; a sudden eruption; specifically, an issuing of troops from a place besieged to attack the besiegers; a sortie.

> Sallies were made by the Spaniards, but they were beaten in with loss.

Bacon.

3. An excursion from the usual track; range; digression; deviation.

> Every one shall know a country better that makes often sallies into it, and traverses it up and down, than he that . . . goes still round in the same track.

Locke.

4. A flight of fancy, liveliness, wit, or the like; a flashing forth of a quick and active mind.

> The unaffected mirth with which she enjoyed his sallies.

Sir W. Scott.

5. Transgression of the limits of soberness or steadiness; act of levity; wild gayety; frolic; escapade.

> The excursion was esteemed but a sally of youth.

Sir H. Wotton.

Sally port. (a) (Fort.) A postern gate, or a passage underground, from the inner to the outer works, to afford free egress for troops in a sortie. (b) (Naval) A large port on each quarter of a fireship, for the escape of the men into boats when the train is fired; a large port in an old-fashioned three-decker or a large modern ironclad.

Sal"ly Lunn" (?). [From a woman, Sally Lunn, who is said to have first made the cakes, and sold them in the streets of Bath, Eng.] A tea cake slighty sweetened, and raised with yeast, baked in the form of biscuits or in a thin loaf, and eaten hot with butter.

Sal"ly*man (?), n. (Zoöl.) The velella; -- called also saleeman.

Salm (?), n. Psalm. [Obs2E] Piers Plowman.

Sal`ma*gun"di (?), n. [F. salmigondis, of uncertain origin; perhaps from L. salgama condita, pl.; salgama pickles + condita preserved (see Condite); or from the Countess Salmagondi, lady of honor to Maria de Medici, who is said to have invented it; or cf. It. salame salt meat, and F. salmis a ragout.] 1. A mixture of chopped meat and pickled herring, with oil, vinegar, pepper, and onions. Johnson.

2. Hence, a mixture of various ingredients; an olio or medley; a potpourri; a miscellany. W. Irving.

Sal"mi (?), n. (Cookery) Same as Salmis.

Sal"mi*ac (?), n. [Cf. F. salmiac, G. salmiak.] (Old Chem.) Sal ammoniac. See under Sal.

||Sal`mis" (?), n. [F.] (Cookery) A ragout of partly roasted game stewed with sauce, wine, bread, and condiments suited to provoke appetite.

Salm"on (sm"n), n.; pl. Salmons (-nz) or (collectively) Salmon. [OE. saumoun, salmon, F. saumon, fr. L. salmo, salmonis, perhaps from salire to leap. Cf. Sally, v.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of fishes of the genus Salmo and allied genera. The common salmon (Salmo salar) of Northern Europe and Eastern North America, and the California salmon, or quinnat, are the most important species. They are extensively preserved for food. See Quinnat.

The salmons ascend rivers and penetrate to their head streams to spawn. They are remarkably strong fishes, and will even leap over considerable falls which lie in the way of their progress. The common salmon has been known to grow to the weight of seventy-five pounds; more generally it is from fifteen to twenty-five pounds. Young salmon are called parr, peal, smolt, and grilse. Among the true salmons are: Black salmon, or Lake salmon, the namaycush. -- Dog salmon, a salmon of Western North America (Oncorhynchus keta). -- Humpbacked salmon, a Pacific-coast salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha). -- King salmon, the quinnat. -- Landlocked salmon, a variety of the common salmon (var. Sebago), long confined in certain lakes in consequence of obstructions that prevented it from returning to the sea. This last is called also dwarf salmon.

Among fishes of other families which are locally and erroneously called salmon are: the pike perch, called jack salmon; the spotted, or southern, squeteague; the cabrilla, called kelp salmon; young pollock, called sea salmon; and the California yellowtail.

2. A reddish yellow or orange color, like the flesh of the salmon.

Salmon berry (Bot.), a large red raspberry growing from Alaska to California, the fruit of the Rubus Nutkanus. -- Salmon killer (Zoöl.), a stickleback (Gasterosteus cataphractus) of Western North America and Northern Asia. -- Salmon ladder, Salmon stair. See Fish ladder, under Fish. -- Salmon peel, a young salmon. -- Salmon pipe, a certain device for catching salmon. Crabb. -- Salmon trout. (Zoöl.) (a) The European sea trout (Salmo trutta). It resembles the salmon, but is smaller, and has smaller and more numerous scales. (b) The American namaycush. (c) A name that is also applied locally to the adult black spotted trout (Salmo purpuratus), and to the steel head and other large trout of the Pacific coast.

Salm"on, a. Of a reddish yellow or orange color, like that of the flesh of the salmon.

Salm"on*et (?), n. [Cf. Samlet.] (Zoöl.) A salmon of small size; a samlet.

Sal"mon*oid (?), a. [Salmon + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Like, or pertaining to, the Salmonidæ, a family of fishes including the trout and salmon. -- n. Any fish of the family Salmonidæ.

Sal"o*gen (?), n. [L. sal salt + -gen.] (Chem.) A halogen. [Obs.]

Sal"ol (?), n. [Salicylic + - ol.] (Chem.) A white crystalline substance consisting of phenol salicylate.

sa*lom"e*ter (?), n. See Salimeter.

Sa*lom"e*try (?), n. Salimetry.

||Sa`lon" (?), n. [F. See Saloon.] An apartment for the reception of company; hence, in the plural, fashionable parties; circles of fashionable society.

Sa*loon" (s*ln"), n. [F. salon (cf. It. salone), fr. F. salle a large room, a hall, of German or Dutch origin; cf. OHG. sal house, hall, G. saal; akin to AS. sæl, sele, D. zaal, Icel. salr, Goth. saljan to dwell, and probably to L. solum ground. Cf. Sole of the foot, Soil ground, earth.] 1. A spacious and elegant apartment for the reception of company or for works of art; a hall of reception, esp. a hall for public entertainments or amusements; a large room or parlor; as, the saloon of a steamboat.

> The gilden saloons in which the first magnates of the realm . . . gave banquets and balls.

Macaulay.

2. Popularly, a public room for specific uses; esp., a barroom or grogshop; as, a drinking saloon; an eating saloon; a dancing saloon.

> We hear of no hells, or low music halls, or low dancing saloons [at Athens.]

J. P. Mahaffy.

Sa*loop" (s*lp"), n. An aromatic drink prepared from sassafras bark and other ingredients, at one time much used in London. J. Smith (Dict. Econ. Plants).

Saloop bush (Bot.), an Australian shrub (Rhagodia hastata) of the Goosefoot family, used for fodder.

Salp (slp), n. (Zoöl.) Any species of Salpa, or of the family Salpidæ.

||Sal"pa (sl"p), n.; pl. L. Salpæ (-p), E. Salpas (-pz). [NL.: cf. L. salpa a kind of stockfish.] (Zoöl.) A genus of transparent, tubular, free-swimming oceanic tunicates found abundantly in all the warmer latitudes. See Illustration in Appendix.

Each species exists in two distinct forms, one of which lives solitary, and produces, by budding from an internal organ, a series of the other kind. These are united together, side by side, so as to form a chain, or cluster, often of large size. Each of the individuals composing the chain carries a single egg, which develops into the solitary kind.

{ Sal"pi*an (?), Sal"pid (?) }, n. (Zoöl.) A salpa.

Sal"pi*con (?), n. [F. salpicon, Sp. salpicon.] Chopped meat, bread, etc., used to stuff legs of veal or other joints; stuffing; farce. Bacon.

||Sal`pin*gi"tis (?), n. [NL. See Salpinx, and -itis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the salpinx.

||Sal"pinx (?), n. [NL., from Gr. &?;, &?;, a trumpet.] (Old Anat.) The Eustachian tube, or the Fallopian tube.

Sal"sa*fy (?), n. (Bot.) See Salsify.

Sal`sa*men*ta"ri*ous (?), a. [L. salsamentarius, fr. salsamentum brine, pickled fish, fr. salsus salted, p. p. of salire to salt.] Salt; salted; saline. [R.]

Salse (?), n. [F.] A mud volcano, the water of which is often impregnated with salts, whence the name.

Sal"si*fy (?; 277), n. [F. salsifis.] (Bot.) See Oyster plant (a), under Oyster.

Sal"so-ac`id (?), a. [L. salsus salted, salt + acidus acid.] Having a taste compounded of saltness and acidity; both salt and acid. [R.]

Sal`so"da (?), n. See Sal soda, under Sal.

||Sal"so*la (?), n. [NL., fr. L. salsus salt, because they contain alkaline salts.] (Bot.) A genus of plants including the glasswort. See Glasswort.

sal*su"gi*nous (?), a. [L. salsugo, -ginis, saltness, from salsus salted, salt: cf. F. salsugineux.] (Bot.) Growing in brackish places or in salt marshes.

Salt (?), n. [AS. sealt; akin to OS. & OFries. salt, D. zout, G. salz, Icel., Sw., & Dan. salt, L. sal, Gr. &?;, Russ. sole, Ir. & Gael. salann, W. halen, of unknown origin. Cf. Sal, Salad, Salary, Saline, Sauce, Sausage.] 1. The chloride of sodium, a substance used for seasoning food, for the preservation of meat, etc. It is found native in the earth, and is also produced, by evaporation and crystallization, from sea water and other water impregnated with saline particles.

2. Hence, flavor; taste; savor; smack; seasoning.

> Though we are justices and doctors and churchmen . . . we have some salt of our youth in us.

Shak.

3. Hence, also, piquancy; wit; sense; as, Attic salt.

4. A dish for salt at table; a saltcellar.

> I out and bought some things; among others, a dozen of silver salts.

Pepys.

5. A sailor; -- usually qualified by old. [Colloq.]

> Around the door are generally to be seen, laughing and gossiping, clusters of old salts.

Hawthorne.

6. (Chem.) The neutral compound formed by the union of an acid and a base; thus, sulphuric acid and iron form the salt sulphate of iron or green vitriol.

Except in case of ammonium salts, accurately speaking, it is the acid radical which unites with the base or basic radical, with the elimination of hydrogen, of water, or of analogous compounds as side products. In the case of diacid and triacid bases, and of dibasic and tribasic acids, the mutual neutralization may vary in degree, producing respectively basic, neutral, or acid salts. See Phrases below.

7. Fig.: That which preserves from corruption or error; that which purifies; a corrective; an antiseptic; also, an allowance or deduction; as, his statements must be taken with a grain of salt.

> Ye are the salt of the earth.

Matt. v. 13.

8. pl. Any mineral salt used as an aperient or cathartic, especially Epsom salts, Rochelle salt, or Glauber's salt.

9. pl. Marshes flooded by the tide. [Prov. Eng.]

Above the salt, Below the salt, phrases which have survived the old custom, in the houses of people of rank, of placing a large saltcellar near the middle of a long table, the places above which were assigned to the guests of distinction, and those below to dependents, inferiors, and poor relations. See Saltfoot.

> His fashion is not to take knowledge of him that is beneath him in clothes. He never drinks below the salt.

B. Jonson.

-- Acid salt (Chem.) (a) A salt derived from an acid which has several replaceable hydrogen atoms which are only partially exchanged for metallic atoms or basic radicals; as, acid potassium sulphate is an acid salt. (b) A salt, whatever its constitution, which merely gives an acid reaction; thus, copper sulphate, which is composed of a strong acid united with a weak base, is an acid salt in this sense, though theoretically it is a neutral salt. -- Alkaline salt (Chem.), a salt which gives an alkaline reaction, as sodium carbonate. -- Amphid salt (Old Chem.), a salt of the oxy type, formerly regarded as composed of two oxides, an acid and a basic oxide. [Obsolescent] -- Basic salt (Chem.) (a) A salt which contains more of the basic constituent than is required to neutralize the acid. (b) An alkaline salt. -- Binary salt (Chem.), a salt of the oxy type conveniently regarded as composed of two ingredients (analogously to a haloid salt), viz., a metal and an acid radical. -- Double salt (Chem.), a salt regarded as formed by the union of two distinct salts, as common alum, potassium aluminium sulphate. See under Double. -- Epsom salts. See in the Vocabulary. -- Essential salt (Old Chem.), a salt obtained by crystallizing plant juices. -- Ethereal salt. (Chem.) See under Ethereal. -- Glauber's salt or salts. See in Vocabulary. -- Haloid salt (Chem.), a simple salt of a halogen acid, as sodium chloride. -- Microcosmic salt. (Chem.). See under Microcosmic. -- Neutral salt. (Chem.) (a) A salt in which the acid and base (in theory) neutralize each other. (b) A salt which gives a neutral reaction. -- Oxy salt (Chem.), a salt derived from an oxygen acid. -- Per salt (Old Chem.), a salt supposed to be derived from a peroxide base or analogous compound. [Obs.] -- Permanent salt, a salt which undergoes no change on exposure to the air. -- Proto salt (Chem.), a salt derived from a protoxide base or analogous compound. -- Rochelle salt. See under Rochelle. -- Salt of amber (Old Chem.), succinic acid. -- Salt of colcothar (Old Chem.), green vitriol, or sulphate of iron. -- Salt of hartshorn. (Old Chem.) (a) Sal ammoniac, or ammonium chloride. (b) Ammonium carbonate. Cf. Spirit of hartshorn, under Hartshorn. -- Salt of lemons. (Chem.) See Salt of sorrel, below. -- Salt of Saturn (Old Chem.), sugar of lead; lead acetate; -- the alchemical name of lead being Saturn. -- Salt of Seignette. Same as Rochelle salt. -- Salt of soda (Old Chem.), sodium carbonate. -- Salt of sorrel (Old Chem.), acid potassium oxalate, or potassium quadroxalate, used as a solvent for ink stains; -- so called because found in the sorrel, or Oxalis. Also sometimes inaccurately called salt of lemon. -- Salt of tartar (Old Chem.), potassium carbonate; -- so called because formerly made by heating cream of tartar, or potassium tartrate. [Obs.] -- Salt of Venus (Old Chem.), blue vitriol; copper sulphate; -- the alchemical name of copper being Venus. -- Salt of wisdom. See Alembroth. -- Sedative salt (Old Med. Chem.), boric acid. -- Sesqui salt (Chem.), a salt derived from a sesquioxide base or analogous compound. -- Spirit of salt. (Chem.) See under Spirit. -- Sulpho salt (Chem.), a salt analogous to an oxy salt, but containing sulphur in place of oxygen.

Salt (?), a. [Compar. Salter (?); superl. Saltest.] [AS. sealt, salt. See Salt, n.] 1. Of or relating to salt; abounding in, or containing, salt; prepared or preserved with, or tasting of, salt; salted; as, salt beef; salt water. "Salt tears." Chaucer.

2. Overflowed with, or growing in, salt water; as, a salt marsh; salt grass.

3. Fig.: Bitter; sharp; pungent.

> I have a salt and sorry rheum offends me.

Shak.

4. Fig.: Salacious; lecherous; lustful. Shak.

Salt acid (Chem.), hydrochloric acid. -- Salt block, an apparatus for evaporating brine; a salt factory. Knight. -- Salt bottom, a flat piece of ground covered with saline efflorescences. [Western U.S.] Bartlett. -- Salt cake (Chem.), the white caked mass, consisting of sodium sulphate, which is obtained as the product of the first stage in the manufacture of soda, according to Leblanc's process. -- Salt fish. (a) Salted fish, especially cod, haddock, and similar fishes that have been salted and dried for food. (b) A marine fish. -- Salt garden, an arrangement for the natural evaporation of sea water for the production of salt, employing large shallow basins excavated near the seashore. -- Salt gauge, an instrument used to test the strength of brine; a salimeter. -- Salt horse, salted beef. [Slang] -- Salt junk, hard salt beef for use at sea. [Slang] -- Salt lick. See Lick, n. -- Salt marsh, grass land subject to the overflow of salt water. -- Salt-marsh caterpillar (Zoöl.), an American bombycid moth (Spilosoma acræa which is very destructive to the salt-marsh grasses and to other crops. Called also woolly bear. See Illust. under Moth, Pupa, and Woolly bear, under Woolly. -- Salt-marsh fleabane (Bot.), a strong-scented composite herb (Pluchea camphorata) with rayless purplish heads, growing in salt marshes. -- Salt-marsh hen (Zoöl.), the clapper rail. See under Rail. -- Salt- marsh terrapin (Zoöl.), the diamond- back. -- Salt mine, a mine where rock salt is obtained. -- Salt pan. (a) A large pan used for making salt by evaporation; also, a shallow basin in the ground where salt water is evaporated by the heat of the sun. (b) pl. Salt works. -- Salt pit, a pit where salt is obtained or made. -- Salt rising, a kind of yeast in which common salt is a principal ingredient. [U.S.] -- Salt raker, one who collects salt in natural salt ponds, or inclosures from the sea. -- Salt sedative (Chem.), boracic acid. [Obs.] -- Salt spring, a spring of salt water. -- Salt tree (Bot.), a small leguminous tree (Halimodendron argenteum) growing in the salt plains of the Caspian region and in Siberia. -- Salt water, water impregnated with salt, as that of the ocean and of certain seas and lakes; sometimes, also, tears.

> Mine eyes are full of tears, I can not see;
> And yet salt water blinds them not so much
> But they can see a sort of traitors here.

Shak.

-- Salt-water sailor, an ocean mariner. -- Salt-water tailor. (Zoöl.) See Bluefish.

Salt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Salted; p. pr. & vb. n. Salting.] 1. To sprinkle, impregnate, or season with salt; to preserve with salt or in brine; to supply with salt; as, to salt fish, beef, or pork; to salt cattle.

2. To fill with salt between the timbers and planks, as a ship, for the preservation of the timber.

To salt a mine, to artfully deposit minerals in a mine in order to deceive purchasers regarding its value. [Cant] -- To salt away, To salt down, to prepare with, or pack in, salt for preserving, as meat, eggs, etc.; hence, colloquially, to save, lay up, or invest sagely, as money.

Salt (?), v. i. To deposit salt as a saline solution; as, the brine begins to salt.

Salt (?), n. [L. saltus, fr. salire to leap.] The act of leaping or jumping; a leap. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Sal"tant (?), a. [L. saltans, p. pr. of saltare to dance, v. intens. fr. salire to leap: cf. F. sautant. See Sally, v.] 1. Leaping; jumping; dancing.

2. (Her.) In a leaping position; springing forward; -- applied especially to the squirrel, weasel, and rat, also to the cat, greyhound, monkey, etc.

||Sal`ta*rel"la (?), n. See Saltarello.

||Sal`ta*rel"lo (?), n. [It., fr. L. saltare to jump.] A popular Italian dance in quick 3-4 or 6-8 time, running mostly in triplets, but with a hop step at the beginning of each measure. See Tarantella.

Sal"tate (?), v. i. [See Saltant.] To leap or dance. [R.]

Sal*ta"tion (?), n. [L. saltatio: cf. F. saltation.] 1. A leaping or jumping.

> Continued his saltation without pause.

Sir W. Scott.

2. Beating or palpitation; as, the saltation of the great artery.

3. (Biol.) An abrupt and marked variation in the condition or appearance of a species; a sudden modification which may give rise to new races.

> We greatly suspect that nature does make considerable jumps in the way of variation now and then, and that these saltations give rise to some of the gaps which appear to exist in the series of known forms.

Huxley.

||Sal`ta*to"ri*a (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A division of Orthoptera including grasshoppers, locusts, and crickets.

Sal`ta*to"ri*al (?), a. 1. Relating to leaping; saltatory; as, saltatorial exercises.

2. (Zoöl.) (a) Same as Saltatorious. (b) Of or pertaining to the Saltatoria.

Sal`ta*to"ri*ous (?), a. Capable of leaping; formed for leaping; saltatory; as, a saltatorious insect or leg.

Sal"ta*to"ry (?), a. [L. saltatorius. See Saltant, and cf. Saltire.] Leaping or dancing; having the power of, or used in, leaping or dancing.

Saltatory evolution (Biol.), a theory of evolution which holds that the transmutation of species is not always gradual, but that there may come sudden and marked variations. See Saltation. -- Saltatory spasm (Med.), an affection in which pressure of the foot on a floor causes the patient to spring into the air, so as to make repeated involuntary motions of hopping and jumping. J. Ross.

Salt"bush` (?), n. (Bot.) An Australian plant (Atriplex nummularia) of the Goosefoot family.

Salt"cat` (?), n. A mixture of salt, coarse meal, lime, etc., attractive to pigeons.

Salt"cel*lar (?), n. [OE. saltsaler; salt + F. salière saltcellar, from L. sal salt. See Salt, and cf. Salary.] Formerly a large vessel, now a small vessel of glass or other material, used for holding salt on the table.

Salt"er (?), n. One who makes, sells, or applies salt; one who salts meat or fish.

Salt"ern (?), n. A building or place where salt is made by boiling or by evaporation; salt works.

Salt"foot` (?), n. A large saltcellar formerly placed near the center of the table. The superior guests were seated above the saltfoot.

Salt"-green (?), a. Sea-green in color. Shak.

Salt"ie (?), n. (Zoöl.) The European dab.

Sal"tier (?), n. See Saltire.

||Sal`ti*gra"dæ (?), n. pl. [NL. See Saltigrade.] (Zoöl.) A tribe of spiders including those which lie in wait and leap upon their prey; the leaping spiders.

Sal"ti*grade (?), a. [L. saltus a leap + gradi to walk, go: cf. F. saltigrade.] (Zoöl.) Having feet or legs formed for leaping.

Sal"ti*grade, n. (Zoöl.) One of the Saltigradæ, a tribe of spiders which leap to seize their prey.

Sal`tim*ban"co (?), n. [It., literally, one who leaps or mounts upon a bench; saltare to leap + in in, upon + banco a bench.] A mountebank; a quack. [Obs.] [Written also santinbanco.]

> Saltimbancos, quacksalvers, and charlatans.

Sir T. Browne.

Salt"ing (?), n. 1. The act of sprinkling, impregnating, or furnishing, with salt.

2. A salt marsh.

Sal"tire (?), n. [F. sautoir, fr. LL. saltatorium a sort of stirrup, fr. L. saltatorius saltatory. See Saltatory, Sally, v.] (Her.) A St. Andrew's cross, or cross in the form of an X, -- one of the honorable ordinaries.

Sal"tire*wise` (?), adv. (Her.) In the manner of a saltire; -- said especially of the blazoning of a shield divided by two lines drawn in the direction of a bend and a bend sinister, and crossing at the center.

Salt"ish (?), a. Somewhat salt. -- Salt"ish*ly, adv. -- Salt"ish*ness, n.

Salt"less, a. Destitute of salt; insipid.

Salt"ly, adv. With taste of salt; in a salt manner.

Salt"mouth` (?), n. A wide-mouthed bottle with glass stopper for holding chemicals, especially crystallized salts.

Salt"ness (?), n. The quality or state of being salt, or state of being salt, or impregnated with salt; salt taste; as, the saltness of sea water.

{ Salt`pe"ter, Salt`pe"tre }, (&?;), n. [F. salpêtre, NL. sal petrae, literally, rock salt, or stone salt; so called because it exudes from rocks or walls. See Salt, and Petrify.] (Chem.) Potassium nitrate; niter; a white crystalline substance, KNO3, having a cooling saline taste, obtained by leaching from certain soils in which it is produced by the process of nitrification (see Nitrification, 2). It is a strong oxidizer, is the chief constituent of gunpowder, and is also used as an antiseptic in curing meat, and in medicine as a diuretic, diaphoretic, and refrigerant.

Chili salpeter (Chem.), sodium nitrate (distinguished from potassium nitrate, or true salpeter), a white crystalline substance, NaNO3, having a cooling, saline, slightly bitter taste. It is obtained by leaching the soil of the rainless districts of Chili and Peru. It is deliquescent and cannot be used in gunpowder, but is employed in the production of nitric acid. Called also cubic niter. -- Saltpeter acid (Chem.), nitric acid; -- sometimes so called because made from saltpeter.

Salt`pe"trous (?), a. [Cf. F. salpêtreux.] Pertaining to saltpeter, or partaking of its qualities; impregnated with saltpeter. [Obs.]

Salt" rheum (?). (Med.) A popular name, esp. in the United States, for various cutaneous eruptions, particularly for those of eczema. See Eczema.

Salt"wort` (?), n. (Bot.) A name given to several plants which grow on the seashore, as the Batis maritima, and the glasswort. See Glasswort.

Black saltwort, the sea milkwort.

Salt"y (?), a. Somewhat salt; saltish.

Sa*lu"bri*ous (?), a. [L. salubris, or saluber, fr. salus health; akin to salvus safe, sound, well. See Safe.] Favorable to health; healthful; promoting health; as, salubrious air, water, or climate.

Syn. -- Healthful; wholesome; healthy; salutary.

-- Sa-lu"bri*ous*ly, adv. -- Sa*lu"bri*ous*ness, n.

Sa*lu"bri*ty (?), n. [L. salubritas: cf. F. salubrité See Salubrious.] The quality of being salubrious; favorableness to the preservation of health; salubriousness; wholesomeness; healthfulness; as, the salubrity of the air, of a country, or a climate. "A sweet, dry smell of salubrity." G. W. Cable.

Sa*lue" (?), v. t. [F. saluer. See Salute.] To salute. [Obs.]

> There was no "good day" and no saluyng.

Chaucer.

Sal"u*ta*ry (?), a. [L. salutaris, from salus, -utis, health, safety: cf. F. salutaire. See Salubrious.] 1. Wholesome; healthful; promoting health; as, salutary exercise.

2. Promotive of, or contributing to, some beneficial purpose; beneficial; advantageous; as, a salutary design.

Syn. -- Wholesome; healthful; salubrious; beneficial; useful; advantageous; profitable.

-- Sal"u*ta*ri*ly (#), adv. -- Sal"u*ta*ri*ness, n.

Sal`u*ta"tion (?), n. [L. salutatio: cf. F. salutation. See Salute.] The act of saluting, or paying respect or reverence, by the customary words or actions; the act of greeting, or expressing good will or courtesy; also, that which is uttered or done in saluting or greeting.

> In all public meetings or private addresses, use those forms of salutation, reverence, and decency usual amongst the most sober persons.

Jer. Taylor.

Syn. -- Greeting; salute; address. -- Salutation, Greeting, Salute. Greeting is the general word for all manner of expressions of recognition, agreeable or otherwise, made when persons meet or communicate with each other. A greeting may be hearty and loving, chilling and offensive, or merely formal, as in the opening sentence of legal documents. Salutation more definitely implies a wishing well, and is used of expressions at parting as well as at meeting. It is used especially of uttered expressions of good will. Salute, while formerly and sometimes still in the sense of either greeting or salutation, is now used specifically to denote a conventional demonstration not expressed in words. The guests received a greeting which relieved their embarrassment, offered their salutations in well-chosen terms, and when they retired, as when they entered, made a deferential salute.

> Woe unto you, Pharisees! for ye love the uppermost seats in the synagogues, and greetings in the markets.

Luke xi. 43.

> When Elisabeth heard the salutation of Mary, the babe leaped in her womb.

Luke i. 41.

> I shall not trouble my reader with the first salutes of our three friends.

Addison.

Sa*lu`ta*to"ri*an (?), n. The student who pronounces the salutatory oration at the annual Commencement or like exercises of a college, -- an honor commonly assigned to that member of the graduating class who ranks second in scholarship. [U.S.]

Sa*lu"ta*to*ri*ly (?), adv. By way of salutation.

Sa*lu"ta*to*ry (?), a. [L. salutatorius. See Salute.] Containing or expressing salutations; speaking a welcome; greeting; -- applied especially to the oration which introduces the exercises of the Commencements, or similar public exhibitions, in American colleges.

Sa*lu"ta*to*ry, n. 1. A place for saluting or greeting; a vestibule; a porch. [Obs.] Milton.

2. (American Colleges) The salutatory oration.

Sa*lute" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Saluted; p. pr. & vb. n. Saluting.] [L. salutare, salutatum, from salus, -utis, health, safety. See Salubrious.] 1. To address, as with expressions of kind wishes and courtesy; to greet; to hail.

> I salute you with this kingly title.

Shak.

2. Hence, to give a sign of good will; to compliment by an act or ceremony, as a kiss, a bow, etc.

> You have the prettiest tip of a finger . . . I must take the freedom to salute it.

Addison.

3. (Mil. & Naval) To honor, as some day, person, or nation, by a discharge of cannon or small arms, by dipping colors, by cheers, etc.

4. To promote the welfare and safety of; to benefit; to gratify. [Obs.] "If this salute my blood a jot." Shak.

Sa*lute" (?), n. [Cf. F. salut. See Salute, v.] 1. The act of saluting, or expressing kind wishes or respect; salutation; greeting.

2. A sign, token, or ceremony, expressing good will, compliment, or respect, as a kiss, a bow, etc. Tennyson.

3. (Mil. & Naval) A token of respect or honor for some distinguished or official personage, for a foreign vessel or flag, or for some festival or event, as by presenting arms, by a discharge of cannon, volleys of small arms, dipping the colors or the topsails, etc.

Sa*lut"er (?), n. One who salutes.

Sal`u*tif"er*ous (?), a. [L. salutifer; salus, -utis, health + ferre to bring.] Bringing health; healthy; salutary; beneficial; as, salutiferous air. [R.]

> Innumerable powers, all of them salutiferous.

Cudworth.

Syn. -- Healthful; healthy; salutary; salubrious.

Sal`u*tif"er*ous*ly, adv. Salutarily. [R.]

Sal`va*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality or condition of being salvable; salvableness. [R.]

> In the Latin scheme of redemption, salvability was not possible outside the communion of the visible organization.

A. V. G. Allen.

Sal"va*ble (?), a. [L. salvare to save, from salvus safe. Cf. Savable.] Capable of being saved; admitting of salvation. Dr. H. More.

-- Sal"va*ble*ness, n. -- Sal"va*bly, adv.

Sal"vage (?; 48), n. [F. salvage, OF. salver to save, F. sauver, fr. L. salvare. See Save.] 1. The act of saving a vessel, goods, or life, from perils of the sea.

> Salvage of life from a British ship, or a foreign ship in British waters, ranks before salvage of goods.

Encyc. Brit.

2. (Maritime Law) (a) The compensation allowed to persons who voluntarily assist in saving a ship or her cargo from peril. (b) That part of the property that survives the peril and is saved. Kent. Abbot.

Sal"vage, a. & n. Savage. [Obs.] Spenser.

Sal*va"tion (?), n. [OE. salvacioun, sauvacion, F. salvation, fr. L. salvatio, fr. salvare to save. See Save.] 1. The act of saving; preservation or deliverance from destruction, danger, or great calamity.

2. (Theol.) The redemption of man from the bondage of sin and liability to eternal death, and the conferring on him of everlasting happiness.

> To earn salvation for the sons of men.

Milton.

> Godly sorrow worketh repentance to salvation.

2. Cor. vii. 10.

3. Saving power; that which saves.

> Fear ye not; stand still, and see the salvation of the Lord, which he will show to you to-day.

Ex. xiv. 13.

Salvation Army, an organization for prosecuting the work of Christian evangelization, especially among the degraded populations of cities. It is virtually a new sect founded in London in 1861 by William Booth. The evangelists, male and female, have military titles according to rank, that of the chief being "General." They wear a uniform, and in their phraseology and mode of work adopt a quasi military style.

Sal*va"tion*ist, n. An evangelist, a member, or a recruit, of the Salvation Army.

Sal"va*to*ry (?), n. [LL. salvatorium, fr. salvare to save.] A place where things are preserved; a repository. [R.] Sir M. Hale.

||Sal"ve (?), interj. [L., hail, God save you, imperat. of salvere to be well. Cf. Salvo a volley.] Hail!

Sal"ve (? or ?), v. t. To say "Salve" to; to greet; to salute. [Obs.]

> By this that stranger knight in presence came,
> And goodly salved them.

Spenser.

Salve (?; 277), n. [AS. sealf ointment; akin to LG. salwe, D. zalve, zalf, OHG. salba, Dan. salve, Sw. salfva, Goth. salbn to anoint, and probably to Gr. (Hesychius) &?; oil, &?; butter, Skr. sarpis clarified butter. √155, 291.] 1. An adhesive composition or substance to be applied to wounds or sores; a healing ointment. Chaucer.

2. A soothing remedy or antidote.

> Counsel or consolation we may bring.
> Salve to thy sores.

Milton.

Salve bug (Zoöl.), a large, stout isopod crustacean (Æga psora), parasitic on the halibut and codfish, -- used by fishermen in the preparation of a salve. It becomes about two inches in length.

Salve, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Salved (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Salving.] [AS. sealfian to anoint. See Salve, n.] 1. To heal by applications or medicaments; to cure by remedial treatment; to apply salve to; as, to salve a wound. Shak.

2. To heal; to remedy; to cure; to make good; to soothe, as with an ointment, especially by some device, trick, or quibble; to gloss over.

> But Ebranck salved both their infamies
> With noble deeds.

Spenser.

> What may we do, then, to salve this seeming inconsistence?

Milton.

Salve (?), v. t. & i. [See Salvage] To save, as a ship or goods, from the perils of the sea. [Recent]

Salv"er (?), n. One who salves, or uses salve as a remedy; hence, a quacksalver, or quack. [Obs.]

Sal"ver (?), n. [Cf. Salvage.] A salvor. Skeat.

Sal"ver (?), n. [Sp. salva pregustation, the tasting of viands before they are served, salver, fr. salvar to save, to taste, to prove the food or drink of nobles, from L. salvare to save. See Save.] A tray or waiter on which anything is presented.

Sal"ver-shaped` (?), a. (Bot.) Tubular, with a spreading border. See Hypocraterimorphous.

||Sal"vi*a (?), n. [L., sage.] (Bot.) A genus of plants including the sage. See Sage.

Sal*vif"ic (?), a. [L. salficus saving; salvus saved, safe + facere to make.] Tending to save or secure safety. [Obs.]

Sal"vo (?), n.; pl. Salvos (#). [L. salvo jure, literally, the right being reserved. See Safe.] An exception; a reservation; an excuse.

> They admit many salvos, cautions, and reservations.

Eikon Basilike.

Sal"vo, n. [F. salve a discharge of heavy cannon, a volley, L. salve hail, imperat. of salvere to be well, akin to salvus well. See Safe.] 1. (Mil.) A concentrated fire from pieces of artillery, as in endeavoring to make a break in a fortification; a volley.

2. A salute paid by a simultaneous, or nearly simultaneous, firing of a number of cannon.

Sal"vor (?), n. [See Salvation, Save] (Law) One who assists in saving a ship or goods at sea, without being under special obligation to do so. Wheaton.

Sam (?), adv. [AS. same. See Same, a.] Together. [Obs.] "All in that city sam." Spenser.

Sa*ma"ra (? or ?), n. [L. samara, samera, the seed of the elm.] (Bot.) A dry, indehiscent, usually one-seeded, winged fruit, as that of the ash, maple, and elm; a key or key fruit.

Sam"are (?), n. See Simar.

Sa*mar"i*tan (?), a. [L. Samaritanus.] Of or pertaining to Samaria, in Palestine. -- n. A native or inhabitant of Samaria; also, the language of Samaria.

Sa*ma"ri*um (?), n. [NL., fr. E. samarskite.] (Chem.) A rare metallic element of doubtful identity.

Samarium was discovered, by means of spectrum analysis, in certain minerals (samarskite, cerite, etc.), in which it is associated with other elements of the earthy group. It has been confounded with the doubtful elements decipium, philippium, etc., and is possibly a complex mixture of elements not as yet clearly identified. Symbol Sm. Provisional atomic weight 150.2.

Sam"a*roid (?; 277), a. [Samara + -oid.] (Bot.) Resembling a samara, or winged seed vessel.

Sa*mar"ra (?), n. See Simar.

Sa*mar"skite (?), a. [After Samarski, a Russian.] (Min.) A rare mineral having a velvet-black color and submetallic luster. It is a niobate of uranium, iron, and the yttrium and cerium metals.

Sam"bo, n. [Sp. zambo, sambo.] A colloquial or humorous appellation for a negro; sometimes, the offspring of a black person and a mulatto; a zambo.

Sam"boo (?), n. (Zoöl.) Same as Sambur.

||Sam*bu"cus (?), n. [L., an elder tree.] (Bot.) A genus of shrubs and trees; the elder.

Sam"buke (?), n. [L. sambuca, Gr. &?;.] (Mus.) An ancient stringed instrument used by the Greeks, the particular construction of which is unknown.

Sam"bur (?), n. [Hind. smbar, sbar.] (Zoöl.) An East Indian deer (Rusa Aristotelis) having a mane on its neck. Its antlers have but three prongs. Called also gerow. The name is applied to other species of the genus Rusa, as the Bornean sambur (R. equina).

Same (?), a. [AS. same, adv.; akin to OS. sama, samo, adv., OHG. sam, a., sama, adv., Icel. samr, a., Sw. samme, samma, Dan. samme, Goth. sama, Russ. samuii, Gr. &?;, Skr. sama, Gr. &?; like, L. simul at the same time, similis like, and E. some, a., -some. √191. Cf. Anomalous, Assemble, Homeopathy, Homily, Seem, v. i., Semi-, Similar, Some.] 1. Not different or other; not another or others; identical; unchanged.

> Thou art the same, and thy years shall have no end.

Ps. cii. 27.

2. Of like kind, species, sort, dimensions, or the like; not differing in character or in the quality or qualities compared; corresponding; not discordant; similar; like.

> The ethereal vigor is in all the same.

Dryden.

3. Just mentioned, or just about to be mentioned.

> What ye know, the same do I know.

Job. xiii. 2.

> Do but think how well the same he spends,
> Who spends his blood his country to relieve.

Daniel.

Same is commonly preceded by the, this, or that and is often used substantively as in the citations above. In a comparative use it is followed by as or with.

> Bees like the same odors as we do.

Lubbock.

> [He] held the same political opinions with his illustrious friend.

Macaulay.

Same"li*ness (?), n. Sameness, 2. [R.] Bayne.

Same"ness, n. 1. The state of being the same; identity; absence of difference; near resemblance; correspondence; similarity; as, a sameness of person, of manner, of sound, of appearance, and the like. "A sameness of the terms." Bp. Horsley.

2. Hence, want of variety; tedious monotony.

Syn. -- Identity; identicalness; oneness.

Sa*mette" (?), n. See Samite. [Obs.]

Sa"mi*an (?), a. [L. Samius.] Of or pertaining to the island of Samos.

> Fill high the cup with Samian wine.

Byron.

Samian earth, a species of clay from Samos, formerly used in medicine as an astringent.

Sa"mi*an, n. A native or inhabitant of Samos.

Sa"mi*el (?; 277), n. [Turk. sam- yeli; Ar. samm poison + Turk. yel wind. Cf. Simoom.] A hot and destructive wind that sometimes blows, in Turkey, from the desert. It is identical with the simoom of Arabia and the kamsin of Syria.

Sa"mi*ot (?), a. & n. [Cf. F. samiote.] Samian.

Sa"mite (?), a. [OF. samit, LL. samitum, examitum, from LGr. &?;, &?; woven with six threads; Gr. &?; six + &?; a thread. See Six, and cf. Dimity.] A species of silk stuff, or taffeta, generally interwoven with gold. Tennyson.

> In silken samite she was light arrayed.

Spenser.

Sam"let (?), n. [Cf. Salmonet.] The parr.

Sam"mi*er (?), n. A machine for pressing the water from skins in tanning. Knight.

Sa*mo"an (?), a. Of or pertaining to the Samoan Islands (formerly called Navigators' Islands) in the South Pacific Ocean, or their inhabitants. -- n. An inhabitant of the Samoan Islands.

||Sa"mo*var (?), n. [Russ. samovar'.] A metal urn used in Russia for making tea. It is filled with water, which is heated by charcoal placed in a pipe, with chimney attached, which passes through the urn.

Sam`oy*edes" (?), n. pl.; sing. Samoyede (&?;). (Ethnol.) An ignorant and degraded Turanian tribe which occupies a portion of Northern Russia and a part of Siberia.

Samp (?), n. [From American Indian spac, saupac, made soft, or thinned.] An article of food consisting of maize broken or bruised, which is cooked by boiling, and usually eaten with milk; coarse hominy.

||Sam"pan (?), n. (Naut.) A Chinese boat from twelve to fifteen feet long, covered with a house, and sometimes used as a permanent habitation on the inland waters. [Written also sanpan.]

Sam"phire (? or ?; 277), n. [F. l'herbe de Saint Pierre. See Saint, and Petrel.] (Bot.) (a) A fleshy, suffrutescent, umbelliferous European plant (Crithmum maritimum). It grows among rocks and on cliffs along the seacoast, and is used for pickles.

> Hangs one that gathers samphire, dreadful trade!

Shak.

(b) The species of glasswort (Salicornia herbacea); -- called in England marsh samphire. (c) A seashore shrub (Borrichia arborescens) of the West Indies.

Golden samphire. See under Golden.

Sam"ple (?), n. [OE. sample, asaumple, OF. essample, example, fr. L. exemplum. See Example, and cf. Ensample, Sampler.] 1. Example; pattern. [Obs.] Spenser. "A sample to the youngest." Shak.

> Thus he concludes, and every hardy knight
> His sample followed.

Fairfax.

2. A part of anything presented for inspection, or shown as evidence of the quality of the whole; a specimen; as, goods are often purchased by samples.

> I design this but for a sample of what I hope more fully to discuss.

Woodward.

Syn. -- Specimen; example. See Specimen.

Sam"ple, v. t. 1. To make or show something similar to; to match. Bp. Hall.

2. To take or to test a sample or samples of; as, to sample sugar, teas, wools, cloths.

Sam"pler (?), n. [See Exampler, Exemplar.] 1. One who makes up samples for inspection; one who examines samples, or by samples; as, a wool sampler.

2. A pattern; a specimen; especially, a collection of needlework patterns, as letters, borders, etc., to be used as samples, or to display the skill of the worker.

> Susie dear, bring your sampler and Mrs. Schumann will show you how to make that W you bothered over.

E. E. Hale.

||Sam"shoo, Sam"shu (&?;), n. [Chinese san-shao thrice fired.] A spirituous liquor distilled by the Chinese from the yeasty liquor in which boiled rice has fermented under pressure. S. W. Williams.

Sam"son (?), n. An Israelite of Bible record (see Judges xiii.), distinguished for his great strength; hence, a man of extraordinary physical strength.

Samson post. (a) (Naut.) A strong post resting on the keelson, and supporting a beam of the deck; also, a temporary or movable pillar carrying a leading block or pulley for various purposes. Brande & C. (b) In deep-well boring, the post which supports the walking beam of the apparatus.

San`a*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being sanable; sanableness; curableness.

San"a*ble (?), a. [L. sanabilis, fr. sanare to heal, fr. sanus sound, healthy. See Sane.] Capable of being healed or cured; susceptible of remedy.

Syn. -- Remediable; curable; healable.

San"a*ble*ness, n. The quality of being sanable.

Sa*na"tion (?), n. [L. sanatio. See Sanable.] The act of healing or curing. [Obs.] Wiseman.

San"a*tive (?), a. [LL. sanativus.] Having the power to cure or heal; healing; tending to heal; sanatory. -- San"a*tive*ness, n.

San`a*to"ri*um (?), n. [NL. See Sanatory.] An establishment for the treatment of the sick; a resort for invalids. See Sanitarium.

San"a*to*ry (?), a. [LL. sanatorius, fr. L. sanare to heal. See Sanable.] Conducive to health; tending to cure; healing; curative; sanative.

> Sanatory ordinances for the protection of public health, such as quarantine, fever hospitals, draining, etc.

De Quincey.

Sanatory and sanitary should not be confounded. Sanatory signifies conducive to health, while sanitary has the more general meaning of pertaining to health.

||San`be*ni"to (?), n. [Sp. & Pg. sambenito, contr. from L. saccus sack + benedictus blessed.] 1. Anciently, a sackcloth coat worn by penitents on being reconciled to the church.

2. A garnment or cap, or sometimes both, painted with flames, figures, etc., and worn by persons who had been examined by the Inquisition and were brought forth for punishment at the auto-da-fé.

{ Sance"-bell` (?), Sanc"te bell` (?) }, n. See Sanctus bell, under Sanctus.

Sanc"ti*fi*cate (?), v. t. [L. sanctificatus, p. p. of sanctificare.] To sanctify. [Obs.] Barrow.

Sanc`ti*fi*ca"tion (?), n. [L. sanctificatio: cf. F. sanctification.] 1. The act of sanctifying or making holy; the state of being sanctified or made holy; esp. (Theol.), the act of God's grace by which the affections of men are purified, or alienated from sin and the world, and exalted to a supreme love to God; also, the state of being thus purified or sanctified.

> God hath from the beginning chosen you to salvation through sanctification of the Spirit and belief of the truth.

2 Thess. ii. 13.

2. The act of consecrating, or of setting apart for a sacred purpose; consecration. Bp. Burnet.

Sanc"ti*fied (?), a. Made holy; also, made to have the air of sanctity; sanctimonious.

Sanc"ti*fi`er (?), n. One who sanctifies, or makes holy; specifically, the Holy Spirit.

Sanc"ti*fy (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sanctified (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sanctifying (?).] [F. sanctifier, L. sanctificare; sanctus holy + -ficare (in comp.) to make. See Saint, and -fy.] 1. To make sacred or holy; to set apart to a holy or religious use; to consecrate by appropriate rites; to hallow.

> God blessed the seventh day and sanctified it.

Gen. ii. 3.

> Moses . . . sanctified Aaron and his garments.

Lev. viii. 30.

2. To make free from sin; to cleanse from moral corruption and pollution; to purify.

> Sanctify them through thy truth.

John xvii. 17.

3. To make efficient as the means of holiness; to render productive of holiness or piety.

> A means which his mercy hath sanctified so to me as to make me repent of that unjust act.

Eikon Basilike.

4. To impart or impute sacredness, venerableness, inviolability, title to reverence and respect, or the like, to; to secure from violation; to give sanction to.

> The holy man, amazed at what he saw,
> Made haste to sanctify the bliss by law.

Dryden.

> Truth guards the poet, sanctifies the line.

Pope.

Sanc"ti*fy`ing*ly (?), adv. In a manner or degree tending to sanctify or make holy.

Sanc*til"o*quent (?), a. [L. sanctus holy + loquens, p. pr. of loqui to speak.] Discoursing on heavenly or holy things, or in a holy manner.

Sanc`ti*mo"ni*al (?), a. [Cf. LL. sanctimonialis. ] Sanctimonious. [Obs.]

Sanc`ti*mo"ni*ous (?), a. [See Sanctimony.] 1. Possessing sanctimony; holy; sacred; saintly. Shak.

2. Making a show of sanctity; affecting saintliness; hypocritically devout or pious. "Like the sanctimonious pirate." Shak.

-- Sanc`ti*mo"ni*ous*ly, adv. -- Sanc`ti*mo"ni*ous*ness, n.

Sanc"ti*mo*ny (?), n. [L. sanctimonia, fr. sanctus holy: cf. OF. sanctimonie. See Saint.] Holiness; devoutness; scrupulous austerity; sanctity; especially, outward or artificial saintliness; assumed or pretended holiness; hypocritical devoutness.

> Her pretense is a pilgrimage; . . . which holy undertaking with most austere sanctimony she accomplished.

Shak.

Sanc"tion (?), n. [L. sanctio, from sancire, sanctum to render sacred or inviolable, to fix unalterably: cf. F. sanction. See Saint.] 1. Solemn or ceremonious ratification; an official act of a superior by which he ratifies and gives validity to the act of some other person or body; establishment or furtherance of anything by giving authority to it; confirmation; approbation.

> The strictest professors of reason have added the sanction of their testimony.

I. Watts.

2. Anything done or said to enforce the will, law, or authority of another; as, legal sanctions.

Syn. -- Ratification; authorization; authority; countenance; support.

Sanc"tion, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sanctioned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sanctioning.] To give sanction to; to ratify; to confirm; to approve.

> Would have counseled, or even sanctioned, such perilous experiments.

De Quincey.

Syn. -- To ratify; confirm; authorize; countenance.

Sanc"tion*a*ry (?), a. Of, pertaining to, or giving, sanction.

Sanc"ti*tude (?), n. [L. sanctitudo.] Holiness; sacredness; sanctity. [R.] Milton.

Sanc"ti*ty (?), n.; pl. Sanctities (#). [L. sanctitas, from sanctus holy. See Saint.] 1. The state or quality of being sacred or holy; holiness; saintliness; moral purity; godliness.

> To sanctity she made no pretense, and, indeed, narrowly escaped the imputation of irreligion.

Macaulay.

2. Sacredness; solemnity; inviolability; religious binding force; as, the sanctity of an oath.

3. A saint or holy being. [R.]

> About him all the sanctities of heaven.

Milton.

Syn. -- Holiness; godliness; piety; devotion; goodness; purity; religiousness; sacredness; solemnity. See the Note under Religion.

Sanc"tu*a*rize (?), v. t. To shelter by means of a sanctuary or sacred privileges. [Obs.] Shak.

Sanc"tu*a*ry (?), n.; pl. Sanctuaries (#). [OE. seintuarie, OF. saintuaire, F. sanctuaire, fr. L. sanctuarium, from sanctus sacred, holy. See Saint.] A sacred place; a consecrated spot; a holy and inviolable site. Hence, specifically: (a) The most retired part of the temple at Jerusalem, called the Holy of Holies, in which was kept the ark of the covenant, and into which no person was permitted to enter except the high priest, and he only once a year, to intercede for the people; also, the most sacred part of the tabernacle; also, the temple at Jerusalem. (b) (Arch.) The most sacred part of any religious building, esp. that part of a Christian church in which the altar is placed. (c) A house consecrated to the worship of God; a place where divine service is performed; a church, temple, or other place of worship. (d) A sacred and inviolable asylum; a place of refuge and protection; shelter; refuge; protection.

> These laws, whoever made them, bestowed on temples the privilege of sanctuary.

Milton.

> The admirable works of painting were made fuel for the fire; but some relics of it took sanctuary under ground, and escaped the common destiny.

Dryden.

Sanc"tum (?), n. [L., p. p. of sancire to consecrate.] A sacred place; hence, a place of retreat; a room reserved for personal use; as, an editor's sanctum.

||Sanctum sanctorum [L.], the Holy of Holies; the most holy place, as in the Jewish temple.

Sanc"tus (?), n. [L. sanctus, p. p. of sancire.] 1. (Eccl.) A part of the Mass, or, in Protestant churches, a part of the communion service, of which the first words in Latin are Sanctus, sanctus, sanctus [Holy, holy, holy]; -- called also Tersanctus.

2. (Mus.) An anthem composed for these words.

Sanctus bell, a small bell usually suspended in a bell cot at the apex of the nave roof, over the chancel arch, in mediæval churches, but a hand bell is now often used; -- so called because rung at the singing of the sanctus, at the conclusion of the ordinary of the Mass, and again at the elevation of the host. Called also Mass bell, sacring bell, saints' bell, sance-bell, sancte bell.

Sand (?), n. [AS. sand; akin to D. zand, G. sand, OHG. sant, Icel. sandr, Dan. & Sw. sand, Gr. &?;.] 1. Fine particles of stone, esp. of siliceous stone, but not reduced to dust; comminuted stone in the form of loose grains, which are not coherent when wet.

> That finer matter, called sand, is no other than very small pebbles.

Woodward.

2. A single particle of such stone. [R.] Shak.

3. The sand in the hourglass; hence, a moment or interval of time; the term or extent of one's life.

> The sands are numbered that make up my life.

Shak.

4. pl. Tracts of land consisting of sand, like the deserts of Arabia and Africa; also, extensive tracts of sand exposed by the ebb of the tide. "The Libyan sands." Milton. "The sands o' Dee." C. Kingsley.

5. Courage; pluck; grit. [Slang]

Sand badger (Zoöl.), the Japanese badger (Meles ankuma). -- Sand bag. (a) A bag filled with sand or earth, used for various purposes, as in fortification, for ballast, etc. (b) A long bag filled with sand, used as a club by assassins. -- Sand ball, soap mixed with sand, made into a ball for use at the toilet. -- Sand bath. (a) (Chem.) A vessel of hot sand in a laboratory, in which vessels that are to be heated are partially immersed. (b) A bath in which the body is immersed in hot sand. -- Sand bed, a thick layer of sand, whether deposited naturally or artificially; specifically, a thick layer of sand into which molten metal is run in casting, or from a reducing furnace. -- Sand birds (Zoöl.), a collective name for numerous species of limicoline birds, such as the sandpipers, plovers, tattlers, and many others; -- called also shore birds. -- Sand blast, a process of engraving and cutting glass and other hard substances by driving sand against them by a steam jet or otherwise; also, the apparatus used in the process. -- Sand box. (a) A box with a perforated top or cover, for sprinkling paper with sand. (b) A box carried on locomotives, from which sand runs on the rails in front of the driving wheel, to prevent slipping. -- Sand-box tree (Bot.), a tropical American tree (Hura crepitans). Its fruit is a depressed many-celled woody capsule which, when completely dry, bursts with a loud report and scatters the seeds. See Illust. of Regma. -- Sand bug (Zoöl.), an American anomuran crustacean (Hippa talpoidea) which burrows in sandy seabeaches. It is often used as bait by fishermen. See Illust. under Anomura. -- Sand canal (Zoöl.), a tubular vessel having a calcareous coating, and connecting the oral ambulacral ring with the madreporic tubercle. It appears to be excretory in function. -- Sand cock (Zoöl.), the redshank. [Prov. Eng.] -- Sand collar. (Zoöl.) Same as Sand saucer, below. -- Sand crab. (Zoöl.) (a) The lady crab. (b) A land crab, or ocypodian. -- Sand crack (Far.), a crack extending downward from the coronet, in the wall of a horse's hoof, which often causes lameness. -- Sand cricket (Zoöl.), any one of several species of large terrestrial crickets of the genus Stenophelmatus and allied genera, native of the sandy plains of the Western United States. -- Sand cusk (Zoöl.), any ophidioid fish. See Illust. under Ophidioid. -- Sand dab (Zoöl.), a small American flounder (Limanda ferruginea); -- called also rusty dab. The name is also applied locally to other allied species. -- Sand darter (Zoöl.), a small etheostomoid fish of the Ohio valley (Ammocrypta pellucida). -- Sand dollar (Zoöl.), any one of several species of small flat circular sea urchins, which live on sandy bottoms, especially Echinarachnius parma of the American coast. -- Sand drift, drifting sand; also, a mound or bank of drifted sand. -- Sand eel. (Zoöl.) (a) A lant, or launce. (b) A slender Pacific Ocean fish of the genus Gonorhynchus, having barbels about the mouth. -- Sand flag, sandstone which splits up into flagstones. -- Sand flea. (Zoöl.) (a) Any species of flea which inhabits, or breeds in, sandy places, especially the common dog flea. (b) The chigoe. (c) Any leaping amphipod crustacean; a beach flea, or orchestian. See Beach flea, under Beach. -- Sand flood, a vast body of sand borne along by the wind. James Bruce. -- Sand fluke. (Zoöl.) (a) The sandnecker. (b) The European smooth dab (Pleuronectes microcephalus); -- called also kitt, marysole, smear dab, town dab. -- Sand fly (Zoöl.), any one of several species of small dipterous flies of the genus Simulium, abounding on sandy shores, especially Simulium nocivum of the United States. They are very troublesome on account of their biting habits. Called also no-see-um, punky, and midge. -- Sand gall. (Geol.) See Sand pipe, below. -- Sand grass (Bot.), any species of grass which grows in sand; especially, a tufted grass (Triplasis purpurea) with numerous bearded joints, and acid awl-shaped leaves, growing on the Atlantic coast. -- Sand grouse (Zoöl.), any one of many species of Old World birds belonging to the suborder Pterocletes, and resembling both grouse and pigeons. Called also rock grouse, rock pigeon, and ganga. They mostly belong to the genus Pterocles, as the common Indian species (P. exustus). The large sand grouse (P. arenarius), the painted sand grouse (P. fasciatus), and the pintail sand grouse (P. alchata) are also found in India. See Illust. under Pterocletes. -- Sand hill, a hill of sand; a dune. -- Sand-hill crane (Zoöl.), the American brown crane (Grus Mexicana). -- Sand hopper (Zoöl.), a beach flea; an orchestian. -- Sand hornet (Zoöl.), a sand wasp. -- Sand lark. (Zoöl.) (a) A small lark (Alaudala raytal), native of India. (b) A small sandpiper, or plover, as the ringneck, the sanderling, and the common European sandpiper. (c) The Australian red- capped dotterel (Ægialophilus ruficapillus); -- called also red-necked plover. -- Sand launce (Zoöl.), a lant, or launce. -- Sand lizard (Zoöl.), a common European lizard (Lacerta agilis). -- Sand martin (Zoöl.), the bank swallow. -- Sand mole (Zoöl.), the coast rat. -- Sand monitor (Zoöl.), a large Egyptian lizard (Monitor arenarius) which inhabits dry localities. -- Sand mouse (Zoöl.), the dunlin. [Prov. Eng.] -- Sand myrtle. (Bot.) See under Myrtle. -- Sand partridge (Zoöl.), either of two small Asiatic partridges of the genus Ammoperdix. The wings are long and the tarsus is spurless. One species (A. Heeji) inhabits Palestine and Arabia. The other species (A. Bonhami), inhabiting Central Asia, is called also seesee partridge, and teehoo. -- Sand picture, a picture made by putting sand of different colors on an adhesive surface. -- Sand pike. (Zoöl.) (a) The sauger. (b) The lizard fish. -- Sand pillar, a sand storm which takes the form of a whirling pillar in its progress in desert tracts like those of the Sahara and Mongolia. -- Sand pipe (Geol.), a tubular cavity, from a few inches to several feet in depth, occurring especially in calcareous rocks, and often filled with gravel, sand, etc.; -- called also sand gall. -- Sand pride (Zoöl.), a small British lamprey now considered to be the young of larger species; -- called also sand prey. -- Sand pump, in artesian well boring, a long, slender bucket with a valve at the bottom for raising sand from the well. -- Sand rat (Zoöl.), the pocket gopher. -- Sand rock, a rock made of cemented sand. -- Sand runner (Zoöl.), the turnstone. -- Sand saucer (Zoöl.), the mass of egg capsules, or oöthecæ, of any mollusk of the genus Natica and allied genera. It has the shape of a bottomless saucer, and is coated with fine sand; -- called also sand collar. -- Sand screw (Zoöl.), an amphipod crustacean (Lepidactylis arenarius), which burrows in the sandy seabeaches of Europe and America. -- Sand shark (Zoöl.), an American shark (Odontaspis littoralis) found on the sandy coasts of the Eastern United States; -- called also gray shark, and dogfish shark. See Illust. under Remora. -- Sand skink (Zoöl.), any one of several species of Old World lizards belonging to the genus Seps; as, the ocellated sand skink (Seps ocellatus) of Southern Europe. -- Sand skipper (Zoöl.), a beach flea, or orchestian. -- Sand smelt (Zoöl.), a silverside. -- Sand snake. (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of several species of harmless burrowing snakes of the genus Eryx, native of Southern Europe, Africa, and Asia, especially E. jaculus of India and E. Johnii, used by snake charmers. (b) Any innocuous South African snake of the genus Psammophis, especially P. sibilans. -- Sand snipe (Zoöl.), the sandpiper. -- Sand star (Zoöl.), an ophiurioid starfish living on sandy sea bottoms; a brittle star. -- Sand storm, a cloud of sand driven violently by the wind. -- Sand sucker, the sandnecker. -- Sand swallow (Zoöl.), the bank swallow. See under Bank. -- Sand tube, a tube made of sand. Especially: (a) A tube of vitrified sand, produced by a stroke of lightning; a fulgurite. (b) (Zoöl.) Any tube made of cemented sand. (c) (Zoöl.) In starfishes, a tube having calcareous particles in its wall, which connects the oral water tube with the madreporic plate. -- Sand viper. (Zoöl.) See Hognose snake. -- Sand wasp (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of hymenopterous insects belonging to the families Pompilidæ and Spheridæ, which dig burrows in sand. The female provisions the nest with insects or spiders which she paralyzes by stinging, and which serve as food for her young.

Sand (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sanded; p. pr. & vb. n. Sanding.] 1. To sprinkle or cover with sand.

2. To drive upon the sand. [Obs.] Burton.

3. To bury (oysters) beneath drifting sand or mud.

4. To mix with sand for purposes of fraud; as, to sand sugar. [Colloq.]

San"dal (?), n. Same as Sendal.

> Sails of silk and ropes of sandal.

Longfellow.

San"dal, n. Sandalwood. "Fans of sandal." Tennyson.

San"dal, n. [F. sandale, L. sandalium, Gr. &?;, dim. of &?;, probably from Per. sandal.] (a) A kind of shoe consisting of a sole strapped to the foot; a protection for the foot, covering its lower surface, but not its upper. (b) A kind of slipper. (c) An overshoe with parallel openings across the instep.

San"daled (?), a. 1. Wearing sandals.

> The measured footfalls of his sandaled feet.

Longfellow.

2. Made like a sandal.

San*dal"i*form (?), a. [Sandal + -form.] (Bot.) Shaped like a sandal or slipper.

San"dal*wood (?), n. [F. sandal, santal, fr. Ar. çandal, or Gr. sa`ntalon; both ultimately fr. Skr. candana. Cf. Sanders.] (Bot.) (a) The highly perfumed yellowish heartwood of an East Indian and Polynesian tree (Santalum album), and of several other trees of the same genus, as the Hawaiian Santalum Freycinetianum and S. pyrularium, the Australian S. latifolium, etc. The name is extended to several other kinds of fragrant wood. (b) Any tree of the genus Santalum, or a tree which yields sandalwood. (c) The red wood of a kind of buckthorn, used in Russia for dyeing leather (Rhamnus Dahuricus).

False sandalwood, the fragrant wood of several trees not of the genus Santalum, as Ximenia Americana, Myoporum tenuifolium of Tahiti. -- Red sandalwood, a heavy, dark red dyewood, being the heartwood of two leguminous trees of India (Pterocarpus santalinus, and Adenanthera pavonina); -- called also red sanderswood, sanders or saunders, and rubywood.

{ San"da*rach, San"da*rac }, (&?;), n. [L. sandaraca, Gr. &?;.] 1. (Min.) Realgar; red sulphide of arsenic. [Archaic]

2. (Bot. Chem.) A white or yellow resin obtained from a Barbary tree (Callitris quadrivalvis or Thuya articulata), and pulverized for pounce; -- probably so called from a resemblance to the mineral.

Sand"bag`ger (?), n. An assaulter whose weapon is a sand bag. See Sand bag, under Sand.

Sand"-blind` (?), a. [For sam blind half blind; AS. sm- half (akin to semi- ) + blind.] Having defective sight; dim-sighted; purblind. Shak.

Sand"ed, a. 1. Covered or sprinkled with sand; sandy; barren. Thomson.

2. Marked with small spots; variegated with spots; speckled; of a sandy color, as a hound. Shak.

3. Short-sighted. [Prov. Eng.]

San`de*ma"ni*an (?), n. (Eccl. Hist.) A follower of Robert Sandeman, a Scotch sectary of the eighteenth century. See Glassite.

San`de*ma"ni*an*ism (?), n. The faith or system of the Sandemanians. A. Fuller.

San"der*ling (?), n. [Sand + - ling. So called because it obtains its food by searching the moist sands of the seashore.] (Zoöl.) A small gray and brown sandpiper (Calidris arenaria) very common on sandy beaches in America, Europe, and Asia. Called also curwillet, sand lark, stint, and ruddy plover.

San"ders (?), n. [See Sandal.] An old name of sandalwood, now applied only to the red sandalwood. See under Sandalwood.

San"ders-blue" (?), n. See Saunders-blue.

San"de*ver (?), n. See Sandiver. [Obs.]

Sand"fish` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A small marine fish of the Pacific coast of North America (Trichodon trichodon) which buries itself in the sand.

Sand"glass` (?), n. An instrument for measuring time by the running of sand. See Hourglass.

Sand"hill`er (?), n. A nickname given to any "poor white" living in the pine woods which cover the sandy hills in Georgia and South Carolina. [U.S.]

Sand"i*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being sandy, or of being of a sandy color.

Sand"ish, a. Approaching the nature of sand; loose; not compact. [Obs.] Evelyn.

San"di*ver (?), n. [Perh. fr. OF. saïn grease, fat + de of + verre glass (cf. Saim), or fr. F. sel de verre sandiver.] A whitish substance which is cast up, as a scum, from the materials of glass in fusion, and, floating on the top, is skimmed off; -- called also glass gall. [Formerly written also sandever.]

||San"dix (?), n. [L. sandix, sandyx, vermilion, or a color like vermilion, Gr. &?;, &?;.] A kind of minium, or red lead, made by calcining carbonate of lead, but inferior to true minium. [Written also sandyx.] [Obs.]

Sand"man` (?), n. A mythical person who makes children sleepy, so that they rub their eyes as if there were sand in them.

Sand"neck`er (?), n. (Zoöl.) A European flounder (Hippoglossoides limandoides); -- called also rough dab, long fluke, sand fluke, and sand sucker.

Sand"pa`per (?), n. Paper covered on one side with sand glued fast, -- used for smoothing and polishing.

Sand"pa`per, v. t. To smooth or polish with sandpaper; as, to sandpaper a door.

Sand"pi`per (?), n. 1. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of small limicoline game birds belonging to Tringa, Actodromas, Ereunetes, and various allied genera of the family Tringidæ.

The most important North American species are the pectoral sandpiper (Tringa maculata), called also brownback, grass snipe, and jacksnipe; the red-backed, or black- breasted, sandpiper, or dunlin (T. alpina); the purple sandpiper (T. maritima: the red-breasted sandpiper, or knot (T. canutus); the semipalmated sandpiper (Ereunetes pusillus); the spotted sandpiper, or teeter-tail (Actitis macularia); the buff-breasted sandpiper (Tryngites subruficollis), and the Bartramian sandpiper, or upland plover. See under Upland. Among the European species are the dunlin, the knot, the ruff, the sanderling, and the common sandpiper (Actitis, or Tringoides, hypoleucus), called also fiddler, peeper, pleeps, weet-weet, and summer snipe. Some of the small plovers and tattlers are also called sandpipers.

2. (Zoöl.) A small lamprey eel; the pride.

Curlew sandpiper. See under Curlew. -- Stilt sandpiper. See under Stilt.

Sand"pit` (?), n. A pit or excavation from which sand is or has been taken.

San"dre (?), n. (Zoöl.) A Russian fish (Lucioperca sandre) which yields a valuable oil, called sandre oil, used in the preparation of caviare.

Sand"stone` (?), n. A rock made of sand more or less firmly united. Common or siliceous sandstone consists mainly of quartz sand.

Different names are applied to the various kinds of sandstone according to their composition; as, granitic, argillaceous, micaceous, etc.

Flexible sandstone (Min.), the finer- grained variety of itacolumite, which on account of the scales of mica in the lamination is quite flexible. -- Red sandstone, a name given to two extensive series of British rocks in which red sandstones predominate, one below, and the other above, the coal measures. These were formerly known as the Old and the New Red Sandstone respectively, and the former name is still retained for the group preceding the Coal and referred to the Devonian age, but the term New Red Sandstone is now little used, some of the strata being regarded as Permian and the remained as Triassic. See the Chart of Geology.

Sand"wich (?; 277), n. [Named from the Earl of Sandwich.] Two pieces of bread and butter with a thin slice of meat, cheese, or the like, between them.

Sand"wich, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sandwiched (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sandwiching.] To make into a sandwich; also, figuratively, to insert between portions of something dissimilar; to form of alternate parts or things, or alternating layers of a different nature; to interlard.

Sand"worm` (?), n. (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of numerous species of annelids which burrow in the sand of the seashore. (b) Any species of annelids of the genus Sabellaria. They construct firm tubes of agglutinated sand on rocks and shells, and are sometimes destructive to oysters. (c) The chigoe, a species of flea.

Sand"wort` (?), n. (Bot.) Any plant of the genus Arenaria, low, tufted herbs (order Caryophyllaceæ.)

Sand"y (?), a. [Compar. Sandier (?); superl. Sandiest.] [AS. sandig.] 1. Consisting of, abounding with, or resembling, sand; full of sand; covered or sprinkled with sand; as, a sandy desert, road, or soil.

2. Of the color of sand; of a light yellowish red color; as, sandy hair.

||San"dyx (?), n. [L.] See Sandix.

Sane (?), a. [L. sanus; cf. Gr. &?;, &?;, safe, sound. Cf. Sound, a.] 1. Being in a healthy condition; not deranged; acting rationally; -- said of the mind.

2. Mentally sound; possessing a rational mind; having the mental faculties in such condition as to be able to anticipate and judge of the effect of one's actions in an ordinary maner; -- said of persons.

Syn. -- Sound; healthy; underanged; unbroken.

Sane"ness, n. The state of being sane; sanity.

Sang (?), imp. of Sing.

{ ||San"ga (?), San"gu (?) }, n. (Zoöl.) The Abyssinian ox (Bos or Bibos, Africanus), noted for the great length of its horns. It has a hump on its back.

San`ga*ree" (?), n. [Sp. sangria, lit., bleeding, from sangre, blood, L. sanguis.] Wine and water sweetened and spiced, -- a favorite West Indian drink.

||Sang`-froid" (?), n. [F., cold blood.] Freedom from agitation or excitement of mind; coolness in trying circumstances; indifference; calmness. Burke.

San"gi*ac (?), n. See Sanjak.

{ San`graal" (?), San"gre*al (?) }, n. [See Saint, and Grail.] See Holy Grail, under Grail.

San*guif"er*ous (?), a. [L. sanguis blood + -ferous.] (Physiol.) Conveying blood; as, sanguiferous vessels, i. e., the arteries, veins, capillaries.

San`gui*fi*ca"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. sanguification. See Sanguify.] (Physiol.) The production of blood; the conversion of the products of digestion into blood; hematosis.

San"gui*fi`er (?), n. A producer of blood.

San*guif"lu*ous (?), a. [L. sanguis blood + fluere to flow.] Flowing or running with blood.

San"gui*fy (?), v. t. [L. sanguis blood + -fy: cf. F. sanguifier.] To produce blood from.

San*guig"e*nous (?), a. [L. sanguis + -genous.] Producing blood; as, sanguigenous food.

San`gui*na"ceous (?), n. Of a blood-red color; sanguine.

||San`gui*na"ri*a (?), n. [NL. See Sanguinary, a. & n.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of plants of the Poppy family.

Sanguinaria Canadensis, or bloodroot, is the only species. It has a perennial rootstock, which sends up a few roundish lobed leaves and solitary white blossoms in early spring. See Bloodroot.

2. The rootstock of the bloodroot, used in medicine as an emetic, etc.

San"gui*na*ri*ly (?), adv. In a sanguinary manner.

San"gui*na*ri*ness, n. The quality or state of being sanguinary.

San"gui*na*ry (?), a. [L. sanguinarius, fr. sanguis blood: cf. F. sanguinaire.] 1. Attended with much bloodshed; bloody; murderous; as, a sanguinary war, contest, or battle.

> We may not propagate religion by wars, or by sanguinary persecutions to force consciences.

Bacon.

2. Bloodthirsty; cruel; eager to shed blood.

> Passion . . . makes us brutal and sanguinary.

Broome.

Syn. -- Bloody; murderous; bloodthirsty; cruel.

San"gui*na*ry, n. [L. herba sanguinaria an herb that stanches blood: cf. F. sanguinaire. See Sanguinary, a.] (Bot.) (a) The yarrow. (b) The Sanguinaria.

San"guine (?), a. [F. sanguin, L. sanguineus, fr. sanguis blood. Cf. Sanguineous.] 1. Having the color of blood; red.

> Of his complexion he was sanguine.

Chaucer.

> Like to that sanguine flower inscribed with woe.

Milton.

2. Characterized by abundance and active circulation of blood; as, a sanguine bodily temperament.

3. Warm; ardent; as, a sanguine temper.

4. Anticipating the best; not desponding; confident; full of hope; as, sanguine of success.

Syn. -- Warm; ardent; lively; confident; hopeful.

San"guine, n. 1. Blood color; red. Spenser.

2. Anything of a blood-red color, as cloth. [Obs.]

> In sanguine and in pes he clad was all.

Chaucer.

3. (Min.) Bloodstone.

4. Red crayon. See the Note under Crayon, 1.

San"guine, v. t. To stain with blood; to impart the color of blood to; to ensanguine.

San"guine*less, a. Destitute of blood; pale. [R.]

San"guine*ly, adv. In a sanguine manner.

> I can not speculate quite so sanguinely as he does.

Burke.

San"guine*ness, n. The quality of being sanguine.

San*guin"e*ous (?), a. [L. sanguineus. See Sanguine.] 1. Abounding with blood; sanguine.

2. Of or pertaining to blood; bloody; constituting blood. Sir T. Browne.

3. Blood-red; crimson. Keats.

san*guin"i*ty, n. The quality of being sanguine; sanguineness. Swift.

San"gui*niv"o*rous (?), a. [L. sanguis + vorare to devour.] Subsisting on blood.

San*guin"o*len*cy (?), n. The state of being sanguinolent, or bloody.

San*guin"o*lent (?), a. [L. sanguinolentus, from sanguis blood: cf. F. sanguinolent.] Tinged or mingled with blood; bloody; as, sanguinolent sputa.

San"gui*suge (?), n. [L. sanguisuga; sanguis blood + sugere to suck.] (Zoöl.) A bloodsucker, or leech.

San*guiv"o*rous (?), a. [L. sanguis blood + vorare to devour.] (Zoöl.) Subsisting upon blood; -- said of certain blood-sucking bats and other animals. See Vampire.

{ San"he*drin (?), San"he*drim (?) }, n. [Heb. sanhedrn, fr. Gr. &?;; &?; with + &?; a seat, fr. &?; to sit. See Sit.] (Jewish Antiq.) the great council of the Jews, which consisted of seventy members, to whom the high priest was added. It had jurisdiction of religious matters.

San"he*drist (?), n. A member of the sanhedrin. Schaeffer (Lange's Com.).

||San"hi*ta (?), n. [Skr. samhita, properly, combination.] A collection of vedic hymns, songs, or verses, forming the first part of each Veda.

San"i*cle (?), n. [F., from L. sanare to heal.] (Bot.) Any plant of the umbelliferous genus Sanicula, reputed to have healing powers.

San"i*dine (?), n. [Gr. &?;. &?;, a board. So called in allusion to the tabular crystals.] (Min.) A variety of orthoclase feldspar common in certain eruptive rocks, as trachyte; -- called also glassy feldspar.

||Sa"ni*es (?), n. [L.] (Med.) A thin, serous fluid commonly discharged from ulcers or foul wounds.

Sa"ni*ous (?), a. [L. saniosus, fr. sanies: cf. F. sanieux.] 1. (Med.) Pertaining to sanies, or partaking of its nature and appearance; thin and serous, with a slight bloody tinge; as, the sanious matter of an ulcer.

2. (med.) Discharging sanies; as, a sanious ulcer.

San`i*ta"ri*an (?), a. Of or pertaining to health, or the laws of health; sanitary.

San`i*ta"ri*an, n. An advocate of sanitary measures; one especially interested or versed in sanitary measures.

San"i*ta*rist (?), n. A sanitarian.

San`i*ta"ri*um (?), n. [NL. See Sanitary.] A health station or retreat; a sanatorium. "A sanitarium for troops." L. Oliphant.

San"i*ta*ry (?), a. [L. sanitas health: cf. F. sanitaire. See Sanity.] Of or pertaining to health; designed to secure or preserve health; relating to the preservation or restoration of health; hygienic; as, sanitary regulations. See the Note under Sanatory.

Sanitary Commission. See under Commission.

San`i*ta"tion (?), n. The act of rendering sanitary; the science of sanitary conditions; the preservation of health; the use of sanitary measures; hygiene.

> How much sanitation has advanced during the last half century.

H. Hartshorne.

San"i*ty (?), n. [L. sanitas, from sanus sound, healthy. See Sane.] The condition or quality of being sane; soundness of health of body or mind, especially of the mind; saneness.

San"jak (?), n. [Turk. sanjg.] A district or a subvision of a vilayet. [Turkey]

Sank (?), imp. of Sink.

||Sank"ha (?), n. [Skr. çankha a shell.] A chank shell (Turbinella pyrum); also, a shell bracelet or necklace made in India from the chank shell.

||Sankh"ya (?), n. A Hindoo system of philosophy which refers all things to soul and a rootless germ called prakriti, consisting of three elements, goodness, passion, and darkness. Whitworth.

San"nop (sn"np), n. Same as Sannup. Bancroft.

San"nup (-np), n. A male Indian; a brave; -- correlative of squaw.

San"ny (?), n. The sandpiper. [Prov. Eng.]

||Sans (sän; E. snz), prep. [F., from L. sine without.] Without; deprived or destitute of. Rarely used as an English word. "Sans fail." Chaucer.

> Sans teeth, sans eyes, sans taste, sans everything.

Shak.

San"scrit (?), n. See Sanskrit.

||Sans`-cu`lotte" (F. &?;; E. &?;), n. [F., without breeches.] 1. A fellow without breeches; a ragged fellow; -- a name of reproach given in the first French revolution to the extreme republican party, who rejected breeches as an emblem peculiar to the upper classes or aristocracy, and adopted pantaloons.

2. Hence, an extreme or radical republican; a violent revolutionist; a Jacobin.

Sans`-cu*lot"tic (?), a. Pertaining to, or involving, sans-culottism; radical; revolutionary; Jacobinical. Carlyle.

Sans`-cu*lot"tism (?), n. [F. sans- culottisme.] Extreme republican principles; the principles or practice of the sans-culottes.

San"skrit (?), n. [Skr. Samskta the Sanskrit language, literally, the perfect, polished, or classical language, fr. samskta prepared, wrought, made, excellent, perfect; sam together (akin to E. same) + kta made. See Same, Create.] [Written also Sanscrit.] The ancient language of the Hindoos, long since obsolete in vernacular use, but preserved to the present day as the literary and sacred dialect of India. It is nearly allied to the Persian, and to the principal languages of Europe, classical and modern, and by its more perfect preservation of the roots and forms of the primitive language from which they are all descended, is a most important assistance in determining their history and relations. Cf. Prakrit, and Veda.

San"skrit, a. Of or pertaining to Sanskrit; written in Sanskrit; as, a Sanskrit dictionary or inscription.

San*skrit"ic (?), a. Sanskrit.

San"skrit*ist, n. One versed in Sanskrit.

||Sans`-sou`ci" (?), adv. [F.] Without care; free and easy.

San"tal (?), n. [Santalum + piperonal.] (Chem.) A colorless crystalline substance, isomeric with piperonal, but having weak acid properties. It is extracted from sandalwood.

San`ta*la"ceous (?), a. (Bot.) Of or pertaining to a natural order of plants (Santalaceæ), of which the genus Santalum is the type, and which includes the buffalo nut and a few other North American plants, and many peculiar plants of the southern hemisphere.

San*tal"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or obtained from, sandalwood (Santalum); -- used specifically to designate an acid obtained as a resinous or red crystalline dyestuff, which is called also santalin.

San"ta*lin (?), n. [Cf. F. santaline.] (Chem.) Santalic acid. See Santalic.

||San"ta*lum (?), n. [NL. See Sandalwood.] (Bot.) A genus of trees with entire opposite leaves and small apetalous flowers. There are less than a dozen species, occurring from India to Australia and the Pacific Islands. See Sandalwood.

San`tees" (?), n. pl.; sing. Santee (&?;). (Ethnol.) One of the seven confederated tribes of Indians belonging to the Sioux, or Dakotas.

San"ter (?), v. i. See Saunter.

||San"ton (?), n. [Sp. santon, augmented fr. santo holy, L. sanctus.] A Turkish saint; a kind of dervish, regarded by the people as a saint: also, a hermit.

San"to*nate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of santonic acid.

San*ton"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, an acid (distinct from santoninic acid) obtained from santonin as a white crystalline substance.

San"to*nin (?), n. [L. herba santonica, a kind of plant, fr. Santoni a people of Aquitania; cf. Gr. &?;: cf. F. santonine.] (Chem.) A white crystalline substance having a bitter taste, extracted from the buds of levant wormseed and used as an anthelmintic. It occassions a peculiar temporary color blindness, causing objects to appear as if seen through a yellow glass.

San"to*nin`ate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of santoninic acid.

San`to*nin"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to santonin; -- used specifically to designate an acid not known in the free state, but obtained in its salts.

||Sa"o (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any marine annelid of the genus Hyalinæcia, especially H. tubicola of Europe, which inhabits a transparent movable tube resembling a quill in color and texture.

Sap (?), n. [AS. sæp; akin to OHG. saf, G. saft, Icel. safi; of uncertain origin; possibly akin to L. sapere to taste, to be wise, sapa must or new wine boiled thick. Cf. Sapid, Sapient.] 1. The juice of plants of any kind, especially the ascending and descending juices or circulating fluid essential to nutrition.

The ascending is the crude sap, the assimilation of which takes place in the leaves, when it becomes the elaborated sap suited to the growth of the plant.

2. The sapwood, or alburnum, of a tree.

3. A simpleton; a saphead; a milksop. [Slang]

Sap ball (Bot.), any large fungus of the genus Polyporus. See Polyporus. -- Sap green, a dull light green pigment prepared from the juice of the ripe berries of the Rhamnus catharticus, or buckthorn. It is used especially by water-color artists. -- Sap rot, the dry rot. See under Dry. -- Sap sucker (Zoöl.), any one of several species of small American woodpeckers of the genus Sphyrapicus, especially the yellow-bellied woodpecker (S. varius) of the Eastern United States. They are so named because they puncture the bark of trees and feed upon the sap. The name is loosely applied to other woodpeckers. -- Sap tube (Bot.), a vessel that conveys sap.

Sap, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sapped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sapping.] [F. saper (cf. Sp. zapar, It. zapare), fr. sape a sort of scythe, LL. sappa a sort of mattock.] 1. To subvert by digging or wearing away; to mine; to undermine; to destroy the foundation of.

> Nor safe their dwellings were, for sapped by floods,
> Their houses fell upon their household gods.

Dryden.

2. (Mil.) To pierce with saps.

3. To make unstable or infirm; to unsettle; to weaken.

> Ring out the grief that saps the mind.

Tennyson.

Sap (?), v. i. To proceed by mining, or by secretly undermining; to execute saps. W. P. Craighill.

> Both assaults are carried on by sapping.

Tatler.

Sap, n. (Mil.) A narrow ditch or trench made from the foremost parallel toward the glacis or covert way of a besieged place by digging under cover of gabions, etc.

Sap fagot (Mil.), a fascine about three feet long, used in sapping, to close the crevices between the gabions before the parapet is made. -- Sap roller (Mil.), a large gabion, six or seven feet long, filled with fascines, which the sapper sometimes rolls along before him for protection from the fire of an enemy.

Sap`a*dil"lo (?), n. See Sapodila.

Sap"a*jo (?), n. (Zoöl.) The sapajou.

Sap"a*jou (?), n. [F. sapajou, sajou, Braz. sajuassu.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of South American monkeys of the genus Cebus, having long and prehensile tails. Some of the species are called also capuchins. The bonnet sapajou (C. subcristatus), the golden-handed sapajou (C. chrysopus), and the white-throated sapajou (C. hypoleucus) are well known species. See Capuchin.

Sa*pan" wood (?). [Malay sapang.] (Bot.) A dyewood yielded by Cæsalpinia Sappan, a thorny leguminous tree of Southern Asia and the neighboring islands. It is the original Brazil wood. [Written also sappan wood.]

Sap"ful (?), a. Abounding in sap; sappy.

Sap"head` (?), n. A weak-minded, stupid fellow; a milksop. [Low]

Sa*phe"nous (?), a. [Gr. &?; manifest.] (Anat.) (a) Manifest; -- applied to the two principal superficial veins of the lower limb of man. (b) Of, pertaining to, or in the region of, the saphenous veins; as, the saphenous nerves; the saphenous opening, an opening in the broad fascia of the thigh through which the internal saphenous vein passes.

Sap"id (?), a. [L. sapidus, fr. sapere to taste: cf. F. sapide. See Sapient, Savor.] Having the power of affecting the organs of taste; possessing savor, or flavor.

> Camels, to make the water sapid, do raise the mud with their feet.

Sir T. Browne.

Sa*pid"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. sapidité.] The quality or state of being sapid; taste; savor; savoriness.

> Whether one kind of sapidity is more effective than another.

M. S. Lamson.

Sap"id*ness, n. Quality of being sapid; sapidity.

> When the Israelites fancied the sapidness and relish of the fleshpots, they longed to taste and to return.

Jer. Taylor.

Sa"pi*ence (?), n. [L. sapientia: cf. F. sapience. See Sapient..] The quality of being sapient; wisdom; sageness; knowledge. Cowper.

> Woman, if I might sit beside your feet,
> And glean your scattered sapience.

Tennyson.

Sa"pi*ent (?), a. [L. sapiens, -entis, p. pr. of sapere to taste, to have sense, to know. See Sage, a.] Wise; sage; discerning; -- often in irony or contempt.

> Where the sapient king
> Held dalliance with his fair Egyptian spouse.

Milton.

Syn. -- Sage; sagacious; knowing; wise; discerning.

Sa`pi*en"tial (?), a. [L. sapientialis.] Having or affording wisdom. -- Sa`pi*en"tial*ly, adv.

> The sapiential books of the Old [Testament].

Jer. Taylor.

Sa`pi*en"tious (?), a. Sapiential. [Obs.]

Sa"pi*ent*ize, v. t. To make sapient. [R.] Coleridge.

Sa"pi*ent*ly (?), adv. In a sapient manner.

Sap`in*da"ceous (?), a. (Bot.) Of or pertaining to an order of trees and shrubs (Sapindaceæ), including the (typical) genus Sapindus, the maples, the margosa, and about seventy other genera.

||Sa*pin"dus (?), n. [NL., fr. L. sapo soap + Indicus Indian.] (Bot.) A genus of tropical and subtropical trees with pinnate leaves and panicled flowers. The fruits of some species are used instead of soap, and their round black seeds are made into necklaces.

Sap"less (?), a. 1. Destitute of sap; not juicy.

2. Fig.: Dry; old; husky; withered; spiritless. "A somewhat sapless womanhood." Lowell.

> Now sapless on the verge of death he stands.

Dryden.

sap"ling (?), n. A young tree. Shak.

Sap`o*dil"la (?), n. [Sp. zapote, sapotillo, zapotillo, Mexican cochit-zapotl. Cf. Sapota.] (Bot.) A tall, evergeen, tropical American tree (Achras Sapota); also, its edible fruit, the sapodilla plum. [Written also sapadillo, sappadillo, sappodilla, and zapotilla.]

Sapodilla plum (Bot.), the fruit of Achras Sapota. It is about the size of an ordinary quince, having a rough, brittle, dull brown rind, the flesh being of a dirty yellowish white color, very soft, and deliciously sweet. Called also naseberry. It is eatable only when it begins to be spotted, and is much used in desserts.

Sa*pog"e*nin (?), n. [Saponin + -gen + -in.] (Chem.) A white crystalline substance obtained by the decomposition of saponin.

Sap`o*na"ceous (?), a. [L. sapo, -onis, soap, of Teutonic origin, and akin to E. soap. See Soap.] Resembling soap; having the qualities of soap; soapy.

Saponaceous bodies are compounds of an acid and a base, and are in reality a kind of salt.

Sap`o*nac"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being saponaceous.

Sap"o*na*ry (?), a. Saponaceous. Boyle.

Sa*pon*i*fi`a*ble (?), a. Capable of conversion into soap; as, a saponifiable substance.

Sa*pon`i*fi*ca"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. saponification. See Saponify.] The act, process, or result, of soap making; conversion into soap; specifically (Chem.), the decomposition of fats and other ethereal salts by alkalies; as, the saponification of ethyl acetate.

Sa*pon"i*fi`er (?), n. (Chem.) That which saponifies; any reagent used to cause saponification.

Sa*pon"i*fy (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Saponified (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Saponifying (?).] [L. sapo, -onis, soap + -fy: cf. F. saponifier.] To convert into soap, as tallow or any fat; hence (Chem.), to subject to any similar process, as that which ethereal salts undergo in decomposition; as, to saponify ethyl acetate.

Sap"o*nin (?), n. [L. sapo, - onis soap: cf. F. saponine.] (Chem.) A poisonous glucoside found in many plants, as in the root of soapwort (Saponaria), in the bark of soap bark (Quillaia), etc. It is extracted as a white amorphous powder, which occasions a soapy lather in solution, and produces a local anæsthesia. Formerly called also struthiin, quillaiin, senegin, polygalic acid, etc. By extension, any one of a group of related bodies of which saponin proper is the type.

Sap"o*nite (?), n. [Sw. saponit, fr. L. sapo, -onis, soap.] (Min.) A hydrous silicate of magnesia and alumina. It occurs in soft, soapy, amorphous masses, filling veins in serpentine and cavities in trap rock.

Sap"o*nul (?), n. [F. saponule, fr. L. sapo, -onis, soap.] (Old Chem.) A soapy mixture obtained by treating an essential oil with an alkali; hence, any similar compound of an essential oil. [Written also saponule.] [Obs.]

||Sa"por (?), n. [L. See Savor.] Power of affecting the organs of taste; savor; flavor; taste.

> There is some sapor in all aliments.

Sir T. Browne.

Sap`o*rif"ic (?), a. [L. sapor taste + facere to make.] Having the power to produce the sensation of taste; producing taste, flavor, or relish.

Sap`o*ros"i*ty (?), n. The quality of a body by which it excites the sensation of taste.

Sap"o*rous (?), a. [L. saporus that relishes well, savory, fr. sapor taste.] Having flavor or taste; yielding a taste. [R.] Bailey.

Sa*po"ta (?), n. [NL., from Sp. sapote, zapote. See Sapodilla.] (Bot.) The sapodilla.

Sap`o*ta"ceous (?), a. (Bot.) Of or pertaining to a natural order (Sapotaceæ) of (mostly tropical) trees and shrubs, including the star apple, the Lucuma, or natural marmalade tree, the gutta-percha tree (Isonandra), and the India mahwa, as well as the sapodilla, or sapota, after which the order is named.

Sap*pan" wood" (?). Sapan wood.

Sap"pare (?), n. [F. sappare; -- so called by Saussure.] (Min.) Kyanite. [Written also sappar.]

Sap"per (?), n. [Cf. F. sapeur.] One who saps; specifically (Mil.), one who is employed in working at saps, building and repairing fortifications, and the like.

Sap"phic (?), a. [L. Sapphicus, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; Sappho.] 1. Of or pertaining to Sappho, the Grecian poetess; as, Sapphic odes; Sapphic verse.

2. (Pros.) Belonging to, or in the manner of, Sappho; -- said of a certain kind of verse reputed to have been invented by Sappho, consisting of five feet, of which the first, fourth, and fifth are trochees, the second is a spondee, and the third a dactyl.

Sap"phic, n. (Pros.) A Sapphic verse.

Sap"phire (? or ?; 277), n. [OE. saphir, F. saphir, L. sapphirus, Gr. &?;, of Oriental origin; cf. Heb. sappr.] 1. (Min.) Native alumina or aluminium sesquioxide, Al2O3; corundum; esp., the blue transparent variety of corundum, highly prized as a gem.

> Of rubies, sapphires, and of pearlés white.

Chaucer.

Sapphire occurs in hexagonal crystals and also in granular and massive forms. The name sapphire is usually restricted to the blue crystals, while the bright red crystals are called Oriental rubies (see under Ruby), the amethystine variety Oriental amethyst (see under Amethyst), and the dull massive varieties corundum (a name which is also used as a general term to include all varieties). See Corundum.

2. The color of the gem; bright blue.

3. (Zoöl.) Any humming bird of the genus Hylocharis, native of South America. The throat and breast are usually bright blue.

Star sapphire, or Asteriated sapphire (Min.), a kind of sapphire which exhibits asterism.

Sap"phire, a. Of or resembling sapphire; sapphirine; blue. "The sapphire blaze." Gray.

Sap"phir*ine (?), n. Resembling sapphire; made of sapphire; having the color, or any quality of sapphire. "Sapphirine degree of hardness." Boyle.

Sap"pho (?), n. [See Sapphic.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of brilliant South American humming birds of the genus Sappho, having very bright- colored and deeply forked tails; -- called also firetail.

Sap"pi*ness (?), n. The quality of being sappy; juiciness.

Sap`po*dil"la (?), n. (Bot.) See Sapodilla.

Sap"py (?), a. [Compar. Sappier (?); superl. Sappiest.] [From 1st Sap.]

1. Abounding with sap; full of sap; juicy; succulent.

2. Hence, young, not firm; weak, feeble.

> When he had passed this weak and sappy age.

Hayward.

3. Weak in intellect. [Low]

4. (Bot.) Abounding in sap; resembling, or consisting largely of, sapwood.

Sap"py (?), a. [Written also sapy.] [Cf. L. sapere to taste.] Musty; tainted. [Obs.]

Sa*proph"a*gan (?), n. [Gr. sapro`s rotten + fagei^n to eat: cf. F. saprophage.] (Zoöl.) One of a tribe of beetles which feed upon decaying animal and vegetable substances; a carrion beetle.

Sa*proph"a*gous (?), a. (Zoöl.) Feeding on carrion.

Sap"ro*phyte (?), n. [Gr. sapro`s rotten + fyto`n a plant.] (Bot.) Any plant growing on decayed animal or vegetable matter, as most fungi and some flowering plants with no green color, as the Indian pipe.

Sap`ro*phyt"ic (?), a. Feeding or growing upon decaying animal or vegetable matter; pertaining to a saprophyte or the saprophytes.

Sap"sa*go (?), n. [G. schabzieger; schaben to shave, to scrape + zieger a sort of whey.] A kind of Swiss cheese, of a greenish color, flavored with melilot.

Sap"skull` (?), n. A saphead. [Low]

Sap`u*ca"ia (?; Pg. &?;), n. [Pg. sapucaya.] (Bot.) A Brazilian tree. See Lecythis, and Monkey-pot. [Written also sapucaya.]

Sapucaia nut (Bot.), the seed of the sapucaia; -- called also paradise nut.

Sap"wood` (?), n. (Bot.) The alburnum, or part of the wood of any exogenous tree next to the bark, being that portion of the tree through which the sap flows most freely; -- distinguished from heartwood.

Sar"a*ba*ite (?), n. [LL. Sarabaïtae, pl.] (Eccl. Hist.) One of certain vagrant or heretical Oriental monks in the early church.

Sar"a*band (?), n. [F. sarabande, Sp. zarabanda, fr. Per. serbend a song.] A slow Spanish dance of Saracenic origin, to an air in triple time; also, the air itself.

> She has brought us the newest saraband from the court of Queen Mab.

Sir W. Scott.

Sar"a*cen (?), n. [L. Saracenus perhaps fr. Ar. sharqi, pl. sharqin, Oriental, Eastern, fr. sharaqa to rise, said of the sun: cf. F. sarrasin. Cf. Sarcenet, Sarrasin, Sirocco.] Anciently, an Arab; later, a Mussulman; in the Middle Ages, the common term among Christians in Europe for a Mohammedan hostile to the crusaders.

Saracens' consound (Bot.), a kind of ragwort (Senecio Saracenicus), anciently used to heal wounds.

{ Sar`a*cen"ic (?), Sar`a*cen"ic*al (?) }, a. Of or pertaining to the Saracens; as, Saracenic architecture. "Saracenic music." Sir W. Scott.

Sar"a*sin (?), n. (Arch.) See Sarrasin.

||Sa`ras*wa"ti (?), n. [Skr. Sarasvat.] (Hind. Myth.) The sakti or wife of Brahma; the Hindoo goddess of learning, music, and poetry.

Sar"casm (?), n. [F. sarcasme, L. sarcasmus, Gr. sarkasmo`s, from sarka`zein to tear flesh like dogs, to bite the lips in rage, to speak bitterly, to sneer, fr. sa`rx, sa`rkos, flesh.] A keen, reproachful expression; a satirical remark uttered with some degree of scorn or contempt; a taunt; a gibe; a cutting jest.

> The sarcasms of those critics who imagine our art to be a matter of inspiration.

Sir J. Reynolds.

Syn. -- Satire; irony; ridicule; taunt; gibe.

Sar*cas"mous (?), a. Sarcastic. [Obs.] "Sarcasmous scandal." Hubidras.

{ Sar*cas"tic (?), Sar*cas"tic*al (?) }, a. Expressing, or expressed by, sarcasm; characterized by, or of the nature of, sarcasm; given to the use of sarcasm; bitterly satirical; scornfully severe; taunting.

> What a fierce and sarcastic reprehension would this have drawn from the friendship of the world!

South.

Sar*cas"tic*al*ly, adv. In a sarcastic manner.

Sar"cel (?), n. [OF. cercel, F. cerceau, L. circellus, dim. of circulus. See Circle.] One of the outer pinions or feathers of the wing of a bird, esp. of a hawk.

Sar"celed (?), a. (her.) Cut through the middle.

||Sar`celle" (?), n. [F., fr. L. querquedula.] (Zoöl.) The old squaw, or long- tailed duck.

Sarce"net (?), n. [OF. sarcenet; cf. LL. saracenicum cloth made by Saracens. See Saracen.] A species of fine thin silk fabric, used for linings, etc. [Written also sarsenet.]

> Thou green sarcenet flap for a sore eye.

Shak.

Sar"cin (?), n. Same as Hypoxanthin.

||Sar*ci"na (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; of flesh, fr. sa`rx, sa`rkos, flesh.] (Biol.) A genus of bacteria found in various organic fluids, especially in those those of the stomach, associated with certain diseases. The individual organisms undergo division along two perpendicular partitions, so that multiplication takes place in two directions, giving groups of four cubical cells. Also used adjectively; as, a sarcina micrococcus; a sarcina group.

Sarcina form (Biol.), the tetrad form seen in the division of a dumb-bell group of micrococci into four; -- applied particularly to bacteria. See micrococcus.

Sar"cle (?), v. t. [F. sarcler to weed, fr. L. sarculare to hoe, fr. sarculum hoe.] To weed, or clear of weeds, with a hoe. [Obs.] Ainsworth.

Sar"co- (?). A combining form from Gr. sa`rx, sa`rkos, flesh; as, sarcophagous, flesh-eating; sarcology.

||Sar*cob"a*sis (?), n.; pl. Sarcobases (#). [NL., fr. Gr. sa`rx, sa`rkos, flesh + &?; base.] (Bot.) A fruit consisting of many dry indehiscent cells, which contain but few seeds and cohere about a common style, as in the mallows.

Sar"co*blast (?), n. [Sarco- + -blast.] (Zoöl.) A minute yellowish body present in the interior of certain rhizopods.

Sar"co*carp (?), n. [Sarco- + Gr. &?; fruit: cf. F. sarcocarpe.] (Bot.) The fleshy part of a stone fruit, situated between the skin, or epicarp, and the stone, or endocarp, as in a peach. See Illust. of Endocarp.

The term has also been used to denote any fruit which is fleshy throughout. M. T. Masters.

Sar"co*cele (?), n. [Gr. &?;; sa`rx, sa`rkos, flesh + &?; tumor: cf. F. sarcocèle.] (Med.) Any solid tumor of the testicle.

{ Sar"co*col (?), Sar`co*col"la (?) }, n. [L. sarcocolla, from Gr. &?;; sa`rx, sa`rkos, flesh + &?; glue: cf. F. sarcocolle.] A gum resin obtained from certain shrubs of Africa (Penæa), -- formerly thought to cause healing of wounds and ulcers.

Sar"code (?), n. [Gr. &?; fleshy; sa`rx, flesh + e'i^dos form. Cf. Sarcoid.] (Biol.) A name applied by Dujardin in 1835 to the gelatinous material forming the bodies of the lowest animals; protoplasm.

{ Sar"co*derm (?), ||sar`co*der"ma (?) }, n. [NL. sarcoderma. See Sarco-, and Derm.] (Bot.) (a) A fleshy covering of a seed, lying between the external and internal integuments. (b) A sarcocarp.

Sar*cod"ic (? or ?), a. (Biol.) Of or pertaining to sarcode.

Sar"coid (?), a. [Gr. &?;. See Sarcode.] (Biol.) Resembling flesh, or muscle; composed of sarcode.

Sar`co*lac"tic (?), a. [Sarco- + lactic.] (Physiol. Chem.) Relating to muscle and milk; as, sarcolactic acid. See Lactic acid, under Lactic.

Sar`co*lem"ma (?), n. [NL., from Gr. sa`rx, sa`rkos, flesh + &?; rind, skin.] (Anat.) The very thin transparent and apparently homogeneous sheath which incloses a striated muscular fiber; the myolemma.

Sar"co*line (?), a. [Gr. sa`rx, sa`rkos, flesh.] (Min.) Flesh-colored.

{ Sar`co*log"ic (?), Sar`co*log"ic*al (?) }, a. Of or pertaining to sarcology.

Sar*col"o*gy (?), n. [Sarco- + -logy: cf. F. sarcologie.] That part of anatomy which treats of the soft parts. It includes myology, angiology, neurology, and splanchnology.

||Sar*co"ma (?), n.; pl. L. Sarcomata (# or #), E. sarcomas (#). [NL., from Gr. &?;, from sa`rx, sa`rkos, flesh.] (Med.) A tumor of fleshy consistence; -- formerly applied to many varieties of tumor, now restricted to a variety of malignant growth made up of cells resembling those of fetal development without any proper intercellular substance.

Sar*com"a*tous (? or ?), a. (Med.) Of or pertaining to sarcoma; resembling sarcoma.

||Sar*coph"a*ga (?), n. pl. [NL., neut. pl. See Sarcophagus.] (Zoöl.) A suborder of carnivorous and insectivorous marsupials including the dasyures and the opossums.

||Sar*coph"a*ga, n. [NL., fem. sing. See Sarcophagus.] (Zoöl.) A genus of Diptera, including the flesh flies.

Sar*coph"a*gan (?), n. 1. (Zoöl.) Any animal which eats flesh, especially any carnivorous marsupial.

2. (Zoöl.) Any fly of the genus Sarcophaga.

Sar*coph"a*gous (?), a. (Zoöl.) Feeding on flesh; flesh-eating; carnivorous.

Sar*coph"a*gus (?), n.; pl. L. Sarcophagi (#), E. Sarcophaguses (#). [L., fr. Gr. sarkofa`gos, properly, eating flesh; sa`rx, sa`rkos, flesh + fagei^n to eat. Cf. Sarcasm.] 1. A species of limestone used among the Greeks for making coffins, which was so called because it consumed within a few weeks the flesh of bodies deposited in it. It is otherwise called lapis Assius, or Assian stone, and is said to have been found at Assos, a city of Lycia. Holland.

2. A coffin or chest-shaped tomb of the kind of stone described above; hence, any stone coffin.

3. A stone shaped like a sarcophagus and placed by a grave as a memorial.

Sar*coph"a*gy (?), n. [Gr. sarkofagi`a. See Sarcophagus.] The practice of eating flesh.

Sar"co*phile (?), n. [Sacro- + Gr. &?; a lover.] (Zoöl.) A flesh-eating animal, especially any one of the carnivorous marsupials.

||Sar*cop"tes (?), n. [NL., from Gr. sa`rx, sa`rkos, flesh + ko`ptein to cut.] (Zoöl.) A genus of parasitic mites including the itch mites.

Sar*cop"tid (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any species of the genus Sarcoptes and related genera of mites, comprising the itch mites and mange mites. -- a. Of or pertaining to the itch mites.

||Sar`co*rham"phi (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. sa`rx, sa`rkos, flesh + &?; beak.] (Zoöl.) A division of raptorial birds comprising the vultures.

||Sar`co*sep"tum (?), n.; pl. Sarcosepta (#). [Sarco- + septum.] (Zoöl.) One of the mesenteries of an anthozoan.

Sar"co*sin (?), n. (Physiol. Chem.) A crystalline nitrogenous substance, formed in the decomposition of creatin (one of the constituents of muscle tissue). Chemically, it is methyl glycocoll.

||Sar*co"sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. sa`rx, sa`rkos, flesh.] (Med.) (a) Abnormal formation of flesh. (b) Sarcoma.

Sar*cot"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?;: cf. F. sarcotique.] (Med.) Producing or promoting the growth of flesh. [R.] -- n. A sarcotic medicine. [R.]

Sar"cous (?), a. [Gr. sa`rx, sa`rkos, flesh.] (Anat.) Fleshy; -- applied to the minute structural elements, called sarcous elements, or sarcous disks, of which striated muscular fiber is composed.

Sar`cu*la"tion (?), n. [L. sarculatio. See Sarcle.] A weeding, as with a hoe or a rake.

Sard (?), n. [L. sarda, Gr. &?;, or &?; (sc. &?;), i.e., Sardian stone, fr. &?; Sardian, &?; Sardes, the capital of Lydia: cf. F. sarde. Cf. Sardius.] (Min.) A variety of carnelian, of a rich reddish yellow or brownish red color. See the Note under Chalcedony.

Sar"da*chate (?), n. [L. sardachates: cf. F. sardachate. See Sard, and Agate.] (Min.) A variety of agate containing sard.

{ Sar"dan (?), Sar"del (?) }, n. [It. sardella. See Sardine a fish.] (Zoöl.) A sardine. [Obs.]

Sar"del, n. A precious stone. See Sardius.

Sar"dine (? or ?; 277), n. [F. sardine (cf. Sp. sardina, sarda, It. sardina, sardella), L. sardina, sarda; cf. Gr. &?;, &?;; so called from the island of Sardinia, Gr. &?;.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several small species of herring which are commonly preserved in olive oil for food, especially the pilchard, or European sardine (Clupea pilchardus). The California sardine (Clupea sagax) is similar. The American sardines of the Atlantic coast are mostly the young of the common herring and of the menhaden.

Sar"dine (? or ?; 277), n. See Sardius.

Sar*din"i*an (?), a. [L. Sardinianus.] Of or pertaining to the island, kingdom, or people of Sardinia. -- n. A native or inhabitant of Sardinia.

Sar"di*us (?), n. [L. sardius, lapis sardinus, Gr. &?;, &?;, &?;. See Sard.] A precious stone, probably a carnelian, one of which was set in Aaron's breastplate. Ex. xxviii. 17.

Sar"doin (?), n. [Cf. F. sardoine.] (Min.) Sard; carnelian.

Sar*do"ni*an (?), a. [Cf. F. sardonien.] Sardonic. [Obs.] "With Sardonian smile." Spenser.

Sar*don"ic (?), a. [F. sardonique, L. sardonius, Gr. &?;, &?;, perhaps fr. &?; to grin like a dog, or from a certain plant of Sardinia, Gr. &?;, which was said to screw up the face of the eater.] Forced; unnatural; insincere; hence, derisive, mocking, malignant, or bitterly sarcastic; -- applied only to a laugh, smile, or some facial semblance of gayety.

> Where strained, sardonic smiles are glozing still,
> And grief is forced to laugh against her will.

Sir H. Wotton.

> The scornful, ferocious, sardonic grin of a bloody ruffian.

Burke.

Sardonic grin or laugh, an old medical term for a spasmodic affection of the muscles of the face, giving it an appearance of laughter.

Sar*don"ic, a. Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a kind of linen made at Colchis.

Sar"do*nyx (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;. See Sard, and Onyx.] (Min.) A variety of onyx consisting of sard and white chalcedony in alternate layers.

||Sa"ree (?), n. [Hind. &?;.] The principal garment of a Hindoo woman. It consists of a long piece of cloth, which is wrapped round the middle of the body, a portion being arranged to hang down in front, and the remainder passed across the bosom over the left shoulder.

Sar*gas"so (?), n. [Sp. sargazo seaweed.] (Bot.) The gulf weed. See under Gulf.

Sargasso Sea, a large tract of the North Atlantic Ocean where sargasso in great abundance floats on the surface.

||Sar*gas"sum (?), n. [NL.] A genus of algæ including the gulf weed.

||Sar"go (?), n. [Sp. sargo, L. sargus a kind of fish.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of sparoid fishes belonging to Sargus, Pomadasys, and related genera; -- called also sar, and saragu.

||Sa"ri (?), n. Same as Saree.

||Sa*rigue" (?), n. [F., from Braz. çarigueia, çarigueira.] (Zoöl.) A small South American opossum (Didelphys opossum), having four white spots on the face.

Sark (?), n. [AS. serce, syrce, a shirt; akin to Icel. serkr, Sw. särk.] A shirt. [Scot.]

Sark, v. t. (Carp.) To cover with sarking, or thin boards.

Sar"kin (?), n. [Gr. sa`rx, sa`rkos, flesh.] (Physiol. Chem.) Same as Hypoxanthin.

Sark"ing (?), n. [From Sark shirt.] (Carp.) Thin boards for sheathing, as above the rafters, and under the shingles or slates, and for similar purposes.

{ Sar"lac (?), Sar"lyk (?) }, n. [Mongolian sarlyk.] (Zoöl.) The yak.

{ Sar*ma"tian (?), Sar*mat"ic (?) }, a. [L. Sarmaticus.] Of or pertaining to Sarmatia, or its inhabitants, the ancestors of the Russians and the Poles.

Sar"ment (?), n. [L. sarmentum a twig, fr. sarpere to cut off, to trim: cf. F. sarment.] (Bot.) A prostrate filiform stem or runner, as of the strawberry. See Runner.

Sar`men*ta"ceous (?), a. (Bot.) Bearing sarments, or runners, as the strawberry.

Sar`men*tose" (? or ?), a. [L. sarmentosus: cf. F. sarmenteux. See Sarment.] (Bot.) (a) Long and filiform, and almost naked, or having only leaves at the joints where it strikes root; as, a sarmentose stem. (b) Bearing sarments; sarmentaceous.

Sar*men"tous (?), a. (Bot.) Sarmentose.

Sarn (?), n. [W. sarn a causeway, paving.] A pavement or stepping-stone. [Prov. Eng.] Johnson.

||Sa"rong (?), n. [Malay srung.] A sort of petticoat worn by both sexes in Java and the Malay Archipelago. Balfour (Cyc. of India)

Sa"ros (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;] (Astron) A Chaldean astronomical period or cycle, the length of which has been variously estimated from 3,600 years to 3,600 days, or a little short of 10 years. Brande & C.

Sar"plar (?), n. [Cf. LL. sarplare. See Sarplier.] A large bale or package of wool, containing eighty tods, or 2,240 pounds, in weight. [Eng.]

Sar"plier (?), n. [F. serpillière; cf. Pr. sarpelheira, LL. serpelleria, serpleria, Catalan sarpallera, Sp. arpillera.] A coarse cloth made of hemp, and used for packing goods, etc. [Written also sarpelere.] Tyrwhitt.

Sar"po (?), n. [Corruption of Sp. sapo a toad.] (Zoöl.) A large toadfish of the Southern United States and the Gulf of Mexico (Batrachus tau, var. pardus).

||Sar`ra*ce"ni*a (?), n. [NL. So named after a Dr. Sarrazin of Quebec.] (Bot.) A genus of American perennial herbs growing in bogs; the American pitcher plant.

They have hollow pitcher-shaped or tubular leaves, and solitary flowers with an umbrella-shaped style. Sarracenia purpurea, the sidesaddle flower, is common at the North; S. flava, rubra, Drummondii, variolaris, and psittacina are Southern species. All are insectivorous, catching and drowning insects in their curious leaves. See Illust. of Sidesaddle flower, under Sidesaddle.

{ Sar"ra*sin, Sar"ra*sine } (?), n. [F. sarrasine, LL. saracina. See Saracen.] (Fort.) A portcullis, or herse. [Written also sarasin.]

Sar"sa (?), n. Sarsaparilla. [Written also sarza.]

Sar`sa*pa*ril"la (?), n. [Sp. zarzaparrilla; zarza a bramble (perhaps fr. Bisc. zartzia) + parra a vine, or Parillo, a physician said to have discovered it.] (Bot.) (a) Any plant of several tropical American species of Smilax. (b) The bitter mucilaginous roots of such plants, used in medicine and in sirups for soda, etc.

The name is also applied to many other plants and their roots, especially to the Aralia nudicaulis, the wild sarsaparilla of the United States.

Sar`sa*pa*ril"lin (?), n. See Parillin.

Sarse (?), n. [F. sas, OF. saas, LL. setatium, fr. L. seta a stiff hair.] A fine sieve; a searce. [Obs.]

Sarse, v. t. To sift through a sarse. [Obs.]

Sar"sen (?), n. [Etymol. uncertain; perhaps for saracen stone, i.e., a heathen or pagan stone or monument.] One of the large sandstone blocks scattered over the English chalk downs; -- called also sarsen stone, and Druid stone. [Eng.]

Sarse"net (?), n. See Sarcenet.

Sart (?), n. An assart, or clearing. [Obs.] Bailey.

Sar*to"ri*al (?), a. [See Sartorius.] 1. Of or pertaining to a tailor or his work.

> Our legs skulked under the table as free from sartorial impertinences as those of the noblest savages.

Lowell.

2. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the sartorius muscle.

||Sar*to"ri*us (?), n. [NL., fr. L. sartor a patcher, tailor, fr. sarcire, sartum, to patch, mend.] (Anat.) A muscle of the thigh, called the tailor's muscle, which arises from the hip bone and is inserted just below the knee. So named because its contraction was supposed to produce the position of the legs assumed by the tailor in sitting.

Sa"rum use` (?). (Ch. of Eng.) A liturgy, or use, put forth about 1087 by St. Osmund, bishop of Sarum, based on Anglo-Saxon and Norman customs.

Sash (?), n. [Pers. shast a sort of girdle.] A scarf or band worn about the waist, over the shoulder, or otherwise; a belt; a girdle, -- worn by women and children as an ornament; also worn as a badge of distinction by military officers, members of societies, etc.

Sash, v. t. To adorn with a sash or scarf. Burke.

Sash, n. [F. châssis a frame, sash, fr. châsse a shrine, reliquary, frame, L. capsa. See Case a box.] 1. The framing in which the panes of glass are set in a glazed window or door, including the narrow bars between the panes.

2. In a sawmill, the rectangular frame in which the saw is strained and by which it is carried up and down with a reciprocating motion; -- also called gate.

French sash, a casement swinging on hinges; - - in distinction from a vertical sash sliding up and down.

Sash, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sashed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sashing.] To furnish with a sash or sashes; as, to sash a door or a window.

Sash"er*y (?), n. [From 1st Sash.] A collection of sashes; ornamentation by means of sashes. [R.]

> Distinguished by their sasheries and insignia.

Carlyle.

Sash"oon (?), n. [Etymology uncertain.] A kind of pad worn on the leg under the boot. [Obs.] Nares.

Sa"sin (?), n. (Zoöl.) The Indian antelope (Antilope bezoartica, or cervicapra), noted for its beauty and swiftness. It has long, spiral, divergent horns.

{ Sas"sa*by (?), Sas"sa*bye (?) }, n. (Zoöl.) A large African antelope (Alcelaphus lunata), similar to the hartbeest, but having its horns regularly curved.

Sas"sa*fras (?), n. [F. sassafras (cf. It. sassafrasso, sassafras, Sp. sasafras, salsafras, salsifrax, salsifragia, saxifragia), fr. L. saxifraga saxifrage. See Saxifrage.] (Bot.) An American tree of the Laurel family (Sassafras officinale); also, the bark of the roots, which has an aromatic smell and taste.

Australian sassafras, a lofty tree (Doryophora Sassafras) with aromatic bark and leaves. -- Chilian sassafras, an aromatic tree (Laurelia sempervirens). -- New Zealand sassafras, a similar tree (Laurelia Novæ Zelandiæ). - - Sassafras nut. See Pichurim bean. -- Swamp sassafras, the sweet bay (Magnolia glauca). See Magnolia.

Sas"sa*nage (?), n. [See Sarse a sieve.] Stones left after sifting. Smart.

Sas`sa*ra"ra (?), n. [Perh. a corruption of certiorari, the name of a writ.] A word used to emphasize a statement. [Obs.]

> Out she shall pack, with a sassarara.

Goldsmith.

Sasse (?), n. [D. sas, fr. F. sas the basin of a waterfall.] A sluice or lock, as in a river, to make it more navigable. [Obs.] Pepys.

Sas"sen*ach (?), n. [Gael. sasunnach.] A Saxon; an Englishman; a Lowlander. [Celtic] Sir W. Scott.

{ Sas"so*lin (?), Sas"so*line (?) }, n. [From Sasso, a town in Italy: cf. F. sassolin.] (Min.) Native boric acid, found in saline incrustations on the borders of hot springs near Sasso, in the territory of Florence.

{ Sas"so*rol (?), Sas`so*rol"la (?) }, n. (Zoöl.) The rock pigeon. See under Pigeon.

Sas"sy bark` (?). (Bot.) The bark of a West African leguminous tree (Erythrophlæum Guineense, used by the natives as an ordeal poison, and also medicinally; -- called also mancona bark.

||Sas"tra (?), n. Same as Shaster.

Sat (?), imp. of Sit. [Written also sate.]

Sa"tan (?), n. [Heb. stn an adversary, fr. stan to be adverse, to persecute: cf. Gr. &?;, &?;, L. Satan, Satanas.] The grand adversary of man; the Devil, or Prince of darkness; the chief of the fallen angels; the archfiend.

> I beheld Satan as lightning fall from heaven.

Luke x. 18.

{ Sa*tan"ic (?), Sa*tan"ic*al (?) }, a. [Cf. F. satanique, Gr. &?;.] Of or pertaining to Satan; having the qualities of Satan; resembling Satan; extremely malicious or wicked; devilish; infernal. "Satanic strength." "Satanic host." Milton.

> Detest the slander which, with a Satanic smile, exults over the character it has ruined.

Dr. T. Dwight.

-- Sa*tan"ic*al*ly, adv. -- Sa*tan"ic*al*ness, n.

Sa"tan*ism (?), n. The evil and malicious disposition of Satan; a diabolical spirit. [R.]

Sa"tan*ist, n. A very wicked person. [R.] Granger.

Sa`tan*oph"a*ny (?), n. [Satan + Gr. &?; to appear.] An incarnation of Satan; a being possessed by a demon. [R.] O. A. Brownson.

Satch"el (?) n. [OF. sachel, fr. L. saccellus, dim. of saccus. See Sack a bag.] A little sack or bag for carrying papers, books, or small articles of wearing apparel; a hand bag. [Spelled also sachel.]

> The whining schoolboy with his satchel.

Shak.

Sate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sated; p. pr. & vb. n. Sating.] [Probably shortened fr. satiate: cf. L. satur full. See Satiate.] To satisfy the desire or appetite of; to satiate; to glut; to surfeit.

> Crowds of wanderers sated with the business and pleasure of great cities.

Macaulay.

Sate (?), imp. of Sit.

> But sate an equal guest at every board.

Lowell.

Sat*een" (?), n. [Cf. Satin.] A kind of dress goods made of cotton or woolen, with a glossy surface resembling satin.

Sate"less (?), a. Insatiable. [R.] Young.

Sat"el*lite (?), n. [F., fr. L. satelles, -itis, an attendant.] 1. An attendant attached to a prince or other powerful person; hence, an obsequious dependent. "The satellites of power." I. Disraeli.

2. (Astron.) A secondary planet which revolves about another planet; as, the moon is a satellite of the earth. See Solar system, under Solar.

Satellite moth (Zoöl.), a handsome European noctuid moth (Scopelosoma satellitia).

Sat"el*lite, a. (Anat.) Situated near; accompanying; as, the satellite veins, those which accompany the arteries.

Sat`el*li"tious (?), a. Pertaining to, or consisting of, satellites. [R.] Cheyne.

Sath"an*as (?), n. [L. Satanas. See Satan] Satan. [Obs.] Chaucer. Wyclif.

Sa"ti*ate (?), a. [L. satiatus, p. p. of satiare to satisfy, from sat, satis, enough. See Sad, a., and cf. Sate.] Filled to satiety; glutted; sated; -- followed by with or of. "Satiate of applause." Pope.

Sa"ti*ate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Satiated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Satiating.] 1. To satisfy the appetite or desire of; to feed to the full; to furnish enjoyment to, to the extent of desire; to sate; as, to satiate appetite or sense.

> These [smells] rather woo the sense than satiate it.

Bacon.

> I may yet survive the malice of my enemies, although they should be satiated with my blood.

Eikon Basilike.

2. To full beyond natural desire; to gratify to repletion or loathing; to surfeit; to glut.

3. To saturate. [Obs.] Sir I. Newton.

Syn. -- To satisfy; sate; suffice; cloy; gorge; overfill; surfeit; glut. -- Satiate, Satisfy, Content. These words differ principally in degree. To content is to make contented, even though every desire or appetite is not fully gratified. To satisfy is to appease fully the longings of desire. To satiate is to fill so completely that it is not possible to receive or enjoy more; hence, to overfill; to cause disgust in.

> Content with science in the vale of peace.

Pope.

> His whole felicity is endless strife;
> No peace, no satisfaction, crowns his life.

Beaumont.

> He may be satiated, but not satisfied.

Norris.

Sa`ti*a"tion (?), n. Satiety.

Sa*ti"e*ty (?), n. [L. satietas, from satis, sat, enough: cf. F. satiété.] The state of being satiated or glutted; fullness of gratification, either of the appetite or of any sensual desire; fullness beyond desire; an excess of gratification which excites wearisomeness or loathing; repletion; satiation.

> In all pleasures there is satiety.

Hakewill.

> But thy words, with grace divine
> Imbued, bring to their sweetness no satiety.

Milton.

Syn. -- Repletion; satiation; surfeit; cloyment.

Sat"in (?), n. [F. satin (cf. Pg. setim), fr. It. setino, from seta silk, L. saeta, seta, a thick, stiff hair, a bristle; or possibly ultimately of Chinese origin; cf. Chin. sz-tün, sz- twan. Cf. Sateen.] A silk cloth, of a thick, close texture, and overshot woof, which has a glossy surface.

> Cloths of gold and satins rich of hue.

Chaucer.

Denmark satin, a kind of lasting; a stout worsted stuff, woven with a satin twill, used for women's shoes. -- Farmer's satin. See under Farmer. -- Satin bird (Zoöl.), an Australian bower bird. Called also satin grackle. -- Satin flower (Bot.) See Honesty, 4. -- Satin spar. (Min.) (a) A fine fibrous variety of calcite, having a pearly luster. (b) A similar variety of gypsum. -- Satin sparrow (Zoöl.), the shining flycatcher (Myiagra nitida) of Tasmania and Australia. The upper surface of the male is rich blackish green with a metallic luster. -- Satin stone, satin spar.

Sat`i*net" (?), n. [F., fr. satin. See Satin.] 1. A thin kind of satin.

2. A kind of cloth made of cotton warp and woolen filling, used chiefly for trousers.

Sat"in*wood` (?), n. (Bot.) The hard, lemon-colored, fragrant wood of an East Indian tree (Chloroxylon Swietenia). It takes a lustrous finish, and is used in cabinetwork. The name is also given to the wood of a species of prickly ash (Xanthoxylum Caribæum) growing in Florida and the West Indies.

Sat"in*y (?), a. Like or composed of satin; glossy; as, to have a satiny appearance; a satiny texture.

Sa"tion (?), n. [L. satio, fr. serere, satum, to sow.] A sowing or planting. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Sat"ire (?; in Eng. often &?;; 277), n. [L. satira, satura, fr. satura (sc. lanx) a dish filled with various kinds of fruits, food composed of various ingredients, a mixture, a medley, fr. satur full of food, sated, fr. sat, satis, enough: cf. F. satire. See Sate, Sad, a., and cf. Saturate.] 1. A composition, generally poetical, holding up vice or folly to reprobation; a keen or severe exposure of what in public or private morals deserves rebuke; an invective poem; as, the Satires of Juvenal.

2. Keeness and severity of remark; caustic exposure to reprobation; trenchant wit; sarcasm.

Syn. -- Lampoon; sarcasm; irony; ridicule; pasquinade; burlesque; wit; humor.

{ Sa*tir"ic (?), Sa*tir"ic*al (?) }, a. [L. satiricus: cf. F. satirique.] 1. Of or pertaining to satire; of the nature of satire; as, a satiric style.

2. Censorious; severe in language; sarcastic; insulting. "Satirical rogue." Shak.

Syn. -- Cutting; caustic; poignant; sarcastic; ironical; bitter; reproachful; abusive.

-- Sa*tir"ic*al*ly, adv. -- Sa*tir"ic*al*ness, n.

Sat"ir*ist (?), n. [Cf. F. satiriste.] One who satirizes; especially, one who writes satire.

> The mighty satirist, who . . . had spread terror through the Whig ranks.

Macaulay.

Sat"ir*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Satirized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Satirizing (?).] [Cf. F. satiriser.] To make the object of satire; to attack with satire; to censure with keenness or severe sarcasm.

> It is as hard to satirize well a man of distinguished vices, as to praise well a man of distinguished virtues.

Swift.

Sat`is*fac"tion (?), n. [OE. satisfaccioun, F. satisfaction, fr. L. satisfactio, fr. satisfacere to satisfy. See Satisfy.] 1. The act of satisfying, or the state of being satisfied; gratification of desire; contentment in possession and enjoyment; repose of mind resulting from compliance with its desires or demands.

> The mind having a power to suspend the execution and satisfaction of any of its desires.

Locke.

2. Settlement of a claim, due, or demand; payment; indemnification; adequate compensation.

> We shall make full satisfaction.

Shak.

3. That which satisfies or gratifies; atonement.

> Die he, or justice must; unless for him
> Some other, able, and as willing, pay
> The rigid satisfaction, death for death.

Milton.

Syn. -- Contentment; content; gratification; pleasure; recompense; compensation; amends; remuneration; indemnification; atonement.

Sat`is*fac"tive (?), a. Satisfactory. [Obs.]

> Satisfactive discernment of fish.

Sir T. Browne.

Sat`is*fac"to*ry (?), a. [Cf. F. satisfactoire.] 1. Giving or producing satisfaction; yielding content; especially, relieving the mind from doubt or uncertainty, and enabling it to rest with confidence; sufficient; as, a satisfactory account or explanation.

2. Making amends, indemnification, or recompense; causing to cease from claims and to rest content; compensating; atoning; as, to make satisfactory compensation, or a satisfactory apology.

> A most wise and sufficient means of redemption and salvation, by the satisfactory and meritorious death and obedience of the incarnate Son of God, Jesus Christ.

Bp. Sanderson.

-- Sat`is*fac"to*ri*ly (#), adv. -- Sat`is*fac"to*ri*ness, n.

Sat"is*fi`a*ble, a. That may be satisfied.

Sat"is*fi`er (?), n. One who satisfies.

Sat"is*fy (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Satisfied (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Satisfying (?).] [OF. satisfier; L. satis enough + -ficare (in comp.) to make; cf. F. satisfaire, L. satisfacere. See Sad, a., and Fact.] 1. In general, to fill up the measure of a want of (a person or a thing); hence, to grafity fully the desire of; to make content; to supply to the full, or so far as to give contentment with what is wished for.

> Death shall . . . with us two
> Be forced to satisfy his ravenous maw.

Milton.

2. To pay to the extent of claims or deserts; to give what is due to; as, to satisfy a creditor.

3. To answer or discharge, as a claim, debt, legal demand, or the like; to give compensation for; to pay off; to requite; as, to satisfy a claim or an execution.

4. To free from doubt, suspense, or uncertainty; to give assurance to; to set at rest the mind of; to convince; as, to satisfy one's self by inquiry.

> The standing evidences of the truth of the gospel are in themselves most firm, solid, and satisfying.

Atterbury.

Syn. -- To satiate; sate; content; grafity; compensate. See Satiate.

Sat"is*fy (?), v. i. 1. To give satisfaction; to afford gratification; to leave nothing to be desired.

2. To make payment or atonement; to atone. Milton.

Sat"is*fy`ing*ly (?), adv. So as to satisfy; satisfactorily.

Sa"tive (?), a. [L. sativus, fr. serere, satum, to sow.] Sown; propagated by seed. [Obs.] Evelyn.

Sa"tle (?), v. t. & i. To settle. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Sa"trap (? or ?; 277), n. [L. satrapes, Gr. &?;, fr. OPers. khshatrapvan ruler: cf. F. satrape.] The governor of a province in ancient Persia; hence, a petty autocrat despot.

Sa"trap*al (? or ?), a. Of or pertaining to a satrap, or a satrapy.

Sa"trap*ess (? or ?), n. A female satrap.

Sa*trap"ic*al (?), a. Satrapal. [R.]

Sa"trap*y (?; 277), n.; pl. Satrapies (#). [L. satrapia, satrapea, Gr. &?;: cf. F. satrapie.] The government or jurisdiction of a satrap; a principality. Milton.

Sat"su*ma ware" (? or ?). (Fine Arts) A kind of ornamental hard-glazed pottery made at Satsuma in Kiushu, one of the Japanese islands.

Sat"u*ra*ble (?; 135), a. [L. saturabilis: cf. F. saturable.] Capable of being saturated; admitting of saturation. -- Sat`u*ra*bil"i*ty (#), n.

Sat"u*rant (?), a. [L. saturans, p. pr. See Saturate.] Impregnating to the full; saturating.

Sat"u*rant, n. 1. (Chem.) A substance used to neutralize or saturate the affinity of another substance.

2. (Med.) An antacid, as magnesia, used to correct acidity of the stomach.

Sat"u*rate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Saturated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Saturating.] [L. saturatus, p. p. of saturare to saturate, fr. satur full of food, sated. See Satire.] 1. To cause to become completely penetrated, impregnated, or soaked; to fill fully; to sate.

> Innumerable flocks and herds covered that vast expanse of emerald meadow saturated with the moisture of the Atlantic.

Macaulay.

> Fill and saturate each kind
> With good according to its mind.

Emerson.

2. (Chem.) To satisfy the affinity of; to cause to become inert by chemical combination with all that it can hold; as, to saturate phosphorus with chlorine.

Sat"u*rate (?), p. a. [L. saturatus, p. p.] Filled to repletion; saturated; soaked.

> Dries his feathers saturate with dew.

Cowper.

> The sand beneath our feet is saturate
> With blood of martyrs.

Longfellow.

Sat"u*ra`ted (?), a. 1. Filled to repletion; holding by absorption, or in solution, all that is possible; as, saturated garments; a saturated solution of salt.

2. (Chem.) Having its affinity satisfied; combined with all it can hold; -- said of certain atoms, radicals, or compounds; thus, methane is a saturated compound. Contrasted with unsaturated.

A saturated compound may exchange certain ingredients for others, but can not take on more without such exchange.

Saturated color (Optics), a color not diluted with white; a pure unmixed color, like those of the spectrum.

Sat`u*ra"tion (?), n. [L. saturatio: cf. F. saturation.] 1. The act of saturating, or the state of being saturating; complete penetration or impregnation.

2. (Chem.) The act, process, or result of saturating a substance, or of combining it to its fullest extent.

3. (Optics) Freedom from mixture or dilution with white; purity; -- said of colors.

The degree of saturation of a color is its relative purity, or freedom from admixture with white.

Sat"u*ra`tor (?), n. [L.] One who, or that which, saturates.

Sat"ur*day (?; 48), n. [OE. Saterday, AS. Sæterdæg, Sæterndæg, Sæternesdæg, literally, Saturn's day, fr. L. Saturnus Saturn + AS. dæg day; cf. L. dies Saturni.] The seventh or last day of the week; the day following Friday and preceding Sunday.

Sa*tu"ri*ty (?), n. [L. saturitas, fr. satur full of food, sated.] The state of being saturated; fullness of supply. [Obs.] Warner.

Sa"turn (?), n. [L. Saturnus, literally, the sower, fr. serere, satum, to sow. See Season.] 1. (Roman Myth.) One of the elder and principal deities, the son of Cœlus and Terra (Heaven and Earth), and the father of Jupiter. The corresponding Greek divinity was Kro`nos, later CHro`nos, Time.

2. (Astron.) One of the planets of the solar system, next in magnitude to Jupiter, but more remote from the sun. Its diameter is seventy thousand miles, its mean distance from the sun nearly eight hundred and eighty millions of miles, and its year, or periodical revolution round the sun, nearly twenty-nine years and a half. It is surrounded by a remarkable system of rings, and has eight satellites.

3. (Alchem.) The metal lead. [Archaic]

Sat`ur*na"li*a (?), n. pl. [L. See Saturn.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) The festival of Saturn, celebrated in December, originally during one day, but afterward during seven days, as a period of unrestrained license and merriment for all classes, extending even to the slaves.

2. Hence: A period or occasion of general license, in which the passions or vices have riotous indulgence.

Sat`ur*na"li*an (?), a. 1. Of or pertaining to the Saturnalia.

2. Of unrestrained and intemperate jollity; riotously merry; dissolute. "Saturnalian amusement." Burke.

Sa*tur"ni*an (?), a. [L. Saturnius.] 1. (Roman Myth.) Of or pertaining to Saturn, whose age or reign, from the mildness and wisdom of his government, is called the golden age.

2. Hence: Resembling the golden age; distinguished for peacefulness, happiness, contentment.

> Augustus, born to bring Saturnian times.

Pope.

3. (Astron.) Of or pertaining to the planet Saturn; as, the Saturnian year.

Saturnian verse (Pros.), a meter employed by early Roman satirists, consisting of three iambics and an extra syllable followed by three trochees, as in the line: -- Th quen | ws n | th ktch | n || atng | brad nd | hny.

Sa*tur"ni*an, n. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of large handsome moths belonging to Saturnia and allied genera. The luna moth, polyphemus, and promethea, are examples. They belong to the Silkworn family, and some are raised for their silk. See Polyphemus.

Sat`urn*i*cen"tric (?), a. (Astron.) Appearing as if seen from the center of the planet Saturn; relating or referred to Saturn as a center.

Sat"ur*nine (?), a. [L. Saturnus the god Saturn, also, the planet Saturn: cf. F. saturnin of or pertaining to lead (Saturn, in old chemistry, meaning lead), saturnien saturnine, saturnian. See Saturn.] 1. Born under, or influenced by, the planet Saturn.

2. Heavy; grave; gloomy; dull; -- the opposite of mercurial; as, a saturnine person or temper. Addison.

3. (Old Chem.) Of or pertaining to lead; characterized by, or resembling, lead, which was formerly called Saturn. [Archaic]

Saturnine colic (Med.), lead colic.

Sat"ur*nism (?), n. (Med.) Plumbism. Quain.

Sat"ur*nist (?), n. A person of a dull, grave, gloomy temperament. W. Browne.

Sa"tyr (?; 277), n. [L. satyrus, Gr. &?;: cf. F. satyre.] 1. (Class. Myth.) A sylvan deity or demigod, represented as part man and part goat, and characterized by riotous merriment and lasciviousness.

> Rough Satyrs danced; and Fauns, with cloven heel,
> From the glad sound would not be absent long.

Milton.

2. (Zoöl.) Any one of many species of butterflies belonging to the family Nymphalidæ. Their colors are commonly brown and gray, often with ocelli on the wings. Called also meadow browns.

3. (Zoöl.) The orang- outang.

||Sat`y*ri"a*sis (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;. See Satyr.] Immoderate venereal appetite in the male. Quain.

{ Sa*tyr"ic (?), Sa*tyr"ic*al (?) }, a. [L. satyricus, Gr. satyriko`s.] Of or pertaining to satyrs; burlesque; as, satyric tragedy. P. Cyc.

||Sa*tyr"i*on (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. saty`rion.] (Bot.) Any one of several kinds of orchids. [Obs.]

Sau"ba ant` (?). (Zoöl.) A South American ant (Œcodoma cephalotes) remarkable for having two large kinds of workers besides the ordinary ones, and for the immense size of its formicaries. The sauba ant cuts off leaves of plants and carries them into its subterranean nests, and thus often does great damage by defoliating trees and cultivated plants.

Sauce (?), n. [F., fr. OF. sausse, LL. salsa, properly, salt pickle, fr. L. salsus salted, salt, p. p. of salire to salt, fr. sal salt. See Salt, and cf. Saucer, Souse pickle, Souse to plunge.] 1. A composition of condiments and appetizing ingredients eaten with food as a relish; especially, a dressing for meat or fish or for puddings; as, mint sauce; sweet sauce, etc. "Poignant sauce." Chaucer.

> High sauces and rich spices fetched from the Indies.

Sir S. Baker.

2. Any garden vegetables eaten with meat. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U.S.] Forby. Bartlett.

> Roots, herbs, vine fruits, and salad flowers . . . they dish up various ways, and find them very delicious sauce to their meats, both roasted and boiled, fresh and salt.

Beverly.

3. Stewed or preserved fruit eaten with other food as a relish; as, apple sauce, cranberry sauce, etc. [U.S.] "Stewed apple sauce." Mrs. Lincoln (Cook Book).

4. Sauciness; impertinence. [Low.] Haliwell.

To serve one the same sauce, to retaliate in the same kind. [Vulgar]

Sauce (ss), v. t. [Cf. F. saucer.] [imp. & p. p. Sauced (sst); p. pr. & vb. n. Saucing (s"sng).] 1. To accompany with something intended to give a higher relish; to supply with appetizing condiments; to season; to flavor.

2. To cause to relish anything, as if with a sauce; to tickle or gratify, as the palate; to please; to stimulate; hence, to cover, mingle, or dress, as if with sauce; to make an application to. [R.]

> Earth, yield me roots;
> Who seeks for better of thee, sauce his palate
> With thy most operant poison!

Shak.

3. To make poignant; to give zest, flavor or interest to; to set off; to vary and render attractive.

> Then fell she to sauce her desires with threatenings.

Sir P. Sidney.

> Thou sayest his meat was sauced with thy upbraidings.

Shak.

4. To treat with bitter, pert, or tart language; to be impudent or saucy to. [Colloq. or Low]

> I'll sauce her with bitter words.

Shak.

||Sauce (ss), n. [F.] (Fine Art) A soft crayon for use in stump drawing or in shading with the stump.

Sauce"-a*lone` (?), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Bot.) Jack-by-the-hedge. See under Jack.

Sauce"box` (?), n. [See Sauce, and Saucy.] A saucy, impudent person; especially, a pert child.

> Saucebox, go, meddle with your lady's fan,
> And prate not here!

A. Brewer.

Sauce"pan` (?), n. A small pan with a handle, in which sauce is prepared over a fire; a stewpan.

Sau"cer (?), n. [F. saucière, from sauce. See Sauce.] 1. A small pan or vessel in which sauce was set on a table. [Obs.] Bacon.

2. A small dish, commonly deeper than a plate, in which a cup is set at table.

3. Something resembling a saucer in shape. Specifically: (a) A flat, shallow caisson for raising sunken ships. (b) A shallow socket for the pivot of a capstan.

Sau"ci*ly (?), adv. In a saucy manner; impudently; with impertinent boldness. Addison.

Sau"ci*ness, n. The quality or state of being saucy; that which is saucy; impertinent boldness; contempt of superiors; impudence.

> Your sauciness will jest upon my love.

Shak.

Syn. -- Impudence; impertinence; rudeness; insolence. See Impudence.

{ ||Sau`cis`son" (?), Sau`cisse" (?) }, n. [F., fr. saucisse sausage. See Sausage.] 1. (Mining or Gun.) A long and slender pipe or bag, made of cloth well pitched, or of leather, filled with powder, and used to communicate fire to mines, caissons, bomb chests, etc.

2. (Fort.) A fascine of more than ordinary length.

Sau"cy (?), a. [Compar. Saucier (?); superl. Sauciest.] [From Sauce.] 1. Showing impertinent boldness or pertness; transgressing the rules of decorum; treating superiors with contempt; impudent; insolent; as, a saucy fellow.

> Am I not protector, saucy priest?

Shak.

2. Expressive of, or characterized by, impudence; impertinent; as, a saucy eye; saucy looks.

> We then have done you bold and saucy wrongs.

Shak.

Syn. -- Impudent; insolent; impertinent; rude.

Sauer"kraut` (?), n. [G., fr. sauer sour + kraut herb, cabbage.] Cabbage cut fine and allowed to ferment in a brine made of its own juice with salt, -- a German dish.

Sauf (?), a. Safe. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Sauf, conj. & prep. Save; except. [Obs.] "Sauf I myself." Chaucer.

Sauf"ly, adv. Safely. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Sau"ger (?), n. (Zoöl.) An American fresh-water food fish (Stizostedion Canadense); -- called also gray pike, blue pike, hornfish, land pike, sand pike, pickering, and pickerel.

{ Saugh, Sauh (?) }, obs. imp. sing. of See. Chaucer.

Sauks (?), n. pl. (Ethnol.) Same as Sacs.

Saul (?), n. Soul. [Obs.]

Saul, n. Same as Sal, the tree.

Sau"lie (?), n. A hired mourner at a funeral. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

||Sault (?), n. [OF., F. saut, fr. L. saltus. See Salt a leap.] A rapid in some rivers; as, the Sault Ste. Marie. [U.S.] Bartlett.

Saun"ders (?), n. See Sandress.

Saun"ders-blue` (?), n. [Corrupted fr. F. cendres bleues blue ashes.] A kind of color prepared from calcined lapis lazuli; ultramarine; also, a blue prepared from carbonate of copper. [Written also sanders-blue.]

Saun"ter (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sauntered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sauntering.] [Written also santer.] [Probably fr. F. s'aventurer to adventure (one's self), through a shortened form s'auntrer. See Adventure, n. & v.] To wander or walk about idly and in a leisurely or lazy manner; to lounge; to stroll; to loiter.

> One could lie under elm trees in a lawn, or saunter in meadows by the side of a stream.

Masson.

Syn. -- To loiter; linger; stroll; wander.

Saun"ter, n. A sauntering, or a sauntering place.

> That wheel of fops, that saunter of the town.

Young.

Saun"ter*er (?), n. One who saunters.

Saur (?), n. [Contracted from Gael. salachar filth, nastiness, fr. salach nasty, fr. sal filth, refuse.] Soil; dirt; dirty water; urine from a cowhouse. [Prov. Eng.]

Sau"rel (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any carangoid fish of the genus Trachurus, especially T. trachurus, or T. saurus, of Europe and America, and T. picturatus of California. Called also skipjack, and horse mackerel.

||Sau"ri*a (?), n. pl. [NL., from Gr. &?; a lizard.] (Zoöl.) A division of Reptilia formerly established to include the Lacertilia, Crocodilia, Dinosauria, and other groups. By some writers the name is restricted to the Lacertilia.

Sau"ri*an (?), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to, or of the nature of, the Sauria. -- n. One of the Sauria.

Sau"ri*oid (?), a. (Zoöl.) Same as Sauroid.

||Sau"ro*ba*tra"chi*a (?), n. pl. [NL. See Sauria, and Batrachia.] (Zoöl.) The Urodela.

Sau*rog"na*thous (?), a. [Gr. &?; a lizard + &?; the jaw.] (Zoöl.) Having the bones of the palate arranged as in saurians, the vomer consisting of two lateral halves, as in the woodpeckers (Pici).

Sau"roid (?), a. [Gr. &?; a lizard + -oid: cf. Gr. &?; lizardlike.] (Zoöl.) (a) Like or pertaining to the saurians. (b) Resembling a saurian superficially; as, a sauroid fish.

Sau`roid*ich"nite (?), n. [See Sauroid, and Ichnite.] (Paleon.) The fossil track of a saurian.

||Sau*rop"o*da (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a lizard + -poda.] (Paleon.) An extinct order of herbivorous dinosaurs having the feet of a saurian type, instead of birdlike, as they are in many dinosaurs. It includes the largest known land animals, belonging to Brontosaurus, Camarasaurus, and allied genera. See Illustration in Appendix.

||Sau*rop"si*da (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a lizard + &?; appearance.] (Zoöl.) A comprehensive group of vertebrates, comprising the reptiles and birds.

||Sau*rop`te*ryg"i*a (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a lizard + &?;, &?;, a wing.] (Paleon.) Same as Plesiosauria.

||Sau*ru"ræ (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a lizard + &?; a tail.] (Paleon.) An extinct order of birds having a long vertebrated tail with quills along each side of it. Archæopteryx is the type. See Archæopteryx, and Odontornithes.

Sau"ry (?), n.; pl. Sauries (#). [Etymol. uncertain.] (Zoöl.) A slender marine fish (Scomberesox saurus) of Europe and America. It has long, thin, beaklike jaws. Called also billfish, gowdnook, gawnook, skipper, skipjack, skopster, lizard fish, and Egypt herring.

Sau"sage (?; 48), n. [F. saucisse, LL. salcitia, salsicia, fr. salsa. See Sauce.] 1. An article of food consisting of meat (esp. pork) minced and highly seasoned, and inclosed in a cylindrical case or skin usually made of the prepared intestine of some animal.

2. A saucisson. See Saucisson. Wilhelm.

Sau"se*flem (?), a. [OF. saus salt (L. salsus) + flemme phlegm.] Having a red, pimpled face. [Obs.] [Written also sawceflem.] Chaucer.

Saus"sur*ite (?), n. [F. So called from M. Saussure.] (Min.) A tough, compact mineral, of a white, greenish, or grayish color. It is near zoisite in composition, and in part, at least, has been produced by the alteration of feldspar.

{ Saut, Saute (?) }, n. An assault. [Obs.]

||Sau`te" (?), p. p. of Sauter. C. Owen.

||Sau`ter" (?), v. t. [F., properly, to jump.] To fry lightly and quickly, as meat, by turning or tossing it over frequently in a hot pan greased with a little fat.

Sau"ter (?), n. Psalter. [Obs.] Piers Plowman.

Sau`te*relle (?), n. [F.] An instrument used by masons and others to trace and form angles.

Sau`terne" (?), n. [F.] A white wine made in the district of Sauterne, France.

Sau"trie (?), n. Psaltery. [Obs.] Chaucer.

||Sau`ve*garde" (?), n. [F.] (Zoöl.) The monitor.

Sav"a*ble (?), a. [From Save. Cf. Salvable.] Capable of, or admitting of, being saved.

> In the person prayed for there ought to be the great disposition of being in a savable condition.

Jer. Taylor.

Sav"a*ble*ness, n. Capability of being saved.

Sa*va"ci*oun` (?), n. Salvation. [Obs.]

Sav"age (?; 48), a. [F. sauvage, OF. salvage, fr. L. silvaticus belonging to a wood, wild, fr. silva a wood. See Silvan, and cf. Sylvatic.] 1. Of or pertaining to the forest; remote from human abodes and cultivation; in a state of nature; wild; as, a savage wilderness.

2. Wild; untamed; uncultivated; as, savage beasts.

> Cornels, and savage berries of the wood.

Dryden.

3. Uncivilized; untaught; unpolished; rude; as, savage life; savage manners.

> What nation, since the commencement of the Christian era, ever rose from savage to civilized without Christianity?

E. D. Griffin.

4. Characterized by cruelty; barbarous; fierce; ferocious; inhuman; brutal; as, a savage spirit.

Syn. -- Ferocious; wild; uncultivated; untamed; untaught; uncivilized; unpolished; rude; brutish; brutal; heathenish; barbarous; cruel; inhuman; fierce; pitiless; merciless; unmerciful; atrocious. See Ferocious.

Sav"age, n. 1. A human being in his native state of rudeness; one who is untaught, uncivilized, or without cultivation of mind or manners.

2. A man of extreme, unfeeling, brutal cruelty; a barbarian.

Sav"age (?; 48), v. t. To make savage. [R.]

> Its bloodhounds, savaged by a cross of wolf.

Southey.

Sav"age*ly, adv. In a savage manner.

Sav"age*ness, n. The state or quality of being savage.

> Wolves and bears, they say,
> Casting their savageness aside have done
> Like offices of pity.

Shak.

Sav"age*ry (?; 277), n. [F. sauvagerie.] 1. The state of being savage; savageness; savagism.

> A like work of primeval savagery.

C. Kingsley.

2. An act of cruelty; barbarity.

> The wildest savagery, the vilest stroke,
> That ever wall-eyed wrath or staring rage
> Presented to the tears of soft remorse.

Shak.

3. Wild growth, as of plants. Shak.

Sav"a*gism (?), n. The state of being savage; the state of rude, uncivilized men, or of men in their native wildness and rudeness.

Sav`a*nil"la (?), n. (Zoöl.) The tarpum. [Local, U.S.]

Sa*van"na (?), n. [Of American Indian origin; cf. Sp. sabana, F. savane.] A tract of level land covered with the vegetable growth usually found in a damp soil and warm climate, -- as grass or reeds, -- but destitute of trees. [Spelt also savannah.]

> Savannahs are clear pieces of land without woods.

Dampier.

Savanna flower (Bot.), a West Indian name for several climbing apocyneous plants of the genus Echites. -- Savanna sparrow (Zoöl.), an American sparrow (Ammodramus sandwichensis or Passerculus savanna) of which several varieties are found on grassy plains from Alaska to the Eastern United States. -- Savanna wattle (Bot.), a name of two West Indian trees of the genus Citharexylum.

||Sa`vant" (?), n.; pl. Savants (F. &?;; E. &?;). [F., fr. savoir to know, L. sapere. See Sage, a.] A man of learning; one versed in literature or science; a person eminent for acquirements.

Save (?), n. [See Sage the herb.] The herb sage, or salvia. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Save (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Saved (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Saving.] [OE. saven, sauven, salven, OF. salver, sauver, F. sauver, L. salvare, fr. salvus saved, safe. See Safe, a.] 1. To make safe; to procure the safety of; to preserve from injury, destruction, or evil of any kind; to rescue from impending danger; as, to save a house from the flames.

> God save all this fair company.

Chaucer.

> He cried, saying, Lord, save me.

Matt. xiv. 30.

> Thou hast . . . quitted all to save
> A world from utter loss.

Milton.

2. (Theol.) Specifically, to deliver from sin and its penalty; to rescue from a state of condemnation and spiritual death, and bring into a state of spiritual life.

> Christ Jesus came into the world to save sinners.

1 Tim. i. 15.

3. To keep from being spent or lost; to secure from waste or expenditure; to lay up; to reserve.

> Now save a nation, and now save a groat.

Pope.

4. To rescue from something undesirable or hurtful; to prevent from doing something; to spare.

> I'll save you
> That labor, sir. All's now done.

Shak.

5. To hinder from doing, suffering, or happening; to obviate the necessity of; to prevent; to spare.

> Will you not speak to save a lady's blush?

Dryden.

6. To hold possession or use of; to escape loss of.

> Just saving the tide, and putting in a stock of merit.

Swift.

To save appearances, to preserve a decent outside; to avoid exposure of a discreditable state of things.

Syn. -- To preserve; rescue; deliver; protect; spare; reserve; prevent.

Save, v. i. To avoid unnecessary expense or expenditure; to prevent waste; to be economical.

> Brass ordnance saveth in the quantity of the material.

Bacon.

Save, prep. or conj. [F. sauf, properly adj., safe. See Safe, a.] Except; excepting; not including; leaving out; deducting; reserving; saving.

> Five times received I forty stripes save one.

2 Cor. xi. 24.

Syn. -- See Except.

Save, conj. Except; unless.

Save"a*ble (?), a. See Savable.

Save"-all` (?), n. [Save + all.] Anything which saves fragments, or prevents waste or loss. Specifically: (a) A device in a candlestick to hold the ends of candles, so that they be burned. (b) (Naut.) A small sail sometimes set under the foot of another sail, to catch the wind that would pass under it. Totten.

(c) A trough to prevent waste in a paper-making machine.

Sav"e*loy (?), n. [F. cervelas, It. cervellata, fr. cervello brain, L. cerebellum, dim. of cerebrum brain. See Cerebral.] A kind of dried sausage. McElrath.

Save"ly (?), adv. Safely. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Save"ment (?), n. The act of saving. [Obs.]

Sav"er (?), n. One who saves.

{ Sav"in, Sav"ine (?) }, n. [OE. saveine, AS. safinæ, savine, L. sabina herba. Cf. Sabine.] [Written also sabine.] (Bot.) (a) A coniferous shrub (Juniperus Sabina) of Western Asia, occasionally found also in the northern parts of the United States and in British America. It is a compact bush, with dark-colored foliage, and produces small berries having a glaucous bloom. Its bitter, acrid tops are sometimes used in medicine for gout, amenorrhœa, etc. (b) The North American red cedar (Juniperus Virginiana.)

Sav"ing (?), a. 1. Preserving; rescuing.

> He is the saving strength of his anointed.

Ps. xxviii. 8.

2. Avoiding unnecessary expense or waste; frugal; not lavish or wasteful; economical; as, a saving cook.

3. Bringing back in returns or in receipts the sum expended; incurring no loss, though not gainful; as, a saving bargain; the ship has made a saving voyage.

4. Making reservation or exception; as, a saving clause.

Saving is often used with a noun to form a compound adjective; as, labor-saving, life-saving, etc.

Sav"ing (sv"ng), prep. or conj.; but properly a participle. With the exception of; except; excepting; also, without disrespect to. "Saving your reverence." Shak. "Saving your presence." Burns.

> None of us put off our clothes, saving that every one put them off for washing.

Neh. iv. 23.

> And in the stone a new name written, which no man knoweth saving he that receiveth it.

Rev. ii. 17.

Sav"ing, n. 1. Something kept from being expended or lost; that which is saved or laid up; as, the savings of years of economy.

2. Exception; reservation.

> Contend not with those that are too strong for us, but still with a saving to honesty.

L'Estrange.

Savings bank, a bank in which savings or earnings are deposited and put at interest.

Sav"ing*ly, adv. 1. In a saving manner; with frugality or parsimony.

2. So as to be finally saved from eternal death.

> Savingly born of water and the Spirit.

Waterland.

Sav"ing*ness, n. 1. The quality of being saving; carefulness not to expend money uselessly; frugality; parsimony. Mrs. H. H. Jackson.

2. Tendency to promote salvation. Johnson.

Sav"ior (sv"yr), n. [OE. saveour, OF. salveor, F. sauveur, fr. L. salvator, fr. salvare to save. See Save, v.] [Written also saviour.] 1. One who saves, preserves, or delivers from destruction or danger.

2. Specifically: The (or our, your, etc.) Savior, he who brings salvation to men; Jesus Christ, the Redeemer.

Sav"ior*ess, n. A female savior. [Written also saviouress.] [R.] Bp. Hall.

Sa"vor (?), n. [OE. savour, savor, savur, OF. savor, savour, F. saveur, fr. L. sapor, fr. sapere to taste, savor. See Sage, a., and cf. Sapid, Insipid, Sapor.] [Written also savour.] 1. That property of a thing which affects the organs of taste or smell; taste and odor; flavor; relish; scent; as, the savor of an orange or a rose; an ill savor.

> I smell sweet savors and I feel soft things.

Shak.

2. Hence, specific flavor or quality; characteristic property; distinctive temper, tinge, taint, and the like.

> Why is not my life a continual joy, and the savor of heaven perpetually upon my spirit?

Baxter.

3. Sense of smell; power to scent, or trace by scent. [R.] "Beyond my savor." Herbert.

4. Pleasure; delight; attractiveness. [Obs.]

> She shall no savor have therein but lite.

Chaucer.

Syn. -- Taste; flavor; relish; odor; scent; smell.

Sa"vor, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Savored (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Savoring.] [Cf. OF. savorer, F. savourer. See Savor, n.] [Written also savour.] 1. To have a particular smell or taste; -- with of.

2. To partake of the quality or nature; to indicate the presence or influence; to smack; -- with of.

> This savors not much of distraction.

Shak.

> I have rejected everything that savors of party.

Addison.

3. To use the sense of taste. [Obs.]

> By sight, hearing, smelling, tasting or savoring, and feeling.

Chaucer.

Sa"vor, v. t. 1. To perceive by the smell or the taste; hence, to perceive; to note. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

2. To have the flavor or quality of; to indicate the presence of. [R.]

> That cuts us off from hope, and savors only
> Rancor and pride, impatience and despite.

Milton.

3. To taste or smell with pleasure; to delight in; to relish; to like; to favor. [R.] Shak.

Sa"vor*i*ly (?), adv. In a savory manner.

Sa"vor*i*ness, n. The quality of being savory.

Sa"vor*less, a. Having no savor; destitute of smell or of taste; insipid.

Sa"vor*ly, a. Savory. [Obs.]

Sa"vor*ly, adv. In a savory manner. [Obs.] Barrow.

Sa"vor*ous (-s), a. [Cf. F. savoureux, OF. saveros, L. saporosus. Cf. Saporous, and see Savor, n.] Having a savor; savory. [Obs.] Rom. of R.

Sa"vor*y (-), a. [From Savor.] Pleasing to the organs of taste or smell. [Written also savoury.]

> The chewing flocks
> Had ta'en their supper on the savory herb.

Milton.

Sa"vo*ry (s"v*r), n. [F. savorée; cf. It. santoreggia, satureja, L. satureia,] (Bot.) An aromatic labiate plant (Satureia hortensis), much used in cooking; -- also called summer savory. [Written also savoury.]

Sa*voy" (?), n. [F. chou de Savoie cabbage of Savoy.] (Bot.) A variety of the common cabbage (Brassica oleracea major), having curled leaves, -- much cultivated for winter use.

Sav`oy*ard" (?), n. [F.] A native or inhabitant of Savoy.

Saw (s), imp. of See.

Saw, n. [OE. sawe, AS. sagu; akin to secgan to say. See Say, v. t. and cf. Saga.]

1. Something said; speech; discourse. [Obs.] "To hearken all his sawe." Chaucer.

2. A saying; a proverb; a maxim.

> His champions are the prophets and apostles,
> His weapons holy saws of sacred writ.

Shak.

3. Dictate; command; decree. [Obs.]

> [Love] rules the creatures by his powerful saw.

Spenser.

Saw, n. [OE. sawe, AS. sage; akin to D. zaag, G. säge, OHG. sega, saga, Dan. sav, Sw. såg, Icel. sög, L. secare to cut, securis ax, secula sickle. Cf. Scythe, Sickle, Section, Sedge.] An instrument for cutting or dividing substances, as wood, iron, etc., consisting of a thin blade, or plate, of steel, with a series of sharp teeth on the edge, which remove successive portions of the material by cutting and tearing.

Saw is frequently used adjectively, or as the first part of a compound.

Band saw, Crosscut saw, etc. See under Band, Crosscut, etc. -- Circular saw, a disk of steel with saw teeth upon its periphery, and revolved on an arbor. -- Saw bench, a bench or table with a flat top for for sawing, especially with a circular saw which projects above the table. -- Saw file, a three-cornered file, such as is used for sharpening saw teeth. -- Saw frame, the frame or sash in a sawmill, in which the saw, or gang of saws, is held. -- Saw gate, a saw frame. -- Saw gin, the form of cotton gin invented by Eli Whitney, in which the cotton fibers are drawn, by the teeth of a set of revolving circular saws, through a wire grating which is too fine for the seeds to pass. -- Saw grass (Bot.), any one of certain cyperaceous plants having the edges of the leaves set with minute sharp teeth, especially the Cladium Mariscus of Europe, and the Cladium effusum of the Southern United States. Cf. Razor grass, under Razor. -- Saw log, a log of suitable size for sawing into lumber. -- Saw mandrel, a mandrel on which a circular saw is fastened for running. -- Saw pit, a pit over which timbor is sawed by two men, one standing below the timber and the other above. Mortimer. -- Saw sharpener (Zoöl.), the great titmouse; -- so named from its harsh call note. [Prov. Eng.] -- Saw whetter (Zoöl.), the marsh titmouse (Parus palustris); -- so named from its call note. [Prov. Eng.] -- Scroll saw, a ribbon of steel with saw teeth upon one edge, stretched in a frame and adapted for sawing curved outlines; also, a machine in which such a saw is worked by foot or power.

Saw (?), v. t. [imp. Sawed (?); p. p. Sawed or Sawn (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Sawing.] 1. To cut with a saw; to separate with a saw; as, to saw timber or marble.

2. To form by cutting with a saw; as, to saw boards or planks, that is, to saw logs or timber into boards or planks; to saw shingles; to saw out a panel.

3. Also used figuratively; as, to saw the air.

Saw, v. i. 1. To use a saw; to practice sawing; as, a man saws well.

2. To cut, as a saw; as, the saw or mill saws fast.

3. To be cut with a saw; as, the timber saws smoothly.

Sa*war"ra nut` (?). See Souari nut.

Saw"bel`ly (?), n. The alewife. [Local, U.S.]

Saw"bill` (?), n. The merganser. [Prov. Eng.]

Saw"bones` (?), n. A nickname for a surgeon.

Saw"buck` (?), n. A sawhorse.

Saw"ce*flem (?), a. See Sauseflem. [Obs.]

Saw"der (?), n. A corrupt spelling and pronunciation of solder.

Soft sawder, seductive praise; flattery; blarney. [Slang]

Saw"dust` (?), n. Dust or small fragments of wood (or of stone, etc.) made by the cutting of a saw.

Saw"er` (?), n. One who saws; a sawyer.

Saw"fish` (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of elasmobranch fishes of the genus Pristis. They have a sharklike form, but are more nearly allied to the rays. The flattened and much elongated snout has a row of stout toothlike structures inserted along each edge, forming a sawlike organ with which it mutilates or kills its prey.

Saw"fly` (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of hymenopterous insects belonging to the family Tenthredinidæ. The female usually has an ovipositor containing a pair of sawlike organs with which she makes incisions in the leaves or stems of plants in which to lay the eggs. The larvæ resemble those of Lepidoptera.

Saw"horse` (?), n. A kind of rack, shaped like a double St. Andrew's cross, on which sticks of wood are laid for sawing by hand; -- called also buck, and sawbuck.

Saw"mill` (?), n. A mill for sawing, especially one for sawing timber or lumber.

Saw"neb` (?), n. A merganser. [Prov. Eng.]

Saw" pal*met"to. See under Palmetto.

Saw"-set` (?), n. An instrument used to set or turn the teeth of a saw a little sidewise, that they may make a kerf somewhat wider than the thickness of the blade, to prevent friction; -- called also saw-wrest.

Saw"tooth` (?), n. (Zoöl.) An arctic seal (Lobodon carcinophaga), having the molars serrated; -- called also crab-eating seal.

Saw"-toothed" (?), a. Having a tooth or teeth like those of a saw; serrate.

Saw"try (?), n. A psaltery. [Obs.] Dryden.

Saw"-whet` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A small North American owl (Nyctale Acadica), destitute of ear tufts and having feathered toes; -- called also Acadian owl.

Saw"-wort` (?), n. (Bot.) Any plant of the composite genus Serratula; -- so named from the serrated leaves of most of the species.

Saw"-wrest` (?), n. See Saw- set.

Saw"yer (?), n. [Saw + - yer, as in lawyer. Cf. Sawer.] 1. One whose occupation is to saw timber into planks or boards, or to saw wood for fuel; a sawer.

2. A tree which has fallen into a stream so that its branches project above the surface, rising and falling with a rocking or swaying motion in the current. [U.S.]

3. (Zoöl.) The bowfin. [Local, U.S.]

Sax (?), n. [AS. seax a knife.] A kind of chopping instrument for trimming the edges of roofing slates.

Sax"a*tile (?), a. [L. saxatilis, fr. saxum a rock: cf. F. saxatile.] Of or pertaining to rocks; living among rocks; as, a saxatile plant.

Sax"horn` (?), n. (Mus.) A name given to a numerous family of brass wind instruments with valves, invented by Antoine Joseph Adolphe Sax (known as Adolphe Sax), of Belgium and Paris, and much used in military bands and in orchestras.

Sax`i*ca"va (?), n.; pl. E. saxicavas (#), L. Saxicavæ (#). [NL. See Saxicavous.] (Zoöl.) Any species of marine bivalve shells of the genus Saxicava. Some of the species are noted for their power of boring holes in limestone and similar rocks.

Sax`i*ca"vid (?), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the saxicavas. -- n. A saxicava.

Sax`i*ca"vous (?), a. [L. saxum rock + cavare to make hollow, fr. cavus hollow: cf. F. saxicave.] (Zoöl.) Boring, or hollowing out, rocks; -- said of certain mollusks which live in holes which they burrow in rocks. See Illust. of Lithodomus.

Sax*ic"o*line (?), a. [L. saxum a rock + colere to inhabit.] (Zoöl.) Stone- inhabiting; pertaining to, or having the characteristics of, the stonechats.

Sax*ic"o*lous (?), a. [See Saxicoline.] (Bot.) Growing on rocks.

||Sax*if"ra*ga (?), n. [L., saxifrage. See Saxifrage.] (Bot.) A genus of exogenous polypetalous plants, embracing about one hundred and eighty species. See Saxifrage.

Sax`i*fra*ga"ceous (?), a. (Bot.) Of or pertaining to a natural order of plants (Saxifragaceæ) of which saxifrage is the type. The order includes also the alum root, the hydrangeas, the mock orange, currants and gooseberries, and many other plants.

Sax*if"ra*gant (?), a. [See Saxifrage.] Breaking or destroying stones; saxifragous. [R.] -- n. That which breaks or destroys stones. [R.]

Sax"i*frage (?; 48), n. [L. saxifraga, from saxifragus stone-breaking; saxum rock + frangere to break: cf. F. saxifrage. See Fracture, and cf. Sassafras, Saxon.] (Bot.) Any plant of the genus Saxifraga, mostly perennial herbs growing in crevices of rocks in mountainous regions.

Burnet saxifrage, a European umbelliferous plant (Pimpinella Saxifraga). -- Golden saxifrage, a low half-succulent herb (Chrysosplenium oppositifolium) growing in rivulets in Europe; also, C. Americanum, common in the United States. See also under Golden. -- Meadow saxifrage, or Pepper saxifrage. See under Meadow.

Sax*if"ra*gous (?), a. [L. saxifragus: cf. F. saxifrage. See Saxifrage.] Dissolving stone, especially dissolving stone in the bladder.

Sax"on (sks"n or -'n), n. [L. Saxo, pl. Saxones, from the Saxon national name; cf. AS. pl. Seaxe, Seaxan, fr. seax a knife, a short sword, a dagger (akin to OHG. sahs, and perhaps to L. saxum rock, stone, knives being originally made of stone); and cf. G. Sachse, pl. Sachsen. Cf. Saxifrage.] 1. (a) One of a nation or people who formerly dwelt in the northern part of Germany, and who, with other Teutonic tribes, invaded and conquered England in the fifth and sixth centuries. (b) Also used in the sense of Anglo- Saxon. (c) A native or inhabitant of modern Saxony.

2. The language of the Saxons; Anglo- Saxon.

Old Saxon, the Saxon of the continent of Europe in the old form of the language, as shown particularly in the "Heliand", a metrical narration of the gospel history preserved in manuscripts of the 9th century.

Sax"on, a. Of or pertaining to the Saxons, their country, or their language. (b) Anglo-Saxon. (c) Of or pertaining to Saxony or its inhabitants.

Saxon blue (Dyeing), a deep blue liquid used in dyeing, and obtained by dissolving indigo in concentrated sulphuric acid. Brande & C. -- Saxon green (Dyeing), a green color produced by dyeing with yellow upon a ground of Saxon blue.

Sax*on"ic (?), a. Relating to the Saxons or Anglo- Saxons.

Sax"on*ism (?), n. An idiom of the Saxon or Anglo-Saxon language. T. Warton.

Sax"on*ist, n. One versed in the Saxon language.

Sax"on*ite (?), n. (Min.) See Mountain soap, under Mountain.

Sax"o*phone (?), n. [A.A.J. Sax, the inventor (see Saxhorn) + Gr. &?; tone.] (Mus.) A wind instrument of brass, containing a reed, and partaking of the qualities both of a brass instrument and of a clarinet.

Sax"-tu`ba (?), n. [See Saxhorn, and Tube.] (Mus.) A powerful instrument of brass, curved somewhat like the Roman buccina, or tuba.

Say (s), obs. imp. of See. Saw. Chaucer.

Say (s), n. [Aphetic form of assay.] 1. Trial by sample; assay; sample; specimen; smack. [Obs.]

> If those principal works of God . . . be but certain tastes and says, as it were, of that final benefit.

Hooker.

> Thy tongue some say of breeding breathes.

Shak.

2. Tried quality; temper; proof. [Obs.]

> He found a sword of better say.

Spenser.

3. Essay; trial; attempt. [Obs.]

To give a say at, to attempt. B. Jonson.

Say, v. t. To try; to assay. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Say, n. [OE. saie, F. saie, fr. L. saga, equiv. to sagum, sagus, a coarse woolen mantle; cf. Gr. sa`gos. See Sagum.] 1. A kind of silk or satin. [Obs.]

> Thou say, thou serge, nay, thou buckram lord!

Shak.

2. A delicate kind of serge, or woolen cloth. [Obs.]

> His garment neither was of silk nor say.

Spenser.

Say, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Said (sd), contracted from sayed; p. pr. & vb. n. Saying.] [OE. seggen, seyen, siggen, sayen, sayn, AS. secgan; akin to OS. seggian, D. zeggen, LG. seggen, OHG. sagn, G. sagen, Icel. segja, Sw. säga, Dan. sige, Lith. sakyti; cf. OL. insece tell, relate, Gr. 'e`nnepe (for 'en-sepe), 'e`spete. Cf. Saga, Saw a saying.] 1. To utter or express in words; to tell; to speak; to declare; as, he said many wise things.

> Arise, and say how thou camest here.

Shak.

2. To repeat; to rehearse; to recite; to pronounce; as, to say a lesson.

> Of my instruction hast thou nothing bated
> In what thou hadst to say?

Shak.

> After which shall be said or sung the following hymn.

Bk. of Com. Prayer.

3. To announce as a decision or opinion; to state positively; to assert; hence, to form an opinion upon; to be sure about; to be determined in mind as to.

> But what it is, hard is to say.

Milton.

4. To mention or suggest as an estimate, hypothesis, or approximation; hence, to suppose; -- in the imperative, followed sometimes by the subjunctive; as, he had, say fifty thousand dollars; the fox had run, say ten miles.

> Say, for nonpayment that the debt should double,
> Is twenty hundred kisses such a trouble?

Shak.

It is said, or They say, it is commonly reported; it is rumored; people assert or maintain. - - That is to say, that is; in other words; otherwise.

Say, v. i. To speak; to express an opinion; to make answer; to reply.

> You have said; but whether wisely or no, let the forest judge.

Shak.

> To this argument we shall soon have said; for what concerns it us to hear a husband divulge his household privacies?

Milton.

Say, n. [From Say, v. t.; cf. Saw a saying.] A speech; something said; an expression of opinion; a current story; a maxim or proverb. [Archaic or Colloq.]

> He no sooner said out his say, but up rises a cunning snap.

L'Estrange.

> That strange palmer's boding say,
> That fell so ominous and drear
> Full on the object of his fear.

Sir W. Scott.

Say"er (?), n. One who says; an utterer.

> Mr. Curran was something much better than a sayer of smart sayings.

Jeffrey.

Sa*yette" (?), n. [F. Cf. Say a kind of serge.] A mixed stuff, called also sagathy. See Sagathy.

Say"ing (?), n. That which is said; a declaration; a statement, especially a proverbial one; an aphorism; a proverb.

> Many are the sayings of the wise,
> In ancient and in modern books enrolled.

Milton.

Syn. -- Declaration; speech; adage; maxim; aphorism; apothegm; saw; proverb; byword.

Say"man (?), n. [Say sample + man.] One who assays. [Obs.] Bacon.

Say"mas`ter (?), n. A master of assay; one who tries or proves. [Obs.] "Great saymaster of state." B. Jonson.

Saynd (?), obs. p. p. of Senge, to singe. Chaucer.

'Sblood (?), interj. An abbreviation of God's blood; -- used as an oath. [Obs.] Shak.

Scab (skb), n. [OE. scab, scabbe, shabbe; cf. AS. scæb, sceabb, scebb, Dan. & Sw. skab, and also L. scabies, fr. scabere to scratch, akin to E. shave. See Shave, and cf. Shab, Shabby.] 1. An incrustation over a sore, wound, vesicle, or pustule, formed by the drying up of the discharge from the diseased part.

2. The itch in man; also, the scurvy. [Colloq. or Obs.]

3. The mange, esp. when it appears on sheep. Chaucer.

4. A disease of potatoes producing pits in their surface, caused by a minute fungus (Tiburcinia Scabies).

5. (Founding) A slight irregular protuberance which defaces the surface of a casting, caused by the breaking away of a part of the mold.

6. A mean, dirty, paltry fellow. [Low] Shak.

7. A nickname for a workman who engages for lower wages than are fixed by the trades unions; also, for one who takes the place of a workman on a strike. [Cant]

Scab, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Scabbed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scabbing.] To become covered with a scab; as, the wound scabbed over.

Scab"bard (?), n. [OE. scaubert, scauberk, OF. escaubers, escauberz, pl., scabbards, probably of German or Scan. origin; cf. Icel. sklpr scabbard, and G. bergen to conceal. Cf. Hauberk.] The case in which the blade of a sword, dagger, etc., is kept; a sheath.

> Nor in thy scabbard sheathe that famous blade.

Fairfax.

Scabbard fish (Zoöl.), a long, compressed, silver-colored tænioid fish (Lepidopus caudatus, or argyreus), found on the European coasts, and more abundantly about New Zealand, where it is called frostfish and considered an excellent food fish.

Scab"bard (?), v. t. To put in a scabbard.

Scab"bard plane` (?). See Scaleboard plane, under Scaleboard.

Scab"bed (? or ?), a. 1. Abounding with scabs; diseased with scabs.

2. Fig.: Mean; paltry; vile; worthless. Bacon.

Scab"bed*ness (?), n. Scabbiness.

Scab"bi*ly (?), adv. In a scabby manner.

Scab"bi*ness, n. The quality or state of being scabby.

Scab"ble (?), v. t. See Scapple.

Scab"by (?), a. [Compar. Scabbier (&?;); superl. Scabbiest.] 1. Affected with scabs; full of scabs.

2. Diseased with the scab, or mange; mangy. Swift.

||Sca"bi*es (?), n. (Med.) The itch.

Sca"bi*ous (?), a. [L. scabiosus, from scabies the scab: cf. F. scabieux.] Consisting of scabs; rough; itchy; leprous; as, scabious eruptions. Arbuthnot.

Sca"bi*ous, n. [Cf. F. scabieuse. See Scabious, a.] (Bot.) Any plant of the genus Scabiosa, several of the species of which are common in Europe. They resemble the Compositæ, and have similar heads of flowers, but the anthers are not connected.

Sweet scabious. (a) Mourning bride. (b) A daisylike plant (Erigeron annuus) having a stout branching stem.

Scab"ling (?), n. [See Scapple.] A fragment or chip of stone. [Written also scabline.]

Sca*bred"i*ty (?), n. [L. scabredo, fr. scaber rough.] Roughness; ruggedness. [Obs.] Burton.

Sca"brous (?), a. [L. scabrosus, fr. scaber rough: cf. F. scabreux.] 1. Rough to the touch, like a file; having small raised dots, scales, or points; scabby; scurfy; scaly. Arbuthnot.

2. Fig.: Harsh; unmusical. [R.]

> His verse is scabrous and hobbling.

Dryden.

Sca"brous*ness, n. The quality of being scabrous.

Scab"wort` (?), n. (Bot.) Elecampane.

Scad (?), n. [Gael. & Ir. sgadan a herring.] (Zoöl.) (a) A small carangoid fish (Trachurus saurus) abundant on the European coast, and less common on the American. The name is applied also to several allied species. (b) The goggler; -- called also big-eyed scad. See Goggler. (c) The friar skate. [Scot.] (d) The cigar fish, or round robin.

Scaf"fold (?), n. [OF. eschafault, eschafaut, escafaut, escadafaut, F. échafaud; probably originally the same word as E. & F. catafalque, It. catafalco. See Catafalque.] 1. A temporary structure of timber, boards, etc., for various purposes, as for supporting workmen and materials in building, for exhibiting a spectacle upon, for holding the spectators at a show, etc.

> Pardon, gentles all,
> The flat, unraised spirits that have dared
> On this unworthy scaffold to bring forth
> So great an object.

Shak.

2. Specifically, a stage or elevated platform for the execution of a criminal; as, to die on the scaffold.

> That a scaffold of execution should grow a scaffold of coronation.

Sir P. Sidney.

3. (Metal.) An accumulation of adherent, partly fused material forming a shelf, or dome-shaped obstruction, above the tuyères in a blast furnace.

Scaf"fold, v. t. To furnish or uphold with a scaffold.

Scaf"fold*age (?), n. A scaffold. [R.] Shak.

Scaf"fold*ing, n. 1. A scaffold; a supporting framework; as, the scaffolding of the body. Pope.

2. Materials for building scaffolds.

Scagl"ia (?), n. [It. scaglia a scale, a shell, a chip of marble.] A reddish variety of limestone.

Scagl*io"la (?), n. [It. scagliuola, dim. of scaglia. See Scaglia.] An imitation of any veined and ornamental stone, as marble, formed by a substratum of finely ground gypsum mixed with glue, the surface of which, while soft, is variegated with splinters of marble, spar, granite, etc., and subsequently colored and polished.

||Sca"la (?), n.; pl. Scalæ (#). [L., a ladder.] 1. (Surg.) A machine formerly employed for reducing dislocations of the humerus.

2. (Anat.) A term applied to any one of the three canals of the cochlea.

Scal"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being scaled.

{ Sca*lade" (?), Sca*la"do (?) }, n. (Mil.) See Escalade. Fairfax.

Sca"lar (?), n. (Math.) In the quaternion analysis, a quantity that has magnitude, but not direction; -- distinguished from a vector, which has both magnitude and direction.

||Sca*la"ri*a (?), n. [L., flight of steps.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of marine gastropods of the genus Scalaria, or family Scalaridæ, having elongated spiral turreted shells, with rounded whorls, usually crossed by ribs or varices. The color is generally white or pale. Called also ladder shell, and wentletrap. See Ptenoglossa, and Wentletrap.

Sca*lar"i*form (?), a. [L. scalare, scalaria, staircase, ladder + -form: cf. F. scalariforme.] 1. Resembling a ladder in form or appearance; having transverse bars or markings like the rounds of a ladder; as, the scalariform cells and scalariform pits in some plants.

2. (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to a scalaria.

Sca"la*ry (?), a. [L. scalaris, fr. scalae, pl. scala, staircase, ladder.] Resembling a ladder; formed with steps. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Scal"a*wag (?), n. A scamp; a scapegrace. [Spelt also scallawag.] [Slang, U.S.] Bartlett.

Scald (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scalded; p. pr. & vb. n. Scalding.] [OF. eschalder, eschauder, escauder, F. échauder, fr. L. excaldare; ex + caldus, calidus, warm, hot. See Ex, and Caldron.] 1. To burn with hot liquid or steam; to pain or injure by contact with, or immersion in, any hot fluid; as, to scald the hand.

> Mine own tears
> Do scald like molten lead.

Shak.

> Here the blue flames of scalding brimstone fall.

Cowley.

2. To expose to a boiling or violent heat over a fire, or in hot water or other liquor; as, to scald milk or meat.

Scald, n. A burn, or injury to the skin or flesh, by some hot liquid, or by steam.

Scald, a. [For scalled. See Scall.] 1. Affected with the scab; scabby. Shak.

2. Scurvy; paltry; as, scald rhymers. [Obs.] Shak.

Scald crow (Zoöl.), the hooded crow. [Ireland] -- Scald head (Med.), a name popularly given to several diseases of the scalp characterized by pustules (the dried discharge of which forms scales) and by falling out of the hair.

Scald, n. Scurf on the head. See Scall. Spenser.

Scald (skld or skld; 277), n. [Icel. skld.] One of the ancient Scandinavian poets and historiographers; a reciter and singer of heroic poems, eulogies, etc., among the Norsemen; more rarely, a bard of any of the ancient Teutonic tribes. [Written also skald.]

> A war song such as was of yore chanted on the field of battle by the scalds of the yet heathen Saxons.

Sir W. Scott.

Scald"er (?), n. A Scandinavian poet; a scald.

Scald"fish` (?), n. [Scald, a. + fish.] (Zoöl.) A European flounder (Arnoglossus laterna, or Psetta arnoglossa); -- called also megrim, and smooth sole.

Scald"ic (? or ?), a. Of or pertaining to the scalds of the Norsemen; as, scaldic poetry.

Scale (skl), n. [AS. scle; perhaps influenced by the kindred Icel. skl balance, dish, akin also to D. schaal a scale, bowl, shell, G. schale, OHG. scla, Dan. skaal drinking cup, bowl, dish, and perh. to E. scale of a fish. Cf. Scale of a fish, Skull the brain case.] 1. The dish of a balance; hence, the balance itself; an instrument or machine for weighing; as, to turn the scale; -- chiefly used in the plural when applied to the whole instrument or apparatus for weighing. Also used figuratively.

> Long time in even scale
> The battle hung.

Milton.

> The scales are turned; her kindness weighs no more
> Now than my vows.

Waller.

2. pl. (Astron.) The sign or constellation Libra.

Platform scale. See under Platform.

Scale, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scaled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scaling.] To weigh or measure according to a scale; to measure; also, to grade or vary according to a scale or system.

> Scaling his present bearing with his past.

Shak.

To scale, or scale down, a debt, wages, etc., to reduce a debt, etc., according to a fixed ratio or scale. [U.S.]

Scale, n. [Cf. AS. scealu, scalu, a shell, parings; akin to D. schaal, G. schale, OHG. scala, Dan. & Sw. skal a shell, Dan. skiæl a fish scale, Goth. skalja tile, and E. shale, shell, and perhaps also to scale of a balance; but perhaps rather fr. OF. escale, escaile, F. écaille scale of a fish, and écale shell of beans, pease, eggs, nuts, of German origin, and akin to Goth. skalja, G. schale. See Shale.] 1. (Anat.) One of the small, thin, membranous, bony or horny pieces which form the covering of many fishes and reptiles, and some mammals, belonging to the dermal part of the skeleton, or dermoskeleton. See Cycloid, Ctenoid, and Ganoid.

> Fish that, with their fins and shining scales,
> Glide under the green wave.

Milton.

2. Hence, any layer or leaf of metal or other material, resembling in size and thinness the scale of a fish; as, a scale of iron, of bone, etc.

3. (Zoöl.) One of the small scalelike structures covering parts of some invertebrates, as those on the wings of Lepidoptera and on the body of Thysanura; the elytra of certain annelids. See Lepidoptera.

4. (Zoöl.) A scale insect. (See below.)

5. (Bot.) A small appendage like a rudimentary leaf, resembling the scales of a fish in form, and often in arrangement; as, the scale of a bud, of a pine cone, and the like. The name is also given to the chaff on the stems of ferns.

6. The thin metallic side plate of the handle of a pocketknife. See Illust. of Pocketknife.

7. An incrustation deposit on the inside of a vessel in which water is heated, as a steam boiler.

8. (Metal.) The thin oxide which forms on the surface of iron forgings. It consists essentially of the magnetic oxide, Fe3O4. Also, a similar coating upon other metals.

Covering scale (Zoöl.), a hydrophyllium. -- Ganoid scale. (Zoöl.) See under Ganoid. -- Scale armor (Mil.), armor made of small metallic scales overlapping, and fastened upon leather or cloth. -- Scale beetle (Zoöl.), the tiger beetle. -- Scale carp (Zoöl.), a carp having normal scales. -- Scale insect (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of small hemipterous insects belonging to the family Coccidæ, in which the females, when adult, become more or less scalelike in form. They are found upon the leaves and twigs of various trees and shrubs, and often do great damage to fruit trees. See Orange scale,under Orange. -- Scale moss (Bot.), any leafy-stemmed moss of the order Hepaticæ; -- so called from the small imbricated scalelike leaves of most of the species. See Hepatica, 2, and Jungermannia.

Scale (?), v. t. 1. To strip or clear of scale or scales; as, to scale a fish; to scale the inside of a boiler.

2. To take off in thin layers or scales, as tartar from the teeth; to pare off, as a surface. "If all the mountains were scaled, and the earth made even." T. Burnet.

3. To scatter; to spread. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.]

4. (Gun.) To clean, as the inside of a cannon, by the explosion of a small quantity of powder. Totten.

Scale, v. i. 1. To separate and come off in thin layers or laminæ; as, some sandstone scales by exposure.

> Those that cast their shell are the lobster and crab; the old skins are found, but the old shells never; so it is likely that they scale off.

Bacon.

2. To separate; to scatter. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.]

Scale, n. [L. scalae, pl., scala staircase, ladder; akin to scandere to climb. See Scan; cf. Escalade.] 1. A ladder; a series of steps; a means of ascending. [Obs.]

2. Hence, anything graduated, especially when employed as a measure or rule, or marked by lines at regular intervals. Specifically: (a) A mathematical instrument, consisting of a slip of wood, ivory, or metal, with one or more sets of spaces graduated and numbered on its surface, for measuring or laying off distances, etc., as in drawing, plotting, and the like. See Gunter's scale. (b) A series of spaces marked by lines, and representing proportionately larger distances; as, a scale of miles, yards, feet, etc., for a map or plan. (c) A basis for a numeral system; as, the decimal scale; the binary scale, etc. (d) (Mus.) The graduated series of all the tones, ascending or descending, from the keynote to its octave; -- called also the gamut. It may be repeated through any number of octaves. See Chromatic scale, Diatonic scale, Major scale, and Minor scale, under Chromatic, Diatonic, Major, and Minor.

3. Gradation; succession of ascending and descending steps and degrees; progressive series; scheme of comparative rank or order; as, a scale of being.

> There is a certain scale of duties . . . which for want of studying in right order, all the world is in confusion.

Milton.

4. Relative dimensions, without difference in proportion of parts; size or degree of the parts or components in any complex thing, compared with other like things; especially, the relative proportion of the linear dimensions of the parts of a drawing, map, model, etc., to the dimensions of the corresponding parts of the object that is represented; as, a map on a scale of an inch to a mile.

Scale of chords, a graduated scale on which are given the lengths of the chords of arcs from 0° to 90° in a circle of given radius, -- used in measuring given angles and in plotting angles of given numbers of degrees.

Scale, v. t. [Cf. It. scalare, fr. L. scalae, scala. See Scale a ladder.] To climb by a ladder, or as if by a ladder; to ascend by steps or by climbing; to clamber up; as, to scale the wall of a fort.

> Oft have I scaled the craggy oak.

Spenser.

Scale, v. i. To lead up by steps; to ascend. [Obs.]

> Satan from hence, now on the lower stair,
> That scaled by steps of gold to heaven-gate,
> Looks down with wonder.

Milton.

Scale"back` (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of marine annelids of the family Polynoidæ, and allies, which have two rows of scales, or elytra, along the back. See Illust. under Chætopoda.

Scale"beam` (?), n. 1. The lever or beam of a balance; the lever of a platform scale, to which the poise for weighing is applied.

2. A weighing apparatus with a sliding weight, resembling a steelyard.

Scale"board` (?; commonly &?;), n. [3d scale + board.] 1. (Print.) A thin slip of wood used to justify a page. [Obs.] Crabb.

2. A thin veneer of leaf of wood used for covering the surface of articles of furniture, and the like.

Scaleboard plane, a plane for cutting from a board a wide shaving forming a scaleboard.

Scaled (?), a. 1. Covered with scales, or scalelike structures; -- said of a fish, a reptile, a moth, etc.

2. Without scales, or with the scales removed; as, scaled herring.

3. (Zoöl.) Having feathers which in form, color, or arrangement somewhat resemble scales; as, the scaled dove.

Scaled dove (Zoöl.), any American dove of the genus Scardafella. Its colored feather tips resemble scales.

Scale"less (?), a. Destitute of scales.

Sca*lene" (?), a. [L. scalenus, Gr. &?;: cf. F. scalène.] 1. (Geom.) (a) Having the sides and angles unequal; -- said of a triangle. (b) Having the axis inclined to the base, as a cone.

2. (Anat.) (a) Designating several triangular muscles called scalene muscles. (b) Of or pertaining to the scalene muscles.

Scalene muscles (Anat.), a group of muscles, usually three on each side in man, extending from the cervical vertebræ to the first and second ribs.

Sca*lene", n. (Geom.) A triangle having its sides and angles unequal.

Sca*le`no*he"dral (sk*l`n*h"dral), a. (Crystallog.) Of or pertaining to a scalenohedron.

Sca*le`no*he"dron (-drn), n. [Gr. skalhno`s uneven + "e`dra seat, base.] (Crystallog.) A pyramidal form under the rhombohedral system, inclosed by twelve faces, each a scalene triangle.

Scal"er (?), n. One who, or that which, scales; specifically, a dentist's instrument for removing tartar from the teeth.

Scale"-winged` (?), a. (Zoöl.) Having the wings covered with small scalelike structures, as the Lepidoptera; scaly-winged.

Scal"i*ness (?), n. The state of being scaly; roughness.

Scal"ing (skl"ng), a. 1. Adapted for removing scales, as from a fish; as, a scaling knife; adapted for removing scale, as from the interior of a steam boiler; as, a scaling hammer, bar, etc.

2. Serving as an aid in clambering; as, a scaling ladder, used in assaulting a fortified place.

Scal*io"la (?), n. Same as Scagliola.

Scall (?), n. [Icel. skalli a bald head. Cf. Scald, a.] A scurf or scabby disease, especially of the scalp.

> It is a dry scall, even a leprosy upon the head.

Lev. xiii. 30.

Scall, a. Scabby; scurfy. [Obs.] Shak.

Scalled (?), a. Scabby; scurfy; scall. [Obs.] "With scalled brows black." Chaucer.

Scalled head. (Med.) See Scald head, under Scald, a.

Scal"lion (?), n. [OF. escalone, eschaloingne, L. caepa Ascalonia onion of Ascalon; caepa onion + Ascalonius of Ascalon, fr. Ascalo Ascalon, a town in Palestine. Cf. Shallot.] 1. (Bot.) A kind of small onion (Allium Ascalonicum), native of Palestine; the eschalot, or shallot.

2. Any onion which does not "bottom out," but remains with a thick stem like a leek. Amer. Cyc.

Scal"lop (?; 277), n. [OF. escalope a shell, probably of German or Dutch origin, and akin to E. scale of a fish; cf. D. schelp shell. See Scale of a fish, and cf. Escalop.] [Written also scollop.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of marine bivalve mollusks of the genus Pecten and allied genera of the family Pectinidæ. The shell is usually radially ribbed, and the edge is therefore often undulated in a characteristic manner. The large adductor muscle of some the species is much used as food. One species (Vola Jacobæus) occurs on the coast of Palestine, and its shell was formerly worn by pilgrims as a mark that they had been to the Holy Land. Called also fan shell. See Pecten, 2.

The common edible scallop of the Eastern United States is Pecten irradians; the large sea scallop, also used as food, is P. Clintonius, or tenuicostatus.

2. One of series of segments of circles joined at their extremities, forming a border like the edge or surface of a scallop shell.

3. One of the shells of a scallop; also, a dish resembling a scallop shell.

Scal"lop, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scalloped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scalloping.] 1. To mark or cut the edge or border of into segments of circles, like the edge or surface of a scallop shell. See Scallop, n., 2.

2. (Cookery) To bake in scallop shells or dishes; to prepare with crumbs of bread or cracker, and bake. See Scalloped oysters, below.

Scal"loped (?), a. 1. Furnished with a scallop; made or done with or in a scallop.

2. Having the edge or border cut or marked with segments of circles. See Scallop, n., 2.

3. (Cookery) Baked in a scallop; cooked with crumbs.

Scalloped oysters (Cookery), opened oysters baked in a deep dish with alternate layers of bread or cracker crumbs, seasoned with pepper, nutmeg, and butter. This was at first done in scallop shells.

Scal"lop*er (?), n. One who fishes for scallops.

Scal"lop*ing, n. Fishing for scallops.

Scalp (sklp), n. [Cf. Scallop.] A bed of oysters or mussels. [Scot.]

Scalp, n. [Perhaps akin to D. schelp shell. Cf. Scallop.] 1. That part of the integument of the head which is usually covered with hair.

> By the bare scalp of Robin Hodd's fat friar,
> This fellow were a king for our wild faction!

Shak.

2. A part of the skin of the head, with the hair attached, cut or torn off from an enemy by the Indian warriors of North America, as a token of victory.

3. Fig.: The top; the summit. Macaulay.

Scalp lock, a long tuft of hair left on the crown of the head by the warriors of some tribes of American Indians.

Scalp, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scalped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scalping.] 1. To deprive of the scalp; to cut or tear the scalp from the head of.

2. (Surg.) To remove the skin of.

> We must scalp the whole lid [of the eye].

J. S. Wells.

3. (Milling) To brush the hairs or fuzz from, as wheat grains, in the process of high milling. Knight.

Scalp, v. i. To make a small, quick profit by slight fluctuations of the market; -- said of brokers who operate in this way on their own account. [Cant]

Scal"pel (skl"pl), n. [L. scalpellum, dim. of scalprum a knife, akin to scalpere to cut, carve, scrape: cf. F. scalpel.] (Surg.) A small knife with a thin, keen blade, -- used by surgeons, and in dissecting.

Scalper (sklp"r), n. 1. One who, or that which, scalps.

2. (Surg.) Same as Scalping iron, under Scalping.

3. A broker who, dealing on his own account, tries to get a small and quick profit from slight fluctuations of the market. [Cant]

4. A person who buys and sells the unused parts of railroad tickets. [Cant]

Scalp"ing (sklp"ng), a. & n. from Scalp.

Scalping iron (Surg.), an instrument used in scraping foul and carious bones; a raspatory. -- Scalping knife, a knife used by North American Indians in scalping.

Scal"pri*form (?), a. [L. scalprum chisel, knife + -form.] (Anat.) Shaped like a chisel; as, the scalpriform incisors of rodents.

Scal"y (?), a. 1. Covered or abounding with scales; as, a scaly fish. "Scaly crocodile." Milton.

2. Resembling scales, laminæ, or layers.

3. Mean; low; as, a scaly fellow. [Low]

4. (Bot.) Composed of scales lying over each other; as, a scaly bulb; covered with scales; as, a scaly stem.

Scaly ant-eater (Zoöl.), the pangolin.

Scal"y-winged` (?), a. (Zoöl.) Scale-winged.

Scam"ble (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Scambled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scambling.] [Cf. OD. schampelen to deviate, to slip, schampen to go away, escape, slip, and E. scamper, shamble.] 1. To move awkwardly; to be shuffling, irregular, or unsteady; to sprawl; to shamble. "Some scambling shifts." Dr. H. More. "A fine old hall, but a scambling house." Evelyn.

2. To move about pushing and jostling; to be rude and turbulent; to scramble. "The scambling and unquiet time did push it out of . . . question." Shak.

Scam"ble, v. t. To mangle. [Obs.] Mortimer.

Scam"bler (?), n. 1. One who scambles.

2. A bold intruder upon the hospitality of others; a mealtime visitor. [Scot.]

Scam"bling*ly (?), adv. In a scambling manner; with turbulence and noise; with bold intrusiveness.

{ Scam"ell (?), or Scam"mel }, n. (Zoöl.) The female bar-tailed godwit. [Prov. Eng.]

Whether this is the scamel mentioned by Shakespeare ["Tempest," ii. 2] is not known.

||Sca*mil"lus (?), n.; pl. Scamilli (#). [L., originally, a little bench, dim. of scamnum bench, stool.] (Arch.) A sort of second plinth or block, below the bases of Ionic and Corinthian columns, generally without moldings, and of smaller size horizontally than the pedestal.

Scam*mo"ni*ate (?), a. Made from scammony; as, a scammoniate aperient.

Scam"mo*ny (skm"m*n), n. [F. scammonée, L. scammonia, scammonea, Gr. skammwni`a.] 1. (Bot.) A species of bindweed or Convolvulus (C. Scammonia).

2. An inspissated sap obtained from the root of the Convolvulus Scammonia, of a blackish gray color, a nauseous smell like that of old cheese, and a somewhat acrid taste. It is used in medicine as a cathartic.

Scamp (skmp), n. [OF. escamper to run away, to make one's escape. Originally, one who runs away, a fugitive, a vagabond. See Scamper.] A rascal; a swindler; a rogue. De Quincey.

Scamp, v. t. [Cf. Scamp,n., or Scant, a., and Skimp.] To perform in a hasty, neglectful, or imperfect manner; to do superficially. [Colloq.]

> A workman is said to scamp his work when he does it in a superficial, dishonest manner.

Wedgwood.

> Much of the scamping and dawdling complained of is that of men in establishments of good repute.

T. Hughes.

||Scam`pa*vi"a (?), n. [It.] A long, low war galley used by the Neapolitans and Sicilians in the early part of the nineteenth century.

Scam"per (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Scampered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scampering.] [OF. escamper to escape, to save one's self; L. ex from + campus the field (sc. of battle). See Camp, and cf. Decamp, Scamp, n., Shamble, v. t.] To run with speed; to run or move in a quick, hurried manner; to hasten away. Macaulay.

> The lady, however, . . . could not help scampering about the room after a mouse.

S. Sharpe.

Scam"per, n. A scampering; a hasty flight.

Scam"per*er (?), n. One who scampers. Tyndell.

Scamp"ish (?), a. Of or like a scamp; knavish; as, scampish conduct.

Scan (skn), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scanned (sknd); p. pr. & vb. n. Scanning.] [L. scandere, scansum, to climb, to scan, akin to Skr. skand to spring, leap: cf. F. scander. Cf. Ascend, Descend, Scale a ladder.] 1. To mount by steps; to go through with step by step. [Obs.]

> Nor stayed till she the highest stage had scand.

Spenser.

2. Specifically (Pros.), to go through with, as a verse, marking and distinguishing the feet of which it is composed; to show, in reading, the metrical structure of; to recite metrically.

3. To go over and examine point by point; to examine with care; to look closely at or into; to scrutinize.

> The actions of men in high stations are all conspicuous, and liable to be scanned and sifted.

Atterbury.

Scan"dal (?), n. [F. scandale, fr. L. scandalum, Gr. &?;, a snare laid for an enemy, a stumbling block, offense, scandal: cf. OE. scandle, OF. escandle. See Slander.] 1. Offense caused or experienced; reproach or reprobation called forth by what is regarded as wrong, criminal, heinous, or flagrant: opprobrium or disgrace.

> O, what a scandal is it to our crown,
> That two such noble peers as ye should jar!

Shak.

> [I] have brought scandal
> To Israel, diffidence of God, and doubt
> In feeble hearts.

Milton.

2. Reproachful aspersion; opprobrious censure; defamatory talk, uttered heedlessly or maliciously.

> You must not put another scandal on him.

Shak.

> My known virtue is from scandal free.

Dryden.

3. (Equity) Anything alleged in pleading which is impertinent, and is reproachful to any person, or which derogates from the dignity of the court, or is contrary to good manners. Daniell.

Syn. -- Defamation; detraction; slander; calumny; opprobrium; reproach; shame; disgrace.

Scan"dal (?), v. t. 1. To treat opprobriously; to defame; to asperse; to traduce; to slander. [R.]

> I do fawn on men and hug them hard
> And after scandal them.

Shak.

2. To scandalize; to offend. [Obs.] Bp. Story.

Syn. -- To defame; traduce; reproach; slander; calumniate; asperse; vilify; disgrace.

Scan"dal*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scandalized (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Scandalizing (&?;).] [F. scandaliser, L. scandalizare, from Gr. skandali`zein.] 1. To offend the feelings or the conscience of (a person) by some action which is considered immoral or criminal; to bring shame, disgrace, or reproach upon.

> I demand who they are whom we scandalize by using harmless things.

Hooker.

> The congregation looked on in silence, the better class scandalized, and the lower orders, some laughing, others backing the soldier or the minister, as their fancy dictated.

Sir W. Scott.

2. To reproach; to libel; to defame; to slander.

> To tell his tale might be interpreted into scandalizing the order.

Sir W. Scott.

Scan"dal*ous (?), a. [Cf. F. scandaleux.] 1. Giving offense to the conscience or moral feelings; exciting reprobation; calling out condemnation.

> Nothing scandalous or offensive unto any.

Hooker.

2. Disgraceful to reputation; bringing shame or infamy; opprobrious; as, a scandalous crime or vice.

3. Defamatory; libelous; as, a scandalous story.

Scan"dal*ous*ly, adv. 1. In a manner to give offense; shamefully.

> His discourse at table was scandalously unbecoming the dignity of his station.

Swift.

2. With a disposition to impute immorality or wrong.

> Shun their fault, who, scandalously nice,
> Will needs mistake an author into vice.

Pope.

Scan"dal*ous*ness, n. Quality of being scandalous.

||Scan"da*lum mag*na"tum` (?). [L., scandal of magnates.] (Law) A defamatory speech or writing published to the injury of a person of dignity; -- usually abbreviated scan. mag.

Scan"dent (?), a. [L. scandens, -entis, p. pr. of scandere to climb.] Climbing.

Scandent plants may climb either by twining, as the hop, or by twisted leafstalks, as the clematis, or by tendrils, as the passion flower, or by rootlets, as the ivy.

Scan"di*a (?), n. [NL. See Scandium.] (Chem.) A chemical earth, the oxide of scandium.

Scan"dic (?), a. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to scandium; derived from, or containing, scandium.

Scan`di*na"vi*an (?), a. Of or pertaining to Scandinavia, that is, Sweden, Norway, and Denmark. -- n. A native or inhabitant of Scandinavia.

Scan"di*um (?), n. [NL. So called because found in Scandinavian minerals.] (Chem.) A rare metallic element of the boron group, whose existence was predicted under the provisional name ekaboron by means of the periodic law, and subsequently discovered by spectrum analysis in certain rare Scandinavian minerals (euxenite and gadolinite). It has not yet been isolated. Symbol Sc. Atomic weight 44.

Scan"sion (?), n. [L. scansio, fr. scandere, scansum, to climb. See Scan.] (Pros.) The act of scanning; distinguishing the metrical feet of a verse by emphasis, pauses, or otherwise.

||Scan*so"res (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. scandere, scansum, to climb.] (Zoöl.) An artifical group of birds formerly regarded as an order. They are distributed among several orders by modern ornithologists.

The toes are in pairs, two before and two behind, by which they are enabled to cling to, and climb upon, trees, as the woodpeckers, parrots, cuckoos, and trogons. See Illust. under Aves.

Scan*so"ri*al (?), a. (Zoöl.) (a) Capable of climbing; as, the woodpecker is a scansorial bird; adapted for climbing; as, a scansorial foot. (b) Of or pertaining to the Scansores. See Illust.. under Aves.

Scansorial tail (Zoöl.), a tail in which the feathers are stiff and sharp at the tip, as in the woodpeckers.

Scant (?), a. [Compar. Scanter (?); superl. Scantest.] [Icel. skamt, neuter of skamr, skammr, short; cf. skamta to dole out, to portion.] 1. Not full, large, or plentiful; scarcely sufficient; less than is wanted for the purpose; scanty; meager; not enough; as, a scant allowance of provisions or water; a scant pattern of cloth for a garment.

> His sermon was scant, in all, a quarter of an hour.

Ridley.

2. Sparing; parsimonious; chary.

> Be somewhat scanter of your maiden presence.

Shak.

Syn. -- See under Scanty.

Scant, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scanted; p. pr. & vb. n. Scanting.] 1. To limit; to straiten; to treat illiberally; to stint; as, to scant one in provisions; to scant ourselves in the use of necessaries.

> Where a man hath a great living laid together and where he is scanted.

Bacon.

> I am scanted in the pleasure of dwelling on your actions.

Dryden.

2. To cut short; to make small, narrow, or scanty; to curtail. "Scant not my cups." Shak.

Scant, v. i. To fail, or become less; to scantle; as, the wind scants.

Scant, adv. In a scant manner; with difficulty; scarcely; hardly. [Obs.] Bacon.

> So weak that he was scant able to go down the stairs.

Fuller.

Scant, n. Scantness; scarcity. [R.] T. Carew.

Scant"i*ly (?), adv. In a scanty manner; not fully; not plentifully; sparingly; parsimoniously.

> His mind was very scantily stored with materials.

Macaulay.

Scant"i*ness, n. Quality or condition of being scanty.

Scan"tle (?), v. i. [Dim. of scant, v.] To be deficient; to fail. [Obs.] Drayton.

Scan"tle (?), v. t. [OF. escanteler, eschanteler, to break into contles; pref. es- (L. ex) + cantel, chantel, corner, side, piece. Confused with E. scant. See Cantle.] To scant; to be niggard of; to divide into small pieces; to cut short or down. [Obs.]

> All their pay
> Must your discretion scantle; keep it back.

J. Webster.

Scant"let (?), n. [OF. eschantelet corner.] A small pattern; a small quantity. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale.

Scant"ling (?), a. [See Scant, a.] Not plentiful; small; scanty. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

Scant"ling, n. [Cf. OF. eschantillon, F. échantillon, a sample, pattern, example. In some senses confused with scant insufficient. See Scantle, v. t.] 1. A fragment; a bit; a little piece. Specifically: (a) A piece or quantity cut for a special purpose; a sample. [Obs.]

> Such as exceed not this scantling; -- to be solace to the sovereign and harmless to the people.

Bacon.

> A pretty scantling of his knowledge may taken by his deferring to be baptized so many years.

Milton.

(b) A small quantity; a little bit; not much. [Obs.]

> Reducing them to narrow scantlings.

Jer. Taylor.

2. A piece of timber sawed or cut of a small size, as for studs, rails, etc.

3. The dimensions of a piece of timber with regard to its breadth and thickness; hence, the measure or dimensions of anything.

4. A rough draught; a rude sketch or outline.

5. A frame for casks to lie upon; a trestle. Knight.

Scant"ly, adv. 1. In a scant manner; not fully or sufficiently; narrowly; penuriously. Dryden.

2. Scarcely; hardly; barely.

> Scantly they durst their feeble eyes dispread
> Upon that town.

Fairfax.

> We hold a tourney here to-morrow morn,
> And there is scantly time for half the work.

Tennyson.

Scant"ness, n. The quality or condition of being scant; narrowness; smallness; insufficiency; scantiness. "Scantness of outward things." Barrow.

Scant"y (?), a. [Compar. Scantier (?); superl. Scantiest.] [From Scant, a.] 1. Wanting amplitude or extent; narrow; small; not abundant.

> His dominions were very narrow and scanty.

Locke.

> Now scantier limits the proud arch confine.

Pope.

2. Somewhat less than is needed; insufficient; scant; as, a scanty supply of words; a scanty supply of bread.

3. Sparing; niggardly; parsimonious.

> In illustrating a point of difficulty, be not too scanty of words.

I. Watts.

Syn. -- Scant; narrow; small; poor; deficient; meager; scarce; chary; sparing; parsimonious; penurious; niggardly; grudging.

Scape (?), n. [L. scapus shaft, stem, stalk; cf. Gr. &?; a staff: cf. F. scape. Cf. Scepter.] 1. (Bot.) A peduncle rising from the ground or from a subterranean stem, as in the stemless violets, the bloodroot, and the like.

2. (Zoöl.) The long basal joint of the antennæ of an insect.

3. (Arch.) (a) The shaft of a column. (b) The apophyge of a shaft.

Scape, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Scaped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scaping.] [Aphetic form of escape.] To escape. [Obs. or Poetic.] Milton.

> Out of this prison help that we may scape.

Chaucer.

Scape, n. 1. An escape. [Obs.]

> I spake of most disastrous chances, . . .
> Of hairbreadth scapes in the imminent, deadly breach.

Shak.

2. Means of escape; evasion. [Obs.] Donne.

3. A freak; a slip; a fault; an escapade. [Obs.]

> Not pardoning so much as the scapes of error and ignorance.

Milton.

4. Loose act of vice or lewdness. [Obs.] Shak.

Scape"gal`lows (?), n. One who has narrowly escaped the gallows for his crimes. [Colloq.] Dickens.

Scape"goat` (?), n. [Scape (for escape) + goat.] 1. (Jewish Antiq.) A goat upon whose head were symbolically placed the sins of the people, after which he was suffered to escape into the wilderness. Lev. xvi. 10.

2. Hence, a person or thing that is made to bear blame for others. Tennyson.

Scape"grace` (?), n. A graceless, unprincipled person; one who is wild and reckless. Beaconsfield.

Scape"less, a. (Bot.) Destitute of a scape.

Scape"ment (?), n. [See Scape, v., Escapement.] Same as Escapement, 3.

Scape"-wheel` (?), n. (Horol.) The wheel in an escapement (as of a clock or a watch) into the teeth of which the pallets play.

Sca*phan"der (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, anything hollowed + &?;, &?;, a man: cf. F. scaphandre.] The case, or impermeable apparel, in which a diver can work while under water.

Scaph"ism (?), n. [Gr. ska`fh a trough.] An ancient mode of punishing criminals among the Persians, by confining the victim in a trough, with his head and limbs smeared with honey or the like, and exposed to the sun and to insects until he died.

Scaph"ite (?), n. [L. scapha a boat, fr. Gr. ska`fh a boat, anything dug or scooped out, fr. ska`ptein to dig.] (Paleon.) Any fossil cephalopod shell of the genus Scaphites, belonging to the Ammonite family and having a chambered boat-shaped shell. Scaphites are found in the Cretaceous formation.

Scaph`o*ce*phal"ic (?), a. (Anat.) Of, pertaining to, or affected with, scaphocephaly.

Scaph`o*ceph"a*ly (?), n. [Gr. ska`fh a boat + kefalh` head.] (Anat.) A deformed condition of the skull, in which the vault is narrow, elongated, and more or less boat-shaped.

Scaph`o*ce"rite (?), n. [Gr. ska`fh boat + E. cerite.] (Zoöl.) A flattened plate or scale attached to the second joint of the antennæ of many Crustacea.

Sca*phog"na*thite (?), n. [Gr. ska`fh boat + gna`qos jaw.] (Zoöl.) A thin leafike appendage (the exopodite) of the second maxilla of decapod crustaceans. It serves as a pumping organ to draw the water through the gill cavity.

Scaph"oid (?; 277), a. [Gr. ska`fh a boat + -oid: cf. F. scaphoïde.] (Anat.) Resembling a boat in form; boat-shaped. -- n. The scaphoid bone.

Scaphoid bone (a) One of the carpal bones, which articulates with the radius; the radiale. (b) One of the tarsal bones; the navicular bone. See under Navicular.

Scaph`o*lu"nar (?), a. [Scaphoid + lunar.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the scaphoid and lunar bones of the carpus. -- n. The scapholunar bone.

Scapholunar bone, a bone formed by the coalescence of the scaphoid and lunar in the carpus of carnivora.

||Sca*phop"o*da (?), n. pl. [NL., from Gr. ska`fh a boat + -poda.] (Zoöl.) A class of marine cephalate Mollusca having a tubular shell open at both ends, a pointed or spadelike foot for burrowing, and many long, slender, prehensile oral tentacles. It includes Dentalium, or the tooth shells, and other similar shells. Called also Prosopocephala, and Solenoconcha.

Sca"pi*form (?), a. (Bot.) Resembling a scape, or flower stem.

Scap"o*lite (skp"*lt), n. [Gr. &?; a staff, or L. scapus a stem, stalk + -lite: cf. F. scapolite.] (Mon.) A grayish white mineral occuring in tetragonal crystals and in cleavable masses. It is essentially a silicate of alumina and soda.

The scapolite group includes scapolite proper, or wernerite, also meionite, dipyre, etc.

Scap"ple (skp"p'l), v. t. [Cf. OF. eskapeler, eschapler, to cut, hew, LL. scapellare. Cf. Scabble.] (a) To work roughly, or shape without finishing, as stone before leaving the quarry. (b) To dress in any way short of fine tooling or rubbing, as stone. Gwilt.

Scap"u*la (skp"*l), n.; pl. L. Scapulæ (#), E. Scapulas (#). [L.] 1. (Anat.) The principal bone of the shoulder girdle in mammals; the shoulder blade.

2. (Zoöl.) One of the plates from which the arms of a crinoid arise.

Scap"u*lar (?), a. [Cf. F. scapulaire. Cf. Scapulary.] Of or pertaining to the scapula or the shoulder.

Scapular arch (Anat.), the pectoral arch. See under pectoral. -- Scapular region, or Scapular tract (Zoöl.), a definite longitudinal area over the shoulder and along each side of the back of a bird, from which the scapular feathers arise.

Scap"u*lar, n. (Zoöl.) One of a special group of feathers which arise from each of the scapular regions and lie along the sides of the back.

{ Scap"u*lar (?), Scap"u*la*ry (?) }, n. [F. scapulaire, LL. scapularium, scapulare, fr. L. scapula shoulder blade.] 1. (R. C. Ch.) (a) A loose sleeveless vestment falling in front and behind, worn by certain religious orders and devout persons. (b) The name given to two pieces of cloth worn under the ordinary garb and over the shoulders as an act of devotion. Addis & Arnold.

2. (Surg.) A bandage passing over the shoulder to support it, or to retain another bandage in place.

Scap"u*la*ry, a. Same as Scapular, a.

Scap"u*la*ry, n. (Zoöl.) Same as 2d and 3d Scapular.

Scap"u*let (?), n. [Dim. of scapula.] (Zoöl.) A secondary mouth fold developed at the base of each of the armlike lobes of the manubrium of many rhizostome medusæ. See Illustration in Appendix.

Scap"u*lo- (&?;). A combining form used in anatomy to indicate connection with, or relation to, the scapula or the shoulder; as, the scapulo-clavicular articulation, the articulation between the scapula and clavicle.

||Sca"pus (?), n. [L.] See 1st Scape.

Scar (?), n. [OF. escare, F. eschare an eschar, a dry slough (cf. It. & Sp. escara), L. eschara, fr. Gr. &?; hearth, fireplace, scab, eschar. Cf. Eschar.] 1. A mark in the skin or flesh of an animal, made by a wound or ulcer, and remaining after the wound or ulcer is healed; a cicatrix; a mark left by a previous injury; a blemish; a disfigurement.

> This earth had the beauty of youth, . . . and not a wrinkle, scar, or fracture on all its body.

T. Burnet.

2. (Bot.) A mark left upon a stem or branch by the fall of a leaf, leaflet, or frond, or upon a seed by the separation of its support. See Illust.. under Axillary.

Scar, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scarred (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scarring.] To mark with a scar or scars.

> Yet I'll not shed her blood;
> Nor scar that whiter skin of hers than snow.

Shak.

> His cheeks were deeply scarred.

Macaulay.

Scar, v. i. To form a scar.

Scar, n. [Scot. scar, scaur, Icel. sker a skerry, an isolated rock in the sea; akin to Dan. skiær, Sw. skär. Cf. Skerry.] An isolated or protruding rock; a steep, rocky eminence; a bare place on the side of a mountain or steep bank of earth. [Written also scaur.]

> O sweet and far, from cliff and scar,
> The horns of Elfland faintly blowing.

Tennyson.

Scar, n. [L. scarus, a kind of fish, Gr. ska`ros.] (Zoöl.) A marine food fish, the scarus, or parrot fish.

{ Scar"ab (?), Scar"a*bee (?) }, n. [L. scarabaeus; cf. F. scarabée.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of lamellicorn beetles of the genus Scarabæus, or family Scarabæidæ, especially the sacred, or Egyptian, species (Scarabæus sacer, and S. Egyptiorum).

||Scar`a*bæ"us (?), n. [L.] (Zoöl.) Same as Scarab.

Scar"a*boid (?), a. [Scarab + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the family Scarabæidæ, an extensive group which includes the Egyptian scarab, the tumbledung, and many similar lamellicorn beetles.

Scar"a*boid, n. (Zoöl.) A scaraboid beetle.

Scar"a*mouch` (?), n. [F. scaramouche, It. scaramuccio, scaramuccia, originally the name of a celebrated Italian comedian; cf. It. scaramuccia, scaramuccio, F. escarmouche, skirmish. Cf. Skirmish.] A personage in the old Italian comedy (derived from Spain) characterized by great boastfulness and poltroonery; hence, a person of like characteristics; a buffoon.

Scarce (skârs), a. [Compar. Scarcer (skâr"sr); superl. Scarcest.] [OE. scars, OF. escars, eschars, LL. scarpsus, excarpsus, for L. excerptus, p. p. of excerpere to pick out, and hence to contract, to shorten; ex (see Ex-) + carpere. See Carpet, and cf. Excerp.] 1. Not plentiful or abundant; in small quantity in proportion to the demand; not easily to be procured; rare; uncommon.

> You tell him silver is scarcer now in England, and therefore risen one fifth in value.

Locke.

> The scarcest of all is a Pescennius Niger on a medallion well preserved.

Addison.

2. Scantily supplied (with); deficient (in); - - with of. [Obs.] "A region scarce of prey." Milton.

3. Sparing; frugal; parsimonious; stingy. [Obs.] "Too scarce ne too sparing." Chaucer.

To make one's self scarce, to decamp; to depart. [Slang]

Syn. -- Rare; infrequent; deficient. See Rare.

{ Scarce, Scarce"ly }, adv. 1. With difficulty; hardly; scantly; barely; but just.

> With a scarce well-lighted flame.

Milton.

> The eldest scarcely five year was of age.

Chaucer.

> Slowly she sails, and scarcely stems the tides.

Dryden.

> He had scarcely finished, when the laborer arrived who had been sent for my ransom.

W. Irving.

2. Frugally; penuriously. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Scarce"ment (?), n. (Arch. & Engin.) An offset where a wall or bank of earth, etc., retreats, leaving a shelf or footing.

{ Scarce"ness (?), Scar"ci*ty (?) }, n. The quality or condition of being scarce; smallness of quantity in proportion to the wants or demands; deficiency; lack of plenty; short supply; penury; as, a scarcity of grain; a great scarcity of beauties. Chaucer.

> A scarcity of snow would raise a mutiny at Naples.

Addison.

> Praise . . . owes its value to its scarcity.

Rambler.

> The value of an advantage is enhanced by its scarceness.

Collier.

Syn. -- Deficiency; lack; want; penury; dearth; rareness; rarity; infrequency.

Scard (?), n. A shard or fragment. [Obs.]

Scare (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scared (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scaring.] [OE. skerren, skeren, Icel. skirra to bar, prevent, skirrask to shun , shrink from; or fr. OE. skerre, adj., scared, Icel. skjarr; both perhaps akin to E. sheer to turn.] To frighten; to strike with sudden fear; to alarm.

> The noise of thy crossbow
> Will scare the herd, and so my shoot is lost.

Shak.

To scare away, to drive away by frightening. -- To scare up, to find by search, as if by beating for game. [Slang]

Syn. -- To alarm; frighten; startle; affright; terrify.

Scare, n. Fright; esp., sudden fright produced by a trifling cause, or originating in mistake. [Colloq.]

Scare"crow` (?), n. 1. Anything set up to frighten crows or other birds from cornfields; hence, anything terifying without danger.

> A scarecrow set to frighten fools away.

Dryden.

2. A person clad in rags and tatters.

> No eye hath seen such scarecrows. I'll not march with them through Coventry, that's flat.

Shak.

3. (Zoöl.) The black tern. [Prov. Eng.]

Scare"fire` (?), n. 1. An alarm of fire. [Obs.]

2. A fire causing alarm. [Obs.] Fuller.

Scarf (skärf), n. [Icel. skarfr.] A cormorant. [Scot.]

Scarf, n.; pl. Scarfs, rarely Scarves (skärvz). [Cf. OF. escharpe a pilgrim's scrip, or wallet (hanging about the neck), F. écharpe sash, scarf; probably from OHG. scharpe pocket; also (from the French) Dan. skiærf; Sw. skärp, Prov. G. schärfe, LG. scherf, G. schärpe; and also AS. scearf a fragment; possibly akin to E. scrip a wallet. Cf. Scarp a scarf.] An article of dress of a light and decorative character, worn loosely over the shoulders or about the neck or the waist; a light shawl or handkerchief for the neck; also, a cravat; a neckcloth.

> Put on your hood and scarf.

Swift.

> With care about the banners, scarves, and staves.

R. Browning.

Scarf, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scarfed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scarfing.] 1. To throw on loosely; to put on like a scarf. "My sea-gown scarfed about me." Shak.

2. To dress with a scarf, or as with a scarf; to cover with a loose wrapping. Shak.

Scarf, v. t. [Sw. skarfva to eke out, to join together, skarf a seam, joint; cf. Dan. skarre to joint, to unite timber, Icel. skara to clinch the planks of a boat, G. scharben to chop, to cut small.] (a) To form a scarf on the end or edge of, as for a joint in timber, metal rods, etc. (b) To unite, as two pieces of timber or metal, by a scarf joint.

Scarf (?), n. (a) In a piece which is to be united to another by a scarf joint, the part of the end or edge that is tapered off, rabbeted, or notched so as to be thinner than the rest of the piece. (b) A scarf joint.

Scarf joint (a) A joint made by overlapping and bolting or locking together the ends of two pieces of timber that are halved, notched, or cut away so that they will fit each other and form a lengthened beam of the same size at the junction as elsewhere. (b) A joint formed by welding, riveting, or brazing together the overlapping scarfed ends, or edges, of metal rods, sheets, etc. -- Scarf weld. See under Weld.

Scarf"skin` (?), n. (Anat.) See Epidermis.

Scar`i*fi*ca"tion (?), n. [L. scarificatio: cf. F. scarification.] The act of scarifying.

Scar"i*fi*ca`tor (?), n. [Cf. F. scarificateur.] (Surg.) An instrument, principally used in cupping, containing several lancets moved simultaneously by a spring, for making slight incisions.

Scar"i*fi`er (?), n. 1. One who scarifies.

2. (Surg.) The instrument used for scarifying.

3. (Agric.) An implement for stripping and loosening the soil, without bringing up a fresh surface.

> You have your scarifiers to make the ground clean.

Southey.

Scar"i*fy (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scarified (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scarifying (?).] [F. scarifier, L. scarificare, scarifare, fr. Gr. &?; to scratch up, fr. &?; a pointed instrument.] 1. To scratch or cut the skin of; esp. (Med.), to make small incisions in, by means of a lancet or scarificator, so as to draw blood from the smaller vessels without opening a large vein.

2. (Agric.) To stir the surface soil of, as a field.

{ Sca"ri*ose (?), Sca"ri*ous (?) }, a. [F. scarieux, NL. scariosus. Cf. Scary.] (Bot.) Thin, dry, membranous, and not green. Gray.

Scar`la*ti"na (?), n. [NL.: cf. F. scarlatine. See Scarlet.] (Med.) Scarlet fever. -- Scar`la*ti"nal (#), a. -- Scar*lat"i*nous (# or #), a.

Scar"less (?), a. Free from scar. Drummond.

Scar"let (?), n. [OE. scarlat, scarlet, OF. escarlate, F. écarlate (cf. Pr. escarlat, escarlata, Sp. & Pg. escarlata, It. scarlatto, LL. scarlatum), from Per. sakirlt.] A deep bright red tinged with orange or yellow, -- of many tints and shades; a vivid or bright red color.

2. Cloth of a scarlet color.

> All her household are clothed with scarlet.

Prov. xxxi. 21.

Scar"let, a. Of the color called scarlet; as, a scarlet cloth or thread.

Scarlet admiral (Zoöl.), the red admiral. See under Red. -- Scarlet bean (Bot.), a kind of bean (Phaseolus multiflorus) having scarlet flowers; scarlet runner. -- Scarlet fever (Med.), a contagious febrile disease characterized by inflammation of the fauces and a scarlet rash, appearing usually on the second day, and ending in desquamation about the sixth or seventh day. -- Scarlet fish (Zoöl.), the telescope fish; -- so called from its red color. See under Telescope. -- Scarlet ibis (Zoöl.) See under Ibis. -- Scarlet maple (Bot.), the red maple. See Maple. -- Scarlet mite (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of bright red carnivorous mites found among grass and moss, especially Thombidium holosericeum and allied species. The young are parasitic upon spiders and insects. -- Scarlet oak (Bot.), a species of oak (Quercus coccinea) of the United States; -- so called from the scarlet color of its leaves in autumn. -- Scarlet runner (Bot.), the scarlet bean. -- Scarlet tanager. (Zoöl.) See under Tanager.

Scar"let, v. t. To dye or tinge with scarlet. [R.]

> The ashy paleness of my cheek
> Is scarleted in ruddy flakes of wrath.

Ford.

{ Scar"mage (?), Scar"moge (?) }, n. A slight contest; a skirmish. See Skirmish. [Obs.]

> Such cruel game my scarmoges disarms.

Spenser.

Scarn (?), n. [Icel. skarn; akin to AS. scearn. Cf. Shearn.] Dung. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Ray.

Scarn bee (Zoöl.), a dung beetle.

Sca"roid, a. [Scarus + - oid.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Scaridæ, a family of marine fishes including the parrot fishes.

Scarp (?), n. [OF. escharpe. See 2d Scarf.] (Her.) A band in the same position as the bend sinister, but only half as broad as the latter.

Scarp, n. [Aphetic form of Escarp.] 1. (Fort.) The slope of the ditch nearest the parapet; the escarp.

2. A steep descent or declivity.

Scarp, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scarped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scarping.] To cut down perpendicularly, or nearly so; as, to scarp the face of a ditch or a rock.

> From scarped cliff and quarried stone.

Tennyson.

> Sweep ruins from the scarped mountain.

Emerson.

Scar"ring (?), n. A scar; a mark.

> We find upon the limestone rocks the scarrings of the ancient glacier which brought the bowlder here.

Tyndall.

Scar"ry (?), a. Bearing scars or marks of wounds.

Scar"ry, a. [See 4th Scar.] Like a scar, or rocky eminence; containing scars. Holinshed.

||Sca"rus (?), n. [L. See Scar a kind of fish.] (Zoöl.) A Mediterranean food fish (Sparisoma scarus) of excellent quality and highly valued by the Romans; -- called also parrot fish.

Sca"ry (?), n. [Prov. E. scare scraggy.] Barren land having only a thin coat of grass. [Prov. Eng.]

Scar"y (?), a. [From Scare.] 1. Subject to sudden alarm. [Colloq. U. S.] Whittier.

2. Causing fright; alarming. [Colloq. U. S.]

Scase"ly (?), adv. Scarcely; hardly. [Obs. or Colloq.] Robynson (More's Utopia)

Scat (skt), interj. Go away; begone; away; -- chiefly used in driving off a cat.

{ Scat, Scatt }, n. [Icel. skattr.] Tribute. [R.] "Seizing scatt and treasure." Longfellow.

Scat, n. A shower of rain. [Prov. Eng.] Wright.

Scatch (?), n. [F. escache.] A kind of bit for the bridle of a horse; -- called also scatchmouth. Bailey.

Scatch"es (?), n. pl. [OF. eschaces, F. échasses, fr. D. schaats a high-heeled shoe, a skate. See Skate, for the foot.] Stilts. [Prov. Eng.]

Scate (skt), n. See Skate, for the foot.

Scat"e*brous (?), a. [L. scatebra a gushing up of water, from scatere to bubble, gush.] Abounding with springs. [Obs.]

Scath (skth; 277), n. [Icel. skaði; akin to Dan. skade, Sw. skada, AS. sceaða, scaða, foe, injurer, OS. skaðo, D. schade, harm, injury, OHG. scade, G. schade, schaden; cf. Gr. 'askhqh`s unharmed. Cf. Scathe, v.] Harm; damage; injury; hurt; waste; misfortune. [Written also scathe.]

> But she was somedeal deaf, and that was skathe.

Chaucer.

> Great mercy, sure, for to enlarge a thrall,
> Whose freedom shall thee turn to greatest scath.

Spenser.

> Wherein Rome hath done you any scath,
> Let him make treble satisfaction.

Shak.

{ Scathe (sk; 277), Scath (skth; 277) }, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scathed (skd or sktht); p. pr. & vb. n. Scathing (sk"ng or skth"-).] [Icel. skaða; akin to AS. sceaðan, sceððan, Dan. skade, Sw. skada, D. & G. schaden, OHG. scadn, Goth. skaþjan.] To do harm to; to injure; to damage; to waste; to destroy.

> As when heaven's fire
> Hath scathed the forest oaks or mountain pines.

Milton.

> Strokes of calamity that scathe and scorch the soul.

W. Irving.

Scath"ful (?), a. Harmful; doing damage; pernicious. Shak.

-- Scath"ful*ness, n.

Scath"less, a. Unharmed. R. L. Stevenson.

> He, too, . . . is to be dismissed scathless.

Sir W. Scott.

Scath"ly, a. Injurious; scathful. [Obs.]

Scat"ter (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scattered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scattering.] [OE. scateren. See Shatter.] 1. To strew about; to sprinkle around; to throw down loosely; to deposit or place here and there, esp. in an open or sparse order.

> And some are scattered all the floor about.

Chaucer.

> Why should my muse enlarge on Libyan swains,
> Their scattered cottages, and ample plains?

Dryden.

> Teach the glad hours to scatter, as they fly,
> Soft quiet, gentle love, and endless joy.

Prior.

2. To cause to separate in different directions; to reduce from a close or compact to a loose or broken order; to dissipate; to disperse.

> Scatter and disperse the giddy Goths.

Shak.

3. Hence, to frustrate, disappoint, and overthrow; as, to scatter hopes, plans, or the like.

Syn. -- To disperse; dissipate; spread; strew.

Scat"ter, v. i. To be dispersed or dissipated; to disperse or separate; as, clouds scatter after a storm.

Scat"ter-brain` (?), n. A giddy or thoughtless person; one incapable of concentration or attention. [Written also scatter-brains.]

Scat"ter-brained` (?), a. Giddy; thoughtless.

Scat"tered (?), a. 1. Dispersed; dissipated; sprinkled, or loosely spread.

2. (Bot.) Irregular in position; having no regular order; as, scattered leaves.

-- Scat"tered*ly, adv. -- Scat"tered*ness, n.

Scat"ter*good` (?), n. One who wastes; a spendthrift.

Scat"ter*ing, a. Going or falling in various directions; not united or aggregated; divided among many; as, scattering votes.

Scat"ter*ing, n. Act of strewing about; something scattered. South.

Scat"ter*ing*ly, adv. In a scattering manner; dispersedly.

Scat"ter*ling (?), n. [Scatter + -ling.] One who has no fixed habitation or residence; a vagabond. [Obs.] "Foreign scatterlings." Spenser.

Sca*tu"ri*ent (?), a.[L. scaturiens, p. pr. of scaturire gush out, from scatere to bubble, gush.] Gushing forth; full to overflowing; effusive. [R.]

> A pen so scaturient and unretentive.

Sir W. Scott.

Scat`u*rig"i*nous (?), a. [L. scaturiginosus, fr. scaturigo gushing water. See Scaturient.] Abounding with springs. [Obs.]

Scaup (skp), n. [See Scalp a bed of oysters or mussels.] 1. A bed or stratum of shellfish; scalp. [Scot.]

2. (Zoöl.) A scaup duck. See below.

Scaup duck (Zoöl.), any one of several species of northern ducks of the genus Aythya, or Fuligula. The adult males are, in large part, black. The three North American species are: the greater scaup duck (Aythya marila, var. nearctica), called also broadbill, bluebill, blackhead, flock duck, flocking fowl, and raft duck; the lesser scaup duck (A. affinis), called also little bluebill, river broadbill, and shuffler; the tufted, or ring-necked, scaup duck (A. collaris), called also black jack, ringneck, ringbill, ringbill shuffler, etc. See Illust.. of Ring-necked duck, under Ring-necked. The common European scaup, or mussel, duck (A. marila), closely resembles the American variety.

Scaup"er (?), n. [Cf. Scalper.] A tool with a semicircular edge, -- used by engravers to clear away the spaces between the lines of an engraving. Fairholt.

Scaur (?), n. A precipitous bank or rock; a scar.

Scav"age (?; 48), n. [LL. scavagium, fr. AS. sceáwian to look at, to inspect. See Show.] (O. Eng. Law) A toll or duty formerly exacted of merchant strangers by mayors, sheriffs, etc., for goods shown or offered for sale within their precincts. Cowell.

Scav"enge (?), v. t. To cleanse, as streets, from filth. C. Kingsley.

Scav"en*ger (?), n. [OE. scavager an officer with various duties, originally attending to scavage, fr. OE. & E. scavage. See Scavage, Show, v.] A person whose employment is to clean the streets of a city, by scraping or sweeping, and carrying off the filth. The name is also applied to any animal which devours refuse, carrion, or anything injurious to health.

Scavenger beetle (Zoöl.), any beetle which feeds on decaying substances, as the carrion beetle. -- Scavenger crab (Zoöl.), any crab which feeds on dead animals, as the spider crab. -- Scavenger's daughter [corrupt. of Skevington's daughter], an instrument of torture invented by Sir W. Skevington, which so compressed the body as to force the blood to flow from the nostrils, and sometimes from the hands and feet. Am. Cyc.

||Sca"zon (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. ska`zwn, fr. ska`zein to limp.] (Lat. Pros.) A choliamb.

Scel"er*at (?), n. [F. scélérat from L. sceleratus, p. p. of scelerare to pollute, from scelus, sceleris, a crime.] A villain; a criminal. [Obs.] Cheyne.

Sce*les"tic (?), a. [L. scelestus, from scelus wickedness.] Evil; wicked; atrocious. [Obs.] "Scelestic villainies." Feltham.

Scel"et (?), n. [See Skeleton.] A mummy; a skeleton. [Obs.] Holland.

||Sce"na (?), n. [It.] (Mus.) (a) A scene in an opera. (b) An accompanied dramatic recitative, interspersed with passages of melody, or followed by a full aria. Rockstro.

||Sce*na"ri*o (?), n. [It.] A preliminary sketch of the plot, or main incidents, of an opera.

Scen"a*ry (?), n. [Cf. L. scaenarius belonging to the stage.] Scenery. [Obs.] Dryden.

Scene (?), n. [L. scaena, scena, Gr. skhnh` a covered place, a tent, a stage.] 1. The structure on which a spectacle or play is exhibited; the part of a theater in which the acting is done, with its adjuncts and decorations; the stage.

2. The decorations and fittings of a stage, representing the place in which the action is supposed to go on; one of the slides, or other devices, used to give an appearance of reality to the action of a play; as, to paint scenes; to shift the scenes; to go behind the scenes.

3. So much of a play as passes without change of locality or time, or important change of character; hence, a subdivision of an act; a separate portion of a play, subordinate to the act, but differently determined in different plays; as, an act of four scenes.

> My dismal scene I needs must act alone.

Shak.

4. The place, time, circumstance, etc., in which anything occurs, or in which the action of a story, play, or the like, is laid; surroundings amid which anything is set before the imagination; place of occurrence, exhibition, or action. "In Troy, there lies the scene." Shak.

> The world is a vast scene of strife.

J. M. Mason.

5. An assemblage of objects presented to the view at once; a series of actions and events exhibited in their connection; a spectacle; a show; an exhibition; a view.

> Through what new scenes and changes must we pass!

Addison.

6. A landscape, or part of a landscape; scenery.

> A sylvan scene with various greens was drawn,
> Shades on the sides, and in the midst a lawn.

Dryden.

7. An exhibition of passionate or strong feeling before others; often, an artifical or affected action, or course of action, done for effect; a theatrical display.

> Probably no lover of scenes would have had very long to wait for some explosions between parties, both equally ready to take offense, and careless of giving it.

De Quincey.

Behind the scenes, behind the scenery of a theater; out of the view of the audience, but in sight of the actors, machinery, etc.; hence, conversant with the hidden motives and agencies of what appears to public view.

Scene, v. t. To exhibit as a scene; to make a scene of; to display. [Obs.] Abp. Sancroft.

Scene"ful (?), a. Having much scenery. [R.]

Scene"man (?), n.; pl. Scenemen (&?;). The man who manages the movable scenes in a theater.

Scen"er*y (?), n. 1. Assemblage of scenes; the paintings and hangings representing the scenes of a play; the disposition and arrangement of the scenes in which the action of a play, poem, etc., is laid; representation of place of action or occurence.

2. Sum of scenes or views; general aspect, as regards variety and beauty or the reverse, in a landscape; combination of natural views, as woods, hills, etc.

> Never need an American look beyond his own country for the sublime and beautiful of natural scenery.

W. Irving.

Scene"shift`er (?), n. One who moves the scenes in a theater; a sceneman.

{ Scen"ic (?), Scen"ic*al (?) }, a. [L. scaenicus, scenicus, Gr. &?;: cf. F. scénique. See Scene.] Of or pertaining to scenery; of the nature of scenery; theatrical.

> All these situations communicate a scenical animation to the wild romance, if treated dramatically.

De Quincey.

Scen"o*graph (?), n. [See Scenography.] A perspective representation or general view of an object.

{ Scen`o*graph"ic (?), Scen`o*graph"ic*al (?) }, a. [Cf. F. scénographique, Gr. &?;.] Of or pertaining to scenography; drawn in perspective. -- Scen`o*graph"ic*al*ly, adv.

Sce*nog"ra*phy (?), n. [L. scaenographia, Gr. &?;; &?; scene, stage + gra`fein to write: cf. F. scénographie.] The art or act of representing a body on a perspective plane; also, a representation or description of a body, in all its dimensions, as it appears to the eye. Greenhill.

Scent (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scented; p. pr. & vb. n. Scenting.] [Originally sent, fr. F. sentir to feel, to smell. See Sense.] 1. To perceive by the olfactory organs; to smell; as, to scent game, as a hound does.

> Methinks I scent the morning air.

Shak.

2. To imbue or fill with odor; to perfume.

> Balm from a silver box distilled around,
> Shall all bedew the roots, and scent the sacred ground.

Dryden.

Scent, v. i. 1. To have a smell. [Obs.]

> Thunderbolts . . . do scent strongly of brimstone.

Holland.

2. To hunt animals by means of the sense of smell.

Scent, n. 1. That which, issuing from a body, affects the olfactory organs of animals; odor; smell; as, the scent of an orange, or of a rose; the scent of musk.

> With lavish hand diffuses scents ambrosial.

Prior.

2. Specifically, the odor left by an animal on the ground in passing over it; as, dogs find or lose the scent; hence, course of pursuit; track of discovery.

> He gained the observations of innumerable ages, and traveled upon the same scent into Ethiopia.

Sir W. Temple.

3. The power of smelling; the sense of smell; as, a hound of nice scent; to divert the scent. I. Watts.

Scent"ful (?), a. 1. Full of scent or odor; odorous. "A scentful nosegay." W. Browne.

2. Of quick or keen smell.

> The scentful osprey by the rock had fished.

W. Browne.

Scent"ing*ly (?), adv. By scent. [R.] Fuller.

Scent"less, a. Having no scent.

> The scentless and the scented rose.

Cowper.

||Scep"sis (?), n. [NL., from Gr. &?; doubt, fr. &?; to consider: cf. G. skepsis. See Skeptic.] Skepticism; skeptical philosophy. [R.]

> Among their products were the system of Locke, the scepsis of Hume, the critical philosophy of Kant.

J. Martineau.

{ Scep"ter, Scep"tre } (?), n. [F. sceptre, L. sceptrum, from Gr. &?; a staff to lean upon, a scepter; probably akin to E. shaft. See Shaft, and cf. Scape a stem, shaft.] 1. A staff or baton borne by a sovereign, as a ceremonial badge or emblem of authority; a royal mace.

> And the king held out Esther the golden scepter that was in his hand.

Esther v. 2.

2. Hence, royal or imperial power or authority; sovereignty; as, to assume the scepter.

> The scepter shall not depart from Judah, nor a lawgiver from between his feet, until Shiloh come.

Gen. xlix. 10.

{ Scep"ter, Scep"tre }, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sceptered (?) or Sceptred (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Sceptering (?) or Sceptring (&?;).] To endow with the scepter, or emblem of authority; to invest with royal authority.

> To Britain's queen the sceptered suppliant bends.

Tickell.

Scep`ter*el"late (?), a. (Zoöl.) Having a straight shaft with whorls of spines; -- said of certain sponge spicules. See Illust. under Spicule.

{ Scep"ter*less, Scep"tre*less }, a. Having no scepter; without authority; powerless; as, a scepterless king.

{ Scep"tic (?), Scep"tic*al, Scep"ti*cism, etc.} See Skeptic, Skeptical, Skepticism, etc.

Scep"tral (?), a. Of or pertaining to a scepter; like a scepter.

Scern (?), v. t. To discern; to perceive. [Obs.]

Schade (?), n. Shade; shadow. [Obs.]

English words now beginning with sh, like shade, were formerly often spelled with a c between the s and h; as, schade; schame; schape; schort, etc.

Schah (?), n. See Shah.

Sche"di*asm (?), n. [Gr. &?; an extempore, fr. &?; to do offhand, &?; sudden, fr. &?; near.] Cursory writing on a loose sheet. [R.]

Sched"ule (?; in England commonly ?; 277), n. [F. cédule, formerly also spelt schedule, L. schedula, dim. of scheda, scida, a strip of papyrus bark, a leaf of paper; akin to (or perh. from) Gr. &?; a tablet, leaf, and to L. scindere to cleave, Gr. &?;. See Schism, and cf. Cedule.] A written or printed scroll or sheet of paper; a document; especially, a formal list or inventory; a list or catalogue annexed to a larger document, as to a will, a lease, a statute, etc.

Syn. -- Catalogue; list; inventory. see List.

Sched"ule, v. t. To form into, or place in, a schedule.

Scheele's" green` (?). [See Scheelite.] (Chem.) See under Green.

Scheel"in (?), n. (Chem.) Scheelium. [Obs.]

Scheel"ite (&?;), n. [From C.W. Scheele, a Swedish chemist.] (Min.) Calcium tungstate, a mineral of a white or pale yellowish color and of the tetragonal system of crystallization.

Schee"li*um (?), n. [NL. From C.W. Scheele, who discovered it.] (Chem.) The metal tungsten. [Obs.]

Scheik (shk or shk), n. See Sheik.

Schel"ly (?), n. (Zoöl.) The powan. [Prov. Eng.]

||Sche"ma (?), n.; pl. Schemata (#), E. Schemas (#). [G. See Scheme.] (Kantian Philos.) An outline or image universally applicable to a general conception, under which it is likely to be presented to the mind; as, five dots in a line are a schema of the number five; a preceding and succeeding event are a schema of cause and effect.

Sche*mat"ic (?), a. [Cf. Gr. &?; pretended.] Of or pertaining to a scheme or a schema.

Sche"ma*tism (?), n. [Cf. F. schématisme (cf. L. schematismos florid speech), fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to form. See Scheme.] 1. (Astrol.) Combination of the aspects of heavenly bodies.

2. Particular form or disposition of a thing; an exhibition in outline of any systematic arrangement. [R.]

Sche"ma*tist (?), n. One given to forming schemes; a projector; a schemer. Swift.

Sche"ma*tize (?), v. i. [Cf. F. schématiser, Gr. &?;.] To form a scheme or schemes.

Scheme (?), n. [L. schema a rhetorical figure, a shape, figure, manner, Gr. &?;, &?;, form, shape, outline, plan, fr. &?;, &?;, to have or hold, to hold out, sustain, check, stop; cf. Skr. sah to be victorious, to endure, to hold out, AS. sige victory, G. sieg. Cf. Epoch, Hectic, School.] 1. A combination of things connected and adjusted by design; a system.

> The appearance and outward scheme of things.

Locke.

> Such a scheme of things as shall at once take in time and eternity.

Atterbury.

> Arguments . . . sufficient to support and demonstrate a whole scheme of moral philosophy.

J. Edwards.

> The Revolution came and changed his whole scheme of life.

Macaulay.

2. A plan or theory something to be done; a design; a project; as, to form a scheme.

> The stoical scheme of supplying our wants by lopping off our desires, is like cutting off our feet when we want shoes.

Swift.

3. Any lineal or mathematical diagram; an outline.

> To draw an exact scheme of Constantinople, or a map of France.

South.

4. (Astrol.) A representation of the aspects of the celestial bodies for any moment or at a given event.

> A blue silk case, from which was drawn a scheme of nativity.

Sir W. Scott.

Syn. -- Plan; project; contrivance; purpose; device; plot. -- Scheme, Plan. Scheme and plan are subordinate to design; they propose modes of carrying our designs into effect. Scheme is the least definite of the two, and lies more in speculation. A plan is drawn out into details with a view to being carried into effect. As schemes are speculative, they often prove visionary; hence the opprobrious use of the words schemer and scheming. Plans, being more practical, are more frequently carried into effect.

> He forms the well-concerted scheme of mischief;
> 'T is fixed, 't is done, and both are doomed to death.

Rowe.

> Artists and plans relieved my solemn hours;
> I founded palaces, and planted bowers.

Prior.

Scheme, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Schemed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scheming.] To make a scheme of; to plan; to design; to project; to plot.

> That wickedness which schemed, and executed, his destruction.

G. Stuart.

Scheme, v. i. To form a scheme or schemes.

Scheme"ful (?), a. Full of schemes or plans.

Schem"er (?), n. One who forms schemes; a projector; esp., a plotter; an intriguer.

> Schemers and confederates in guilt.

Paley.

Schem"ing, a. Given to forming schemes; artful; intriguing. -- Schem"ing*ly, adv.

Schem"ist, n. A schemer. [R.] Waterland.

Schene (?), n. [L. schoenus, Gr. &?; a rush, a reed, a land measure: cf. F. schène.] (Antiq.) An Egyptian or Persian measure of length, varying from thirty-two to sixty stadia.

Schenk"beer` (?), n. [G. schenkbier; schenken to pour out + bier beer; -- so called because put on draught soon after it is made.] A mild German beer.

Scher"bet (?), n. See Sherbet.

||Scher"if (? or ?), n. See Sherif.

||Scher*zan"do (?), adv. [It.] (Mus.) In a playful or sportive manner.

||Scher"zo (?), n. [It.] (Mus.) A playful, humorous movement, commonly in 3-4 measure, which often takes the place of the old minuet and trio in a sonata or a symphony.

||Sche"sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?;, &?;, to have or hold. See Scheme.] 1. General state or disposition of the body or mind, or of one thing with regard to other things; habitude. [Obs.] Norris.

2. (Rhet.) A figure of speech whereby the mental habitude of an adversary or opponent is feigned for the purpose of arguing against him. Crabb.

{ Schet"ic (?), Schet"ic*al (?) }, a. [Cf. Gr. &?; holding back.] Of or pertaining to the habit of the body; constitutional. [Obs.] Cudworth.

Schie*dam" (?), n. [Short for Schiedam schnapps.] Holland gin made at Schiedam in the Netherlands.

Schil"ler (?), n. [G., play of colors.] (Min.) The peculiar bronzelike luster observed in certain minerals, as hypersthene, schiller spar, etc. It is due to the presence of minute inclusions in parallel position, and is sometimes of secondary origin.

Schiller spar (Min.), an altered variety of enstatite, exhibiting, in certain positions, a bronzelike luster.

Schil`ler*i*za"tion (&?;), n. (Min.) The act or process of producing schiller in a mineral mass.

Schil"ling (?), n. [G. See Shilling.] Any one of several small German and Dutch coins, worth from about one and a half cents to about five cents.

||Schin`dy*le"sis (?), n. [NL., from Gr. &?; a splitting into fragments.] (Anat.) A form of articulation in which one bone is received into a groove or slit in another.

Schir"rhus (?), n. See Scirrhus.

Schism (?), n. [OE. scisme, OF. cisme, scisme, F. schisme, L. schisma, Gr. schi`sma, fr. schi`zein to split; akin to L. scindere, Skr. chid, and prob. to E. shed, v.t. (which see); cf. Rescind, Schedule, Zest.] Division or separation; specifically (Eccl.), permanent division or separation in the Christian church; breach of unity among people of the same religious faith; the offense of seeking to produce division in a church without justifiable cause.

> Set bounds to our passions by reason, to our errors by truth, and to our schisms by charity.

Eikon Basilike.

Greek schism (Eccl.), the separation of the Greek and Roman churches. -- Great schism, or Western schism (Eccl.) a schism in the Roman church in the latter part of the 14th century, on account of rival claimants to the papal throne. -- Schism act (Law), an act of the English Parliament requiring all teachers to conform to the Established Church, -- passed in 1714, repealed in 1719.

||Schis"ma (?), n. [L., a split, separation, Gr. schi`sma: cf. F. schisma. See Schism.] (Anc. Mus.) An interval equal to half a comma.

Schis*mat"ic (sz*mt"k; so nearly all orthoëpists), a. [L. schismaticus, Gr. &?;: cf. F. schismatique.] Of or pertaining to schism; implying schism; partaking of the nature of schism; tending to schism; as, schismatic opinions or proposals.

Schis*mat"ic (?; 277), n. One who creates or takes part in schism; one who separates from an established church or religious communion on account of a difference of opinion. "They were popularly classed together as canting schismatics." Macaulay.

Syn. -- Heretic; partisan. See Heretic.

Schis*mat"ic*al (?), a. Same as Schismatic. -- Schis*mat"ic*al*ly, adv. -- Schis*mat"ic*al*ness, n.

Schis"ma*tize (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Schismatized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Schismatizing (?).] [Cf. F. schismatiser.] To take part in schism; to make a breach of communion in the church.

Schism"less (?), a. Free from schism.

Schist (shst), n. [Gr. &?; divided, divisible, fr. &?; to divide: cf. F. schiste. See Schism.] (Geol.) Any crystalline rock having a foliated structure (see Foliation) and hence admitting of ready division into slabs or slates. The common kinds are mica schist, and hornblendic schist, consisting chiefly of quartz with mica or hornblende and often feldspar.

Schis*ta"ceous (?), a. Of a slate color.

Schist"ic (?), a. Schistose.

{ Schis*tose" (?; 277), Schist*ous (?) }, a. [Cf. F. schisteux.] (Geol.) Of or pertaining to schist; having the structure of a schist.

Schis*tos"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. schistosité.] (Geol.) The quality or state of being schistose.

Schiz"o- (?). [Gr. &?; to split, cleave.] A combining form denoting division or cleavage; as, schizogenesis, reproduction by fission or cell division.

Schiz"o*carp (?), n. [Schizo- + Gr. &?; fruit.] (Bot.) A dry fruit which splits at maturity into several closed one-seeded portions.

Schiz"o*cœle (?), n. [Schizo- + Gr. &?; hollow.] (Anat.) See Enterocœle.

Schiz`o*cœ"lous (?), a. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to, or of the nature of, a schizocœle.

Schiz`o*gen"e*sis (?), n. [Schizo- + genesis.] (Biol.) Reproduction by fission. Haeckel.

Schiz"og*nath (?), n. [See Schizognathous.] (Zoöl.) Any bird with a schizognathous palate.

||Schi*zog"na*thæ (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) The schizognathous birds.

Schi*zog"na*thism (?), n. (Zoöl.) The condition of having a schizognathous palate.

Schi*zog"na*thous (?), a. [Schizo- + Gr. &?; the jaw.] (Zoöl.) Having the maxillo- palatine bones separate from each other and from the vomer, which is pointed in front, as in the gulls, snipes, grouse, and many other birds.

||Schiz`o*my*ce"tes (?), n. pl., [NL., fr. Gr. &?; to split + &?;, -&?;, a fungus.] (Biol.) An order of Schizophyta, including the so-called fission fungi, or bacteria. See Schizophyta, in the Supplement.

||Schiz`o*ne*mer"te*a (?), n. pl. [NL. See Schizo-, and Nemertes.] (Zoöl.) A group of nemerteans comprising those having a deep slit along each side of the head. See Illust. in Appendix.

Schiz`o*pel"mous (?), a. [Schizo- + Gr. pe`lma the sole of the foot.] (Zoöl.) Having the two flexor tendons of the toes entirely separate, and the flexor hallucis going to the first toe only.

Schiz"o*phyte (?), n. [Schizo- + Gr. &?; a plant.] (Biol.) One of a class of vegetable organisms, in the classification of Cohn, which includes all of the inferior forms that multiply by fission, whether they contain chlorophyll or not.

Schiz"o*pod (?; 277), n. (Zoöl.) one of the Schizopoda. Also used adjectively.

{ Schiz"o*pod (?; 277), Schi*zop"o*dous (?) }, a. Of or pertaining to a schizopod, or the Schizopoda.

||Schi*zop"o*da (?), n. pl., [NL. See Schizo-, and -poda.] (Zoöl.) A division of shrimplike Thoracostraca in which each of the thoracic legs has a long fringed upper branch (exopodite) for swimming.

Schiz`o*rhi"nal (?), a. [Schizo- + rhinal.] 1. (Anat.) Having the nasal bones separate.

2. (Zoöl.) Having the anterior nostrils prolonged backward in the form of a slit.

||Schlich (?), n. [G.; akin to LG. slick mud, D. slijk, MHG. slch.] (Metal.) The finer portion of a crushed ore, as of gold, lead, or tin, separated by the water in certain wet processes. [Written also slich, slick.]

Schmel"ze (?), n. [G. schmelz, schmelzglas.] A kind of glass of a red or ruby color, made in Bohemia.

Schnapps (?), n. [G., a dram of spirits.] Holland gin. [U.S.]

Schnei*de"ri*an (&?;), a. (Anat.) Discovered or described by C. V. Schneider, a German anatomist of the seventeenth century.

Schneiderian membrane, the mucous membrane which lines the nasal chambers; the pituitary membrane.

Scho*har"ie grit` (?). (Geol.) The formation belonging to the middle of the three subdivisions of the Corniferous period in the American Devonian system; -- so called from Schoharie, in New York, where it occurs. See the Chart of Geology.

Schol"ar (?), n. [OE. scoler, AS. sclere, fr. L. scholaris belonging to a school, fr. schola a school. See School.] 1. One who attends a school; one who learns of a teacher; one under the tuition of a preceptor; a pupil; a disciple; a learner; a student.

> I am no breeching scholar in the schools.

Shak.

2. One engaged in the pursuits of learning; a learned person; one versed in any branch, or in many branches, of knowledge; a person of high literary or scientific attainments; a savant. Shak. Locke.

3. A man of books. Bacon.

4. In English universities, an undergraduate who belongs to the foundation of a college, and receives support in part from its revenues.

Syn. -- Pupil; learner; disciple. -- Scholar, Pupil. Scholar refers to the instruction, and pupil to the care and government, of a teacher. A scholar is one who is under instruction; a pupil is one who is under the immediate and personal care of an instructor; hence we speak of a bright scholar, and an obedient pupil.

Scho*lar"i*ty (?), n. [OF. scholarité, or LL. scholaritas.] Scholarship. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Schol"ar*like` (?), a. Scholarly. Bacon.

Schol"ar*ly, a. Like a scholar, or learned person; showing the qualities of a scholar; as, a scholarly essay or critique. -- adv. In a scholarly manner.

Schol"ar*ship, n. 1. The character and qualities of a scholar; attainments in science or literature; erudition; learning.

> A man of my master's . . . great scholarship.

Pope.

2. Literary education. [R.]

> Any other house of scholarship.

Milton.

3. Maintenance for a scholar; a foundation for the support of a student. T. Warton.

Syn. -- Learning; erudition; knowledge.

Scho*las"tic (?), a. [L. scholasticus, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to have leisure, to give lectures, to keep a school, from &?; leisure, a lecture, a school: cf. F. scholastique, scolastique. See School.] 1. Pertaining to, or suiting, a scholar, a school, or schools; scholarlike; as, scholastic manners or pride; scholastic learning. Sir K. Digby.

2. Of or pertaining to the schoolmen and divines of the Middle Ages (see Schoolman); as, scholastic divinity or theology; scholastic philosophy. Locke.

3. Hence, characterized by excessive subtilty, or needlessly minute subdivisions; pedantic; formal.

Scho*las"tic, n. 1. One who adheres to the method or subtilties of the schools. Milton.

2. (R. C. Ch.) See the Note under Jesuit.

Scho*las"tic*al (?), a. & n. Scholastic.

Scho*las"tic*al*ly, adv. In a scholastic manner.

Scho*las"ti*cism (?), n. The method or subtilties of the schools of philosophy; scholastic formality; scholastic doctrines or philosophy.

> The spirit of the old scholasticism . . . spurned laborious investigation and slow induction.

J. P. Smith.

Scho"li*a (?), n. pl. See Scholium.

Scho"li*ast (?), n. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; a scholium: cf. F. scoliate. See Scholium.] A maker of scholia; a commentator or annotator.

> No . . . quotations from Talmudists and scholiasts . . . ever marred the effect of his grave temperate discourses.

Macaulay.

Scho`li*as"tic (?), a. Of or pertaining to a scholiast, or his pursuits. Swift.

Scho"li*aze (?), v. i. [Cf. Gr. &?;.] To write scholia. [Obs.] Milton.

Schol"ic*al (?), a. [L. scholicus, Gr. &?;, fr. &?;. See School.] Scholastic. [Obs.] Hales.

||Scho"li*on (?), n. [NL.] A scholium.

> A judgment which follows immediately from another is sometimes called a corollary, or consectary . . . One which illustrates the science where it appears, but is not an integral part of it, is a scholion.

Abp. Thomson (Laws of Thought).

Scho"li*um (?), n.; pl. L. Scholia (#), E. Scholiums (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?;. See School.] 1. A marginal annotation; an explanatory remark or comment; specifically, an explanatory comment on the text of a classic author by an early grammarian.

2. A remark or observation subjoined to a demonstration or a train of reasoning.

Scho"ly (?), n. A scholium. [Obs.] Hooker.

Scho"ly (?), v. i. & t. To write scholia; to annotate. [Obs.]

School (?), n. [For shoal a crowd; prob. confused with school for learning.] A shoal; a multitude; as, a school of fish.

School, n. [OE. scole, AS. sc&?;lu, L. schola, Gr. &?; leisure, that in which leisure is employed, disputation, lecture, a school, probably from the same root as &?;, the original sense being perhaps, a stopping, a resting. See Scheme.] 1. A place for learned intercourse and instruction; an institution for learning; an educational establishment; a place for acquiring knowledge and mental training; as, the school of the prophets.

> Disputing daily in the school of one Tyrannus.

Acts xix. 9.

2. A place of primary instruction; an establishment for the instruction of children; as, a primary school; a common school; a grammar school.

> As he sat in the school at his primer.

Chaucer.

3. A session of an institution of instruction.

> How now, Sir Hugh! No school to- day?

Shak.

4. One of the seminaries for teaching logic, metaphysics, and theology, which were formed in the Middle Ages, and which were characterized by academical disputations and subtilties of reasoning.

> At Cambridge the philosophy of Descartes was still dominant in the schools.

Macaulay.

5. The room or hall in English universities where the examinations for degrees and honors are held.

6. An assemblage of scholars; those who attend upon instruction in a school of any kind; a body of pupils.

> What is the great community of Christians, but one of the innumerable schools in the vast plan which God has instituted for the education of various intelligences?

Buckminster.

7. The disciples or followers of a teacher; those who hold a common doctrine, or accept the same teachings; a sect or denomination in philosophy, theology, science, medicine, politics, etc.

> Let no man be less confident in his faith . . . by reason of any difference in the several schools of Christians.

Jer. Taylor.

8. The canons, precepts, or body of opinion or practice, sanctioned by the authority of a particular class or age; as, he was a gentleman of the old school.

> His face pale but striking, though not handsome after the schools.

A. S. Hardy.

9. Figuratively, any means of knowledge or discipline; as, the school of experience.

Boarding school, Common school, District school, Normal school, etc. See under Boarding, Common, District, etc. -- High school, a free public school nearest the rank of a college. [U. S.] -- School board, a corporation established by law in every borough or parish in England, and elected by the burgesses or ratepayers, with the duty of providing public school accommodation for all children in their district. -- School committee, School board, an elected committee of citizens having charge and care of the public schools in any district, town, or city, and responsible for control of the money appropriated for school purposes. [U. S.] -- School days, the period in which youth are sent to school. -- School district, a division of a town or city for establishing and conducting schools. [U.S.] -- Sunday school, or Sabbath school, a school held on Sunday for study of the Bible and for religious instruction; the pupils, or the teachers and pupils, of such a school, collectively.

School, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Schooled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Schooling.] 1. To train in an institution of learning; to educate at a school; to teach.

> He's gentle, never schooled, and yet learned.

Shak.

2. To tutor; to chide and admonish; to reprove; to subject to systematic discipline; to train.

> It now remains for you to school your child,
> And ask why God's Anointed be reviled.

Dryden.

> The mother, while loving her child with the intensity of a sole affection, had schooled herself to hope for little other return than the waywardness of an April breeze.

Hawthorne.

School"book` (?), n. A book used in schools for learning lessons.

School"boy` (?), n. A boy belonging to, or attending, a school.

School"dame` (?). n. A schoolmistress.

School"er*y (&?;), n. Something taught; precepts; schooling. [Obs.] Spenser.

School"fel`low (?), n. One bred at the same school; an associate in school.

School"girl` (?), n. A girl belonging to, or attending, a school.

School"house` (?), n. A house appropriated for the use of a school or schools, or for instruction.

School"ing, n. 1. Instruction in school; tuition; education in an institution of learning; act of teaching.

2. Discipline; reproof; reprimand; as, he gave his son a good schooling. Sir W. Scott.

3. Compensation for instruction; price or reward paid to an instructor for teaching pupils.

School"ing, a. [See School a shoal.] (Zoöl.) Collecting or running in schools or shoals.

> Schooling species like the herring and menhaden.

G. B. Goode.

School"ma'am (?), n. A schoolmistress. [Colloq.U.S.]

School"maid` (?), n. A schoolgirl. Shak.

School"man` (?), n.; pl. Schoolmen (&?;). One versed in the niceties of academical disputation or of school divinity.

The schoolmen were philosophers and divines of the Middle Ages, esp. from the 11th century to the Reformation, who spent much time on points of nice and abstract speculation. They were so called because they taught in the mediæval universities and schools of divinity.

School"mas`ter (?), n. 1. The man who presides over and teaches a school; a male teacher of a school.

> Let the soldier be abroad if he will; he can do nothing in this age. There is another personage abroad, -- a person less imposing, -- in the eyes of some, perhaps, insignificant. The schoolmaster is abroad; and I trust to him, armed with his primer, against the soldier in full military array.

Brougham.

2. One who, or that which, disciplines and directs.

> The law was our schoolmaster, to bring us unto Christ.

Gal. iii. 24.

School"mate` (?), n. A pupil who attends the same school as another.

School"mis`tress (?), n. A woman who governs and teaches a school; a female school-teacher.

School"room` (?), n. A room in which pupils are taught.

School"ship` (?), n. A vessel employed as a nautical training school, in which naval apprentices receive their education at the expense of the state, and are trained for service as sailors. Also, a vessel used as a reform school to which boys are committed by the courts to be disciplined, and instructed as mariners.

School"-teach`er (?), n. One who teaches or instructs a school. -- School"-teach`ing, n.

School"ward (?), adv. Toward school. Chaucer.

Schoon"er (?), n. [See the Note below. Cf. Shun.] (Naut.) Originally, a small, sharp-built vessel, with two masts and fore-and-aft rig. Sometimes it carried square topsails on one or both masts and was called a topsail schooner. About 1840, longer vessels with three masts, fore-and- aft rigged, came into use, and since that time vessels with four masts and even with six masts, so rigged, are built. Schooners with more than two masts are designated three-masted schooners, four- masted schooners, etc. See Illustration in Appendix.

The first schooner ever constructed is said to have been built in Gloucester, Massachusetts, about the year 1713, by a Captain Andrew Robinson, and to have received its name from the following trivial circumstance: When the vessel went off the stocks into the water, a bystander cried out,"O, how she scoons!" Robinson replied, " A scooner let her be;" and, from that time, vessels thus masted and rigged have gone by this name. The word scoon is popularly used in some parts of New England to denote the act of making stones skip along the surface of water. The Scottish scon means the same thing. Both words are probably allied to the Icel. skunda, skynda, to make haste, hurry, AS. scunian to avoid, shun, Prov. E. scun. In the New England records, the word appears to have been originally written scooner. Babson, in his "History of Gloucester," gives the following extract from a letter written in that place Sept. 25, 1721, by Dr. Moses Prince, brother of the Rev. Thomas Prince, the annalist of New England: "This gentleman (Captain Robinson) was first contriver of schooners, and built the first of that sort about eight years since."

Schoon"er, n. [D.] A large goblet or drinking glass, -- used for lager beer or ale. [U.S.]

Schorl (shôrl), n. [G. schörl; cf. Sw. skörl.] (Min.) Black tourmaline. [Written also shorl.]

Schor*la"ceous (?), a. Partaking of the nature and character of schorl; resembling schorl.

Schorl"ous (?), a. Schorlaceous.

Schorl"y> (&?;), a. Pertaining to, or containing, schorl; as, schorly granite.

{ Schot"tish, Schot"tische }, (&?;), n. [F. schottish, schotisch from G. schottisch Scottish, Scotch.] A Scotch round dance in 2-4 time, similar to the polka, only slower; also, the music for such a dance; -- not to be confounded with the Écossaise.

Schrei"bers*ite (?), n. [Named after Carl von Schreibers, of Vienna.] (Min.) A mineral occurring in steel-gray flexible folia. It contains iron, nickel, and phosphorus, and is found only in meteoric iron.

Schrode (?), n. See Scrod.

Schwann's" sheath` (?). [So called from Theodor Schwann, a German anatomist of the 19th century.] (Anat.) The neurilemma.

Schwann's white" sub"stance (?). (Anat.) The substance of the medullary sheath.

Schwan"pan` (?), n. Chinese abacus.

||Schweit"zer*kä"se (?), n. [G. schweizerkäse Swiss cheese.] Gruyère cheese.

{ Schwenk"feld`er (?), Schwenk"feld`i*an (?) }, n. A member of a religious sect founded by Kaspar von Schwenkfeld, a Silesian reformer who disagreed with Luther, especially on the deification of the body of Christ.

Sci*æ"noid (?), a. [L. sciæna a kind of fish (fr. Gr. &?;) + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Sciænidæ, a family of marine fishes which includes the meagre, the squeteague, and the kingfish.

Sci"a*graph (?), n. [See Sciagraphy.] 1. (Arch.) An old term for a vertical section of a building; -- called also sciagraphy. See Vertical section, under Section.

2. (Phys.) A radiograph. [Written also skiagraph.]

Sci`a*graph"ic*al (?), a. [Cf. F. sciagraphique, Gr. &?;.] Pertaining to sciagraphy. - - Sci`a*graph"ic*al*ly, adv.

Sci*ag"ra*phy (?), n. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; drawing in light and shade; &?; a shadow + &?; to delineate, describe: cf. F. sciagraphie.] 1. The art or science of projecting or delineating shadows as they fall in nature. Gwilt.

2. (Arch.) Same as Sciagraph.

Sci*am"a*chy (?), n. See Sciomachy.

{ Sci`a*ther"ic (?), Sci`a*ther"ic*al (?) }, a. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; a sundial; &?; a shadow + &?; to hunt, to catch.] Belonging to a sundial. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

-- Sci`a*ther"ic*al*ly, adv. [Obs.] J. Gregory.

Sci*at"ic (?), a. [F. sciatique, LL. sciaticus, from L. ischiadicus, Gr. &?;. See Ischiadic.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the hip; in the region of, or affecting, the hip; ischial; ischiatic; as, the sciatic nerve, sciatic pains.

Sci*at"ic, n. [Cf. F. sciatique.] (Med.) Sciatica.

Sci*at"i*ca (?), n. [NL.] (Med.) Neuralgia of the sciatic nerve, an affection characterized by paroxysmal attacks of pain in the buttock, back of the thigh, or in the leg or foot, following the course of the branches of the sciatic nerve. The name is also popularly applied to various painful affections of the hip and the parts adjoining it. See Ischiadic passion, under Ischiadic.

Sci*at"ic*al (?), a. (Anat.) Sciatic.

Sci*at"ic*al*ly, adv. With, or by means of, sciatica.

Scib"bo*leth (?), n. Shibboleth. [Obs.]

Sci"ence (?), n. [F., fr. L. scientia, fr. sciens, -entis, p. pr. of scire to know. Cf. Conscience, Conscious, Nice.] 1. Knowledge; knowledge of principles and causes; ascertained truth of facts.

> If we conceive God's sight or science, before the creation, to be extended to all and every part of the world, seeing everything as it is, . . . his science or sight from all eternity lays no necessity on anything to come to pass.

Hammond.

> Shakespeare's deep and accurate science in mental philosophy.

Coleridge.

2. Accumulated and established knowledge, which has been systematized and formulated with reference to the discovery of general truths or the operation of general laws; knowledge classified and made available in work, life, or the search for truth; comprehensive, profound, or philosophical knowledge.

> All this new science that men lere [teach].

Chaucer.

> Science is . . . a complement of cognitions, having, in point of form, the character of logical perfection, and in point of matter, the character of real truth.

Sir W. Hamilton.

3. Especially, such knowledge when it relates to the physical world and its phenomena, the nature, constitution, and forces of matter, the qualities and functions of living tissues, etc.; -- called also natural science, and physical science.

> Voltaire hardly left a single corner of the field entirely unexplored in science, poetry, history, philosophy.

J. Morley.

4. Any branch or department of systematized knowledge considered as a distinct field of investigation or object of study; as, the science of astronomy, of chemistry, or of mind.

The ancients reckoned seven sciences, namely, grammar, rhetoric, logic, arithmetic, music, geometry, and astronomy; -- the first three being included in the Trivium, the remaining four in the Quadrivium.

> Good sense, which only is the gift of Heaven,
> And though no science, fairly worth the seven.

Pope.

5. Art, skill, or expertness, regarded as the result of knowledge of laws and principles.

> His science, coolness, and great strength.

G. A. Lawrence.

Science is applied or pure. Applied science is a knowledge of facts, events, or phenomena, as explained, accounted for, or produced, by means of powers, causes, or laws. Pure science is the knowledge of these powers, causes, or laws, considered apart, or as pure from all applications. Both these terms have a similar and special signification when applied to the science of quantity; as, the applied and pure mathematics. Exact science is knowledge so systematized that prediction and verification, by measurement, experiment, observation, etc., are possible. The mathematical and physical sciences are called the exact sciences.

Comparative sciences, Inductive sciences. See under Comparative, and Inductive.

Syn. -- Literature; art; knowledge. -- Science, Literature, Art. Science is literally knowledge, but more usually denotes a systematic and orderly arrangement of knowledge. In a more distinctive sense, science embraces those branches of knowledge of which the subject-matter is either ultimate principles, or facts as explained by principles or laws thus arranged in natural order. The term literature sometimes denotes all compositions not embraced under science, but usually confined to the belles-lettres. [See Literature.] Art is that which depends on practice and skill in performance. "In science, scimus ut sciamus; in art, scimus ut producamus. And, therefore, science and art may be said to be investigations of truth; but one, science, inquires for the sake of knowledge; the other, art, for the sake of production; and hence science is more concerned with the higher truths, art with the lower; and science never is engaged, as art is, in productive application. And the most perfect state of science, therefore, will be the most high and accurate inquiry; the perfection of art will be the most apt and efficient system of rules; art always throwing itself into the form of rules." Karslake.

Sci"ence, v. t. To cause to become versed in science; to make skilled; to instruct. [R.] Francis.

Sci"ent (?), a. [L. sciens, - entis, p. pr.] Knowing; skillful. [Obs.] Cockeram.

||Sci*en"ter (?), adv. [L.] (Law) Knowingly; willfully. Bouvier.

Sci*en"tial (?), a. [LL. scientialis, fr. L. scientia.] Pertaining to, or producing, science. [R.] Milton.

Sci`en*tif"ic (?), a. [F. scientifique; L. scientia science + facere to make.] 1. Of or pertaining to science; used in science; as, scientific principles; scientific apparatus; scientific observations.

2. Agreeing with, or depending on, the rules or principles of science; as, a scientific classification; a scientific arrangement of fossils.

3. Having a knowledge of science, or of a science; evincing science or systematic knowledge; as, a scientific chemist; a scientific reasoner; a scientific argument.

> Bossuet is as scientific in the structure of his sentences.

Landor.

Scientific method, the method employed in exact science and consisting of: (a) Careful and abundant observation and experiment. (b) generalization of the results into formulated "Laws" and statements.

Sci`en*tif"ic*al (?), a. Scientific. Locke.

Sci`en*tif"ic*al*ly, adv. In a scientific manner; according to the rules or principles of science.

> It is easier to believe than to be scientifically instructed.

Locke.

Sci"en*tist (?), n. One learned in science; a scientific investigator; one devoted to scientific study; a savant. [Recent]

Twenty years ago I ventured to propose one [a name for the class of men who give their lives to scientific study] which has been slowly finding its way to general adoption; and the word scientist, though scarcely euphonious, has gradually assumed its place in our vocabulary. B. A. Gould (Address, 1869).

Scil"i*cet (?), adv. [L., fr. scire licet you may know.] To wit; namely; videlicet; -- often abbreviated to sc., or ss.

Scil"la*in (?), n. (Chem.) A glucoside extracted from squill (Scilla) as a light porous substance.

Scil"li*tin (?), n. [Cf. F. scilitine.] (Chem.) A bitter principle extracted from the bulbs of the squill (Scilla), and probably consisting of a complex mixture of several substances.

{ Scim"i*ter , Scim"i*tar } (?), n. [F. cimeterre, cf. It. scimitarra, Sp. cimitarra; fr. Biscayan cimetarra with a sharp edge; or corrupted from Per. shimshr.] 1. A saber with a much curved blade having the edge on the convex side, -- in use among Mohammedans, esp., the Arabs and persians. [Written also cimeter, and scymetar.]

2. A long-handled billhook. See Billhook.

Scimiter pods (Bot.), the immense curved woody pods of a leguminous woody climbing plant (Entada scandens) growing in tropical India and America. They contain hard round flattish seeds two inches in diameter, which are made into boxes.

Scin"coid (?), a. [L. scincus a kind of lizard (fr. Gr. &?;) + -oid. Cf. Skink.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the family Scincidæ, or skinks. -- n. A scincoidian.

||Scin*coi"de*a (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A tribe of lizards including the skinks. See Skink.

Scin*coid"i*an (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of lizards of the family Scincidæ or tribe Scincoidea. The tongue is not extensile. The body and tail are covered with overlapping scales, and the toes are margined. See Illust. under Skink.

Scin"iph (?), n. [L. scinifes, cinifes, or ciniphes, pl., Gr. &?;.] Some kind of stinging or biting insect, as a flea, a gnat, a sandfly, or the like. Ex. viii. 17 (Douay version).

Scink (?), n. (Zoöl.) A skink.

Scink (?), n. A slunk calf. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

||Scin*til"la (?), n. [L.] A spark; the least particle; an iota; a tittle. R. North.

Scin"til*lant (?), a. [L. scintillans, p. pr. of scintillare to sparkle. See Scintillate.] Emitting sparks, or fine igneous particles; sparkling. M. Green.

Scin"til*late (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Scintillated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scintillating.] [L. scintillare, scintillatum, from scintilla a spark. Cf. Stencil.] 1. To emit sparks, or fine igneous particles.

> As the electrical globe only scintillates when rubbed against its cushion.

Sir W. Scott.

2. To sparkle, as the fixed stars.

Scin`til*la"tion (?), n. [L. scintillatio: cf. F. scintillation.] 1. The act of scintillating.

2. A spark or flash emitted in scintillating.

> These scintillations are . . . the inflammable effluences discharged from the bodies collided.

Sir T. Browne.

Scin"til*lous (?), a. Scintillant. [R.]

Scin"til*lous*ly, adv. In a scintillant manner. [R.]

Sci*og"ra*phy (?), n. See Sciagraphy.

Sci"o*lism (?), n. [See Sciolist.] The knowledge of a sciolist; superficial knowledge.

Sci"o*list (?), n. [L. sciolus. See Sciolous.] One who knows many things superficially; a pretender to science; a smatterer.

> These passages in that book were enough to humble the presumption of our modern sciolists, if their pride were not as great as their ignorance.

Sir W. Temple.

> A master were lauded and sciolists shent.

R. Browning.

Sci`o*lis"tic (?), a. Of or pertaining to sciolism, or a sciolist; partaking of sciolism; resembling a sciolist.

Sci"o*lous (?), a. [L. scilus, dim. of scius knowing, fr. scire to know. See Science.] Knowing superficially or imperfectly. Howell.

Sci*om"a*chy (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;; &?; a shadow + &?; battle: cf. F. sciomachie, sciamachie.] A fighting with a shadow; a mock contest; an imaginary or futile combat. [Written also scimachy.] Cowley.

Sci"o*man`cy (?), n. [Gr. &?; a shadow + -mancy: cf. F. sciomance, sciamancie.] Divination by means of shadows.

Sci"on (?), n. [OF. cion, F. scion, probably from scier to saw, fr. L. secare to cut. Cf. Section.] 1. (Bot.) (a) A shoot or sprout of a plant; a sucker. (b) A piece of a slender branch or twig cut for grafting. [Formerly written also cion, and cyon.]

2. Hence, a descendant; an heir; as, a scion of a royal stock.

Sci*op"tic (?), a. [Gr. &?; shadow + &?; belonging to sight: cf. F. scioptique. See Optic.] (Opt.) Of or pertaining to an optical arrangement for forming images in a darkened room, usually called scioptic ball.

Scioptic ball (Opt.), the lens of a camera obscura mounted in a wooden ball which fits a socket in a window shutter so as to be readily turned, like the eye, to different parts of the landscape.

Sci*op"ti*con (?), n. [NL. See Scioptic.] A kind of magic lantern.

Sci*op"tics (?), n. The art or process of exhibiting luminous images, especially those of external objects, in a darkened room, by arrangements of lenses or mirrors.

Sci*op"tric (?), a. (Opt.) Scioptic.

Sci"ot (?), a. Of or pertaining to the island Scio (Chio or Chios). -- n. A native or inhabitant of Scio. [Written also Chiot.]

Sci`o*ther"ic (?), a. [Cf. L. sciothericon a sundial. See Sciatheric.] Of or pertaining to a sundial.

Sciotheric telescope (Dialing), an instrument consisting of a horizontal dial, with a telescope attached to it, used for determining the time, whether of day or night.

Sci"ous (?), a. [L. scius.] Knowing; having knowledge. "Brutes may be and are scious." Coleridge.

||Sci`re fa"ci*as (s`r f"sh*s). [L., do you cause to know.] (Law) A judicial writ, founded upon some record, and requiring the party proceeded against to show cause why the party bringing it should not have advantage of such record, or (as in the case of scire facias to repeal letters patent) why the record should not be annulled or vacated. Wharton. Bouvier.

Scir"rhoid (skr"roid), a. [Scirrhus + -oid.] Resembling scirrhus. Dunglison.

Scir*rhos"i*ty (skr*rs"*t), n. (Med.) A morbid induration, as of a gland; state of being scirrhous.

Scir"rhous (skr"rs), a. [NL. scirrhosus.] (Med.) Proceeding from scirrhus; of the nature of scirrhus; indurated; knotty; as, scirrhous affections; scirrhous disease. [Written also skirrhous.]

Scir"rhus (?), n.; pl. L. Scirrhi (#), E. Scirrhuses (#). [NL., from L. scirros, Gr. &?;, &?;, fr. &?;, &?;, hard.] (Med.) (a) An indurated organ or part; especially, an indurated gland. [Obs.] (b) A cancerous tumor which is hard, translucent, of a gray or bluish color, and emits a creaking sound when incised. [Sometimes incorrectly written schirrus; written also skirrhus.]

Scis`ci*ta"tion (?), n. [L. sciscitatio, fr. sciscitari to inquire, from sciscere to seek to know, v. incho. from scire to know.] The act of inquiring; inquiry; demand. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Scise (?), v. i. [L. scindere, scissum, to cut, split.] To cut; to penetrate. [Obs.]

> The wicked steel scised deep in his right side.

Fairfax.

Scis"sel (?), n. [Cf. Scissile.] 1. The clippings of metals made in various mechanical operations.

2. The slips or plates of metal out of which circular blanks have been cut for the purpose of coinage.

Scis"si*ble (?), a. [L. scindere, scissum, to split.] Capable of being cut or divided by a sharp instrument. [R.] Bacon.

Scis"sil (?), n. See Scissel.

Scis"sile (?), a. [L. scissilis, fr. scindere, scissum, to cut, to split: cf. F. scissile. See Schism.] Capable of being cut smoothly; scissible. [R.] Arbuthnot.

Scis"sion (?), n. [L. scissio, fr. scindere, scissum, to cut, to split: cf. F. scission.] The act of dividing with an instrument having a sharp edge. Wiseman.

Scis`si*par"i*ty (?), n. [L. scissus (p. p. of scindere to split) + parere to bring forth: cf. F. scissiparité.] (Biol.) Reproduction by fission.

Scis"sor (?), v. t. To cut with scissors or shears; to prepare with the aid of scissors. Massinger.

Scis"sors (?), n. pl. [OE. sisoures, OF. cisoires (cf. F. ciseaux), probably fr. LL. cisorium a cutting instrument, fr. L. caedere to cut. Cf. Chisel, Concise. The modern spelling is due to a mistaken derivation from L. scissor one who cleaves or divides, fr. scindere, scissum, to cut, split.] A cutting instrument resembling shears, but smaller, consisting of two cutting blades with handles, movable on a pin in the center, by which they are held together. Often called a pair of scissors. [Formerly written also cisors, cizars, and scissars.]

Scissors grinder (Zoöl.), the European goatsucker. [Prov. Eng.]

Scis"sors*bill` (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Skimmer.

Scis"sors*tail` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A tyrant flycatcher (Milvulus forficatus) of the Southern United States and Mexico, which has a deeply forked tail. It is light gray above, white beneath, salmon on the flanks, and fiery red at the base of the crown feathers.

Scis"sors-tailed` (?), a. (Zoöl.) Having the outer feathers much the longest, the others decreasing regularly to the median ones.

Scis"sure (?), n. [L. scissura, from scindere, scissum, to cut, split.] A longitudinal opening in a body, made by cutting; a cleft; a fissure. Hammond.

Scit`a*min"e*ous (?; 277), a. [NL. scitamineosus, fr. Scitamineae, fr. L. scitamentum a delicacy, dainty.] (Bot.) Of or pertaining to a natural order of plants (Scitamineæ), mostly tropical herbs, including the ginger, Indian shot, banana, and the plants producing turmeric and arrowroot.

Sci"u*rine (?; 277), a. [Cf. F. sciurien. See Sciurus.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Squirrel family. -- n. A rodent of the Squirrel family.

Sci"u*roid (?), a. [Sciurus + -oid.] (Bot.) Resembling the tail of a squirrel; -- generally said of branches which are close and dense, or of spikes of grass like barley.

||Sci`u*ro*mor"pha (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. sciurus squirrel + Gr. morfh` form.] (Zoöl.) A tribe of rodents containing the squirrels and allied animals, such as the gophers, woodchucks, beavers, and others.

||Sci*u"rus (?), n. [L., a squirrel, Gr. &?;. See Squirrel.] (Zoöl.) A genus of rodents comprising the common squirrels.

Sclaun"dre (?), n. Slander. [Obs.] Chaucer.

{ Sclav (?), Sclave }, n. Same as Slav.

Sclav"ic (?), a. Same as Slavic.

Sclav"ism (?), n. Same as Slavism.

Scla*vo"nian (?), a. & n. Same as Slavonian.

Scla*von"ic (?), a. Same as Slavonic.

Sclen"der (?), a. Slender. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Scler"a*go`gy (?), n. [Gr. &?;; &?; hard + &?; a leading or training.] Severe discipline. [Obs.] Bp. Hacket.

||Scle*re"ma (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. sklhro`s hard.] (Med.) Induration of the cellular tissue.

Sclerema of adults. See Scleroderma. -- ||Sclerema neonatorum (&?;) [NL., of the newborn], an affection characterized by a peculiar hardening and rigidity of the cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues in the newly born. It is usually fatal. Called also skinbound disease.

Scle*ren"chy*ma (?), n. [NL., from Gr. sklhro`s hard + -enchyma as in parenchyma.] 1. (Bot.) Vegetable tissue composed of short cells with thickened or hardened walls, as in nutshells and the gritty parts of a pear. See Sclerotic.

By recent German writers and their English translators, this term is used for liber cells. Goodale.

2. (Zoöl.) The hard calcareous deposit in the tissues of Anthozoa, constituting the stony corals.

Scler`en*chym"a*tous (?), a. (Bot. & Zoöl.) Pertaining to, or composed of, sclerenchyma.

Scle*ren"chyme (?), n. Sclerenchyma.

||Scle*ri"a*sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;.] (Med.) (a) A morbid induration of the edge of the eyelid. (b) Induration of any part, including scleroderma.

Scle"rite (skl"rt), n. (Zoöl.) A hard chitinous or calcareous process or corpuscle, especially a spicule of the Alcyonaria.

||Scle*ri"tis (skl*r"ts), n. [NL.] See Sclerotitis.

Scler"o*base (? or ?), n. [Gr. sklhro`s hard + ba`sis base.] (Zoöl.) The calcareous or hornlike coral forming the central stem or axis of most compound alcyonarians; -- called also foot secretion. See Illust. under Gorgoniacea, and Cœnenchyma. -- Scler`o*ba"sic (#), a.

Scler"o*derm (? or ?; 277), n. [Gr. sklhro`s hard + de`rma skin: cf. F. scléroderme.] (a) (Zoöl.) One of a tribe of plectognath fishes (Sclerodermi) having the skin covered with hard scales, or plates, as the cowfish and the trunkfish. (b) One of the Sclerodermata. (c) Hardened, or bony, integument of various animals.

||Scler`o*der"ma (?), n. [NL.] (Med.) A disease of adults, characterized by a diffuse rigidity and hardness of the skin.

||Scler`o*der"ma*ta (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) The stony corals; the Madreporaria.

{ Scler`o*der"mic (?), Scler`o*der"mous (?) }, (Zoöl.) (a) Having the integument, or skin, hard, or covered with hard plates. (b) Of or pertaining to the Sclerodermata.

Scler`o*der"mite (?), n. (Zoöl.) (a) The hard integument of Crustacea. (b) Sclerenchyma.

Scler"o*gen (? or ?), n. [Gr. sklhro`s hard + -gen.] (Bot.) The thickening matter of woody cells; lignin.

Scle*rog"e*nous (?), a. [Gr. sklhro`s hard + -genous.] (Anat.) Making or secreting a hard substance; becoming hard.

Scle"roid (?), a. [Gr. &?;; sklhro`s hard + &?; form.] (Bot.) Having a hard texture, as nutshells.

||Scle*ro"ma (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. sklhro`s hard + -oma.] (Med.) Induration of the tissues. See Sclerema, Scleroderma, and Sclerosis.

Scle*rom"e*ter (?), n. [Gr. sklhro`s hard + -meter.] An instrument for determining with accuracy the degree of hardness of a mineral.

Scle*rosed" (?), a. Affected with sclerosis.

||Scle*ro"sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. (&?;&?;, fr. sklhro`s hard.] 1. (Med.) Induration; hardening; especially, that form of induration produced in an organ by increase of its interstitial connective tissue.

2. (Bot.) Hardening of the cell wall by lignification.

Cerebro-spinal sclerosis (Med.), an affection in which patches of hardening, produced by increase of the neuroglia and atrophy of the true nerve tissue, are found scattered throughout the brain and spinal cord. It is associated with complete or partial paralysis, a peculiar jerking tremor of the muscles, headache, and vertigo, and is usually fatal. Called also multiple, disseminated, or insular, sclerosis.

Scle`ro*skel"e*ton (?), n. [Gr. sklhro`s hard + E. skeleton.] (Anat.) That part of the skeleton which is developed in tendons, ligaments, and aponeuroses.

Scle*ro"tal (?), a. (Anat.) Sclerotic. -- n. The optic capsule; the sclerotic coat of the eye. Owen.

Scle*rot"ic (?), a. [Gr. sklhro`s hard: cf. F. sclérotique.] 1. Hard; firm; indurated; -- applied especially in anatomy to the firm outer coat of the eyeball, which is often cartilaginous and sometimes bony.

2. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the sclerotic coat of the eye; sclerotical.

3. (Med.) Affected with sclerosis; sclerosed.

Sclerotic parenchyma (Bot.), sclerenchyma. By some writers a distinction is made, sclerotic parenchyma being applied to tissue composed of cells with the walls hardened but not thickened, and sclerenchyma to tissue composed of cells with the walls both hardened and thickened.

Scle*rot"ic, n. [Cf. F. sclérotique.] (Anat.) The sclerotic coat of the eye. See Illust. of Eye (d).

Scle*rot"ic, a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid obtained from ergot or the sclerotium of a fungus growing on rye.

Scle*rot"ic*al (?), a. (Anat.) Sclerotic.

||Scler`o*ti"tis (?), n. [NL. See Sclerotic, and -itis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the sclerotic coat.

||Scle*ro"ti*um (?), n.; pl. Sclerotia (#). [NL., fr. Gr. sklhro`s hard.] 1. (Bot.) A hardened body formed by certain fungi, as by the Claviceps purpurea, which produces ergot.

2. (Zoöl.) The mature or resting stage of a plasmodium.

Scler"o*tome (sklr"*tm or sklr"*tm), n. [Gr. sklhro`s hard + te`mnein to cut.] (Zoöl.) One of the bony, cartilaginous, or membranous partitions which separate the myotomes. -- Scler`o*tom"ic (#), a.

Scle"rous (?), a. [Gr. &?;.] (Anat.) Hard; indurated; sclerotic.

Scoat (?), v. t. To prop; to scotch. [Prov. Eng.]

Scob"by (?), n. The chaffinch. [Prov. Eng.]

Scob"i*form (?), a. [L. scobs, or scobis, sawdust, scrapings + -form: cf. F. scobiforme.] Having the form of, or resembling, sawdust or raspings.

Scobs, n. sing. & pl. [L. scobs, or scobis, fr. scabere to scrape.] 1. Raspings of ivory, hartshorn, metals, or other hard substance. Chambers.

2. The dross of metals.

Scoff (?; 115), n. [OE. scof; akin to OFries. schof, OHG. scoph, Icel. skaup, and perh. to E. shove.] 1. Derision; ridicule; mockery; derisive or mocking expression of scorn, contempt, or reproach.

> With scoffs, and scorns, and contumelious taunts.

Shak.

2. An object of scorn, mockery, or derision.

> The scoff of withered age and beardless youth.

Cowper.

Scoff, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Scoffed (?; 115); p. pr. & vb. n. Scoffing.] [Cf. Dan. skuffe to deceive, delude, Icel. skopa to scoff, OD. schoppen. See Scoff, n.] To show insolent ridicule or mockery; to manifest contempt by derisive acts or language; -- often with at.

> Truth from his lips prevailed with double sway,
> And fools who came to scoff, remained to pray.

Goldsmith.

> God's better gift they scoff at and refuse.

Cowper.

Syn. -- To sneer; mock; gibe; jeer. See Sneer.

Scoff, v. t. To treat or address with derision; to assail scornfully; to mock at.

> To scoff religion is ridiculously proud and immodest.

Glanvill.

Scoff"er (?), n. One who scoffs. 2 Pet. iii. 3.

Scoff"er*y (?), n. The act of scoffing; scoffing conduct; mockery. Holinshed.

Scoff"ing*ly, adv. In a scoffing manner. Broome.

Scoke (?), n. (Bot.) Poke (Phytolacca decandra).

Sco*lay" (?), v. i. See Scoley. [Obs.]

Scold (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Scolded; p. pr. & vb. n. Scolding.] [Akin to D. schelden, G. schelten, OHG. sceltan, Dan. skielde.] To find fault or rail with rude clamor; to brawl; to utter harsh, rude, boisterous rebuke; to chide sharply or coarsely; -- often with at; as, to scold at a servant.

> Pardon me, lords, 't is the first time ever
> I was forced to scold.

Shak.

Scold, v. t. To chide with rudeness and clamor; to rate; also, to rebuke or reprove with severity.

Scold, n. 1. One who scolds, or makes a practice of scolding; esp., a rude, clamorous woman; a shrew.

> She is an irksome, brawling scold.

Shak.

2. A scolding; a brawl.

Scold"er (?), n. 1. One who scolds.

2. (Zoöl.) (a) The oyster catcher; -- so called from its shrill cries. (b) The old squaw. [Local U.S.]

Scold"ing, a. & n. from Scold, v.

Scolding bridle, an iron frame. See Brank, n., 2.

Scold"ing*ly, adv. In a scolding manner.

Scole (?), n. School. [Obs.] Chaucer.

||Sco*le"ci*da (? or ?), n. pl. [NL. See Scolex.] (Zoöl.) Same as Helminthes.

Scol"e*cite (? or ?; 277), n. [Gr. skw`lhx, -hkos, a worm, earthworm.] (Min.) A zeolitic mineral occuring in delicate radiating groups of white crystals. It is a hydrous silicate of alumina and lime. Called also lime mesotype.

||Sco*le`co*mor"pha (&?;), n. pl. [NL. See Scolex, -morphous.] (Zoöl.) Same as Scolecida.

||Sco"lex (?), n.; pl. Scoleces (#). [NL., from Gr. skw`lhx worm, grub.] (Zoöl.) (a) The embryo produced directly from the egg in a metagenetic series, especially the larva of a tapeworm or other parasitic worm. See Illust. of Echinococcus. (b) One of the Scolecida.

Sco*ley" (?), v. i. [Cf. OF. escoler to teach. See School.] To go to school; to study. [Obs.] Chaucer.

||Sco`li*o"sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. skolio`s crooked.] (Med.) A lateral curvature of the spine.

||Scol"i*thus (? or ?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. skw`lhx a worm + li`qos a stone.] (Paleon.) A tubular structure found in Potsdam sandstone, and believed to be the fossil burrow of a marine worm.

Scol"lop (?), n. & v. See Scallop.

Scol`o*pa"cine (?), a. [L. scolopax a snipe, Gr. &?;.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Scolopacidæ, or Snipe family.

||Scol`o*pen"dra (?), n. [L., a kind of multiped, fr. Gr. &?;.] 1. (Zoöl.) A genus of venomous myriapods including the centipeds. See Centiped.

2. A sea fish. [R.] Spenser.

Scol`o*pen"drine (?), a. (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to the Scolopendra.

Scol"y*tid (?), n. [Gr. &?; to cut short.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of small bark-boring beetles of the genus Scolytus and allied genera. Also used adjectively.

||Scom"ber (?), n. [L., a mackerel, Gr. &?;.] (Zoöl.) A genus of acanthopterygious fishes which includes the common mackerel.

Scom"ber*oid (?), a. & n. [Cf. F. scombéroïde.] (Zoöl.) Same as Scombroid.

||Scom`bri*for"mes (skm`br*fôr"mz), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A division of fishes including the mackerels, tunnies, and allied fishes.

Scom"broid (skm"broid), a. [Scomber + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to the Mackerel family. -- n. Any fish of the family Scombridæ, of which the mackerel (Scomber) is the type.

Scom"fish (skm"fsh or skm"- ), v. t. & i. To suffocate or stifle; to smother. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.]

Scom"fit (skm"fy), n. & v. Discomfit. [Obs.]

Scomm (skm), n. [L. scomma a taunt, jeer, scoff, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to mock, scoff at.] 1. A buffoon. [Obs.] L'Estrange.

2. A flout; a jeer; a gibe; a taunt. [Obs.] Fotherby.

Sconce (?), n. [D. schans, OD. schantse, perhaps from OF. esconse a hiding place, akin to esconser to hide, L. absconsus, p. p. of abscondere. See Abscond, and cf. Ensconce, Sconce a candlestick.] 1. A fortification, or work for defense; a fort.

> No sconce or fortress of his raising was ever known either to have been forced, or yielded up, or quitted.

Milton.

2. A hut for protection and shelter; a stall.

> One that . . . must raise a sconce by the highway and sell switches.

Beau. & Fl.

3. A piece of armor for the head; headpiece; helmet.

> I must get a sconce for my head.

Shak.

4. Fig.: The head; the skull; also, brains; sense; discretion. [Colloq.]

> To knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel.

Shak.

5. A poll tax; a mulct or fine. Johnson.

6. [OF. esconse a dark lantern, properly, a hiding place. See Etymol. above.] A protection for a light; a lantern or cased support for a candle; hence, a fixed hanging or projecting candlestick.

> Tapers put into lanterns or sconces of several- colored, oiled paper, that the wind might not annoy them.

Evelyn.

> Golden sconces hang not on the walls.

Dryden.

7. Hence, the circular tube, with a brim, in a candlestick, into which the candle is inserted.

8. (Arch.) A squinch.

9. A fragment of a floe of ice. Kane.

10. [Perhaps a different word.] A fixed seat or shelf. [Prov. Eng.]

Sconce, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sconced (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sconcing.] 1. To shut up in a sconce; to imprison; to insconce. [Obs.]

> Immure him, sconce him, barricade him in 't.

Marston.

2. To mulct; to fine. [Obs.] Milton.

Scon"cheon (?), n. (Arch.) A squinch.

Scone (?), n. A cake, thinner than a bannock, made of wheat or barley or oat meal. [Written variously, scon, skone, skon, etc.] [Scot.] Burns.

Scoop (?), n. [OE. scope, of Scand. origin; cf. Sw. skopa, akin to D. schop a shovel, G. schüppe, and also to E. shove. See Shovel.] 1. A large ladle; a vessel with a long handle, used for dipping liquids; a utensil for bailing boats.

2. A deep shovel, or any similar implement for digging out and dipping or shoveling up anything; as, a flour scoop; the scoop of a dredging machine.

3. (Surg.) A spoon-shaped instrument, used in extracting certain substances or foreign bodies.

4. A place hollowed out; a basinlike cavity; a hollow.

> Some had lain in the scoop of the rock.

J. R. Drake.

5. A sweep; a stroke; a swoop.

6. The act of scooping, or taking with a scoop or ladle; a motion with a scoop, as in dipping or shoveling.

Scoop net, a kind of hand net, used in fishing; also, a net for sweeping the bottom of a river. -- Scoop wheel, a wheel for raising water, having scoops or buckets attached to its circumference; a tympanum.

Scoop, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scooped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scooping.] [OE. scopen. See Scoop, n.] 1. To take out or up with, a scoop; to lade out.

> He scooped the water from the crystal flood.

Dryden.

2. To empty by lading; as, to scoop a well dry.

3. To make hollow, as a scoop or dish; to excavate; to dig out; to form by digging or excavation.

> Those carbuncles the Indians will scoop, so as to hold above a pint.

Arbuthnot.

Scoop"er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, scoops.

2. (Zoöl.) The avocet; -- so called because it scoops up the mud to obtain food.

Scoot (?), v. i. To walk fast; to go quickly; to run hastily away. [Colloq. & Humorous, U. S.]

Sco"pa*rin (?), n. (Chem.) A yellow gelatinous or crystalline substance found in broom (Cytisus scoparius) accompanying sparteïne.

Sco"pate (?), a. [L. scopae, scopa, a broom.] (Zoöl.) Having the surface closely covered with hairs, like a brush.

-scope (&?;). [Gr. skopo`s a watcher, spy. See Scope.] A combining form usually signifying an instrument for viewing (with the eye) or observing (in any way); as in microscope, telescope, altoscope, anemoscope.

Scope (?), n. [It. scopo, L. scopos a mark, aim, Gr. skopo`s, a watcher, mark, aim; akin to &?;, &?; to view, and perh. to E. spy. Cf. Skeptic, Bishop.] 1. That at which one aims; the thing or end to which the mind directs its view; that which is purposed to be reached or accomplished; hence, ultimate design, aim, or purpose; intention; drift; object. "Shooting wide, do miss the marked scope." Spenser.

> Your scope is as mine own,
> So to enforce or qualify the laws
> As to your soul seems good.

Shak.

> The scope of all their pleading against man's authority, is to overthrow such laws and constitutions in the church.

Hooker.

2. Room or opportunity for free outlook or aim; space for action; amplitude of opportunity; free course or vent; liberty; range of view, intent, or action.

> Give him line and scope.

Shak.

> In the fate and fortunes of the human race, scope is given to the operation of laws which man must always fail to discern the reasons of.

I. Taylor.

> Excuse me if I have given too much scope to the reflections which have arisen in my mind.

Burke.

> An intellectual cultivation of no moderate depth or scope.

Hawthorne.

3. Extended area. [Obs.] "The scopes of land granted to the first adventurers." Sir J. Davies.

4. Length; extent; sweep; as, scope of cable.

Sco"pe*line (?), a. (Zoöl.) Scopeloid.

Sco"pe*loid (?), a. [NL. Scopelus, typical genus (fr. Gr. &?; a headland) + - oid.] (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to fishes of the genus Scopelus, or family Scopelodæ, which includes many small oceanic fishes, most of which are phosphorescent. -- n. (Zoöl.) Any fish of the family Scopelidæ.

Sco*pif"er*ous (?), a. [L. scopae, scopa + -ferous.] (Zoöl.) Bearing a tuft of brushlike hairs.

Sco"pi*form (?), a. [L. scopae, scopa, a broom + -form.] Having the form of a broom or besom. "Zeolite, stelliform or scopiform." Kirwan.

Sco"pi*ped (?; 277), n. [L. scopae, scopa, a broom + pes, pedis, a foot.] (Zoöl.) Same as Scopuliped.

Scop"pet (?), v. t. [From Scoop, v. t.] To lade or dip out. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Scops" owl` (?). [NL. scops, fr. Gr. &?; the little horned owl.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of small owls of the genus Scops having ear tufts like those of the horned owls, especially the European scops owl (Scops giu), and the American screech owl (S. asio).

{ Scop"tic (?), Scop"tic*al (?) }, a. [Gr. skwptiko`s, from skw`ptein to mock, to scoff at.] Jesting; jeering; scoffing. [Obs.] South.

-- Scop"tic*al*ly, adv. [Obs.]

||Scop"u*la (?), n.; pl. E. Scopulas (#), L. Scopulæ (#). [L. scopulae, pl. a little broom.] (Zoöl.) (a) A peculiar brushlike organ found on the foot of spiders and used in the construction of the web. (b) A special tuft of hairs on the leg of a bee.

Scop"u*li*ped (?), n. [L. scopulae, pl., a little broom (fr. scopae a broom) + pes, pedis, foot.] (Zoöl.) Any species of bee which has on the hind legs a brush of hairs used for collecting pollen, as the hive bees and bumblebees.

Scop"u*lous (?), a. [L. scopulosus, fr. scopulus a rock, Gr. &?;.] Full of rocks; rocky. [Obs.]

Scor"bute (?), n. [LL. scorbutus: cf. F. scorbut. See Scurvy, n.] Scurvy. [Obs.] Purchas.

{ Scor*bu"tic (?), Scor*bu"tic*al (?) }, a. [Cf. F. scorbutique.] (Med.) Of or pertaining to scurvy; of the nature of, or resembling, scurvy; diseased with scurvy; as, a scorbutic person; scorbutic complaints or symptoms. -- Scor*bu"tic*al*ly, adv.

||Scor*bu"tus (?), n. [LL. See Scorbute.] (Med.) Scurvy.

Scorce (?), n. Barter. [Obs.] See Scorse.

Scorch (skôrch), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scorched (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scorching.] [OE. scorchen, probably akin to scorcnen; cf. Norw. skrokken shrunk up, skrekka, skrökka, to shrink, to become wrinkled up, dial. Sw. skråkkla to wrinkle (see Shrug); but perhaps influenced by OF. escorchier to strip the bark from, to flay, to skin, F. écorcher, LL. excorticare; L. ex from + cortex, -icis, bark (cf. Cork); because the skin falls off when scorched.] 1. To burn superficially; to parch, or shrivel, the surface of, by heat; to subject to so much heat as changes color and texture without consuming; as, to scorch linen.

> Summer drouth or singèd air
> Never scorch thy tresses fair.

Milton.

2. To affect painfully with heat, or as with heat; to dry up with heat; to affect as by heat.

> Lashed by mad rage, and scorched by brutal fires.

Prior.

3. To burn; to destroy by, or as by, fire.

> Power was given unto him to scorch men with fire.

Rev. xvi. 8.

> The fire that scorches me to death.

Dryden.

Scorch, v. i. 1. To be burnt on the surface; to be parched; to be dried up.

> Scatter a little mungy straw or fern amongst your seedlings, to prevent the roots from scorching.

Mortimer.

2. To burn or be burnt.

> He laid his long forefinger on the scarlet letter, which forthwith seemed to scorch into Hester's breast, as if it had been red hot.

Hawthorne.

Scorch"ing, a. Burning; parching or shriveling with heat. -- Scorch"ing*ly, adv. -- Scorch"ing*ness, n.

Score (skr), n. [AS. scor twenty, fr. sceran, scieran, to shear, cut, divide; or rather the kindred Icel. skor incision, twenty, akin to Dan. skure a notch, Sw. skåra. See Shear.] 1. A notch or incision; especially, one that is made as a tally mark; hence, a mark, or line, made for the purpose of account.

> Whereas, before, our forefathers had no other books but the score and the tally, thou hast caused printing to be used.

Shak.

2. An account or reckoning; account of dues; bill; hence, indebtedness.

> He parted well, and paid his score.

Shak.

3. Account; reason; motive; sake; behalf.

> But left the trade, as many more
> Have lately done on the same score.

Hudibras.

> You act your kindness in Cydaria's score.

Dryden.

4. The number twenty, as being marked off by a special score or tally; hence, in pl., a large number.

> Amongst three or four score hogsheads.

Shak.

> At length the queen took upon herself to grant patents of monopoly by scores.

Macaulay.

5. A distance of twenty yards; -- a term used in ancient archery and gunnery. Halliwell.

6. A weight of twenty pounds. [Prov. Eng.]

7. The number of points gained by the contestants, or either of them, in any game, as in cards or cricket.

8. A line drawn; a groove or furrow.

9. (Mus.) The original and entire draught, or its transcript, of a composition, with the parts for all the different instruments or voices written on staves one above another, so that they can be read at a glance; -- so called from the bar, which, in its early use, was drawn through all the parts. Moore (Encyc. of Music).

In score (Mus.), having all the parts arranged and placed in juxtaposition. Smart. -- To quit scores, to settle or balance accounts; to render an equivalent; to make compensation.

> Does not the earth quit scores with all the elements in the noble fruits that issue from it?

South.

Score (skr), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scored (skrd); p. pr. & vb. n. Scoring.] 1. To mark with lines, scratches, or notches; to cut notches or furrows in; to notch; to scratch; to furrow; as, to score timber for hewing; to score the back with a lash.

> Let us score their backs.

Shak.

> A briar in that tangled wilderness
> Had scored her white right hand.

M. Arnold.

2. Especially, to mark with significant lines or notches, for indicating or keeping account of something; as, to score a tally.

3. To mark or signify by lines or notches; to keep record or account of; to set down; to record; to charge.

> Madam, I know when,
> Instead of five, you scored me ten.

Swift.

> Nor need I tallies thy dear love to score.

Shak.

4. To engrave, as upon a shield. [R.] Spenser.

5. To make a score of, as points, runs, etc., in a game.

6. (Mus.) To write down in proper order and arrangement; as, to score an overture for an orchestra. See Score, n., 9.

7. (Geol.) To mark with parallel lines or scratches; as, the rocks of New England and the Western States were scored in the drift epoch.

Scor"er (?), n. One who, or that which, scores.

||Sco"ri*a (?), n.; pl. Scoriæ (#). [L., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; dung, ordure.] 1. The recrement of metals in fusion, or the slag rejected after the reduction of metallic ores; dross.

2. Cellular slaggy lava; volcanic cinders.

Sco"ri*ac (?), a. Scoriaceous. E. A. Poe.

Sco`ri*a"ceous (?), a. [Cf. F. scoriacé.] Of or pertaining to scoria; like scoria or the recrement of metals; partaking of the nature of scoria.

Sco"rie (?), n. (Zoöl.) The young of any gull. [Written also scaurie.] [Prov. Eng.]

Sco`ri*fi*ca"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. scorification. See Scorify.] (Chem.) The act, process, or result of scorifying, or reducing to a slag; hence, the separation from earthy matter by means of a slag; as, the scorification of ores.

Sco"ri*fi`er (?), n. (Chem.) One who, or that which, scorifies; specifically, a small flat bowl-shaped cup used in the first heating in assaying, to remove the earth and gangue, and to concentrate the gold and silver in a lead button.

Sco"ri*form (?), a. In the form of scoria.

Sco"ri*fy (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scorified (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scorifying (?).] [Scoria + -fy: cf. F. scorifier.] (Chem.) To reduce to scoria or slag; specifically, in assaying, to fuse so as to separate the gangue and earthy material, with borax, lead, soda, etc., thus leaving the gold and silver in a lead button; hence, to separate from, or by means of, a slag.

Sco"ri*ous (?), a. Scoriaceous. Sir T. Browne.

Scorn (skôrn), n. [OE. scorn, scarn, scharn, OF. escarn, escharn, eschar, of German origin; cf. OHG. skern mockery, skernn to mock; but cf. also OF. escorner to mock.] 1. Extreme and lofty contempt; haughty disregard; that disdain which springs from the opinion of the utter meanness and unworthiness of an object.

> Scorn at first makes after love the more.

Shak.

> And wandered backward as in scorn,
> To wait an æon to be born.

Emerson.

2. An act or expression of extreme contempt.

> Every sullen frown and bitter scorn
> But fanned the fuel that too fast did burn.

Dryden.

3. An object of extreme disdain, contempt, or derision.

> Thou makest us a reproach to our neighbors, a scorn and a derision to them that are round about us.

Ps. xliv. 13.

To think scorn, to regard as worthy of scorn or contempt; to disdain. "He thought scorn to lay hands on Mordecai alone." Esther iii. 6. -- To laugh to scorn, to deride; to make a mock of; to ridicule as contemptible.

Syn. -- Contempt; disdain; derision; contumely; despite; slight; dishonor; mockery.

Scorn, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scorned (skôrnd); p. pr. & vb. n. Scoring.] [OE. scornen, scarnen, schornen, OF. escarnir, escharnir. See Scorn, n.] 1. To hold in extreme contempt; to reject as unworthy of regard; to despise; to contemn; to disdain.

> I scorn thy meat; 't would choke me.

Shak.

> This my long sufferance, and my day of grace,
> Those who neglect and scorn shall never taste.

Milton.

> We scorn what is in itself contemptible or disgraceful.

C. J. Smith.

2. To treat with extreme contempt; to make the object of insult; to mock; to scoff at; to deride.

> His fellow, that lay by his bed's side,
> Gan for to laugh, and scorned him full fast.

Chaucer.

> To taunt and scorn you thus opprobriously.

Shak.

Syn. -- To contemn; despise; disdain. See Contemn.

Scorn (skôrn), v. i. To scoff; to mock; to show contumely, derision, or reproach; to act disdainfully.

> He said mine eyes were black and my hair black,
> And, now I am remembered, scorned at me.

Shak.

Scorn"er (?), n. One who scorns; a despiser; a contemner; specifically, a scoffer at religion. "Great scorners of death." Spenser.

> Surely he scorneth the scorners: but he giveth grace unto the lowly.

Prov. iii. 34.

Scorn"ful (?), a. 1. Full of scorn or contempt; contemptuous; disdainful.

> Scornful of winter's frost and summer's sun.

Prior.

> Dart not scornful glances from those eyes.

Shak.

2. Treated with scorn; exciting scorn. [Obs.]

> The scornful mark of every open eye.

Shak.

Syn. -- Contemptuous; disdainful; contumelious; reproachful; insolent.

-- Scorn"ful*ly, adv. -- Scorn"ful*ness, n.

Scorn"y (?), a. Deserving scorn; paltry. [Obs.]

Scor"o*dite (?), n. [G. scorodit; -- so called in allusion to its smell under the blowpipe, from Gr. &?; garlic.] (Min.) A leek-green or brownish mineral occurring in orthorhombic crystals. It is a hydrous arseniate of iron. [Written also skorodite.]

Scor*pæ"noid (?), a. [NL. Scorpaena, a typical genus (see Scorpene) + - oid.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the family Scorpænidæ, which includes the scorpene, the rosefish, the California rockfishes, and many other food fishes. [Written also scorpænid.] See Illust. under Rockfish.

Scor"pene (?), n. [F. scorpène, fr. L. scorpaena a kind of fish, Gr. &?;.] (Zoöl.) A marine food fish of the genus Scorpæna, as the European hogfish (S. scrofa), and the California species (S. guttata).

Scor"per (?), n. Same as Scauper.

||Scor"pi*o (?), n.; pl. Scorpiones (#). [L.] 1. (Zoöl.) A scorpion.

2. (Astron.) (a) The eighth sign of the zodiac, which the sun enters about the twenty-third day of October, marked thus [] in almanacs. (b) A constellation of the zodiac containing the bright star Antares. It is drawn on the celestial globe in the figure of a scorpion.

||Scor`pi*o"de*a (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) Same as Scorpiones.

{ Scor"pi*oid (?), Scor`pi*oid"al (?) }, a. [Gr. &?;; &?; a scorpion + &?; form.] 1. Having the inflorescence curved or circinate at the end, like a scorpion's tail.

Scor"pi*on (?), n. [F., fr. L. scorpio, scorpius, Gr. &?;, perhaps akin to E. sharp.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of pulmonate arachnids of the order Scorpiones, having a suctorial mouth, large claw-bearing palpi, and a caudal sting.

Scorpions have a flattened body, and a long, slender post- abdomen formed of six movable segments, the last of which terminates in a curved venomous sting. The venom causes great pain, but is unattended either with redness or swelling, except in the axillary or inguinal glands, when an extremity is affected. It is seldom if ever destructive of life. Scorpions are found widely dispersed in the warm climates of both the Old and New Worlds.

2. (Zoöl.) The pine or gray lizard (Sceloporus undulatus). [Local, U. S.]

3. (Zoöl.) The scorpene.

4. (Script.) A painful scourge.

> My father hath chastised you with whips, but I will chastise you with scorpions.

1 Kings xii. 11.

5. (Astron.) A sign and constellation. See Scorpio.

6. (Antiq.) An ancient military engine for hurling stones and other missiles.

Book scorpion. (Zoöl.) See under Book. -- False scorpion. (Zoöl.) See under False, and Book scorpion. -- Scorpion bug, or Water scorpion (Zoöl.) See Nepa. -- Scorpion fly (Zoöl.), a neuropterous insect of the genus Panorpa. See Panorpid. -- Scorpion grass (Bot.), a plant of the genus Myosotis. M. palustris is the forget-me-not. -- Scorpion senna (Bot.), a yellow-flowered leguminous shrub (Coronilla Emerus) having a slender joined pod, like a scorpion's tail. The leaves are said to yield a dye like indigo, and to be used sometimes to adulterate senna. -- Scorpion shell (Zoöl.), any shell of the genus Pteroceras. See Pteroceras. -- Scorpion spiders. (Zoöl.), any one of the Pedipalpi. -- Scorpion's tail (Bot.), any plant of the leguminous genus Scorpiurus, herbs with a circinately coiled pod; -- also called caterpillar. -- Scorpion's thorn (Bot.), a thorny leguminous plant (Genista Scorpius) of Southern Europe. -- The Scorpion's Heart (Astron.), the star Antares in the constellation Scorpio.

||Scor`pi*o"nes (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A division of arachnids comprising the scorpions.

||Scor`pi*o*nid"e*a (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) Same as Scorpiones.

Scor"pi*on*wort` (?), n. (Bot.) A leguminous plant (Ornithopus scorpioides) of Southern Europe, having slender curved pods.

Scorse (? or ?), n. [Cf. It. scorsa a course, and E. discourse.] Barter; exchange; trade. [Obs.]

> And recompensed them with a better scorse.

Spenser.

Scorse, v. t. [Written also scourse, and scoss.] 1. To barter or exchange. [Obs.] Spenser.

2. To chase. [Obs.] Spenser.

Scorse, v. i. To deal for the purchase of anything; to practice barter. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Scor"ta*to*ry (?), a. [L. scortator a fornicator, from scortari to fornicate, scortum a prostitute.] Pertaining to lewdness or fornication; lewd.

Scot (?), n. A name for a horse. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Scot, n. [Cf. L. Skoti, pl., AS. Scotta, pl. Skottas, Sceottas.] A native or inhabitant of Scotland; a Scotsman, or Scotchman.

Scot, n. [Icel. skot; or OF. escot, F. écot, LL. scottum, scotum, from a kindred German word; akin to AS. scot, and E. shot, shoot; cf. AS. sceótan to shoot, to contribute. See Shoot, and cf. Shot.] A portion of money assessed or paid; a tax or contribution; a mulct; a fine; a shot.

Scot and lot, formerly, a parish assessment laid on subjects according to their ability. [Eng.] Cowell. Now, a phrase for obligations of every kind regarded collectivelly.

> Experienced men of the world know very well that it is best to pay scot and lot as they go along.

Emerson.

{ Scot"al (?), Scot"ale (?) }, n. [Scot + ale.] (O. Eng. Law) The keeping of an alehouse by an officer of a forest, and drawing people to spend their money for liquor, for fear of his displeasure.

Scotch (?), a. [Cf. Scottish.] Of or pertaining to Scotland, its language, or its inhabitants; Scottish.

Scotch broom (Bot.), the Cytisus scoparius. See Broom. -- Scotch dipper, or Scotch duck (Zoöl.), the bufflehead; -- called also Scotch teal, and Scotchman. -- Scotch fiddle, the itch. [Low] Sir W. Scott. -- Scotch mist, a coarse, dense mist, like fine rain. -- Scotch nightingale (Zoöl.), the sedge warbler. [Prov. Eng.] -- Scotch pebble. See under pebble. -- Scotch pine (Bot.) See Riga fir. -- Scotch thistle (Bot.), a species of thistle (Onopordon acanthium); -- so called from its being the national emblem of the Scotch.

Scotch, n. 1. The dialect or dialects of English spoken by the people of Scotland.

2. Collectively, the people of Scotland.

Scotch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scotched (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scotching.] [Cf. Prov. E. scote a prop, and Walloon ascot a prop, ascoter to prop, F. accoter, also Armor. skoaz the shoulder, skoazia to shoulder up, to prop, to support, W. ysgwydd a shoulder, ysgwyddo to shoulder. Cf. Scoat.] [Written also scoatch, scoat.] To shoulder up; to prop or block with a wedge, chock, etc., as a wheel, to prevent its rolling or slipping.

Scotch, n. A chock, wedge, prop, or other support, to prevent slipping; as, a scotch for a wheel or a log on inclined ground.

Scotch, v. t. [Probably the same word as scutch; cf. Norw. skoka, skoko, a swingle for flax; perhaps akin to E. shake.] To cut superficially; to wound; to score.

> We have scotched the snake, not killed it.

Shak.

Scotched collops (Cookery), a dish made of pieces of beef or veal cut thin, or minced, beaten flat, and stewed with onion and other condiments; -- called also Scotch collops. [Written also scotcht collops.]

Scotch, n. A slight cut or incision; a score. Walton.

Scotch"-hop`per (?), n. Hopscotch.

Scotch"ing, n. (Masonry) Dressing stone with a pick or pointed instrument.

Scotch"man (?), n.; pl. Scotchmen (&?;). 1. A native or inhabitant of Scotland; a Scot; a Scotsman.

2. (Naut.) A piece of wood or stiff hide placed over shrouds and other rigging to prevent chafe by the running gear. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

Sco"ter (?), n. [Cf. Prov. E. scote to plow up.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of northern sea ducks of the genus Oidemia.

The European scoters are Oidemia nigra, called also black duck, black diver, surf duck; and the velvet, or double, scoter (O. fusca). The common American species are the velvet, or white-winged, scoter (O. Deglandi), called also velvet duck, white-wing, bull coot, white-winged coot; the black scoter (O. Americana), called also black coot, butterbill, coppernose; and the surf scoter, or surf duck (O. perspicillata), called also baldpate, skunkhead, horsehead, patchhead, pishaug, and spectacled coot. These birds are collectively called also coots. The females and young are called gray coots, and brown coots.

Scot"-free" [?], a. Free from payment of scot; untaxed; hence, unhurt; clear; safe.

> Do as much for this purpose, and thou shalt pass scot-free.

Sir W. Scott.

> Then young Hay escaped scot-free to Holland.

A. Lang.

Scoth (?), v. t. To clothe or cover up. [Obs.]

||Sco"ti*a (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. skoti`a darkness, a sunken molding in the base of a pillar, so called from the dark shadow it casts, from sko`tos darkness.] (Arch.) A concave molding used especially in classical architecture.

Sco"ti*a, n. [L.] Scotland [Poetic]

> O Scotia! my dear, my native soil!

Burns.

Sco"tist (?), n. (Eccl. Hist.) A follower of (Joannes) Duns Scotus, the Franciscan scholastic (d. 1308), who maintained certain doctrines in philosophy and theology, in opposition to the Thomists, or followers of Thomas Aquinas, the Dominican scholastic.

Scot"o*graph (?), n. [Gr. sko`tos darkness + -graph.] An instrument for writing in the dark, or without seeing. Maunder.

||Sco*to"ma (?), n. [L.] (Med.) Scotomy.

Scot"o*my (?), n. [NL. scotomia, from Gr. &?; dizziness, fr. &?; to darken, fr. sko`tos darkness: cf. F. scotomie.] 1. Dizziness with dimness of sight. [Obs.] Massinger.

2. (Med.) Obscuration of the field of vision due to the appearance of a dark spot before the eye.

Sco"to*scope (? or ?), n. [Gr. sko`tos darkness + -scope.] An instrument that discloses objects in the dark or in a faint light. [Obs.] Pepys.

Scots (?), a. [For older Scottis Scottish. See Scottish.] Of or pertaining to the Scotch; Scotch; Scottish; as, Scots law; a pound Scots (1s. 8d.).

Scots"man (-man), n. See Scotchman.

Scot"ter*ing (?), n. The burning of a wad of pease straw at the end of harvest. [Prov. Eng.]

Scot"ti*cism (?), n. An idiom, or mode of expression, peculiar to Scotland or Scotchmen.

> That, in short, in which the Scotticism of Scotsmen most intimately consists, is the habit of emphasis.

Masson.

Scot"ti*cize (?), v. t. To cause to become like the Scotch; to make Scottish. [R.]

Scot"tish (?), a. [From Scot a Scotchman: cf. AS. Scyttisc, and E. Scotch, a., Scots, a.] Of or pertaining to the inhabitants of Scotland, their country, or their language; as, Scottish industry or economy; a Scottish chief; a Scottish dialect.

Scoun"drel (?), n. [Probably from Prov. E. & Scotch scunner, scouner, to loathe, to disgust, akin to AS. scunian to shun. See Shun.] A mean, worthless fellow; a rascal; a villain; a man without honor or virtue.

> Go, if your ancient, but ignoble blood
> Has crept through scoundrels ever since the flood.

Pope.

Scoun"drel, a. Low; base; mean; unprincipled.

Scoun"drel*dom (?), n. The domain or sphere of scoundrels; scoundrels, collectively; the state, ideas, or practices of scoundrels. Carlyle.

Scoun"drel*ism (?), n. The practices or conduct of a scoundrel; baseness; rascality. Cotgrave.

Scour (skour), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scoured (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scouring.] [Akin to LG. schüren, D. schuren, schueren, G. scheuern, Dan. skure; Sw. skura; all possibly fr. LL. escurare, fr. L. ex + curare to take care. Cf. Cure.] 1. To rub hard with something rough, as sand or Bristol brick, especially for the purpose of cleaning; to clean by friction; to make clean or bright; to cleanse from grease, dirt, etc., as articles of dress.

2. To purge; as, to scour a horse.

3. To remove by rubbing or cleansing; to sweep along or off; to carry away or remove, as by a current of water; -- often with off or away.

> [I will] stain my favors in a bloody mask,
> Which, washed away, shall scour my shame with it.

Shak.

4. [Perhaps a different word; cf. OF. escorre, escourre, It. scorrere, both fr. L. excurrere to run forth. Cf. Excursion.] To pass swiftly over; to brush along; to traverse or search thoroughly; as, to scour the coast.

> Not so when swift Camilla scours the plain.

Pope.

Scouring barrel, a tumbling barrel. See under Tumbling. -- Scouring cinder (Metal.), a basic slag, which attacks the lining of a shaft furnace. Raymond. -- Scouring rush. (Bot.) See Dutch rush, under Dutch. -- Scouring stock (Woolen Manuf.), a kind of fulling mill.

Scour, v. i. 1. To clean anything by rubbing. Shak.

2. To cleanse anything.

> Warm water is softer than cold, for it scoureth better.

Bacon.

3. To be purged freely; to have a diarrhœa.

4. To run swiftly; to rove or range in pursuit or search of something; to scamper.

> So four fierce coursers, starting to the race,
> Scour through the plain, and lengthen every pace.

Dryden.

Scour, n. Diarrhœa or dysentery among cattle.

Scour"age (?; 48), n. Refuse water after scouring.

Scour"er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, scours.

2. A rover or footpad; a prowling robber.

> In those days of highwaymen and scourers.

Macaulay.

Scourge (?), n. [F. escourgée, fr. L. excoriata (sc. scutica) a stripped off (lash or whip), fr. excoriare to strip, to skin. See Excoriate.] 1. A lash; a strap or cord; especially, a lash used to inflict pain or punishment; an instrument of punishment or discipline; a whip.

> Up to coach then goes
> The observed maid, takes both the scourge and reins.

Chapman.

2. Hence, a means of inflicting punishment, vengeance, or suffering; an infliction of affliction; a punishment.

> Sharp scourges of adversity.

Chaucer.

> What scourge for perjury
> Can this dark monarchy afford false Clarence?

Shak.

Scourge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scourged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scourging (?).] [From Scourge, n.: cf. OF. escorgier.] 1. To whip severely; to lash.

> Is it lawful for you to scourge a . . . Roman?

Acts xxii. 25.

2. To punish with severity; to chastise; to afflict, as for sins or faults, and with the purpose of correction.

> Whom the Lord loveth he chasteneth, and scourgeth every son whom he receiveth.

Heb. xii. 6.

3. To harass or afflict severely.

> To scourge and impoverish the people.

Brougham.

Scour"ger (?), n. One who scourges or punishes; one who afflicts severely.

> The West must own the scourger of the world.

Byron.

Scourse (skrs), v. t. See Scorse. [Obs.]

Scouse (skous), n. (Naut.) A sailor's dish. Bread scouse contains no meat; lobscouse contains meat, etc. See Lobscouse. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

Scout (skout), n. [Icel. skta a small craft or cutter.] A swift sailing boat. [Obs.]

> So we took a scout, very much pleased with the manner and conversation of the passengers.

Pepys.

Scout, n. [Icel. skta to jut out. Cf. Scout to reject.] A projecting rock. [Prov. Eng.] Wright.

Scout (skout), v. t. [Icel. skta a taunt; cf. Icel. skta to jut out, skota to shove, skjta to shoot, to shove. See Shoot.] To reject with contempt, as something absurd; to treat with ridicule; to flout; as, to scout an idea or an apology. "Flout 'em and scout 'em." Shak.

Scout, n. [OF. escoute scout, spy, fr. escouter, escolter, to listen, to hear, F. écouter, fr. L. auscultare, to hear with attention, to listen to. See Auscultation.] 1. A person sent out to gain and bring in tidings; especially, one employed in war to gain information of the movements and condition of an enemy.

> Scouts each coast light-armèd scour,
> Each quarter, to descry the distant foe.

Milton.

2. A college student's or undergraduate's servant; -- so called in Oxford, England; at Cambridge called a gyp; and at Dublin, a skip. [Cant]

3. (Cricket) A fielder in a game for practice.

4. The act of scouting or reconnoitering. [Colloq.]

> While the rat is on the scout.

Cowper.

Syn. -- Scout, Spy. -- In a military sense a scout is a soldier who does duty in his proper uniform, however hazardous his adventure. A spy is one who in disguise penetrates the enemies' lines, or lurks near them, to obtain information.

Scout, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scouted; p. pr. & vb. n. Scouting.] 1. To observe, watch, or look for, as a scout; to follow for the purpose of observation, as a scout.

> Take more men,
> And scout him round.

Beau. & Fl.

2. To pass over or through, as a scout; to reconnoiter; as, to scout a country.

Scout, v. i. To go on the business of scouting, or watching the motions of an enemy; to act as a scout.

> With obscure wing
> Scout far and wide into the realm of night.

Milton.

Scov"el (skv"'l), n. [OF. escouve, escouvette, broom, L. scopae, or cf. W. ysgubell, dim. of ysgub a broom.] A mop for sweeping ovens; a malkin.

Scow (skou), n. [D. schouw.] (Naut.) A large flat-bottomed boat, having broad, square ends.

Scow, v. t. To transport in a scow.

Scowl (skoul), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Scowled (skould); p. pr. & vb. n. Scowling.] [Akin to Dan. skule; cf. Icel. skolla to skulk, LG. schulen to hide one's self, D. schuilen, G. schielen to squint, Dan. skele, Sw. skela, AS. sceolh squinting. Cf. Skulk.] 1. To wrinkle the brows, as in frowning or displeasure; to put on a frowning look; to look sour, sullen, severe, or angry.

> She scowled and frowned with froward countenance.

Spenser.

2. Hence, to look gloomy, dark, or threatening; to lower. "The scowling heavens." Thomson.

Scowl, v. t. 1. To look at or repel with a scowl or a frown. Milton.

2. To express by a scowl; as, to scowl defiance.

Scowl, n. 1. The wrinkling of the brows or face in frowing; the expression of displeasure, sullenness, or discontent in the countenance; an angry frown.

> With solemn phiz, and critic scowl.

Lloyd.

2. Hence, gloom; dark or threatening aspect. Burns.

> A ruddy storm, whose scowl
> Made heaven's radiant face look foul.

Crashaw.

Scowl"ing*ly, adv. In a scowling manner.

Scrab"bed eggs` (?). [CF. Scramble.] A Lenten dish, composed of eggs boiled hard, chopped, and seasoned with butter, salt, and pepper. Halliwell.

Scrab"ble (skrb"b'l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Scrabbled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scrabbling (?).] [Freq. of scrape. Cf. Scramble, Scrawl, v. t.] 1. To scrape, paw, or scratch with the hands; to proceed by clawing with the hands and feet; to scramble; as, to scrabble up a cliff or a tree.

> Now after a while Little-faith came to himself, and getting up made shift to scrabble on his way.

Bunyan.

2. To make irregular, crooked, or unmeaning marks; to scribble; to scrawl.

> David . . . scrabbled on the doors of the gate.

1. Sam. xxi. 13.

Scrab"ble, v. t. To mark with irregular lines or letters; to scribble; as, to scrabble paper.

Scrab"ble, n. The act of scrabbling; a moving upon the hands and knees; a scramble; also, a scribble.

Scra"ber (?), n. [Cf. Scrabble.] (Zoöl.) (a) The Manx shearwater. (b) The black guillemot.

Scraf"fle (skrf"f'l), v. i. [See Scramble: cf. OD. schraeffelen to scrape.] To scramble or struggle; to wrangle; also, to be industrious. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Scrag (skrg), n. [Cf. dial. Sw. skraka a great dry tree, a long, lean man, Gael. sgreagach dry, shriveled, rocky. See Shrink, and cf. Scrog, Shrag, n.] 1. Something thin, lean, or rough; a bony piece; especially, a bony neckpiece of meat; hence, humorously or in contempt, the neck.

> Lady MacScrew, who . . . serves up a scrag of mutton on silver.

Thackeray.

2. A rawboned person. [Low] Halliwell.

3. A ragged, stunted tree or branch.

Scrag whale (Zoöl.), a North Atlantic whalebone whale (Agaphelus gibbosus). By some it is considered the young of the right whale.

Scrag"ged (?), a. 1. Rough with irregular points, or a broken surface; scraggy; as, a scragged backbone.

2. Lean and rough; scraggy.

Scrag"ged*ness, n. Quality or state of being scragged.

Scrag"gi*ly (?), adv. In a scraggy manner.

Scrag"gi*ness, n. The quality or state of being scraggy; scraggedness.

Scrag"gy (?), a. [Compar. Scragger (?); superl. Scraggiest.] 1. Rough with irregular points; scragged. "A scraggy rock." J. Philips.

2. Lean and rough; scragged. "His sinewy, scraggy neck." Sir W. Scott.

Scrag"ly, a. See Scraggy.

Scrag"-necked` (?), a. Having a scraggy neck.

Scram"ble (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Scrambled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scrambling (?).] [Freq. of Prov. E. scramb to rake together with the hands, or of scramp to snatch at. cf. Scrabble.] 1. To clamber with hands and knees; to scrabble; as, to scramble up a cliff; to scramble over the rocks.

2. To struggle eagerly with others for something thrown upon the ground; to go down upon all fours to seize something; to catch rudely at what is desired.

> Of other care they little reckoning make,
> Than how to scramble at the shearer's feast.

Milton.

Scram"ble (?), v. t. 1. To collect by scrambling; as, to scramble up wealth. Marlowe.

2. To prepare (eggs) as a dish for the table, by stirring the yolks and whites together while cooking.

Scram"ble, n. 1. The act of scrambling, climbing on all fours, or clambering.

2. The act of jostling and pushing for something desired; eager and unceremonious struggle for what is thrown or held out; as, a scramble for office.

> Scarcity [of money] enhances its price, and increases the scramble.

Locke.

Scram"bler (?), n. 1. One who scrambles; one who climbs on all fours.

2. A greedy and unceremonious contestant.

Scram"bling (?), a. Confused and irregular; awkward; scambling. -- Scram"bling*ly, adv.

> A huge old scrambling bedroom.

Sir W. Scott.

Scranch (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scranched (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scranching.] [Cf. D. schransen to eat greedily, G. schranzen. Cf. Crunch, Scrunch.] To grind with the teeth, and with a crackling sound; to craunch. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U. S.]

Scrank"y (?), a. Thin; lean. [Scot.]

Scran"nel (?), a. [Cf. Scrawny.] Slight; thin; lean; poor.

> Grate on their scrannel pipes of wretched straw.

Milton.

Scran"ny (?), a. [See Scrannel.] Thin; lean; meager; scrawny; scrannel. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Scrap (skrp), n. [OE. scrappe, fr. Icel. skrap trifle, cracking. See Scrape, v. t.] 1. Something scraped off; hence, a small piece; a bit; a fragment; a detached, incomplete portion.

> I have no materials -- not a scrap.

De Quincey.

2. Specifically, a fragment of something written or printed; a brief excerpt; an unconnected extract.

3. pl. The crisp substance that remains after drying out animal fat; as, pork scraps.

4. pl. Same as Scrap iron, below.

Scrap forgings, forgings made from wrought iron scrap. -- Scrap iron. (a) Cuttings and waste pieces of wrought iron from which bar iron or forgings can be made; -- called also wrought-iron scrap. (b) Fragments of cast iron or defective castings suitable for remelting in the foundry; -- called also foundry scrap, or cast scrap.

Scrap"book` (?), n. A blank book in which extracts cut from books and papers may be pasted and kept.

Scrape (skrp), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scraped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scraping.] [Icel. skrapa; akin to Sw. skrapa, Dan. skrabe, D. schrapen, schrabben, G. schrappen, and prob. to E. sharp.] 1. To rub over the surface of (something) with a sharp or rough instrument; to rub over with something that roughens by removing portions of the surface; to grate harshly over; to abrade; to make even, or bring to a required condition or form, by moving the sharp edge of an instrument breadthwise over the surface with pressure, cutting away excesses and superfluous parts; to make smooth or clean; as, to scrape a bone with a knife; to scrape a metal plate to an even surface.

2. To remove by rubbing or scraping (in the sense above).

> I will also scrape her dust from her, and make her like the top of a rock.

Ezek. xxvi. 4.

3. To collect by, or as by, a process of scraping; to gather in small portions by laborious effort; hence, to acquire avariciously and save penuriously; -- often followed by together or up; as, to scrape money together.

> The prelatical party complained that, to swell a number the nonconformists did not choose, but scrape, subscribers.

Fuller.

4. To express disapprobation of, as a play, or to silence, as a speaker, by drawing the feet back and forth upon the floor; -- usually with down. Macaulay.

To scrape acquaintance, to seek acquaintance otherwise than by an introduction. Farquhar.

> He tried to scrape acquaintance with her, but failed ignominiously.

G. W. Cable.

Scrape, v. i. 1. To rub over the surface of anything with something which roughens or removes it, or which smooths or cleans it; to rub harshly and noisily along.

2. To occupy one's self with getting laboriously; as, he scraped and saved until he became rich. "[Spend] their scraping fathers' gold." Shak.

3. To play awkwardly and inharmoniously on a violin or like instrument.

4. To draw back the right foot along the ground or floor when making a bow.

Scrape, n. 1. The act of scraping; also, the effect of scraping, as a scratch, or a harsh sound; as, a noisy scrape on the floor; a scrape of a pen.

2. A drawing back of the right foot when bowing; also, a bow made with that accompaniment. H. Spencer.

3. A disagreeable and embarrassing predicament out of which one can not get without undergoing, as it were, a painful rubbing or scraping; a perplexity; a difficulty.

> The too eager pursuit of this his old enemy through thick and thin has led him into many of these scrapes.

Bp. Warburton.

Scrape"pen`ny (?), n. One who gathers and hoards money in trifling sums; a miser.

Scrap"er (?), n. 1. An instrument with which anything is scraped. Specifically: (a) An instrument by which the soles of shoes are cleaned from mud and the like, by drawing them across it. (b) An instrument drawn by oxen or horses, used for scraping up earth in making or repairing roads, digging cellars, canals etc. (c) (Naut.) An instrument having two or three sharp sides or edges, for cleaning the planks, masts, or decks of a ship. (d) (Lithography) In the printing press, a board, or blade, the edge of which is made to rub over the tympan sheet and thus produce the impression.

2. One who scrapes. Specifically: (a) One who plays awkwardly on a violin. (b) One who acquires avariciously and saves penuriously.

Scrap"ing (?), n. 1. The act of scraping; the act or process of making even, or reducing to the proper form, by means of a scraper.

2. Something scraped off; that which is separated from a substance, or is collected by scraping; as, the scraping of the street.

Scrap"ing, a. Resembling the act of, or the effect produced by, one who, or that which, scrapes; as, a scraping noise; a scraping miser. -- Scrap"ing*ly, adv.

Scrap"pi*ly (?), adv. In a scrappy manner; in scraps. Mary Cowden Clarke.

Scrap"py (?), a. Consisting of scraps; fragmentary; lacking unity or consistency; as, a scrappy lecture.

> A dreadfully scrappy dinner.

Thackeray.

Scrat (?), v. t. [OE. scratten. Cf. Scratch.] To scratch. [Obs.] Burton.

Scrat, v. i. To rake; to search. [Obs.] Mir. for Mag.

Scrat, n. [Cf. AS. scritta an hermaphrodite, Ir. scrut a scrub, a low, mean person, Gael. sgrut, sgruit, an old, shriveled person.] An hermaphrodite. [Obs.] Skinner.

Scratch (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scratched (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scratching.] [OE. cracchen (perhaps influenced by OE. scratten to scratch); cf. OHG. chrazzn, G. kratzen, OD. kratsen, kretsen, D. krassen, Sw. kratsa to scrape, kratta to rake, to scratch, Dan. kradse to scratch, to scrape, Icel. krota to engrave. Cf. Grate to rub.] 1. To rub and tear or mark the surface of with something sharp or ragged; to scrape, roughen, or wound slightly by drawing something pointed or rough across, as the claws, the nails, a pin, or the like.

> Small sand-colored stones, so hard as to scratch glass.

Grew.

> Be mindful, when invention fails,
> To scratch your head, and bite your nails.

Swift.

2. To write or draw hastily or awkwardly. "Scratch out a pamphlet." Swift.

3. To cancel by drawing one or more lines through, as the name of a candidate upon a ballot, or of a horse in a list; hence, to erase; to efface; -- often with out.

4. To dig or excavate with the claws; as, some animals scratch holes, in which they burrow.

To scratch a ticket, to cancel one or more names of candidates on a party ballot; to refuse to vote the party ticket in its entirety. [U. S.]

Scratch, v. i. 1. To use the claws or nails in tearing or in digging; to make scratches.

> Dull, tame things, . . . that will neither bite nor scratch.

Dr. H. More.

2. (Billiards) To score, not by skillful play but by some fortunate chance of the game. [Cant, U. S.]

Scratch, n. 1. A break in the surface of a thing made by scratching, or by rubbing with anything pointed or rough; a slight wound, mark, furrow, or incision.

> The coarse file . . . makes deep scratches in the work.

Moxon.

> These nails with scratches deform my breast.

Prior.

> God forbid a shallow scratch should drive
> The prince of Wales from such a field as this.

Shak.

2. (Pugilistic Matches) A line across the prize ring; up to which boxers are brought when they join fight; hence, test, trial, or proof of courage; as, to bring to the scratch; to come up to the scratch. [Cant] Grose.

3. pl. (Far.) Minute, but tender and troublesome, excoriations, covered with scabs, upon the heels of horses which have been used where it is very wet or muddy. Law (Farmer's Veter. Adviser).

4. A kind of wig covering only a portion of the head.

5. (Billiards) A shot which scores by chance and not as intended by the player; a fluke. [Cant, U. S.]

Scratch cradle. See Cratch cradle, under Cratch. -- Scratch grass (Bot.), a climbing knotweed (Polygonum sagittatum) with a square stem beset with fine recurved prickles along the angles. -- Scratch wig. Same as Scratch, 4, above. Thackeray.

Scratch, a. Made, done, or happening by chance; arranged with little or no preparation; determined by circumstances; haphazard; as, a scratch team; a scratch crew for a boat race; a scratch shot in billiards. [Slang]

Scratch race, one without restrictions regarding the entrance of competitors; also, one for which the competitors are chosen by lot.

Scratch"back` (?), n. A toy which imitates the sound of tearing cloth, -- used by drawing it across the back of unsuspecting persons. [Eng.]

Scratch"brush` (?), n. A stiff wire brush for cleaning iron castings and other metal.

Scratch" coat` (?). The first coat in plastering; -- called also scratchwork. See Pricking-up.

Scratch"er (?), n. One who, or that which, scratches; specifically (Zoöl.), any rasorial bird.

Scratch"ing, adv. With the action of scratching.

Scratch"weed` (?), n. (Bot.) Cleavers.

Scratch"work` (?), n. See Scratch coat.

Scratch"y (?), a. Characterized by scratches.

Scraw (skr), n. [Ir. scrath a turf, sgraith a turf, green sod; akin to Gael. sgrath, sgroth, the outer skin of anything, a turf, a green sod.] A turf. [Obs.] Swift.

Scrawl (?), v. i. See Crawl. [Obs.] Latimer.

Scrawl, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scrawled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scrawling.] [Probably corrupted from scrabble.] To draw or mark awkwardly and irregularly; to write hastily and carelessly; to scratch; to scribble; as, to scrawl a letter.

> His name, scrawled by himself.

Macaulay.

Scrawl, v. i. To write unskillfully and inelegantly.

> Though with a golden pen you scrawl.

Swift.

Scrawl (skrl), n. Unskillful or inelegant writing; that which is unskillfully or inelegantly written.

> The left hand will make such a scrawl, that it will not be legible.

Arbuthnot.

> You bid me write no more than a scrawl to you.

Gray.

Scrawl"er (-r), n. One who scrawls; a hasty, awkward writer.

Scraw"ny (?), a. [Cf. Scrannel.] Meager; thin; rawboned; bony; scranny.

Scray (?), n. [Cf. W. ysgräen, ysgräell, a sea swallow, Armor. skrav.] (Zoöl.) A tern; the sea swallow. [Prov. Eng.] [Written also scraye.]

Scre"a*ble (?), a. [L. screare to hawk, spit out.] Capable of being spit out. [Obs.] Bailey.

Screak (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Screaked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Screaking.] [Cf. Icel. skrækja to screech. Cf. Creak, v., Screech.] To utter suddenly a sharp, shrill sound; to screech; to creak, as a door or wheel.

Screak, n. A creaking; a screech; a shriek. Bp. Bull.

Scream (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Screamed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Screaming.] [Icel. skræma to scare, terrify; akin to Sw. skräma, Dan. skræmme. Cf. Screech.] To cry out with a shrill voice; to utter a sudden, sharp outcry, or shrill, loud cry, as in fright or extreme pain; to shriek; to screech.

> I heard the owl scream and the crickets cry.

Shak.

> And scream thyself as none e'er screamed before.

Pope.

Scream, n. A sharp, shrill cry, uttered suddenly, as in terror or in pain; a shriek; a screech. "Screams of horror." Pope.

Scream"er (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any one of three species of South American birds constituting the family Anhimidæ, and the suborder Palamedeæ. They have two spines on each wing, and the head is either crested or horned. They are easily tamed, and then serve as guardians for other poultry. The crested screamers, or chajas, belong to the genus Chauna. The horned screamer, or kamichi, is Palamedea cornuta.

Scream"ing, a. 1. Uttering screams; shrieking.

2. Having the nature of a scream; like a scream; shrill; sharp.

> The fearful matrons raise a screaming cry.

Dryden.

Scree (skr), n. A pebble; a stone; also, a heap of stones or rocky débris. [Prov. Eng.] Southey.

Screech (skrch), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Screeched (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Screeching.] [Also formerly, scritch, OE. skriken, skrichen, schriken, of Scand. origin; cf. Icel. skrækja to shriek, to screech, skrkja to titter, Sw. skrika to shriek, Dan. skrige; also Gael. sgreach, sgreuch, W. ysgrechio, Skr. kharj to creak. Cf. Shriek, v., Scream, v.] To utter a harsh, shrill cry; to make a sharp outcry, as in terror or acute pain; to scream; to shriek. "The screech owl, screeching loud." Shak.

Screech, n. A harsh, shrill cry, as of one in acute pain or in fright; a shriek; a scream.

Screech bird, or Screech thrush (Zoöl.), the fieldfare; -- so called from its harsh cry before rain. -- Screech rain. -- Screech hawk (Zoöl.), the European goatsucker; -- so called from its note. [Prov. Eng.] -- Screech owl. (Zoöl.) (a) A small American owl (Scops asio), either gray or reddish in color. (b) The European barn owl. The name is applied also to other species.

Screech"ers (?), n. pl. (Zoöl.) The picarian birds, as distinguished from the singing birds.

Screech"y (?), a. Like a screech; shrill and harsh.

Screed (skrd), n. [Prov. E., a shred, the border of a cap. See Shred.] 1. (Arch.) (a) A strip of plaster of the thickness proposed for the coat, applied to the wall at intervals of four or five feet, as a guide. (b) A wooden straightedge used to lay across the plaster screed, as a limit for the thickness of the coat.

2. A fragment; a portion; a shred. [Scot.]

Screed, n. [See 1st Screed. For sense 2 cf. also Gael. sgread an outcry.] 1. A breach or rent; a breaking forth into a loud, shrill sound; as, martial screeds.

2. An harangue; a long tirade on any subject.

> The old carl gae them a screed of doctrine; ye might have heard him a mile down the wind.

Sir W. Scott.

Screen (skrn), n. [OE. scren, OF. escrein, escran, F. écran, of uncertain origin; cf. G. schirm a screen, OHG. scirm, scerm a protection, shield, or G. schragen a trestle, a stack of wood, or G. schranne a railing.] 1. Anything that separates or cuts off inconvenience, injury, or danger; that which shelters or conceals from view; a shield or protection; as, a fire screen.

> Your leavy screens throw down.

Shak.

> Some ambitious men seem as screens to princes in matters of danger and envy.

Bacon.

2. (Arch.) A dwarf wall or partition carried up to a certain height for separation and protection, as in a church, to separate the aisle from the choir, or the like.

3. A surface, as that afforded by a curtain, sheet, wall, etc., upon which an image, as a picture, is thrown by a magic lantern, solar microscope, etc.

4. A long, coarse riddle or sieve, sometimes a revolving perforated cylinder, used to separate the coarser from the finer parts, as of coal, sand, gravel, and the like.

Screen (skrn), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Screened (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Screening.] 1. To provide with a shelter or means of concealment; to separate or cut off from inconvenience, injury, or danger; to shelter; to protect; to protect by hiding; to conceal; as, fruits screened from cold winds by a forest or hill.

> They were encouraged and screened by some who were in high commands.

Macaulay.

2. To pass, as coal, gravel, ashes, etc., through a screen in order to separate the coarse from the fine, or the worthless from the valuable; to sift.

Screen"ings (?), n. pl. The refuse left after screening sand, coal, ashes, etc.

Screw (skr), n. [OE. scrue, OF. escroue, escroe, female screw, F. écrou, L. scrobis a ditch, trench, in LL., the hole made by swine in rooting; cf. D. schroef a screw, G. schraube, Icel. skrfa.] 1. A cylinder, or a cylindrical perforation, having a continuous rib, called the thread, winding round it spirally at a constant inclination, so as to leave a continuous spiral groove between one turn and the next, -- used chiefly for producing, when revolved, motion or pressure in the direction of its axis, by the sliding of the threads of the cylinder in the grooves between the threads of the perforation adapted to it, the former being distinguished as the external, or male screw, or, more usually the screw; the latter as the internal, or female screw, or, more usually, the nut.

The screw, as a mechanical power, is a modification of the inclined plane, and may be regarded as a right-angled triangle wrapped round a cylinder, the hypotenuse of the marking the spiral thread of the screw, its base equaling the circumference of the cylinder, and its height the pitch of the thread.

2. Specifically, a kind of nail with a spiral thread and a head with a nick to receive the end of the screw-driver. Screws are much used to hold together pieces of wood or to fasten something; -- called also wood screws, and screw nails. See also Screw bolt, below.

3. Anything shaped or acting like a screw; esp., a form of wheel for propelling steam vessels. It is placed at the stern, and furnished with blades having helicoidal surfaces to act against the water in the manner of a screw. See Screw propeller, below.

4. A steam vesel propelled by a screw instead of wheels; a screw steamer; a propeller.

5. An extortioner; a sharp bargainer; a skinflint; a niggard. Thackeray.

6. An instructor who examines with great or unnecessary severity; also, a searching or strict examination of a student by an instructor. [Cant, American Colleges]

7. A small packet of tobacco. [Slang] Mayhew.

8. An unsound or worn-out horse, useful as a hack, and commonly of good appearance. Ld. Lytton.

9. (Math.) A straight line in space with which a definite linear magnitude termed the pitch is associated (cf. 5th Pitch, 10 (b)). It is used to express the displacement of a rigid body, which may always be made to consist of a rotation about an axis combined with a translation parallel to that axis.

10. (Zoöl.) An amphipod crustacean; as, the skeleton screw (Caprella). See Sand screw, under Sand.

Archimedes screw, Compound screw, Foot screw, etc. See under Archimedes, Compound, Foot, etc. -- A screw loose, something out of order, so that work is not done smoothly; as, there is a screw loose somewhere. H. Martineau. -- Endless, or perpetual, screw, a screw used to give motion to a toothed wheel by the action of its threads between the teeth of the wheel; -- called also a worm. -- Lag screw. See under Lag. -- Micrometer screw, a screw with fine threads, used for the measurement of very small spaces. -- Right and left screw, a screw having threads upon the opposite ends which wind in opposite directions. -- Screw alley. See Shaft alley, under Shaft. -- Screw bean. (Bot.) (a) The curious spirally coiled pod of a leguminous tree (Prosopis pubescens) growing from Texas to California. It is used for fodder, and ground into meal by the Indians. (b) The tree itself. Its heavy hard wood is used for fuel, for fencing, and for railroad ties. -- Screw bolt, a bolt having a screw thread on its shank, in distinction from a key bolt. See 1st Bolt, 3. -- Screw box, a device, resembling a die, for cutting the thread on a wooden screw. -- Screw dock. See under Dock. -- Screw engine, a marine engine for driving a screw propeller. -- Screw gear. See Spiral gear, under Spiral. -- Screw jack. Same as Jackscrew. -- Screw key, a wrench for turning a screw or nut; a spanner wrench. -- Screw machine. (a) One of a series of machines employed in the manufacture of wood screws. (b) A machine tool resembling a lathe, having a number of cutting tools that can be caused to act on the work successively, for making screws and other turned pieces from metal rods. -- Screw pine (Bot.), any plant of the endogenous genus Pandanus, of which there are about fifty species, natives of tropical lands from Africa to Polynesia; -- named from the spiral arrangement of the pineapple-like leaves. -- Screw plate, a device for cutting threads on small screws, consisting of a thin steel plate having a series of perforations with internal screws forming dies. -- Screw press, a press in which pressure is exerted by means of a screw. -- Screw propeller, a screw or spiral bladed wheel, used in the propulsion of steam vessels; also, a steam vessel propelled by a screw. -- Screw shell (Zoöl.), a long, slender, spiral gastropod shell, especially of the genus Turritella and allied genera. See Turritella. -- Screw steamer, a steamship propelled by a screw. -- Screw thread, the spiral rib which forms a screw. -- Screw stone (Paleon.), the fossil stem of an encrinite. -- Screw tree (Bot.), any plant of the genus Helicteres, consisting of about thirty species of tropical shrubs, with simple leaves and spirally twisted, five-celled capsules; -- also called twisted-horn, and twisty. -- Screw valve, a stop valve which is opened or closed by a screw. -- Screw worm (Zoöl.), the larva of an American fly (Compsomyia macellaria), allied to the blowflies, which sometimes deposits its eggs in the nostrils, or about wounds, in man and other animals, with fatal results. -- Screw wrench. (a) A wrench for turning a screw. (b) A wrench with an adjustable jaw that is moved by a screw. -- To put the screw, or screws, on, to use pressure upon, as for the purpose of extortion; to coerce. -- To put under the screw or screws, to subject to pressure; to force. -- Wood screw, a metal screw with a sharp thread of coarse pitch, adapted to holding fast in wood. See Illust. of Wood screw, under Wood.

Screw (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Screwed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Screwing.] 1. To turn, as a screw; to apply a screw to; to press, fasten, or make firm, by means of a screw or screws; as, to screw a lock on a door; to screw a press.

2. To force; to squeeze; to press, as by screws.

> But screw your courage to the sticking place,
> And we'll not fail.

Shak.

3. Hence: To practice extortion upon; to oppress by unreasonable or extortionate exactions.

> Our country landlords, by unmeasurable screwing and racking their tenants, have already reduced the miserable people to a worse condition than the peasants in France.

swift.

4. To twist; to distort; as, to screw his visage.

> He screwed his face into a hardened smile.

Dryden.

5. To examine rigidly, as a student; to subject to a severe examination. [Cant, American Colleges]

To screw out, to press out; to extort. - - To screw up, to force; to bring by violent pressure. Howell. -- To screw in, to force in by turning or twisting.

Screw, v. i. 1. To use violent mans in making exactions; to be oppressive or exacting. Howitt.

2. To turn one's self uneasily with a twisting motion; as, he screws about in his chair.

Screw"-cut`ting (?), a. Adapted for forming a screw by cutting; as, a screw-cutting lathe.

Screw"-driv`er (?), n. A tool for turning screws so as to drive them into their place. It has a thin end which enters the nick in the head of the screw.

Screw"er (?), n. One who, or that which, screws.

Screw"ing, a. & n. from Screw, v. t.

Screwing machine. See Screw machine, under Screw.

Scrib"a*ble (?), a. [See Scribe.] Capable of being written, or of being written upon. [R.]

Scri*ba"tious (?), a. [See Scribe.] Skillful in, or fond of, writing. [Obs.] Barrow.

Scrib"bet (?), n. A painter's pencil.

Scrib"ble (?), v. t. [Cf. Scrabble.] (Woolen Manuf.) To card coarsely; to run through the scribbling machine.

Scrib"ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scribbled (-b'ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Scribbling (-blng).] [From Scribe.] 1. To write hastily or carelessly, without regard to correctness or elegance; as, to scribble a letter.

2. To fill or cover with careless or worthless writing.

Scrib"ble, v. i. To write without care, elegance, or value; to scrawl.

> If Mævius scribble in Apollo's spite.

Pope.

Scrib"ble, n. Hasty or careless writing; a writing of little value; a scrawl; as, a hasty scribble. Boyle.

> Neither did I but vacant seasons spend
> In this my scribble.

Bunyan.

Scrib"ble*ment (?), n. A scribble. [R.] Foster.

Scrib"bler (?), n. One who scribbles; a petty author; a writer of no reputation; a literary hack.

> The scribbler, pinched with hunger, writes to dine.

Granville.

Scrib"bler, n. A scribbling machine.

Scrib"bling (?), n. [See 1st Scribble.] The act or process of carding coarsely.

Scribbling machine, the machine used for the first carding of wool or other fiber; -- called also scribbler.

Scrib"bling, a. Writing hastily or poorly.

> Ye newspaper witlings! ye pert scribbling folks!

Goldsmith.

Scrib"bling, n. The act of writing hastily or idly.

Scrib"bling*ly, adv. In a scribbling manner.

Scribe (skrb), n. [L. scriba, fr. scribere to write; cf. Gr. ska`rifos a splinter, pencil, style (for writing), E. scarify. Cf. Ascribe, Describe, Script, Scrivener, Scrutoire.] 1. One who writes; a draughtsman; a writer for another; especially, an offical or public writer; an amanuensis or secretary; a notary; a copyist.

2. (Jewish Hist.) A writer and doctor of the law; one skilled in the law and traditions; one who read and explained the law to the people.

Scribe (skrb), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scribed (skrbd); p. pr. & vb. n. Scribing.] 1. To write, engrave, or mark upon; to inscribe. Spenser.

2. (Carp.) To cut (anything) in such a way as to fit closely to a somewhat irregular surface, as a baseboard to a floor which is out of level, a board to the curves of a molding, or the like; -- so called because the workman marks, or scribes, with the compasses the line that he afterwards cuts.

3. To score or mark with compasses or a scribing iron.

Scribing iron, an iron-pointed instrument for scribing, or marking, casks and logs.

Scribe, v. i. To make a mark.

> With the separated points of a pair of spring dividers scribe around the edge of the templet.

A. M. Mayer.

Scrib"er (?), n. A sharp-pointed tool, used by joiners for drawing lines on stuff; a marking awl.

Scrib"ism (?), n. The character and opinions of a Jewish scribe in the time of Christ. F. W. Robertson.

Scrid (?), n. A screed; a shred; a fragment. [R.]

Scrig"gle (?), v. i. To wriggle. [Prov. Eng.]

Scrim (?), n. 1. A kind of light cotton or linen fabric, often woven in openwork patterns, -- used for curtains, etc,; -- called also India scrim.

2. pl. Thin canvas glued on the inside of panels to prevent shrinking, checking, etc.

Scri"mer (?), n. [F. escrimeur. See Skirmish.] A fencing master. [Obs.] Shak.

Scrim"mage (?; 48), n. [A corruption of skirmish. "Sore scrymmishe." Ld. Berners.] [Written also scrummage.] 1. Formerly, a skirmish; now, a general row or confused fight or struggle.

2. (Football) The struggle in the rush lines after the ball is put in play.

Scrimp (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scrimped (?; 215); p. pr. & vb. n. Scrimping.] [Cf. Dan. skrumpe, G. schrumpfen, D. krimpen. Cf. Shrimp, Shrink.] To make too small or short; to limit or straiten; to put on short allowance; to scant; to contract; to shorten; as, to scrimp the pattern of a coat.

Scrimp, a. Short; scanty; curtailed.

Scrimp, n. A pinching miser; a niggard. [U.S.]

Scrimp"ing, a. & n. from Scrimp, v. t.

Scrimping bar, a device used in connection with a calico printing machine for stretching the fabric breadthwise so that it may be smooth for printing. Knight.

Scrimp"ing*ly, adv. In a scrimping manner.

Scrimp"ness, n. The state of being scrimp.

Scrimp"tion (?), n. A small portion; a pittance; a little bit. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Scrim"shaw` (?), v. t. To ornament, as shells, ivory, etc., by engraving, and (usually) rubbing pigments into the incised lines. [Sailor's cant. U.S.]

Scrim"shaw`, n. A shell, a whale's tooth, or the like, that is scrimshawed. [Sailor's cant, U.S.]

Scrine (?), n. [L. scrinium a case for books, letters, etc.: cf. OF. escrin, F. écrin. See Shrine.] A chest, bookcase, or other place, where writings or curiosities are deposited; a shrine. [Obs.]

> But laid them up in immortal scrine.

Spenser.

Scringe (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Scringed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scringing (?).] [Cf. Cringe.] To cringe. [Prov. Eng. & Local, U.S.]

Scrip (?), n. [OE. scrippe, probably of Scand. origin; cf. Icel. & OSw. skreppa, and also LL. scrippum, OF. esquerpe, escrepe, F. écharpe scarf. Cf. Scrap, Scarf a piece of dress.] A small bag; a wallet; a satchel. [Archaic] Chaucer.

> And in requital ope his leathern scrip.

Milton.

Scrip, n. [From script.] 1. A small writing, certificate, or schedule; a piece of paper containing a writing.

> Call them generally, man by man, according to the scrip.

Shak.

> Bills of exchange can not pay our debts abroad, till scrips of paper can be made current coin.

Locke.

2. A preliminary certificate of a subscription to the capital of a bank, railroad, or other company, or for a share of other joint property, or a loan, stating the amount of the subscription and the date of the payment of the installments; as, insurance scrip, consol scrip, etc. When all the installments are paid, the scrip is exchanged for a bond share certificate.

3. Paper fractional currency. [Colloq.U.S.]

Scrip"page (?; 48), n. The contents of a scrip, or wallet. [Obs.] Shak.

Script (?), n. [OE. scrit, L. scriptum something written, fr. scribere, scriptum to write: cf. OF. escript, escrit, F. écrit. See Scribe, and cf. Scrip a writing.] 1. A writing; a written document. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. (Print.) Type made in imitation of handwriting.

3. (Law) An original instrument or document.

4. Written characters; style of writing.

Scrip*to"ri*um (?), n.; pl. Scriptoria (#). [LL. See Scriptory.] In an abbey or monastery, the room set apart for writing or copying manuscripts; in general, a room devoted to writing.

> Writing rooms, or scriptoria, where the chief works of Latin literature . . . were copied and illuminated.

J. R. Green.

Scrip"to*ry (?), a. [L. scriptorius, fr. scribere, scriptum to write.] Of or pertaining to writing; expressed in writing; used in writing; as, scriptory wills; a scriptory reed. [R.] Swift.

Scrip"tur*al (?; 135), a. Contained in the Scriptures; according to the Scriptures, or sacred oracles; biblical; as, a scriptural doctrine.

Scrip"tur*al*ism (?), n. The quality or state of being scriptural; literal adherence to the Scriptures.

Scrip"tur*al*ist, n. One who adheres literally to the Scriptures.

Scrip"tur*al*ly, adv. In a scriptural manner.

Scrip"tur*al*ness, n. Quality of being scriptural.

Scrip"ture (?; 135), n. [L. scriptura, fr. scribere, scriptum, to write: cf. OF. escripture, escriture, F. écriture. See Scribe.] 1. Anything written; a writing; a document; an inscription.

> I have put it in scripture and in remembrance.

Chaucer.

> Then the Lord of Manny read the scripture on the tomb, the which was in Latin.

Ld. Berners.

2. The books of the Old and the New Testament, or of either of them; the Bible; -- used by way of eminence or distinction, and chiefly in the plural.

> There is not any action a man ought to do, or to forbear, but the Scripture will give him a clear precept or prohibition for it.

South.

> Compared with the knowledge which the Scriptures contain, every other subject of human inquiry is vanity.

Buckminster.

3. A passage from the Bible; a text.

> The devil can cite Scripture for his purpose.

Shak.

> Hanging by the twined thread of one doubtful Scripture.

Milton.

Scrip*tu"ri*an (?), n. A Scripturist. [Obs.]

Scrip"tur*ist (?; 135), n. One who is strongly attached to, or versed in, the Scriptures, or who endeavors to regulate his life by them.

> The Puritan was a Scripturist, -- a Scripturist with all his heart, if as yet with imperfect intelligence . . . he cherished the scheme of looking to the Word of God as his sole and universal directory.

Palfrey.

Scrit (?), n. [See Script.] Writing; document; scroll. [Obs.] "Of every scrit and bond." Chaucer.

Scritch (?), n. A screech. [R.]

> Perhaps it is the owlet's scritch.

Coleridge.

Scrive"ner (? or ?), n. [From older scrivein, OF. escrivain, F. écrivain, LL. scribanus, from L. scribere to write. See Scribe.] 1. A professional writer; one whose occupation is to draw contracts or prepare writings. Shak.

> The writer better scrivener than clerk.

Fuller.

2. One whose business is to place money at interest; a broker. [Obs.] Dryden.

3. A writing master. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Scrivener's palsy. See Writer's cramp, under Writer.

||Scro*bic"u*la (?), n.; pl. Scrobiculæ (#). [NL. See Scrobiculate.] (Zoöl.) One of the smooth areas surrounding the tubercles of a sea urchin.

Scro*bic"u*lar (?), a. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to, or surrounding, scrobiculæ; as, scrobicular tubercles.

{ Scro*bic"u*late (?), Scro*bic"u*la`ted (?) }, a. [L. scrobiculus, dim. of scrobis a ditch or trench.] (Bot.) Having numerous small, shallow depressions or hollows; pitted.

{ Scrod (?), Scrode (?) }, n. A young codfish, especially when cut open on the back and dressed. [Written also escrod.] [Local, U.S.]

Scrod"dled ware` (?). Mottled pottery made from scraps of differently colored clays.

Scrof"u*la (?), n. [L. scrofulae, fr. scrofa a breeding sow, because swine were supposed to be subject to such a complaint, or by a fanciful comparison of the glandular swellings to little pigs; perhaps akin to Gr. &?; an old sow: cf. F. scrofules. Cf. Scroyle.] (Med.) A constitutional disease, generally hereditary, especially manifested by chronic enlargement and cheesy degeneration of the lymphatic glands, particularly those of the neck, and marked by a tendency to the development of chronic intractable inflammations of the skin, mucous membrane, bones, joints, and other parts, and by a diminution in the power of resistance to disease or injury and the capacity for recovery. Scrofula is now generally held to be tuberculous in character, and may develop into general or local tuberculosis (consumption).

Scrof"u*lide (? or ?), n. (Med.) Any affection of the skin dependent on scrofula.

Scrof"u*lous (?), a. [Cf. F. scrofuleux.] 1. Pertaining to scrofula, or partaking of its nature; as, scrofulous tumors; a scrofulous habit of body.

2. Diseased or affected with scrofula.

> Scrofulous persons can never be duly nourished.

Arbuthnot.

-- Scrof"u*lous*ly, adv. -- Scrof"u*lous*ness, n.

Scrog (?), n. [Cf. Scrag, or Gael. sgrogag anything shriveled, from sgrog to compress, shrivel.] A stunted shrub, bush, or branch. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Scrog"gy (?), a. Abounding in scrog; also, twisted; stunted. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Halliwell.

Scroll (?), n. [A dim. of OE. scroue, scrowe (whence E. escrow), OF. escroe, escroue, F. écrou entry in the jail book, LL. scroa scroll, probably of Teutonic origin; cf. OD. schroode a strip, shred, slip of paper, akin to E. shred. Cf. Shred, Escrow.] 1. A roll of paper or parchment; a writing formed into a roll; a schedule; a list.

> The heavens shall be rolled together as a scroll.

Isa. xxxiv. 4.

> Here is the scroll of every man's name.

Shak.

2. (Arch.) An ornament formed of undulations giving off spirals or sprays, usually suggestive of plant form. Roman architectural ornament is largely of some scroll pattern.

3. A mark or flourish added to a person's signature, intended to represent a seal, and in some States allowed as a substitute for a seal. [U.S.] Burrill.

4. (Geom.) Same as Skew surface. See under Skew.

Linen scroll (Arch.) See under Linen. -- Scroll chuck (Mach.), an adjustable chuck, applicable to a lathe spindle, for centering and holding work, in which the jaws are adjusted and tightened simultaneously by turning a disk having in its face a spiral groove which is entered by teeth on the backs of the jaws. -- Scroll saw. See under Saw.

Scrolled (?), a. Formed like a scroll; contained in a scroll; adorned with scrolls; as, scrolled work.

||Scroph`u*la"ri*a (?), n. [NL. So called because it was reputed to be a remedy for scrofula.] (Bot.) A genus of coarse herbs having small flowers in panicled cymes; figwort.

Scroph`u*la`ri*a"ceous (?), a. (Bot.) Of or pertaining to a very large natural order of gamopetalous plants (Scrophulariaceæ, or Scrophularineæ), usually having irregular didynamous flowers and a two-celled pod. The order includes the mullein, foxglove, snapdragon, figwort, painted cup, yellow rattle, and some exotic trees, as the Paulownia.

Scro"tal (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the scrotum; as, scrotal hernia.

Scro"ti*form (?), a. [L. scrotum scrotum + -form.] Purse-shaped; pouch-shaped.

Scro"to*cele (?), n. [Scrotum + Gr. kh`lh a tumor: cf. F. scrotocèle.] (Med.) A rupture or hernia in the scrotum; scrotal hernia.

||Scro"tum (?), n. [L.] (Anat.) The bag or pouch which contains the testicles; the cod.

Scrouge (?), v. t. [Etymol. uncertain.] To crowd; to squeeze. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U.S.]

Scrow (? or ?), n. [See Escrow, Scroll.] 1. A scroll. [Obs.] Palsgrave.

2. A clipping from skins; a currier's cuttings.

Scroyle (skroil), n. [Cf. OF. escrouselle a kind of vermin, escrouelles, pl., scrofula, F. écrouelles, fr. (assumed) LL. scrofellae for L. scrofulae. See Scrofula, and cf. Cruels.] A mean fellow; a wretch. [Obs.] Shak.

Scrub (skrb), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scrubbed (skrbd); p. pr. & vb. n. Scrubbing.] [OE. scrobben, probably of Dutch or Scand. origin; cf. Dan. skrubbe, Sw. skrubba, D. schrobben, LG. schrubben.] To rub hard; to wash with rubbing; usually, to rub with a wet brush, or with something coarse or rough, for the purpose of cleaning or brightening; as, to scrub a floor, a doorplate.

Scrub, v. i. To rub anything hard, especially with a wet brush; to scour; hence, to be diligent and penurious; as, to scrub hard for a living.

Scrub, n. 1. One who labors hard and lives meanly; a mean fellow. "A sorry scrub." Bunyan.

> We should go there in as proper a manner as possible; nor altogether like the scrubs about us.

Goldsmith.

2. Something small and mean.

3. A worn-out brush. Ainsworth.

4. A thicket or jungle, often specified by the name of the prevailing plant; as, oak scrub, palmetto scrub, etc.

5. (Stock Breeding) One of the common live stock of a region of no particular breed or not of pure breed, esp. when inferior in size, etc. [U.S.]

Scrub bird (Zoöl.), an Australian passerine bird of the family Atrichornithidæ, as Atrichia clamosa; -- called also brush bird. -- Scrub oak (Bot.), the popular name of several dwarfish species of oak. The scrub oak of New England and the Middle States is Quercus ilicifolia, a scraggy shrub; that of the Southern States is a small tree (Q. Catesbæi); that of the Rocky Mountain region is Q. undulata, var. Gambelii. -- Scrub robin (Zoöl.), an Australian singing bird of the genus Drymodes.

Scrub, a. Mean; dirty; contemptible; scrubby.

> How solitary, how scrub, does this town look!

Walpole.

> No little scrub joint shall come on my board.

Swift.

Scrub game, a game, as of ball, by unpracticed players. -- Scrub race, a race between scrubs, or between untrained animals or contestants.

Scrub"bed (?), a. Dwarfed or stunted; scrubby.

Scrub"ber (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, scrubs; esp., a brush used in scrubbing.

2. (Gas Manuf.) A gas washer. See under Gas.

Scrub"board` (?), n. A baseboard; a mopboard.

Scrub"by (?), a. [Compar. Scrubbier (?); superl. Scrubbiest.] Of the nature of scrub; small and mean; stunted in growth; as, a scrubby cur. "Dense, scrubby woods." Duke of Argyll.

Scrub"stone` (?), n. A species of calciferous sandstone. [Prov. Eng.]

Scruff (?), n. [See Scurf.] Scurf. [Obs.]

Scruff, n. [Cf. Scuff.] The nape of the neck; the loose outside skin, as of the back of the neck.

Scrum"mage (?; 43), n. See Scrimmage.

Scrump"tious (?), a. Nice; particular; fastidious; excellent; fine. [Slang]

Scrunch (?), v. t. & v. i. [Cf. Scranch, Crunch.] To scranch; to crunch. Dickens.

Scru"ple (?), n. [L. scrupulus a small sharp or pointed stone, the twenty-fourth part of an ounce, a scruple, uneasiness, doubt, dim. of scrupus a rough or sharp stone, anxiety, uneasiness; perh. akin to Gr. &?; the chippings of stone, &?; a razor, Skr. kshura: cf. F. scrupule.] 1. A weight of twenty grains; the third part of a dram.

2. Hence, a very small quantity; a particle.

> I will not bate thee a scruple.

Shak.

3. Hesitation as to action from the difficulty of determining what is right or expedient; unwillingness, doubt, or hesitation proceeding from motives of conscience.

> He was made miserable by the conflict between his tastes and his scruples.

Macaulay.

To make scruple, to hesitate from conscientious motives; to scruple. Locke.

Scru"ple, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Scrupled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scrupling (?).] To be reluctant or to hesitate, as regards an action, on account of considerations of conscience or expedience.

> We are often over-precise, scrupling to say or do those things which lawfully we may.

Fuller.

> Men scruple at the lawfulness of a set form of divine worship.

South.

Scru"ple, v. t. 1. To regard with suspicion; to hesitate at; to question.

> Others long before them . . . scrupled more the books of heretics than of gentiles.

Milton.

2. To excite scruples in; to cause to scruple. [R.]

> Letters which did still scruple many of them.

E. Symmons.

Scru"pler (?), n. One who scruples.

Scru"pu*list (?), n. A scrupler. [Obs.]

Scru"pu*lize (?), v. t. To perplex with scruples; to regard with scruples. [Obs.] Bp. Montagu.

Scru`pu*los"i*ty (skr`p*ls"*t), n. [L. scrupulositas.] The quality or state of being scrupulous; doubt; doubtfulness respecting decision or action; caution or tenderness from the fear of doing wrong or offending; nice regard to exactness and propriety; precision.

> The first sacrilege is looked on with horror; but when they have made the breach, their scrupulosity soon retires.

Dr. H. More.

> Careful, even to scrupulosity, . . . to keep their Sabbath.

South.

Scru"pu*lous (?), a. [L. scrupulosus: cf. F. scrupuleux.] 1. Full of scruples; inclined to scruple; nicely doubtful; hesitating to determine or to act, from a fear of offending or of doing wrong.

> Abusing their liberty, to the offense of their weak brethren which were scrupulous.

Hooker.

2. Careful; cautious; exact; nice; as, scrupulous abstinence from labor; scrupulous performance of duties.

3. Given to making objections; captious. [Obs.]

> Equality of two domestic powers
> Breed scrupulous faction.

Shak.

4. Liable to be doubted; doubtful; nice. [Obs.]

> The justice of that cause ought to be evident; not obscure, not scrupulous.

Bacon.

Syn. -- Cautious; careful; conscientious; hesitating.

-- Scru"pu*lous*ly, adv. -- Scru"pu*lous*ness, n.

Scru"ta*ble (?), a. Discoverable by scrutiny, inquiry, or critical examination. [R.] Dr. H. More.

Scru*ta"tion (?), n. [L. scrutatio.] Search; scrutiny. [Obs.]

||Scru*ta"tor (?), n. [L.] One who scrutinizes; a close examiner or inquirer. Ayliffe.

Scru`ti*neer (?), n. A scrutinizer; specifically, an examiner of votes, as at an election.

Scru"ti*nize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scrutinized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scrutinizing (?).] [From Scrutiny.] To examine closely; to inspect or observe with critical attention; to regard narrowly; as, to scrutinize the measures of administration; to scrutinize the conduct or motives of individuals.

> Whose votes they were obliged to scrutinize.

Ayliffe.

> Those pronounced him youngest who scrutinized his face the closest.

G. W. Cable.

Scru"ti*nize, v. i. To make scrutiny.

Scru"ti*ni`zer (?), n. One who scrutinizes.

Scru"ti*nous (?), a. Closely examining, or inquiring; careful; strict. -- Scru"ti*nous*ly, adv.

Scru"ti*ny (?), n. [L. scrutinium, fr. scrutari to search carefully, originally, to search even to the rags, fr. scruta trash, trumpery; perhaps akin to E. shred: cf. AS. scrudnian to make scrutiny.] 1. Close examination; minute inspection; critical observation.

> They that have designed exactness and deep scrutiny have taken some one part of nature.

Sir M. Hale.

> Thenceforth I thought thee worth my nearer view
> And narrower scrutiny.

Milton.

2. (Anc. Church) An examination of catechumens, in the last week of Lent, who were to receive baptism on Easter Day.

3. (Canon Law) A ticket, or little paper billet, on which a vote is written.

4. (Parliamentary Practice) An examination by a committee of the votes given at an election, for the purpose of correcting the poll. Brande & C.

Scru"ti*ny, v. t. To scrutinize. [Obs.]

Scru*toire" (?), n. [OF. escritoire. See Escritoire.] A escritoire; a writing desk.

Scruze (?), v. t. [Cf. Excruciate.] To squeeze, compress, crush, or bruise. [Obs. or Low] Spenser.

Scry (?), v. t. To descry. [Obs.] Spenser.

Scry, n. [From Scry, v.] A flock of wild fowl.

Scry, n. [OE. ascrie, fr. ascrien to cry out, fr. OF. escrier, F. s'écrier. See Ex-, and Cry.] A cry or shout. [Obs.] Ld. Berners.

Scud (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Scudded; p. pr. & vb. n. Scudding.] [Dan. skyde to shoot, shove, push, akin to skud shot, gunshot, a shoot, young bough, and to E. shoot. √159. See Shoot.] 1. To move swiftly; especially, to move as if driven forward by something.

> The first nautilus that scudded upon the glassy surface of warm primeval oceans.

I. Taylor.

> The wind was high; the vast white clouds scudded over the blue heaven.

Beaconsfield.

2. (Naut.) To be driven swiftly, or to run, before a gale, with little or no sail spread.

Scud, v. t. To pass over quickly. [R.] Shenstone.

Scud, n. 1. The act of scudding; a driving along; a rushing with precipitation.

2. Loose, vapory clouds driven swiftly by the wind.

> Borne on the scud of the sea.

Longfellow.

> The scud was flying fast above us, throwing a veil over the moon.

Sir S. Baker.

3. A slight, sudden shower. [Prov. Eng.] Wright.

4. (Zoöl.) A small flight of larks, or other birds, less than a flock. [Prov. Eng.]

5. (Zoöl.) Any swimming amphipod crustacean.

Storm scud. See the Note under Cloud.

Scud"dle (?), v. i. [Freq. of scud: cf. Scuttle to hurry.] To run hastily; to hurry; to scuttle.

||Scu"do (?), n.; pl. Scudi (#). [It., a crown, a dollar, a shield, fr. L. scutum a shield. Cf. Scute.] (Com.) (a) A silver coin, and money of account, used in Italy and Sicily, varying in value, in different parts, but worth about 4 shillings sterling, or about 96 cents; also, a gold coin worth about the same. (b) A gold coin of Rome, worth 64 shillings 11 pence sterling, or about $ 15.70.

Scuff (?), n. [Cf. D. schoft shoulder, Goth. skuft hair of the head. Cf. Scruff.] The back part of the neck; the scruff. [Prov. Eng.] Ld. Lytton.

Scuff, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Scuffed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scuffing.] [See Scuffle.] To walk without lifting the feet; to proceed with a scraping or dragging movement; to shuffle.

Scuf"fle (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Scuffled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scuffling (?).] [Freq. of scuff, v.i.; cf. Sw. skuffa to push, shove, skuff a push, Dan. skuffe a drawer, a shovel, and E. shuffle, shove. See Shove, and cf. Shuffle.] 1. To strive or struggle with a close grapple; to wrestle in a rough fashion.

2. Hence, to strive or contend tumultuously; to struggle confusedly or at haphazard.

> A gallant man had rather fight to great disadvantage in the field, in an orderly way, than scuffle with an undisciplined rabble.

Eikon Basilike.

Scuf"fle, n. 1. A rough, haphazard struggle, or trial of strength; a disorderly wrestling at close quarters.

2. Hence, a confused contest; a tumultuous struggle for superiority; a fight.

> The dog leaps upon the serpent, and tears it to pieces; but in the scuffle the cradle happened to be overturned.

L'Estrange.

3. A child's pinafore or bib. [Prov. Eng.]

4. A garden hoe. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Scuf"fler (?), n. 1. One who scuffles.

2. An agricultural implement resembling a scarifier, but usually lighter.

Scug (skg), v. i. [Cf. Dan. skygge to darken, a shade, SW. skugga to shade, a shade, Icel. skyggja to shade, skuggi a shade.] To hide. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Scug, n. A place of shelter; the declivity of a hill. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

{ Sculk (sklk), Sculk"er (-r) }. See Skulk, Skulker.

Scull (skl), n. (Anat.) The skull. [Obs.]

Scull, n. [See 1st School.] A shoal of fish. Milton.

Scull, n. [Of uncertain origin; cf. Icel. skola to wash.] 1. (Naut.) (a) A boat; a cockboat. See Sculler. (b) One of a pair of short oars worked by one person. (c) A single oar used at the stern in propelling a boat.

2. (Zoöl.) The common skua gull. [Prov. Eng.]

Scull, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sculled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sculling.] (Naut.) To impel (a boat) with a pair of sculls, or with a single scull or oar worked over the stern obliquely from side to side.

Scull, v. i. To impel a boat with a scull or sculls.

Scull"er (?), n. 1. A boat rowed by one man with two sculls, or short oars. [R.] Dryden.

2. One who sculls.

Scul"ler*y (skl"lr*), n.; pl. Sculleries (- z). [Probably originally, a place for washing dishes, and for swillery, fr. OE. swilen to wash, AS. swilian (see Swill to wash, to drink), but influenced either by Icel. skola, skyla, Dan. skylle, or by OF. escuelier a place for keeping dishes, fr. escuele a dish, F. écuelle, fr. L. scutella a salver, waiter (cf. Scuttle a basket); or perhaps the English word is immediately from the OF. escuelier; cf. OE. squyllare a dishwasher.] 1. A place where dishes, kettles, and culinary utensils, are cleaned and kept; also, a room attached to the kitchen, where the coarse work is done; a back kitchen.

2. Hence, refuse; fifth; offal. [Obs.] Gauden.

Scul"lion (skl"yn), n. (Bot.) A scallion.

Scul"lion, n. [OF. escouillon (Cot.) a dishclout, apparently for escouvillon, F. écouvillon a swab; cf. also OF. souillon a servant employed for base offices. Cf. Scovel.] A servant who cleans pots and kettles, and does other menial services in the kitchen.

> The meanest scullion that followed his camp.

South.

Scul"lion*ly, a. Like a scullion; base. [Obs.] Milton.

Sculp (?), v. t. [See Sculptor.] To sculpture; to carve; to engrave. [Obs. or Humorous.] Sandys.

Scul"pin (?), n. [Written also skulpin.] (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of numerous species of marine cottoid fishes of the genus Cottus, or Acanthocottus, having a large head armed with several sharp spines, and a broad mouth. They are generally mottled with yellow, brown, and black. Several species are found on the Atlantic coasts of Europe and America. (b) A large cottoid market fish of California (Scorpænichthys marmoratus); -- called also bighead, cabezon, scorpion, salpa. (c) The dragonet, or yellow sculpin, of Europe (Callionymus lyra).

The name is also applied to other related California species.

Deep-water sculpin, the sea raven.

Sculp"tile (?), a. [L. sculptilis. See Sculptor.] Formed by carving; graven; as, sculptile images. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Sculp"tor (?), n. [L. sculptor, fr. sculpere, sculptum, to carve; cf. scalpere to cut, carve, scratch, and Gr. &?; to carve: cf. F. sculpteur.] 1. One who sculptures; one whose occupation is to carve statues, or works of sculpture.

2. Hence, an artist who designs works of sculpture, his first studies and his finished model being usually in a plastic material, from which model the marble is cut, or the bronze is cast.

Sculp"tress (?), n. A female sculptor.

Sculp"tur*al (?; 135), a. Of or pertaining to sculpture. G. Eliot.

Sculp"ture (?; 135), n. [L. sculptura: cf. F. sculpture.] 1. The art of carving, cutting, or hewing wood, stone, metal, etc., into statues, ornaments, etc., or into figures, as of men, or other things; hence, the art of producing figures and groups, whether in plastic or hard materials.

2. Carved work modeled of, or cut upon, wood, stone, metal, etc.

> There, too, in living sculpture, might be seen
> The mad affection of the Cretan queen.

Dryden.

Sculp"ture (?; 135), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sculptured (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Sculpturing.] To form with the chisel on, in, or from, wood, stone, or metal; to carve; to engrave.

Sculptured tortoise (Zoöl.), a common North American wood tortoise (Glyptemys insculpta). The shell is marked with strong grooving and ridges which resemble sculptured figures.

Sculp`tur*esque" (?), a. After the manner of sculpture; resembling, or relating to, sculpture.

Scum (skm), n. [Of Scand. origin; cf. Dan. & Sw. skum, Icel. skm, LG. schum, D. schuim, OHG. scm, G. schaum; probably from a root meaning, to cover. √158. Cf. Hide skin, Meerschaum, Skim, v., Sky.]

1. The extraneous matter or impurities which rise to the surface of liquids in boiling or fermentation, or which form on the surface by other means; also, the scoria of metals in a molten state; dross.

> Some to remove the scum as it did rise.

Spenser.

2. refuse; recrement; anything vile or worthless.

> The great and innocent are insulted by the scum and refuse of the people.

Addison.

Scum, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scummed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scumming (?).] 1. To take the scum from; to clear off the impure matter from the surface of; to skim.

> You that scum the molten lead.

Dryden & Lee.

2. To sweep or range over the surface of. [Obs.]

> Wandering up and down without certain seat, they lived by scumming those seas and shores as pirates.

Milton.

Scum, v. i. To form a scum; to become covered with scum. Also used figuratively.

> Life, and the interest of life, have stagnated and scummed over.

A. K. H. Boyd.

Scum"ber (?), v. i. [Cf. Discumber.] To void excrement. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Massinger.

Scum"ber, n. Dung. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Scum"ble (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scumbled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scumbling (?).] [Freq. of scum. √ 158.] (Fine Arts) To cover lighty, as a painting, or a drawing, with a thin wash of opaque color, or with color-crayon dust rubbed on with the stump, or to make any similar additions to the work, so as to produce a softened effect.

Scum"bling (?), n. 1. (Fine Arts) (a) A mode of obtaining a softened effect, in painting and drawing, by the application of a thin layer of opaque color to the surface of a painting, or part of the surface, which is too bright in color, or which requires harmonizing. (b) In crayon drawing, the use of the stump.

2. The color so laid on. Also used figuratively.

> Shining above the brown scumbling of leafless orchards.

L. Wallace.

Scum"mer (?), v. i. To scumber. [Obs.] Holland.

Scum"mer, n. Excrement; scumber. [Obs.]

Scum"mer, n. [Cf. OF. escumoire, F. écumoire. See Scum, and cf. Skimmer.] An instrument for taking off scum; a skimmer.

Scum"ming (?), n. (a) The act of taking off scum. (b) That which is scummed off; skimmings; scum; -- used chiefly in the plural.

Scum"my (?), a. Covered with scum; of the nature of scum. Sir P. Sidney.

Scun"ner (?), v. t. [Cf. Shun.] To cause to loathe, or feel disgust at. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.]

Scun"ner, v. i. To have a feeling of loathing or disgust; hence, to have dislike, prejudice, or reluctance. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] C. Kingsley.

Scun"ner, n. A feeling of disgust or loathing; a strong prejudice; abhorrence; as, to take a scunner against some one. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] Carlyle.

Scup (?), n. [D. schop.] A swing. [Local, U.S.]

Scup, n. [Contr. fr. American Indian mishcùp, fr. mishe-kuppi large, thick-scaled.] (Zoöl.) A marine sparoid food fish (Stenotomus chrysops, or S. argyrops), common on the Atlantic coast of the United States. It appears bright silvery when swimming in the daytime, but shows broad blackish transverse bands at night and when dead. Called also porgee, paugy, porgy, scuppaug.

The same names are also applied to a closely allied Southern species (Stenotomus Gardeni).

Scup"paug (?), n. [Contr. fr. Amer. Indian mishcuppauog, pl. of mishcup.] (Zoöl.) See 2d Scup.

Scup"per (?), n. [OF. escopir, escupir, to spit, perhaps for escospir, L. ex + conspuere to spit upon; pref. con- + spuere to spit. Cf. Spit, v.] (Naut.) An opening cut through the waterway and bulwarks of a ship, so that water falling on deck may flow overboard; -- called also scupper hole.

Scupper hose (Naut.), a pipe of leather, canvas, etc., attached to the mouth of the scuppers, on the outside of a vessel, to prevent the water from entering. Totten. -- Scupper nail (Naut.), a nail with a very broad head, for securing the edge of the hose to the scupper. -- Scupper plug (Naut.), a plug to stop a scupper. Totten.

Scup"per*nong (skp"pr*nng), n. [Probably of American Indian origin.] (Bot.) An American grape, a form of Vitis vulpina, found in the Southern Atlantic States, and often cultivated.

Scur (skûr), v. i. [Cf. Scour to run.] To move hastily; to scour. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Scurf (?), n. [AS. scurf, sceorf, or from Scand.; cf. Sw. skorf, Dan. skurv, Icel. skurfur, D. schurft, G. schorf; all akin to AS. scurf, and to AS. sceorfan to scrape, to gnaw, G. schürfen to scrape, and probably also to E. scrape. Cf. Scurvy.] 1. Thin dry scales or scabs upon the body; especially, thin scales exfoliated from the cuticle, particularly of the scalp; dandruff.

2. Hence, the foul remains of anything adherent.

> The scurf is worn away of each committed crime.

Dryden.

3. Anything like flakes or scales adhering to a surface.

> There stood a hill not far, whose grisly top
> Belched fire and rolling smoke; the rest entire
> Shone with a glossy scurf.

Milton.

4. (Bot.) Minute membranous scales on the surface of some leaves, as in the goosefoot. Gray.

Scurff (?), n. The bull trout. [Prov. Eng.]

Scurf"i*ness, n. 1. Quality or state of being scurfy.

2. (Bot.) Scurf.

Scurf"y (?), a. [Compar. Scurfier (?); superl. Scurfiest.] Having or producing scurf; covered with scurf; resembling scurf.

Scur"ri*er (?), n. One who scurries.

Scur"rile (?), a. [L. scurrilis, fr. scurra a *buffoon, jester: cf. F. scurrile.] Such as befits a buffoon or vulgar jester; grossly opprobrious or loudly jocose in language; scurrilous; as, scurrile taunts.

> The wretched affectation of scurrile laughter.

Cowley.

> A scurrile or obscene jest will better advance you at the court of Charles than your father's ancient name.

Sir W. Scott.

Scur*ril"i*ty (?), n. [L. scurrilitas: cf. F. scurrilité.] 1. The quality or state of being scurrile or scurrilous; mean, vile, or obscene jocularity.

> Your reasons . . . have been sharp and sententious, pleasant without scurrility.

Shak.

2. That which is scurrile or scurrilous; gross or obscene language; low buffoonery; vulgar abuse.

> Interrupting prayers and sermons with clamor and scurrility.

Macaulay.

Syn. -- Scurrilousness; abuse; insolence; vulgarity; indecency.

Scur"ril*ous (?), a. [See Scurrile.] 1. Using the low and indecent language of the meaner sort of people, or such as only the license of buffoons can warrant; as, a scurrilous fellow.

2. Containing low indecency or abuse; mean; foul; vile; obscenely jocular; as, scurrilous language.

> The absurd and scurrilous sermon which had very unwisely been honored with impeachment.

Macaulay.

Syn. -- Opprobrious; abusive; reproachful; insulting; insolent; offensive; gross; vile; vulgar; low; foul; foul-mouthed; indecent; scurrile; mean.

-- Scur"ril*ous*ly, adv. -- Scur"ril*ous*ness, n.

Scur"rit (?), n. (Zoöl.) The lesser tern (Sterna minuta). [Prov. Eng.]

Scur"ry (?), v. i. [Cf. Scur, Skirr.] To hasten away or along; to move rapidly; to hurry; as, the rabbit scurried away.

Scur"ry, n. Act of scurrying; hurried movement.

Scur"vi*ly (?), adv. In a scurvy manner.

Scur"vi*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being scurvy; vileness; meanness.

Scur"vy (?), a. [Compar. Scurvier (?); superl. Scurviest.] [From Scurf; cf. Scurvy, n.] 1. Covered or affected with scurf or scabs; scabby; scurfy; specifically, diseased with the scurvy. "Whatsoever man . . . be scurvy or scabbed." Lev. xxi. 18, 20.

2. Vile; mean; low; vulgar; contemptible. "A scurvy trick." Ld. Lytton.

> That scurvy custom of taking tobacco.

Swift.

> [He] spoke spoke such scurvy and provoking terms.

Shak.

Scur"vy, n. [Probably from the same source as scorbute, but influenced by scurf, scurfy, scurvy, adj.; cf. D. scheurbuik scurvy, G. scharbock, LL. scorbutus. Cf. Scorbute.] (Med.) A disease characterized by livid spots, especially about the thighs and legs, due to extravasation of blood, and by spongy gums, and bleeding from almost all the mucous membranes. It is accompanied by paleness, languor, depression, and general debility. It is occasioned by confinement, innutritious food, and hard labor, but especially by lack of fresh vegetable food, or confinement for a long time to a limited range of food, which is incapable of repairing the waste of the system. It was formerly prevalent among sailors and soldiers.

Scurvy grass [Scurvy + grass; or cf. Icel. skarfakl scurvy grass.] (Bot.) A kind of cress (Cochlearia officinalis) growing along the seacoast of Northern Europe and in arctic regions. It is a remedy for the scurvy, and has proved a valuable food to arctic explorers. The name is given also to other allied species of plants.

Scut (?), n. [Cf. Icel. skott a fox's tail. √ 159.] [Obs.] The tail of a hare, or of a deer, or other animal whose tail is short, esp. when carried erect; hence, sometimes, the animal itself. "He ran like a scut." Skelton.

> How the Indian hare came to have a long tail, whereas that part in others attains no higher than a scut.

Sir T. Browne.

> My doe with the black scut.

Shak.

||Scu"ta (?), n. pl. See Scutum.

Scu"tage (?; 48), n. [LL. scutagium, from L. scutum a shield.] (Eng. Hist.) Shield money; commutation of service for a sum of money. See Escuage.

Scu"tal (?), a. Of or pertaining to a shield.

> A good example of these scutal monstrosities.

Cussans.

Scu"tate (?), a. [L. scutatus armed with a shield, from scutum a shield.] 1. Buckler-shaped; round or nearly round.

2. (Zoöl.) Protected or covered by bony or horny plates, or large scales.

Scutch (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scutched (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scutching.] [See Scotch to cut slightly.] 1. To beat or whip; to drub. [Old or Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

2. To separate the woody fiber from (flax, hemp, etc.) by beating; to swingle.

3. To loosen and dress the fiber of (cotton or silk) by beating; to free (fibrous substances) from dust by beating and blowing.

Scutching machine, a machine used to scutch cotton, silk, or flax; -- called also batting machine.

Scutch, n. 1. A wooden instrument used in scutching flax and hemp.

2. The woody fiber of flax; the refuse of scutched flax. "The smoke of the burning scutch." Cuthbert Bede.

Scutch"eon (?), n. [Aphetic form of escutcheon.] 1. An escutcheon; an emblazoned shield. Bacon.

> The corpse lay in state, with all the pomp of scutcheons, wax lights, black hangings, and mutes.

Macaulay.

2. A small plate of metal, as the shield around a keyhole. See Escutcheon, 4.

Scutch"eoned (?), a. Emblazoned on or as a shield.

> Scutcheoned panes in cloisters old.

Lowell.

Scutch"er (?), n. 1. One who scutches.

2. An implement or machine for scutching hemp, flax, or cotton, etc.; a scutch; a scutching machine.

Scutch" grass` (?). (Bot.) A kind of pasture grass (Cynodon Dactylon). See Bermuda grass: also Illustration in Appendix.

Scute (?), n. [L. scutum a shield, a buckler. See Scudo.] 1. A small shield. [Obs.] Skelton.

2. An old French gold coin of the value of 3s. 4d. sterling, or about 80 cents.

3. (Zoöl.) A bony scale of a reptile or fish; a large horny scale on the leg of a bird, or on the belly of a snake.

||Scu*tel"la (?), n. pl. See Scutellum.

||Scu*tel"la, n.; pl. Scutellæ (#). [NL., fem. dim. of L. scutum.] (Zoöl.) See Scutellum, n., 2.

{ Scu"tel*late (?), Scu"tel*la`ted (?) }, a. [L. scutella a dish, salver. Cf. Scuttle a basket.] 1. (Zoöl.) Formed like a plate or salver; composed of platelike surfaces; as, the scutellated bone of a sturgeon. Woodward.

2. [See Scutellum.] (Zoöl.) Having the tarsi covered with broad transverse scales, or scutella; -- said of certain birds.

Scu`tel*la"tion (?), n. (Zoöl.) The entire covering, or mode of arrangement, of scales, as on the legs and feet of a bird.

Scu*tel"li*form (?), a. [L. scutella a dish + -form.] 1. Scutellate.

2. (Bot.) Having the form of a scutellum.

Scu*tel`li*plan"tar (?), a. [L. scutellus a shield + planta foot.] (Zoöl.) Having broad scutella on the front, and small scales on the posterior side, of the tarsus; -- said of certain birds.

||Scu*tel"lum (?), n.; pl. Scutella (#). [NL., neut. dim. of L. scutum a shield.] 1. (Bot.) A rounded apothecium having an elevated rim formed of the proper thallus, the fructification of certain lichens.

2. (Zoöl.) (a) The third of the four pieces forming the upper part of a thoracic segment of an insect. It follows the scutum, and is followed by the small postscutellum; a scutella. See Thorax. (b) One of the transverse scales on the tarsi and toes of birds; a scutella.

Scu"ti*branch (?), a. (Zoöl.) Scutibranchiate. -- n. One of the Scutibranchiata.

||Scu`ti*bran"chi*a (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) Same as Scutibranchiata.

Scu`ti*bran"chi*an (?), n. (Zoöl.) One of the Scutibranchiata.

||Scu`ti*bran`chi*a"ta (?), n. pl. [NL. See Scutum, and Branchia.] (Zoöl.) An order of gastropod Mollusca having a heart with two auricles and one ventricle. The shell may be either spiral or shieldlike.

It is now usually regarded as including only the Rhipidoglossa and the Docoglossa. When originally established, it included a heterogenous group of mollusks having shieldlike shells, such as Haliotis, Fissurella, Carinaria, etc.

Scu`ti*bran"chi*ate (?), a. (Zoöl.) Having the gills protected by a shieldlike shell; of or pertaining to the Scutibranchiata. -- n. One of the Scutibranchiata.

Scu*tif"er*ous (?), a. [L. scutum shield + -ferous.] Carrying a shield or buckler.

Scu"ti*form (?), a. [L. scutum shield + -form: cf. F. scutiforme.] Shield-shaped; scutate.

||Scu"ti*ger (?), n. [NL., fr. L. scutum shield + gerere to bear.] (Zoöl.) Any species of chilopod myriapods of the genus Scutigera. They sometimes enter buildings and prey upon insects.

Scu"ti*ped (?), a. [L. scutum a shield + pes, pedis, a foot: cf. F. scutipède.] (Zoöl.) Having the anterior surface of the tarsus covered with scutella, or transverse scales, in the form of incomplete bands terminating at a groove on each side; -- said of certain birds.

Scut"tle (?), n. [AS. scutel a dish, platter; cf. Icel. skutill; both fr. L. scutella, dim. of scutra, scuta, a dish or platter; cf. scutum a shield. Cf. Skillet.] 1. A broad, shallow basket.

2. A wide-mouthed vessel for holding coal: a coal hod.

Scut"tle, v. i. [For scuddle, fr. scud.] To run with affected precipitation; to hurry; to bustle; to scuddle.

> With the first dawn of day, old Janet was scuttling about the house to wake the baron.

Sir W. Scott.

Scut"tle, n. A quick pace; a short run. Spectator.

Scut"tle (?), n. [OF. escoutille, F. éscoutille, cf. Sp. escotilla; probably akin to Sp. escotar to cut a thing so as to make it fit, to hollow a garment about the neck, perhaps originally, to cut a bosom-shaped piece out, and of Teutonic origin; cf. D. schoot lap, bosom, G. schoss, Goth. skauts the hem of a garnment. Cf. Sheet an expanse.] 1. A small opening in an outside wall or covering, furnished with a lid. Specifically: (a) (Naut.) A small opening or hatchway in the deck of a ship, large enough to admit a man, and with a lid for covering it, also, a like hole in the side or bottom of a ship. (b) An opening in the roof of a house, with a lid.

2. The lid or door which covers or closes an opening in a roof, wall, or the like.

Scuttle butt, or Scuttle cask (Naut.), a butt or cask with a large hole in it, used to contain the fresh water for daily use in a ship. Totten.

Scut"tle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scuttled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scuttling.] 1. To cut a hole or holes through the bottom, deck, or sides of (as of a ship), for any purpose.

2. To sink by making holes through the bottom of; as, to scuttle a ship.

||Scu"tum (?), n.; pl. Scuta (#). [L.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) An oblong shield made of boards or wickerwork covered with leather, with sometimes an iron rim; -- carried chiefly by the heavy-armed infantry.

2. (O. Eng. Law) A penthouse or awning. [Obs.] Burrill.

3. (Zoöl.) (a) The second and largest of the four parts forming the upper surface of a thoracic segment of an insect. It is preceded by the prescutum and followed by the scutellum. See the Illust. under Thorax. (b) One of the two lower valves of the operculum of a barnacle.

||Scyb"a*la (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. sky`balon dung.] (Med.) Hardened masses of feces.

Scye (s), n. Arm scye, a cutter's term for the armhole or part of the armhole of the waist of a garment. [Cant]

Scyle (sl), v. t. [AS. scylan to withdraw or remove.] To hide; to secrete; to conceal. [Obs.]

Scyl"la (?), n. A dangerous rock on the Italian coast opposite the whirpool Charybdis on the coast of Sicily, -- both personified in classical literature as ravenous monsters. The passage between them was formerly considered perilous; hence, the saying "Between Scylla and Charybdis," signifying a great peril on either hand.

||Scyl*læ"a (?), n. [NL. See Scylla.] (Zoöl.) A genus of oceanic nudibranchiate mollusks having the small branched gills situated on the upper side of four fleshy lateral lobes, and on the median caudal crest.

In color and form these mollusks closely imitate the fronds of sargassum and other floating seaweeds among which they live.

Scyl*la"ri*an (?), n. (Zoöl.) One of a family (Scyllaridæ) of macruran Crustacea, remarkable for the depressed form of the body, and the broad, flat antennæ. Also used adjectively.

Scyl"lite (?), n. (Chem.) A white crystalline substance of a sweetish taste, resembling inosite and metameric with dextrose. It is extracted from the kidney of the dogfish (of the genus Scyllium), the shark, and the skate.

Scym"e*tar (?), n. See Scimiter.

||Scy"pha (?), n.; pl. Scyphae (#). [NL.] (Bot.) See Scyphus, 2 (b).

Scy"phi*form (?), a. [L. scyphus a cup + -form.] (Bot.) Cup-shaped.

||Scy*phis"to*ma (?), n.; pl. Scyphistomata (#), Scyphistomæ (#). [NL., fr. Gr. sky`fos a cup + sto`ma the mouth.] (Zoöl.) The young attached larva of Discophora in the stage when it resembles a hydroid, or actinian.

||Scy`pho*bran"chi*i (?), n. pl. [NL., from Gr. sky`fos a cup + bra`gchion a gill.] (Zoöl.) An order of fishes including the blennioid and gobioid fishes, and other related families.

||Scy`pho*me*du"sæ (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. sky`fos cup + NL. medusa.] (Zoöl.) Same as Acraspeda, or Discophora.

||Scy*phoph"o*ri (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. sky`fos a cup + fe`rein to bear.] (Zoöl.) An order of fresh-water fishes inhabiting tropical Africa. They have rudimentary electrical organs on each side of the tail.

Scy"phus (?), n.; pl. Scyphi (#). [L., a cup, Gr. sky`fos.] 1. (Antiq.) A kind of large drinking cup, -- used by Greeks and Romans, esp. by poor folk.

2. (Bot.) (a) The cup of a narcissus, or a similar appendage to the corolla in other flowers. (b) A cup-shaped stem or podetium in lichens. Also called scypha. See Illust. of Cladonia pyxidata, under Lichen.

Scythe (s), n. [OE. sithe, AS. sðe, sigðe; akin to Icel. sigðr a sickle, LG. segd, seged, seed, seid, OHG. segansa sickle, scythe, G. sense scythe, and to E. saw a cutting instrument. See Saw.] [Written also sithe and sythe.] 1. An instrument for mowing grass, grain, or the like, by hand, composed of a long, curving blade, with a sharp edge, made fast to a long handle, called a snath, which is bent into a form convenient for use.

> The sharp-edged scythe shears up the spiring grass.

Drayton.

> Whatever thing
> The scythe of Time mows down.

Milton.

2. (Antiq.) A scythe-shaped blade attached to ancient war chariots.

Scythe (?), v. t. To cut with a scythe; to cut off as with a scythe; to mow. [Obs.]

> Time had not scythed all that youth begun.

Shak.

Scythed (?), a. Armed with scythes, as a chariot.

> Chariots scythed,
> On thundering axles rolled.

Glover.

Scythe"man (?), n.; pl. Scythemen (&?;). One who uses a scythe; a mower. Macaulay.

Scythe"stone` (?), n. A stone for sharpening scythes; a whetstone.

Scythe"whet` (?), n. (Zoöl.) Wilson's thrush; -- so called from its note. [Local, U.S.]

Scyth"i*an (?), a. Of or pertaining to Scythia (a name given to the northern part of Asia, and Europe adjoining to Asia), or its language or inhabitants.

Scythian lamb. (Bot.) See Barometz.

Scyth"i*an, n. 1. A native or inhabitant of Scythia; specifically (Ethnol.), one of a Slavonic race which in early times occupied Eastern Europe.

2. The language of the Scythians.

||Scy`to*der"ma*ta (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a hide + &?; a skin.] (Zoöl.) Same as Holothurioidea.

Sdain (?), v. & n. Disdain. [Obs.] Spenser.

'Sdeath (?), interj. [Corrupted fr. God's death.] An exclamation expressive of impatience or anger. Shak.

Sdeign (?), v. t. To disdain. [Obs.]

> But either sdeigns with other to partake.

Spenser.

Sea (s), n. [OE. see, AS. s; akin to D. zee, OS. & OHG. so, G. see, OFries. se, Dan. sö, Sw. sjö, Icel. sær, Goth. saiws, and perhaps to L. saevus fierce, savage. √151a.] 1. One of the larger bodies of salt water, less than an ocean, found on the earth's surface; a body of salt water of second rank, generally forming part of, or connecting with, an ocean or a larger sea; as, the Mediterranean Sea; the Sea of Marmora; the North Sea; the Carribean Sea.

2. An inland body of water, esp. if large or if salt or brackish; as, the Caspian Sea; the Sea of Aral; sometimes, a small fresh-water lake; as, the Sea of Galilee.

3. The ocean; the whole body of the salt water which covers a large part of the globe.

> I marvel how the fishes live in the sea.

Shak.

> Ambiguous between sea and land
> The river horse and scaly crocodile.

Milton.

4. The swell of the ocean or other body of water in a high wind; motion or agitation of the water's surface; also, a single wave; a billow; as, there was a high sea after the storm; the vessel shipped a sea.

5. (Jewish Antiq.) A great brazen laver in the temple at Jerusalem; -- so called from its size.

> He made a molten sea of ten cubits from brim to brim, round in compass, and five cubits the height thereof.

2 Chron. iv. 2.

6. Fig.: Anything resembling the sea in vastness; as, a sea of glory. Shak.

> All the space . . . was one sea of heads.

Macaulay.

Sea is often used in the composition of words of obvious signification; as, sea-bathed, sea-beaten, sea-bound, sea-bred, sea-circled, sealike, sea-nursed, sea-tossed, sea-walled, sea- worn, and the like. It is also used either adjectively or in combination with substantives; as, sea bird, sea-bird, or seabird, sea acorn, or sea-acorn.

At sea, upon the ocean; away from land; figuratively, without landmarks for guidance; lost; at the mercy of circumstances. "To say the old man was at sea would be too feeble an expression." G. W. Cable -- At full sea at the height of flood tide; hence, at the height. "But now God's mercy was at full sea." Jer. Taylor. -- Beyond seas, or Beyond the sea or the seas (Law), out of the state, territory, realm, or country. Wharton. -- Half seas over, half drunk. [Colloq.] Spectator. -- Heavy sea, a sea in which the waves run high. -- Long sea, a sea characterized by the uniform and steady motion of long and extensive waves. -- Short sea, a sea in which the waves are short, broken, and irregular, so as to produce a tumbling or jerking motion. -- To go to sea, to adopt the calling or occupation of a sailor.

Sea" a"corn (?). (Zoöl.) An acorn barnacle (Balanus).

Sea" ad"der (?). (Zoöl.) (a) The European fifteen-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus spinachia); -- called also bismore. (b) The European tanglefish, or pipefish (Syngnathus acus).

Sea" an"chor (?). (Naut.) See Drag sail, under 4th Drag.

Sea" a*nem"o*ne (?). (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of soft-bodied Anthozoa, belonging to the order Actinaria; an actinian.

They have the oral disk surrounded by one or more circles of simple tapering tentacles, which are often very numerous, and when expanded somewhat resemble the petals of flowers, with colors varied and often very beautiful.

Sea" ape` (?). (Zoöl.) (a) The thrasher shark. (b) The sea otter.

Sea" ap"ple (?). (Bot.) The fruit of a West Indian palm (Manicaria Plukenetii), often found floating in the sea. A. Grisebach.

Sea" ar"row (?). (Zoöl.) A squid of the genus Ommastrephes. See Squid.

Sea" bank` (?). 1. The seashore. Shak.

2. A bank or mole to defend against the sea.

Sea"-bar` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A tern.

Sea" bar"row (?). (Zoöl.) A sea purse.

Sea" bass`. (&?;). (Zoöl.) (a) A large marine food fish (Serranus, or Centropristis, atrarius) which abounds on the Atlantic coast of the United States. It is dark bluish, with black bands, and more or less varied with small white spots and blotches. Called also, locally, blue bass, black sea bass, blackfish, bluefish, and black perch. (b) A California food fish (Cynoscion nobile); -- called also white sea bass, and sea salmon.

Sea" bat` (?). (Zoöl.) See Batfish (a).

Sea"beach` (?), n. A beach lying along the sea. "The bleak seabeach." Longfellow.

Sea" bean (?). (Bot.) Same as Florida bean.

Sea" bear` (?). (Zoöl.) (a) Any fur seal. See under Fur. (b) The white bear.

Sea"beard` (?), n. (Bot.) A green seaweed (Cladophora rupestris) growing in dense tufts.

Sea" beast` (?). (Zoöl.) Any large marine mammal, as a seal, walrus, or cetacean.

Sea" bird` (?). (Zoöl.) Any swimming bird frequenting the sea; a sea fowl.

Sea" blite` (?). (Bot.) A plant (Suæda maritima) of the Goosefoot family, growing in salt marshes.

Sea"-blub"ber (?), n. (Zoöl.) A jellyfish.

Sea"board` (?), n. [Sea + board, F. bord side.] The seashore; seacoast. Ld. Berners.

Sea"board`, a. Bordering upon, or being near, the sea; seaside; seacoast; as, a seaboard town.

Sea"board`, adv. Toward the sea. [R.]

Sea"boat` (?). [AS. sbt.] 1. A boat or vessel adapted to the open sea; hence, a vessel considered with reference to her power of resisting a storm, or maintaining herself in a heavy sea; as, a good sea boat.

2. (Zoöl.) A chiton.

Sea"bord` (?), n. & a. See Seaboard.

Sea"-bor"der*ing (?), a. Bordering on the sea; situated beside the sea. Drayton.

Sea"-born` (?), a. 1. Born of the sea; produced by the sea. "Neptune and his sea-born niece." Waller.

2. Born at sea.

Sea"bound` (?), a. Bounded by the sea.

Sea" bow` (?). See Marine rainbow, under Rainbow.

Sea" boy` (?). A boy employed on shipboard.

Sea" breach` (?). A breaking or overflow of a bank or a dike by the sea. L'Estrange.

Sea" bream` (?). (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of sparoid fishes, especially the common European species (Pagellus centrodontus), the Spanish (P. Oweni), and the black sea bream (Cantharus lineatus); -- called also old wife.

Sea" brief` (?). Same as Sea letter.

Sea" bug` (?). (Zoöl.) A chiton.

Sea"-built` (?), a. Built at, in, or by the sea.

Sea" but"ter*fly` (?). (Zoöl.) A pteropod.

Sea" cab"bage (?; 48). (Bot.) See Sea kale, under Kale.

Sea" calf` (?). (Zoöl.) The common seal.

Sea" ca*na"ry (?). [So called from a whistling sound which it makes.] (Zoöl.) The beluga, or white whale.

Sea" cap"tain (?). The captain of a vessel that sails upon the sea.

Sea" card` (?). Mariner's card, or compass.

{ Sea" cat`fish (?). Sea" cat` (?). } (Zoöl.) (a) The wolf fish. (b) Any marine siluroid fish, as Ælurichthys marinus, and Arinus felis, of the eastern coast of the United States. Many species are found on the coasts of Central and South America.

Sea" chart` (?). A chart or map on which the lines of the shore, islands, shoals, harbors, etc., are delineated.

Sea" chick"weed` (?). (Bot.) A fleshy plant (Arenaria peploides) growing in large tufts in the sands of the northern Atlantic seacoast; -- called also sea sandwort, and sea purslane.

Sea" clam` (?). (Zoöl.) Any one of the large bivalve mollusks found on the open seacoast, especially those of the family Mactridæ, as the common American species. (Mactra, or Spisula, solidissima); -- called also beach clam, and surf clam.

Sea" coal` (?). Coal brought by sea; -- a name by which mineral coal was formerly designated in the south of England, in distinction from charcoal, which was brought by land.

Sea-coal facing (Founding), facing consisting of pulverized bituminous coal.

Sea"coast` (?), n. The shore or border of the land adjacent to the sea or ocean. Also used adjectively.

Sea" cob` (?). (Zoöl.) The black-backed gull.

Sea" cock` (?). 1. In a steamship, a cock or valve close to the vessel's side, for closing a pipe which communicates with the sea.

2. (Zoöl.) (a) The black-bellied plover. (b) A gurnard, as the European red gurnard (Trigla pini).

Sea" co"coa (?). (Bot.) A magnificent palm (Lodoicea Sechellarum) found only in the Seychelles Islands. The fruit is an immense two-lobed nut. It was found floating in the Indian Ocean before the tree was known, and called sea cocoanut, and double cocoanut.

Sea" col"an*der (?). (Bot.) A large blackfish seaweed (Agarum Turneri), the frond of which is punctured with many little holes.

Sea" cole"wort` (?). (Bot.) Sea cabbage.

Sea" com"pass (?). The mariner's compass. See under Compass.

Sea" coot` (?). (Zoöl.) A scoter duck.

Sea" corn` (?). (Zoöl.) A yellow cylindrical mass of egg capsules of certain species of whelks (Buccinum), which resembles an ear of maize.

Sea" cow` (?). (Zoöl.) (a) The mantee. (b) The dugong. (c) The walrus.

{ Sea" craw"fish` (?). Sea" cray"fish` (?). } (Zoöl.) Any crustacean of the genus Palinurus and allied genera, as the European spiny lobster (P. vulgaris), which is much used as an article of food. See Lobster.

Sea" crow` (?). (Zoöl.) (a) The chough. [Ireland] (b) The cormorant. (c) The blackheaded pewit, and other gulls. (d) The skua. (e) The razorbill. [Orkney Islands] (f) The coot.

Sea" cu"cum*ber (?). (Zoöl.) Any large holothurian, especially one of those belonging to the genus Pentacta, or Cucumaria, as the common American and European species. (P. frondosa).

Sea" dace` (?). (Zoöl.) The European sea perch.

Sea" daf"fo*dil (?). (Bot.) A European amaryllidaceous plant (Pancratium maritimum).

Sea" dev`il (?) (Zoöl.) (a) Any very large ray, especially any species of the genus Manta or Cephaloptera, some of which become more than twenty feet across and weigh several tons. See also Ox ray, under Ox. (b) Any large cephalopod, as a large Octopus, or a giant squid (Architeuthis). See Devilfish. (c) The angler.

Sea" dog` (?). 1. (Zoöl.) The dogfish. (b) The common seal.

2. An old sailor; a salt. [Colloq.]

Sea" dot"ter*el (?). (Zoöl.) The turnstone.

Sea" dove` (?). (Zoöl.) The little auk, or rotche. See Illust. of Rotche.

Sea" drag"on (?). (Zoöl.) (a) A dragonet, or sculpin. (b) The pegasus.

Sea" drake` (?). (Zoöl.) The pewit gull.

Sea" duck` (?). (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of ducks which frequent the seacoasts and feed mainly on fishes and mollusks. The scoters, eiders, old squaw, and ruddy duck are examples. They may be distinguished by the lobate hind toe.

Sea" ea"gle (?). 1. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of fish-eating eagles of the genus Haliæetus and allied genera, as the North Pacific sea eagle (H. pelagicus), which has white shoulders, head, rump, and tail; the European white-tailed eagle (H. albicilla); and the Indian white-tailed sea eagle, or fishing eagle (Polioaëtus ichthyaëtus). The bald eagle and the osprey are also sometimes classed as sea eagles.

2. (Zoöl.) The eagle ray. See under Ray.

Sea"-ear` (s"r`), n. (Zoöl.) Any species of ear-shaped shells of the genus Haliotis. See Abalone.

Sea" eel` (s" l`). (Zoöl.) The conger eel.

Sea" egg` (s" g`). (Zoöl.) A sea urchin.

Sea" el"e*phant (s" "*fant). (Zoöl.) A very large seal (Macrorhinus proboscideus) of the Antarctic seas, much hunted for its oil. It sometimes attains a length of thirty feet, and is remarkable for the prolongation of the nose of the adult male into an erectile elastic proboscis, about a foot in length. Another species of smaller size (M. angustirostris) occurs on the coast of Lower California, but is now nearly extinct.

Sea" fan` (s" fn`). (Zoöl.) Any gorgonian which branches in a fanlike form, especially Gorgonia flabellum of Florida and the West Indies.

Sea"far`er (?), n. [Sea + fare.] One who follows the sea as a business; a mariner; a sailor.

Sea"far`ing, a. Following the business of a mariner; as, a seafaring man.

Sea" feath"er (?). (Zoöl.) Any gorgonian which branches in a plumelike form.

Sea" fen"nel (?). (Bot.) Samphire.

Sea" fern" (?). (Zoöl.) Any gorgonian which branches like a fern.

Sea" fight` (?). An engagement between ships at sea; a naval battle.

Sea" fir` (?). (Zoöl.) A sertularian hydroid, especially Sertularia abietina, which branches like a miniature fir tree.

Sea" flow"er (?). (Zoöl.) A sea anemone, or any related anthozoan.

Sea" foam` (?). 1. Foam of sea water.

2. (Min.) Meerschaum; -- called also sea froth.

Sea" fowl` (?). (Zoöl.) Any bird which habitually frequents the sea, as an auk, gannet, gull, tern, or petrel; also, all such birds, collectively.

Sea" fox` (?). (Zoöl.) The thrasher shark. See Thrasher.

Sea" froth` (?; 115). See Sea foam, 2.

{ Sea"-gate`, Sea"-gait` }, n. A long, rolling swell of the sea. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

Sea" gauge` (?). See under Gauge, n.

{ Sea" gher`kin (?), or Sea" gir"kin (?) }. (Zoöl.) Any small holothurian resembling in form a gherkin.

Sea" gin"ger (?). (Zoöl.) A hydroid coral of the genus Millepora, especially M. alcicornis, of the West Indies and Florida. So called because it stings the tongue like ginger. See Illust. under Millepore.

Sea" gir"dles (?). (Bot.) A kind of kelp (Laminaria digitata) with palmately cleft fronds; -- called also sea wand, seaware, and tangle.

Sea"girt` (?), a. Surrounded by the water of the sea or ocean; as, a seagirt isle. Milton.

Sea" god` (?). A marine deity; a fabulous being supposed to live in, or have dominion over, the sea, or some particular sea or part of the sea, as Neptune.

Sea" god"dess (?). A goddess supposed to live in or reign over the sea, or some part of the sea.

Sea"go`ing (?), a. Going upon the sea; especially, sailing upon the deep sea; -- used in distinction from coasting or river, as applied to vessels.

Sea" goose` (?). (Zoöl.) A phalarope.

Sea" gown` (?). A gown or frock with short sleeves, formerly worn by mariners. Shak.

Sea" grape` (?). 1. (Bot.) (a) The gulf weed. See under Gulf. (b) A shrubby plant (Coccoloba uvifera) growing on the sandy shores of tropical America, somewhat resembling the grapevine.

2. pl. (Zoöl.) The clusters of gelatinous egg capsules of a squid (Loligo).

Sea" grass` (?). (Bot.) Eelgrass.

Sea" green` (?). The green color of sea water.

Sea"-green`, a. Of a beautiful bluish green color, like sea water on soundings.

Sea" gud"geon (?). (Zoöl.) The European black goby (Gobius niger).

Sea" gull` (?). (Zoöl.) Any gull living on the seacoast.

||Se"ah (?), n. A Jewish dry measure containing one third of an ephah.

Sea" hare` (?). (Zoöl.) Any tectibranchiate mollusk of the genus Aplysia. See Aplysia.

Sea" hawk` (?). (Zoöl.) A jager gull.

Sea" heath` (?). (Bot.) A low perennial plant (Frankenia lævis) resembling heath, growing along the seashore in Europe.

Sea" hedge"hog` (?). (Zoöl.) A sea urchin.

Sea" hen` (?). (Zoöl.) The common guillemot; -- applied also to various other sea birds.

Sea" hog` (?). (Zoöl.) The porpoise.

Sea" hol"ly (?). (Bot.) An evergeen seashore plant (Eryngium maritimum). See Eryngium.

Sea" holm` (?). A small uninhabited island.

Sea" holm`. (Bot.) Sea holly.

Sea" horse` (?). 1. A fabulous creature, half horse and half fish, represented in classic mythology as driven by sea dogs or ridden by the Nereids. It is also depicted in heraldry. See Hippocampus.

2. (Zoöl.) (a) The walrus. (b) Any fish of the genus Hippocampus.

In a passage of Dryden's, the word is supposed to refer to the hippopotamus.

Sea" hul"ver (?). (Bot.) Sea holly.

Sea"-is`land (?), a. Of or pertaining to certain islands along the coast of South Carolina and Georgia; as, sea-island cotton, a superior cotton of long fiber produced on those islands.

Sea" jel"ly (?). (Zoöl.) A medusa, or jellyfish.

Seak (?), n. Soap prepared for use in milling cloth.

Sea" kale" (?). (Bot.) See under Kale.

Sea" king` (?). One of the leaders among the Norsemen who passed their lives in roving the seas in search of plunder and adventures; a Norse pirate chief. See the Note under Viking.

Seal (sl), n. [OE. sele, AS. seolh; akin to OHG. selah, Dan. sæl, Sw. själ, Icel. selr.] (Zoöl.) Any aquatic carnivorous mammal of the families Phocidæ and Otariidæ.

Seals inhabit seacoasts, and are found principally in the higher latitudes of both hemispheres. There are numerous species, bearing such popular names as sea lion, sea leopard, sea bear, or ursine seal, fur seal, and sea elephant. The bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus), the hooded seal (Cystophora cristata), and the ringed seal (Phoca fœtida), are northern species. See also Eared seal, Harp seal, Monk seal, and Fur seal, under Eared, Harp, Monk, and Fur. Seals are much hunted for their skins and fur, and also for their oil, which in some species is very abundant.

Harbor seal (Zoöl.), the common seal (Phoca vitulina). It inhabits both the North Atlantic and the North Pacific Ocean, and often ascends rivers; -- called also marbled seal, native seal, river seal, bay seal, land seal, sea calf, sea cat, sea dog, dotard, ranger, selchie, tangfish.

Seal, n. [OE. seel, OF. seel, F. sceau, fr. L. sigillum a little figure or image, a seal, dim. of signum a mark, sign, figure, or image. See Sign, n., and cf. Sigil.] 1. An engraved or inscribed stamp, used for marking an impression in wax or other soft substance, to be attached to a document, or otherwise used by way of authentication or security.

2. Wax, wafer, or other tenacious substance, set to an instrument, and impressed or stamped with a seal; as, to give a deed under hand and seal.

> Till thou canst rail the seal from off my bond
> Thou but offend'st thy lungs to speak so loud.

Shak.

3. That which seals or fastens; esp., the wax or wafer placed on a letter or other closed paper, etc., to fasten it.

4. That which confirms, ratifies, or makes stable; that which authenticates; that which secures; assurance. "Under the seal of silence." Milton.

> Like a red seal is the setting sun
> On the good and the evil men have done.

Longfellow.

5. An arrangement for preventing the entrance or return of gas or air into a pipe, by which the open end of the pipe dips beneath the surface of water or other liquid, or a deep bend or sag in the pipe is filled with the liquid; a draintrap.

Great seal. See under Great. -- Privy seal. See under Privy, a. -- Seal lock, a lock in which the keyhole is covered by a seal in such a way that the lock can not be opened without rupturing the seal. -- Seal manual. See under Manual, a. -- Seal ring, a ring having a seal engraved on it, or ornamented with a device resembling a seal; a signet ring. Shak.

Seal, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sealed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sealing.] [OE. selen; cf. OF. seeler, seieler, F. sceller, LL. sigillare. See Seal a stamp.] 1. To set or affix a seal to; hence, to authenticate; to confirm; to ratify; to establish; as, to seal a deed.

> And with my hand I seal my true heart's love.

Shak.

2. To mark with a stamp, as an evidence of standard exactness, legal size, or merchantable quality; as, to seal weights and measures; to seal silverware.

3. To fasten with a seal; to attach together with a wafer, wax, or other substance causing adhesion; as, to seal a letter.

4. Hence, to shut close; to keep close; to make fast; to keep secure or secret.

> Seal up your lips, and give no words but "mum".

Shak.

5. To fix, as a piece of iron in a wall, with cement, plaster, or the like. Gwilt.

6. To close by means of a seal; as, to seal a drainpipe with water. See 2d Seal, 5.

7. Among the Mormons, to confirm or set apart as a second or additional wife. [Utah, U.S.]

> If a man once married desires a second helpmate . . . she is sealed to him under the solemn sanction of the church.

H. Stansbury.

Seal, v. i. To affix one's seal, or a seal. [Obs.]

> I will seal unto this bond.

Shak.

Sea" la"ces (?). (Bot.) A kind of seaweed (Chorda Filum) having blackish cordlike fronds, often many feet long.

Sea" lam"prey (?). (Zoöl.) The common lamprey.

Sea" lan"guage (?). The peculiar language or phraseology of seamen; sailor's cant.

Sea" lark` (?). (Zoöl.) (a) The rock pipit (Anthus obscurus). (b) Any one of several small sandpipers and plovers, as the ringed plover, the turnstone, the dunlin, and the sanderling.

Sea" lav"en*der (?). (Bot.) See Marsh rosemary, under Marsh.

Sea" law"yer (?). (Zoöl.) The gray snapper. See under Snapper.

Seal"-brown` (?), a. Of a rich dark brown color, like the fur of the fur seal after it is dyed.

Sea" legs` (?). Legs able to maintain their possessor upright in stormy weather at sea, that is, ability to stand or walk steadily on deck when a vessel is rolling or pitching in a rough sea. [Sailor's Cant] Totten.

Sea" lem"on (?). (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of nudibranchiate mollusks of the genus Doris and allied genera, having a smooth, thick, convex yellow body.

Sea" leop"ard (?). (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of spotted seals, especially Ogmorhinus leptonyx, and Leptonychotes Weddelli, of the Antarctic Ocean. The North Pacific sea leopard is the harbor seal.

Seal"er (?), n. One who seals; especially, an officer whose duty it is to seal writs or instruments, to stamp weights and measures, or the like.

Sealer, n. A mariner or a vessel engaged in the business of capturing seals.

Sea" let"ter (?). (Mar. Law.) The customary certificate of national character which neutral merchant vessels are bound to carry in time of war; a passport for a vessel and cargo. Burrill.

Sea" let"tuce (?). (Bot.) The green papery fronds of several seaweeds of the genus Ulva, sometimes used as food.

Sea" lev"el (?). The level of the surface of the sea; any surface on the same level with the sea.

{ Sealgh (?), Selch, n. }. (Zoöl.) A seal. [Scotch]

Sea" lil"y (?). (Zoöl.) A crinoid.

Seal"ing wax` (?). A compound of the resinous materials, pigments, etc., used as a material for seals, as for letters, documents, etc.

Sea" li"on (?). (Zoöl.) Any one of several large species of seals of the family Otariidæ native of the Pacific Ocean, especially the southern sea lion (Otaria jubata) of the South American coast; the northern sea lion (Eumetopias Stelleri) found from California to Japan; and the black, or California, sea lion (Zalophus Californianus), which is common on the rocks near San Francisco.

Sea" loach" (?). (Zoöl.) The three- bearded rockling. See Rockling.

Sea" louse` (?). (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of isopod crustaceans of Cymothoa, Livoneca, and allied genera, mostly parasites on fishes.

Seam (sm), n. [See Saim.] Grease; tallow; lard. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Shak. Dryden.

Seam, n. [OE. seem, seam, AS. seám; akin to D. zoom, OHG. soum, G. saum, LG. soom, Icel. saumr, Sw. & Dan. söm, and E. sew. √ 156. See Sew to fasten with thread.] 1. The fold or line formed by sewing together two pieces of cloth or leather.

2. Hence, a line of junction; a joint; a suture, as on a ship, a floor, or other structure; the line of union, or joint, of two boards, planks, metal plates, etc.

> Precepts should be so finely wrought together . . . that no coarse seam may discover where they join.

Addison.

3. (Geol. & Mining) A thin layer or stratum; a narrow vein between two thicker strata; as, a seam of coal.

4. A line or depression left by a cut or wound; a scar; a cicatrix.

Seam blast, a blast made by putting the powder into seams or cracks of rocks. -- Seam lace, a lace used by carriage makers to cover seams and edges; -- called also seaming lace. -- Seam presser. (Agric.) (a) A heavy roller to press down newly plowed furrows. (b) A tailor's sadiron for pressing seams. Knight. -- Seam set, a set for flattering the seams of metal sheets, leather work, etc.

Seam, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Seamed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Seaming.] 1. To form a seam upon or of; to join by sewing together; to unite.

2. To mark with something resembling a seam; to line; to scar.

> Seamed o'er with wounds which his own saber gave.

Pope.

3. To make the appearance of a seam in, as in knitting a stocking; hence, to knit with a certain stitch, like that in such knitting.

Seam, v. i. To become ridgy; to crack open.

> Later their lips began to parch and seam.

L. Wallace.

Seam, n. [AS. seám, LL. sauma, L. sagma a packsaddle, fr. Gr. &?;. See Sumpter.] A denomination of weight or measure. Specifically: (a) The quantity of eight bushels of grain. "A seam of oats." P. Plowman. (b) The quantity of 120 pounds of glass. [Eng.]

Sea"-maid` (?), n. 1. The mermaid.

2. A sea nymph.

Sea"-mail` (?), n. [Sea + (perhaps) Mall Mally, for Mary; hence, Prov. E. mally a hare.] (Zoöl.) A gull; the mew.

Sea"man (?), n.; pl. Seamen (&?;). A merman; the male of the mermaid. [R.] "Not to mention mermaids or seamen." Locke.

Sea"man (?), n.; pl. Seamen (#). [AS. sæman.] One whose occupation is to assist in the management of ships at sea; a mariner; a sailor; -- applied both to officers and common mariners, but especially to the latter. Opposed to landman, or landsman.

Able seaman, a sailor who is practically conversant with all the duties of common seamanship. -- Ordinary seaman. See Ordinary.

Sea"man*like` (?), a. Having or showing the skill of a practical seaman.

Sea"man*ship, n. The skill of a good seaman; the art, or skill in the art, of working a ship.

Sea" man"tis (?). (Zoöl.) A squilla.

Sea" marge` (?). Land which borders on the sea; the seashore. Shak.

> You are near the sea marge of a land teeming with life.

J. Burroughs.

Sea"mark` (?), n. Any elevated object on land which serves as a guide to mariners; a beacon; a landmark visible from the sea, as a hill, a tree, a steeple, or the like. Shak.

Sea" mat` (?). (Zoöl.) Any bryozoan of the genus Flustra or allied genera which form frondlike corals.

Sea" maw` (?). (Zoöl.) The sea mew.

Seamed (?), a. (Falconry) Out of condition; not in good condition; -- said of a hawk.

Sea"-mell` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The sea mew.

Sea" mew` (?). (Zoöl.) A gull; the mew.

Sea" mile` (?). A geographical mile. See Mile.

Sea" milk"wort` (?). (Bot.) A low, fleshy perennial herb (Glaux maritima) found along northern seashores.

Seam"ing (?), n. 1. The act or process of forming a seam or joint.

2. (Fishing) The cord or rope at the margin of a seine, to which the meshes of the net are attached.

Seaming machine, a machine for uniting the edges of sheet-metal plates by bending them and pinching them together.

Seam"less, a. Without a seam.

> Christ's seamless coat, all of a piece.

Jer. Taylor.

Sea" monk` (?). (Zoöl.) See Monk seal, under Monk.

Sea" mon"ster (?). (Zoöl.) Any large sea animal.

Sea" moss` (?; 115). (Zoöl.) Any branched marine bryozoan resembling moss.

Sea" mouse` (?). (Zoöl.) (a) A dorsibranchiate annelid, belonging to Aphrodite and allied genera, having long, slender, hairlike setæ on the sides. (b) The dunlin.

Seam"ster (?), n. [See Seamstress.] One who sews well, or whose occupation is to sew. [Obs.]

Seam"stress (?; 277), n. [From older seamster, properly fem., AS. seámestre. See Seam.] A woman whose occupation is sewing; a needlewoman.

Seam"stress*y (?), n. The business of a seamstress.

Sea" mud` (?). A rich slimy deposit in salt marshes and along the seashore, sometimes used as a manure; -- called also sea ooze.

Seam"y (?), a. Having a seam; containing seams, or showing them. "Many a seamy scar." Burns.

> Everything has its fair, as well as its seamy, side.

Sir W. Scott.

Sean (?), n. A seine. See Seine. [Prov. Eng.]

||Sé`ance" (?), n. [F., fr. L. sedens, -entis, p. pr. of sedere to sit. See Sit.] A session, as of some public body; especially, a meeting of spiritualists to receive spirit communications, so called.

Sea" nee"dle (?). (Zoöl.) See Garfish (a).

Sea" net`tle (?). A jellyfish, or medusa.

Sean"na*chie (?), n. [Gael. seanachaidh.] A bard among the Highlanders of Scotland, who preserved and repeated the traditions of the tribes; also, a genealogist. [Written also sennachy.] [Scot.]

Sea" on"ion (?). (Bot.) The officinal squill. See Squill.

Sea" ooze` (?). Same as Sea mud. Mortimer.

Sea" or"ange (?). (Zoöl.) A large American holothurian (Lophothuria Fabricii) having a bright orange convex body covered with finely granulated scales. Its expanded tentacles are bright red.

Sea"-orb` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A globefish.

Sea" ot"ter (?). (Zoöl.) An aquatic carnivore (Enhydris lutris, or marina) found in the North Pacific Ocean. Its fur is highly valued, especially by the Chinese. It is allied to the common otter, but is larger, with feet more decidedly webbed.

Sea-otter's cabbage (Bot.), a gigantic kelp of the Pacific Ocean (Nereocystis Lutkeana). See Nereocystis.

Sea" owl` (s" oul`). (Zoöl.) The lumpfish.

Sea" pad` (s" pd`). (Zoöl.) A starfish.

Sea" par"rot (s" pr"rt). (Zoöl.) The puffin.

Sea" par"tridge (?). (Zoöl.) The gilthead (Crenilabrus melops), a fish of the British coasts.

Sea" pass` (?). A document carried by neutral merchant vessels in time of war, to show their nationality; a sea letter or passport. See Passport.

Sea" peach` (?). (Zoöl.) A beautiful American ascidian (Cynthia, or Halocynthia, pyriformis) having the size, form, velvety surface, and color of a ripe peach.

Sea" pear` (s" pâr`). (Zoöl.) A pedunculated ascidian of the genus Boltonia.

Sea"-pen" (?), n. (Zoöl.) A pennatula.

Sea" perch` (?). (Zoöl.) (a) The European bass (Roccus, or Labrax, lupus); -- called also sea dace. (b) The cunner. (c) The sea bass. (d) The name is applied also to other species of fishes.

Sea" pheas"ant (?). (Zoöl.) The pintail duck.

Sea" pie` (s" p`). (Zoöl.) The oyster catcher, a limicoline bird of the genus Hæmatopus.

Sea" pie`. A dish of crust or pastry and meat or fish, etc., cooked together in alternate layers, -- a common food of sailors; as, a three-decker sea pie.

Sea"piece` (?), n. A picture representing a scene at sea; a marine picture. Addison.

Sea" pi"et (?). (Zoöl.) See 1st Sea pie.

Sea" pig` (?). (Zoöl.) (a) A porpoise or dolphin. (b) A dugong.

Sea" pi"geon (?). The common guillemot.

Sea" pike` (?). (Zoöl.) (a) The garfish. (b) A large serranoid food fish (Centropomus undecimalis) found on both coasts of America; -- called also robalo. (c) The merluce.

Sea" pin`cush`ion (?). (Zoöl.) (a) A sea purse. (b) A pentagonal starfish.

Sea" pink` (?). (Bot.) See Thrift.

Sea" plov"er (?). The black-bellied plover.

{ Sea" poach"er (s" pch"r). Sea" pok"er (s" pk"r). } (Zoöl.) The lyrie.

Sea" pool` (?). A pool of salt water. Spenser.

Sea" pop"py (?). (Bot.) The horn poppy. See under Horn.

Sea" por"cu*pine (?). (Zoöl.) Any fish of the genus Diodon, and allied genera, whose body is covered with spines. See Illust. under Diodon.

Sea" pork` (?). (Zoöl.) An American compound ascidian (Amorœcium stellatum) which forms large whitish masses resembling salt pork.

Sea" port` (s"prt`), n. A port on the seashore, or one accessible for seagoing vessels. Also used adjectively; as, a seaport town.

Sea"poy (?), n. See Sepoy.

Sea" pud"ding (?). (Zoöl.) Any large holothurian. [Prov. Eng.]

Sea" purse` (s" pûrs`). (Zoöl.) The horny egg case of a skate, and of certain sharks.

Sea" purs"lane (?). (Bot.) See under Purslane.

Sea" pye` (?). (Zoöl.) See 1st Sea pie.

Sea" py"ot (?). (Zoöl.) See 1st Sea pie.

Sea" quail` (?). (Zoöl.) The turnstone.

Sea"quake` (s"kwk`), n. A quaking of the sea.

{ Sear, Sere (sr) }, a. [OE. seer, AS. seár (assumed) fr. seárian to wither; akin to D. zoor dry, LG. soor, OHG. sorn to wither, Gr. a"y`ein to parch, to dry, Skr. çush (for sush) to dry, to wither, Zend hush to dry. √152. Cf. Austere, Sorrel, a.] Dry; withered; no longer green; -- applied to leaves. Milton.

> I have lived long enough; my way of life
> Is fall'n into the sear, the yellow leaf.

Shak.

Sear, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Seared (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Searing.] [OE. seeren, AS. seárian. See Sear, a.] 1. To wither; to dry up. Shak.

2. To burn (the surface of) to dryness and hardness; to cauterize; to expose to a degree of heat such as changes the color or the hardness and texture of the surface; to scorch; to make callous; as, to sear the skin or flesh. Also used figuratively.

> I'm seared with burning steel.

Rowe.

> It was in vain that the amiable divine tried to give salutary pain to that seared conscience.

Macaulay.

> The discipline of war, being a discipline in destruction of life, is a discipline in callousness. Whatever sympathies exist are seared.

H. Spencer.

Sear is allied to scorch in signification; but it is applied primarily to animal flesh, and has special reference to the effect of heat in marking the surface hard. Scorch is applied to flesh, cloth, or any other substance, and has no reference to the effect of hardness.

To sear up, to close by searing. "Cherish veins of good humor, and sear up those of ill." Sir W. Temple.

Sear, n. [F. serre a grasp, pressing, fr. L. sera. See Serry.] The catch in a gunlock by which the hammer is held cocked or half cocked.

Sear spring, the spring which causes the sear to catch in the notches by which the hammer is held.

Sea" rat` (?). 1. A pirate. [R.] Massinger.

2. (Zoöl.) The chimæra.

Sea" ra"ven (?). (Zoöl.) (a) An American cottoid fish (Hemitripterus Americanus) allied to the sculpins, found on the northern Atlantic coasts. (b) The cormorant.

Searce (?), n. [See Sarse.] A fine sieve. [Obs.]

Searce, v. t. To sift; to bolt. [Obs.] Mortimer.

Sear"cer (?), n. 1. One who sifts or bolts. [Obs.]

2. A searce, or sieve. [Obs.] Holland.

Search (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Searched (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Searching.] [OE. serchen, cerchen, OF. cerchier, F. chercher, L. circare to go about, fr. L. circum, circa, around. See Circle.] 1. To look over or through, for the purpose of finding something; to examine; to explore; as, to search the city. "Search the Scriptures." John v. 39.

> They are come to search the house.

Shak.

> Search me, O God, and know my heart.

Ps. cxxxix. 23.

2. To inquire after; to look for; to seek.

> I will both search my sheep, and seek them out.

Ezek. xxxiv. 11.

> Enough is left besides to search and know.

Milton.

3. To examine or explore by feeling with an instrument; to probe; as, to search a wound.

4. To examine; to try; to put to the test.

To search out, to seek till found; to find by seeking; as, to search out truth.

Syn. -- To explore; examine; scrutinize; seek; investigate; pry into; inquire.

Search, v. i. To seek; to look for something; to make inquiry, exploration, or examination; to hunt.

> Once more search with me.

Shak.

> It sufficeth that they have once with care sifted the matter, and searched into all the particulars.

Locke.

Search, n. [Cf. OF. cerche. See Search, v. t.] The act of seeking or looking for something; quest; inquiry; pursuit for finding something; examination.

> Thus the orb he roamed
> With narrow search, and with inspection deep
> Considered every creature.

Milton.

> Nor did my search of liberty begin
> Till my black hairs were changed upon my chin.

Dryden.

Right of search (Mar. Law), the right of the lawfully commissioned cruisers of belligerent nations to examine and search private merchant vessels on the high seas, for the enemy's property or for articles contraband of war. -- Search warrant (Law), a warrant legally issued, authorizing an examination or search of a house, or other place, for goods stolen, secreted, or concealed.

Syn. -- Scrutiny; examination; exploration; investigation; research; inquiry; quest; pursuit.

Search"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being searched.

Search"a*ble*ness, n. Quality of being searchable.

Search"er (?), n. [Cf. OF. cercheor inspector.] One who, or that which, searches or examines; a seeker; an inquirer; an examiner; a trier. Specifically: (a) Formerly, an officer in London appointed to examine the bodies of the dead, and report the cause of death. Graunt. (b) An officer of the customs whose business it is to search ships, merchandise, luggage, etc. (c) An inspector of leather. [Prov. Eng.] (d) (Gun.) An instrument for examining the bore of a cannon, to detect cavities. (e) An implement for sampling butter; a butter trier. (j) (Med.) An instrument for feeling after calculi in the bladder, etc.

Search"ing, a. Exploring thoroughly; scrutinizing; penetrating; trying; as, a searching discourse; a searching eye. "Piercing, searching, biting, cold." Dickens.

-- Search"ing*ly, adv. -- Search"ing*ness, n.

Search"less, a. Impossible to be searched; inscrutable; impenetrable.

Sear"cloth` (?; 115), n. Cerecloth. Mortimer.

Sear"cloth, v. t. To cover, as a sore, with cerecloth.

Seared (?), a. Scorched; cauterized; hence, figuratively, insensible; not susceptible to moral influences.

> A seared conscience and a remorseless heart.

Macaulay.

Sear"ed*ness (?), n. The state of being seared or callous; insensibility. Bp. Hall.

Sea" reed` (?). (Bot.) The sea-sand reed. See under Reed.

Sea" risk (?). Risk of injury, destruction, or loss by the sea, or while at sea.

Sea" rob"ber (?). A pirate; a sea rover.

Sea" rob"in (?). See under Robin, and Illustration in Appendix.

Sea" rock"et (?).(Bot.) See under Rocket.

Sea" room` (?). (Naut.) Room or space at sea for a vessel to maneuver, drive, or scud, without peril of running ashore or aground. Totten.

Sea" rov"er (?). One that cruises or roves the sea for plunder; a sea robber; a pirate; also, a piratical vessel.

Sea"-rov"ing, a. Cruising at random on the ocean.

Sea" salm"on (?). (Zoöl.) (a) A young pollock. (b) The spotted squeteague. (c) See Sea bass (b).

Sea" salt` (?). Common salt, obtained from sea water by evaporation.

Sea" sand"pi`per (?). (Zoöl.) The purple sandpiper.

Sea" sand"wort` (?). (Bot.) See Sea chickweed.

Sea" sau"ri*an (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any marine saurian; esp. (Paleon.), the large extinct species of Mosasaurus, Ichthyosaurus, Plesiosaurus, and related genera.

Sea"scape (?), n. [Cf. Landscape.] A picture representing a scene at sea. [Jocose] Thackeray.

Sea" scor"pi*on (?). (Zoöl.) (a) A European sculpin (Cottus scorpius) having the head armed with short spines. (b) The scorpene.

Sea" scurf` (?). (Zoöl.) Any bryozoan which forms rounded or irregular patches of coral on stones, seaweeds, etc.

Sea" ser"pent (?). 1. (Zoöl.) Any marine snake. See Sea snake.

2. (Zoöl.) A large marine animal of unknown nature, often reported to have been seen at sea, but never yet captured.

Many accounts of sea serpents are imaginary or fictitious; others are greatly exaggerated and distorted by incompetent observers; but a number have been given by competent and trustworthy persons, which indicate that several diverse animals have been called sea serpents. Among these are, apparently, several large snakelike fishes, as the oar fish, or ribbon fish (Regalecus), and huge conger eels. Other accounts probably refer to the giant squids (Architeuthis). Some of the best accounts seem to describe a marine saurian, like the fossil Mosasauri, which were large serpentlike creatures with paddles.

Sea"shell` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The shell of any marine mollusk.

Sea"shore` (?), n. 1. The coast of the sea; the land that lies adjacent to the sea or ocean.

2. (Law) All the ground between the ordinary high-water and low-water marks.

Sea"sick` (?), a. Affected with seasickness.

Sea"sick`ness, n. The peculiar sickness, characterized by nausea and prostration, which is caused by the pitching or rolling of a vessel.

Sea"side` (?), n. The land bordering on, or adjacent to, the sea; the seashore. Also used adjectively.

Sea" slat"er (?). (Zoöl.) Any isopod crustacean of the genus Ligia.

Sea" slug` (?). (Zoöl.) (a) A holothurian. (b) A nudibranch mollusk.

Sea" snail` (?). (Zoöl.) (a) A small fish of the genus Liparis, having a ventral sucker. It lives among stones and seaweeds. (b) Any small creeping marine gastropod, as the species of Littorina, Natica, etc.

Sea" snake` (?). (Zoöl.) Any one of many species of venomous aquatic snakes of the family Hydrophidæ, having a flattened tail and living entirely in the sea, especially in the warmer parts of the Indian and Pacific Oceans. They feed upon fishes, and are mostly of moderate size, but some species become eight or ten feet long and four inches broad.

Sea" snipe` (?). (Zoöl.) (a) A sandpiper, as the knot and dunlin. (b) The bellows fish.

Sea"son (?), n. [OE. sesoun, F. saison, properly, the sowing time, fr. L. satio a sowing, a planting, fr. serere, satum, to sow, plant; akin to E. sow, v., to scatter, as seed.] 1. One of the divisions of the year, marked by alterations in the length of day and night, or by distinct conditions of temperature, moisture, etc., caused mainly by the relative position of the earth with respect to the sun. In the north temperate zone, four seasons, namely, spring, summer, autumn, and winter, are generally recognized. Some parts of the world have three seasons, -- the dry, the rainy, and the cold; other parts have but two, -- the dry and the rainy.

> The several seasons of the year in their beauty.

Addison.

2. Hence, a period of time, especially as regards its fitness for anything contemplated or done; a suitable or convenient time; proper conjuncture; as, the season for planting; the season for rest.

> The season, prime for sweetest scents and airs.

Milton.

3. A period of time not very long; a while; a time.

> Thou shalt be blind, not seeing the sun for a season.

Acts xiii. 11.

4. That which gives relish; seasoning. [Obs.]

> You lack the season of all natures, sleep.

Shak.

In season, in good time, or sufficiently early for the purpose. -- Out of season, beyond or out of the proper time or the usual or appointed time.

Sea"son, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Seasoned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Seasoning.] 1. To render suitable or appropriate; to prepare; to fit.

> He is fit and seasoned for his passage.

Shak.

2. To fit for any use by time or habit; to habituate; to accustom; to inure; to ripen; to mature; as, to season one to a climate.

3. Hence, to prepare by drying or hardening, or removal of natural juices; as, to season timber.

4. To fit for taste; to render palatable; to give zest or relish to; to spice; as, to season food.

5. Hence, to fit for enjoyment; to render agreeable.

> You season still with sports your serious hours.

Dryden.

> The proper use of wit is to season conversation.

Tillotson.

6. To qualify by admixture; to moderate; to temper. "When mercy seasons justice." Shak.

7. To imbue; to tinge or taint. "Who by his tutor being seasoned with the love of the truth." Fuller.

> Season their younger years with prudent and pious principles.

Jer. Taylor.

8. To copulate with; to impregnate. [R.] Holland.

Sea"son (?), v. i. 1. To become mature; to grow fit for use; to become adapted to a climate.

2. To become dry and hard, by the escape of the natural juices, or by being penetrated with other substance; as, timber seasons in the sun.

3. To give token; to savor. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Sea"son*a*ble (?), a. Occurring in good time, in due season, or in proper time for the purpose; suitable to the season; opportune; timely; as, a seasonable supply of rain.

> Mercy is seasonable in the time of affliction.

Ecclus. xxxv. 20.

-- Sea"son*a*ble*ness, n. -- Sea"son*a*bly, adv.

Sea"son*age (?), n. A seasoning. [Obs.] South.

Sea"son*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to the seasons.

Seasonal dimorphism (Zoöl.), the condition of having two distinct varieties which appear at different seasons, as certain species of butterflies in which the spring brood differs from the summer or autumnal brood.

Sea"son*er (?), n. One who, or that which, seasons, or gives a relish; a seasoning.

Sea"son*ing, n. 1. The act or process by which anything is seasoned.

2. That which is added to any species of food, to give it a higher relish, as salt, spices, etc.; a condiment.

3. Hence, something added to enhance enjoyment or relieve dullness; as, wit is the seasoning of conversation.

> Political speculations are of so dry and austere a nature, that they will not go down with the public without frequent seasonings.

Addison.

Seasoning tub (Bakery), a trough in which dough is set to rise. Knight.

Sea"son*less, a. Without succession of the seasons.

Sea" spi"der (?). (Zoöl.) (a) Any maioid crab; a spider crab. See Maioid, and Spider crab, under Spider. (b) Any pycnogonid.

Sea" squirt` (?). (Zoöl.) An ascidian. See Illust. under Tunicata.

Sea" star` (?). (Zoöl.) A starfish, or brittle star.

Sea" sur"geon (?). (Zoöl.) A surgeon fish.

Sea" swal"low (?). 1. (Zoöl.) (a) The common tern. (b) The storm petrel. (c) The gannet.

2. (Her.) See Cornish chough, under Chough.

Seat (st), n. [OE. sete, Icel. sæti; akin to Sw. säte, Dan. sæde, MHG. sze, AS. set, setl, and E. sit. √154. See Sit, and cf. Settle, n.] 1. The place or thing upon which one sits; hence; anything made to be sat in or upon, as a chair, bench, stool, saddle, or the like.

> And Jesus . . . overthrew the tables of the money changers, and the seats of them that sold doves.

Matt. xxi. 12.

2. The place occupied by anything, or where any person or thing is situated, resides, or abides; a site; an abode, a station; a post; a situation.

> Where thou dwellest, even where Satan's seat is.

Rev. ii. 13.

> He that builds a fair house upon an ill seat committeth himself to prison.

Bacon.

> A seat of plenty, content, and tranquillity.

Macaulay.

3. That part of a thing on which a person sits; as, the seat of a chair or saddle; the seat of a pair of pantaloons.

4. A sitting; a right to sit; regular or appropriate place of sitting; as, a seat in a church; a seat for the season in the opera house.

5. Posture, or way of sitting, on horseback.

> She had so good a seat and hand she might be trusted with any mount.

G. Eliot.

6. (Mach.) A part or surface on which another part or surface rests; as, a valve seat.

Seat worm (Zoöl.), the pinworm.

Seat, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Seated; p. pr. & vb. n. Seating.] 1. To place on a seat; to cause to sit down; as, to seat one's self.

> The guests were no sooner seated but they entered into a warm debate.

Arbuthnot.

2. To cause to occupy a post, site, situation, or the like; to station; to establish; to fix; to settle.

> Thus high . . . is King Richard seated.

Shak.

> They had seated themselves in New Guiana.

Sir W. Raleigh.

3. To assign a seat to, or the seats of; to give a sitting to; as, to seat a church, or persons in a church.

4. To fix; to set firm.

> From their foundations, loosening to and fro,
> They plucked the seated hills.

Milton.

5. To settle; to plant with inhabitants; as to seat a country. [Obs.] W. Stith.

6. To put a seat or bottom in; as, to seat a chair.

Seat, v. i. To rest; to lie down. [Obs.] Spenser.

Sea" tang` (?). (Bot.) A kind of seaweed; tang; tangle.

> To their nests of sedge and sea tang.

Longfellow.

Sea" term` (?). A term used specifically by seamen; a nautical word or phrase.

Sea" thief` (?). A pirate. Drayton.

Sea" thongs` (?; 115). (Bot.) A kind of blackish seaweed (Himanthalia lorea) found on the northern coasts of the Atlantic. It has a thonglike forking process rising from a top-shaped base.

Seat"ing (st"ng), n. 1. The act of providing with a seat or seats; as, the seating of an audience.

2. The act of making seats; also, the material for making seats; as, cane seating.

Sea" tit"ling (?). (Zoöl.) The rock pipit.

Seat"less (?), a. Having no seat.

Sea" toad` (?). (Zoöl.) (a) A sculpin. (b) A toadfish. (c) The angler.

Sea" trout` (?). (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of several species of true trouts which descend rivers and enter the sea after spawning, as the European bull trout and salmon trout, and the eastern American spotted trout. (b) The common squeteague, and the spotted squeteague. (c) A California fish of the family Chiridæ, especially Hexagrammus decagrammus; -- called also spotted rock trout. See Rock trout, under Rock. (d) A California sciænoid fish (Cynoscion nobilis); -- called also white sea bass.

Sea" trum"pet (?). 1. (Bot.) A great blackish seaweed of the Southern Ocean, having a hollow and expanding stem and a pinnate frond, sometimes twenty feet long.

2. (Zoöl.) Any large marine univalve shell of the genus Triton. See Triton.

Sea" turn` (?). A breeze, gale, or mist from the sea. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

Sea" tur"tle (?). (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of several very large species of chelonians having the feet converted into paddles, as the green turtle, hawkbill, loggerhead, and leatherback. They inhabit all warm seas. (b) The sea pigeon, or guillemot.

Sea" u"ni*corn (?). (Zoöl.) The narwhal.

Sea" ur"chin (?). (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of echinoderms of the order Echinoidea. When living they are covered with movable spines which are often long and sharp.

Seave (?), n. [Cf. Dan. siv, Sw. säf, Icel. sef.] A rush. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Seav`y, a. Overgrown with rushes. [Prov. Eng.]

Sea" wall` (?). [AS. sæweall.] A wall, or embankment, to resist encroachments of the sea.

Sea"-walled` (?), a. Surrounded, bounded, or protected by the sea, as if by a wall. Shak.

{ Sea"wan (?), Sea"want (?) }, n. The name used by the Algonquin Indians for the shell beads which passed among the Indians as money.

Seawan was of two kinds; wampum, white, and suckanhock, black or purple, -- the former having half the value of the latter. Many writers, however, use the terms seawan and wampum indiscriminately. Bartlett.

Sea"wand` . (Bot.) See Sea girdles.

Sea"ward (?), a. Directed or situated toward the sea. Donne.

> Two still clouds . . . sparkled on their seaward edges like a frosted fleece.

G. W. Cable.

Sea"ward, adv. Toward the sea. Drayton.

Sea"ware` (?), n. [Cf. AS. swr seaweed.] (Bot.) Seaweed; esp., coarse seaweed. See Ware, and Sea girdles.

Sea"weed` (?), n. 1. Popularly, any plant or plants growing in the sea.

2. (Bot.) Any marine plant of the class Algæ, as kelp, dulse, Fucus, Ulva, etc.

Sea" whip` (?). (Zoöl.) A gorgonian having a simple stem.

Sea" wid"geon (?). (Zoöl.) (a) The scaup duck. (b) The pintail duck.

Sea"wife` (?), n.; pl. Seawives (&?;). (Zoöl.) A European wrasse (Labrus vetula).

Sea" wil"low (?). (Zoöl.) A gorgonian coral with long flexible branches.

Sea" wing` (?). (Zoöl.) A wing shell (Avicula).

Sea" with"wind` (?). (Bot.) A kind of bindweed (Convolvulus Soldanella) growing on the seacoast of Europe.

Sea" wolf` (?). (Zoöl.) (a) The wolf fish. (b) The European sea perch. (c) The sea elephant. (d) A sea lion.

Sea" wood"cock` (?). (Zoöl.) The bar- tailed godwit.

Sea" wood" louse` (?). (Zoöl.) A sea slater.

Sea" worm"wood` (?). (Bot.) A European species of wormwood (Artemisia maritima) growing by the sea.

Sea"wor`thi*ness (?), n. The state or quality of being seaworthy, or able to resist the ordinary violence of wind and weather. Kent.

Sea"wor`thy (?), a. Fit for a voyage; worthy of being trusted to transport a cargo with safety; as, a seaworthy ship.

Sea" wrack` (?). (Bot.) See Wrack.

Se*ba"ceous (?), a. [NL. sebaceus, from L. sebum tallow, grease.] (Physiol.) Pertaining to, or secreting, fat; composed of fat; having the appearance of fat; as, the sebaceous secretions of some plants, or the sebaceous humor of animals.

Sebaceous cyst (Med.), a cyst formed by distention of a sebaceous gland, due to obstruction of its excretory duct. -- Sebaceous glands (Anat.), small subcutaneous glands, usually connected with hair follicles. They secrete an oily semifluid matter, composed in great part of fat, which softens and lubricates the hair and skin.

Se*bac"ic (?), a. [L. sebum tallow: cf. F. sébacique.] (Chem.) Of or pertaining to fat; derived from, or resembling, fat; specifically, designating an acid (formerly called also sebic, and pyroleic, acid), obtained by the distillation or saponification of certain oils (as castor oil) as a white crystalline substance.

Se"bat (?), n. [Heb. shbt.] The eleventh month of the ancient Hebrew year, approximately corresponding with February. W. Smith (Bibl. Dict.).

Se"bate (s"b\ddt), n. (Chem.) A salt of sebacic acid.

Se*bes"ten (?), n. [Ar. sebestn the tree: cf. Sp. sebesten.] (Bot.) The mucilaginous drupaceous fruit of two East Indian trees (Cordia Myxa, and C. latifolia), sometimes used medicinally in pectoral diseases.

In the West Indies the name is given to the similar fruit of Cordia Sebestana.

Se"bic (?), a. See Sebacic. [Obs.]

Se*bif"er*ous (?), a. [L. sebum tallow + -ferous.] 1. (Bot.) Producing vegetable tallow.

2. (Physiol.) Producing fat; sebaceous; as, the sebiferous, or sebaceous, glands.

Se*bip"a*rous (?), a. [L. sebum tallow + parere to bring forth.] (Physiol.) Same as Sebiferous.

||Seb"or*rhe*a (?), n. [NL., fr. L. sebum tallow + Gr. &?; to flow.] (Med.) A morbidly increased discharge of sebaceous matter upon the skin; stearrhea.

||Se*ca"le (?), n. [L., a kind of grain.] (Bot.) A genus of cereal grasses including rye.

Se"can*cy (?), n. [See Secant.] A cutting; an intersection; as, the point of secancy of one line by another. [R.] Davies & Peck (Math. Dict. ).

Se"cant (s"knt), a. [L. secans, -antis, p. pr. of secare to cut. See Section.] Cutting; dividing into two parts; as, a secant line.

Secant, n. [Cf. F. sécante. See Secant, a.] 1. (Geom.) A line that cuts another; especially, a straight line cutting a curve in two or more points.

2. (Trig.) A right line drawn from the center of a circle through one end of a circular arc, and terminated by a tangent drawn from the other end; the number expressing the ratio of this line to the radius of the circle. See Trigonometrical function, under Function.

||Sec"co (?), a. [It.] Dry.

Secco painting, or Painting in secco, painting on dry plaster, as distinguished from fresco painting, which is on wet or fresh plaster.

Se"cede" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Seceded; p. pr. & vb. n. Seceding.] [L. secedere, secessum; pref se- aside + cedere to go, move. See Cede.] To withdraw from fellowship, communion, or association; to separate one's self by a solemn act; to draw off; to retire; especially, to withdraw from a political or religious body.

Se*ced"er (?), n. 1. One who secedes.

2. (Eccl. Hist.) One of a numerous body of Presbyterians in Scotland who seceded from the communion of the Established Church, about the year 1733, and formed the Secession Church, so called.

Se*cern" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Secerned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Secerning.] [L. secernere. See Secrete.] 1. To separate; to distinguish.

> Averroes secerns a sense of titillation, and a sense of hunger and thirst.

Sir W. Hamilton.

2. (Physiol.) To secrete; as, mucus secerned in the nose. Arbuthnot.

Se*cern"ent (?), a. [L. secernens, p. pr.] (Physiol.) Secreting; secretory.

Se*cern"ent, n. 1. That which promotes secretion.

2. (Anat.) A vessel in, or by means of, which the process of secretion takes place; a secreting vessel.

Se*cern"ment (?), n. (Physiol.) The act or process of secreting.

Se*cess" (s*ss"), n. [L. secessus. See Secede.] Retirement; retreat; secession. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Se*ces"sion (s*ssh"n), n. [L. secessio: cf. F. sécession. See Secede.] 1. The act of seceding; separation from fellowship or association with others, as in a religious or political organization; withdrawal.

2. (U.S. Hist.) The withdrawal of a State from the national Union.

Secession Church (in Scotland). See Seceder.

Se*ces"sion*ism (?), n. The doctrine or policy of secession; the tenets of secession; the tenets of secessionists.

Se*ces"sion*ist, n. 1. One who upholds secession.

2. (U.S. Hist.) One who holds to the belief that a State has the right to separate from the Union at its will.

Seche (?), v. t. & i. To seek. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Se"chi*um (?), n. [NL.: cf. F. séchion; perhaps formed fr. Gr. &?; cucumber.] (Bot.) The edible fruit of a West Indian plant (Sechium edule) of the Gourd family. It is soft, pear-shaped, and about four inches long, and contains a single large seed. The root of the plant resembles a yam, and is used for food.

Seck (?), a. [F. sec, properly, dry, L. siccus.] Barren; unprofitable. See Rent seck, under Rent.

Seck"el (?), n. (Bot.) A small reddish brown sweet and juicy pear. It originated on a farm near Philadelphia, afterwards owned by a Mr. Seckel.

Se"cle (?), n. [L. saeculum: cf. F. siècle. See Secular.] A century. [Obs.] Hammond.

Se*clude (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Secluded; p. pr. & vb. n. Secluding.] [L. secludere, seclusum; pref. se- aside + claudere to shut. See Close, v. t.] 1. To shut up apart from others; to withdraw into, or place in, solitude; to separate from society or intercourse with others.

> Let Eastern tyrants from the light of heaven
> Seclude their bosom slaves.

Thomson.

2. To shut or keep out; to exclude. [Obs.] Evelyn.

-- Se*clud"ed*ly, adv. -- Se*clud"ed*ness, n.

Se*clu"sion (?), n. [See Seclude.] The act of secluding, or the state of being secluded; separation from society or connection; a withdrawing; privacy; as, to live in seclusion.

> O blest seclusion from a jarring world, which he, thus occupied, enjoys!

Cowper.

Syn. -- Solitude; separation; withdrawment; retirement; privacy. See Solitude.

Se*clu"sive (?), a. Tending to seclude; keeping in seclusion; secluding; sequestering.

Sec"ond (?), a. [F., fr. L. secundus second, properly, following, fr. sequi to follow. See Sue to follow, and cf. Secund.] 1. Immediately following the first; next to the first in order of place or time; hence, occurring again; another; other.

> And he slept and dreamed the second time.

Gen. xli. 5.

2. Next to the first in value, power, excellence, dignity, or rank; secondary; subordinate; inferior.

> May the day when we become the second people upon earth . . . be the day of our utter extirpation.

Landor.

3. Being of the same kind as another that has preceded; another, like a prototype; as, a second Cato; a second Troy; a second deluge.

> A Daniel, still say I, a second Daniel!

Shak.

Second Adventist. See Adventist. -- Second cousin, the child of a cousin. -- Second-cut file. See under File. -- Second distance (Art), that part of a picture between the foreground and the background; -- called also middle ground, or middle distance. [R.] -- Second estate (Eng.), the House of Peers. -- Second girl, a female house- servant who does the lighter work, as chamber work or waiting on table. -- Second intention. See under Intention. -- Second story, Second floor, in America, the second range of rooms from the street level. This, in England, is called the first floor, the one beneath being the ground floor. -- Second thought or thoughts, consideration of a matter following a first impulse or impression; reconsideration.

> On second thoughts, gentlemen, I don't wish you had known him.

Dickens.

Sec"ond (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, follows, or comes after; one next and inferior in place, time, rank, importance, excellence, or power.

> Man
> An angel's second, nor his second long.

Young.

2. One who follows or attends another for his support and aid; a backer; an assistant; specifically, one who acts as another's aid in a duel.

> Being sure enough of seconds after the first onset.

Sir H. Wotton.

3. Aid; assistance; help. [Obs.]

> Give second, and my love
> Is everlasting thine.

J. Fletcher.

4. pl. An article of merchandise of a grade inferior to the best; esp., a coarse or inferior kind of flour.

5. [F. seconde. See Second, a.] The sixtieth part of a minute of time or of a minute of space, that is, the second regular subdivision of the degree; as, sound moves about 1,140 English feet in a second; five minutes and ten seconds north of this place.

6. In the duodecimal system of mensuration, the twelfth part of an inch or prime; a line. See Inch, and Prime, n., 8.

7. (Mus.) (a) The interval between any tone and the tone which is represented on the degree of the staff next above it. (b) The second part in a concerted piece; -- often popularly applied to the alto.

Second hand, the hand which marks the seconds on the dial of a watch or a clock.

Sec"ond, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Seconded; p. pr. & vb. n. Seconding.] [Cf. F. seconder, L. secundare, from secundus. See Second, a.] 1. To follow in the next place; to succeed; to alternate. [R.]

> In the method of nature, a low valley is immediately seconded with an ambitious hill.

Fuller.

> Sin is seconded with sin.

South.

2. To follow or attend for the purpose of assisting; to support; to back; to act as the second of; to assist; to forward; to encourage.

> We have supplies to second our attempt.

Shak.

> In human works though labored on with pain,
> A thousand movements scarce one purpose gain;
> In God's, one single can its end produce,
> Yet serves to second too some other use.

Pope.

3. Specifically, to support, as a motion or proposal, by adding one's voice to that of the mover or proposer.

Sec"ond*a*ri*ly (?), adv. 1. In a secondary manner or degree.

2. Secondly; in the second place. [Obs.]

> God hath set some in the church, first apostles, secondarily prophets, thirdly teachers.

1 Cor. xii. 28.

Sec"ond*a*ri*ness, n. The state of being secondary.

> Full of a girl's sweet sense of secondariness to the object of her love.

Mrs. Oliphant.

Sec"ond*a*ry (?), a. [Cf. F. secondaire, L. secundaire. See Second, a.] 1. Succeeding next in order to the first; of second place, origin, rank, etc.; not primary; subordinate; not of the first order or rate.

> Wheresoever there is moral right on the one hand, no secondary right can discharge it.

L'Estrange.

> Two are the radical differences; the secondary differences are as four.

Bacon.

2. Acting by deputation or delegated authority; as, the work of secondary hands.

3. (Chem.) Possessing some quality, or having been subject to some operation (as substitution), in the second degree; as, a secondary salt, a secondary amine, etc. Cf. primary.

4. (Min.) Subsequent in origin; -- said of minerals produced by alteration or deposition subsequent to the formation of the original rock mass; also of characters of minerals (as secondary cleavage, etc.) developed by pressure or other causes.

5. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the second joint of the wing of a bird.

6. (Med.) (a) Dependent or consequent upon another disease; as, Bright's disease is often secondary to scarlet fever. (b) Occurring in the second stage of a disease; as, the secondary symptoms of syphilis.

Secondary accent. See the Note under Accent, n., 1. -- Secondary age. (Geol.) The Mesozoic age, or age before the Tertiary. See Mesozoic, and Note under Age, n., 8. -- Secondary alcohol (Chem.), any one of a series of alcohols which contain the radical CH.OH united with two hydrocarbon radicals. On oxidation the secondary alcohols form ketones. -- Secondary amputation (Surg.), an amputation for injury, performed after the constitutional effects of the injury have subsided. -- Secondary axis (Opt.), any line which passes through the optical center of a lens but not through the centers of curvature, or, in the case of a mirror, which passes through the center of curvature but not through the center of the mirror. -- Secondary battery. (Elec.) See under Battery, n., 4. -- Secondary circle (Geom. & Astron.), a great circle that passes through the poles of another great circle and is therefore perpendicular to its plane. -- Secondary circuit, Secondary coil (Elec.), a circuit or coil in which a current is produced by the induction of a current in a neighboring circuit or coil called the primary circuit or coil. -- Secondary color, a color formed by mixing any two primary colors in equal proportions. -- Secondary coverts (Zoöl.), the longer coverts which overlie the basal part of the secondary quills of a bird. See Illust. under Bird. -- Secondary crystal (Min.), a crystal derived from one of the primary forms. -- Secondary current (Elec.), a momentary current induced in a closed circuit by a current of electricity passing through the same or a contiguous circuit at the beginning and also at the end of the passage of the primary current. -- Secondary evidence, that which is admitted upon failure to obtain the primary or best evidence. -- Secondary fever (Med.), a fever coming on in a disease after the subsidence of the fever with which the disease began, as the fever which attends the outbreak of the eruption in smallpox. -- Secondary hemorrhage (Med.), hemorrhage occuring from a wounded blood vessel at some considerable time after the original bleeding has ceased. -- Secondary planet. (Astron.) See the Note under Planet. -- Secondary qualities, those qualities of bodies which are not inseparable from them as such, but are dependent for their development and intensity on the organism of the percipient, such as color, taste, odor, etc. -- Secondary quills or remiges (Zoöl.), the quill feathers arising from the forearm of a bird and forming a row continuous with the primaries; -- called also secondaries. See Illust. of Bird. -- Secondary rocks or strata (Geol.), those lying between the Primary, or Paleozoic, and Tertiary (see Primary rocks, under Primary); -- later restricted to strata of the Mesozoic age, and at present but little used. -- Secondary syphilis (Med.), the second stage of syphilis, including the period from the first development of constitutional symptoms to the time when the bones and the internal organs become involved. -- Secondary tint, any subdued tint, as gray. -- Secondary union (Surg.), the union of wounds after suppuration; union by the second intention.

Syn. -- Second; second-rate; subordinate; inferior.

Sec"ond*a*ry (?), n.; pl. Secondaries (&?;). 1. One who occupies a subordinate, inferior, or auxiliary place; a delegate or deputy; one who is second or next to the chief officer; as, the secondary, or undersheriff of the city of London.

> Old Escalus . . . is thy secondary.

Shak.

2. (Astron.) (a) A secondary circle. (b) A satellite.

3. (Zoöl.) A secondary quill.

Sec"ond-class` (?), a. Of the rank or degree below the best or highest; inferior; second-rate; as, a second-class house; a second-class passage.

Sec"ond*er (?), n. One who seconds or supports what another attempts, affirms, moves, or proposes; as, the seconder of an enterprise or of a motion.

Sec"ond*hand` (?), a. 1. Not original or primary; received from another.

> They have but a secondhand or implicit knowledge.

Locke.

2. Not new; already or previously possessed or used by another; as, a secondhand book, garment.

At second hand. See Hand, n., 10.

Sec"ond*ly, adv. In the second place.

||Se*con"do (s*kn"d; It. s*kn"d), n. [It.] (Mus.) The second part in a concerted piece.

Sec"ond-rate` (?), a. Of the second size, rank, quality, or value; as, a second-rate ship; second-rate cloth; a second-rate champion. Dryden.

Sec"ond-sight` (?), n. The power of discerning what is not visible to the physical eye, or of foreseeing future events, esp. such as are of a disastrous kind; the capacity of a seer; prophetic vision.

> He was seized with a fit of second- sight.

Addison.

> Nor less availed his optic sleight,
> And Scottish gift of second-sight.

Trumbull.

Sec"ond-sight`ed, a. Having the power of second-sight. [R.] Addison.

Se"cre (? or ?), a. Secret; secretive; faithful to a secret. [Obs.]

> To be holden stable and secre.

Chaucer.

Se"cre, n. A secret. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Se"cre*cy (?), n.; pl. Secrecies (#). [From Secret.] 1. The state or quality of being hidden; as, his movements were detected in spite of their secrecy.

> The Lady Anne,
> Whom the king hath in secrecy long married.

Shak.

2. That which is concealed; a secret. [R.] Shak.

3. Seclusion; privacy; retirement. "The pensive secrecy of desert cell." Milton.

4. The quality of being secretive; fidelity to a secret; forbearance of disclosure or discovery.

> It is not with public as with private prayer; in this, rather secrecy is commanded than outward show.

Hooker.

Se"cre*ly (?), adv. Secretly. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Se"cre*ness, n. Secrecy; privacy. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Se"cret (?), a. [F. secret (cf. Sp. & Pg. secreto, It. secreto, segreto), fr. L. secretus, p. p. of secernere to put apart, to separate. See Certain, and cf. Secrete, Secern.] 1. Hidden; concealed; as, secret treasure; secret plans; a secret vow. Shak.

> The secret things belong unto the Lord our God; but those things which are revealed belong unto us.

Deut. xxix. 29.

2. Withdrawn from general intercourse or notice; in retirement or secrecy; secluded.

> There, secret in her sapphire cell,
> He with the Naïs wont to dwell.

Fenton.

3. Faithful to a secret; not inclined to divulge or betray confidence; secretive. [R.]

> Secret Romans, that have spoke the word,
> And will not palter.

Shak.

4. Separate; distinct. [Obs.]

> They suppose two other divine hypostases superior thereunto, which were perfectly secret from matter.

Cudworth.

Syn. -- Hidden; concealed; secluded; retired; unseen; unknown; private; obscure; recondite; latent; covert; clandestine; privy. See Hidden.

Se"cret, n. [F. secret (cf. Pr. secret, Sp. & Pg. secreto, It. secreto, segreto), from L. secretum. See Secret, a.] 1. Something studiously concealed; a thing kept from general knowledge; what is not revealed, or not to be revealed.

> To tell our own secrets is often folly; to communicate those of others is treachery.

Rambler.

2. A thing not discovered; what is unknown or unexplained; a mystery.

> All secrets of the deep, all nature's works.

Milton.

3. pl. The parts which modesty and propriety require to be concealed; the genital organs.

In secret, in a private place; in privacy or secrecy; in a state or place not seen; privately.

> Bread eaten in secret is pleasant.

Prov. ix. 17.

Se"cret (?), v. t. To keep secret. [Obs.] Bacon.

Se"cret*age (?), n. [F.] A process in which mercury, or some of its salts, is employed to impart the property of felting to certain kinds of furs. Ure.

Sec`re*ta"ri*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to a secretary; befitting a secretary. [R.]

> Secretarial, diplomatic, or other official training.

Carlyle.

{ Sec`re*ta"ri*at (?), Sec`re*ta"ri*ate (?), } n. [F. secrétariat.] The office of a secretary; the place where a secretary transacts business, keeps records, etc.

Sec"re*ta*ry (?), n.; pl. Secretaries (#). [F. secrétaire (cf. Pr. secretari, Sp. & Pg. secretario, It. secretario, segretario) LL. secretarius, originally, a confidant, one intrusted with secrets, from L. secretum a secret. See Secret, a. & n.] 1. One who keeps, or is intrusted with, secrets. [R.]

2. A person employed to write orders, letters, dispatches, public or private papers, records, and the like; an official scribe, amanuensis, or writer; one who attends to correspondence, and transacts other business, for an association, a public body, or an individual.

> That which is most of all profitable is acquaintance with the secretaries, and employed men of ambassadors.

Bacon.

3. An officer of state whose business is to superintend and manage the affairs of a particular department of government, and who is usually a member of the cabinet or advisory council of the chief executive; as, the secretary of state, who conducts the correspondence and attends to the relations of a government with foreign courts; the secretary of the treasury, who manages the department of finance; the secretary of war, etc.

4. A piece of furniture, with conveniences for writing and for the arrangement of papers; an escritoire.

5. (Zoöl.) The secretary bird.

Secretary bird. [So called in allusion to the tufts of feathers at the back of its head, which were fancifully thought to resemble pens stuck behind the ear.] (Zoöl.) A large long-legged raptorial bird (Gypogeranus serpentarius), native of South Africa, but now naturalized in the West Indies and some other tropical countries. It has a powerful hooked beak, a crest of long feathers, and a long tail. It feeds upon reptiles of various kinds, and is much prized on account of its habit of killing and devouring snakes of all kinds. Called also serpent eater.

Syn. -- See the Note under Clerk, n., 4.

Sec"re*ta*ry*ship, n. The office, or the term of office, of a secretary.

Se*crete" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Secreted; p. pr. & vb. n. Secreting.] [L. secretus separated, secret, hidden, p. p. of secernere. See Secret, and cf. Discrete, Discreet.] 1. To deposit in a place of hiding; to hide; to conceal; as, to secrete stolen goods; to secrete one's self.

2. (Physiol.) To separate from the blood and elaborate by the process of secretion; to elaborate and emit as a secretion. See Secretion.

> Why one set of cells should secrete bile, another urea, and so on, we do not know.

Carpenter.

Syn. -- To conceal; hide. See Conceal.

Se*cre"tion (?), n. [L. secretio: cf. F. sécrétion.] 1. The act of secreting or concealing; as, the secretion of dutiable goods.

2. (Physiol.) The act of secreting; the process by which material is separated from the blood through the agency of the cells of the various glands and elaborated by the cells into new substances so as to form the various secretions, as the saliva, bile, and other digestive fluids. The process varies in the different glands, and hence are formed the various secretions.

3. (Physiol.) Any substance or fluid secreted, or elaborated and emitted, as the gastric juice.

Se"cret*ist (?), n. A dealer in secrets. [Obs.]

Se`cre*ti"tious (?), a. Parted by animal secretion; as, secretitious humors. Floyer.

Se*cret"ive (?), a. Tending to secrete, or to keep secret or private; as, a secretive disposition.

Se*cret"ive*ness, n. 1. The quality of being secretive; disposition or tendency to conceal.

2. (Phren.) The faculty or propensity which impels to reserve, secrecy, or concealment.

Se"cret*ly (?), adv. In a secret manner.

Se"cret*ness, n. 1. The state or quality of being secret, hid, or concealed.

2. Secretiveness; concealment. Donne.

Se*cre`to-mo"to*ry (?), a. (Physiol.) Causing secretion; -- said of nerves which go to glands and influence secretion.

Se*cre"to*ry (?), a. [Cf. F. sécrétoire. See Secrete.] (Physiol.) Secreting; performing, or connected with, the office of secretion; secernent; as, secretory vessels, nerves. -- n. A secretory vessel; a secernent.

Sect (skt), n. [L. secare, sectum, to cut.] A cutting; a scion. [Obs.] Shak.

Sect (skt), n. [F. secte, L. secta, fr. sequi to follow; often confused with L. secare, sectum, to cut. See Sue to follow, and cf. Sept, Suit, n.] Those following a particular leader or authority, or attached to a certain opinion; a company or set having a common belief or allegiance distinct from others; in religion, the believers in a particular creed, or upholders of a particular practice; especially, in modern times, a party dissenting from an established church; a denomination; in philosophy, the disciples of a particular master; a school; in society and the state, an order, rank, class, or party.

> He beareth the sign of poverty,
> And in that sect our Savior saved all mankind.

Piers Plowman.

> As of the sect of which that he was born,
> He kept his lay, to which that he was sworn.

Chaucer.

> The cursed sect of that detestable and false prophet Mohammed.

Fabyan.

> As concerning this sect [Christians], we know that everywhere it is spoken against.

Acts xxviii. 22.

Sec"tant (?), n. [L. secare, sectum, to cut.] One of the portions of space bounded by the three coordinate planes. Specif. (Crystallog.), one of the parts of a crystal into which it is divided by the axial planes.

Sec*ta"ri*an (?), a. Pertaining to a sect, or to sects; peculiar to a sect; bigotedly attached to the tenets and interests of a denomination; as, sectarian principles or prejudices.

Sec*ta"ri*an, n. One of a sect; a member or adherent of a special school, denomination, or religious or philosophical party; one of a party in religion which has separated itself from established church, or which holds tenets different from those of the prevailing denomination in a state.

Syn. -- See Heretic.

Sec*ta"ri*an*ism (?), n. The quality or character of a sectarian; devotion to the interests of a party; excess of partisan or denominational zeal; adherence to a separate church organization.

Sec*ta"ri*an*ize (?), v. t. To imbue with sectarian feelings; to subject to the control of a sect.

Sec"ta*rism, n. Sectarianism. [Obs.]

Sec"ta*rist (?), n. A sectary. [R.] T. Warton.

Sec"ta*ry (?), n.;pl. Sectaries (#). [F. sectaire. See Sect.] A sectarian; a member or adherent of a sect; a follower or disciple of some particular teacher in philosophy or religion; one who separates from an established church; a dissenter.

> I never knew that time in England when men of truest religion were not counted sectaries.

Milton.

Sec*ta"tor (?), n. [L., fr. sectari, v. intens. fr. sequi to follow. See Sue to follow.] A follower; a disciple; an adherent to a sect. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleigh.

Sec"tile (?), a. [L. sectilis, fr. secare, sectum, to cut: cf. F. sectile. See Section.] Capable of being cut; specifically (Min.), capable of being severed by the knife with a smooth cut; -- said of minerals.

Sec*til"i*ty (?), n. The state or quality of being sectile.

Sec"tion (?), n. [L. sectio, fr. secare, sectum, to cut; akin to E. saw a cutting instrument: cf. F. section. See Saw, and cf. Scion, Dissect, Insect, Secant, Segment.] 1. The act of cutting, or separation by cutting; as, the section of bodies.

2. A part separated from something; a division; a portion; a slice. Specifically: --

(a) A distinct part or portion of a book or writing; a subdivision of a chapter; the division of a law or other writing; a paragraph; an article; hence, the character §, often used to denote such a division.

> It is hardly possible to give a distinct view of his several arguments in distinct sections.

Locke.

(b) A distinct part of a country or people, community, class, or the like; a part of a territory separated by geographical lines, or of a people considered as distinct.

> The extreme section of one class consists of bigoted dotards, the extreme section of the other consists of shallow and reckless empirics.

Macaulay.

(c) One of the portions, of one square mile each, into which the public lands of the United States are divided; one thirty-sixth part of a township. These sections are subdivided into quarter sections for sale under the homestead and preëmption laws.

3. (Geom.) The figure made up of all the points common to a superficies and a solid which meet, or to two superficies which meet, or to two lines which meet. In the first case the section is a superficies, in the second a line, and in the third a point.

4. (Nat. Hist.) A division of a genus; a group of species separated by some distinction from others of the same genus; -- often indicated by the sign §.

5. (Mus.) A part of a musical period, composed of one or more phrases. See Phrase.

6. The description or representation of anything as it would appear if cut through by any intersecting plane; depiction of what is beyond a plane passing through, or supposed to pass through, an object, as a building, a machine, a succession of strata; profile.

In mechanical drawing, as in these Illustrations of a cannon, a longitudinal section (a) usually represents the object as cut through its center lengthwise and vertically; a cross or transverse section (b), as cut crosswise and vertically; and a horizontal section (c), as cut through its center horizontally. Oblique sections are made at various angles. In architecture, a vertical section is a drawing showing the interior, the thickness of the walls, etc., as if made on a vertical plane passed through a building.

Angular sections (Math.), a branch of analysis which treats of the relations of sines, tangents, etc., of arcs to the sines, tangents, etc., of their multiples or of their parts. [R.] -- Conic sections. (Geom.) See under Conic. -- Section liner (Drawing), an instrument to aid in drawing a series of equidistant parallel lines, -- used in representing sections. -- Thin section, a section or slice, as of mineral, animal, or vegetable substance, thin enough to be transparent, and used for study under the microscope.

Syn. -- Part; portion; division. -- Section, Part. The English more commonly apply the word section to a part or portion of a body of men; as, a section of the clergy, a small section of the Whigs, etc. In the United States this use is less common, but another use, unknown or but little known in England, is very frequent, as in the phrases "the eastern section of our country," etc., the same sense being also given to the adjective sectional; as, sectional feelings, interests, etc.

Sec"tion*al (?), a. 1. Of or pertaining to a section or distinct part of larger body or territory; local.

> All sectional interests, or party feelings, it is hoped, will hereafter yield to schemes of ambition.

Story.

2. Consisting of sections, or capable of being divided into sections; as, a sectional steam boiler.

Sec"tion*al*ism (?), n. A disproportionate regard for the interests peculiar to a section of the country; local patriotism, as distinguished from national. [U. S.]

Sec"tion*al"i*ty (?), n. The state or quality of being sectional; sectionalism.

Sec"tion*al*ize (?), v. t. To divide according to geographical sections or local interests. [U. S.]

> The principal results of the struggle were to sectionalize parties.

Nicolay & Hay (Life of Lincoln).

Sec"tion*al*ly, adv. In a sectional manner.

Sec"tion*ize (?), v. t. To form into sections. [R.]

Sect"ism (?), n. Devotion to a sect. [R.]

Sect"ist, n. One devoted to a sect; a sectary. [R.]

Sect"i*un`cle (?), n. A little or petty sect. [R.] "Some new sect or sectiuncle." J. Martineau.

Sec"tor (?), n. [L., properly, a cutter, fr. secare, sectum, to cut: cf. F. secteur. See Section.] 1. (Geom.) A part of a circle comprehended between two radii and the included arc.

2. A mathematical instrument, consisting of two rulers connected at one end by a joint, each arm marked with several scales, as of equal parts, chords, sines, tangents, etc., one scale of each kind on each arm, and all on lines radiating from the common center of motion. The sector is used for plotting, etc., to any scale.

3. An astronomical instrument, the limb of which embraces a small portion only of a circle, used for measuring differences of declination too great for the compass of a micrometer. When it is used for measuring zenith distances of stars, it is called a zenith sector.

Dip sector, an instrument used for measuring the dip of the horizon. -- Sector of a sphere, or Spherical sector, the solid generated by the revolution of the sector of a circle about one of its radii, or, more rarely, about any straight line drawn in the plane of the sector through its vertex.

Sec"tor*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to a sector; as, a sectoral circle.

Sec*to"ri*al (?), a. (Anat.) Adapted for cutting. -- n. A sectorial, or carnassial, tooth.

Sec"u*lar (?), a. [OE. secular, seculer. L. saecularis, fr. saeculum a race, generation, age, the times, the world; perhaps akin to E. soul: cf. F. séculier.] 1. Coming or observed once in an age or a century.

> The secular year was kept but once a century.

Addison.

2. Pertaining to an age, or the progress of ages, or to a long period of time; accomplished in a long progress of time; as, secular inequality; the secular refrigeration of the globe.

3. Of or pertaining to this present world, or to things not spiritual or holy; relating to temporal as distinguished from eternal interests; not immediately or primarily respecting the soul, but the body; worldly.

> New foes arise,
> Threatening to bind our souls with secular chains.

Milton.

4. (Eccl.) Not regular; not bound by monastic vows or rules; not confined to a monastery, or subject to the rules of a religious community; as, a secular priest.

> He tried to enforce a stricter discipline and greater regard for morals, both in the religious orders and the secular clergy.

Prescott.

5. Belonging to the laity; lay; not clerical.

> I speak of folk in secular estate.

Chaucer.

Secular equation (Astron.), the algebraic or numerical expression of the magnitude of the inequalities in a planet's motion that remain after the inequalities of a short period have been allowed for. -- Secular games (Rom. Antiq.), games celebrated, at long but irregular intervals, for three days and nights, with sacrifices, theatrical shows, combats, sports, and the like. -- Secular music, any music or songs not adapted to sacred uses. -- Secular hymn or poem, a hymn or poem composed for the secular games, or sung or rehearsed at those games.

Sec"u*lar, n. 1. (Eccl.) A secular ecclesiastic, or one not bound by monastic rules. Burke.

2. (Eccl.) A church official whose functions are confined to the vocal department of the choir. Busby.

3. A layman, as distinguished from a clergyman.

Sec"u*lar*ism (?), n. 1. The state or quality of being secular; a secular spirit; secularity.

2. The tenets or principles of the secularists.

Sec"u*lar*ist, n. One who theoretically rejects every form of religious faith, and every kind of religious worship, and accepts only the facts and influences which are derived from the present life; also, one who believes that education and other matters of civil policy should be managed without the introduction of a religious element.

Sec`u*lar"i*ty (?), n. [Cf.F. sécularité, LL. saecularitas.] Supreme attention to the things of the present life; worldliness.

> A secularity of character which makes Christianity and its principal doctrines distasteful or unintelligible.

I. Taylor.

Sec`u*lar*i*za"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. sécularisation.] The act of rendering secular, or the state of being rendered secular; conversion from regular or monastic to secular; conversion from religious to lay or secular possession and uses; as, the secularization of church property.

Sec"u*lar*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Secularized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Secularizing (?).] [Cf. F. séculariser.] 1. To convert from regular or monastic into secular; as, to secularize a priest or a monk.

2. To convert from spiritual to secular or common use; as, to secularize a church, or church property.

> At the Reformation the abbey was secularized.

W. Coxe.

3. To make worldly or unspiritual. Bp. Horsley.

Sec"u*lar*ly, adv. In a secular or worldly manner.

Sec"u*lar*ness, n. The quality or state of being secular; worldliness; worldly-mindedness.

Se"cund (?), a. [L. secundus following the course or current of wind or water. See Second, a.] (Bot.) Arranged on one side only, as flowers or leaves on a stalk. Gray.

Se*cun"date (?), v. t. [L. secundatus, p. p. of secundare to direct favorably.] To make prosperous. [R.]

Sec`un*da"tion (?), n. Prosperity. [R.]

Sec"un*dine (?), n. [Cf. F. secondine.] 1. (Bot.) The second coat, or integument, of an ovule, lying within the primine.

In the ripened seed the primine and secundine are usually united to form the testa, or outer seed coat. When they remain distinct the secundine becomes the mesosperm, as in the castor bean.

2. [Cf. F. secondines.] The afterbirth, or placenta and membranes; -- generally used in the plural.

Se*cun`do-gen"i*ture (?), n. [L. secundus second + genitura a begetting, generation.] A right of inheritance belonging to a second son; a property or possession so inherited.

> The kingdom of Naples . . . was constituted a secundo-geniture of Spain.

Bancroft.

Se*cur"a*ble (?), a. That may be secured.

Se*cure" (?), a. [L. securus; pref. se- without + cura care. See Cure care, and cf. Sure, a.] 1. Free from fear, care, or anxiety; easy in mind; not feeling suspicion or distrust; confident.

> But thou, secure of soul, unbent with woes.

Dryden.

2. Overconfident; incautious; careless; -- in a bad sense. Macaulay.

3. Confident in opinion; not entertaining, or not having reason to entertain, doubt; certain; sure; -- commonly with of; as, secure of a welcome.

> Confidence then bore thee on, secure
> Either to meet no danger, or to find
> Matter of glorious trial.

Milton.

4. Not exposed to danger; safe; -- applied to persons and things, and followed by against or from. "Secure from fortune's blows." Dryden.

Syn. -- Safe; undisturbed; easy; sure; certain; assured; confident; careless; heedless; inattentive.

Se*cure", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Secured (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Securing.] 1. To make safe; to relieve from apprehensions of, or exposure to, danger; to guard; to protect.

> I spread a cloud before the victor's sight,
> Sustained the vanquished, and secured his flight.

Dryden.

2. To put beyond hazard of losing or of not receiving; to make certain; to assure; to insure; -- frequently with against or from, rarely with of; as, to secure a creditor against loss; to secure a debt by a mortgage.

> It secures its possessor of eternal happiness.

T. Dick.

3. To make fast; to close or confine effectually; to render incapable of getting loose or escaping; as, to secure a prisoner; to secure a door, or the hatches of a ship.

4. To get possession of; to make one's self secure of; to acquire certainly; as, to secure an estate.

Secure arms (Mil.), a command and a position in the manual of arms, used in wet weather, the object being to guard the firearm from becoming wet. The piece is turned with the barrel to the front and grasped by the right hand at the lower band, the muzzle is dropped to the front, and the piece held with the guard under the right arm, the hand supported against the hip, and the thumb on the rammer.

Se*cure"ly, adv. In a secure manner; without fear or apprehension; without danger; safely.

> His daring foe . . . securely him defied.

Milton.

Se*cure"ment (?), n. The act of securing; protection. [R.]

> Society condemns the securement in all cases of perpetual protection by means of perpetual imprisonment.

C. A. Ives.

Se*cure"ness, n. The condition or quality of being secure; exemption from fear; want of vigilance; security.

Se*cur"er (?), n. One who, or that which, secures.

||Sec`u*rif"e*ra (?), n. pl. [NL., from L. securis an ax + ferre to bear.] (Zoöl.) The Serrifera.

Se*cu"ri*form (?), a. [L. securis an ax or hatchet + -form: cf. F. sécuriforme.] (Nat. Hist.) Having the form of an ax or hatchet.

Se*cu"ri*palp (?), n. [L. securis ax, hatchet + E. palp.] (Zoöl.) One of a family of beetles having the maxillary palpi terminating in a hatchet- shaped joint.

Se*cu"ri*ty (?), n.; pl. Securities (#). [L. securitas: cf. F. sécurité. See Secure, and cf. Surety.] 1. The condition or quality of being secure; secureness. Specifically: (a) Freedom from apprehension, anxiety, or care; confidence of power or safety; hence, assurance; certainty.

> His trembling hand had lost the ease,
> Which marks security to please.

Sir W. Scott.

(b) Hence, carelessness; negligence; heedlessness.

> He means, my lord, that we are too remiss,
> Whilst Bolingbroke, through our security,
> Grows strong and great in substance and in power.

Shak.

(c) Freedom from risk; safety.

> Give up yourself merely to chance and hazard,
> From firm security.

Shak.

> Some . . . alleged that we should have no security for our trade.

Swift.

2. That which secures or makes safe; protection; guard; defense. Specifically: (a) Something given, deposited, or pledged, to make certain the fulfillment of an obligation, the performance of a contract, the payment of a debt, or the like; surety; pledge.

> Those who lent him money lent it on no security but his bare word.

Macaulay.

(b) One who becomes surety for another, or engages himself for the performance of another's obligation.

3. An evidence of debt or of property, as a bond, a certificate of stock, etc.; as, government securities.

Syn. -- Protection; defense; guard; shelter; safety; certainty; ease; assurance; carelessness; confidence; surety; pledge; bail.

Se*dan" (?), n. [Said to be named from Sedan, in France, where it was first made, and whence it was introduced into England in the time of King Charles I.] A portable chair or covered vehicle for carrying a single person, -- usually borne on poles by two men. Called also sedan chair.

Se*date" (?), a. [L. sedatus, p. p. of sedare, sedatum, to allay, calm, causative of sedere to sit. See Sit.] Undisturbed by passion or caprice; calm; tranquil; serene; not passionate or giddy; composed; staid; as, a sedate soul, mind, or temper.

> Disputation carries away the mind from that calm and sedate temper which is so necessary to contemplate truth.

I. Watts.

> Whatsoever we feel and know
> Too sedate for outward show.

Wordsworth.

Syn. -- Settled; composed; calm; quiet; tranquil; still; serene; unruffled; undisturbed; contemplative; sober; serious.

-- Se*date"ly, adv. -- Se*date"ness, n.

Se*da"tion (?), n. [L. sedatio.] The act of calming, or the state of being calm. [R.] Coles.

Sed"a*tive (?), a. [Cf. F. sédatif.] Tending to calm, moderate, or tranquilize; specifically (Med.), allaying irritability and irritation; assuaging pain.

Sed"a*tive, n. (Med.) A remedy which allays irritability and irritation, and irritative activity or pain.

Se"dent (?), a. [L. sedens, - entis, p. pr. of sedere to sit. See Sit.] Sitting; inactive; quiet. [R.]

Sed"en*ta*ri*ly (?), adv. In a sedentary manner.

Sed"en*ta*ri*ness, n. Quality of being sedentary.

Sed"en*ta*ry (?), a. [L. sedentarius, fr. sedere to sit: cf. F. seédentaire. See Sedent.] 1. Accustomed to sit much or long; as, a sedentary man. "Sedentary, scholastic sophists." Bp. Warburton.

2. Characterized by, or requiring, much sitting; as, a sedentary employment; a sedentary life.

> Any education that confined itself to sedentary pursuits was essentially imperfect.

Beaconsfield.

3. Inactive; motionless; sluggish; hence, calm; tranquil. [R.] "The sedentary earth." Milton.

> The soul, considered abstractly from its passions, is of a remiss, sedentary nature.

Spectator.

4. Caused by long sitting. [Obs.] "Sedentary numbness." Milton.

5. (Zoöl.) Remaining in one place, especially when firmly attached to some object; as, the oyster is a sedentary mollusk; the barnacles are sedentary crustaceans.

Sedentary spider (Zoöl.), one of a tribe of spiders which rest motionless until their prey is caught in their web.

||Se*de"runt (?), n. [L., they sat, fr. sedere to sit.] A sitting, as of a court or other body.

> 'T is pity we have not Burns's own account of that long sederunt.

Prof. Wilson.

Acts of sederunt (Scots Law), ordinances of the Court of Session for the ordering of processes and expediting of justice. Bell.

Sedge (?), n. [OE. segge, AS. secg; akin to LG. segge; -- probably named from its bladelike appearance, and akin to L. secare to cut, E. saw a cutting instrument; cf. Ir. seisg, W. hesg. Cf. Hassock, Saw the instrument.] 1. (Bot.) Any plant of the genus Carex, perennial, endogenous, innutritious herbs, often growing in dense tufts in marshy places. They have triangular jointless stems, a spiked inflorescence, and long grasslike leaves which are usually rough on the margins and midrib. There are several hundred species.

The name is sometimes given to any other plant of the order Cyperaceæ, which includes Carex, Cyperus, Scirpus, and many other genera of rushlike plants.

2. (Zoöl.) A flock of herons.

Sedge hen (Zoöl.), the clapper rail. See under 5th Rail. -- Sedge warbler (Zoöl.), a small European singing bird (Acrocephalus phragmitis). It often builds its nest among reeds; -- called also sedge bird, sedge wren, night warbler, and Scotch nightingale.

Sedged (?), a. Made or composed of sedge.

> With your sedged crowns and ever-harmless looks.

Shak.

Sedg"y (?), a. Overgrown with sedge.

> On the gentle Severn\'b6s sedgy bank.

Shak.

||Se*dil"i*a (?), n. pl.; sing. Sedile (&?;). [L. sedile a seat.] (Arch.) Seats in the chancel of a church near the altar for the officiating clergy during intervals of service. Hook.

Sed"i*ment (?), n. [F. sédiment, L. sedimentum a settling, fr. sedere to sit, to settle. See Sit.] 1. The matter which subsides to the bottom, from water or any other liquid; settlings; lees; dregs.

2. (Geol.) The material of which sedimentary rocks are formed.

Sed`i*men"tal (?), a. Sedimentary.

Sed`i*men"ta*ry (?), a. [Cf. F. sédimentaire.] Of or pertaining to sediment; formed by sediment; containing matter that has subsided.

Sedimentary rocks. (Geol.) See Aqueous rocks, under Aqueous.

Sed`i*men*ta"tion (?), n. The act of depositing a sediment; specifically (Geol.), the deposition of the material of which sedimentary rocks are formed.

Se*di"tion (?), n. [OE. sedicioun, OF. sedition, F. sédition, fr. L. seditio, originally, a going aside; hence, an insurrectionary separation; pref. se-, sed-, aside + itio a going, fr. ire, itum, to go. Cf. Issue.] 1. The raising of commotion in a state, not amounting to insurrection; conduct tending to treason, but without an overt act; excitement of discontent against the government, or of resistance to lawful authority.

> In soothing them, we nourish 'gainst our senate
> The cockle of rebellion, insolence, sedition.

Shak.

> Noisy demagogues who had been accused of sedition.

Macaulay.

2. Dissension; division; schism. [Obs.]

> Now the works of the flesh are manifest, . . . emulations, wrath, strife, seditions, heresies.

Gal. v. 19, 20.

Syn. -- Insurrection; tumult; uproar; riot; rebellion; revolt. See Insurrection.

Se*di"tion*a*ry (?), n. An inciter or promoter of sedition. Bp. Hall.

Se*di"tious (?), a.[L. seditiosus: cf. F. séditieux.] 1. Of or pertaining to sedition; partaking of the nature of, or tending to excite, sedition; as, seditious behavior; seditious strife; seditious words.

2. Disposed to arouse, or take part in, violent opposition to lawful authority; turbulent; factious; guilty of sedition; as, seditious citizens.

-- Se*di"tious*ly, adv. -- Se*di"tious*ness, n.

Sed"litz (?), a. Same as Seidlitz.

Se*duce" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Seduced (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Seducing (?).] [L. seducere, seductum; pref. se- aside + ducere to lead. See Duke.] 1. To draw aside from the path of rectitude and duty in any manner; to entice to evil; to lead astray; to tempt and lead to iniquity; to corrupt.

> For me, the gold of France did not seduce.

Shak.

2. Specifically, to induce to surrender chastity; to debauch by means of solicitation.

Syn. -- To allure; entice; tempt; attract; mislead; decoy; inveigle. See Allure.

Se*duce"ment (?), n. 1. The act of seducing.

2. The means employed to seduce, as flattery, promises, deception, etc.; arts of enticing or corrupting. Pope.

Se*du"cer (?), n. One who, or that which, seduces; specifically, one who prevails over the chastity of a woman by enticements and persuasions.

> He whose firm faith no reason could remove,
> Will melt before that soft seducer, love.

Dryden.

Se*du"ci*ble (?), a. Capable of being seduced; corruptible.

Se*du"cing (?), a. Seductive. "Thy sweet seducing charms." Cowper. -- Se*du"cing*ly, adv.

Se*duc*tion (?), n. [L. seductio: cf. F. séduction. See Seduce.] 1. The act of seducing; enticement to wrong doing; specifically, the offense of inducing a woman to consent to unlawful sexual intercourse, by enticements which overcome her scruples; the wrong or crime of persuading a woman to surrender her chastity.

2. That which seduces, or is adapted to seduce; means of leading astray; as, the seductions of wealth.

Se*duc"tive (?), a. Tending to lead astray; apt to mislead by flattering appearances; tempting; alluring; as, a seductive offer.

> This may enable us to understand how seductive is the influence of example.

Sir W. Hamilton.

Se*duc"tive*ly, adv. In a seductive manner.

Se*duc"tress (?), n. A woman who seduces.

Se*du"li*ty (?), n. [L. sedulitas. See Sedulous.] The quality or state of being sedulous; diligent and assiduous application; constant attention; unremitting industry; sedulousness.

> The industrious bee, by his sedulity in summer, lives in honey all the winter.

Feltham.

Sed"u*lous (?; 135), a. [L. sedulus, perhaps from sedere to sit, and so akin to E. sit.] Diligent in application or pursuit; constant, steady, and persevering in business, or in endeavors to effect an object; steadily industrious; assiduous; as, the sedulous bee.

> What signifies the sound of words in prayer, without the affection of the heart, and a sedulous application of the proper means that may naturally lead us to such an end?

L'Estrange.

Syn. -- Assiduous; diligent; industrious; laborious; unremitting; untiring; unwearied; persevering.

-- Sed"u*lous*ly, adv. -- Sed"u*lous*ness, n.

||Se"dum (?), n. [NL., fr. L. sedere to sit; so called in allusion to the manner in which the plants attach themselves to rocks and walls.] (Bot.) A genus of plants, mostly perennial, having succulent leaves and cymose flowers; orpine; stonecrop. Gray.

See (?), n. [OE. se, see, OF. se, sed, sied, fr. L. sedes a seat, or the kindred sedere to sit. See Sit, and cf. Siege.] 1. A seat; a site; a place where sovereign power is exercised. [Obs.] Chaucer.

> Jove laughed on Venus from his sovereign see.

Spenser.

2. Specifically: (a) The seat of episcopal power; a diocese; the jurisdiction of a bishop; as, the see of New York. (b) The seat of an archbishop; a province or jurisdiction of an archbishop; as, an archiepiscopal see. (c) The seat, place, or office of the pope, or Roman pontiff; as, the papal see. (d) The pope or his court at Rome; as, to appeal to the see of Rome.

Apostolic see. See under Apostolic.

See (s), v. t. [imp. Saw (s); p. p. Seen (sn); p. pr. & vb. n. Seeing.] [OE. seen, sen, seon, AS. seón; akin to OFries. sa, D. zien, OS. & OHG. sehan, G. sehen, Icel. sj, Sw. se, Dan. see, Goth. saíhwan, and probably to L. sequi to follow (and so originally meaning, to follow with the eyes). Gr. "e`pesqai, Skr. sac. Cf. Sight, Sue to follow.] 1. To perceive by the eye; to have knowledge of the existence and apparent qualities of by the organs of sight; to behold; to descry; to view.

> I will now turn aside, and see this great sight.

Ex. iii. 3.

2. To perceive by mental vision; to form an idea or conception of; to note with the mind; to observe; to discern; to distinguish; to understand; to comprehend; to ascertain.

> Go, I pray thee, see whether it be well with thy brethren.

Gen. xxxvii. 14.

> Jesus saw that he answered discreetly.

Mark xii. 34.

> Who's so gross
> That seeth not this palpable device?

Shak.

3. To follow with the eyes, or as with the eyes; to watch; to regard attentively; to look after. Shak.

> I had a mind to see him out, and therefore did not care for contradicting him.

Addison.

4. To have an interview with; especially, to make a call upon; to visit; as, to go to see a friend.

> And Samuel came no more to see Saul until the day of his death.

1 Sam. xv. 35.

5. To fall in with; to meet or associate with; to have intercourse or communication with; hence, to have knowledge or experience of; as, to see military service.

> Make us glad according to the days wherein thou hast afflicted us, and the years wherein we have seen evil.

Ps. xc. 15.

> Verily, verily, I say unto you, if a man keep my saying, he shall never see death.

John viii. 51.

> Improvement in wisdom and prudence by seeing men.

Locke.

6. To accompany in person; to escort; to wait upon; as, to see one home; to see one aboard the cars.

God you (him, or me, etc.) see, God keep you (him, me, etc.) in his sight; God protect you. [Obs.] Chaucer. -- To see (anything) out, to see (it) to the end; to be present at, or attend, to the end. -- To see stars, to see flashes of light, like stars; -- sometimes the result of concussion of the head. [Colloq.] -- To see (one) through, to help, watch, or guard (one) to the end of a course or an undertaking.

See, v. i. 1. To have the power of sight, or of perceiving by the proper organs; to possess or employ the sense of vision; as, he sees distinctly.

> Whereas I was blind, now I see.

John ix. 25.

2. Figuratively: To have intellectual apprehension; to perceive; to know; to understand; to discern; -- often followed by a preposition, as through, or into.

> For judgment I am come into this world, that they which see not might see; and that they which see might be made blind.

John ix. 39.

> Many sagacious persons will find us out, . . . and see through all our fine pretensions.

Tillotson.

3. To be attentive; to take care; to give heed; -- generally with to; as, to see to the house.

> See that ye fall not out by the way.

Gen. xlv. 24.

Let me see, Let us see, are used to express consideration, or to introduce the particular consideration of a subject, or some scheme or calculation.

> Cassio's a proper man, let me see now, -
> To get his place.

Shak.

See is sometimes used in the imperative for look, or behold. "See. see! upon the banks of Boyne he stands." Halifax.

To see about a thing, to pay attention to it; to consider it. -- To see on, to look at. [Obs.] "She was full more blissful on to see." Chaucer. -- To see to. (a) To look at; to behold; to view. [Obs.] "An altar by Jordan, a great altar to see to" Josh. xxii. 10. (b) To take care about; to look after; as, to see to a fire.

Seed (sd), n.; pl. Seed or Seeds (#). [OE. seed, sed, AS. sd, fr. swan to sow; akin to D. zaad seed, G. saat, Icel. sð, sæði, Goth. manasþs seed of men, world. See Sow to scatter seed, and cf. Colza.] 1. (Bot.) (a) A ripened ovule, consisting of an embryo with one or more integuments, or coverings; as, an apple seed; a currant seed. By germination it produces a new plant. (b) Any small seedlike fruit, though it may consist of a pericarp, or even a calyx, as well as the seed proper; as, parsnip seed; thistle seed.

> And God said, Let the earth bring forth grass, the herb yielding seed, and the fruit tree yielding fruit after his kind, whose seed is in itself.

Gen. i. 11.

The seed proper has an outer and an inner coat, and within these the kernel or nucleus. The kernel is either the embryo alone, or the embryo inclosed in the albumen, which is the material for the nourishment of the developing embryo. The scar on a seed, left where the stem parted from it, is called the hilum, and the closed orifice of the ovule, the micropyle.

2. (Physiol.) The generative fluid of the male; semen; sperm; -- not used in the plural.

3. That from which anything springs; first principle; original; source; as, the seeds of virtue or vice.

4. The principle of production.

> Praise of great acts he scatters as a seed,
> Which may the like in coming ages breed.

Waller.

5. Progeny; offspring; children; descendants; as, the seed of Abraham; the seed of David.

In this sense the word is applied to one person, or to any number collectively, and admits of the plural form, though rarely used in the plural.

6. Race; generation; birth.

> Of mortal seed they were not held.

Waller.

Seed bag (Artesian well), a packing to prevent percolation of water down the bore hole. It consists of a bag encircling the tubing and filled with flax seed, which swells when wet and fills the space between the tubing and the sides of the hole. -- Seed bud (Bot.), the germ or rudiment of the plant in the embryo state; the ovule. -- Seed coat (Bot.), the covering of a seed. -- Seed corn, or Seed grain (Bot.), corn or grain for seed. -- Seed down (Bot.), the soft hairs on certain seeds, as cotton seed. -- Seed drill. See 6th Drill, 2 (a). -- Seed eater (Zoöl.), any finch of the genera Sporophila, and Crithagra. They feed mainly on seeds. -- Seed gall (Zoöl.), any gall which resembles a seed, formed on the leaves of various plants, usually by some species of Phylloxera. -- Seed leaf (Bot.), a cotyledon. -- Seed lobe (Bot.), a cotyledon; a seed leaf. -- Seed oil, oil expressed from the seeds of plants. -- Seed oyster, a young oyster, especially when of a size suitable for transplantation to a new locality. -- Seed pearl, a small pearl of little value. -- Seed plat, or Seed plot, the ground on which seeds are sown, to produce plants for transplanting; a nursery. -- Seed stalk (Bot.), the stalk of an ovule or seed; a funicle. -- Seed tick (Zoöl.), one of several species of ticks resembling seeds in form and color. -- Seed vessel (Bot.), that part of a plant which contains the seeds; a pericarp. -- Seed weevil (Zoöl.), any one of numerous small weevils, especially those of the genus Apion, which live in the seeds of various plants. -- Seed wool, cotton wool not yet cleansed of its seeds. [Southern U.S.]

Seed (?), v. i. 1. To sow seed.

2. To shed the seed. Mortimer.

3. To grow to maturity, and produce seed.

> Many interests have grown up, and seeded, and twisted their roots in the crevices of many wrongs.

Landor.

Seed, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Seeded; p. pr. & vb. n. Seeding.] 1. To sprinkle with seed; to plant seeds in; to sow; as, to seed a field.

2. To cover thinly with something scattered; to ornament with seedlike decorations.

> A sable mantle seeded with waking eyes.

B. Jonson.

To seed down, to sow with grass seed.

Seed"box` (?), n. (Bot.) (a) A capsule. (b) A plant (Ludwigia alternifolia) which has somewhat cubical or box-shaped capsules.

Seed"cake` (?), n. A sweet cake or cooky containing aromatic seeds, as caraway. Tusser.

Seed"cod` (?), n. A seedlip. [Prov. Eng.]

Seed"er (?), n. One who, or that which, sows or plants seed.

Seed`i*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being seedy, shabby, or worn out; a state of wretchedness or exhaustion. [Colloq.] G. Eliot.

> What is called seediness, after a debauch, is a plain proof that nature has been outraged.

J. S. Blackie.

Seed"-lac` (?), n. A species of lac. See the Note under Lac.

Seed"less, a. Without seed or seeds.

Seed"ling (?), n. (Bot.) A plant reared from the seed, as distinguished from one propagated by layers, buds, or the like.

{ Seed"lip` (?), Seed"lop` (?), } n. [AS. sdleáp; sd seed + leáp basket.] A vessel in which a sower carries the seed to be scattered. [Prov. Eng.]

Seed"man (?), See Seedsman.

Seed"ness, n. Seedtime. [Obs.] Shak.

Seeds"man (?), n.; pl. Seedsmen (-men). 1. A sower; one who sows or scatters seed.

> The seedsman
> Upon the slime and ooze scatters his grain.

Shak.

2. A person who deals in seeds.

Seed"time` (?), n. [AS. sdtma.] The season proper for sowing.

> While the earth remaineth, seedtime and harvest, and cold and heat, and summer and winter, and day and night, shall not cease.

Gen. viii. 22.

Seed"y (?), a. [Compar. Seedier (?); superl. Seediest.] 1. Abounding with seeds; bearing seeds; having run to seeds.

2. Having a peculiar flavor supposed to be derived from the weeds growing among the vines; -- said of certain kinds of French brandy.

3. Old and worn out; exhausted; spiritless; also, poor and miserable looking; shabbily clothed; shabby looking; as, he looked seedy; a seedy coat. [Colloq.]

> Little Flanigan here . . . is a little seedy, as we say among us that practice the law.

Goldsmith.

Seedy toe, an affection of a horse's foot, in which a cavity filled with horn powder is formed between the laminæ and the wall of the hoof.

See"ing (?), conj. (but originally a present participle). In view of the fact (that); considering; taking into account (that); insmuch as; since; because; - - followed by a dependent clause; as, he did well, seeing that he was so young.

> Wherefore come ye to me, seeing ye hate me?

Gen. xxvi. 27.

Seek (?), a. Sick. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Seek, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sought (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Seeking.] [OE. seken, AS. scan, scean; akin to OS. skian, LG. söken, D. zoeken, OHG. suohhan, G. suchen, Icel. sækja, Sw. söka, Dan. söge, Goth. skjan, and E. sake. Cf. Beseech, Ransack, Sagacious, Sake, Soc.] 1. To go in search of; to look for; to search for; to try to find.

> The man asked him, saying, What seekest thou? And he said, I seek my brethren.

Gen. xxxvii. 15, 16.

2. To inquire for; to ask for; to solicit; to beseech.

> Others, tempting him, sought of him a sign.

Luke xi. 16.

3. To try to acquire or gain; to strive after; to aim at; as, to seek wealth or fame; to seek one's life.

4. To try to reach or come to; to go to; to resort to.

> Seek not Bethel, nor enter into Gilgal.

Amos v. 5.

> Since great Ulysses sought the Phrygian plains.

Pope.

Seek (?), v. i. To make search or inquiry; to endeavor to make discovery.

> Seek ye out of the book of the Lord, and read.

Isa. xxxiv. 16.

To seek, needing to seek or search; hence, unprepared. "Unpracticed, unprepared, and still to seek." Milton. [Obs.] -- To seek after, to make pursuit of; to attempt to find or take. -- To seek for, to endeavor to find. -- To seek to, to apply to; to resort to; to court. [Obs.] "All the earth sought to Solomon, to hear his wisdom." 1 Kings x. 24. -- To seek upon, to make strict inquiry after; to follow up; to persecute. [Obs.]

> To seek
> Upon a man and do his soul unrest.

Chaucer.

Seek"er (?), n. 1. One who seeks; that which is used in seeking or searching.

2. (Eccl.) One of a small heterogeneous sect of the 17th century, in Great Britain, who professed to be seeking the true church, ministry, and sacraments.

> A skeptic [is] ever seeking and never finds, like our new upstart sect of Seekers.

Bullokar.

Seek"-no-fur`ther (?), n. A kind of choice winter apple, having a subacid taste; -- formerly called go- no-further.

Seek"-sor`row (?), n. One who contrives to give himself vexation. [Archaic.] Sir P. Sidney.

Seel (sl), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Seeled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Seeling.] [F. siller, ciller, fr. cil an eyelash, L. cilium.] 1. (Falconry) To close the eyes of (a hawk or other bird) by drawing through the lids threads which were fastened over the head. Bacon.

> Fools climb to fall: fond hopes, like seeled doves for want of better light, mount till they end their flight with falling.

J. Reading.

2. Hence, to shut or close, as the eyes; to blind.

> Come, seeling night,
> Scarf up the tender eye of pitiful day.

Shak.

> Cold death, with a violent fate, his sable eyes did seel.

Chapman.

Seel, v. i. [Cf. LG. sielen to lead off water, F. siller to run ahead, to make headway, E. sile, v.t.] To incline to one side; to lean; to roll, as a ship at sea. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleigh.

{ Seel (?), Seel"ing, } n. The rolling or agitation of a ship in a storm. [Obs.] Sandys.

Seel, n. [AS. sl, from sl good, prosperous. See Silly.] 1. Good fortune; favorable opportunity; prosperity. [Obs.] "So have I seel". Chaucer.

2. Time; season; as, hay seel. [Prov. Eng.]

Seel"i*ly (?), adv. In a silly manner. [Obs.]

Seel"y (?), a. See Silly. [Obs.] Spenser.

Seem (sm), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Seemed (smd); p. pr. & vb. n. Seeming.] [OE. semen to seem, to become, befit, AS. sman to satisfy, pacify; akin to Icel. sæma to honor, to bear with, conform to, sæmr becoming, fit, sma to beseem, to befit, sama to beseem, semja to arrange, settle, put right, Goth. samjan to please, and to E. same. The sense is probably due to the adj. seemly. √191. See Same, a., and cf. Seemly.] To appear, or to appear to be; to have a show or semblance; to present an appearance; to look; to strike one's apprehension or fancy as being; to be taken as. "It now seemed probable." Macaulay.

> Thou picture of what thou seem'st.

Shak.

> All seemed well pleased; all seemed, but were not all.

Milton.

> There is a way which seemeth right unto a man; but the end thereof are the ways of death.

Prov. xiv. 12.

It seems, it appears; it is understood as true; it is said.

> A prince of Italy, it seems, entertained his mistress on a great lake.

Addison.

Syn. -- To appear; look. -- Seem, Appear. To appear has reference to a thing's being presented to our view; as, the sun appears; to seem is connected with the idea of semblance, and usually implies an inference of our mind as to the probability of a thing's being so; as, a storm seems to be coming. "The story appears to be true," means that the facts, as presented, go to show its truth; "the story seems to be true," means that it has the semblance of being so, and we infer that it is true. "His first and principal care being to appear unto his people such as he would have them be, and to be such as he appeared." Sir P. Sidney.

> Ham. Ay, madam, it is common.
> Queen. If it be,
> Why seems it so particular with thee?
> Ham. Seems, madam! Nay, it is; I know not "seems."

Shak.

Seem, v. t. To befit; to beseem. [Obs.] Spenser.

Seem"er (?), n. One who seems; one who carries or assumes an appearance or semblance.

> Hence shall we see,
> If power change purpose, what our seemers be.

Shak.

Seem"ing, a. Having a semblance, whether with or without reality; apparent; specious; befitting; as, seeming friendship; seeming truth.

> My lord, you have lost a friend indeed;
> And I dare swear you borrow not that face
> Of seeming sorrow, it is sure your own.

Shak.

Seem"ing, n. 1. Appearance; show; semblance; fair appearance; speciousness.

> These keep
> Seeming and savor all the winter long.

Shak.

2. Apprehension; judgment. [Obs.] Chaucer.

> Nothing more clear unto their seeming.

Hooker.

> His persuasive words, impregned
> With reason, to her seeming.

Milton.

Seem"ing*ly, adv. In appearance; in show; in semblance; apparently; ostensibly.

> This the father seemingly complied with.

Addison.

Seem"ing*ness, n. Semblance; fair appearance; plausibility. Sir K. Digby.

Seem"less, a. Unseemly. [Obs.] Spenser.

Seem"li*ly (?), adv. In a seemly manner. [Obs.]

Seem"li*ness, n. The quality or state of being seemly: comeliness; propriety.

<! p. 1304 !>

Seem"ly (?), a. [Compar.Seemlier (&?;); superl. Seeliest.] [Icel. s&?;miligr, fr. s&?;mr becoming, fit; akin to samr same, E. same; the sense being properly, the same or like, hence, fitting. See Seem, v. i.] Suited to the object, occasion, purpose, or character; suitable; fit; becoming; comely; decorous.

> He had a seemly nose.

Chaucer.

> I am a woman, lacking wit
> To make a seemly answer to such persons.

Shak.

> Suspense of judgment and exercise of charity were safer and seemlier for Christian men than the hot pursuit of these controversies.

Hooker.

Syn. -- Becoming; fit; suitable; proper; appropriate; congruous; meet; decent; decorous.

Seem"ly (?), adv. [Compar. Seemlier; superl. Seemliest.] In a decent or suitable manner; becomingly.

> Suddenly a men before him stood,
> Not rustic as before, but seemlier clad,
> As one in city or court or place bred.

Milton.

Seem"ly*hed (?), n. [See -hood.] Comely or decent appearance. [Obs.] Rom. of R. Spenser.

Seen (?), p. p. of See.

Seen, a. Versed; skilled; accomplished. [Obs.]

> Well seen in every science that mote be.

Spenser.

> Noble Boyle, not less in nature seen,
> Than his great brother read in states and men.

Dryden.

{ Seep (?), or Sipe (?) }, v. i. [AS. span to distill.] To run or soak through fine pores and interstices; to ooze. [Scot. & U. S.]

> Water seeps up through the sidewalks.

G. W. Cable.

{ Seep"age (?), or Sip"age }, n. Water that seeped or oozed through a porous soil. [Scot. & U. S.]

{ Seep"y (?), or Sip"y }, a. Oozy; -- applied to land under cultivation that is not well drained.

Seer (sr), a. Sore; painful. [Prov. Eng.] Ray.

Se"er (s"r), n. One who sees. Addison.

Seer (sr), n. [From See.] A person who foresees events; a prophet. Milton.

Seer"ess, n. A female seer; a prophetess.

Seer"fish` (-fsh), n. (Zoöl.) A scombroid food fish of Madeira (Cybium Commersonii).

Seer"hand (?), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] A kind of muslin of a texture between nainsook and mull.

Seer"ship, n. The office or quality of a seer.

Seer"suck`er (?), n. A light fabric, originally made in the East Indies, of silk and linen, usually having alternating stripes, and a slightly craped or puckered surface; also, a cotton fabric of similar appearance.

Seer"wood` (?), n. [See Sear.] Dry wood. [Written also searwood.] [Obs.] Dryden.

See"saw` (?), n. [Probably a reduplication of saw, to express the alternate motion to and fro, as in the act of sawing.] 1. A play among children in which they are seated upon the opposite ends of a plank which is balanced in the middle, and move alternately up and down.

2. A plank or board adjusted for this play.

3. A vibratory or reciprocating motion.

> He has been arguing in a circle; there is thus a seesaw between the hypothesis and fact.

Sir W. Hamilton.

4. (Whist.) Same as Crossruff.

See"saw`, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Seesawad (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Seesawing.] To move with a reciprocating motion; to move backward and forward, or upward and downward.

See"saw`, v. t. To cause to move backward and forward in seesaw fashion.

> He seesaws himself to and fro.

Ld. Lytton.

See"saw`, a. Moving up and down, or to and fro; having a reciprocating motion.

Seet (?), obs. imp. of Sit. Sate; sat. Chaucer.

Seeth (?), obs. imp. of Seethe. Chaucer.

Seethe (?), v. t. [imp. Seethed (?) (Sod (&?;), obs.); p. p. Seethed, Sodden (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Seething.] [OE. sethen, AS. seó&?;an; akin to D. sieden, OHG. siodan, G. sieden, Icel. sj&?;&?;a, Sw. sjuda, Dan. syde, Goth. saubs a burnt offering. Cf. Sod, n., Sodden, Suds.] To decoct or prepare for food in hot liquid; to boil; as, to seethe flesh. [Written also seeth.]

> Set on the great pot, and seethe pottage for the sons of the prophets.

2 Kings iv. 38.

Seethe, v. i. To be a state of ebullition or violent commotion; to be hot; to boil. 1 Sam. ii. 13.

> A long Pointe, round which the Mississippi used to whirl, and seethe, and foam.

G. W. Cable.

Seeth"er (?), n. A pot for boiling things; a boiler.

> Like burnished gold the little seether shone.

Dryden.

Seg (?), n. [See Sedge.] (Bot.) 1. Sedge. [Obs.]

2. The gladen, and other species of Iris. Prior.

Seg, n. [Probably from the root of L. secare to cut.] A castrated bull. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Halliwell.

Se*gar" (?), n. See Cigar.

Seg"gar (?), n. [Prov. E. saggard a seggar, seggard a sort of riding surtout, contr. fr. safeguard.] A case or holder made of fire clay, in which fine pottery is inclosed while baking in the kin. [Written also saggar, sagger, and segger.] Ure.

Segge (?), n. (Zoöl.) The hedge sparrow. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Seg"ment (?), n. [L. segmentum, fr. secare to cut, cut off: cf. F. segment. See Saw a cutting instrument.] 1. One of the parts into which any body naturally separates or is divided; a part divided or cut off; a section; a portion; as, a segment of an orange; a segment of a compound or divided leaf.

2. (Geom.) A part cut off from a figure by a line or plane; especially, that part of a circle contained between a chord and an arc of that circle, or so much of the circle as is cut off by the chord; as, the segment acb in the Illustration.

3. (Mach.) (a) A piece in the form of the sector of a circle, or part of a ring; as, the segment of a sectional fly wheel or flywheel rim. (b) A segment gear.

4. (Biol.) (a) One of the cells or division formed by segmentation, as in egg cleavage or in fissiparous cell formation. (b) One of the divisions, rings, or joints into which many animal bodies are divided; a somite; a metamere; a somatome.

Segment gear, a piece for receiving or communicating reciprocating motion from or to a cogwheel, consisting of a sector of a circular gear, or ring, having cogs on the periphery, or face. -- Segment of a line, the part of a line contained between two points on it. -- Segment of a sphere, the part of a sphere cut off by a plane, or included between two parallel planes. -- Ventral segment. (Acoustics) See Loor, n., 5.

Seg"ment (?), v. i. (Biol.) To divide or separate into parts in growth; to undergo segmentation, or cleavage, as in the segmentation of the ovum.

Seg*men"tal (?), a. 1. Relating to, or being, a segment.

2. (Anat. & Zoöl.) (a) Of or pertaining to the segments of animals; as, a segmental duct; segmental papillæ. (b) Of or pertaining to the segmental organs.

Segmental duct (Anat.), the primitive duct of the embryonic excretory organs which gives rise to the Wolffian duct and ureter; the pronephric duct. -- Segmental organs. (a) (Anat.) The embryonic excretory organs of vertebrates, consisting primarily of the segmental tubes and segmental ducts. (b) (Zoöl.) The tubular excretory organs, a pair of which often occur in each of several segments in annelids. They serve as renal organs, and often, also, as oviducts and sperm ducts. See Illust. under Sipunculacea. -- Segmental tubes (Anat.), the tubes which primarily open into the segmental duct, some of which become the urinary tubules of the adult.

Seg`men*ta"tion (?), n. The act or process of dividing into segments; specifically (Biol.), a self-division into segments as a result of growth; cell cleavage; cell multiplication; endogenous cell formation.

Segmentation cavity (Biol.), the cavity formed by the arrangement of the cells in segmentation or cleavage of the ovum; the cavity of the blastosphere. In the gastrula stage, the segmentation cavity in which the mesoblast is formed lies between the entoblast and ectoblast. See Illust. of Invagination. -- Segmentation nucleus (Biol.), the body formed by fusion of the male and female pronucleus in an impregnated ovum. See the Note under Pronucleus. -- Segmentation of the ovum, or Egg cleavage (Biol.), the process by which the embryos of all the higher plants and animals are derived from the germ cell. In the simplest case, that of small ova destitute of food yolk, the ovum or egg divides into two similar halves or segments (blastomeres), each of these again divides into two, and so on, thus giving rise to a mass of cells (mulberry mass, or morula), all equal and similar, from the growth and development of which the future animal is to be formed. This constitutes regular segmentation. Quite frequently, however, the equality and regularity of cleavage is interfered with by the presence of food yolk, from which results unequal segmentation. See Holoblastic, Meroblastic, Alecithal, Centrolecithal, Ectolecithal, and Ovum. -- Segmentation sphere (Biol.), the blastosphere, or morula. See Morula.

Seg"ment*ed (?), a. Divided into segments or joints; articulated.

{ Seg"ni*tude (?), Seg"ni*ty (?) }, n. [L. segnitas, fr. segnis slow, sluggish.] Sluggishness; dullness; inactivity. [Obs.]

||Se"gno (?), n. [It. See Sign.] (Mus.) A sign. See Al segno, and Dal segno.

Se"go (?), n. (Bot.) A liliaceous plant (Calochortus Nuttallii) of Western North America, and its edible bulb; -- so called by the Ute Indians and the Mormons.

Seg"re*gate (?), a. [L. segregatus, p. p. of segregare to separate; pref. se- aside + grex, gregis, a flock or herd. See Gregarious.] 1. Separate; select.

2. (Bot.) Separated from others of the same kind.

Seg"re*gate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Segregated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Segregating.] To separate from others; to set apart.

> They are still segregated, Christians from Christians, under odious designations.

I. Taylor.

Seg"re*gate, v. i. (Geol.) To separate from a mass, and collect together about centers or along lines of fracture, as in the process of crystallization or solidification.

Seg`re*ga"tion (?), n. [L. segregatio: cf. F. ségrégation.] 1. The act of segregating, or the state of being segregated; separation from others; a parting.

2. (Geol.) Separation from a mass, and gathering about centers or into cavities at hand through cohesive attraction or the crystallizing process.

||Seiches (?), n. pl. [F.] (Geol.) Local oscillations in level observed in the case of some lakes, as Lake Geneva.

Seid (?), n. [Ar seyid prince.] A descendant of Mohammed through his daughter Fatima and nephew Ali.

Seid"litz (?), a. Of or pertaining to Seidlitz, a village in Bohemia. [Written also Sedlitz.]

Seidlitz powders, effervescing salts, consisting of two separate powders, one of which contains forty grains of sodium bicarbonate mixed with two drachms of Rochell&?; salt (tartrate of potassium and sodium) and the other contains thirty-five grains of tartaric acid. The powders are mixed in water, and drunk while effervescing, as a mild cathartic; -- so called from the resemblance to the natural water of Seidlitz. Called also Rochelle powders. -- Seidlitz water, a natural water from Seidlitz, containing magnesium, sodium, calcium, and potassium sulphates, with calcium carbonate and a little magnesium chloride. It is used as an aperient.

Seigh (?), obs. imp. sing. of See. Saw. Chaucer.

Seign*eu"ri*al (?), a. [F., fr. seigneur. See Seignior.] 1. Of or pertaining to the lord of a manor; manorial. Sir W. Temple.

2. Vested with large powers; independent.

Seign"ior (?), n. [OF. seignor, F. seigneur, cf. It. signore, Sp. señor from an objective case of L. senier elder. See Senior.] 1. A lord; the lord of a manor.

2. A title of honor or of address in the South of Europe, corresponding to Sir or Mr. in English.

Grand Seignior, the sultan of Turkey.

Seign"ior*age (?), n. [F. seigneuriage, OF. seignorage.] 1. Something claimed or taken by virtue of sovereign prerogative; specifically, a charge or toll deducted from bullion brought to a mint to be coined; the difference between the cost of a mass of bullion and the value as money of the pieces coined from it.

> If government, however, throws the expense of coinage, as is reasonable, upon the holders, by making a charge to cover the expense (which is done by giving back rather less in coin than has been received in bullion, and is called "levying a seigniorage"), the coin will rise to the extent of the seigniorage above the value of the bullion.

J. S. Mill.

2. A share of the receipts of a business taken in payment for the use of a right, as a copyright or a patent.

Seign"ior*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to a seignior; seigneurial. "Kingly or seignioral patronage." Burke.

Seign"ior*al*ty (?), n. The territory or authority of a seignior, or lord. Milman.

Seign*io"ri*al (?), a. Same as Seigneurial.

Seign"ior*ize (?), v. t. To lord it over. [Obs.]

> As proud as he that seigniorizeth hell.

Fairfax.

Seign"ior*y (?), n.; pl. -ies (#). [OE. seignorie, OF. seigneurie, F. seigneurie; cf. It. signoria.] 1. The power or authority of a lord; dominion.

> O'Neal never had any seigniory over that country but what by encroachment he got upon the English.

Spenser.

2. The territory over which a lord holds jurisdiction; a manor. [Written also seigneury, and seignory.]

Seine (?), n. [F. seine, or AS. segene, b&?;th fr. L. sagena, Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;.] (Fishing.) A large net, one edge of which is provided with sinkers, and the other with floats. It hangs vertically in the water, and when its ends are brought together or drawn ashore incloses the fish.

Seine boat, a boat specially constructed to carry and pay out a seine.

Sein"er (?), n. One who fishes with a seine.

Sein"ing, n. Fishing with a seine.

Seint (?), n. [See Cincture.] A girdle. [Obs.] "Girt with a seint of silk." Chaucer.

Seint, n. A saint. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Sein"tu*a*ry (?), n. Sanctuary. [Obs.]

Seir"fish` (?), n. (Zoöl.) Same as Seerfish.

Sei"ro*spore (?), n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?; a cord + E. spore.] (Bot.) One of several spores arranged in a chain as in certain algæ of the genus Callithamnion.

Seise (?), v. t. See Seize. Spenser.

This is the common spelling in the law phrase to be seised of (an estate).

Sei"sin (?), n. See Seizin. Spenser.

{ Seis"mic (?), Seis"mal (?), } a. [Gr. seismo`s an earthquake, from sei`ein to shake.] Of or pertaining to an earthquake; caused by an earthquake.

Seismic vertical, the point upon the earth's surface vertically over the center of effort or focal point whence the earthquake's impulse proceeds, or the vertical line connecting these two points.

Seis"mo*graph (?), n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?; an earthquake + -graph.] (Physics) An apparatus for registering the shocks and undulatory motions of earthquakes.

Seis`mo*graph"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to a seismograph; indicated by a seismograph.

Seis*mog"ra*phy (?), n. 1. A writing about, or a description of, earthquakes.

2. The art of registering the shocks and undulatory movements of earthquakes.

Seis`mo*log"ic*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to seismology. -- Seis`mo*log"ic*al*ly, adv.

Seis*mol"o*gy (?), n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?; an earthquake + -logy.] The science of earthquakes.

Seis*mom"e*ter (?), n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?; an earthquake + -meter.] (Physics) An instrument for measuring the direction, duration, and force of earthquakes and like concussions.

Seis`mo*met"ric (?), a. Of or pertaining to seismometry, or seismometer; as, seismometric instruments; seismometric measurements.

Seis*mom"e*try (?), n. The mensuration of such phenomena of earthquakes as can be expressed in numbers, or by their relation to the coördinates of space.

Seis"mo*scope (?), n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?; an earthquake + -scope.] (Physics) A seismometer.

Se"i*ty (?), n. [L. se one's self.] Something peculiar to one's self. [R.] Tatler.

Seiz"a*ble (?), a. That may be seized.

Seize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Seized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Seizing.] [OE. seisen, saisen, OF. seisir, saisir, F. saisir, of Teutonic origin, and akin to E. set. The meaning is properly, to set, put, place, hence, to put in possession of. See Set, v. t.] 1. To fall or rush upon suddenly and lay hold of; to gripe or grasp suddenly; to reach and grasp.

> For by no means the high bank he could seize.

Spenser.

> Seek you to seize and gripe into your hands
> The royalties and rights of banished Hereford?

Shak.

<! p. 1305 !>

2. To take possession of by force.

> At last they seize
> The scepter, and regard not David's sons.

Milton.

3. To invade suddenly; to take sudden hold of; to come upon suddenly; as, a fever seizes a patient.

> Hope and deubt alternate seize her seul.

Pope.

4. (law) To take possession of by virtue of a warrant or other legal authority; as, the sheriff seized the debtor's goods.

5. To fasten; to fix. [Obs.]

> As when a bear hath seized her cruel claws
> Upon the carcass of some beast too weak.

Spenser.

6. To grap with the mind; to comprehend fully and distinctly; as, to seize an idea.

7. (Naut.) To bind or fasten together with a lashing of small stuff, as yarn or marline; as, to seize ropes.

This word, by writers on law, is commonly written seise, in the phrase to be seised of (an estate), as also, in composition, disseise, disseisin.

To be seized of, to have possession, or right of possession; as, A B was seized and possessed of the manor of Dale. "Whom age might see seized of what youth made prize." Chapman. -- To seize on or upon, to fall on and grasp; to take hold on; to take possession of suddenly and forcibly.

Syn. -- To catch; grasp; clutch; snatch; apprehend; arrest; take; capture.

Seiz"er (?), n. One who, or that which, seizes.

Sei"zin (?), n. [F. saisine. See Seize.] 1. (Law) Possession; possession of an estate of froehold. It may be either in deed or in law; the former when there is actual possession, the latter when there is a right to such possession by construction of law. In some of the United States seizin means merely ownership. Burrill.

2. The act of taking possession. [Obs.]

3. The thing possessed; property. Sir M. Halle.

Commonly spelt by writers on law seisin.

Livery of seizin. (Eng. Law) See Note under Livery, 1.

Seiz"ing (?), n. 1. The act of taking or grasping suddenly.

2. (Naut.) (a) The operation of fastening together or lashing. (b) The cord or lashing used for such fastening.

Sei"zor (?), n. (Law) One who seizes, or takes possession.

Sei"zure (?), n. 1. The act of seizing, or the state of being seized; sudden and violent grasp or gripe; a taking into possession; as, the seizure of a thief, a property, a throne, etc.

2. Retention within one's grasp or power; hold; possession; ownership.

> Make o'er thy honor by a deed of trust,
> And give me seizure of the mighty wealth.

Dryden.

3. That which is seized, or taken possession of; a thing laid hold of, or possessed.

{ Se"jant, Se"jeant } (?), a. [F. séant, p. pr. of seoir to sit, L. sedere.] (Her.) Sitting, as a lion or other beast.

Sejant rampant, sitting with the forefeet lifted up. Wright.

Se*jein" (?), v. t. [L. sejungere; pref. se- aside + jungere to join. See Join.] To separate. [Obs.]

Se*junc"tion (?), n. [L. sejunctio. See Sejoin.] The act of disjoining, or the state of being disjoined. [Obs.] Bp. Pearson.

Se*jun"gi*ble (?), a. [See Sejoin.] Capable of being disjoined. [Obs.] Bp. Pearson.

Seke (?), a. Sick. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Seke (?), v. t. & i. To seek. [Obs.] Chaucer.

||Se"kes (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;&?;&?; a pen, a sacred inclosure, a shrine.] (Arch.) A place in a pagan temple in which the images of the deities were inclosed.

Se*la"chi*an (?), n. (Zoöl.) One of the Selachii. See Illustration in Appendix.

||Se*la"chi*i (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;&?;&?; a fish having cartilages instead of bones.] (Zoöl.) An order of elasmobranchs including the sharks and rays; the Plagiostomi. Called also Selacha, Selache, and Selachoidei.

||Sel`a*choi"de*i (?), n. pl. [NL. See Selachii, and -oid.] (Zoöl.) Same as Selachii.

||Sel`a*chos"to*mi (?), n. pl. [NL. See Selachii, and Stoma.] (Zoöl.) A division of ganoid fishes which includes the paddlefish, in which the mouth is armed with small teeth.

||Sel`a*gi*nel"la (?), n. [NL., fr. L. selago, -inis, a kind of plant.] (Bot.) A genus of cryptogamous plants resembling Lycopodia, but producing two kinds of spores; also, any plant of this genus. Many species are cultivated in conservatories.

Se"lah (?), n. [Heb. selh.] (Script.) A word of doubtful meaning, occuring frequently in the Psalms; by some, supposed to signify silence or a pause in the musical performance of the song.

> Beyond the fact that Selah is a musical term, we know absolutely nothing about it.

Dr. W. Smith (Bib. Dict.)

Sel"couth (sl"kth), a. [AS. selcð, seldcð; seld rare + cð known. See Uncouth.] Rarely known; unusual; strange. [Obs.]

> [She] wondered much at his so selcouth case.

Spenser.

Seld (sld), a. [See Seldom.] Rare; uncommon; unusual. [Obs.] Chaucer. Spenser.

Seld, adv. Rarely; seldom. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Sel"den (-sen), adv. Seldom. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Sel"dom (-dm), adv. [Usually, Compar. More seldom (mr"); superl. Most seldom (mst"); but sometimes also, Seldomer (-r), Seldomest.] [AS. seldan, seldon, seldum, fr. seld rare; akin to OFries. sielden, D. zelden, G. selten, OHG. seltan, Icel. sjaldan, Dan. sielden, Sw. sällan, Goth. sildaleiks marvelous.] Rarely; not often; not frequently.

> Wisdom and youth are seldom joined in one.

Hooker.

Sel"dom (?), a. Rare; infrequent. [Archaic.] "A suppressed and seldom anger." Jer. Taylor.

Sel"dom*ness, n. Rareness. Hooker.

Seld"seen` (?), a. [AS. seldsiene.] Seldom seen. [Obs.] Drayton.

Seld"shewn` (?), a. [Seld + shown.] Rarely shown or exhibited. [Obs.] Shak.

Se*lect" (?), a. [L. selectus, p. p. of seligere to select; pref. se- aside + levere to gather. See Legend.] Taken from a number by preferance; picked out as more valuable or exellent than others; of special value or exellence; nicely chosen; selected; choice.

> A few select spirits had separated from the crowd, and formed a fit audience round a far greater teacher.

Macaulay.

Se*lect", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Selected; p. pr. & vb. n. Selecting.] To choose and take from a number; to take by preference from among others; to pick out; to cull; as, to select the best authors for perusal. "One peculiar nation to select." Milton.

> The pious chief . . .
> A hundred youths from all his train selects.

Dryden.

Se*lect"ed*ly, adv. With care and selection. [R.]

Se*lec"tion (?), n. [L. selectio: cf. F. sélection.] . The act of selecting, or the state of being selected; choice, by preference.

2. That which is selected; a collection of things chosen; as, a choice selection of books.

Natural selection. (Biol.) See under Natural.

Se*lect"ive (?), a. Selecting; tending to select.

> This selective providence of the Almighty.

Bp. Hall.

Se*lect"man (?), n.; pl. Selectmen (&?;). One of a board of town officers chosen annually in the New England States to transact the general public business of the town, and have a kind of executive authority. The number is usually from three to seven in each town.

> The system of delegated town action was then, perhaps, the same which was defined in an "order made in 1635 by the inhabitants of Charlestown at a full meeting for the government of the town, by selectmen;" the name presently extended throughout New England to municipal governors.

Palfrey.

Se*lect"ness, n. The quality or state of being select.

Se*lect"or (?), n. [L.] One who selects.

Sel"e*nate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of selenic acid; -- formerly called also seleniate.

Sel`en*hy"dric (?), a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, hydrogen selenide, H2Se, regarded as an acid analogous to sulphydric acid.

Se*len"ic (?), a. [Cf. F. sélénique.] (Chem.) Of or pertaining to selenium; derived from, or containing, selenium; specifically, designating those compounds in which the element has a higher valence as contrasted with selenious compounds.

Sel"e*nide (?), n. (Chem.) A binary compound of selenium, or a compound regarded as binary; as, ethyl selenide.

Sel`e*nif"er*ous (?), a. [Selenium + -ferous. ] Containing, or impregnated with, selenium; as, seleniferous pyrites.

Se*le"ni*o- (&?;). (Chem.) A combining form (also used adjectively) denoting the presence of selenium or its compounds; as, selenio-phosphate, a phosphate having selenium in place of all, or a part, of the oxygen.

Se*le"ni*ous (?), a. [Cf. F. sélénieux.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or containing, selenium; specifically, designating those compounds in which the element has a lower valence as contrasted with selenic compounds.

Sel"e*nite (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of selenious acid.

Sel"e*nite, n. [L. selenites, Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?; (sc. &?;&?;&?;), from selh`nh the moon. So called from a fancied resemblance in luster or appearance to the moon.] (Min.) A variety of gypsum, occuring in transparent crystals or crystalline masses.

{ Sel`e*nit"ic (?), Sel`e*nit"ic*al (?), } a. (Min.) Of or pertaining to selenite; resembling or containing selenite.

Se*le"ni*um (?), n. [NL., from Gr. selh`nh the moon. So called because of its chemical analogy to tellurium (from L. tellus the earth), being, as it were, a companion to it.] (Chem.) A nonmetallic element of the sulphur group, and analogous to sulphur in its compounds. It is found in small quantities with sulphur and some sulphur ores, and obtained in the free state as a dark reddish powder or crystalline mass, or as a dark metallic-looking substance. It exhibits under the action of light a remarkable variation in electric conductivity, and is used in certain electric apparatus. Symbol Se. Atomic weight 78.9.

Sel`e*ni"u*ret (?), n. (Chem.) A selenide. [Obs.]

Sel`e*ni"u*ret`ed (?), a. (Chem.) Combined with selenium as in a selenide; as, seleniureted hydrogen. [Written also seleniuretted.] [Obsoles.]

Se*le`no*cen"tric (?), a. [Gr. selh`nh the moon + E. centric.] (Astron.) As seen or estimated from the center of the moon; with the moon central.

Se*le"no*graph (?), n. A picture or delineation of the moon's surface, or of any part of it.

Sel`e*nog"ra*pher (?), n. One skilled in selenography. Wright.

{ Sel`e*no*graph"ic (?), Sel`e*no*graph"i*cal (?), } a. [Cf. F. sélénographique.] Of or pertaining to selenography.

Sel`e*nog"ra*phist (?), n. A selenographer.

Sel`e*nog"ra*phy (?), n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?; the moon + -graphy.] The science that treats of the physical features of the moon; -- corresponding to physical geography in respect to the earth. "Accurate selenography, or description of the moon." Sir T. Browne.

Sel`e*nol"o*gy, n. [Gr. selh`nh the moon + -logy.] That branch of astronomy which treats of the moon. -- Sel`e*no*log"i*cal (#), a.

Sel`e*no"ni*um (?), n. [Selenium + sulphonium.] (Chem.) A hypothetical radical of selenium, analogous to sulphonium. [R.]

Self (slf), a. [AS. self, seolf, sylf; akin to OS. self, OFries. self, D. zelf, G. selb, selber, selbst, Dan. selv. Sw. sjelf, Icel. sjlfr, Goth. silba. Cf. Selvage.] Same; particular; very; identical. [Obs., except in the compound selfsame.] "On these self hills." Sir. W. Raleigh.

> To shoot another arrow that self way
> Which you did shoot the first.

Shak.

> At that self moment enters Palamon.

Dryden.

Self, n.; pl. Selves (&?;). 1. The individual as the object of his own reflective consciousness; the man viewed by his own cognition as the subject of all his mental phenomena, the agent in his own activities, the subject of his own feelings, and the possessor of capacities and character; a person as a distinct individual; a being regarded as having personality. "Those who liked their real selves." Addison.

> A man's self may be the worst fellow to converse with in the world.

Pope.

> The self, the I, is recognized in every act of intelligence as the subject to which that act belongs. It is I that perceive, I that imagine, I that remember, I that attend, I that compare, I that feel, I that will, I that am conscious.

Sir W. Hamilton.

2. Hence, personal interest, or love of private interest; selfishness; as, self is his whole aim.

3. Personification; embodiment. [Poetic.]

> She was beauty's self.

Thomson.

Self is united to certain personal pronouns and pronominal adjectives to express emphasis or distinction. Thus, for emphasis; I myself will write; I will examine for myself; thou thyself shalt go; thou shalt see for thyself; you yourself shall write; you shall see for yourself; he himself shall write; he shall examine for himself; she herself shall write; she shall examine for herself; the child itself shall be carried; it shall be present itself. It is also used reflexively; as, I abhor myself; thou enrichest thyself; he loves himself; she admires herself; it pleases itself; we walue ourselves; ye hurry yourselves; they see themselves. Himself, herself, themselves, are used in the nominative case, as well as in the objective. "Jesus himself baptized not, but his disciples." John iv. 2.

self is used in the formation of innumerable compounds, usually of obvious signification, in most of which it denotes either the agent or the object of the action expressed by the word with which it is joined, or the person in behalf of whom it is performed, or the person or thing to, for, or towards whom or which a quality, attribute, or feeling expressed by the following word belongs, is directed, or is exerted, or from which it proceeds; or it denotes the subject of, or object affected by, such action, quality, attribute, feeling, or the like; as, self-abandoning, self-abnegation, self-abhorring, self-absorbed, self-accusing, self-adjusting, self-balanced, self-boasting, self-canceled, self-combating, self-commendation, self-condemned, self-conflict, self-conquest, self-constituted, self-consumed, self-contempt, self-controlled, self-deceiving, self-denying, self-destroyed, self-disclosure, self-display, self-dominion, self-doomed, self-elected, self-evolved, self-exalting, self-excusing, self-exile, self-fed, self- fulfillment, self-governed, self-harming, self- helpless, self-humiliation, self-idolized, self- inflicted, self-improvement, self-instruction, self-invited, self-judging, self-justification, self-loathing, self-loving, self-maintenance, self-mastered, self-nourishment, self-perfect, self-perpetuation, self-pleasing, self-praising, self-preserving, self-questioned, self-relying, self-restraining, self-revelation, self-ruined, self-satisfaction, self-support, self-sustained, self-sustaining, self-tormenting, self-troubling, self-trust, self-tuition, self-upbraiding, self-valuing, self-worshiping, and many others.

Self`-a*based" (?), a. Humbled by consciousness of inferiority, unworthiness, guilt, or shame.

Self`-a*base"ment (?), n. 1. Degradation of one's self by one's own act.

2. Humiliation or abasement proceeding from consciousness of inferiority, guilt, or shame.

Self`-a*bas"ing, a. Lowering or humbling one's self.

Self`-ab*hor"rence (?), n. Abhorrence of one's self.

Self`-ab`ne*ga"tion (?), n. Self- denial; self-renunciation; self-sacrifice.

Self`-abuse" (?), n. 1. The abuse of one's own self, powers, or faculties.

2. Self-deception; delusion. [Obs.] Shak.

3. Masturbation; onanism; self- pollution.

Self"-ac*cused" (?), a. Accused by one's self or by one's conscience. "Die self-accused." Cowper.

Self`-act"ing (?), a. Acting of or by one's self or by itself; -- said especially of a machine or mechanism which is made to perform of or for itself what is usually done by human agency; automatic; as, a self-acting feed apparatus; a self-acting mule; a self-acting press.

Self`-ac"tion (?), n. Action by, or originating in, one's self or itself.

Self`-ac"tive (?), a. Acting of one's self or of itself; acting without depending on other agents.

Self`-ac*tiv"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being self-active; self-action.

Self`-ad*just"ing (?), a. (Mach.) Capable of assuming a desired position or condition with relation to other parts, under varying circumstances, without requiring to be adjusted by hand; -- said of a piece in machinery.

Self-adjusting bearing (Shafting), a bearing which is supported in such a manner that it may tip to accomodate flexure or displacement of the shaft.

Self`-ad`mi*ra"tion (?), n. Admiration of one's self.

Self`-af*fairs" (?), n. pl. One's own affairs; one's private business. [Obs.] Shak.

<! p. 1306 !>

Self`-af*fright"ed (?), a. Frightened at or by one's self. Shak.

Self`-ag*gran"dize*ment (?), n. The aggrandizement of one's self.

Self`-an*ni"hi*la`ted (?), a. Annihilated by one's self.

Self`-an*ni`hi*la"tion (?), n. Annihilation by one's own acts; annihilation of one's desires. Addison.

Self`-ap*plause" (?), n. Applause of one's self.

Self`-ap*ply"ing (?), a. Applying to or by one's self.

Self`-ap*prov"ing (?), a. Approving one's own action or character by one's own judgment.

> One self-approving hour whole years outweighs
> Of stupid starers and of loud huzzas.

Pope.

Self`-as*sert"ing (?), a. Asserting one's self, or one's own rights or claims; hence, putting one's self forward in a confident or assuming manner.

Self`-as*ser"tion (?), n. The act of asserting one's self, or one's own rights or claims; the quality of being self-asserting.

Self`-as*sert"ive (?), a. Disposed to self-assertion; self-asserting.

Self`-as*sumed` (?), a. Assumed by one's own act, or without authority.

Self`-as*sured` (?), a. Assured by or of one's self; self-reliant; complacent.

Self`-ban"ished (?), a. Exiled voluntarily.

Self"-be*got"ten (?), a. Begotten by one's self, or one's own powers.

Self"-born` (?), a. Born or produced by one's self.

{ Self`-cen"tered, Self`-cen"tred } (?), a. Centered in itself, or in one's self.

> There hangs the ball of earth and water mixt,
> Self-centered and unmoved.

Dryden.

{ Self`-cen"ter*ing (?), Self`-cen"tring (?) } a. Centering in one's self.

Self`-cen*tra"tion (?), n. The quality or state of being self-centered.

Self`-char"i*ty (?), n. Self- love. [Obs.] Shak.

Self"-col`or (?), n. A color not mixed or variegated.

Self`-col"ored (?), a. Being of a single color; -- applied to flowers, animals, and textile fabrics.

Self`-com*mand" (?), n. Control over one's own feelings, temper, etc.; self-control.

Self`-com*mune" (?), n. Self- communion. [R.]

Self`-com*mu"ni*ca*tive (?), a. Imparting or communicating by its own powers.

Self`-com*mun"ion (?), n. Communion with one's self; thoughts about one's self.

Self`-com*pla"cen*cy (?), n. The quality of being self-complacent. J. Foster.

Self`-com*pla"cent (?), a. Satisfied with one's own character, capacity, and doings; self- satisfied.

Self`-con*ceit" (?), n. Conceit of one's self; an overweening opinion of one's powers or endowments.

Syn. -- See Egotism.

Self`-con*ceit"ed, a. Having an overweening opinion of one's own powers, attainments; vain; conceited. -- Self`-con*ceit"ed*ness, n.

Self`-con*cern" (?), n. Concern for one's self.

Self`-con`dem*na"tion (?), n. Condemnation of one's self by one's own judgment.

Self`-con"fi*dence (?), n. The quality or state of being self-confident; self-reliance.

> A feeling of self-confidence which supported and sustained him.

Beaconsfield.

Self`-con"fi*dent (?), a. Confident of one's own strength or powers; relying on one's judgment or ability; self-reliant. -- Self`-con"fi*dent*ly, adv.

Self`-con"ju*gate (?), a. (Geom.) Having the two things that are conjugate parts of the same figure; as, self-conjugate triangles.

Self`-con"scious (?), a. 1. Conscious of one's acts or state as belonging to, or originating in, one's self. "My self-conscious worth." Dryden.

2. Conscious of one's self as an object of the observation of others; as, the speaker was too self- conscious.

Self`-con"scious*ness, n. The quality or state of being self-conscious.

Self`-con*sid"er*ing (?), a. Considering in one's own mind; deliberating. Pope.

Self`-con*sist"en*cy (?), n. The quality or state of being self-consistent.

Self`-con*sist"ent (?), a. Consistent with one's self or with itself; not deviation from the ordinary standard by which the conduct is guided; logically consistent throughout; having each part consistent with the rest.

Self`-con*sum"ing (?), a. Consuming one's self or itself.

Self`-con*tained" (?), a. 1. Having self-control; reserved; uncommunicative; wholly engrossed in one's self.

2. (Mach.) Having all the essential working parts connected by a bedplate or framework, or contained in a case, etc., so that mutual relations of the parts do not depend upon fastening outside of the machine itself.

Self-contained steam engine. (a) A steam engine having both bearings for the crank shaft attached to the frame of the engine. (b) A steam engine and boiler combined and fastened together; a portable steam engine.

Self`-con`tra*dic"tion (?), n. The act of contradicting one's self or itself; repugnancy in conceptions or in terms; a proposition consisting of two members, one of which contradicts the other; as, to be and not to be at the same time is a self-contradiction.

Self`-con`tra*dict"o*ry (?), a. Contradicting one's self or itself.

Self`-con*trol" (?), n. Control of one's self; restraint exercised over one's self; self- command.

Self`-con*vict"ed (?), a. Convicted by one's own consciousness, knowledge, avowal, or acts.

Self`-con*vic"tion (?), n. The act of convicting one's self, or the state of being self- convicted.

Self`-cre*at"ed (?), a. Created by one's self; not formed or constituted by another.

Self`-cul"ture (?), n. Culture, training, or education of one's self by one's own efforts.

Self`-de*ceit" (?), n. The act of deceiving one's self, or the state of being self-deceived; self- deception.

Self`-de*ceived" (?), a. Deceived or misled respecting one's self by one's own mistake or error.

Self`-de*cep"tion (?), n. Self- deceit.

Self`-de*fence" (?), n. See Self-defense.

Self`-de*fense" (?), n. The act of defending one's own person, property, or reputation.

In self-defense (Law), in protection of self, -- it being permitted in law to a party on whom a grave wrong is attempted to resist the wrong, even at the peril of the life of the assailiant. Wharton.

Self`-de*fen"sive (?), a. Defending, or tending to defend, one's own person, property, or reputation.

Self`-deg`ra*da"tion (?), n. The act of degrading one's self, or the state of being so degraded.

Self`-de*la"tion (?), n. Accusation of one's self. [R.] Milman.

Self`-de*lu"sion (?), n. The act of deluding one's self, or the state of being thus deluded.

Self`-de*ni"al (?), n. The denial of one's self; forbearing to gratify one's own desires; self- sacrifice.

Self`-de*ny"ing (?), a. Refusing to gratify one's self; self-sacrificing. -- Self`- de*ny"ing*ly, adv.

Self`-de*pend"ent (?), a. Dependent on one's self; self-depending; self-reliant.

Self`-de*pend"ing, a. Depending on one's self.

Self`-de*praved" (?), a. Corrupted or depraved by one's self. Milton.

Self`-de*stroy"er (?), n. One who destroys himself; a suicide.

Self`-de*struc"tion (?), n. The destruction of one's self; self-murder; suicide. Milton.

Self`-de*struc"tive (?), a. Destroying, or tending to destroy, one's self or itself; rucidal.

Self`-de*ter`mi*na"tion (?), n. Determination by one's self; or, determination of one's acts or states without the necessitating force of motives; -- applied to the voluntary or activity.

Self`-de*ter"min*ing (?), a. Capable of self-determination; as, the self-determining power of will.

Self`-de*vised" (?), a. Devised by one's self.

Self`-de*vot"ed (?), a. Devoted in person, or by one's own will. Hawthorne.

Self`-de*vote"ment (?), n. Self- devotion. [R.]

Self`-de*vo"tion (?), n. The act of devoting one's self, or the state of being self-devoted; willingness to sacrifice one's own advantage or happiness for the sake of others; self-sacrifice.

Self`-de*vour"ing (?), a. Devouring one's self or itself. Danham.

Self`-dif*fu"sive (?), a. Having power to diffuse itself; diffusing itself. Norris.

Self`-dis"ci*pline (?), n. Correction or government of one's self for the sake of improvement.

Self`-dis*trust" (?), n. Want of confidence in one' self; diffidence.

Self`-ed"u*ca`ted (?), a. Educated by one's own efforts, without instruction, or without pecuniary assistance from others.

Self`-e*lect"ive (?), a. Having the right of electing one's self, or, as a body, of electing its own members.

Self`-en*joy"ment, (?) n. Enjoyment of one's self; self-satisfaction.

Self`-es*teem" (?), n. The holding a good opinion of one's self; self-complacency.

Self`-es`ti*ma"tion (?), n. The act of estimating one's self; self-esteem.

Self`-ev"i*dence (?), n. The quality or state of being self-evident. Locke.

Self`-ev"i*dent (?), a. Evident without proof or reasoning; producing certainty or conviction upon a bare presentation to the mind; as, a self-evident proposition or truth. -- Self`-ev"i*dent*ly, adv.

Self`-ev`o*lu"tion (?), n. Evolution of one's self; development by inherent quality or power.

Self`-ex`al*ta"tion (?), n. The act of exalting one's self, or the state of being so exalted.

Self`-ex*am"i*nant (?), n. One who examines himself; one given to self-examination.

> The humiliated self-examinant feels that there is evil in our nature as well as good.

Coleridge.

Self`-ex*am`i*na"tion (?), n. An examination into one's own state, conduct, and motives, particularly in regard to religious feelings and duties.

Self`-ex*ist"ence (?), n. Inherent existence; existence possessed by virtue of a being's own nature, and independent of any other being or cause; -- an attribute peculiar to God. Blackmore.

Self`-ex*ist"ent (?), a. Existing of or by himself, independent of any other being or cause; -- as, God is the only self-existent being.

self`-ex*plain"ing (?), a. Explaining itself; capable of being understood without explanation.

Self`-ex*po"sure (?), n. The act of exposing one's self; the state of being so exposed.

Self`-fer`ti*li*za"tion (?), n. (Bot.) The fertilization of a flower by pollen from the same flower and without outer aid; autogamy.

Self`-fer"ti*lized (?), a. (Bot.) Fertilized by pollen from the same flower.

Self`-glo"ri*ous (?), a. Springing from vainglory or vanity; vain; boastful. Dryden.

Self`-gov"ern*ment (?), n. 1. The act of governing one's self, or the state of being governed by one's self; self-control; self-command.

2. Hence, government of a community, state, or nation by the joint action of the mass of people constituting such a civil body; also, the state of being so governed; democratic government; democracy.

> It is to self-government, the great principle of popular representation and administration, -- the system that lets in all to participate in the councels that are to assign the good or evil to all, -- that we may owe what we are and what we hope to be.

D. Webster.

Self`-grat`u*la"tion (?), n. Gratulation of one's self.

Self`-heal" (?), n. (Bot.) A blue-flowered labiate plant (Brunella vulgaris); the healall.

Self`-heal"ing (?), a. Having the power or property of healing itself.

Self`-help" (?), n. The act of aiding one's self, without depending on the aid of others.

Self`-hom"i*cide (?), n. The act of killing one's self; suicide. Hakewill.

Self"hood (?), n. Existence as a separate self, or independent person; conscious personality; individuality. Bib. Sacra.

Self`-ig"no*rance (?), n. Ignorance of one's own character, powers, and limitations.

Self`-ig"no*rant (?), a. Ignorant of one's self.

Self`-im*part"ing (?), a. Imparting by one's own, or by its own, powers and will. Norris.

Self`-im*por"tance (?), n. An exaggerated estimate of one's own importance or merit, esp. as manifested by the conduct or manners; self-conceit.

Self`-im*por"tant (?), a. Having or manifesting an exaggerated idea of one's own importance or merit.

Self`-im*posed" (?), a. Voluntarily taken on one's self; as, self-imposed tasks.

Self`-im*pos"ture (?), n. Imposture practiced on one's self; self-deceit. South.

Self`-in`dig*na"tion (?), n. Indignation at one's own character or actions. Baxter.

Self`-in*dul"gence (?), n. Indulgence of one's appetites, desires, or inclinations; -- the opposite of self-restraint, and self-denial.

Self`-in*dul"gent (?), a. Indulging one's appetites, desires, etc., freely.

Self`-in"ter*est (?), n. Private interest; the interest or advantage of one's self.

Self`-in"ter*est*ed, a. Particularly concerned for one's own interest or happiness.

Self`-in`vo*lu"tion (?), n. Involution in one's self; hence, abstraction of thought; reverie.

Self"ish (?), a. 1. Caring supremely or unduly for one's self; regarding one's own comfort, advantage, etc., in disregard, or at the expense, of those of others.

> They judge of things according to their own private appetites and selfish passions.

Cudworth.

> In that throng of selfish hearts untrue.

Keble.

2. (Ethics) Believing or teaching that the chief motives of human action are derived from love of self.

> Hobbes and the selfish school of philosophers.

Fleming.

Self"ish*ly, adv. In a selfish manner; with regard to private interest only or chiefly.

Self"ish*ness, n. The quality or state of being selfish; exclusive regard to one's own interest or happiness; that supreme self-love or self-preference which leads a person to direct his purposes to the advancement of his own interest, power, or happiness, without regarding those of others.

> Selfishness, -- a vice utterly at variance with the happiness of him who harbors it, and, as such, condemned by self- love.

Sir J. Mackintosh.

Syn. -- See Self-love.

Self"ism (?), n. Concentration of one's interests on one's self; self-love; selfishness. Emerson.

Self"ist, n. A selfish person. [R.] I. Taylor.

Self`-jus"ti*fi`er (?), n. One who excuses or justifies himself. J. M. Mason.

Self`-kin"dled (?), a. Kindled of itself, or without extraneous aid or power. Dryden.

Self`-know"ing (?), a. 1. Knowing one's self, or one's own character, powers, and limitations.

2. Knowing of itself, without help from another.

Self`-knowl"edge (?), n. Knowledge of one's self, or of one's own character, powers, limitations, etc.

Self"less, a. Having no regard to self; unselfish.

> Lo now, what hearts have men! they never mount
> As high as woman in her selfless mood.

Tennyson.

Self"less*ness, n. Quality or state of being selfless.

Self"-life` (?), n. Life for one's self; living solely or chiefly for one's own pleasure or good.

Self`-love` (?), n. The love of one's self; desire of personal happiness; tendency to seek one's own benefit or advantage. Shak.

> Self-love, the spring of motion, acts the soul.

Pope.

Syn. -- Selfishness. -- Self-love, Selfishness. The term self-love is used in a twofold sense: 1. It denotes that longing for good or for well- being which actuates the breasts of all, entering into and characterizing every special desire. In this sense it has no moral quality, being, from the nature of the case, neither good nor evil. 2. It is applied to a voluntary regard for the gratification of special desires. In this sense it is morally good or bad according as these desires are conformed to duty or opposed to it. Selfishness is always voluntary and always wrong, being that regard to our own interests, gratification, etc., which is sought or indulged at the expense, and to the injury, of others. "So long as self-love does not degenerate into selfishness, it is quite compatible with true benevolence." Fleming. "Not only is the phrase self-love used as synonymous with the desire of happiness, but it is often confounded with the word selfishness, which certainly, in strict propriety, denotes a very different disposition of mind." Slewart.

Self`-lu"mi*nous (?), a. Possessing in itself the property of emitting light. Sir D. Brewster.

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Self"-made` (?), a. Made by one's self.

Self-made man, a man who has risen from poverty or obscurity by means of his own talents or energies.

Self"-met`tle (?), n. Inborn mettle or courage; one's own temper. [Obs.] Shak.

Self`-mo"tion (?), n. Motion given by inherent power, without external impulse; spontaneous or voluntary motion.

> Matter is not induced with self- motion.

Cheyne.

Self`-moved" (?), a. Moved by inherent power., without the aid of external impulse.

Self`-mov"ing (?), a. Moving by inherent power, without the aid of external impulse.

Self`-mur"der (?), a. Suicide.

Self`-mur"der*er (?), n. A suicide.

Self`-neg*lect"ing (?), n. A neglecting of one's self, or of one's own interests.

> Self-love, my liege, is not so vile a sin
> As self-neglecting.

Shak.

Self"ness, n. Selfishness. [Obs.] Sir. P. Sidney.

Self`-one" (?), a. Secret. [Obs.] Marston.

Self`-o*pin"ion (?), n. Opinion, especially high opinion, of one's self; an overweening estimate of one's self or of one's own opinion. Collier.

Self`-o*pin"ioned (?), a. Having a high opinion of one's self; opinionated; conceited. South.

Self`-o*rig"i*na`ting (?), a. Beginning with, or springing from, one's self.

Self`-par`ti*al"i*ty (?), n. That partiality to himself by which a man overrates his own worth when compared with others. Kames.

Self`-per*plexed" (?), a. Perplexed by doubts originating in one's own mind.

Self`-pos"it*ed (?), a. Disposed or arranged by an action originating in one's self or in itself.

> These molecular blocks of salt are self- posited.

Tyndall.

Self`-pos"it*ing, a. The act of disposing or arranging one's self or itself.

> The self-positing of the molecules.

R. Watts.

Self"-pos*sessed" (?), a. Composed or tranquil in mind, manner, etc.; undisturbed.

Self`-pos*ses"sion (?), n. The possession of one's powers; calmness; self-command; presence of mind; composure.

Self"-praise` (?), n. Praise of one's self.

Self`-pres`er*va"tion (?), n. The preservation of one's self from destruction or injury.

Self`-prop"a*ga`ting (?), a. Propagating by one's self or by itself.

Self`-reg"is*ter*ing (?), a. Registering itself; -- said of any instrument so contrived as to record its own indications of phenomena, whether continuously or at stated times, as at the maxima and minima of variations; as, a self-registering anemometer or barometer.

Self`-reg"u*la`ted (?), a. Regulated by one's self or by itself.

Self`-reg"u*la*tive (?), a. Tending or serving to regulate one's self or itself. Whewell.

Self`-re*li"ance (?), n. Reliance on one's own powers or judgment; self-trust.

Self`-re*li"ant (?), a. Reliant upon one's self; trusting to one's own powers or judgment.

Self`-re*nun`ci*a"tion (?), n. The act of renouncing, or setting aside, one's own wishes, claims, etc.; self-sacrifice.

Self`-re*pel"len*cy (?), n. The quality or state of being self-repelling.

Self`-re*pel"ling, (&?;) a. Made up of parts, as molecules or atoms, which mutually repel each other; as, gases are self-repelling.

Self`-rep`e*ti"tion (?), n. Repetition of one's self or of one's acts; the saying or doing what one has already said or done.

Self`-re*proach" (?), n. The act of reproaching one's self; censure by one's own conscience.

Self`-re*proached" (?), a. Reproached by one's own conscience or judgment.

Self`-re*proach"ing (?), a. Reproaching one's self. -- Self`-re*proach"ing*ly, adv.

Self`-re*proof" (?), n. The act of reproving one's self; censure of one's conduct by one's own judgment.

Self`-re*proved" (?), a. Reproved by one's own conscience or one's own sense of guilt.

Self`-re*prov"ing (?), a. Reproving one's self; reproving by consciousness of guilt.

Self`-re*prov"ing*ly, adv. In a self-reproving way.

Self`-re*pug"nant (?), a. Self- contradictory; inconsistent. Brougham.

Self`-re*pul"sive (?), a. Self- repelling.

Self`-re*spect" (?), n. Respect for one's self; regard for one's character; laudable self- esteem.

Self`-re*strained" (?), a. Restrained by one's self or itself; restrained by one's own power or will.

Self`-re*straint" (?), n. Restraint over one's self; self-control; self-command.

Self`-rev"er*ence (?), n. A reverent respect for one's self. Tennyson.

Self`-right"eous (?), a. Righteous in one's own esteem; pharisaic.

Self`-right"eous*ness, n. The quality or state of being self-righteous; pharisaism.

Self`-sac"ri*fice (?), n. The act of sacrificing one's self, or one's interest, for others; self- devotion.

Self`-sac"ri*fi`cing (?), a. Yielding up one's own interest, feelings, etc; sacrificing one's self.

Self"same (?), a. [Self, a. + same.] Precisely the same; the very same; identical.

> His servant was healed in the selfsame hour.

Matt. viii. 13.

Self`-sat`is*fac"tion (?), n. The quality or state of being self-satisfied.

Self`-sat"is*fied (?), a. Satisfied with one's self or one's actions; self-complacent.

Self`-sat"is*fy`ing (?), a. Giving satisfaction to one's self.

Self"-seek`er, n. One who seeks only his own interest, advantage, or pleasure.

Self"-seek`ing, a. Seeking one's own interest or happiness; selfish. Arbuthnot.

Self"-seek`ing, n. The act or habit of seeking one's own interest or happiness; selfishness.

Self`-slaugh"ter (?), n. Suicide. Shak.

Self`-suf*fi"cien*cy (?), n. The quality or state of being self-sufficient.

Self`-suf*fi"cient (?), a. 1. Sufficient for one's self without external aid or coöperation.

> Neglect of friends can never be proved rational till we prove the person using it omnipotent and self-sufficient, and such as can never need any mortal assistance.

South.

2. Having an overweening confidence in one's own abilities or worth; hence, haughty; overbearing. "A rash and self-sufficient manner." I. Watts.

Self`-suf*fi"cing (?), a. Sufficing for one's self or for itself, without needing external aid; self- sufficient. -- Self`-suf*fi"cing*ness, n. J. C. Shairp.

Self`-sus*pend"ed (?), a. Suspended by one's self or by itself; balanced. Southey.

Self`-sus*pi"cious (?), a. Suspicious or distrustful of one's self. Baxter.

Self"-taught` (?), a. Taught by one's own efforts.

Self`-tor*ment"or (?), n. One who torments himself.

Self`-tor"ture (?), n. The act of inflicting pain on one's self; pain inflicted on one's self.

Self"-trust`, n. Faith in one's self; self-reliance.

Self`-uned" (?), a. [E. self + L. unus one.] One with itself; separate from others. [Obs.] Sylvester.

Self"-view` (?), n. A view of one's self; specifically, carefulness or regard for one's own interests.

Self`-will" (?), n. [AS. selfwill.] One's own will, esp. when opposed to that of others; obstinacy.

Self`-willed" (?), a. Governed by one's own will; not yielding to the wishes of others; obstinate.

Self`-willed"ness, n. Obstinacy. Sir W. Scott.

Self"-wor`ship (?), n. The idolizing of one's self; immoderate self-conceit.

Self"-wrong` (?), n. Wrong done by a person himself. Shak.

Sel"ion (?), n. [OF. seillon a measure of land, F. sillon a ridge, furrow, LL. selio a measure of land.] A short piece of land in arable ridges and furrows, of uncertain quantity; also, a ridge of land lying between two furrows. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Sel*juk"i*an (?), a. Of or pertaining to Seljuk, a Tartar chief who embraced Mohammedanism, and began the subjection of Western Asia to that faith and rule; of or pertaining to the dynasty founded by him, or the empire maintained by his descendants from the 10th to the 13th century. J. H. Newman.

Sel*juk"i*an, n. A member of the family of Seljuk; an adherent of that family, or subject of its government; (pl.) the dynasty of Turkish sultans sprung from Seljuk.

Sell (sl), n. Self. [Obs. or Scot.] B. Jonson.

Sell, n. A sill. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Sell, n. A cell; a house. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Sell, n. [F. selle, L. sella, akin to sedere to sit. See Sit.] 1. A saddle for a horse. [Obs.]

> He left his lofty steed with golden self.

Spenser.

2. A throne or lofty seat. [Obs.] Fairfax.

Sell, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sold (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Selling.] [OE. sellen, sillen, AS. sellan, syllan, to give, to deliver; akin to OS. sellian, OFries. sella, OHG. sellen, Icel. selja to hand over, to sell, Sw. sälja to sell, Dan. s&?;lge, Goth. saljan to offer a sacrifice; all from a noun akin to E. sale. Cf. Sale.] 1. To transfer to another for an equivalent; to give up for a valuable consideration; to dispose of in return for something, especially for money.

> If thou wilt be perfect, go and sell that thou hast, and give to the poor.

Matt. xix. 21.

> I am changed; I'll go sell all my land.

Shak.

Sell is corellative to buy, as one party buys what the other sells. It is distinguished usually from exchange or barter, in which one commodity is given for another; whereas in selling the consideration is usually money, or its representative in current notes.

2. To make a matter of bargain and sale of; to accept a price or reward for, as for a breach of duty, trust, or the like; to betray.

> You would have sold your king to slaughter.

Shak.

3. To impose upon; to trick; to deceive; to make a fool of; to cheat. [Slang] Dickens.

To sell one's life dearly, to cause much loss to those who take one's life, as by killing a number of one's assailants. -- To sell (anything) out, to dispose of it wholly or entirely; as, he had sold out his corn, or his interest in a business.

Sell, v. i. 1. To practice selling commodities.

> I will buy with you, sell with you; . . . but I will not eat with you.

Shak.

2. To be sold; as, corn sells at a good price.

To sell out, to sell one's whole stockk in trade or one's entire interest in a property or a business.

Sell, n. An imposition; a cheat; a hoax. [Colloq.]

{ Sel"lan*ders (?), Sel"len*ders (?), } n. pl. (Far.) See Sallenders.

Sell"er (?), n. One who sells. Chaucer.

Sel"ters wa"ter (?). A mineral water from Sellers, in the district of Nassan, Germany, containing much free carbonic acid.

Selt"zer wa"ter (?). See Selters water.

Selt"zo-gene (?), n. [Seltzer water + the root of Gr. &?;&?;&?; to be born.] A gazogene.

{ Sel"vage, Sel"vedge } (?), n. [Self + edge, i. e., its own proper edge; cf. OD. selfegge.] 1. The edge of cloth which is woven in such a manner as to prevent raveling.

2. The edge plate of a lock, through which the bolt passes. Knight.

3. (Mining.) A layer of clay or decomposed rock along the wall of a vein. See Gouge, n., 4. Raymond.

{ Sel"vaged, Sel"vedged } (?), a. Having a selvage.

Sel`va*gee" (?), n. (Naut.) A skein or hank of rope yarns wound round with yarns or marline, -- used for stoppers, straps, etc.

Selve (?), a. Self; same. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Selves (?), n., pl. of Self.

Se"ly (?), a. Silly. [Obs.] Chaucer. Wyclif.

||Se*mæ`o*stom"a*ta (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?; a military standard + &?;&?;&?;, &?;&?;&?;, mouth.] (Zoöl.) A division of Discophora having large free mouth lobes. It includes Aurelia, and Pelagia. Called also Semeostoma. See Illustr. under Discophora, and Medusa.

Sem"a*phore (?), n. [Gr. sh^ma a sign + fe`rein to bear: cf. F. sémaphore.] A signal telegraph; an apparatus for giving signals by the disposition of lanterns, flags, oscillating arms, etc.

{ Sem`a*phor"ic (?), Sem`a*phor"ic*al (?) } a. [Cf. F. sémaphorique.] Of or pertaining to a semaphore, or semaphores; telegraphic.

Sem`a*phor"ic*al*ly, adv. By means of a semaphore.

Se*maph"o*rist (?), n. One who manages or operates a semaphore.

Sem`a*tol"o*gy (?), n. [Gr. sh^ma, sh`matos, sign + -logy.] The doctrine of signs as the expression of thought or reasoning; the science of indicating thought by signs. Smart.

Sem"a*trope (?), n. [Gr. sh^ma sign + tre`pein to turn. ] An instrument for signaling by reflecting the rays of the sun in different directions. Knight.

Sem"bla*ble (?), a. [F., from sembler to seem, resemble, L. similare, simulare. See Simulate.] Like; similar; resembling. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Sem"bla*ble, n. Likeness; representation. [Obs.]

Sem"bla*bly, adv. In like manner. [Obs.] Shak.

Sem"blance (?), n. [F. See Semblable, a.] 1. Seeming; appearance; show; figure; form.

> Thier semblance kind, and mild their gestures were.

Fairfax.

2. Likeness; resemblance, actual or apparent; similitude; as, the semblance of worth; semblance of virtue.

> Only semblances or imitations of shells.

Woodward.

Sem"blant (?), a. [F. semblant, p. pr.] 1. Like; resembling. [Obs.] Prior.

2. Seeming, rather than real; apparent. [R.] Carlyle.

Sem"blant, n. [F.] 1. Show; appearance; figure; semblance. [Obs.] Spenser.

> His flatterers made semblant of weeping.

Chaucer.

2. The face. [Obs.] Wyclif (Luke xxiv. 5).

Sem"bla*tive (?), a. Resembling. [Obs.]

> And all is semblative a woman's part.

Shak.

Sem"ble (?), v. i. [F. sembler. See Semblable, a.] 1. To imitate; to make a representation or likeness. [Obs.]

> Where sembling art may carve the fair effect.

Prior.

2. (Law) It seems; -- chiefly used impersonally in reports and judgments to express an opinion in reference to the law on some point not necessary to be decided, and not intended to be definitely settled in the cause.

Sem"ble, a. Like; resembling. [Obs.] T. Hudson.

Sem"bling (?), n. [Cf. Assemble.] (Zoöl.) The practice of attracting the males of Lepidoptera or other insects by exposing the female confined in a cage.

It is often adopted by collectors in order to procure specimens of rare species.

||Se*mé" (?), a. [F. semé, fr. semer to sow.] (Her.) Sprinkled or sown; -- said of field, or a charge, when strewed or covered with small charges.

{ Se`mei*og"ra*phy (?), or Se`mi*og"ra*phy (?) }, n. [Gr. shmei^on sign + -graphy.] (Med.) A description of the signs of disease.

{ Se`mei*o*log"ic*al (?), or Se`mi*o*log"io*al }, a. Of or pertaining to the science of signs, or the systematic use of signs; as, a semeiological classification of the signs or symptoms of disease; a semeiological arrangement of signs used as signals.

{ Se`mei*ol"o*gy (?), or Se`mi*ol"o*gy }, n. [Gr. shmei^on a mark, a sign + - logy.] The science or art of signs. Specifically: (a) (Med.) The science of the signs or symptoms of disease; symptomatology. (b) The art of using signs in signaling.

{ Se`mei*ot"ic (?), or Se`mi*ot"ic }, a. [Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;, fr. shmei^on a mark, a sign.] 1. Relating to signs or indications; pertaining to the language of signs, or to language generally as indicating thought.

2. (Med.) Of or pertaining to the signs or symptoms of diseases.

{ Se`mei*ot"ics (?), or Se`mi*ot"ics }, n. Semeiology.

Sem"e*le (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;&?;&?;.] (Gr. Myth.) A daughter of Cadmus, and by Zeus mother of Bacchus.

||Se"men (?), n.; pl. Semina (#). [L., from the root of serere, satum, to sow. See Sow to scatter seed.] 1. (Bot.) The seed of plants.

2. (Physiol.) The seed or fecundating fluid of male animals; sperm. It is a white or whitish viscid fluid secreted by the testes, characterized by the presence of spermatozoids to which it owes its generative power.

Semen contra, or Semen cinæ or cynæ, a strong aromatic, bitter drug, imported from Aleppo and Barbary, said to consist of the leaves, peduncles, and unexpanded flowers of various species of Artemisia; wormseed.

Sem`e*nif"er*ous (?), a. (Biol.) Seminiferous.

<! p. 1308 !>

Se*mes"ter (?), n. [G., from L. semestris half-yearly; sex six + mensis a month.] A period of six months; especially, a term in a college or uneversity which divides the year into two terms.

Sem"i- (?). [L. semi; akin to Gr. &?;&?;&?;, Skr. smi-, AS. sm-, and prob. to E. same, from the division into two parts of the same size. Cf. Hemi-, Sandelend.] A prefix signifying half, and sometimes partly or imperfectly; as, semiannual, half yearly; semitransparent, imperfectly transparent.

The prefix semi is joined to another word either with the hyphen or without it. In this book the hyphen is omitted except before a capital letter; as, semiacid, semiaquatic, semi-Arian, semiaxis, semicalcareous.

Sem`i*ac"id (?), a. Slightly acid; subacid.

Sem`i*a*cid"i*fied (?), a. Half acidified.

Sem`i*ad*her"ent (?), a. Adherent part way.

Sem`i*am*plex"i*caul (?), a. (Bot.) Partially amplexicaul; embracing the stem half round, as a leaf.

Sem"i*an`gle (?), n. (Geom.) The half of a given, or measuring, angle.

Sem`i*an"nu*al (?), a. Half- yearly.

Sem`i*an"nu*al*ly, adv. Every half year.

Sem`i*an"nu*lar (?), a. Having the figure of a half circle; forming a semicircle. Grew.

Sem`i-A"ri*an (?), n. [See Arian.] (Eccl. Hist.) A member of a branch of the Arians which did not acknowledge the Son to be consubstantial with the Father, that is, of the same substance, but admitted him to be of a like substance with the Father, not by nature, but by a peculiar privilege.

Sem"i-A"ri*an, a. Of or pertaining to Semi-Arianism.

Sem`i-A"ri*an*ism (?), n. The doctrines or tenets of the Semi-Arians.

Sem`i*ax"is (?), n. (Geom.) One half of the axis of an &?;llipse or other figure.

Sem`i*bar*ba"ri*an (?), a. Half barbarous; partially civilized. -- n. One partly civilized.

Sem`i*bar*bar"ic (?), a. Half barbarous or uncivilized; as, semibarbaric display.

Sem`i*bar"ba*rism (?), n. The quality or state of being half barbarous or uncivilized.

Sem`i*bar"ba*rous (?), a. Half barbarous.

Sem"i*breve` (?), n. [Pref. semi- + breve: cf. F. semi-breve, It. semibreve.] [Formerly written semibref.] (Mus.) A note of half the time or duration of the breve; -- now usually called a whole note. It is the longest note in general use.

Sem"i*brief` (?), n. (Mus.) A semibreve. [R.]

Sem"i*bull` (?), n. (R.C.Ch.) A bull issued by a pope in the period between his election and coronation.

Sem`i*cal*ca"re*ous (?), a. Half or partially calcareous; as, a semicalcareous plant.

Sem`i*cal*cined" (?), a. Half calcined; as, semicalcined iron.

Sem`i*cas"trate (?), v. t. To deprive of one testicle. -- Sem`i*cas*tra"tion (#),n.

Sem`i*cen*ten"ni*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to half of a century, or a period of fifty years; as, a semicentennial commemoration.

Sem`i*cen*ten"ni*al, n. A fiftieth anniversary.

Sem`i*cha*ot"ic (?), a. Partially chaotic.

Sem"i*cho`rus, n. (Mus.) A half chorus; a passage to be sung by a selected portion of the voices, as the female voices only, in contrast with the full choir.

Sem`i-Chris"tian*ized (?), a. Half Christianized.

Sem"i*cir`cle (?), n. 1. (a) The half of a circle; the part of a circle bounded by its diameter and half of its circumference. (b) A semicircumference.

2. A body in the form of half of a circle, or half of a circumference.

3. An instrument for measuring angles.

Sem"i*cir`cled (?), a. Semicircular. Shak.

Sem`i*cir"cu*lar (?), a. Having the form of half of a circle. Addison.

Semicircular canals (Anat.), certain canals of the inner ear. See under Ear.

Sem`i cir*cum"fer*ence (?), n. Half of a circumference.

Sem"i*cirque (?), n. A semicircular hollow or opening among trees or hills. Wordsworth.

Sem"i*co`lon (?), n. The punctuation mark [;] indicating a separation between parts or members of a sentence more distinct than that marked by a comma.

Sem"i*col`umn (?), n. A half column; a column bisected longitudinally, or along its axis.

Sem`i*co*lum"nar (?), a. Like a semicolumn; flat on one side and round on the other; imperfectly columnar.

Sem`i*com*pact" (?), a. Half compact; imperfectly indurated.

Sem`i*con"scious (?), a. Half conscious; imperfectly conscious. De Quincey.

Sem"i*cope` (?), n. A short cope, or an inferier kind of cope. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Sem`i crus*ta"ceous (?), a. Half crustaceous; partially crustaceous.

Sem`i*crys"tal*line (?), a. (Min.) Half crystalline; -- said of certain cruptive rocks composed partly of crystalline, partly of amorphous matter.

Sem`i*cu"bic*al (?), a. (Math.) Of or pertaining to the square root of the cube of a quantity.

Semicubical parabola, a curve in which the ordinates are proportional to the square roots of the cubes of the abscissas.

{ Sem`i*cu"bi*um (?), Sem`i*cu"pi*um (?), } n. [LL., fr. L. semi half + cupa tub, cask.] A half bath, or one that covers only the lewer extremities and the hips; a sitz-bath; a half bath, or hip bath.

{ Sem`i*cy*lin"dric (?), Sem`i*cy*lyn"dric*al (?) } a. Half cylindrical.

Sem`i*de*is"tic*al (?), a. Half deisticsl; bordering on deism. S. Miller.

Sem`i*dem"i*qua`ver (?), n. (Mus.) A demisemiquaver; a thirty-second note.

Sem`i*de*tached" (?), a. Half detached; partly distinct or separate.

Semidetached house, one of two tenements under a single roof, but separated by a party wall. [Eng.]

Sem`i*di*am"e*ter (?), n. (Math.) Half of a diameter; a right line, or the length of a right line, drawn from the center of a circle, a sphere, or other curved figure, to its circumference or periphery; a radius.

Sem`i*di`a*pa"son (?), n. (Mus.) An imperfect octave.

Sem`i*di`a*pen"te (?), n. (Mus.) An imperfect or diminished fifth. Busby.

Sem`i*di`a*pha*ne"i*ty (?), n. Half or imperfect transparency; translucency. [R.] Boyle.

Sem`i*di*aph"a*nous (?), a. Half or imperfectly transparent; translucent. Woodward.

Sem`i*di`a*tes"sa*ron (?), n. (Mus.) An imperfect or diminished fourth. [R.]

Sem`i*di"tone` (?), n. [Pref. semi- + ditone: cf. It. semiditono. Cf. Hemiditone.] (Gr. Mus.) A lesser third, having its terms as 6 to 5; a hemiditone. [R.]

Sem`i*di*ur"nal (?), a. 1. Pertaining to, or accomplished in, half a day, or twelve hours; occurring twice every day.

2. Pertaining to, or traversed in, six hours, or in half the time between the rising and setting of a heavenly body; as, a semidiurnal arc.

Sem"i*dome` (?), n. (Arch.) A roof or ceiling covering a semicircular room or recess, or one of nearly that shape, as the apse of a church, a niche, or the like. It is approximately the quarter of a hollow sphere.

Sem"i*dou`ble (?), n. (Eccl.) An office or feast celebrated with less solemnity than the double ones. See Double, n., 8.

Sem`i*dou"ble, a. (Bot.) Having the outermost stamens converted into petals, while the inner ones remain perfect; -- said of a flower.

Sem"i*fa`ble (?), n. That which is part fable and part truth; a mixture of truth and fable. De Quincey.

Sem"i*flexed` (?), a. Half bent.

Sem"i*flo`ret (?), n. (Bot.) See Semifloscule.

Sem`i*flos"cu*lar (?), a. Semiflosculous.

Sem"i*flos`cule (?), n. (Bot.) A floscule, or florest, with its corolla prolonged into a strap- shaped petal; -- called also semifloret.

Sem`i*flos"cu*lous (?), a. (Bot.) Having all the florets ligulate, as in the dandelion.

Sem`i*flu"id (?), a. Imperfectly fluid. -- n. A semifluid substance.

Sem"i*form` (?), n. A half form; an imperfect form.

Sem"i*formed` (?), a. Half formed; imperfectly formed; as, semiformed crystals.

Sem`i*glu"tin (?), n. (Physiol. Chem.) A peptonelike body, insoluble in alcohol, formed by boiling collagen or gelatin for a long time in water. Hemicollin, a like body, is also formed at the same time, and differs from semiglutin by being partly soluble in alcohol.

Sem`i*his*tor"i*cal (?), a. Half or party historical. Sir G. C. Lewis.

Sem`i*ho"ral (?), a. Half- hourly.

Sem`i*in"du*ra`ted (?), a. Imperfectly indurated or hardened.

Sem`i*la*pid"i*fied (?), a. Imperfectly changed into stone. Kirwan.

Sem"i*lens` (?), n. (Opt.) The half of a lens divided along a plane passing through its axis.

Sem`i*len*tic"u*lar (?), a. Half lenticular or convex; imperfectly resembling a lens. Kirwan.

Sem`i*lig"ne*ous (?), a. Half or partially ligneous, as a stem partly woody and partly herbaceous.

Sem`i*liq"uid (?), a. Half liquid; semifluid.

Sem`i*li*quid"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being semiliquid; partial liquidity.

Sem`i*log"ic*al (?), a. Half logical; partly logical; said of fallacies. Whately.

Sem"i*lor (?), n. [Cf. G. similor, semilor.] A yellowish alloy of copper and zinc. See Simplor.

Sem`i*lu"nar (?), a. Shaped like a half moon.

Semilunar bone (Anat.), a bone of the carpus; the lunar. See Lunar, n. -- Semilunar, or Sigmoid, valves (Anat.), the valves at the beginning of the aorta and of the pulmonary artery which prevent the blood from flowing back into the ventricle.

Sem`i*lu"nar, n. (Anat.) The semilunar bone.

Sem`i*lu"na*ry (?), a. Semilunar.

Sem`i*lu"nate (?), a. Semilunar.

Sem"i*lune` (?), n. (Geom.) The half of a lune.

Sem"i*met`al (?), n. (Chem.) An element possessing metallic properties in an inferior degree and not malleable, as arsenic, antimony, bismuth, molybdenum, uranium, etc. [Obs.]

Sem`i*me*tal"lic (?), a. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to a semimetal; possessing metallic properties in an inferior degree; resembling metal.

Sem`i*month"ly (?) a. Coming or made twice in a month; as, semimonthly magazine; a semimonthly payment. -- n. Something done or made every half month; esp., a semimonthly periodical. -- adv. In a semimonthly manner; at intervals of half a month.

Sem`i*mute" (?), a. Having the faculty of speech but imperfectly developed or partially lost.

Sem"i*mute` (?), n. A semimute person.

Sem"i*nal (?), a. [L. seminalis, fr. semen, seminis, seed, akin to serere to sow: cf. F. seminal. See Sow to scatter seed.] 1. Pertaining to, containing, or consisting of, seed or semen; as, the seminal fluid.

2. Contained in seed; holding the relation of seed, source, or first principle; holding the first place in a series of developed results or consequents; germinal; radical; primary; original; as, seminal principles of generation; seminal virtue.

> The idea of God is, beyond all question or comparison, the one great seminal principle.

Hare.

Seminal leaf (Bot.), a seed leaf, or cotyleden. -- Seminal receptacle. (Zoöl.) Same as Spermatheca.

Sem"i*nal (?), n. A seed. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Sem`i*nal"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being seminal. Sir T. Browne.

{ Sem`i*na"ri*an (?), Sem"i*na*rist (?), } n. [Cf. F. séminariste.] A member of, or one educated in, a seminary; specifically, an ecclesiastic educated for the priesthood in a seminary.

Sem"i*na*ry (?), n.; pl. Seminaries (#). [L. seminarium, fr. seminarius belonging to seed, fr. semon, seminis, seed. See Seminal.] 1. A piece of ground where seed is sown for producing plants for transplantation; a nursery; a seed plat. [Obs.] Mortimer.

> But if you draw them [seedling] only for the thinning of your seminary, prick them into some empty beds.

Evelyn.

2. Hence, the place or original stock whence anything is brought or produced. [Obs.] Woodward.

3. A place of education, as a scool of a high grade, an academy, college, or university.

4. Seminal state. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

5. Fig.: A seed bed; a source. [Obs.] Harvey.

6. A Roman Catholic priest educated in a foreign seminary; a seminarist. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

Sem"i*na*ry, a. [L. seminarius.] Belonging to seed; seminal. [R.]

Sem"i*nate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Seminated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Seminating.] [L. seminatus, p. p. of seminare to sow, fr. semen, seminis, seed.] To sow; to spread; to propagate. [R.] Waterhouse.

Sem`i*na"tion (?), n. [L. seminatio: cf. F. sémination.] 1. The act of sowing or spreading. [R.]

2. (Bot.) Natural dispersion of seeds. Martyn.

Sem"ined (?), a. [See Semen.] Thickly covered or sown, as with seeds. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Sem`i*nif"er*ous (?), a. [L. semen, semenis, seed -ferous.] (Biol.) Seed-bearing; producing seed; pertaining to, or connected with, the formation of semen; as, seminiferous cells or vesicles.

{ Sem`i*nif"ic (?), Sem`i*nif"ic*al (?), } a. [L. semen, seminis, seed + facere to make.] (Biol.) Forming or producing seed, or the male generative product of animals or of plants.

Sem`i*ni*fi*ca"tion (?), n. Propagation from seed. [R.] Sir M. Hale.

Sem"i*nist (?), n. (Biol.) A believer in the old theory that the newly created being is formed by the admixture of the seed of the male with the supposed seed of the female.

Sem"i*noles (?), n. pl.; sing. Seminole (&?;). (Ethnol.) A tribe of Indians who formerly occupied Florida, where some of them still remain. They belonged to the Creek Confideration.

Sem"i*nose` (?), n. [L. semen seed + glucose.] (Chem.) A carbohydrate of the glucose group found in the thickened endosperm of certain seeds, and extracted as yellow sirup having a sweetish-bitter taste.

Sem`i*nude" (?), a. Partially nude; half naked.

Sem"i*nymph` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The pupa of insects which undergo only a slight change in passing to the imago state.

Sem`i*oc*ca"sion*al*ly (?), adv. Once in a while; on rare occasions. [Colloq. U. S.]

Sem`i*of*fi"cial (?), a. Half official; having some official authority or importance; as, a semiofficial statement. -- Sem`i*of*fi"cial*ly, adv.

{ Se`mi*og"ra*phy (?), Se`mi*ol"o*gy (?), Se`mi*o*log"ic*al (?) }. Same as Semeiography, Semeiology, Semeiological.

Sem`i*o*pa"cous (?), a. Semiopaque.

Sem"i*o`pal (?), n. (Min.) A variety of opal not possessing opalescence.

Sem`i*o*paque" (?), a. Half opaque; only half transparent.

Sem`i*or*bic"u*lar (?), a. Having the shape of a half orb or sphere.

Se`mi*ot"ic (?), a. Same as Semeiotic.

Se`mi*ot"ics (?), n. Same as Semeiotics.

Sem`i*o"val (?), a. Half oval.

Sem`i*o"vate (?), a. Half ovate.

Sem`i*ox"y*gen*a`ted (?), a. Combined with oxygen only in part. Kirwan.

Sem`i*pa"gan (?), a. Half pagan.

{ Sem`i*pal"mate (?), Sem`i*pal"ma*ted (?), } a. (Zoöl.) Having the anterior toes joined only part way down with a web; half-webbed; as, a semipalmate bird or foot. See Illust. k under Aves.

Sem`i*pa*rab"o*la (?), n. (Geom.) One branch of a parabola, being terminated at the principal vertex of the curve.

Sem"i*ped (?), n. [L. semipes, semipedis; pref. semi- half + pes, pedis, a foot.] (Pros.) A half foot in poetry.

Se*mip"e*dal (?), a. (Pres.) Containing a half foot.

Sem`i-Pe*la"gi*an (?), n. (Eccl. Hist.) A follower of John Cassianus, a French monk (died about 448), who modified the doctrines of Pelagius, by denying human merit, and maintaining the necessity of the Spirit's influence, while, on the other hand, he rejected the Augustinian doctrines of election, the inability of man to do good, and the certain perseverance of the saints.

Sem`i-Pe*la"gi*an, a. Of or pertaining to the Semi-Pelagians, or their tenets.

<! p. 1309 !>

Sem`i-Pe*la"gi*an*ism (sm`*p*l"j*an*z'm), n. The doctrines or tenets of the Semi- Pelagians.

Sem`i*pel*lu"cid (-pl*l"sd), a. Half clear, or imperfectly transparent; as, a semipellucid gem.

Sem`i*pel`lu*cid"i*ty (- pl`l*sd"*t), n. The quality or state of being imperfectly transparent.

Sem`i*pen"ni*form (-pn"n*fôrm), a. (Anat.) Half or partially penniform; as, a semipenniform muscle.

Sem`i*per"ma*nent, n. Half or partly permanent.

Sem`i*per*spic"u*ous (- pr*spk"*s), a. Half transparent; imperfectly clear; semipellucid.

Sem`i*phlo*gis"ti*ca`ted (- fl*js"t*k`td), a. (Old Chem.) Partially impregnated with phlogiston.

Sem"i*plume` (sm`*plm), n. (Zoöl.) A feather which has a plumelike web, with the shaft of an ordinary feather.

Sem`i*pre"cious (-prsh"s), a. Somewhat precious; as, semiprecious stones or metals.

Sem"i*proof` (?), n. Half proof; evidence from the testimony of a single witness. [Obs.] Bailey.

Sem`i pu"pa (?), n. (Zoöl.) The young of an insect in a stage between the larva and pupa.

{ Sem"i*quad`rate (?), Sem"i*quar"tile (?), } n. (Astrol.) An aspect of the planets when distant from each other the half of a quadrant, or forty-five degrees, or one sign and a half. Hutton.

Sem"i*qua`ver (?), n. (Mus.) A note of half the duration of the quaver; -- now usually called a sixsteenth note.

Sem"i*quin`tile (?), n. (Astrol.) An aspect of the planets when distant from each other half of the quintile, or thirty-six degrees.

Sem`i*rec"on*dite (?), a. (Zool.) Half hidden or half covered; said of the head of an insect when half covered by the shield of the thorax.

Sem"i*ring` (?), n. (Anat.) One of the incomplete rings of the upper part of the bronchial tubes of most birds. The semerings form an essential part of the syrinx, or musical organ, of singing birds.

Sem`i*sav"age (?), a. Half savage.

Sem"i*sav`age, n. One who is half savage.

Sem`i-Sax"on (?), a. Half Saxon; -- specifically applied to the language intermediate between Saxon and English, belonging to the period 1150-1250.

Sem"i*sex"tile (?), n. (Astrol.) An aspect of the planets when they are distant from each other the twelfth part of a circle, or thirty degrees. Hutton.

Sem`i*sol"id (?), a. Partially solid.

Sem"i*soun (-sn), n. A half sound; a low tone. [Obs.] "Soft he cougheth with a semisoun." Chaucer.

{ Sem`i*spher"ic (?), Sem`i*spher"ic*al (?), } a. Having the figure of a half sphere. Kirwan.

Sem`i*sphe*roid"al (?), a. Formed like a half spheroid.

Sem"i*steel` (&?;), n. Puddled steel. [U. S. ]

||Sem"i*ta (?), n.; pl. Semitæ. [L., a path.] (Zoöl.) A fasciole of a spatangoid sea urchin.

Sem"i*tan`gent (?), n. (Geom.) The tangent of half an arc.

Sem"ite (?), n. One belonging to the Semitic race. Also used adjectively. [Written also Shemite.]

Sem`i*te*rete" (?), a. (Nat. Hist.) Half terete.

Sem`i*ter"tian (?), a. (Med.) Having the characteristics of both a tertian and a quotidian intermittent. -- n. An intermittent combining the characteristics of a tertian and a quotidian.

Sem*it"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to Shem or his descendants; belonging to that division of the Caucasian race which includes the Arabs, Jews, and related races. [Written also Shemitic.]

Semitic language, a name used to designate a group of Asiatic and African languages, some living and some dead, namely: Hebrew and Phœnician, Aramaic, Assyrian, Arabic, Ethiopic (Geez and Ampharic). Encyc. Brit.

Sem"i*tism (?), n. A Semitic idiom; a word of Semitic origin. [Written also Shemitism.]

Sem"i*tone (?), n. [Pref. semi- + tone. CF. Hemitone.] (Mus.) Half a tone; -- the name commonly applied to the smaller intervals of the diatonic scale.

There is an impropriety in the use of this word, and half step is now preferred. See Tone. J. S. Dwight.

Sem`i*ton"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to a semitone; consisting of a semitone, or of semitones.

Sem"i*tran`sept (?), n. (Arch.) The half of a transept; as, the north semitransept of a church.

Sem`i*trans*lu"cent (?), a. Slightly clear; transmitting light in a slight degree.

Sem`i*trans*par"en*cy (?), n. Imperfect or partial transparency.

Sem`i*trans*par"ent (?), a. Half or imperfectly transparent.

Sem`i*ver*tic"il*late, (&?;) a. Partially verticillate.

Sem"i*vif (?), a. [L. semivivus.] Only half alive. [Obs.] Piers Plowman.

Sem`i*vit"re*ous (?), a. Partially vitreous.

Sem`i*vit"ri*fi*ca"tion (?), n. 1. The quality or state of being semivitrified.

2. A substance imperfectly vitrified.

Sem`i*vit"ri*fied (?), a. Half or imperfectly vitrified; partially converted into glass.

Sem`i*vo"cal (?), a. (Phon.) Of or pertaining to a semivowel; half cocal; imperfectly sounding.

Sem"i*vow`el (?), n. (Phon.) (a) A sound intermediate between a vowel and a consonant, or partaking of the nature of both, as in the English w and y. (b) The sign or letter representing such a sound.

Sem`i*week"ly (?), a. Coming, or made, or done, once every half week; as, a semiweekly newspaper; a semiweekly trip. -- n. That which comes or happens once every half week, esp. a semiweekly periodical. -- adv. At intervals of half a week each.

||Sem`o*lel"la (?), n. [It.] See Semolina.

Sem`o*li"na (?), n. [It. semolino, from semola bran, L. simila the finest wheat flour. Cf. Semoule, Simnel.] The fine, hard parts of wheat, rounded by the attrition of the millstones, -- used in cookery.

||Sem`o*li"no (?), n. [It.] Same as Semolina.

||Se*moule" (?), n. [F.] Same as Semolina.

Sem`per*vi"rent (?), a. [L. semper always + virens, p. pr. of virere to be green.] Always fresh; evergreen. [R.] Smart.

Sem"per*vive (?), n. [L. semperviva, sempervivum, fr. sempervivus ever- living; semper always + vivus living.] (Bot.) The houseleek.

||Sem`per*vi"vum (?), n. (Bot.) A genus of fleshy-leaved plants, of which the houseleek (Sempervivum tectorum) is the commonest species.

Sem`pi*ter"nal (?), a. [L. sempiternus, fr. semper always: cf. F. sempiternel.] 1. Of neverending duration; everlasting; endless; having beginning, but no end. Sir M. Hale.

2. Without beginning or end; eternal. Blackmore.

Sem"pi*terne (?), a. Sempiternal. [Obs.]

Sem`pi*ter"ni*ty (?), n. [L. sempiternitas.] Future duration without end; the relation or state of being sempiternal. Sir M. Hale.

Sem"pre (?), adv. [It., fr. L. semper.] (Mus.) Always; throughout; as, sempre piano, always soft.

Semp"ster (?), n. A seamster. [Obs.]

Semp"stress (?), n. A seamstress.

> Two hundred sepstress were employed to make me shirts.

Swift.

Semp"stress*y (?), n. Seamstressy.

Sem"ster (?), n. A seamster. [Obs.]

||Se*mun"ci*a (?), n. [L., fr. semi half + uncia ounce.] (Rom. Antiq.) A Roman coin equivalent to one twenty-fourth part of a Roman pound.

Sen (?), n. A Japanese coin, worth about one half of a cent.

Sen, adv., prep., & conj. [See Since.] Since. [Obs.]

Sen"a*ry (?), a. [L. senarius, fr. seni six each, fr. sex six. See Six.] Of six; belonging to six; containing six. Dr. H. More.

Sen"ate (?), n. [OE. senat, F. sénat, fr. L. senatus, fr. senex, gen. senis, old, an old man. See Senior, Sir.] 1. An assembly or council having the highest deliberative and legislative functions. Specifically: (a) (Anc. Rom.) A body of elders appointed or elected from among the nobles of the nation, and having supreme legislative authority.

> The senate was thus the medium through which all affairs of the whole government had to pass.

Dr. W. Smith.

(b) The upper and less numerous branch of a legislature in various countries, as in France, in the United States, in most of the separate States of the United States, and in some Swiss cantons. (c) In general, a legislative body; a state council; the legislative department of government.

2. The governing body of the Universities of Cambridge and London. [Eng.]

3. In some American colleges, a council of elected students, presided over by the president of the college, to which are referred cases of discipline and matters of general concern affecting the students. [U. S.]

Senate chamber, a room where a senate meets when it transacts business. -- Senate house, a house where a senate meets when it transacts business.

Sen"a*tor (?), n. [OE. senatour, OF. senatour, F. sénateur, fr. L. senator.] 1. A member of a senate.

> The duke and senators of Venice greet you.

Shak.

In the United States, each State sends two senators for a term of six years to the national Congress.

2. (O.Eng.Law) A member of the king's council; a king's councilor. Burrill.

Sen`a*to"ri*al (?), a. [F. sénatorial, or L. senatorius.] 1. Of or pertaining to a senator, or a senate; becoming to a senator, or a senate; as, senatorial duties; senatorial dignity.

2. Entitled to elect a senator, or by senators; as, the senatorial districts of a State. [U. S.]

Sen`a*to"ri*al*ly, adv. In a senatorial manner.

Sen`a*to"ri*an (?), a. Senatorial. [R.] De Quincey.

Sen`a*to"ri*ous (?), a. Senatorial. [Obs.]

Sen"a*tor*ship (?), n. The office or dignity of a senator. Carew.

Se*na`tus*con*sult" (?), n. [L. senatus consultum.] A decree of the Roman senate.

Send (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sent (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Sending.] [AS. sendan; akin to OS. sendian, D. zenden, G. senden, OHG. senten, Icel. senda, Sw. sända, Dan. sende, Goth. sandjan, and to Goth. sinp a time (properly, a going), gasinpa companion, OHG. sind journey, AS. s&?;, Icel. sinni a walk, journey, a time. W. hynt a way, journey, OIr. s&?;t. Cf. Sense.] 1. To cause to go in any manner; to dispatch; to commission or direct to go; as, to send a messenger.

> I have not sent these prophets, yet they ran.

Jer. xxiii. 21.

> I proceeded forth and came from God; neither came I of myself, but he sent me.

John viii. 42.

> Servants, sent on messages, stay out somewhat longer than the message requires.

Swift.

2. To give motion to; to cause to be borne or carried; to procure the going, transmission, or delivery of; as, to send a message.

> He . . . sent letters by posts on horseback.

Esther viii. 10.

> O send out thy light an thy truth; let them lead me.

Ps. xliii. 3.

3. To emit; to impel; to cast; to throw; to hurl; as, to send a ball, an arrow, or the like.

4. To cause to be or to happen; to bestow; to inflict; to grant; -- sometimes followed by a dependent proposition. "God send him well!" Shak.

> The Lord shall send upon thee cursing, vexation, and rebuke.

Deut. xxviii. 20.

> And sendeth rain on the just and on the unjust.

Matt. v. 45.

> God send your mission may bring back peace.

Sir W. Scott.

Send (?), v. i. 1. To dispatch an agent or messenger to convey a message, or to do an errand.

> See ye how this son of a murderer hath sent to take away my head?

2 Kings vi. 32.

2. (Naut.) To pitch; as, the ship sends forward so violently as to endanger her masts. Totten.

To send for, to request or require by message to come or be brought.

Send, n. (Naut.) The impulse of a wave by which a vessel is carried bodily. [Written also scend.] W. C. Russell. "The send of the sea". Longfellow.

Sen"dal (?), n. [OF. cendal (cf. Pr. & Sp. cendal, It. zendale), LL. cendallum, Gr. &?;&?;&?; a fine Indian cloth.] A light thin stuff of silk. [Written also cendal, and sendal.] Chaucer.

> Wore she not a veil of twisted sendal embroidered with silver?

Sir W. Scott.

Send"er (?), n. One who sends. Shak.

Sen"e*cas (?), n. pl.; sing. Seneca (&?;). (Ethnol.) A tribe of Indians who formerly inhabited a part of Western New York. This tribe was the most numerous and most warlike of the Five Nations.

Seneca grass(Bot.), holy grass. See under Holy. -- Seneca eil, petroleum or naphtha. -- Seneca root, or Seneca snakeroot (Bot.), the rootstock of an American species of milkworth (Polygala Senega) having an aromatic but bitter taste. It is often used medicinally as an expectorant and diuretic, and, in large doses, as an emetic and cathartic. [Written also Senega root, and Seneka root.]

||Se*ne"ci*o (?), n. [L., groundsel, lit., an old man. So called in allusion to the hoary appearance of the pappus.] (Bot.) A very large genus of composite plants including the groundsel and the golden ragwort.

Se*nec"ti*tude (?), n. [L. senectus aged, old age, senex old.] Old age. [R.] "Senectitude, weary of its toils." H. Miller.

Sen"e*ga (?), n. (Med.) Seneca root.

Sen"e*gal (?), n. Gum senegal. See under Gum.

Sen"e*gin (?), n. (Med. Chem.) A substance extracted from the rootstock of the Polygala Senega (Seneca root), and probably identical with polygalic acid.

Se*nes"cence (?), n. [See Senescent.] The state of growing old; decay by time.

Se*nes"cent (?), a. [L. senescent, p. pr. of senescere to grow old, incho. fr. senere to be old.] Growing old; decaying with the lapse of time. "The night was senescent." Poe. "With too senescent air." Lowell.

Sen"es*chal (?), n. [OF. seneschal, LL. seniscalcus, of Teutonic origin; cf. Goth. sineigs old, skalks, OHG. scalch, AS. scealc. Cf. Senior, Marshal.] An officer in the houses of princes and dignitaries, in the Middle Ages, who had the superintendence of feasts and domestic ceremonies; a steward. Sometimes the seneschal had the dispensing of justice, and was given high military commands.

> Then marshaled feast
> Served up in hall with sewers and seneschale.

Milton.

> Philip Augustus, by a famous ordinance in 1190, first established royal courts of justice, held by the officers called baitiffs, or seneschals, who acted as the king's lieutenants in his demains.

Hallam.

Sen"es*chal*ship, n. The office, dignity, or jurisdiction of a seneschal.

Senge (?), v. t. To singe. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Sen"green (?), n.[AS. singr&?;ne, properly, evergreen, fr. sin (in composition) always + grëne green; akin to OHG. sin- ever, L. semper.] (Bot.) The houseleek.

Se"nile (?), a. [L. senilis, from senex, gen. senis, old, an old man: cf. F. sénile. See Senior.] Of or pertaining to old age; proceeding from, or characteristic of, old age; affected with the infirmities of old age; as, senile weakness. "Senile maturity of judgment." Boyle.

Senile gangrene (Med.), a form of gangrene occuring particularly in old people, and caused usually by insufficient blood supply due to degeneration of the walls of the smaller arteries.

Se*nil"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. sénilité.] The quality or state of being senile; old age.

Sen"ior (?), a. [L. senior, compar. of senex, gen. senis, old. See Sir.] 1. More advanced than another in age; prior in age; elder; hence, more advanced in dignity, rank, or office; superior; as, senior member; senior counsel.

2. Belonging to the final year of the regular course in American colleges, or in professional schools.

Sen"ior, n. 1. A person who is older than another; one more advanced in life.

2. One older in office, or whose entrance upon office was anterior to that of another; one prior in grade.

3. An aged person; an older. Dryden.

> Each village senior paused to scan,
> And speak the lovely caravan.

Emerson.

4. One in the fourth or final year of his collegiate course at an American college; -- originally called senior sophister; also, one in the last year of the course at a professional schools or at a seminary.

Sen*ior"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being senior.

Sen"ior*ize (?), v. i. To exercise authority; to rule; to lord it. [R.] Fairfax.

Sen"ior*y (?), n. Seniority. [Obs.] Shak.

Sen"na (?), n. [Cf. It. & Sp. sena, Pg. sene, F. séné; all fr. Ar. san.] 1. (Med.) The leaves of several leguminous plants of the genus Cassia. (C. acutifolia, C. angustifolia, etc.). They constitute a valuable but nauseous cathartic medicine.

2. (Bot.) The plants themselves, native to the East, but now cultivated largely in the south of Europe and in the West Indies.

Bladder senna. (Bot.) See under Bladder. -- Wild senna (Bot.), the Cassia Marilandica, growing in the United States, the leaves of which are used medicinally, like those of the officinal senna.

<! p. 1310 !>

Sen"na*chy (?), n. See Seannachie.

Sen"net (?), n. [Properly, a sign given for the entrance or exit of actors, from OF. sinet, signet, dim. of signe. See Signet.] A signal call on a trumpet or cornet for entrance or exit on the stage. [Obs.]

Sen"net, n. (Zoöl.) The barracuda.

Sen"night (?), n. [Contr. fr. sevennight.] The space of seven nights and days; a week. [Written also se'nnight.] [Archaic.] Shak. Tennyson.

Sen"nit (?), n. [Seven + knit.] 1. (Naut.) A braided cord or fabric formed by plaiting together rope yarns or other small stuff.

2. Plaited straw or palm leaves for making hats.

Se*noc"u*lar (?), a. [L. seni six each (fr. sex six) + oculus eye.] Having six eyes. [R.] Derham.

Se*no"ni*an (?), a. [F. sénonien, from the district of Sénonais, in France.] (Geol.) In european geology, a name given to the middle division of the Upper Cretaceous formation.

||Se*ñor" (?), n. [Sp. Cf. Senior.] A Spanish title of courtesy corresponding to the English Mr. or Sir; also, a gentleman.

||Se*ño"ra (?), n. [Sp.] A Spanish title of courtesy given to a lady; Mrs.; Madam; also, a lady.

||Se`ño*ri"ta (?), n. [Sp.] A Spanish title of courtesy given to a young lady; Miss; also, a young lady.

Sens (?), adv. [See Since.] Since. [Obs.] Spenser.

Sen"sate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sensated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sensating.] [See Sensated.] To feel or apprehend more or less distinctly through a sense, or the senses; as, to sensate light, or an odor.

> As those of the one are sensated by the ear, so those of the other are by the eye.

R. Hooke.

{ Sen"sate (?), Sen"sa*ted (?), } a. [L. sensatus gifted with sense, intelligent, fr. sensus sense. See Sense.] Felt or apprehended through a sense, or the senses. [R.] Baxter.

Sen*sa"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. sensation. See Sensate.] 1. (Physiol.) An impression, or the consciousness of an impression, made upon the central nervous organ, through the medium of a sensory or afferent nerve or one of the organs of sense; a feeling, or state of consciousness, whether agreeable or disagreeable, produced either by an external object (stimulus), or by some change in the internal state of the body.

> Perception is only a special kind of knowledge, and sensation a special kind of feeling. . . . Knowledge and feeling, perception and sensation, though always coexistent, are always in the inverse ratio of each other.

Sir W. Hamilton.

2. A purely spiritual or psychical affection; agreeable or disagreeable feelings occasioned by objects that are not corporeal or material.

3. A state of excited interest or feeling, or that which causes it.

> The sensation caused by the appearance of that work is still remembered by many.

Brougham.

Syn. -- Perception. -- Sensation, Perseption. The distinction between these words, when used in mental philosophy, may be thus stated; if I simply smell a rose, I have a sensation; if I refer that smell to the external object which occasioned it, I have a perception. Thus, the former is mere feeling, without the idea of an object; the latter is the mind's apprehension of some external object as occasioning that feeling. "Sensation properly expresses that change in the state of the mind which is produced by an impression upon an organ of sense (of which change we can conceive the mind to be conscious, without any knowledge of external objects). Perception, on the other hand, expresses the knowledge or the intimations we obtain by means of our sensations concerning the qualities of matter, and consequently involves, in every instance, the notion of externality, or outness, which it is necessary to exclude in order to seize the precise import of the word sensation." Fleming.

Sen*sa"tion*al (?), a. 1. Of or pertaining to sensation; as, sensational nerves.

2. Of or pertaining to sensationalism, or the doctrine that sensation is the sole origin of knowledge.

3. Suited or intended to excite temporarily great interest or emotion; melodramatic; emotional; as, sensational plays or novels; sensational preaching; sensational journalism; a sensational report.

Sen*sa"tion*al*ism (?), n. 1. (Metaph.) The doctrine held by Condillac, and by some ascribed to Locke, that our ideas originate solely in sensation, and consist of sensations transformed; sensualism; -- opposed to intuitionalism, and rationalism.

2. The practice or methods of sensational writing or speaking; as, the sensationalism of a novel.

Sen*sa"tion*al*ist, n. 1. (Metaph.) An advocate of, or believer in, philosophical sensationalism.

2. One who practices sensational writing or speaking.

Sense (sns), n. [L. sensus, from sentire, sensum, to perceive, to feel, from the same root as E. send; cf. OHG. sin sense, mind, sinnan to go, to journey, G. sinnen to meditate, to think: cf. F. sens. For the change of meaning cf. See, v. t. See Send, and cf. Assent, Consent, Scent, v. t., Sentence, Sentient.] 1. (Physiol.) A faculty, possessed by animals, of perceiving external objects by means of impressions made upon certain organs (sensory or sense organs) of the body, or of perceiving changes in the condition of the body; as, the senses of sight, smell, hearing, taste, and touch. See Muscular sense, under Muscular, and Temperature sense, under Temperature.

> Let fancy still my sense in Lethe steep.

Shak.

> What surmounts the reach
> Of human sense I shall delineate.

Milton.

> The traitor Sense recalls
> The soaring soul from rest.

Keble.

2. Perception by the sensory organs of the body; sensation; sensibility; feeling.

> In a living creature, though never so great, the sense and the affects of any one part of the body instantly make a transcursion through the whole.

Bacon.

3. Perception through the intellect; apprehension; recognition; understanding; discernment; appreciation.

> This Basilius, having the quick sense of a lover.

Sir P. Sidney.

> High disdain from sense of injured merit.

Milton.

4. Sound perception and reasoning; correct judgment; good mental capacity; understanding; also, that which is sound, true, or reasonable; rational meaning. "He speaks sense." Shak.

> He raves; his words are loose
> As heaps of sand, and scattering wide from sense.

Dryden.

5. That which is felt or is held as a sentiment, view, or opinion; judgment; notion; opinion.

> I speak my private but impartial sense
> With freedom.

Roscommon.

> The municipal council of the city had ceased to speak the sense of the citizens.

Macaulay.

6. Meaning; import; signification; as, the true sense of words or phrases; the sense of a remark.

> So they read in the book in the law of God distinctly, and gave the sense.

Neh. viii. 8.

> I think 't was in another sense.

Shak.

7. Moral perception or appreciation.

> Some are so hardened in wickedness as to have no sense of the most friendly offices.

L' Estrange.

8. (Geom.) One of two opposite directions in which a line, surface, or volume, may be supposed to be described by the motion of a point, line, or surface.

Common sense, according to Sir W. Hamilton: (a) "The complement of those cognitions or convictions which we receive from nature, which all men possess in common, and by which they test the truth of knowledge and the morality of actions." (b) "The faculty of first principles." These two are the philosophical significations. (c) "Such ordinary complement of intelligence, that,if a person be deficient therein, he is accounted mad or foolish." (d) When the substantive is emphasized: "Native practical intelligence, natural prudence, mother wit, tact in behavior, acuteness in the observation of character, in contrast to habits of acquired learning or of speculation." -- Moral sense. See under Moral, (a). -- The inner, or internal, sense, capacity of the mind to be aware of its own states; consciousness; reflection. "This source of ideas every man has wholly in himself, and though it be not sense, as having nothing to do with external objects, yet it is very like it, and might properly enough be called internal sense." Locke. -- Sense capsule (Anat.), one of the cartilaginous or bony cavities which inclose, more or less completely, the organs of smell, sight, and hearing. -- Sense organ (Physiol.), a specially irritable mechanism by which some one natural force or form of energy is enabled to excite sensory nerves; as the eye, ear, an end bulb or tactile corpuscle, etc. - - Sense organule (Anat.), one of the modified epithelial cells in or near which the fibers of the sensory nerves terminate.

Syn. -- Understanding; reason. -- Sense, Understanding, Reason. Some philosophers have given a technical signification to these terms, which may here be stated. Sense is the mind's acting in the direct cognition either of material objects or of its own mental states. In the first case it is called the outer, in the second the inner, sense. Understanding is the logical faculty, i. e., the power of apprehending under general conceptions, or the power of classifying, arranging, and making deductions. Reason is the power of apprehending those first or fundamental truths or principles which are the conditions of all real and scientific knowledge, and which control the mind in all its processes of investigation and deduction. These distinctions are given, not as established, but simply because they often occur in writers of the present day.

Sense (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sensed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sensing.] To perceive by the senses; to recognize. [Obs. or Colloq.]

> Is he sure that objects are not otherwise sensed by others than they are by him?

Glanvill.

Sense"ful (?), a. Full of sense, meaning, or reason; reasonable; judicious. [R.] "Senseful speech." Spenser. "Men, otherwise senseful and ingenious." Norris.

Sense"less, a. Destitute of, deficient in, or contrary to, sense; without sensibility or feeling; unconscious; stupid; foolish; unwise; unreasonable.

> You blocks, you stones, you worse than senseless things.

Shak.

> The ears are senseless that should give us hearing.

Shak.

> The senseless grave feels not your pious sorrows.

Rowe.

> They were a senseless, stupid race.

Swift.

> They would repent this their senseless perverseness when it would be too late.

Clarendon.

--- Sense"less*ly, adv. -- Sense"less*ness, n.

Sen`si*bil"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Sensibilities (#). [Cf. F. sensibilité, LL. sensibilitas.] 1. (Physiol.) The quality or state of being sensible, or capable of sensation; capacity to feel or perceive.

2. The capacity of emotion or feeling, as distinguished from the intellect and the will; peculiar susceptibility of impression, pleasurable or painful; delicacy of feeling; quick emotion or sympathy; as, sensibility to pleasure or pain; sensibility to shame or praise; exquisite sensibility; - - often used in the plural. "Sensibilities so fine!" Cowper.

> The true lawgiver ought to have a heart full of sensibility.

Burke.

> His sensibilities seem rather to have been those of patriotism than of wounded pride.

Marshall.

3. Experience of sensation; actual feeling.

> This adds greatly to my sensibility.

Burke.

4. That quality of an instrument which makes it indicate very slight changes of condition; delicacy; as, the sensibility of a balance, or of a thermometer.

Syn. -- Taste; susceptibility; feeling. See Taste.

Sen"si*ble (?), a. [F., fr. L. sensibilis, fr. sensus sense.] 1. Capable of being perceived by the senses; apprehensible through the bodily organs; hence, also, perceptible to the mind; making an impression upon the sense, reason, or understanding; &?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?; heat; sensible resistance.

> Air is sensible to the touch by its motion.

Arbuthnot.

> The disgrace was more sensible than the pain.

Sir W. Temple.

> Any very sensible effect upon the prices of things.

A. Smith.

2. Having the capacity of receiving impressions from external objects; capable of perceiving by the instrumentality of the proper organs; liable to be affected physsically or mentally; impressible.

> Would your cambric were sensible as your finger.

Shak.

3. Hence: Liable to impression from without; easily affected; having nice perception or acute feeling; sensitive; also, readily moved or affected by natural agents; delicate; as, a sensible thermometer. "With affection wondrous sensible." Shak.

4. Perceiving or having perception, either by the senses or the mind; cognizant; perceiving so clearly as to be convinced; satisfied; persuaded.

> He [man] can not think at any time, waking or sleeping, without being sensible of it.

Locke.

> They are now sensible it would have been better to comply than to refuse.

Addison.

5. Having moral perception; capable of being affected by moral good or evil.

6. Possessing or containing sense or reason; giftedwith, or characterized by, good or common sense; intelligent; wise.

> Now a sensible man, by and by a fool.

Shak.

Sensible note or tone (Mus.), the major seventh note of any scale; -- so called because, being but a half step below the octave, or key tone, and naturally leading up to that, it makes the ear sensible of its approaching sound. Called also the leading tone. -- Sensible horizon. See Horizon, n., 2. (a).

Syn. -- Intelligent; wise. -- Sensible, Intelligent. We call a man sensible whose judgments and conduct are marked and governed by sound judgment or good common semse. We call one intelligent who is quick and clear in his understanding, i. e., who discriminates readily and nicely in respect to difficult and important distinction. The sphere of the sensible man lies in matters of practical concern; of the intelligent man, in subjects of intellectual interest. "I have been tired with accounts from sensible men, furnished with matters of fact which have happened within their own knowledge." Addison. "Trace out numerous footsteps . . . of a most wise and intelligent architect throughout all this stupendous fabric." Woodward.

Sen"si*ble (?), n. 1. Sensation; sensibility. [R.] "Our temper changed . . . which must needs remove the sensible of pain." Milton.

2. That which impresses itself on the sense; anything perceptible.

> Aristotle distinguished sensibles into common and proper.

Krauth-Fleming.

3. That which has sensibility; a sensitive being. [R.]

> This melancholy extends itself not to men only, but even to vegetals and sensibles.

Burton.

Sen"si*ble*ness, n. 1. The quality or state of being sensible; sensibility; appreciation; capacity of perception; susceptibility. "The sensibleness of the eye." Sharp. "Sensibleness and sorrow for sin." Hammond.

> The sensibleness of the divine presence.

Hallywell.

2. Intelligence; reasonableness; good sense.

Sen"si*bly, adv. 1. In a sensible manner; so as to be perceptible to the senses or to the mind; appreciably; with perception; susceptibly; sensitively.

> What remains past cure,
> Bear not too sensibly.

Milton.

2. With intelligence or good sense; judiciously.

Sen`si*fa"cient (?), a. [L. sensus sense + facere to make.] Converting into sensation. Huxley.

Sen*sif"er*ous (?), a. [L. sensifer; sensus sense + ferre to bear.] Exciting sensation; conveying sensation. Huxley.

Sen*sif"ic (?), a. [L. sensificus; sensus sense + facere to make.] Exciting sensation.

Sen*sif"i*ca*to*ry (?), a. Susceptible of, or converting into, sensation; as, the sensificatory part of a nervous system. Huxley.

Sen*sig"e*nous (?), a. [L. sensus sense + -genous.] Causing or exciting sensation. Huxley.

Sens"ism (?), n. Same as Sensualism, 2 & 3.

Sens"ist, n. One who, in philosophy, holds to sensism.

Sen"si*tive (?), a. [F. sensitif. See Sense.] 1. Having sense of feeling; possessing or exhibiting the capacity of receiving impressions from external objects; as, a sensitive soul.

2. Having quick and acute sensibility, either to the action of external objects, or to impressions upon the mind and feelings; highly susceptible; easily and acutely affected.

> She was too sensitive to abuse and calumny.

Macaulay.

3. (a) (Mech.) Having a capacity of being easily affected or moved; as, a sensitive thermometer; sensitive scales. (b) (Chem. & Photog.) Readily affected or changed by certain appropriate agents; as, silver chloride or bromide, when in contact with certain organic substances, is extremely sensitive to actinic rays.

4. Serving to affect the sense; sensible. [R.]

> A sensitive love of some sensitive objects.

Hammond.

5. Of or pertaining to sensation; depending on sensation; as, sensitive motions; sensitive muscular motions excited by irritation. E. Darwin.

Sensitive fern (Bot.), an American fern (Onoclea sensibilis), the leaves of which, when plucked, show a slight tendency to fold together. -- Sensitive flame (Physics), a gas flame so arranged that under a suitable adjustment of pressure it is exceedingly sensitive to sounds, being caused to roar, flare, or become suddenly shortened or extinguished, by slight sounds of the proper pitch. -- Sensitive joint vetch (Bot.), an annual leguminous herb (Æschynomene hispida), with sensitive foliage. -- Sensitive paper, paper prepared for photographic purpose by being rendered sensitive to the effect of light. -- Sensitive plant. (Bot.) (a) A leguminous plant (Mimosa pudica, or M. sensitiva, and other allied species), the leaves of which close at the slightest touch. (b) Any plant showing motions after irritation, as the sensitive brier (Schrankia) of the Southern States, two common American species of Cassia (C. nictitans, and C. Chamæcrista), a kind of sorrel (Oxalis sensitiva), etc.

<! p. 1311 !>

-- Sen"si*tive*ly (#), adv. -- Sen"si*tive*ness, n.

Sen`si*tiv"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being sensitive; -- used chiefly in science and the arts; as, the sensitivity of iodized silver.

> Sensitivity and emotivity have also been used as the scientific term for the capacity of feeling.

Hickok.

Sen"si*tize (?), v. t. (Photog.) To render sensitive, or susceptible of being easily acted on by the actinic rays of the sun; as, sensitized paper or plate.

Sen"si*ti`zer (?), n. (Photog.) An agent that sensitizes.

> The sensitizer should be poured on the middle of the sheet.

Wilis & Clements (The Platinotype).

Sen"si*to*ry (?), n. See Sensory.

Sens"ive (?), a. Having sense or sensibility; sensitive. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney.

Sen"sor (?), a. Sensory; as, the sensor nerves.

Sen*so"ri*al (?), a. [Cf. F. sensorial. See Sensorium.] Of or pertaining to the sensorium; as, sensorial faculties, motions, powers. A. Tucker.

Sen*so"ri*um (?), n.; pl. E. Sensoriums (#), L. Sensoria (#). [L., fr. sentire, sensum, to discern or perceive by the senses.] (Physiol.) The seat of sensation; the nervous center or centers to which impressions from the external world must be conveyed before they can be perceived; the place where external impressions are localized, and transformed into sensations, prior to being reflected to other parts of the organism; hence, the whole nervous system, when animated, so far as it is susceptible of common or special sensations.

Sen*so`ri-vo*li"tion*al (?), a. (Physiol.) Concerned both in sensation and volition; -- applied to those nerve fibers which pass to and from the cerebro- spinal axis, and are respectively concerned in sensation and volition. Dunglison.

Sen"so*ry (?), n.; pl. Sensories (&?;). (Physiol.) Same as Sensorium.

Sen"so*ry, a. (Physiol.) Of or pertaining to the sensorium or sensation; as, sensory impulses; -- especially applied to those nerves and nerve fibers which convey to a nerve center impulses resulting in sensation; also sometimes loosely employed in the sense of afferent, to indicate nerve fibers which convey impressions of any kind to a nerve center.

Sen"su*al (?), a. [L. sensualis, from sensus sense: cf. F. sensuel.] 1. Pertaining to, consisting in, or affecting, the sense, or bodily organs of perception; relating to, or concerning, the body, in distinction from the spirit.

> Pleasing and sensual rites and ceremonies.

Bacon.

> Far as creation's ample range extends,
> The scale of sensual, mental powers ascends.

Pope.

2. Hence, not spiritual or intellectual; carnal; fleshly; pertaining to, or consisting in, the gratification of the senses, or the indulgence of appetites; wordly.

> These be they who separate themselves, sensual, having not the Spirit.

Jude 19.

> The greatest part of men are such as prefer . . . that good which is sensual before whatsoever is most divine.

Hooker.

3. Devoted to the pleasures of sense and appetite; luxurious; voluptuous; lewd; libidinous.

> No small part of virtue consists in abstaining from that wherein sensual men place their felicity.

Atterbury.

4. Pertaining or peculiar to the philosophical doctrine of sensualism.

Sen"su*al*ism (?), n. [Cf. F. sensualisme.] 1. The condition or character of one who is sensual; subjection to sensual feelings and appetite; sensuality.

2. (Philos.) The doctrine that all our ideas, or the operations of the understanding, not only originate in sensation, but are transformed sensations, copies or relics of sensations; sensationalism; sensism.

3. (Ethics) The regarding of the gratification of the senses as the highest good. Krauth- Fleming.

Sen"su*al*ist, n. [CF. F. sensualiste.] 1. One who is sensual; one given to the indulgence of the appetites or senses as the means of happiness.

2. One who holds to the doctrine of sensualism.

Sen`su*al*is"tic (?), a. 1. Sensual.

2. Adopting or teaching the doctrines of sensualism.

Sen`su*al"i*ty (?), n. [CF. F. sensualité, L. sensualitas sensibility, capacity for sensation.] The quality or state of being sensual; devotedness to the gratification of the bodily appetites; free indulgence in carnal or sensual pleasures; luxuriousness; voluptuousness; lewdness.

> Those pampered animals
> That rage in savage sensuality.

Shak.

> They avoid dress, lest they should have affections tainted by any sensuality.

Addison.

Sen`su*al*i*za"tion (?), n. The act of sensualizing, or the state of being sensualized.

Sen"su*al*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sensualized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sensualizing (?).] To make sensual; to subject to the love of sensual pleasure; to debase by carnal gratifications; to carnalize; as, sensualized by pleasure. Pope.

> By the neglect of prayer, the thoughts are sensualized.

T. H. Skinner.

Sen"su*al*ly, adv. In a sensual manner.

Sen"su*al*ness, n. Sensuality; fleshliness.

Sen"su*ism (?), n. Sensualism.

Sen`su*os"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being sensuous; sensuousness. [R.]

Sen"su*ous (?), a. 1. Of or pertaining to the senses, or sensible objects; addressing the senses; suggesting pictures or images of sense.

> To this poetry would be made precedent, as being less subtle and fine, but more simple, sensuous, and passionate.

Milton.

2. Highly susceptible to influence through the senses.

-- Sen"su*ous*ly (#), adv. -- Sen"su*ous*ness, n.

Sent (?), v. & n. See Scent, v. & n. [Obs.] Spenser.

Sent, obs. 3d pers. sing. pres. of Send, for sendeth.

Sent, imp. & p. p. of Send.

Sen"tence (?), n. [F., from L. sententia, for sentientia, from sentire to discern by the senses and the mind, to feel, to think. See Sense, n., and cf. Sentiensi.] 1. Sense; meaning; significance. [Obs.]

> Tales of best sentence and most solace.

Chaucer.

> The discourse itself, voluble enough, and full of sentence.

Milton.

2. (a) An opinion; a decision; a determination; a judgment, especially one of an unfavorable nature.

> My sentence is for open war.

Milton.

> That by them [Luther's works] we may pass sentence upon his doctrines.

Atterbury.

(b) A philosophical or theological opinion; a dogma; as, Summary of the Sentences; Book of the Sentences.

3. (Law) In civil and admiralty law, the judgment of a court pronounced in a cause; in criminal and ecclesiastical courts, a judgment passed on a criminal by a court or judge; condemnation pronounced by a judgical tribunal; doom. In common law, the term is exclusively used to denote the judgment in criminal cases.

> Received the sentence of the law.

Shak.

4. A short saying, usually containing moral instruction; a maxim; an axiom; a saw. Broome.

5. (Gram.) A combination of words which is complete as expressing a thought, and in writing is marked at the close by a period, or full point. See Proposition, 4.

Sentences are simple or compound. A simple sentence consists of one subject and one finite verb; as, "The Lord reigns." A compound sentence contains two or more subjects and finite verbs, as in this verse: -

> He fills, he bounds, connects, and equals all.

Pope.

Dark sentence, a saving not easily explained.

> A king . . . understanding dark sentences.

Dan. vii. 23.

Sen"tence, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sentenced (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sentencing (?).] 1. To pass or pronounce judgment upon; to doom; to condemn to punishment; to prescribe the punishment of.

> Nature herself is sentenced in your doom.

Dryden.

2. To decree or announce as a sentence. [Obs.] Shak.

3. To utter sententiously. [Obs.] Feltham.

Sen"ten*cer (?), n. One who pronounced a sentence or condemnation.

sen*ten"tial (?), a. 1. Comprising sentences; as, a sentential translation. Abp. Newcome.

2. Of or pertaining to a sentence, or full period; as, a sentential pause.

Sen*ten"tial*ly, adv. In a sentential manner.

Sen*ten"ti*a*rist (?), n. A sententiary. Barnas Sears (Life of Luther).

Sen*ten"ti*ary (?), n. [LL. sententiarius.] One who read lectures, or commented, on the Sentences of Peter Lombard, Bishop of Paris (1159-1160), a school divine. R. Henry.

Sen*ten`ti*os"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being sententious. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Sen*ten"tious (?), a.[L. sentenciosus: cf. F. sentencieux.] 1. Abounding with sentences, axioms, and maxims; full of meaning; terse and energetic in expression; pithy; as, a sententious style or discourse; sententious truth.

> How he apes his sire,
> Ambitiously sententious!

Addison.

2. Comprising or representing sentences; sentential. [Obs.] "Sententious marks." Grew.

--- Sen*ten"tious*ly, adv. -- Sen*ten"tious*ness, n.

Sen"ter*y (?), n. A sentry. [Obs.] Milton.

Sen"teur (?), n. [F.] Scent. [Obs.] Holland.

{ Sen"ti*ence (?), Sen"ti*en*cy (?), } n. [See Sentient, Sentence.] The quality or state of being sentient; esp., the quality or state of having sensation. G. H. Lewes

> An example of harmonious action between the intelligence and the sentieny of the mind.

Earle.

Sen"ti*ent (?), a. [L. sentiens, -entis, p. pr. of sentire to discern or perceive by the senses. See Sense.] Having a faculty, or faculties, of sensation and perception. Specif. (Physiol.), especially sensitive; as, the sentient extremities of nerves, which terminate in the various organs or tissues.

Sen"ti*ent, n. One who has the faculty of perception; a sentient being.

Sen"ti*ent*ly, adv. In a sentient or perceptive way.

Sen"ti*ment (?), n. [OE. sentement, OF. sentement, F. sentiment, fr. L. sentire to perceive by the senses and mind, to feel, to think. See Sentient, a.] 1. A thought prompted by passion or feeling; a state of mind in view of some subject; feeling toward or respecting some person or thing; disposition prompting to action or expression.

> The word sentiment, agreeably to the use made of it by our best English writers, expresses, in my own opinion very happily, those complex determinations of the mind which result from the coöperation of our rational powers and of our moral feelings.

Stewart.

> Alike to council or the assembly came,
> With equal souls and sentiments the same.

Pope.

2. Hence, generally, a decision of the mind formed by deliberation or reasoning; thought; opinion; notion; judgment; as, to express one's sentiments on a subject.

> Sentiments of philosophers about the perception of external objects.

Reid.

> Sentiment, as here and elsewhere employed by Reid in the meaning of opinion (sententia), is not to be imitated.

Sir W. Hamilton.

3. A sentence, or passage, considered as the expression of a thought; a maxim; a saying; a toast.

4. Sensibility; feeling; tender susceptibility.

> Mr. Hume sometimes employs (after the manner of the French metaphysicians) sentiment as synonymous with feeling; a use of the word quite unprecedented in our tongue.

Stewart.

> Less of sentiment than sense.

Tennyson.

Syn. -- Thought; opinion; notion; sensibility; feeling. -- Sentiment, Opinion, Feeling. An opinion is an intellectual judgment in respect to any and every kind of truth. Feeling describes those affections of pleasure and pain which spring from the exercise of our sentient and emotional powers. Sentiment (particularly in the plural) lies between them, denoting settled opinions or principles in regard to subjects which interest the feelings strongly, and are presented more or less constantly in practical life. Hence, it is more appropriate to speak of our religious sentiments than opinions, unless we mean to exclude all reference to our feelings. The word sentiment, in the singular, leans ordinarily more to the side of feeling, and denotes a refined sensibility on subjects affecting the heart. "On questions of feeling, taste, observation, or report, we define our sentiments. On questions of science, argument, or metaphysical abstraction, we define our opinions. The sentiments of the heart. The opinions of the mind . . . There is more of instinct in sentiment, and more of definition in opinion. The admiration of a work of art which results from first impressions is classed with our sentiments; and, when we have accounted to ourselves for the approbation, it is classed with our opinions." W. Taylor.

Sen`ti*men"tal (?), a. [Cf. F. sentimental.] 1. Having, expressing, or containing a sentiment or sentiments; abounding with moral reflections; containing a moral reflection; didactic. [Obsoles.]

> Nay, ev'n each moral sentimental stroke,
> Where not the character, but poet, spoke,
> He lopped, as foreign to his chaste design,
> Nor spared a useless, though a golden line.

Whitehead.

2. Inclined to sentiment; having an excess of sentiment or sensibility; indulging the sensibilities for their own sake; artificially or affectedly tender; -- often in a reproachful sense.

> A sentimental mind is rather prone to overwrought feeling and exaggerated tenderness.

Whately.

3. Addressed or pleasing to the emotions only, usually to the weaker and the unregulated emotions.

Syn. -- Romantic. -- Sentimental, Romantic. Sentimental usually describes an error or excess of the sensibilities; romantic, a vice of the imagination. The votary of the former gives indulgence to his sensibilities for the mere luxury of their excitement; the votary of the latter allows his imagination to rove for the pleasure of creating scenes of ideal enjoiment. "Perhaps there is no less danger in works called sentimental. They attack the heart more successfully, because more cautiously." V. Knox. "I can not but look on an indifferency of mind, as to the good or evil things of this life, as a mere romantic fancy of such who would be thought to be much wiser than they ever were, or could be." Bp. Stillingfleet.

Sen`ti*men"tal*ism (?), n. [Cf. F. sentimentalisme.] The quality of being sentimental; the character or behavior of a sentimentalist; sentimentality.

Sen`ti*men"tal*ist, n. [Cf. F. sentimentaliste.] One who has, or affects, sentiment or fine feeling.

Sen`ti*men*tal"i*ty (?), n. [CF. F. sentimentalité.] The quality or state of being sentimental.

Sen`ti*men"tal*ize (?), v. t. To regard in a sentimental manner; as, to sentimentalize a subject.

Sen`ti*men"tal*ize, v. i. To think or act in a sentimental manner, or like a sentimentalist; to affect exquisite sensibility. C. Kingsley.

Sen`ti*men"tal*ly, adv. In a sentimental manner.

Sen"tine (?), n. [L. sentina bilge water, hold of a ship, dregs: cf. F. sentine.] A place for dregs and dirt; a sink; a sewer. [Obs.] Latimer.

Sen"ti*nel, n. [F. sentinelle (cf. It. sentinella); probably originally, a litle path, the sentinel's beat,, and a dim. of a word meaning, path; cf. F. sente path. L. semita; and OF. sentine, sentele, senteret, diminutive words. Cf. Sentry.] 1. One who watches or guards; specifically (Mil.), a soldier set to guard an army, camp, or other place, from surprise, to observe the approach of danger, and give notice of it; a sentry.

> The sentinels who paced the ramparts.

Macaulay.

2. Watch; guard. [Obs.] "That princes do keep due sentinel." Bacon.

3. (Zoöl.) A marine crab (Podophthalmus vigil) native of the Indian Ocean, remarkable for the great length of its eyestalks; -- called also sentinel crab.

Sen"ti*nel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sentineled (?) or Sentinelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Sentineling or Sentinelling.] 1. To watch over like a sentinel. "To sentinel enchanted land." [R.] Sir W. Scott.

2. To furnish with a sentinel; to place under the guard of a sentinel or sentinels.

Sen`ti*sec"tion (?), n. [L. sentire to feel + E. section.] Painful vivisection; -- opposed to callisection. B. G. Wilder.

Sen"try (?), n.; pl. Sentires (#). [Probably from OF. senteret a little patch; cf. F. sentier path, and OF. sente. See Sentinel.] 1. (Mil.) A soldier placed on guard; a sentinel.

2. Guard; watch, as by a sentinel.

> Here toils, and death, and death's half-brother, sleep,
> Forms terrible to view, their sentry keep.

Dryden.

Sentry box, a small house or box to cover a sentinel at his post, and shelter him from the weather.

||Sen"za (?), prep. [It.] (Mus.) Without; as, senza stromenti, without instruments.

Se"pal (?), n. [NL. sepalum, formed in imitation of NL. petalum, petal, to denote one of the divisions of the calyx: cf. F. sépale.] (Bot.) A leaf or division of the calyx.

When the calyx consists of but one part, it is said to be monosepalous; when of two parts, it is said to be disepalous; when of a variable and indefinite number of parts, it is said to be polysepalous; when of several parts united, it is properly called gamosepalous.

<! p. 1312 !>

Se"paled (?), a. (Bot.) Having one or more sepals.

Sep"al*ine (?), a. (Bot.) Relating to, or having the nature of, sepals.

Se*pal"o*dy (?), n. [Sepal + Gr. &?;&?;&?; form.] (Bot.) The metamorphosis of other floral organs into sepals or sepaloid bodies.

Sep"al*oid (?), a. [Sepal + - oid.] (Bot.) Like a sepal, or a division of a calyx.

Sep"al*ous (?), a. (Bot.) Having, or relating to, sepals; -- used mostly in composition. See under Sepal.

Sep`a*ra*bil"i*ty (?), n. Quality of being separable or divisible; divisibility; separableness.

Sep"a*ra*ble (?), a. [L. separabilis: cf. F. séparable.] Capable of being separated, disjoined, disunited, or divided; as, the separable parts of plants; qualities not separable from the substance in which they exist. -- Sep"a*ra*ble*ness, n. -- Sep"a*ra*bly, adv.

> Trials permit me not to doubt of the separableness of a yellow tincture from gold.

Boyle.

Sep"a*rate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Separated (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Separating.] [L. separatus, p. p. of separare to separate; pfref. se- aside + parare to make ready, prepare. See Parade, and cf. Sever.] 1. To disunite; to divide; to disconnect; to sever; to part in any manner.

> From the fine gold I separate the alloy.

Dryden.

> Separate thyself, I pray thee, from me.

Gen. xiii. 9.

> Who shall separate us from the love of Christ?

Rom. viii. 35.

2. To come between; to keep apart by occupying the space between; to lie between; as, the Mediterranean Sea separates Europe and Africa.

3. To set apart; to select from among others, as for a special use or service.

> Separate me Barnabas and Saul for the work whereunto I have called thaem.

Acts xiii. 2.

Separated flowers (Bot.), flowers which have stamens and pistils in separate flowers; diclinous flowers. Gray.

Sep"a*rate, v. i. To part; to become disunited; to be disconnected; to withdraw from one another; as, the family separated.

Sep"a*rate (?), p. a. [L. separatus, p. p. ] 1. Divided from another or others; disjoined; disconnected; separated; -- said of things once connected.

> Him that was separate from his brethren.

Gen. xlix. 26.

2. Unconnected; not united or associated; distinct; -- said of things that have not been connected.

> For such an high priest became us, who is holy, harmless, undefiled, separate from sinnere.

Heb. vii. 26.

3. Disunited from the body; disembodied; as, a separate spirit; the separate state of souls.

Separate estate (Law), an estate limited to a married woman independent of her husband. -- Separate maintenance (Law), an allowance made to a wife by her husband under deed of separation.

-- Sep"a*rate*ly, adv. -- Sep"a*rate*ness, n.

Sep`a*rat"ic*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to separatism in religion; schismatical. [R.] Dr. T. Dwight.

Sep"a*ra`ting (?), a. Designed or employed to separate.

Separating funnel (Chem.), a funnel, often globe-shaped, provided with a stopcock for the separate drawing off of immiscible liquids of different specific gravities.

Sep`a*ra"tion (?), n. [L. separatio: cf. F. séparation.] The act of separating, or the state of being separated, or separate. Specifically: (a) Chemical analysis. (b) Divorce. (c) (Steam Boilers) The operation of removing water from steam.

Judicial separation (Law), a form of divorce; a separation of man and wife which has the effect of making each a single person for all legal purposes but without ability to contract a new marriage. Mozley & W.

Sep"a*ra*tism (?), n. [CF. F. séparatisme.] The character or act of a separatist; disposition to withdraw from a church; the practice of so withdrawing.

Sep`a*ra*tist (?), n. [Cf. F. séparatiste.] One who withdraws or separates himself; especially, one who withdraws from a church to which he has belonged; a seceder from an established church; a dissenter; a nonconformist; a schismatic; a sectary.

> Heavy fines on divines who should preach in any meeting of separatist .

Macaulay.

Sep`a*ra*tis"tic (?), a. Of or pertaining to separatists; characterizing separatists; schismatical.

Sep"a*ra*tive (?), a. [L. separativus.] Causing, or being to cause, separation. "Separative virtue of extreme cold." Boyle.

Sep"a*ra`tor (?), n. [L.] One who, or that which, separates. Specifically: (a) (Steam Boilers) A device for depriving steam of particles of water mixed with it. (b) (Mining) An apparatus for sorting pulverized ores into grades, or separating them from gangue. (c) (Weaving) An instrument used for spreading apart the threads of the warp in the loom, etc.

Sep"a*ra*to*ry (?), a. Separative. Cheyne.

Sep"a*ra*to*ry, n. [Cf. F. séparatoire.] 1. (Chem.) An apparatus used in separating, as a separating funnel.

2. (Surg.) A surgical instrument for separating the pericranium from the cranium. [Obs.]

Sep`a*ra"trix (?), n.; pl. L. -trices (#), E. -trixes (#). [L., she that separates.] (Arith.) The decimal point; the dot placed at the left of a decimal fraction, to separate it from the whole number which it follows. The term is sometimes also applied to other marks of separation.

Se*pawn" (?), n. See Supawn. [Local, U.S.]

Sep"e*li*ble (?), a. [L. sepelibilis, fr. sepelire to bury.] Admitting of burial. [Obs.] Bailey.

Sep`e*li"tion (?), n. Burial. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Se"phen (?), n. (Zoöl.) A large sting ray of the genus Trygon, especially T. sephen of the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea. The skin is an article of commerce.

Se"pi*a (?), n.; pl. E. Sepias (#), L. Sepiæ (#). [L., fr. Gr. &?;&?;&?; the cuttlefish, or squid.] 1. (Zoöl.) (a) The common European cuttlefish. (b) A genus comprising the common cuttlefish and numerous similar species. See Illustr. under Cuttlefish.

2. A pigment prepared from the ink, or black secretion, of the sepia, or cuttlefish. Treated with caustic potash, it has a rich brown color; and this mixed with a red forms Roman sepia. Cf. India ink, under India.

Sepia drawing or picture, a drawing in monochrome, made in sepia alone, or in sepia with other brown pigments.

Se"pi*a, a. Of a dark brown color, with a little red in its composition; also, made of, or done in, sepia.

Se"pic (?), a. Of or pertaining to sepia; done in sepia; as, a sepic drawing.

Sep`i*da"ceous (?), a. (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to the cuttlefishes of the genus Sepia.

Sep"i*ment (?), n. [L. sepimentum, saepimentum, from sepire, saepire, to hedge in.] Something that separates; a hedge; a fence. [R.] Bailey.

Se"pi*o*lite` (?), n. [Septa + -lite.] (Min.) Meerschaum. See Meerschaum.

Se"pi*o*stare` (?), n. [Sepia + Gr. &?;&?;&?; a bone.] (Zoöl.) The bone or shell of cuttlefish. See Illust. under Cuttlefish.

Se*pon" (#), n. See Supawn. [Local, U.S.]

Se*pose" (?), v. t. [L. pref se- aside + E. pose.] To set apart. [Obs.] Donne.

Se*pos"it (?), v. t. [L. sepositus, p. p. of seponere to set aside.] To set aside; to give up. [Obs.]

Sep`o*si"tion (&?;), n. [L. sepositio.] The act of setting aside, or of giving up. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

Se"poy (?), n. [Per. siph, fr. siph an army. Cf. Spahi.] A native of India employed as a soldier in the service of a European power, esp. of Great Britain; an Oriental soldier disciplined in the European manner.

||Sep*pu"ku (?), n. Same as Hara-kiri.

> Seppuku, or hara-kiri, also came into vogue.

W. E. Griffis.

Sep"sin (?), n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?; putrefaction.] (Physiol. Chem.) A soluble poison (ptomaine) present in putrid blood. It is also formed in the putrefaction of proteid matter in general.

||Sep"sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;&?;&?; putrefaction.] (Med.) The poisoning of the system by the introduction of putrescent material into the blood.

Sept (?), n. [A corruption of sect, n.] A clan, tribe, or family, proceeding from a common progenitor; -- used especially of the ancient clans in Ireland.

> The chief, struck by the illustration, asked at once to be baptized, and all his sept followed his example.

S. Lover.

||Sep*tæ"mi*a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;&?;&?; putrid + &?;&?;&?; blood.] (Med.) Septicæmia.

Sep"tal (?), a. Of or pertaining to a septum or septa, as of a coral or a shell.

Sep"tane (?), n. [L. septem seven.] (Chem.) See Heptane. [R.]

Sep"tan`gle (?), n. [Septi- + angle.] (Geom.) A figure which has seven angles; a heptagon. [R.]

Sep*tan"gu*lar (?), a. Heptagonal.

||Sep*ta"ri*um (?), n.;pl. Septaria (#). [NL., fr. L. septum, saeptum, an inclosure, a partition, fr. sepire, saepire, to inclose.] (Geol.) A flattened concretionary nodule, usually of limestone, intersected within by cracks which are often filled with calcite, barite, or other minerals.

Sep"tate (?), a. [L. septum, saeptum, partition.] Divided by partition or partitions; having septa; as, a septate pod or shell.

Sep*tem"ber (?), n. [L., fr. septem seven, as being the seventh month of the Roman year, which began with March: cf. F. septembre. See Seven.] The ninth month of the year, containing thurty days.

Sep*tem"ber*er (?), n. A Setembrist. Carlyle.

Sep*tem"brist (?), n. [F. septembriste.] An agent in the massacres in Paris, committed in patriotic frenzy, on the 22d of September, 1792.

Sep*tem"flu*ous (?), a.[L. septemfluus; septem seven + fluere to flow.] Flowing sevenfold; divided into seven streams or currents. [R.] Fuller.

Sep*tem"par*tite (?), a. [L. septem seven + E. partite.] Divided nearly to the base into seven parts; as, a septempartite leaf.

Sep*tem"tri*oun (?), n. Septentrion. [Obs.]

||Sep*tem"vir (?), n.; pl. E. Septemvirs (#), L. Septemviri (#). [L. septemviri, pl.; septem seven + viri, pl. of vir man.] (Rom. Hist.) One of a board of seven men associated in some office.

Sep*tem"vi*rate (?), n.[L. septemviratus.] The office of septemvir; a government by septimvirs.

Sep"ten*a*ry (?), a. [L. septenairus, from septeni seven each, septem seven: cf. F. septénaire. See Seven. ] 1. Consisting of, or relating to, seven; as, a septenary number. I. Watts.

2. Lasting seven years; continuing seven years. "Septenary penance." Fuller.

Sep"ten*a*ry, n. The number seven. [R.] Holinshed.

Sep"ten*ate (?), a. [L. septeni seven each.] (Bot.) Having parts in sevens; heptamerous.

Sep*ten"nate (?), n. [F. septennat.] A period of seven years; as, the septennate during which the President of the French Republic holds office.

Sep*ten"ni*al (?), a. [L. septennium a period of seven years; septem seven + annus year. See Seven, and Annual.] 1. Lasting or continuing seven years; as, septennial parliaments.

2. Happening or returning once in every seven years; as, septennial elections in England.

Sep*ten"ni*al*ly, adv. Once in seven years.

Sep*ten"tri*al (?), a. Septentrional. Drayton.

||Sep*ten"tri*o (?), n. [L. See Septentrion.] (Astron.) The constellation Ursa Major.

Sep*ten"tri*on (?), n. [L. septentrio the northern regions, the north, fr. septentriones the seven stars near the north pole, called Charles's Wain, or the Great Bear, also those called the Little Bear; properly, the seven plow oxen; septem seven + trio, orig., a plow ox: cf. F. septentrion.] The north or northern regions. Shak.

> Both East West, South and Septentrioun.

Chaucer.

{ Sep*ten"tri*on (?), Sep*ten"tri*on*al (?), } a. [L. septentrionalis: cf. F. septentrional.] Of or pertaining to the north; northern. "From cold septentrion blasts." Milton.

Sep*ten`tri*on*al"i*ty (?), n. Northerliness.

Sep*ten"tri*on*al*ly (?), adv. Northerly.

Sep*ten"tri*on*ate (?), v. i. To tend or point toward the north; to north. Sir T. Browne.

{ Sep*tet", Sep*tette" } (?), n. [From L. septem seven, like duet, from L. duo.] 1. A set of seven persons or objects; as, a septet of singers.

2. (Mus.) A musical composition for seven instruments or seven voices; -- called also septuor.

Sept"foil (?), n. [F. sept seven (L. septem) + E. foil leaf: cf. L. septifolium.] 1. (Bot.) A European herb, the tormentil. See Tormentil.

2. (Arch.) An ornamental foliation having seven lobes. Cf. Cinquefoil, Quarterfoil, and Trefoil.

3. (Eccl.Art.) A typical figure, consisting of seven equal segments of a circle, used to denote the gifts of the Holy Chost, the seven sacraments as recognized by the Roman Catholic Church, etc. [R.]

Sep"ti- (?), [L. septem seven.] A combining form meaning seven; as, septifolious, seven-leaved; septi-lateral, seven-sided.

Sep"tic (?), a. [Septi- + - ic.] (Math.) Of the seventh degree or order. -- n. (Alg.) A quantic of the seventh degree.

{ Sep"tic (?), Sep"tic*al (?), } a. [L. septicus, Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;, fr. &?;&?;&?;&?; to make putrid: cf. F. septique.] Having power to promote putrefaction.

Sep"tic, n. A substance that promotes putrefaction.

||Sep`ti*cæ"mi*a (?), n. [NL., from Gr. &?;&?;&?; putrefactive + &?;&?;&?; blood.] (Med.) A poisoned condition of the blood produced by the absorption into it of septic or putrescent material; blood poisoning. It is marked by chills, fever, prostration, and inflammation of the different serous membranes and of the lungs, kidneys, and other organs.

Sep"tic*al*ly (?), adv. In a septic manner; in a manner tending to promote putrefaction.

Sep"ti*ci`dal (?), a. [Septum + L. caedere to cut: cf. F. septicide.] (Bot.) Dividing the partitions; -- said of a method of dehiscence in which a pod splits through the partitions and is divided into its component carpels.

Sep*tic"i*ty (?), n. [See Septic.] Tendency to putrefaction; septic quality.

Sep`ti*fa"ri*ous (?), a. [L. septifariam sevenfold. Cf. Bifarious.] (Bot.) Turned in seven different ways.

Sep*tif"er*ous (?), a. [Septum + -ferous: cf. F. septifère.] (Bot.) Bearing a partition; -- said of the valves of a capsule.

Sep*tif"er*ous, a. [Gr. &?;&?;&?; putrefied + -ferous.] Conveying putrid poison; as, the virulence of septiferous matter.

Sep*tif"lu*ous (?), a. [CF. Septemfluous.] Flowing in seven streams; septemfluous.

Sep`ti*fo"li*ous (?), a. [Septi- + L. folium leaf.] (Bot.) Having seven leaves.

Sep"ti*form (?), a. [Septum + -form.] Having the form of a septum.

Sep*tif"ra*gal (?), a. [Septum + L. frangere, fractum, to break.] (Bot.) Breaking from the partitions; -- said of a method of dehiscence in which the valves of a pod break away from the partitions, and these remain attached to the common axis.

Sep`ti*lat"er*al (?), a. [Septi- + lateral.] Having seven sides; as, a septilateral figure.

Sep*til"lion (?), n. [F. septilion, formed fr. L. septem seven, in imitation of million.] According to the French method of numeration (which is followed also in the United States), the number expressed by a unit with twenty-four ciphers annexed. According to the English method, the number expressed by a unit with forty-two ciphers annexed. See Numeration.

Sep"ti*mole (?), n. [L. septem seven.] (Mus.) A group of seven notes to be played in the time of four or six.

Sep*tin"su*lar (?), a. [Septi- + insular.] Consisting of seven islands; as, the septinsular republic of the Ionian Isles.

Sep"ti*syl`la*ble (?), n. [Septi- + syllable.] A word of seven syllables.

Sep*to"ic (?), a. [L. septem seven.] (Chem.) See Heptoic. [R.]

Sep`to*max"il*la*ry (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the nasal septum and the maxilla; situated in the region of these parts. -- n. A small bone between the nasal septum and the maxilla in many reptiles and amphibians.

Sep`tu*a*ge*na"ri*an (?), n. A person who is seventy years of age; a septuagenary.

Sep`tu*ag"e*na*ry (?), a. [L. septuagenarius, fr. septuageny seventy each; akin to septuaginta seventy, septem seven. See Seven.] Consisting of seventy; also, seventy years old. -- n. A septuagenarian.

||Sep`tu*a*ges"i*ma (?), n. [NL., fr. L. septuagesimus the seventieth, fr. septuaginta seventy.] (Eccl.) The third Sunday before Lent; -- so called because it is about seventy days before Easter.

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Sep`tu*a*ges"i*mal (?), a. Consisting of seventy days, years, etc.; reckoned by seventies.

> Our abridged and septuagesimal age.

Sir T. Browne.

Sep"tu*a*gint (?), n. [From L. septuaginta seventy.] A Greek version of the Old Testament; -- so called because it was believed to be the work of seventy (or rather of seventy-two) translators.

The causes which produced it [the Septuagint], the number and names of the translators, the times at which different portions were translated, are all uncertain. The only point in which all agree is that Alexandria was the birthplace of the version. On one other point there is a near agreement, namely, as to time, that the version was made, or at least commenced, in the time of the early Ptolemies, in the first half of the third century b.c. Dr. W. Smith (Bib. Dict.)

Septuagint chronology, the chronology founded upon the dates of the Septuagint, which makes 1500 years more from the creation to Abraham than the Hebrew Bible.

Sep"tu*a*ry (?), n. [L. septem seven.] Something composed of seven; a week. [R.] Ash.

Sep"tu*late (?), a. [Dim. fr. septum.] (Bot.) Having imperfect or spurious septa.

||Sep"tu*lum (?), n.; pl. Septula (#). [NL., dim. of L. septum septum.] (Anat.) A little septum; a division between small cavities or parts.

||Sep"tum (?), n.; pl. Septa (#). [L. septum, saeptum, an inclosure, hedge, fence, fr. sepire, saepire, to hedge in, inclose.] 1. A wall separating two cavities; a partition; as, the nasal septum.

2. (Bot.) A partition that separates the cells of a fruit.

3. (Zoöl.) (a) One of the radial calcareous plates of a coral. (b) One of the transverse partitions dividing the shell of a mollusk, or of a rhizopod, into several chambers. See Illust. under Nautilus. (c) One of the transverse partitions dividing the body cavity of an annelid.

Sep"tu*or (?), n. [F.] (Mus.) A septet.

Sep"tu*ple (?), a. [LL. septuplus; cf. Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;&?;:cf. F. septuple. Cf. Double, Quadruple.] Seven times as much; multiplied by seven; sevenfold.

Sep"tu*ple, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Septupled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Septupling (?).] To multiply by seven; to make sevenfold. Sir J. Herschel.

{ Sep"ul*cher, Sep"ul*chre } (?), n. [OE. sepulcre, OF. sepulcre, F. sépulcre, fr. L. sepulcrum, sepulchrum, fr. sepelire to bury.] The place in which the dead body of a human being is interred, or a place set apart for that purpose; a grave; a tomb.

> The stony entrance of this sepulcher.

Shak.

> The first day of the week cometh Mary Magdalene early, when it was yet dark, unto the sepulcher.

John xx. 1.

A whited sepulcher. Fig.: Any person who is fair outwardly but unclean or vile within. See Matt. xxiii. 27.

{ Sep"ul*cher, Sep"ul*chre } (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sepulchered (?) or Sepulchred (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Sepulchering (?) or Sepulchring (&?;).] To bury; to inter; to entomb; as, obscurely sepulchered.

> And so sepulchered in such pomp dost lie
> That kings for such a tomb would wish to die.

Milton.

Se*pul"chral (?), a. [L. sepulcralis: cf. F. sépulcral.] 1. Of or pertaining to burial, to the grave, or to monuments erected to the memory of the dead; as, a sepulchral stone; a sepulchral inscription.

2. Unnaturally low and grave; hollow in tone; -- said of sound, especially of the voice.

> This exaggerated dulling of the voice . . . giving what is commonly called a sepulchral tone.

H. Sweet.

Sep"ul*ture (?), n. [F. sépulture, L. sepultura, fr. sepelire, sepultum, to bury.] 1. The act of depositing the dead body of a human being in the grave; burial; interment.

> Where we may royal sepulture prepare.

Dryden.

2. A sepulcher; a grave; a place of burial.

> Drunkeness that is the horrible sepulture of man's reason.

Chaucer.

Se*qua"cious (?), a. [L. sequax, -acis, fr. suquit to follow. See Sue to follow. ] 1. Inclined to follow a leader; following; attendant.

> Trees uprooted left their place,
> Sequacious of the lyre.

Dryden.

2. Hence, ductile; malleable; pliant; manageable.

> In the greater bodies the forge was easy, the matter being ductile and sequacious.

Ray.

3. Having or observing logical sequence; logically consistent and rigorous; consecutive in development or transition of thought.

> The scheme of pantheistic omniscience so prevalent among the sequacious thinkers of the day.

Sir W. Hamilton.

> Milton was not an extensive or discursive thinker, as Shakespeare was; for the motions of his mind were slow, solemn, and sequacious, like those of the planets.

De Quincey.

Se*qua"cious*ness, n. Quality of being sequacious.

Se*quac"i*ty (?), n. [L. sequacitas.] Quality or state of being sequacious; sequaciousness. Bacon.

Se"quel (s"kwl), n. [L. sequela, fr. sequit to follow: cf. F. séquelle a following. See Sue to follow.] 1. That which follows; a succeeding part; continuation; as, the sequel of a man's advantures or history.

> O, let me say no more!
> Gather the sequel by that went before.

Shak.

2. Consequence; event; effect; result; as, let the sun cease, fail, or swerve, and the sequel would be ruin.

3. Conclusion; inference. [R.] Whitgift.

||Se*que"la (?), n.; pl. Sequelæ (#). [L., a follower, a result, from sequit to follow.] One who, or that which, follows. Specifically: (a) An adherent, or a band or sect of adherents. "Coleridge and his sequela." G. P. Marsh. (b) That which follows as the logical result of reasoning; inference; conclusion; suggestion.

> Sequelæ, or thoughts suggested by the preceding aphorisms.

Coleridge.

(c) (Med.) A morbid phenomenon left as the result of a disease; a disease resulting from another.

Se"quence (s"kwens), n. [F. séquence, L. sequentia, fr. sequens. See Sequent.] 1. The state of being sequent; succession; order of following; arrangement.

> How art thou a king
> But by fair sequence and succession?

Shak.

> Sequence and series of the seasons of the year.

Bacon.

2. That which follows or succeeds as an effect; sequel; consequence; result.

> The inevitable sequences of sin and punishment.

Bp. Hall.

3. (Philos.) Simple succession, or the coming after in time, without asserting or implying causative energy; as, the reactions of chemical agents may be conceived as merely invariable sequences.

4. (Mus.) (a) Any succession of chords (or harmonic phrase) rising or falling by the regular diatonic degrees in the same scale; a succession of similar harmonic steps. (b) A melodic phrase or passage successively repeated one tone higher; a rosalia.

5. (R.C.Ch.) A hymn introduced in the Mass on certain festival days, and recited or sung immediately before the gospel, and after the gradual or introit, whence the name. Bp. Fitzpatrick.

> Originally the sequence was called a Prose, because its early form was rhythmical prose.

Shipley.

6. (Card Playing) (a) (Whist) Three or more cards of the same suit in immediately consecutive order of value; as, ace, king, and queen; or knave, ten, nine, and eight. (b) (Poker) All five cards, of a hand, in consecutive order as to value, but not necessarily of the same suit; when of one suit, it is called a sequence flush.

Se"quent (?), a. [L. sequens, -entis, p. pr. of sequi to follow. See Sue to follow.] 1. Following; succeeding; in continuance.

> What to this was sequent
> Thou knowest already.

Shak.

2. Following as an effect; consequent.

Se"quent, n. 1. A follower. [R.] Shak.

2. That which follows as a result; a sequence.

Se*quen"tial (?), a. Succeeding or following in order. -- Se*quen"tial*ly, adv.

Se*ques"ter (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sequestered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sequestering.] [F. séquestrer, L. sequestrare to give up for safe keeping, from sequester a depositary or trustee in whose hands the thing contested was placed until the dispute was settled. Cf. Sequestrate.] 1. (Law) To separate from the owner for a time; to take from parties in controversy and put into the possession of an indifferent person; to seize or take possession of, as property belonging to another, and hold it till the profits have paid the demand for which it is taken, or till the owner has performed the decree of court, or clears himself of contempt; in international law, to confiscate.

> Formerly the goods of a defendant in chancery were, in the last resort, sequestered and detained to enforce the decrees of the court. And now the profits of a benefice are sequestered to pay the debts of ecclesiastics.

Blackstone.

2. To cause (one) to submit to the process of sequestration; to deprive (one) of one's estate, property, etc.

> It was his tailor and his cook, his fine fashions and his French ragouts, which sequestered him.

South.

3. To set apart; to put aside; to remove; to separate from other things.

> I had wholly sequestered my civil affairss.

Bacon.

4. To cause to retire or withdraw into obscurity; to seclude; to withdraw; -- often used reflexively.

> When men most sequester themselves from action.

Hooker.

> A love and desire to sequester a man's self for a higher conversation.

Bacon.

Se*ques"ter, v. i. 1. To withdraw; to retire. [Obs.]

> To sequester out of the world into Atlantic and Utopian politics.

Milton.

2. (Law) To renounce (as a widow may) any concern with the estate of her husband.

Se*ques"ter, n. 1. Sequestration; separation. [R.]

2. (Law) A person with whom two or more contending parties deposit the subject matter of the controversy; one who mediates between two parties; a mediator; an umpire or referee. Bouvier.

3. (Med.) Same as Sequestrum.

Se*ques"tered (?), a. Retired; secluded. "Sequestered scenes." Cowper.

> Along the cool, sequestered vale of life.

Gray.

Se*ques"tra*ble (?), a. Capable of being sequestered; subject or liable to sequestration.

Se*ques"tral (?), a. (Med.) Of or pertaining to a sequestrum. Quian.

Se*ques"trate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sequestrated; p. pr. & vb. n. Sequestrating.] To sequester.

Seq`ues*tra"tion (?), n. [L. sequestratio: cf. F. séquestration.] 1. (a) (Civil & Com. Law) The act of separating, or setting aside, a thing in controversy from the possession of both the parties that contend for it, to be delivered to the one adjudged entitled to it. It may be voluntary or involuntary. (b) (Chancery) A prerogative process empowering certain commissioners to take and hold a defendant's property and receive the rents and profits thereof, until he clears himself of a contempt or performs a decree of the court. (c) (Eccl. Law) A kind of execution for a rent, as in the case of a beneficed clerk, of the profits of a benefice, till he shall have satisfied some debt established by decree; the gathering up of the fruits of a benefice during a vacancy, for the use of the next incumbent; the disposing of the goods, by the ordinary, of one who is dead, whose estate no man will meddle with. Craig. Tomlins. Wharton. (d) (Internat. Law) The seizure of the property of an individual for the use of the state; particularly applied to the seizure, by a belligerent power, of debts due from its subjects to the enemy. Burrill.

2. The state of being separated or set aside; separation; retirement; seclusion from society.

> Since Henry Monmouth first began to reign, . . .
> This loathsome sequestration have I had.

Shak.

3. Disunion; disjunction. [Obs.] Boyle.

Seq"ues*tra`tor (?), n. [L., one that hinders or impedes.] (Law) (a) One who sequesters property, or takes the possession of it for a time, to satisfy a demand out of its rents or profits. (b) One to whom the keeping of sequestered property is committed.

||Se*ques"trum (?), n.; pl. Sequestra (#). [NL. See Sequester.] (Med.) A portion of dead bone which becomes separated from the sound portion, as in necrosis.

Se"quin (?), n. [F. sequin, It. zecchino, from zecca the mint, fr. Ar. sekkah, sikkah, a die, a stamp. Cf. Zechin.] An old gold coin of Italy and Turkey. It was first struck at Venice about the end of the 13th century, and afterward in the other Italian cities, and by the Levant trade was introduced into Turkey. It is worth about 9s. 3d. sterling, or about $2.25. The different kinds vary somewhat in value. [Written also chequin, and zequin.]

Se*quoi"a (?), n. [NL. So called by Dr. Endlicher in honor of Sequoyah, who invented the Cherokee alphabet.] (Bot.) A genus of coniferous trees, consisting of two species, Sequoia Washingtoniana, syn. S. gigantea, the "big tree" of California, and S. sempervirens, the redwood, both of which attain an immense height.

Se*quoi"ëne (?), n. (Chem.) A hydrocarbon (C13H10) obtained in white fluorescent crystals, in the distillation products of the needles of the California "big tree" (Sequoia gigantea).

Se*ragl"io (?), n. [It. serraglio, originally, an inclosure of palisades, afterwards also, a palace, seraglio (by confusion with Per. serïa a palace, an entirely different word), fr. serrare to shut, fr. LL. serra a bar for fastening doors, L. sera. See Serry, Series.] 1. An inclosure; a place of separation. [Obs.]

> I went to the Ghetto, where the Jews dwell as in a suburb, by themselves. I passed by the piazza Judea, where their seraglio begins.

Evelyn.

2. The palace of the Grand Seignior, or Turkish sultan, at Constantinople, inhabited by the sultan himself, and all the officers and dependents of his court. In it are also kept the females of the harem.

3. A harem; a place for keeping wives or concubines; sometimes, loosely, a place of licentious pleasure; a house of debauchery.

||Se*ra"i (?), n. [Per. serï, or sarï, a palace, a king's court, a seraglio, an inn. Cf. Caravansary.] A palace; a seraglio; also, in the East, a place for the accommodation of travelers; a caravansary, or rest house.

Ser`al*bu"men (?), n. (Physiol. CHem.) Serum albumin.

||Se*rang" (?), n. [Per. sarhang a commander.] The boatswain of a Lascar or East Ondian crew.

||Se*ra"pe (?), n. [Sp. Amer. sarape.] A blanket or shawl worn as an outer garment by the Spanish Americans, as in Mexico.

Ser"aph (?), n.; pl. E. Seraphs (#), Heb. Seraphim (#). [Heb. serphim, pl.] One of an order of celestial beings, each having three pairs of wings. In ecclesiastical art and in poetry, a seraph is represented as one of a class of angels. Isa. vi. 2.

> As full, as perfect, in vile man that mourns,
> As the rapt seraph that adores and burns.

Pope.

Seraph moth (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of geometrid moths of the genus Lobophora, having the hind wings deeply bilobed, so that they seem to have six wings.

{ Se*raph"ic (?), Se*raph"ic*al (?), } a. [Cf. F. séraphique.] Of or pertaining to a seraph; becoming, or suitable to, a seraph; angelic; sublime; pure; refined. "Seraphic arms and trophies." Milton. "Seraphical fervor." Jer. Taylor. -- Se*raph"ic*al*ly, adv. -- Se*raph"ic*al*ness, n.

Se*raph"i*cism (?), n. The character, quality, or state of a seraph; seraphicalness. [R.] Cudworth.

Ser"a*phim (?), n. The Hebrew plural of Seraph. Cf. Cherubim.

The double plural form seraphims is sometimes used, as in the King James version of the Bible, Isa. vi. 2 and 6.

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Ser`a*phi"na (?), n. [NL.] A seraphine.

Ser"a*phine (?), n. [From Seraph.] (Mus.) A wind instrument whose sounding parts are reeds, consisting of a thin tongue of brass playing freely through a slot in a plate. It has a case, like a piano, and is played by means of a similar keybord, the bellows being worked by the foot. The melodeon is a portable variety of this instrument.

||Se*ra"pis (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;&?;&?;, &?;&?;&?;.] (Myth.) An Egyptian deity, at first a symbol of the Nile, and so of fertility; later, one of the divinities of the lower world. His worship was introduced into Greece and Rome.

Se*ras"kier (?), n. [Turk., fr. Per. ser head, chief + Ar. 'asker an army.] A general or commander of land forces in the Turkish empire; especially, the commander-in-chief of minister of war.

Se*ras"kier*ate (?), n. The office or authority of a seraskier.

Ser*bo"ni*an (?), a. Relating to the lake of Serbonis in Egypt, which by reason of the sand blowing into it had a deceptive appearance of being solid land, but was a bog.

> A gulf profound as that Serbonian bog . . .
> Where armies whole have sunk.

Milton.

Sere (?), a. Dry; withered. Same as Sear.

> But with its sound it shook the sails
> That were so thin and sere.

Coleridge.

Sere, n. [F. serre.] Claw; talon. [Obs.] Chapman.

||Se*rein" (?), n. [F. Cf. Serenade, n.] (Meteorol.) A mist, or very fine rain, which sometimes falls from a clear sky a few moments after sunset. Tyndall.

Ser`e*nade" (?), n. [F. sérénade, It. serenata, probably fr. L. serenus serene (cf. Serene), misunderstood as a derivative fr. L. serus late. Cf. Soirée.] (Mus.) (a) Music sung or performed in the open air at nights; -- usually applied to musical entertainments given in the open air at night, especially by gentlemen, in a spirit of gallantry, under the windows of ladies. (b) A piece of music suitable to be performed at such times.

Ser`e*nade", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Serenaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Serenading.] To entertain with a serenade.

Ser`e*nade", v. i. To perform a serenade.

Ser`e*nad"er (?), n. One who serenades.

{ Ser`e*na"ta (?), Ser"e*nate (?), } n. [It. serenata. See Serenade.] (Mus.) A piece of vocal music, especially one on an amoreus subject; a serenade.

> Or serenate, which the starved lover sings
> To his pround fair.

Milton.

The name serenata was given by Italian composers in the time of Handel, and by Handel himself, to a cantata of a pastoreal of dramatic character, to a secular ode, etc.; also by Mozart and others to an orchectral composition, in several movements, midway between the suite of an earlier period and the modern symphony. Grove.

Se*rene" (?), a. [L. serenus to grow dry, Gr. &?;&?;&?; hot, scorching.] 1. Bright; clear; unabscured; as, a serene sky.

> The moon serene in glory mounts the sky.

Pope.

> Full many a gem of purest ray serene
> The dark unfathomed caves of ocean bear.

Gray.

2. Calm; placid; undisturbed; unruffled; as, a serene aspect; a serene soul. Milton.

In several countries of Europe, Serene is given as a tittle to princes and the members of their families; as, His Serene Highness.

Drop serene. (Med.) See Amaurosis. Milton.

Se*rene", n. 1. Serenity; clearness; calmness. [Poetic.] "The serene of heaven." Southey.

> To their master is denied
> To share their sweet serene.

Young.

2. [F. serein evening dew or damp. See Serein.] Evening air; night chill. [Obs.] "Some serene blast me." B. Jonson.

Se*rene", v. t. [L. serenare.] To make serene.

> Heaven and earth, as if contending, vie
> To raise his being, and serene his soul.

Thomson.

Se*rene"ly, adv. 1. In a serene manner; clearly.

> Now setting Phœbus shone serenely bright.

Pope.

2. With unruffled temper; coolly; calmly. Prior.

Se*rene"ness, n. Serenity. Feltham.

Se*ren"i*tude (?), n. Serenity. [Obs.]

Se*ren"i*ty (?), n. [L. serenuas: cf. F. sérénité.] 1. The quality or state of being serene; clearness and calmness; quietness; stillness; peace.

> A general peace and serenity newly succeeded a general trouble.

Sir W. Temple.

2. Calmness of mind; eveness of temper; undisturbed state; coolness; composure.

> I can not see how any men should ever transgress those moral rules with confidence and serenity.

Locke.

Serenity is given as a title to the members of certain princely families in Europe; as, Your Serenity.

Serf (?), n. [F., fr. L. serus servant, slave; akin to servare to protect, preserve, observe, and perhaps originally, a client, a man under one's protection. Cf. Serve, v. t.] A servant or slave employed in husbandry, and in some countries attached to the soil and transferred with it, as formerly in Russia.

> In England, at least from the reign of Henry II, one only, and that the inferior species [of villeins], existed . . . But by the customs of France and Germany, persons in this abject state seem to have been called serfs, and distinguished from villeins, who were only bound to fixed payments and duties in respect of their lord, though, as it seems, without any legal redress if injured by him.

Hallam.

Syn. -- Serf, Slave. A slave is the absolute property of his master, and may be sold in any way. A serf, according to the strict sense of the term, is one bound to work on a certain estate, and thus attached to the soil, and sold with it into the service of whoever purchases the land.

{ Serf"age (?), Serf"dom (?) }, n. The state or condition of a serf.

Serf"hood (?), Serf"ism (&?;), n. Serfage.

Serge (?), n. [F. serge, sarge, originally, a silken stuff, fr. L. serica, f. or neut. pl. of sericus silken. See Sericeous, Silk.] A woolen twilled stuff, much used as material for clothing for both sexes.

Silk serge, a twilled silk fabric used mostly by tailors for lining parts of gentlemen's coats.

Serge, n. [F. cierge.] A large wax candle used in the ceremonies of various churches.

Ser"gean*cy (?), n.; pl. Sergeancies (#). [Cf. Sergeanty.] The office of a sergeant; sergeantship. [Written also serjeancy.]

Ser"geant (?), n. [F. sergent, fr. L. serviens, -entis, p. pr. of servire to serve. See Serve, and cf. Servant.] [Written also serjeant. Both spellings are authorized. In England serjeant is usually preferred, except for military officers. In the United States sergeant is common for civil officers also.] 1. Formerly, in England, an officer nearly answering to the more modern bailiff of the hundred; also, an officer whose duty was to attend on the king, and on the lord high steward in court, to arrest traitors and other offenders. He is now called sergeant-at-arms, and two of these officers, by allowance of the sovereign, attend on the houses of Parliament (one for each house) to execute their commands, and another attends the Court Chancery.

> The sergeant of the town of Rome them sought.

Chaucer.

> The magistrates sent the serjeant, saying, Let those men go.

Acts xvi. 35.

> This fell sergeant, Death,
> Is strict in his arrest.

Shak.

2. (Mil.) In a company, battery, or troop, a noncommissioned officer next in rank above a corporal, whose duty is to instruct recruits in discipline, to form the ranks, etc.

In the United States service, besides the sergeants belonging to the companies there are, in each regiment, a sergeant major, who is the chief noncommissioned officer, and has important duties as the assistant to the adjutant; a quartermaster sergeant, who assists the quartermaster; a color sergeant, who carries the colors; and a commissary sergeant, who assists in the care and distribution of the stores. Ordnance sergeants have charge of the ammunition at military posts.

3. (Law) A lawyer of the highest rank, answering to the doctor of the civil law; -- called also serjeant at law. [Eng.] Blackstone.

4. A title sometimes given to the servants of the sovereign; as, sergeant surgeon, that is, a servant, or attendant, surgeon. [Eng.]

5. (Zoöl.) The cobia.

Drill sergeant. (Mil.) See under Drill. -- Sergeant-at-arms, an officer of a legislative body, or of a deliberative or judicial assembly, who executes commands in preserving order and arresting offenders. See Sergeant, 1. -- Sergeant major. (a) (Mil.) See the Note under def. 2, above. (b) (Zoöl.) The cow pilot.

Ser"geant*cy (?), n. Same as Sergeancy.

Ser"geant*ry (?), n. [CF. OF. sergenteric.] See Sergeanty. [R.] [Written also serjeantry.]

Ser"geant*ship, n. The office of sergeant.

Ser"geant*y (?), n. [Cf. OF. sergentie, LL. sergentia. See Sergeant.] (Eng. Law) Tenure of lands of the crown by an honorary kind of service not due to any lord, but to the king only. [Written also serjeanty.]

Grand sergeanty, a particular kind of tenure by which the tenant was bound to do some special honorary service to the king in person, as to carry his banner, his sword, or the like. Tomlins. Cowell. Blackstone. -- Petit sergeanty. See under Petit.

Se"ri*al (?), a. 1. Of or pertaining to a series; consisting of a series; appearing in successive parts or numbers; as, a serial work or publication. "Classification . . . may be more or less serial." H. Spencer.

2. (Bot.) Of or pertaining to rows. Gray.

Serial homology. (Biol.) See under Homology. -- Serial symmetry. (Biol.) See under Symmetry.

Se"ri*al, n. A publication appearing in a series or succession of part; a tale, or other writing, published in successive numbers of a periodical.

Se`ri*al"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of succession in a series; sequence. H. Spenser.

Se"ri*al*ly, adv. In a series, or regular order; in a serial manner; as, arranged serially; published serially.

Se"ri*ate (?), a. Arranged in a series or succession; pertaining to a series. -- Se"ri*ate*ly, adv.

Se`ri*a"tim (?), adv. [NL.] In regular order; one after the other; severally.

Se`ri*a"tion (?), n. (Chem.) Arrangement or position in a series.

Se*ri"ceous (?), a. [L. sericus silken, sericum Seric stuff, silk, fr. Sericus belonging to the Seres, Gr. &?;&?;&?;, a people of Eastern Asia, the modern Chinese, celebrated for their silken fabrics. Cf. Silk, Serge a woolen stuff.] 1. Of or pertaining to silk; consisting of silk; silky.

2. (Bot.) Covered with very soft hairs pressed close to the surface; as, a sericeous leaf.

3. (Zoöl.) Having a silklike luster, usually due to fine, close hairs.

Ser"i*cin (?), n. [L. sericus silken.] (Chem.) A gelatinous nitrogenous material extracted from crude silk and other similar fiber by boiling water; -- called also silk gelatin.

Ser"i*cite (?), n. [L. sericus silken.] (Min.) A kind of muscovite occuring in silky scales having a fibrous structure. It is characteristic of sericite schist.

||Ser`ic*te"ri*um (?), n. [See Sericeous.] (Zoöl.) A silk gland, as in the silkworms.

Ser"i*cul`ture (?), n. [See Sericeous, and Culture.] The raising of silkworms.

Se"rie (?), n. [Cf. F. série.] Series. [Obs.]

||Ser`i*e"ma (?), n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A large South American bird (Dicholophus, or Cariama cristata) related to the cranes. It is often domesticated. Called also cariama.

Se"ries (?), n. [L. series, fr. serere, sertum, to join or bind together; cf. Gr. &?;&?;&?; to fasten, Skr. sarit thread. Cf. Assert, Desert a solitude, Exert, Insert, Seraglio.] 1. A number of things or events standing or succeeding in order, and connected by a like relation; sequence; order; course; a succession of things; as, a continuous series of calamitous events.

> During some years his life a series of triumphs.

Macaulay.

2. (Biol.) Any comprehensive group of animals or plants including several subordinate related groups.

Sometimes a series includes several classes; sometimes only orders or families; in other cases only species.

3. (Math.) An indefinite number of terms succeeding one another, each of which is derived from one or more of the preceding by a fixed law, called the law of the series; as, an arithmetical series; a geometrical series.

Ser"in (?), n. [F. serin.] (Zoöl.) A European finch (Serinus hortulanus) closely related to the canary.

Ser"ine (?), n. [L. sericus silken.] (Chem.) A white crystalline nitrogenous substance obtained by the action of dilute sulphuric acid on silk gelatin.

{ Se`ri*o-com"ic (?), Se`ri*o-com"ic*al (?), } a. Having a mixture of seriousness and sport; serious and comical.

Se"ri*ous (?), a. [L. serius: cf. F. sérieux, LL. seriosus.] 1. Grave in manner or disposition; earnest; thoughtful; solemn; not light, gay, or volatile.

> He is always serious, yet there is about his manner a graceful ease.

Macaulay.

2. Really intending what is said; being in earnest; not jesting or deceiving. Beaconsfield.

3. Important; weighty; not trifling; grave.

> The holy Scriptures bring to our ears the most serious things in the world.

Young.

4. Hence, giving rise to apprehension; attended with danger; as, a serious injury.

Syn. -- Grave; solemn; earnest; sedate; important; weighty. See Grave.

-- Se"ri*ous*ly, adv. -- Se"ri*ous*ness, n.

Ser"iph (?), n. (Type Founding) See Ceriph.

{ Ser"jeant (?), Ser"jeant*cy, etc. } See Sergeant, Sergeantcy, etc.

Serjeant-at-arms. See Sergeant-at- arms, under Sergeant.

Ser*moc`i*na"tion (?), n. [L. sermocinatio. See Sermon.] The making of speeches or sermons; sermonizing. [Obs.] Peacham.

Ser*moc"i*na`tor (?), n. [L.] One who makes sermons or speeches. [Obs.] Howell.

Ser"mon (?), n. [OE. sermoun, sermun, F. sermon, fr. L. sermo, -onis, a speaking, discourse, probably fr. serer, sertum, to join, connect; hence, a connected speech. See Series.] 1. A discourse or address; a talk; a writing; as, the sermons of Chaucer. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. Specifically, a discourse delivered in public, usually by a clergyman, for the purpose of religious instruction and grounded on some text or passage of Scripture.

> This our life exempt from public haunts
> Finds tongues in trees, books in the running brooks,
> Sermons in stones and good in everything.

Shak.

> His preaching much, but more his practice, wrought,
> A living sermon of the truths he taught.

Dryden.

3. Hence, a serious address; a lecture on one's conduct or duty; an exhortation or reproof; a homily; -- often in a depreciatory sense.

Ser"mon, v. i. [Cf. OF. sermoner, F. sermonner to lecture one.] To speak; to discourse; to compose or deliver a sermon. [Obs.] Holinshed.

> What needeth it to sermon of it more?

Chaucer.

Ser"mon, v. t. 1. To discourse to or of, as in a sermon. [Obs.] Spenser.

2. To tutor; to lecture. [Poetic] Shak.

Ser`mon*eer" (?), n. A sermonizer. B. Jonson.

Ser"mon*er (?), n. A preacher; a sermonizer. [Derogative or Jocose.] Thackeray.

Ser`mon*et" (?), n. A short sermon. [Written also sermonette.]

{ Ser*mon"ic (?), Ser*mon"ic*al (?), } a. Like, or appropriate to, a sermon; grave and didactic. [R.] "Conversation . . . satirical or sermonic." Prof. Wilson. "Sermonical style." V. Knox.

Ser"mon*ing (?), n. The act of discoursing; discourse; instruction; preaching. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ser"mon*ish, a. Resembling a sermon. [R.]

Ser"mon*ist, n. See Sermonizer.

Ser"mon*ize (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sermonized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sermonizing (?).] 1. To compose or write a sermon or sermons; to preach.

2. To inculcate rigid rules. [R.] Chesterfield.

Ser"mon*ize, v. t. To preach or discourse to; to affect or influence by means of a sermon or of sermons. [R.]

> Which of us shall sing or sermonize the other fast asleep?

Landor.

Ser"mon*i`zer (?), n. One who sermonizes.

Ser"o*lin (?), n. [Serum + L. oleum oil.] (Physiol. Chem.) (a) A peculiar fatty substance found in the blood, probably a mixture of fats, cholesterin, etc. (b) A body found in fecal matter and thought to be formed in the intestines from the cholesterin of the bile; -- called also stercorin, and stercolin.

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{ Se*ron" (?), Se*roon" (?), } n. [Sp. seron a kind of hamper or pannier, aug. of sera a large pannier or basket.] Same as Ceroon.

This word as expressing a quantity or weight has no definite signification. McElrath.

Se"rose` (?), a. Serous. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Se*ros"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. serosité. See Serous.] 1. The quality or state of being serous.

2. (Physiol.) A thin watery animal fluid, as synovial fluid and pericardial fluid.

Ser"o*tine (?), n. [F. sérotine, fr. L. serotinus that comes or happens late.] (Zoöl.) The European long-eared bat (Vesperugo serotinus).

Se*rot"i*nous (?), a. [L. serotinus, fr. serus late.] (Biol.) Appearing or blossoming later in the season than is customary with allied species.

Se"rous (?), a. [Cf. F. séreux. See Serum.] (Physiol.) (a) Thin; watery; like serum; as the serous fluids. (b) Of or pertaining to serum; as, the serous glands, membranes, layers. See Serum.

Serous membrane. (Anat.) See under Membrane.

{ Ser"ow (?), Sur"row (?), } n. (Zoöl.) The thar.

||Ser"pens (?), n. [L. See Serpent.] (Astron.) A constellation represented as a serpent held by Serpentarius.

Ser"pent (?), n. [F., fr. L. serpens, -entis (sc. bestia), fr. serpens, p. pr. of serpere to creep; akin to Gr. &?;&?;&?;, Skr. sarp, and perhaps to L. repere, E. reptile. Cf. Herpes.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any reptile of the order Ophidia; a snake, especially a large snake. See Illust. under Ophidia.

The serpents are mostly long and slender, and move partly by bending the body into undulations or folds and pressing them against objects, and partly by using the free edges of their ventral scales to cling to rough surfaces. Many species glide swiftly over the ground, some burrow in the earth, others live in trees. A few are entirely aquatic, and swim rapidly. See Ophidia, and Fang.

2. Fig.: A subtle, treacherous, malicious person.

3. A species of firework having a serpentine motion as it passess through the air or along the ground.

4. (Astron.) The constellation Serpens.

5. (Mus.) A bass wind instrument, of a loud and coarse tone, formerly much used in military bands, and sometimes introduced into the orchestra; -- so called from its form.

Pharaoh's serpent (Chem.), mercuric sulphocyanate, a combustible white substance which in burning gives off a poisonous vapor and leaves a peculiar brown voluminous residue which is expelled in a serpentine from. It is employed as a scientific toy. -- Serpent cucumber (Bot.), the long, slender, serpentine fruit of the cucurbitaceous plant Trichosanthes colubrina; also, the plant itself. -- Serpent eage (Zoöl.), any one of several species of raptorial birds of the genera Circaëtus and Spilornis, which prey on serpents. They inhabit Africa, Southern Europe, and India. The European serpent eagle is Circaëtus Gallicus. -- Serpent eater. (Zoöl.) (a) The secretary bird. (b) An Asiatic antelope; the markhoor. -- Serpent fish (Zoöl.), a fish (Cepola rubescens) with a long, thin, compressed body, and a band of red running lengthwise. -- Serpent star (Zoöl.), an ophiuran; a brittle star. -- Serpent's tongue (Paleon.), the fossil tooth of a shark; -- so called from its resemblance to a tongue with its root. -- Serpent withe (Bot.), a West Indian climbing plant (Aristolochia odoratissima). -- Tree serpent (Zoöl.), any species of African serpents belonging to the family Dendrophidæ.

Ser"pent, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Serpented; p. pr. & vb. n. Serpenting.] To wind like a serpent; to crook about; to meander. [R.] "The serpenting of the Thames." Evelyn.

Ser"pent, v. t. To wind; to encircle. [R.] Evelyn.

||Ser`pen*ta"ri*a (?), a.[L. (sc. herba), fr. serpens serpent.] (Med.) The fibrous aromatic root of the Virginia snakeroot (Aristolochia Serpentaria).

||Ser`pen*ta"ri*us (?), n.[NL., fr. L. serpens serpent.] (Astron.) A constellation on the equator, lying between Scorpio and Hercules; -- called also Ophiuchus.

Ser*pen"ti*form (?), a. [L. serpens a serpent + -form.] Having the form of a serpent.

Ser`pen*tig"e*nous (?), a. [L. serpens, -entis, a serpent + -genous: cf. L. serpentigena.] Bred of a serpent.

Ser"pen*tine (?), a. [L. serpentinus: cf. F. serpentin.] Resembling a serpent; having the shape or qualities of a serpent; subtle; winding or turning one way and the other, like a moving serpent; anfractuous; meandering; sinuous; zigzag; as, serpentine braid.

> Thy shape
> Like his, and color serpentine.

Milton.

Ser"pen*tine, n. [Cf. (for sense 1) F. serpentine, (for sense 2) serpentin.] 1. (Min.) A mineral or rock consisting chiefly of the hydrous silicate of magnesia. It is usually of an obscure green color, often with a spotted or mottled appearance resembling a serpent's skin. Precious, or noble, serpentine is translucent and of a rich oil-green color.

Serpentine has been largely produced by the alteration of other minerals, especially of chrysolite.

2. (Ordnance) A kind of ancient cannon.

Ser"pen*tine, v. i. To serpentize. [R.] Lyttleton.

Ser"pen*tine*ly, adv. In a serpentine manner.

Ser`pen*tin"i*an (?), n. (Eccl.) See 2d Ophite.

Ser"pen*tin*ize (?), v. t. (Min.) To convert (a magnesian silicate) into serpentine. -- Ser`pen*tin`i*za"tion (#), n.

Ser"pen*ti`nous (?), a. Relating to, or like, serpentine; as, a rock serpentinous in character.

Ser"pent*ize (?), v. i. To turn or bend like a serpent, first in one direction and then in the opposite; to meander; to wind; to serpentine. [R.]

> The river runs before the door, and serpentizes more than you can conceive.

Walpole.

Ser"pent*ry (?), n. 1. A winding like a serpent's.

2. A place inhabited or infested by serpents.

Ser"pent-tongued` (?), a. (Zoöl.) Having a forked tongue, like a serpent.

Ser"pet (?), n. [L. sirpus, scirpus, a rush, bulrush.] A basket. [Obs.] Ainsworth.

||Ser*pette" (?), n. [F.] A pruning knife with a curved blade. Knight.

Ser*pig"i*nous (?), a. [Cf. F. serpigineux.] (Med.) Creeping; -- said of lesions which heal over one portion while continuing to advance at another.

||Ser*pi"go (?), n. [LL., fr. L. serpere to creep.] (Med.) A dry, scaly eruption on the skin; especially, a ringworm.

Ser"po*let (?), n. [F.] (Bot.) Wild thyme.

||Ser"pu*la (?), n.; pl. Serpulæ (#), E. Serpulas (#). [L., a little snake. See Serpent.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of tubicolous annelids of the genus Serpula and allied genera of the family Serpulidæ. They secrete a calcareous tube, which is usually irregularly contorted, but is sometimes spirally coiled. The worm has a wreath of plumelike and often bright-colored gills around its head, and usually an operculum to close the aperture of its tube when it retracts.

{ Ser*pu"li*an (?), Ser*pu"li*dan (?), } n. (Zoöl.) A serpula.

Ser"pu*lite (?), n. A fossil serpula shell.

Serr (?), v. t. [F. serrer. See Serry.] To crowd, press, or drive together. [Obs.] Bacon.

Ser*ra"noid (?), n. [NL. Serranus, a typical genus (fr. L. serra a saw) + - oid.] (Zoöl.) Any fish of the family Serranidæ, which includes the striped bass, the black sea bass, and many other food fishes. -- a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Serranidæ.

{ Ser"rate (?), Ser"ra*ted (?), } a. [L. serratus, fr. serra a saw; perhaps akin to secare to cut, E. saw a cutting instrument. Cf. Sierra.] 1. Notched on the edge, like a saw.

2. (Bot.) Beset with teeth pointing forwards or upwards; as, serrate leaves.

Doubly serrate, having small serratures upon the large ones, as the leaves of the elm. -- Serrate- ciliate, having fine hairs, like the eyelashes, on the serratures; -- said of a leaf. -- Serrate- dentate, having the serratures toothed.

Ser*ra"tion (?), n. 1. Condition of being serrate; formation in the shape of a saw.

2. One of the teeth in a serrate or serrulate margin.

Ser*ra`ti*ros"tral (?), a. [Serrate + rostral.] (Zoöl.) Having a toothed bill, like that of a toucan.

Ser*ra"tor (?), n. [NL.] (Zoöl.) The ivory gull (Larus eburneus).

Ser"ra*ture (?), n. [L. serratura a sawing, fr. serrare to saw.] 1. A notching, like that between the teeth of a saw, in the edge of anything. Martyn.

2. One of the teeth in a serrated edge; a serration.

Ser"ri*ca`ted (?), a. [See Sericeous.] Covered with fine silky down.

Ser"ri*corn (?), a. [L. serra saw + cornu horn.] (Zoöl.) Having serrated antenn&?;.

Ser"ri*corn, n. (Zoöl.) Any one of a numerous tribe of beetles (Serricornia). The joints of the antennæ are prominent, thus producing a serrate appearance. See Illust. under Antenna.

Ser"ried (?), a. [See Serry.] Crowded; compact; dense; pressed together.

> Nor seemed it to relax their serried files.

Milton.

||Ser*rif"e*ra (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. serra saw + ferre to bear.] (Zoöl.) A division of Hymenoptera comprising the sawflies.

||Ser`ri*ros"tres (?), n. pl. [NL. fr. L. serra saw + rostrum beak.] (Zoöl.) Same as Lamellirostres.

Ser"rous (?), a. [L. serra a saw.] Like the teeth off a saw; jagged. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Ser"ru*la (?), n. [L., a little saw.] (Zoöl.) The red-breasted merganser.

{ Ser"rulate (?), Ser"ru*la`ted (?), } a. [L. serrula a little saw, dim. of serra a saw.] Finely serrate; having very minute teeth.

Ser`ru*la"tion (?), n. 1. The state of being notched minutely, like a fine saw. Wright.

2. One of the teeth in a serrulate margin.

Ser"ry (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Serried (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Serrying.] [F. serrer, LL. serrare, serare, from L. sera a bar, bolt; akin to serere to join or bind together. See Serries.] To crowd; to press together. [Now perhaps only in the form serried, p. p. or a.]

||Ser`tu*la"ri*a (?), n. [NL., dim. fr. L. serta a garland.] (Zoöl.) A genus of delicate branching hydroids having small sessile hydrothecæ along the sides of the branches.

Ser`tu*la"ri*an (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any species of Sertularia, or of Sertularidæ, a family of hydroids having branched chitinous stems and simple sessile hydrothecæ. Also used adjectively.

Se"rum (s"rm), n. [L., akin to Gr. &?;&?;&?;, Skr. sra curd.] (Physiol.) (a) The watery portion of certain animal fluids, as blood, milk, etc. (b) A thin watery fluid, containing more or less albumin, secreted by the serous membranes of the body, such as the pericardium and peritoneum.

Blood serum, the pale yellowish fluid which exudes from the clot formed in the coagulation of the blood; the liquid portion of the blood, after removal of the blood corpuscles and the fibrin. -- Muscle serum, the thin watery fluid which separates from the muscles after coagulation of the muscle plasma; the watery portion of the plasma. See Muscle plasma, under Plasma. -- Serum albumin (Physiol. Chem.), an albuminous body, closely related to egg albumin, present in nearly all serous fluids; esp., the albumin of blood serum. -- Serum globulin (Physiol. Chem.), paraglobulin. -- Serum of milk (Physiol. Chem.), the whey, or fluid portion of milk, remaining after removal of the casein and fat.

Serv"a*ble (?), a. [See Serve.] 1. Capable of being served.

2. [L. servabilis.] Capable of being preserved. [R.]

Serv"age (?), n. [Cf. F. servage.] Serfage; slavery; servitude. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ser"val (?), n. [Cf. F. serval.] (Zoöl.) An African wild cat (Felis serval) of moderate size. It has rather long legs and a tail of moderate length. Its color is tawny, with black spots on the body and rings of black on the tail.

Ser"val*ine (?), a. (Zoöl.) Related to, or resembling, the serval.

Serv"ant (?), n. [OE. servant, servaunt, F. servant, a & p. pr. of servir to serve, L. servire. See Serve, and cf. Sergeant.] 1. One who serves, or does services, voluntarily or on compulsion; a person who is employed by another for menial offices, or for other labor, and is subject to his command; a person who labors or exerts himself for the benefit of another, his master or employer; a subordinate helper. "A yearly hired servant." Lev. xxv. 53.

> Men in office have begun to think themselves mere agents and servants of the appointing power, and not agents of the government or the country.

D. Webster.

In a legal sense, stewards, factors, bailiffs, and other agents, are servants for the time they are employed in such character, as they act in subordination to others. So any person may be legally the servant of another, in whose business, and under whose order, direction, and control, he is acting for the time being. Chitty.

2. One in a state of subjection or bondage.

> Thou wast a servant in the land of Egypt.

Deut. v. 15.

3. A professed lover or suitor; a gallant. [Obs.]

> In my time a servant was I one.

Chaucer.

Servant of servants, one debased to the lowest condition of servitude. -- Your humble servant, or Your obedient servant, phrases of civility often used in closing a letter.

> Our betters tell us they are our humble servants, but understand us to be their slaves.

Swift.

Serv"ant, v. t. To subject. [Obs.] Shak.

Serv"ant*ess, n. A maidservant. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Serv"ant*ry (?), n. A body of servants; servants, collectively. [R.]

Serve (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Served (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Serving.] [OE. serven, servien, OF. & F. servir, fr. L. servire; akin to servus a servant or slave, servare to protect, preserve, observe; cf. Zend har to protect, haurva protecting. Cf. Conserve, Desert merit, Dessert, Observe, Serf, Sergeant.] 1. To work for; to labor in behalf of; to exert one's self continuously or statedly for the benefit of; to do service for; to be in the employment of, as an inferior, domestic, serf, slave, hired assistant, official helper, etc.; specifically, in a religious sense, to obey and worship.

> God is my witness, whom I serve with my spirit.

Rom. i. 9.

> Jacob loved Rachel; and said, I will serve thee seven years for Rachel thy younger daughter.

Gen. xxix. 18.

> No man can serve two masters.

Matt. vi. 24.

> Had I but served my God with half the zeal
> I served my king, he would not in mine age
> Have left me naked to mine enemies.

Shak.

2. To be subordinate to; to act a secondary part under; to appear as the inferior of; to minister to.

> Bodies bright and greater should not serve
> The less not bright.

Milton.

3. To be suitor to; to profess love to. [Obs.]

> To serve a lady in his beste wise.

Chaucer.

4. To wait upon; to supply the wants of; to attend; specifically, to wait upon at table; to attend at meals; to supply with food; as, to serve customers in a shop.

> Others, pampered in their shameless pride,
> Are served in plate and in their chariots ride.

Dryden.

5. Hence, to bring forward, arrange, deal, or distribute, as a portion of anything, especially of food prepared for eating; -- often with up; formerly with in.

> Bid them cover the table, serve in the meat, and we will come in to dinner.

Shak.

> Some part he roasts, then serves it up so dressed.

Dryde.

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6. To perform the duties belonging to, or required in or for; hence, to be of use to; as, a curate may serve two churches; to serve one's country.

7. To contribute or conduce to; to promote; to be sufficient for; to satisfy; as, to serve one's turn.

> Turn it into some advantage, by observing where it can serve another end.

Jer. Taylor.

8. To answer or be (in the place of something) to; as, a sofa serves one for a seat and a couch.

9. To treat; to behave one's self to; to requite; to act toward; as, he served me very ill.

10. To work; to operate; as, to serve the guns.

11. (Law) (a) To bring to notice, deliver, or execute, either actually or constructively, in such manner as the law requires; as, to serve a summons. (b) To make legal service opon (a person named in a writ, summons, etc.); as, to serve a witness with a subpœna.

12. To pass or spend, as time, esp. time of punishment; as, to serve a term in prison.

13. To copulate with; to cover; as, a horse serves a mare; -- said of the male.

14. (Tennis) To lead off in delivering (the ball).

15. (Naut.) To wind spun yarn, or the like, tightly around (a rope or cable, etc.) so as to protect it from chafing or from the weather. See under Serving.

To serve an attachment or a writ of attachment (Law), to levy it on the person or goods by seizure, or to seize. -- To serve an execution (Law), to levy it on a lands, goods, or person, by seizure or taking possession. -- To serve an office, to discharge a public duty. -- To serve a process (Law), in general, to read it, so as to give due notice to the party concerned, or to leave an attested copy with him or his attorney, or his usual place of abode. -- To serve a warrant, to read it, and seize the person against whom it is issued. -- To serve a writ (Law), to read it to the defendant, or to leave an attested copy at his usual place of abode. -- To serve one out, to retaliate upon; to requite. "I'll serve you out for this." C. Kingsley. -- To serve one right, to treat, or cause to befall one, according to his deserts; -- used commonly of ill deserts; as, it serves the scoundrel right. -- To serve one's self of, to avail one's self of; to make use of. [A Gallicism]

> I will serve myself of this concession.

Chillingworth.

-- To serve out, to distribute; as, to serve out rations. -- To serve the time or the hour, to regulate one's actions by the requirements of the time instead of by one's duty; to be a timeserver. [Obs.]

> They think herein we serve the time, because thereby we either hold or seek preferment.

Hooker.

Syn. -- To obey; minister to; subserve; promote; aid; help; assist; benefit; succor.

Serve (?), v. i. 1. To be a servant or a slave; to be employed in labor or other business for another; to be in subjection or bondage; to render menial service.

> The Lord shall give thee rest . . . from the hard bondage wherein thou wast made to serve.

Isa. xiv. 3.

2. To perform domestic offices; to be occupied with household affairs; to prepare and dish up food, etc.

> But Martha . . . said, Lord, dost thou not care that my sister hath left me to serve alone?

Luke x. 40.

3. To be in service; to do duty; to discharge the requirements of an office or employment. Specifically, to act in the public service, as a soldier, seaman. etc.

> Many . . . who had before been great commanders, but now served as private gentlemen without pay.

Knolles.

4. To be of use; to answer a purpose; to suffice; to suit; to be convenient or favorable.

> This little brand will serve to light your fire.

Dryden.

> As occasion serves, this noble queen
> And prince shall follow with a fresh supply.

Shak.

5. (Tennis) To lead off in delivering the ball.

Serv"er (?), n. 1. One who serves.

2. A tray for dishes; a salver. Randolph.

Ser"vi*an (?), a. Of or pertaining to Servia, a kingdom of Southern Europe. -- n. A native or inhabitant of Servia.

{ Serv"ice (?), n., or Serv"ice (?) }. [Properly, the tree which bears serve, OE. serves, pl., service berries, AS. syrfe service tree; akin to L. sorbus.] (Bot.) A name given to several trees and shrubs of the genus Pyrus, as Pyrus domestica and P. torminalis of Europe, the various species of mountain ash or rowan tree, and the American shad bush (see Shad bush, under Shad). They have clusters of small, edible, applelike berries.

Service berry (Bot.), the fruit of any kind of service tree. In British America the name is especially applied to that of the several species or varieties of the shad bush (Amelanchier.)

Serv"ice, n. [OE. servise, OF. servise, service, F. service, from L. servitium. See Serve.] 1. The act of serving; the occupation of a servant; the performance of labor for the benefit of another, or at another's command; attendance of an inferior, hired helper, slave, etc., on a superior, employer, master, or the like; also, spiritual obedience and love. "O God . . . whose service is perfect freedom." Bk. of Com. Prayer.

> Madam, I entreat true peace of you,
> Which I will purchase with my duteous service.

Shak.

> God requires no man's service upon hard and unreasonable terms.

Tillotson.

2. The deed of one who serves; labor performed for another; duty done or required; office.

> I have served him from the hour of my nativity, . . . and have nothing at his hands for my service but blows.

Shak.

> This poem was the last piece of service I did for my master, King Charles.

Dryden.

> To go on the forlorn hope is a service of peril; who will understake it if it be not also a service of honor?

Macaulay.

3. Office of devotion; official religious duty performed; religious rites appropriate to any event or ceremonial; as, a burial service.

> The outward service of ancient religion, the rites, ceremonies, and ceremonial vestments of the old law.

Coleridge.

4. Hence, a musical composition for use in churches.

5. Duty performed in, or appropriate to, any office or charge; official function; hence, specifically, military or naval duty; performance of the duties of a soldier.

> When he cometh to experience of service abroad . . . ne maketh a worthy soldier.

Spenser.

6. Useful office; advantage conferred; that which promotes interest or happiness; benefit; avail.

> The stork's plea, when taken in a net, was the service she did in picking up venomous creatures.

L'Estrange.

7. Profession of respect; acknowledgment of duty owed. "Pray, do my service to his majesty." Shak.

8. The act and manner of bringing food to the persons who eat it; order of dishes at table; also, a set or number of vessels ordinarily used at table; as, the service was tardy and awkward; a service of plate or glass.

> There was no extraordinary service seen on the board.

Hakewill.

9. (Law) The act of bringing to notice, either actually or constructively, in such manner as is prescribed by law; as, the service of a subpœna or an attachment.

10. (Naut.) The materials used for serving a rope, etc., as spun yarn, small lines, etc.

11. (Tennis) The act of serving the ball.

12. Act of serving or covering. See Serve, v. t., 13.

Service book, a prayer book or missal. - - Service line (Tennis), a line parallel to the net, and at a distance of 21 feet from it. -- Service of a writ, process, etc. (Law), personal delivery or communication of the writ or process, etc., to the party to be affected by it, so as to subject him to its operation; the reading of it to the person to whom notice is intended to be given, or the leaving of an attested copy with the person or his attorney, or at his usual place of abode. -- Service of an attachment (Law), the seizing of the person or goods according to the direction. -- Service of an execution (Law), the levying of it upon the goods, estate, or person of the defendant. -- Service pipe, a pipe connecting mains with a dwelling, as in gas pipes, and the like. Tomlinson. -- To accept service. (Law) See under Accept. -- To see service (Mil.), to do duty in the presence of the enemy, or in actual war.

Serv"ice*a*ble (?), a. 1. Doing service; promoting happiness, interest, advantage, or any good; useful to any end; adapted to any good end use; beneficial; advantageous. "Serviceable to religion and learning". Atterbury. "Serviceable tools." Macaulay.

> I know thee well, a serviceable villain.

Shak.

2. Prepared for rendering service; capable of, or fit for, the performance of duty; hence, active; diligent.

> Courteous he was, lowly, and servysable.

Chaucer.

> Bright-hearnessed angels sit in order serviceable.

Milton.

> Seeing her so sweet and serviceable.

Tennnyson.

-- Serv"ice*a*ble*ness, n. -- Serv"ice*a*bly, adv.

Serv"ice*age (?), n. Servitude. [Obs.] Fairfax.

Serv"i*ent (?), a. [L. serviens, -entis, p. pr. See Serve.] Subordinate. [Obs. except in law.] Dyer.

Servient tenement or estate (Law), that on which the burden of a servitude or an easement is imposed. Cf. Dominant estate, under Dominant. Gale & Whately.

||Ser`viette" (?), n. [F.] A table napkin.

Serv"ile (?), a. [L. servile, fr. servus a servant or slave: cf. F. servile. See Serve.] 1. Of or pertaining to a servant or slave; befitting a servant or a slave; proceeding from dependence; hence, meanly submissive; slavish; mean; cringing; fawning; as, servile flattery; servile fear; servile obedience.

> She must bend the servile knee.

Thomson.

> Fearing dying pays death servile breath.

Shak.

2. Held in subjection; dependent; enslaved.

> Even fortune rules no more, O servile land!

Pope.

3. (Gram.) (a) Not belonging to the original root; as, a servile letter. (b) Not itself sounded, but serving to lengthen the preceeding vowel, as e in tune.

Serv"ile, n. (Gram.) An element which forms no part of the original root; -- opposed to radical.

Serv"ile*ly, adv. In a servile manner; slavishly.

Serv"ile*ness, n. Quality of being servile; servility.

Ser*vil"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. servilité.] The quality or state of being servile; servileness.

> To be a queen in bondage is more vile
> Than is a slave in base servility.

Shak.

Serv"ing, a. & n. from Serve.

Serving board (Naut.), a flat piece of wood used in serving ropes. -- Serving maid, a female servant; a maidservant. -- Serving mallet (Naut.), a wooden instrument shaped like a mallet, used in serving ropes. -- Serving man, a male servant, or attendant; a manservant. -- Serving stuff (Naut.), small lines for serving ropes.

Serv"ite (?), n. [It. servita.] (R.C.Ch.) One of the order of the Religious Servants of the Holy Virgin, founded in Florence in 1223.

Serv"i*tor (?), n. [L., fr. servire to serve: cf. F. serviteur.] 1. One who serves; a servant; an attendant; one who acts under another; a follower or adherent.

> Your trusty and most valiant servitor.

Shak.

2. (Univ. of Oxford, Eng.) An undergraduate, partly supported by the college funds, whose duty it formerly was to wait at table. A servitor corresponded to a sizar in Cambridge and Dublin universities.

Serv"i*tor*ship, n. The office, rank, or condition of a servitor. Boswell.

Serv"i*tude (?), n. [L. servitudo: cf. F. servitude.] 1. The state of voluntary or compulsory subjection to a master; the condition of being bound to service; the condition of a slave; slavery; bondage; hence, a state of slavish dependence.

> You would have sold your king to slaughter,
> His princes and his peers to servitude.

Shak.

> A splendid servitude; . . . for he that rises up early, and goe&?; to bed late, only to receive addresses, is really as much abridged in his freedom as he that waits to present one.

South.

2. Servants, collectively. [Obs.]

> After him a cumbrous train
> Of herds and flocks, and numerous servitude.

Milton.

3. (Law) A right whereby one thing is subject to another thing or person for use or convenience, contrary to the common right.

The object of a servitude is either to suffer something to be done by another, or to omit to do something, with respect to a thing. The easements of the English correspond in some respects with the servitudes of the Roman law. Both terms are used by common law writers, and often indiscriminately. The former, however, rather indicates the right enjoyed, and the latter the burden imposed. Ayliffe. Erskine. E. Washburn.

Penal servitude. See under Penal. -- Personal servitude (Law), that which arises when the use of a thing is granted as a real right to a particular individual other than the proprietor. -- Predial servitude (Law), that which one estate owes to another estate. When it related to lands, vineyards, gardens, or the like, it is called rural; when it related to houses and buildings, it is called urban.

Serv"i*ture (?), n. Servants, collectively. [Obs.]

Serv"i*tute (?), n. [L. servitus.] Servitude. [Obs.]

Se"rye (?), n. A series. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ses"a*me (?), n. [L. sesamum, sesama, Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;, &?;&?;&?;: cf. F. sésame.] (Bot.) Either of two annual herbaceous plants of the genus Sesamum (S. Indicum, and S. orientale), from the seeds of which an oil is expressed; also, the small obovate, flattish seeds of these plants, sometimes used as food. See Benne.

Open Sesame, the magical command which opened the door of the robber's den in the Arabian Nights' tale of "The Forty Thieves;" hence, a magical password. -- Sesame grass. (Bot.) Same as Gama grass.

Ses"a*moid (?), a. [Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?; like sesame; &?;&?;&?;&?;&?; sesame + &?;&?;&?; form: cf. F. sésamoïde.] 1. Resembling in shape the seeds of sesame.

2. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the sesamoid bones or cartilages; sesamoidal.

Sesamoid bones, Sesamoid cartilages (Anat.), small bones or cartilages formed in tendons, like the patella and pisiform in man.

Ses"a*moid, n. (Anat.) A sesamoid bone or cartilage.

Ses`a*moid"al (?), a. (Anat.) Sesamoid.

Ses"ban (?), n. [F., fr. Ar. saisabn, seisebn, a kind of tree, fr. Per. ssabn seed of cinquefoil.] (Bot.) A leguminous shrub (Sesbania aculeata) which furnishes a fiber used for making ropes.

The name is applied also to the similar plant, Sesbania Ægyptiaca, and other species of the same genus.

||Ses`qui- (?). [L., one half more, one and a half.] (Chem.) A combining form (also used adjectively) denoting that three atoms or equivalents of the substance to the name of which it is prefixed are combined with two of some other element or radical; as, sesquibromide, sesquicarbonate, sesquichloride, sesquioxide.

Sesquidupli- is sometimes, but rarely, used in the same manner to denote the proportions of two and a half to one, or rather of five to two.

Ses`qui*al"ter (?), a. Sesquialteral.

{ Ses`qui*al"ter (?), Ses`qui*al"ter*a (?), } n. [NL. sesquialtera.] (Mus.) A stop on the organ, containing several ranks of pipes which reënforce some of the high harmonics of the ground tone, and make the sound more brilliant.

{ Ses`qui*al"ter*al (?), Ses`qui*al"ter*ate (?), } a. [L. sesquialter once and a half; sesqui- + alter other: cf. F. sesquialtére.] Once and a half times as great as another; having the ratio of one and a half to one.

Sesquialteral ratio (Math.), the ratio of one and a half to one; thus, 9 and 6 are in a sesquialteral ratio.

Ses`qui*al"ter*ous (?), a. Sesquialteral.

Ses`qui*ba"sic (?), a. [Sesqui- + basic.] (Chem.) Containing, or acting as, a base in the proportions of a sesqui compound.

Ses`qui*du"pli*cate (?), a. [Sesqui- + duplicate.] Twice and a half as great (as another thing); having the ratio of two and a half to one.

Sesquiduplicate ratio (Math.), the ratio of two and a half to one, or one in which the greater term contains the lesser twice and a half, as that of 50 to 20.

Ses`qui*ox"ide (?), n. [Sesqui- + oxide.] (Chem.) An oxide containing three atoms of oxygen with two atoms (or radicals) of some other substance; thus, alumina, Al2O3 is a sesquioxide.

{ Ses*quip"e*dal (?), Ses`qui*pe*da"li*an (?), } a. [Sesqui- + pedal: cf. F. sesquipédal, L. sesquipedalis.] Measuring or containing a foot and a half; as, a sesquipedalian pygmy; -- sometimes humorously applied to long words.

{ Ses`qui*pe*da"li*an*ism (?), Ses*quip"e*dal*ism (?), } n. Sesquipedality.

Ses`qui*pe*dal"i*ty (?), n. 1. The quality or condition of being sesquipedal. Sterne.

2. The use of sesquipedalian words; style characterized by the use of long words; sesquipedalism.

Ses*quip"li*cate (?), a. [Sesqui- + plicate.] (Math.) Subduplicate of the triplicate; -- a term applied to ratios; thus, a and a′ are in the sesquiplicate ratio of b and b′, when a is to a′ as the square root of the cube of b is to the square root of the cube of b′, or a:a′::√b3:√b′3.

> The periodic times of the planets are in the sesquiplicate ratio of their mean distances.

Sir I. Newton.

Ses"qui*salt (?), n. [Sesqui- + salt.] (Chem.) A salt derived from a sesquioxide base, or made up on the proportions of a sesqui compound.

<! p. 1317 !>

Ses`qui*sul"phide (?), n. [Sesqui- + sulphide.] (Chem.) A sulphide, analogous to a sesquioxide, containing three atoms of sulphur to two of the other ingredient; -- formerly called also sesquisulphuret; as, orpiment, As2S3 is arsenic sesquisulphide.

Ses`qui*ter"tial (?), a. Sesquitertian.

{ Ses`qui*ter"tian (?), Ses`qui*ter"tian*al (?), } a. [Sesqui- + L. tertianus belonging to the third. Cf. Tertian.] (Math.) Having the ratio of one and one third to one (as 4 : 3).

Ses"qui*tone (?), n. [Sesqui- + tone.] (Mus.) A minor third, or interval of three semitones.

Sess (?), v. t. [Aphetic form of assess. See Assess, Cess.] To lay a tax upon; to assess. [Obs.]

Sess, n. A tax; an assessment. See Cess. [Obs.]

Ses"sa (?), interj. Hurry; run. [Obs.] Shak.

Ses"sile (?), a. [L. sessilis low, dwarf, from sedere, sessum, to sit: cf. F. sessile.] 1. Attached without any sensible projecting support.

2. (Bot.) Resting directly upon the main stem or branch, without a petiole or footstalk; as, a sessile leaf or blossom.

3. (Zoöl.) Permanently attached; - - said of the gonophores of certain hydroids which never became detached.

Ses"sile-eyed` (?), a. (Zoöl.) Having eyes which are not elevated on a stalk; -- opposed to stalk-eyed.

Sessile-eyed Crustacea, the Arthrostraca.

Ses"sion (?), n. [L. sessio, fr. sedere, sessum, to sit: cf. F. session. See Sit.] 1. The act of sitting, or the state of being seated. [Archaic]

> So much his ascension into heaven and his session at the right hand of God do import.

Hooker.

> But Viven, gathering somewhat of his mood, . . .
> Leaped from her session on his lap, and stood.

Tennyson.

2. The actual sitting of a court, council, legislature, etc., or the actual assembly of the members of such a body, for the transaction of business.

> It's fit this royal session do proceed.

Shak.

3. Hence, also, the time, period, or term during which a court, council, legislature, etc., meets daily for business; or, the space of time between the first meeting and the prorogation or adjournment; thus, a session of Parliaments is opened with a speech from the throne, and closed by prorogation. The session of a judicial court is called a term.

> It was resolved that the convocation should meet at the beginning of the next session of Parliament.

Macaulay.

Sessions, in some of the States, is particularly used as a title for a court of justices, held for granting licenses to innkeepers, etc., and for laying out highways, and the like; it is also the title of several courts of criminal jurisdiction in England and the United States.

Church session, the lowest court in the Presbyterian Church, composed of the pastor and a body of elders elected by the members of a particular church, and having the care of matters pertaining to the religious interests of that church, as the admission and dismission of members, discipline, etc. -- Court of Session, the supreme civil court of Scotland. -- Quarter sessions. (Eng.Law) See under Quarter. -- Sessions of the peace, sittings held by justices of the peace. [Eng.]

Ses"sion*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to a session or sessions.

Sess"pool` (?), n. [Prov. E. suss hogwash, soss a dirty mess, a puddle + E. pool a puddle; cf. Gael. ses a coarse mess.] Same as Cesspool.

Ses"terce (?), n. [L. sestertius (sc. nummus), fr. sestertius two and a half; semis half + tertius third: cf. F. sesterce.] (Rom. Antiq.) A Roman coin or denomination of money, in value the fourth part of a denarius, and originally containing two asses and a half, afterward four asses, -- equal to about two pence sterling, or four cents.

The sestertium was equivalent to one thousand sesterces, equal to £8 17s 1d. sterling, or about $43, before the reign of Augustus. After his reign its value was about £7 16s. 3d. sterling. The sesterce was originally coined only in silver, but later both in silver and brass.

Ses*tet" (?), n. [It. sestetto, fr. sesto sixth, L. sextus, fr. sex six.] 1. (Mus.) A piece of music composed for six voices or six instruments; a sextet; -- called also sestuor. [Written also sestett, sestette.]

2. (Poet.) The last six lines of a sonnet.

||Ses*tet"to (?), n.[It.] (Mus.) A sestet.

Ses"tine (?), n. See Sextain.

Ses"tu*or (?), n. [F.] A sestet.

Set (st), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Set; p. pr. & vb. n. Setting.] [OE. setten, AS. setton; akin to OS. settian, OFries. setta, D. zetten, OHG. sezzen, G. setzen, Icel. setja, Sw. sätta, Dan. s&?;tte, Goth. satjan; causative from the root of E. sit. √154. See Sit, and cf. Seize.] 1. To cause to sit; to make to assume a specified position or attitude; to give site or place to; to place; to put; to fix; as, to set a house on a stone foundation; to set a book on a shelf; to set a dish on a table; to set a chest or trunk on its bottom or on end.

> I do set my bow in the cloud.

Gen. ix. 13.

2. Hence, to attach or affix (something) to something else, or in or upon a certain place.

> Set your affection on things above.

Col. iii. 2.

> The Lord set a mark upon Cain.

Gen. iv. 15.

3. To make to assume specified place, condition, or occupation; to put in a certain condition or state (described by the accompanying words); to cause to be.

> The Lord thy God will set thee on high.

Deut. xxviii. 1.

> I am come to set a man at variance against his father, and the daughter against her mother.

Matt. x. 35.

> Every incident sets him thinking.

Coleridge.

4. To fix firmly; to make fast, permanent, or stable; to render motionless; to give an unchanging place, form, or condition to. Specifically: --

(a) To cause to stop or stick; to obstruct; to fasten to a spot; hence, to occasion difficulty to; to embarrass; as, to set a coach in the mud.

> They show how hard they are set in this particular.

Addison.

(b) To fix beforehand; to determine; hence, to make unyielding or obstinate; to render stiff, unpliant, or rigid; as, to set one's countenance.

> His eyes were set by reason of his age.

1 Kings xiv. 4.

> On these three objects his heart was set.

Macaulay.

> Make my heart as a millstone, set my face as a flint.

Tennyson.

(c) To fix in the ground, as a post or a tree; to plant; as, to set pear trees in an orchard.

(d) To fix, as a precious stone, in a border of metal; to place in a setting; hence, to place in or amid something which serves as a setting; as, to set glass in a sash.

> And him too rich a jewel to be set
> In vulgar metal for a vulgar use.

Dryden.

(e) To render stiff or solid; especially, to convert into curd; to curdle; as, to set milk for cheese.

5. To put into a desired position or condition; to adjust; to regulate; to adapt. Specifically: --

(a) To put in order in a particular manner; to prepare; as, to set (that is, to hone) a razor; to set a saw.

> Tables for to sette, and beddes make.

Chaucer.

(b) To extend and bring into position; to spread; as, to set the sails of a ship.

(c) To give a pitch to, as a tune; to start by fixing the keynote; as, to set a psalm. Fielding.

(d) To reduce from a dislocated or fractured state; to replace; as, to set a broken bone.

(e) To make to agree with some standard; as, to set a watch or a clock.

(f) (Masonry) To lower into place and fix solidly, as the blocks of cut stone in a structure.

6. To stake at play; to wager; to risk.

> I have set my life upon a cast,
> And I will stand the hazard of the die.

Shak.

7. To fit with music; to adapt, as words to notes; to prepare for singing.

> Set thy own songs, and sing them to thy lute.

Dryden.

8. To determine; to appoint; to assign; to fix; as, to set a time for a meeting; to set a price on a horse.

9. To adorn with something infixed or affixed; to stud; to variegate with objects placed here and there.

> High on their heads, with jewels richly set,
> Each lady wore a radiant coronet.

Dryden.

> Pastoral dales thin set with modern farms.

Wordsworth.

10. To value; to rate; -- with at.

> Be you contented, wearing now the garland,
> To have a son set your decrees at naught.

Shak.

> I do not set my life at a pin's fee.

Shak.

11. To point out the seat or position of, as birds, or other game; -- said of hunting dogs.

12. To establish as a rule; to furnish; to prescribe; to assign; as, to set an example; to set lessons to be learned.

13. To suit; to become; as, it sets him ill. [Scot.]

14. (Print.) To compose; to arrange in words, lines, etc.; as, to set type; to set a page.

To set abroach. See Abroach. [Obs.] Shak. -- To set against, to oppose; to set in comparison with, or to oppose to, as an equivalent in exchange; as, to set one thing against another. -- To set agoing, to cause to move. -- To set apart, to separate to a particular use; to separate from the rest; to reserve. -- To set a saw, to bend each tooth a little, every alternate one being bent to one side, and the intermediate ones to the other side, so that the opening made by the saw may be a little wider than the thickness of the back, to prevent the saw from sticking. -- To set aside. (a) To leave out of account; to pass by; to omit; to neglect; to reject; to annul.

> Setting aside all other considerations, I will endeavor to know the truth, and yield to that.

Tillotson.

(b) To set apart; to reserve; as, to set aside part of one's income. (c) (Law) See under Aside. -- To set at defiance, to defy. -- To set at ease, to quiet; to tranquilize; as, to set the heart at ease. -- To set at naught, to undervalue; to contemn; to despise. "Ye have set at naught all my counsel." Prov. i. 25. -- To set a trap, snare, or gin, to put it in a proper condition or position to catch prey; hence, to lay a plan to deceive and draw another into one's power. -- To set at work, or To set to work. (a) To cause to enter on work or action, or to direct how tu enter on work. (b) To apply one's self; -- used reflexively. -- To set before. (a) To bring out to view before; to exhibit. (b) To propose for choice to; to offer to. -- To set by. (a) To set apart or on one side; to reject. (b) To attach the value of (anything) to. "I set not a straw by thy dreamings." Chaucer. -- To set by the compass, to observe and note the bearing or situation of by the compass. -- To set case, to suppose; to assume. Cf. Put case, under Put, v. t. [Obs.] Chaucer. -- To set down. (a) To enter in writing; to register.

> Some rules were to be set down for the government of the army.

Clarendon.

(b) To fix; to establish; to ordain.

> This law we may name eternal, being that order which God . . . hath set down with himself, for himself to do all things by.

Hooker.

(c) To humiliate. -- To set eyes on, to see; to behold; to fasten the eyes on. -- To set fire to, or To set on fire, to communicate fire to; fig., to inflame; to enkindle the passions of; to irritate. -- To set flying (Naut.), to hook to halyards, sheets, etc., instead of extending with rings or the like on a stay; -- said of a sail. -- To set forth. (a) To manifest; to offer or present to view; to exhibt; to display. (b) To publish; to promulgate; to make appear. Waller. (c) To send out; to prepare and send. [Obs.]

> The Venetian admiral had a fleet of sixty galleys, set forth by the Venetians.

Knolles.

-- To set forward. (a) To cause to advance. (b) To promote. -- To set free, to release from confinement, imprisonment, or bondage; to liberate; to emancipate. -- To set in, to put in the way; to begin; to give a start to. [Obs.]

> If you please to assist and set me in, I will recollect myself.

Collier.

-- To set in order, to adjust or arrange; to reduce to method. "The rest will I set in order when I come." 1 Cor. xi. 34. -- To set milk. (a) To expose it in open dishes in order that the cream may rise to the surface. (b) To cause it to become curdled as by the action of rennet. See 4 (e). -- To set much, or little, by, to care much, or little, for. -- To set of, to value; to set by. [Obs.] "I set not an haw of his proverbs." Chaucer. -- To set off. (a) To separate from a whole; to assign to a particular purpose; to portion off; as, to set off a portion of an estate. (b) To adorn; to decorate; to embellish.

> They . . . set off the worst faces with the best airs.

Addison.

(c) To give a flattering description of. - - To set off against, to place against as an equivalent; as, to set off one man's services against another's. -- To set on or upon. (a) To incite; to instigate. "Thou, traitor, hast set on thy wife to this." Shak. (b) To employ, as in a task. " Set on thy wife to observe." Shak. (c) To fix upon; to attach strongly to; as, to set one's heart or affections on some object. See definition 2, above. -- To set one's cap for. See under Cap, n. -- To set one's self against, to place one's self in a state of enmity or opposition to. -- To set one's teeth, to press them together tightly. -- To set on foot, to set going; to put in motion; to start. -- To set out. (a) To assign; to allot; to mark off; to limit; as, to set out the share of each proprietor or heir of an estate; to set out the widow's thirds. (b) To publish, as a proclamation. [Obs.] (c) To adorn; to embellish.

> An ugly woman, in rich habit set out with jewels, nothing can become.

Dryden.

(d) To raise, equip, and send forth; to furnish. [R.]

> The Venetians pretend they could set out, in case of great necessity, thirty men-of-war.

Addison.

(e) To show; to display; to recommend; to set off.

> I could set out that best side of Luther.

Atterbury.

(f) To show; to prove. [R.] "Those very reasons set out how heinous his sin was." Atterbury. (g) (Law) To recite; to state at large. -- To set over. (a) To appoint or constitute as supervisor, inspector, ruler, or commander. (b) To assign; to transfer; to convey. -- To set right, to correct; to put in order. -- To set sail. (Naut.) See under Sail, n. -- To set store by, to consider valuable. -- To set the fashion, to determine what shall be the fashion; to establish the mode. -- To set the teeth on edge, to affect the teeth with a disagreeable sensation, as when acids are brought in contact with them. -- To set the watch (Naut.), to place the starboard or port watch on duty. -- To set to, to attach to; to affix to. "He . . . hath set to his seal that God is true." John iii. 33. -- To set up. (a) To erect; to raise; to elevate; as, to set up a building, or a machine; to set up a post, a wall, a pillar. (b) Hence, to exalt; to put in power. "I will . . . set up the throne of David over Israel." 2 Sam. iii. 10. (c) To begin, as a new institution; to institute; to establish; to found; as, to set up a manufactory; to set up a school. (d) To enable to commence a new business; as, to set up a son in trade. (e) To place in view; as, to set up a mark. (f) To raise; to utter loudly; as, to set up the voice.

> I'll set up such a note as she shall hear.

Dryden.

(g) To advance; to propose as truth or for reception; as, to set up a new opinion or doctrine. T. Burnet. (h) To raise from depression, or to a sufficient fortune; as, this good fortune quite set him up. (i) To intoxicate. [Slang] (j) (Print.) To put in type; as, to set up copy; to arrange in words, lines, etc., ready for printing; as, to set up type. -- To set up the rigging (Naut.), to make it taut by means of tackles. R. H. Dana, Jr.

Syn. -- See Put.

Set (st), v. i. 1. To pass below the horizon; to go down; to decline; to sink out of sight; to come to an end.

> Ere the weary sun set in the west.

Shak.

> Thus this century sets with little mirth, and the next is likely to arise with more mourning.

Fuller.

2. To fit music to words. [Obs.] Shak.

3. To place plants or shoots in the ground; to plant. "To sow dry, and set wet." Old Proverb.

4. To be fixed for growth; to strike root; to begin to germinate or form; as, cuttings set well; the fruit has set well (i. e., not blasted in the blossom).

5. To become fixed or rigid; to be fastened.

> A gathering and serring of the spirits together to resist, maketh the teeth to set hard one against another.

Bacon.

6. To congeal; to concrete; to solidify.

> That fluid substance in a few minutes begins to set.

Boyle.

7. To have a certain direction in motion; to flow; to move on; to tend; as, the current sets to the north; the tide sets to the windward.

8. To begin to move; to go out or forth; to start; -- now followed by out.

> The king is set from London.

Shak.

9. To indicate the position of game; -- said of a dog; as, the dog sets well; also, to hunt game by the aid of a setter.

10. To apply one's self; to undertake earnestly; -- now followed by out.

> If he sets industriously and sincerely to perform the commands of Christ, he can have no ground of doubting but it shall prove successful to him.

Hammond.

11. To fit or suit one; to sit; as, the coat sets well. [Colloquially used, but improperly, for sit.]

The use of the verb set for sit in such expressions as, the hen is setting on thirteen eggs; a setting hen, etc., although colloquially common, and sometimes tolerated in serious writing, is not to be approved.

To set about, to commence; to begin. -- To set forward, to move or march; to begin to march; to advance. -- To set forth, to begin a journey. -- To set in. (a) To begin; to enter upon a particular state; as, winter set in early. (b) To settle one's self; to become established. "When the weather was set in to be very bad." Addison. (c) To flow toward the shore; -- said of the tide. -- To set off. (a) To enter upon a journey; to start. (b) (Typog.) To deface or soil the next sheet; -- said of the ink on a freshly printed sheet, when another sheet comes in contact with it before it has had time to dry. -- To set on or upon. (a) To begin, as a journey or enterprise; to set about.

> He that would seriously set upon the search of truth.

Locke.

(b) To assault; to make an attack. Bacon.

> Cassio hath here been set on in the dark.

Shak.

-- To set out, to begin a journey or course; as, to set out for London, or from London; to set out in business;to set out in life or the world. -- To set to, to apply one's self to. -- To set up. (a) To begin business or a scheme of life; as, to set up in trade; to set up for one's self. (b) To profess openly; to make pretensions.

> Those men who set up for mortality without regard to religion, are generally but virtuous in part.

Swift.

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Set (?), a. 1. Fixed in position; immovable; rigid; as, a set line; a set countenance.

2. Firm; unchanging; obstinate; as, set opinions or prejudices.

3. Regular; uniform; formal; as, a set discourse; a set battle. "The set phrase of peace." Shak.

4. Established; prescribed; as, set forms of prayer.

5. Adjusted; arranged; formed; adapted.

Set hammer. (a) A hammer the head of which is not tightly fastened upon the handle, but may be reversed. Knight. (b) A hammer with a concave face which forms a die for shaping anything, as the end of a bolt, rivet, etc. -- Set line, a line to which a number of baited hooks are attached, and which, supported by floats and properly secured, may be left unguarded during the absence of the fisherman. -- Set nut, a jam nut or lock nut. See under Nut. -- Set screw (Mach.), a screw, sometimes cupped or printed at one end, and screwed through one part, as of a machine, tightly upon another part, to prevent the one from slipping upon the other. -- Set speech, a speech carefully prepared before it is delivered in public; a formal or methodical speech.

Set, n. 1. The act of setting, as of the sun or other heavenly body; descent; hence, the close; termination. "Locking at the set of day." Tennyson.

> The weary sun hath made a golden set.

Shak.

2. That which is set, placed, or fixed. Specifically: -- (a) A young plant for growth; as, a set of white thorn. (b) That which is staked; a wager; a venture; a stake; hence, a game at venture. [Obs. or R.]

> We will in France, by God's grace, play a set
> Shall strike his father's crown into the hazard.

Shak.

> That was but civil war, an equal set.

Dryden.

(c) (Mech.) Permanent change of figure in consequence of excessive strain, as from compression, tension, bending, twisting, etc.; as, the set of a spring.

(d) A kind of punch used for bending, indenting, or giving shape to, metal; as, a saw set.

(e) (Pile Driving) A piece placed temporarily upon the head of a pile when the latter cannot be reached by the weight, or hammer, except by means of such an intervening piece. [Often incorrectly written sett.]

(f) (Carp.) A short steel spike used for driving the head of a nail below the surface.

3. [Perhaps due to confusion with sect, sept.] A number of things of the same kind, ordinarily used or classed together; a collection of articles which naturally complement each other, and usually go together; an assortment; a suit; as, a set of chairs, of china, of surgical or mathematical instruments, of books, etc. [In this sense, sometimes incorrectly written sett.]

4. A number of persons associated by custom, office, common opinion, quality, or the like; a division; a group; a clique. "Others of our set." Tennyson.

> This falls into different divisions, or sets, of nations connected under particular religions.

R. P. Ward.

5. Direction or course; as, the set of the wind, or of a current.

6. In dancing, the number of persons necessary to execute a quadrille; also, the series of figures or movements executed.

7. The deflection of a tooth, or of the teeth, of a saw, which causes the the saw to cut a kerf, or make an opening, wider than the blade.

8. (a) A young oyster when first attached. (b) Collectively, the crop of young oysters in any locality.

9. (Tennis) A series of as many games as may be necessary to enable one side to win six. If at the end of the tenth game the score is a tie, the set is usually called a deuce set, and decided by an application of the rules for playing off deuce in a game. See Deuce.

10. (Type Founding) That dimension of the body of a type called by printers the width.

Dead set. (a) The act of a setter dog when it discovers the game, and remains intently fixed in pointing it out. (b) A fixed or stationary condition arising from obstacle or hindrance; a deadlock; as, to be at a dead set. (c) A concerted scheme to defraud by gaming; a determined onset. -- To make a dead set, to make a determined onset, literally or figuratively.

Syn. -- Collection; series; group. See Pair.

||Se"ta (?), n.; pl. Setæ. [L. seta, saeta, a bristle.] 1. (Biol.) Any slender, more or less rigid, bristlelike organ or part; as the hairs of a caterpillar, the slender spines of a crustacean, the hairlike processes of a protozoan, the bristles or stiff hairs on the leaves of some plants, or the pedicel of the capsule of a moss.

2. (Zoöl.) (a) One of the movable chitinous spines or hooks of an annelid. They usually arise in clusters from muscular capsules, and are used in locomotion and for defense. They are very diverse in form. (b) One of the spinelike feathers at the base of the bill of certain birds.

Se*ta"ceous (?), a. [L. seta a bristle: cf. F. sétacé.] 1. Set with, or consisting of, bristles; bristly; as, a stiff, setaceous tail.

2. Bristelike in form or texture; as, a setaceous feather; a setaceous leaf.

Set"back` (?), n. 1. (Arch.) Offset, n., 4.

2. A backset; a countercurrent; an eddy. [U. S.]

3. A backset; a check; a repulse; a reverse; a relapse. [Colloq. U.S.]

Set"bolt` (?), n. (Shipbuilding) 1. An iron pin, or bolt, for fitting planks closely together. Craig.

2. A bolt used for forcing another bolt out of its hole.

Set"down` (?), n. The humbling of a person by act or words, especially by a retort or a reproof; the retort or the reproof which has such effect.

Set*ee" (?), n. (Naut.) See 2d Settee.

Set"en (?), obs. imp. pl. of Sit. Sat. Chaucer.

Set"e*wale (?), n. See Cetewale. [Obs.]

Set"-fair` (?), n. In plastering, a particularly good troweled surface. Knight.

Set"foil` (?), n. See Septfoil.

Seth"en (?), adv. & conj. See Since. [Obs.]

Seth"ic (?), a. See Sothic.

Se*tif"er*ous (?), a. [L. seta a bristle + -ferous.] Producing, or having one or more, bristles.

Se"ti*form (?), a. [Seta + - form: cf. F. sétiforme.] Having the form or structure of setæ.

Se"ti*ger (?), n. [NL. See Setigerous.] (Zoöl.) An annelid having setæ; a chætopod.

Se*tig"er*ous (?), a. [Seta + -gerous.] Covered with bristles; having or bearing a seta or setæ; setiferous; as, setigerous glands; a setigerous segment of an annelid; specifically (Bot.), tipped with a bristle.

Se"tim (?), n. See Shittim.

Se*tip"a*rous (?), a. [Seta + L. papere to produce.] (Zoöl.) Producing setæ; -- said of the organs from which the setæ of annelids arise.

Se"ti*reme (?), n. [Seta + L. remus an oar.] (Zoöl.) A swimming leg (of an insect) having a fringe of hairs on the margin.

Set"ness (?), n. The quality or state of being set; formality; obstinacy. "The starched setness of a sententious writer." R. Masters.

Set"-off` (?), n. [Set + off.] 1. That which is set off against another thing; an offset.

> I do not contemplate such a heroine as a set-off to the many sins imputed to me as committed against woman.

D. Jerrold.

2. That which is used to improve the appearance of anything; a decoration; an ornament.

3. (Law) A counterclaim; a cross debt or demand; a distinct claim filed or set up by the defendant against the plaintiff's demand.

Set-off differs from recoupment, as the latter generally grows out of the same matter or contract with the plaintiff's claim, while the former grows out of distinct matter, and does not of itself deny the justice of the plaintiff's demand. Offset is sometimes improperly used for the legal term set- off. See Recoupment.

4. (Arch.) Same as Offset, n., 4.

5. (Print.) See Offset, 7.

Syn. -- Set-off, Offset. -- Offset originally denoted that which branches off or projects, as a shoot from a tree, but the term has long been used in America in the sense of set-off. This use is beginning to obtain in England; though Macaulay uses set-off, and so, perhaps, do a majority of English writers.

Se"ton (?), n. [F. séton (cf. It. setone), from L. seta a thick, stiff hair, a bristle.] (Med. & Far.) A few silk threads or horsehairs, or a strip of linen or the like, introduced beneath the skin by a knife or needle, so as to form an issue; also, the issue so formed.

{ Se*tose" (?), Se"tous (?), } a. [L. setosus, saetosus, from seta, saeta, bristle: cf. F. séteux.] Thickly set with bristles or bristly hairs.

Set"out` (?), n. A display, as of plate, equipage, etc.; that which is displayed. [Coloq.] Dickens.

Set"-stitched` (?), a. Stitched according to a formal pattern. "An old set-stiched chair, valanced, and fringed with party-colored worsted bobs." Sterne.

Sett (?), n. See Set, n., 2 (e) and 3.

Set*tee" (?), n. [From Set; cf. Settle a seat.] A long seat with a back, -- made to accommodate several persons at once.

Set*tee", n. [F. scétie, scitie.] (Naut.) A vessel with a very long, sharp prow, carrying two or three masts with lateen sails, -- used in the Mediterranean. [Written also setee.]

Set"ter (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, sets; -- used mostly in composition with a noun, as typesetter; or in combination with an adverb, as a setter on (or inciter), a setter up, a setter forth.

2. (Zoöl.) A hunting dog of a special breed originally derived from a cross between the spaniel and the pointer. Modern setters are usually trained to indicate the position of game birds by standing in a fixed position, but originally they indicated it by sitting or crouching.

There are several distinct varieties of setters; as, the Irish, or red, setter; the Gordon setter, which is usually red or tan varied with black; and the English setter, which is variously colored, but usually white and tawny red, with or without black.

3. One who hunts victims for sharpers. Shak.

4. One who adapts words to music in composition.

5. An adornment; a decoration; -- with off. [Obs.]

> They come as . . . setters off of thy graces.

Whitlock.

6. (Pottery) A shallow seggar for porcelain. Ure.

Set"ter, v. t. To cut the dewlap (of a cow or an ox), and to insert a seton, so as to cause an issue. [Prov. Eng.]

Set"ter*wort` (?), n. (Bot.) The bear's-foot (Helleborus fœtidus); -- so called because the root was used in settering, or inserting setons into the dewlaps of cattle. Called also pegroots. Dr. Prior.

Set"ting (?), n. 1. The act of one who, or that which, sets; as, the setting of type, or of gems; the setting of the sun; the setting (hardening) of moist plaster of Paris; the setting (set) of a current.

2. The act of marking the position of game, as a setter does; also, hunting with a setter. Boyle.

3. Something set in, or inserted.

> Thou shalt set in it settings of stones.

Ex. xxviii. 17.

4. That in which something, as a gem, is set; as, the gold setting of a jeweled pin.

Setting coat (Arch.), the finishing or last coat of plastering on walls or ceilings. -- Setting dog, a setter. See Setter, n., 2. -- Setting pole, a pole, often iron- pointed, used for pushing boats along in shallow water. -- Setting rule. (Print.) A composing rule.

Set"tle (?), n. [OE. setel, setil, a seat, AS. setl: akin to OHG. sezzal, G. sessel, Goth. sitls, and E. sit. √154. See Sit.] 1. A seat of any kind. [Obs.] "Upon the settle of his majesty" Hampole.

2. A bench; especially, a bench with a high back.

3. A place made lower than the rest; a wide step or platform lower than some other part.

> And from the bottom upon the ground, even to the lower settle, shall be two cubits, and the breadth one cubit.

Ezek. xliii. 14.

Settle bed, a bed convertible into a seat. [Eng.]

Set"tle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Settled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Settling (?).] [OE. setlen, AS. setlan. √154. See Settle, n. In senses 7, 8, and 9 perhaps confused with OE. sahtlen to reconcile, AS. sahtlian, fr. saht reconciliation, sacon to contend, dispute. Cf. Sake.] 1. To place in a fixed or permanent condition; to make firm, steady, or stable; to establish; to fix; esp., to establish in life; to fix in business, in a home, or the like.

> And he settled his countenance steadfastly upon him, until he was ashamed.

2 Kings viii. 11. (Rev. Ver.)

> The father thought the time drew on
> Of setting in the world his only son.

Dryden.

2. To establish in the pastoral office; to ordain or install as pastor or rector of a church, society, or parish; as, to settle a minister. [U. S.]

3. To cause to be no longer in a disturbed condition; to render quiet; to still; to calm; to compose.

> God settled then the huge whale-bearing lake.

Chapman.

> Hoping that sleep might settle his brains.

Bunyan.

4. To clear of dregs and impurities by causing them to sink; to render pure or clear; -- said of a liquid; as, to settle coffee, or the grounds of coffee.

5. To restore or bring to a smooth, dry, or passable condition; -- said of the ground, of roads, and the like; as, clear weather settles the roads.

6. To cause to sink; to lower; to depress; hence, also, to render close or compact; as, to settle the contents of a barrel or bag by shaking it.

7. To determine, as something which is exposed to doubt or question; to free from unscertainty or wavering; to make sure, firm, or constant; to establish; to compose; to quiet; as, to settle the mind when agitated; to settle questions of law; to settle the succession to a throne; to settle an allowance.

> It will settle the wavering, and confirm the doubtful.

Swift.

8. To adjust, as something in discussion; to make up; to compose; to pacify; as, to settle a quarrel.

9. To adjust, as accounts; to liquidate; to balance; as, to settle an account.

10. Hence, to pay; as, to settle a bill. [Colloq.] Abbott.

11. To plant with inhabitants; to colonize; to people; as, the French first settled Canada; the Puritans settled New England; Plymouth was settled in 1620.

To settle on or upon, to confer upon by permanent grant; to assure to. "I . . . have settled upon him a good annuity." Addison. -- To settle the land (Naut.), to cause it to sink, or appear lower, by receding from it.

Syn. -- To fix; establish; regulate; arrange; compose; adjust; determine; decide.

Set"tle, v. i. 1. To become fixed or permanent; to become stationary; to establish one's self or itself; to assume a lasting form, condition, direction, or the like, in place of a temporary or changing state.

> The wind came about and settled in the west.

Bacon.

> Chyle . . . runs through all the intermediate colors until it settles in an intense red.

Arbuthnot.

2. To fix one's residence; to establish a dwelling place or home; as, the Saxons who settled in Britain.

3. To enter into the married state, or the state of a householder.

> As people marry now and settle.

Prior.

4. To be established in an employment or profession; as, to settle in the practice of law.

5. To become firm, dry, and hard, as the ground after the effects of rain or frost have disappeared; as, the roads settled late in the spring.

6. To become clear after being turbid or obscure; to clarify by depositing matter held in suspension; as, the weather settled; wine settles by standing.

> A government, on such occasions, is always thick before it settles.

Addison.

7. To sink to the bottom; to fall to the bottom, as dregs of a liquid, or the sediment of a reserveir.

8. To sink gradually to a lower level; to subside, as the foundation of a house, etc.

9. To become calm; to cease from agitation.

> Till the fury of his highness settle,
> Come not before him.

Shak.

10. To adjust differences or accounts; to come to an agreement; as, he has settled with his creditors.

11. To make a jointure for a wife.

> He sighs with most success that settles well.

Garth.

Set"tled*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being settled; confirmed state. [R.] Bp. Hall.

Set"tle*ment (?), n. 1. The act of setting, or the state of being settled. Specifically: --

(a) Establishment in life, in business, condition, etc.; ordination or installation as pastor.

> Every man living has a design in his head upon wealth power, or settlement in the world.

L'Estrange.

(b) The act of peopling, or state of being peopled; act of planting, as a colony; colonization; occupation by settlers; as, the settlement of a new country.

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(c) The act or process of adjusting or determining; composure of doubts or differences; pacification; liquidation of accounts; arrangement; adjustment; as, settlement of a controversy, of accounts, etc.

(d) Bestowal, or giving possession, under legal sanction; the act of giving or conferring anything in a formal and permanent manner.

> My flocks, my fields, my woods, my pastures take,
> With settlement as good as law can make.

Dryden.

(e) (Law) A disposition of property for the benefit of some person or persons, usually through the medium of trustees, and for the benefit of a wife, children, or other relatives; jointure granted to a wife, or the act of granting it.

2. That which settles, or is settled, established, or fixed. Specifically: --

(a) Matter that subsides; settlings; sediment; lees; dregs. [Obs.]

> Fuller's earth left a thick settlement.

Mortimer.

(b) A colony newly established; a place or region newly settled; as, settlement in the West.

(c) That which is bestowed formally and permanently; the sum secured to a person; especially, a jointure made to a woman at her marriage; also, in the United States, a sum of money or other property formerly granted to a pastor in additional to his salary.

3. (Arch.) (a) The gradual sinking of a building, whether by the yielding of the ground under the foundation, or by the compression of the joints or the material. (b) pl. Fractures or dislocations caused by settlement.

4. (Law) A settled place of abode; residence; a right growing out of residence; legal residence or establishment of a person in a particular parish or town, which entitles him to maintenance if a pauper, and subjects the parish or town to his support. Blackstone. Bouvier.

Act of settlement (Eng. Hist.), the statute of 12 and 13 William III, by which the crown was limited to the present reigning house (the house of Hanover). Blackstone.

Set"tler (?), n. 1. One who settles, becomes fixed, established, etc.

2. Especially, one who establishes himself in a new region or a colony; a colonist; a planter; as, the first settlers of New England.

3. That which settles or finishes; hence, a blow, etc., which settles or decides a contest. [Colloq.]

4. A vessel, as a tub, in which something, as pulverized ore suspended in a liquid, is allowed to settle.

Set"tling (?), n. 1. The act of one who, or that which, settles; the act of establishing one's self, of colonizing, subsiding, adjusting, etc.

2. pl. That which settles at the bottom of a liquid; lees; dregs; sediment. Milton.

Settling day, a day for settling accounts, as in the stock market.

Set"-to` (?), n. A contest in boxing, in an argument, or the like. [Colloq.] Halliwell.

||Set"u*la (?), n.; pl. Setulæ (#). [L. setula, saetula, dim. of seta, saeta, bristle.] A small, short hair or bristle; a small seta.

Set"ule (?), n. [See Setula.] A setula.

Set"u*lose` (?), a. Having small bristles or setæ.

Set"wall` (?), n. [CF. Cetewale.] (Bot.) A plant formerly valued for its restorative qualities (Valeriana officinalis, or V. Pyrenaica). [Obs.] [Written also setwal.] Chaucer.

Sev"en (?), a. [OE. seven, seoven, seofen, AS. seofon, seofan, seofen; akin to D. zeven, OS., Goth., & OHG. sibun, G. sieben, Icel. sjau, sjö, Sw. sju, Dan. syv, Lith. septyni, Russ. seme, W. saith, Gael. seachd, Ir. seacht, L. septem, Gr. &?;&?;&?;, Skr. saptan. √305. Cf. Hebdomad, Heptagon, September.] One more than six; six and one added; as, seven days make one week.

Seven sciences. See the Note under Science, n., 4. -- Seven stars (Astron.), the Pleiades. -- Seven wonders of the world. See under Wonders. -- Seven-year apple (Bot.), a rubiaceous shrub (Genipa clusiifolia) growing in the West Indies; also, its edible fruit. -- Seven-year vine (Bot.), a tropical climbing plant (Ipomœa tuberosa) related to the morning- glory.

Sev"en, n. 1. The number greater by one than six; seven units or objects.

> Of every beast, and bird, and insect small,
> Game sevens and pairs.

Milton.

2. A symbol representing seven units, as 7, or vii.

Sev"en*fold` (?), a. Repeated seven times; having seven thicknesses; increased to seven times the size or amount. "Sevenfold rage." Milton.

Sev"en*fold`, adv. Seven times as much or as often.

> Whosoever slayeth Cain, vengeance shall be taken on him sevenfold.

Gen. iv. 15.

Seven"night (?), n. A week; any period of seven consecutive days and nights. See Sennight.

Sev"en*score` (?), n. & a. Seven times twenty, that is, a hundred and forty.

> The old Countess of Desmond . . . lived sevenscore years.

Bacon.

Sev"en-shoot`er (?), n. A firearm, esp. a pistol, with seven barrels or chambers for cartridges, or one capable of firing seven shots without reloading. [Colloq.]

Sev"en*teen` (?), a. [OE. seventene, AS. seofontne, i. e., seven- ten. Cf. Seventy.] One more than sixteen; ten and seven added; as, seventeen years.

Sev"en*teen`, n. 1. The number greater by one than sixteen; the sum of ten and seven; seventeen units or objects.

2. A symbol denoting seventeen units, as 17, or xvii.

Sev"en*teenth` (?), a. [From Seventeen: cf. AS. seofonteóða, seofonteogeða.] 1. Next in order after the sixteenth; coming after sixteen others.

> In . . . the seventeenth day of the month . . . were all the fountains of the great deep broken up.

Gen. vii. 11.

2. Constituting or being one of seventeen equal parts into which anything is divided.

Sev"en*teenth` (?), n. 1. The next in order after the sixteenth; one coming after sixteen others.

2. The quotient of a unit divided by seventeen; one of seventeen equal parts or divisions of one whole.

3. (Mus.) An interval of two octaves and a third.

Sev"enth (?), a. [From Seven: cf. AS. seofoða.] 1. Next in order after the sixth;; coming after six others.

> On the seventh day, God ended his work which he had made; and he rested on the seventh day from all his work which he had made.

Gen. ii. 2.

2. Constituting or being one of seven equal parts into which anything is divided; as, the seventh part.

Seventh day, the seventh day of the week; Saturday. -- Seventh-day Baptists. See under Baptist.

Sev"enth, n. 1. One next in order after the sixth; one coming after six others.

2. The quotient of a unit divided by seven; one of seven equal parts into which anything is divided.

3. (Mus.) (a) An interval embracing seven diatonic degrees of the scale. (b) A chord which includes the interval of a seventh whether major, minor, or diminished.

Sev`en-thir"ties (?), n. pl. A name given to three several issues of United States Treasury notes, made during the Civil War, in denominations of $50 and over, bearing interest at the rate of seven and three tenths (thirty hundredths) per cent annually. Within a few years they were all redeemed or funded.

Sev"enth*ly (?), adv. In the seventh place.

Sev"en*ti*eth (?), a. [AS. hund- seofontigoða.] 1. Next in order after the sixty-ninth; as, a man in the seventieth year of his age.

2. Constituting or being one of seventy equal parts.

Sev"en*ti*eth, n. 1. One next in order after the sixty-ninth.

2. The quotient of a unit divided by seventy; one of seventy equal parts or fractions.

Sev"en*ty (?), a. [AS. hund- seofontig. See Seven, and Ten, and cf. Seventeen, Sixty.] Seven times ten; one more than sixty-nine.

Sev"en*ty, n.; pl. Seventies (&?;). 1. The sum of seven times ten; seventy units or objects.

2. A symbol representing seventy units, as 70, or lxx.

The Seventy, the translators of the Greek version of the Old Testament called the Septuagint. See Septuagint.

Sev`en*ty-four" (?), n. (Naut.) A naval vessel carrying seventy-four guns.

Sev"en-up`, n. The game of cards called also all fours, and old sledge. [U. S.]

Sev"er (?), v. t. [imp. &. p. p. Severed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Severing.] [OF. sevrer, severer, to separate, F. sevrer to wean, fr. L. separare. See Separate, and cf. Several.] 1. To separate, as one from another; to cut off from something; to divide; to part in any way, especially by violence, as by cutting, rending, etc.; as, to sever the head from the body.

> The angels shall come forth, and sever the wicked from among the just.

Matt. xiii. 49.

2. To cut or break open or apart; to divide into parts; to cut through; to disjoin; as, to sever the arm or leg.

> Our state can not be severed; we are one.

Milton.

3. To keep distinct or apart; to except; to exempt.

> I will sever in that day the land of Goshen, in which my people dwell, that no swarms of flies shall be there.

Ex. viii. 22.

4. (Law) To disunite; to disconnect; to terminate; as, to sever an estate in joint tenancy. Blackstone.

Sev"er, v. i. 1. To suffer disjunction; to be parted, or rent asunder; to be separated; to part; to separate. Shak.

2. To make a separation or distinction; to distinguish.

> The Lord shall sever between the cattle of Israel and the cattle of Egypt.

Ex. ix. 4.

> They claimed the right of severing in their challenge.

Macaulay.

Sev"er*a*ble (?), a. Capable of being severed. Encyc. Dict.

Sev"er*al (?), a. [OF., fr. LL. separalis, fr. L. separ separate, different. See Sever, Separate.] 1. Separate; distinct; particular; single.

> Each several ship a victory did gain.

Dryden.

> Each might his several province well command,
> Would all but stoop to what they understand.

Pope.

2. Diverse; different; various. Spenser.

> Habits and faculties, several, and to be distinguished.

Bacon.

> Four several armies to the field are led.

Dryden.

3. Consisting of a number more than two, but not very many; divers; sundry; as, several persons were present when the event took place.

Sev"er*al, adv. By itself; severally. [Obs.]

> Every kind of thing is laid up several in barns or storehoudses.

Robynson (More's Utopia).

Sev"er*al, n. 1. Each particular taken singly; an item; a detail; an individual. [Obs.]

> There was not time enough to hear . . .
> The severals.

Shak.

2. Persons oe objects, more than two, but not very many.

> Several of them neither rose from any conspicuous family, nor left any behind them.

Addison.

3. An inclosed or separate place; inclosure. [Obs.]

> They had their several for heathen nations, their several for the people of their own nation.

Hooker.

In several, in a state of separation. [R.] "Where pastures in several be." Tusser.

Sev`er*al"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Severalities (&?;). Each particular taken singly; distinction. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Sev"er*al*ize (?), v. t. To distinguish. [Obs.]

Sev"er*al*ly, adv. Separately; distinctly; apart from others; individually.

> There must be an auditor to check and revise each severally by itself.

De Quincey.

Sev"er*al*ty (?), n. A state of separation from the rest, or from all others; a holding by individual right.

> Forests which had never been owned in severalty.

Bancroft.

Estate in severalty (Law), an estate which the tenant holds in his own right, without being joined in interest with any other person; -- distinguished from joint tenancy, coparcenary, and common. Blackstone.

Sev"er*ance (?), n. 1. The act of severing, or the state of being severed; partition; separation. Milman.

2. (Law) The act of dividing; the singling or severing of two or more that join, or are joined, in one writ; the putting in several or separate pleas or answers by two or more disjointly; the destruction of the unity of interest in a joint estate. Bouvier.

Se*vere" (?), a. [Compar. Severer (?); superl. Severest.] [L. severus; perhaps akin to Gr. &?;&?;&?; awe, &?;&?;&?; revered, holy, solemn, Goth. swikns innocent, chaste: cf. F. sévère. Cf. Asseverate, Persevere.] 1. Serious in feeeling or manner; sedate; grave; austere; not light, lively, or cheerful.

> Your looks alter, as your subject does,
> From kind to fierce, from wanton to severe.

Waller.

2. Very strict in judgment, discipline, or government; harsh; not mild or indulgent; rigorous; as, severe criticism; severe punishment. "Custody severe." Milton.

> Come! you are too severe a moraler.

Shak.

> Let your zeal, if it must be expressed in anger, be always more severe against thyself than against others.

Jer. Taylor.

3. Rigidly methodical, or adherent to rule or principle; exactly conformed to a standard; not allowing or employing unneccessary ornament, amplification, etc.; strict; -- said of style, argument, etc. "Restrained by reason and severe principles." Jer. Taylor.

> The Latin, a most severe and compendious language.

Dryden.

4. Sharp; afflictive; distressing; violent; extreme; as, severe pain, anguish, fortune; severe cold.

5. Difficult to be endured; exact; critical; rigorous; as, a severe test.

Syn. -- Strict; grave; austere; stern; morose; rigid; exact; rigorous; hard; rough; harsh; censorious; tart; acrimonious; sarcastic; satirical; cutting; biting; keen; bitter; cruel. See Strict.

-- Se*vere"ly, adv. -- Se*vere"ness, n.

Se*ver"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Severities (#). [L. severitas: cf. F. sévérité.] The quality or state of being severe. Specifically: --

(a) Gravity or austerity; extreme strictness; rigor; harshness; as, the severity of a reprimand or a reproof; severity of discipline or government; severity of penalties. "Strict age, and sour severity." Milton.

(b) The quality or power of distressing or paining; extreme degree; extremity; intensity; inclemency; as, the severity of pain or anguish; the severity of cold or heat; the severity of the winter.

(c) Harshness; cruel treatment; sharpness of punishment; as, severity practiced on prisoners of war.

(d) Exactness; rigorousness; strictness; as, the severity of a test.

> Confining myself to the severity of truth.

Dryden.

Sev"er*y (?), n. [Prob. corrupted fr. ciborium. Oxf. Gloss.] (Arch.) A bay or compartment of a vaulted ceiling. [Written also civery.]

Sev`o*ca"tion (?), n. [L. sevocare, sevocatum, to call aside.] A calling aside. [Obs.]

Sè"vres blue` (?). A very light blue.

Sè"vres ware` (?). Porcelain manufactured at Sèvres, France, ecpecially in the national factory situated there.

Sew (?), n.[OE. See Sewer household officer.] Juice; gravy; a seasoned dish; a delicacy. [Obs.] Gower.

> I will not tell of their strange sewes.

Chaucer.

Sew, v. t. [See Sue to follow.] To follow; to pursue; to sue. [Obs.] Chaucer. Spenser.

Sew (?), v. t. [imp. Sewed (?); p. p. Sewed, rarely Sewn (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Sewing.] [OE. sewen, sowen, AS. siówian, swian; akin to OHG. siuwan, Icel. s&?;ja, Sw. sy, Dan. sye, Goth. siujan, Lith. siuti, Russ, shite, L. ssuere, Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;, Skr. siv. √156. Cf. Seam a suture, Suture.] 1. To unite or fasten together by stitches, as with a needle and thread.

> No man also seweth a piece of new cloth on an old garment.

Mark ii. 21.

2. To close or stop by ssewing; -- often with up; as, to sew up a rip.

3. To inclose by sewing; -- sometimes with up; as, to sew money in a bag.

Sew, v. i. To practice sewing; to work with needle and thread.

Sew (?), v. t. [√151 b. See Sewer a drain.] To drain, as a pond, for taking the fish. [Obs.] Tusser.

Sew"age (?), n. 1. The contents of a sewer or drain; refuse liquids or matter carried off by sewers

2. Sewerage, 2.

Sewe (?), v. i. To perform the duties of a sewer. See 3d Sewer. [Obs.]

Sew"el (?), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] A scarecrow, generally made of feathers tied to a string, hung up to prevent deer from breaking into a place. Halliwell.

Se*wel"lel (?), n. [Of American Indian origin.] (Zoöl.) A peculiar gregarious burrowing rodent (Haplodon rufus), native of the coast region of the Northwestern United States. It somewhat resembles a muskrat or marmot, but has only a rudimentary tail. Its head is broad, its eyes are small and its fur is brownish above, gray beneath. It constitutes the family Haplodontidæ. Called also boomer, showt'l, and mountain beaver.

<! p. 1320 !>

Sew"en (?), n. (Zoöl.) A British trout usually regarded as a variety (var. Cambricus) of the salmon trout.

Sew"er (?), n. 1. One who sews, or stitches.

2. (Zoöl.) A small tortricid moth whose larva sews together the edges of a leaf by means of silk; as, the apple-leaf sewer (Phoxopteris nubeculana)

Sew"er (?), n. [OF. sewiere, seuwiere, ultimately fr. L. ex out + a derivative of aqua water; cf. OF. essevour a drain, essever, esseuwer, essiaver, to cause to flow, to drain, to flow, LL. exaquatorium a channel through which water runs off. Cf. Ewer, Aquarium.] A drain or passage to carry off water and filth under ground; a subterraneous channel, particularly in cities.

Sew"er, n. [Cf. OE. assewer, and asseour, OF. asseour, F. asseoir to seat, to set, L. assidere to sit by; ad + sedere to sit (cf. Sit); or cf. OE. sew pottage, sauce, boiled meat, AS. seáw juice, Skr. su to press out.] Formerly, an upper servant, or household officer, who set on and removed the dishes at a feast, and who also brought water for the hands of the guests.

> Then the sewer
> Poured water from a great and golden ewer,
> That from their hands to a silver caldron ran.

Chapman.

Sew"er*age (?), n. 1. The construction of a sewer or sewers.

2. The system of sewers in a city, town, etc.; the general drainage of a city or town by means of sewers.

3. The material collected in, and discharged by, sewers. [In this sense sewage is preferable and common.]

Sew"in (?), n. (Zoöl.) Same as Sewen.

Sew"ing (?), n. 1. The act or occupation of one who sews.

2. That which is sewed with the needle.

Sewing horse (Harness making), a clamp, operated by the foot, for holding pieces of leather while being sewed. -- Sewing machine, a machine for sewing or stitching. -- Sewing press, or Sewing table (Bookbinding), a fixture or table having a frame in which are held the cords to which the back edges of folded sheets are sewed to form a book.

Sew"ster (?), n. A seamstress. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Sex- (?). [L. sex six. See Six.] A combining form meaning six; as, sexdigitism; sexennial.

Sex, n. [L. sexus: cf. F. sexe.] 1. The distinguishing peculiarity of male or female in both animals and plants; the physical difference between male and female; the assemblage of properties or qualities by which male is distinguished from female.

2. One of the two divisions of organic beings formed on the distinction of male and female.

3. (Bot.) (a) The capability in plants of fertilizing or of being fertilized; as, staminate and pistillate flowers are of opposite sexes. (b) One of the groups founded on this distinction.

The sex, the female sex; women, in general.

Sex`a*ge*na"ri*an (?), n. [See Sexagenary.] A person who is sixty years old.

Sex*ag"e*na*ry (?), a. [L. sexagenarius, fr. sexageni sixty each, akin to sexaginta sixty, sex six: cf. sexagénaire. See Six.] Pertaining to, or designating, the number sixty; poceeding by sixties; sixty years old.

Sexagenary arithmetic. See under Sexagesimal. -- Sexagenary, or Sexagesimal, scale (Math.), a scale of numbers in which the modulus is sixty. It is used in treating the divisions of the circle.

Sex*ag"e*na*ry, n. 1. Something composed of sixty parts or divisions.

2. A sexagenarian. Sir W. Scott.

||Sex`a*ges"i*ma (?), n. [L., fem. of sexagesimus sixtieth, fr. sexaginta sixty.] (Eccl.) The second Sunday before Lent; -- so called as being about the sixtieth day before Easter.

Sex`a*ges"i*mal (?), a. [Cf. F. sexagésimal.] Pertaining to, or founded on, the number sixty.

Sexagesimal fractions or numbers (Arith. & Alg.), those fractions whose denominators are some power of sixty; as, , , ; -- called also astronomical fractions, because formerly there were no others used in astronomical calculations. -- Sexagesimal, or Sexagenary, arithmetic, the method of computing by the sexagenary scale, or by sixties. -- Sexagesimal scale (Math.), the sexagenary scale.

Sex`a*ges"i*mal, n. A sexagesimal fraction.

Sex"an`gle (?), n. [L. sexangulus sexangular; sex six + angulus angle: cf. F. sexangle. Cf. Hexangular.] (Geom.) A hexagon. [R.] Hutton.

{ Sex"an`gled (?), Sex*an"gu*lar (?) } a. [Cf. F. sexangulaire.] Having six angles; hexagonal. [R.] Dryden.

Sex*an"gu*lar*ly, adv. Hexagonally. [R.]

Sex*av"a*lent (?), a. See Sexivalent. [R.]

Sex*dig"it*ism (?), n. [Sex- + digit.] The state of having six fingers on a hand, or six toes on a foot.

Sex*dig"it*ist, n. One who has six fingers on a hand, or six toes on a foot.

Sexed (?), a. Belonging to sex; having sex; distinctively male of female; as, the sexed condition.

Sex"e*na*ry (?), a. Proceeding by sixes; sextuple; -- applied especially to a system of arithmetical computation in which the base is six.

Sex*en"ni*al (?), a. [L. sexennium a period of six years, sexennis of six years; sex six + annus a year. See Six, and Annual.] Lasting six years, or happening once in six years. -- n. A sexennial event.

Sex*en"ni*al*ly, adv. Once in six years.

{ Sex"fid (?), Sex"i*fid (?), } a. [Sex- + root of L. findere to split: cf. F. sexfide.] (Bot.) Six-cleft; as, a sexfid calyx or nectary.

Sex`i*syl*lab"ic (?), a. [Sex- + syllabic.] Having six syllables. Emerson.

Sex"i*syl`la*ble (?), n. [Sex- + syllable.] A word of six syllables.

Sex*iv"a*lent (?), a. [Sex- + L. valens, p. pr. See Valence.] (hem.) Hexavalent. [R.]

Sex"less (?), a. Having no sex.

Sex`loc"u*lar (?), a. [Sex- + locular: cf. F. sexloculaire.] (Bot.) Having six cells for seeds; six-celled; as, a sexlocular pericarp.

Sex"ly (?), a. Pertaining to sex. [R.]

> Should I ascribe any of these things unto myself or my sexly weakness, I were not worthy to live.

Queen Elizabeth.

Sex*ra"di*ate (?), a. [Sex- + radiate.] (Zoöl.) Having six rays; -- said of certain sponge spicules. See Illust. of Spicule.

Sext (?), n. [L. sexta, fem. of sextus sixtt, fr. sex six: cf. F. sexte.] (R.C.Ch.) (a) The office for the sixth canonical hour, being a part of the Breviary. (b) The sixth book of the decretals, added by Pope Boniface VIII.

Sex"tain, n. [L. sextus sixth, fr. sex six: cf. It. sestina.] (Pros.) A stanza of six lines; a sestine.

||Sex"tans (?), n. [L. See Sextant.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) A Roman coin, the sixth part of an as.

2. (Astron.) A constellation on the equator south of Leo; the Sextant.

Sex"tant (?), n. [L. sextans, -antis, the sixth part of an as, fr. sextus sixth, sex six. See Six.] 1. (Math.) The sixth part of a circle.

2. An instrument for measuring angular distances between objects, -- used esp. at sea, for ascertaining the latitude and longitude. It is constructed on the same optical principle as Hadley's quadrant, but usually of metal, with a nicer graduation, telescopic sight, and its arc the sixth, and sometimes the third, part of a circle. See Quadrant.

3. (Astron.) The constellation Sextans.

Box sextant, a small sextant inclosed in a cylindrical case to make it more portable.

Sex"ta*ry (?), n.; pl. Sextaries (#). [L. sextarius the sixth part of a measure, weight, etc., fr. sextus sixth, sex six.] (Rom. Antiq.) An ancient Roman liquid and dry measure, about equal to an English pint.

Sex"ta*ry (?), n. [For sextonry.] A sacristy. [Obs.]

{ Sex*tet" (?), Sex*tet"to (?), } n. (Mus.) See Sestet.

Sex"teyn (?), n. A sacristan. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Sex"tic (?), a. [L. sextus sixth.] (Math.) Of the sixth degree or order. -- n. (Alg.) A quantic of the sixth degree.

Sex"tile (?), a. [F. sextil, fr. L. sextus the sixth, from sex six. See Six.] (Astrol.) Measured by sixty degrees; fixed or indicated by a distance of sixty degrees. Glanvill.

Sex"tile, n. [Cf. F. aspect sextil.] (Astrol.) The aspect or position of two planets when distant from each other sixty degrees, or two signs. This position is marked thus: &8star;. Hutton.

Sex*til"lion (?), n. [Formed (in imitation of million) fr. L. sextus sixth, sex six: cf. F. sextilion.] According to the method of numeration (which is followed also in the United States), the number expressed by a unit with twenty-one ciphers annexed. According to the English method, a million raised to the sixth power, or the number expressed by a unit with thirty-six ciphers annexed. See Numeration.

Sex"to (?), n.; pl. Sextos (#). [L. sextus sixth.] A book consisting of sheets each of which is folded into six leaves.

Sex`to*dec"i*mo (?), a. [L. sextus- decimus the sixteenth; sextus the sixth (fr. sex six) + decimus the tenth, from decem ten. See - mo.] Having sixteen leaves to a sheet; of, or equal to, the size of one fold of a sheet of printing paper when folded so as to make sixteen leaves, or thirty-two pages; as, a sextodecimo volume.

Sex`to*dec"imo, n.; pl. Sextodecimos (&?;). A book composed of sheets each of which is folded into sixteen leaves; hence, indicating, more or less definitely, a size of a book; -- usually written 16mo, or 16°.

Sex"to*let (?), n. (Mus.) A double triplet; a group of six equal notes played in the time of four.

Sex"ton (?), n. [OE. sextein, contr. fr. sacristan.] An under officer of a church, whose business is to take care of the church building and the vessels, vestments, etc., belonging to the church, to attend on the officiating clergyman, and to perform other duties pertaining to the church, such as to dig graves, ring the bell, etc.

Sexton beetle (Zoöl.), a burying beetle.

Sex"ton*ess, n. A female sexton; a sexton's wife.

Sex"ton*ry (?), n. Sextonship. [Obs.] Ld. Bernes.

Sex"ton*ship, n. The office of a sexton. Swift.

Sex"try (?), n. See Sacristy. [Obs.]

Sex"tu*ple (?), a. [Formed (in imitation of quadruple) fr. L. sextus sixth: cf. F. sextuple.] 1. Six times as much; sixfold.

2. (Mus.) Divisible by six; having six beats; as, sixtuple measure.

Sex"u*al (?), a. [L. sexualis, fr. sexus sex: cf. F. sexuel.] Of or pertaining to sex, or the sexes; distinguishing sex; peculiar to the distinction and office of male or female; relating to the distinctive genital organs of the sexes; proceeding from, or based upon, sex; as, sexual characteristics; sexual intercourse, connection, or commerce; sexual desire; sexual diseases; sexual generation.

Sexual dimorphism (Biol.), the condition of having one of the sexes existing in two forms, or varieties, differing in color, size, etc., as in many species of butterflies which have two kinds of females. -- Sexual method (Bot.), a method of classification proposed by Linnæus, founded mainly on difference in number and position of the stamens and pistils of plants. -- Sexual selection (Biol.), the selective preference of one sex for certain characteristics in the other, such as bright colors, musical notes, etc.; also, the selection which results from certain individuals of one sex having more opportunities of pairing with the other sex, on account of greater activity, strength, courage, etc.; applied likewise to that kind of evolution which results from such sexual preferences. Darwin.

> In these cases, therefore, natural selection seems to have acted independently of sexual selection.

A. R. Wallace.

Sex"u*al*ist, n. (Bot.) One who classifies plants by the sexual method of Linnæus.

Sex`u*al"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being distinguished by sex. Lindley.

Sex"u*al*ize (?), v. t. To attribute sex to.

Sex"u*al*ly, adv. In a sexual manner or relation.

{ Sey (?), Seyh (?) }, obs. imp. sing. & 2d pers. pl. of See. Chaucer.

{ Seye (?), Seyen (?) }, obs. imp. pl. & p. p. of See.

Seynd (?), obs. p. p. of Senge, to singe. Chaucer.

Seynt (?), n. A gridle. See 1st Seint. [Obs.]

{ ||Sfor*zan"do (?), ||Sfor*za"to (?), } a. [It. sforzando, p. pr., and sforzato, p. p. of sforzare to force.] (Mus.) Forcing or forced; -- a direction placed over a note, to signify that it must be executed with peculiar emphasis and force; -- marked fz (an abbreviation of forzando), sf, sfz, or &?;.

||Sfu*ma"to (?), a. [It.] (Paint.) Having vague outlines, and colors and shades so mingled as to give a misty appearance; -- said of a painting.

||Sgraf*fi"to (?), a. [It.] (Paint.) Scratched; -- said of decorative painting of a certain style, in which a white overland surface is cut or scratched through, so as to form the design from a dark ground underneath.

Shab (?), n. [OE. shabbe, AS. sc&?;b. See Scab.] The itch in animals; also, a scab. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Shab, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shabbed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shabbing.] [See Scab, 3.] To play mean tricks; to act shabbily. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Shab, v. t. To scratch; to rub. [Obs.] Farquhar.

Shab"bed (?), a. Shabby. [Obs.] Wood.

Shab"bi*ly (?), adv. In a shabby manner.

Shab"bi*ness, n. The quality or state of being sghabby.

{ Shab"ble (?), Shab"ble }, n.[Cf. D. sabel, and G. säbel.] A kind of crooked sword or hanger. [Scot.]

Shab"by (?), a. [Compar. Shabbier (?); superl. Shabbiest.] [See Shab, n., Scabby, and Scab.] 1. Torn or worn to rage; poor; mean; ragged.

> Wearing shabby coats and dirty shirts.

Macaulay.

2. Clothed with ragged, much worn, or soiled garments. "The dean was so shabby." Swift.

3. Mean; paltry; despicable; as, shabby treatment. "Very shabby fellows." Clarendon.

||Shab"rack (?), n. [Turk. tshprk, whence F. chabraque, G. shabracke.] (Mil.) The saddlecloth or housing of a cavalry horse.

Shack (?), v. t. [Prov. E., to shake, to shed. See Shake.] 1. To shed or fall, as corn or grain at harvest. [Prov. Eng.] Grose.

2. To feed in stubble, or upon waste corn. [Prov. Eng.]

3. To wander as a vagabond or a tramp. [Prev.Eng.]

Shack, n. [Cf. Scot. shag refuse of barley or oats.] 1. The grain left after harvest or gleaning; also, nuts which have fallen to the ground. [Prov. Eng.]

2. Liberty of winter pasturage. [Prov. Eng.]

3. A shiftless fellow; a low, itinerant beggar; a vagabond; a tramp. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U.S.] Forby.

> All the poor old shacks about the town found a friend in Deacon Marble.

H. W. Beecher.

Common of shack (Eng.Law), the right of persons occupying lands lying together in the same common field to turn out their cattle to range in it after harvest. Cowell.

Shack"a*to*ry (?), n. A hound. [Obs.]

Shac"kle (?), n. Stubble. [Prov. Eng.] Pegge.

Shac"kle, n. [Generally used in the plural.] [OE. schakkyll, schakle, AS. scacul, sceacul, a shackle, fr. scacan to shake; cf. D. schakel a link of a chain, a mesh, Icel. skökull the pole of a cart. See Shake.] 1. Something which confines the legs or arms so as to prevent their free motion; specifically, a ring or band inclosing the ankle or wrist, and fastened to a similar shackle on the other leg or arm, or to something else, by a chain or a strap; a gyve; a fetter.

> His shackles empty left; himself escaped clean.

Spenser.

2. Hence, that which checks or prevents free action.

> His very will seems to be in bonds and shackles.

South.

3. A fetterlike band worn as an ornament.

> Most of the men and women . . . had all earrings made of gold, and gold shackles about their legs and arms.

Dampier.

4. A link or loop, as in a chain, fitted with a movable bolt, so that the parts can be separated, or the loop removed; a clevis.

5. A link for connecting railroad cars; -- called also drawlink, draglink, etc.

6. The hinged and curved bar of a padlock, by which it is hung to the staple. Knight.

Shackle joint (Anat.), a joint formed by a bony ring passing through a hole in a bone, as at the bases of spines in some fishes.

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Shac"kle (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shackled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shackling.] 1. To tie or confine the limbs of, so as to prevent free motion; to bind with shackles; to fetter; to chain.

> To lead him shackled, and exposed to scorn
> Of gathering crowds, the Britons' boasted chief.

J. Philips.

2. Figuratively: To bind or confine so as to prevent or embarrass action; to impede; to cumber.

> Shackled by her devotion to the king, she seldom could pursue that object.

Walpole.

3. To join by a link or chain, as railroad cars. [U. S.]

Shackle bar, the coupling between a locomotive and its tender. [U.S.] -- Shackle bolt, a shackle. Sir W. Scott.

Shack"lock` (?), n. A sort of shackle. [Obs.]

Shack"ly, a. Shaky; rickety. [Colloq. U. S.]

Shad (shd), n. sing. & pl. [AS. sceadda a kind of fish, akin to Prov. G. schade; cf. Ir. & Gael. sgadan a herring, W. ysgadan herrings; all perhaps akin to E. skate a fish.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of food fishes of the Herring family. The American species (Clupea sapidissima), which is abundant on the Atlantic coast and ascends the larger rivers in spring to spawn, is an important market fish. The European allice shad, or alose (C. alosa), and the twaite shad. (C. finta), are less important species. [Written also chad.]

The name is loosely applied, also, to several other fishes, as the gizzard shad (see under Gizzard), called also mud shad, white-eyed shad, and winter shad.

Hardboaded, or Yellow-tailed, shad, the menhaden. -- Hickory, or Tailor, shad, the mattowacca. -- Long-boned shad, one of several species of important food fishes of the Bermudas and the West Indies, of the genus Gerres. -- Shad bush (Bot.), a name given to the North American shrubs or small trees of the rosaceous genus Amelanchier (A. Canadensis, and A. alnifolia) Their white racemose blossoms open in April or May, when the shad appear, and the edible berries (pomes) ripen in June or July, whence they are called Juneberries. The plant is also called service tree, and Juneberry. -- Shad frog, an American spotted frog (Rana halecina); - - so called because it usually appears at the time when the shad begin to run in the rivers. -- Trout shad, the squeteague. -- White shad, the common shad.

Shad"bird` (shd"brd), n. (Zoöl.) (a) The American, or Wilson's, snipe. See under Snipe. So called because it appears at the same time as the shad. (b) The common European sandpiper. [Prov. Eng.]

Shadd (shd), n. (Mining.) Rounded stones containing tin ore, lying at the surface of the ground, and indicating a vein. Raymond.

Shad"de (?), obs. imp. of Shed. Chaucer.

Shad"dock (?), n. [Said to be so called from a Captain Shaddock, who first brought this fruit from the East Indies.] (Bot.) A tree (Citrus decumana) and its fruit, which is a large species of orange; -- called also forbidden fruit, and pompelmous.

Shade (shd), n. [OE. shade, shadewe, schadewe, AS. sceadu, scead; akin to OS. skado, D. schaduw, OHG. scato, (gen. scatewes), G. schatten, Goth. skadus, Ir. & Gael. sgath, and probably to Gr. sko`tos darkness. √162. Cf. Shadow, Shed a hat.] 1. Comparative obscurity owing to interception or interruption of the rays of light; partial darkness caused by the intervention of something between the space contemplated and the source of light.

Shade differs from shadow as it implies no particular form or definite limit; whereas a shadow represents in form the object which intercepts the light. When we speak of the shade of a tree, we have no reference to its form; but when we speak of measuring a pyramid or other object by its shadow, we have reference to its form and extent.

2. Darkness; obscurity; -- often in the plural.

> The shades of night were falling fast.

Longfellow.

3. An obscure place; a spot not exposed to light; hence, a secluded retreat.

> Let us seek out some desolate shade, and there
> Weep our sad bosoms empty.

Shak.

4. That which intercepts, or shelters from, light or the direct rays of the sun; hence, also, that which protects from heat or currents of air; a screen; protection; shelter; cover; as, a lamp shade.

> The Lord is thy shade upon thy right hand.

Ps. cxxi. 5.

> Sleep under a fresh tree's shade.

Shak.

> Let the arched knife well sharpened now assail the spreading shades of vegetables.

J. Philips.

5. Shadow. [Poetic.]

> Envy will merit, as its shade, pursue.

Pope.

6. The soul after its separation from the body; -- so called because the ancients it to be perceptible to the sight, though not to the touch; a spirit; a ghost; as, the shades of departed heroes.

> Swift as thought the flitting shade
> Thro' air his momentary journey made.

Dryden.

7. (Painting, Drawing, etc.) The darker portion of a picture; a less illuminated part. See Def. 1, above.

8. Degree or variation of color, as darker or lighter, stronger or paler; as, a delicate shade of pink.

> White, red, yellow, blue, with their several degrees, or shades and mixtures, as green only in by the eyes.

Locke.

9. A minute difference or variation, as of thought, belief, expression, etc.; also, the quality or degree of anything which is distinguished from others similar by slight differences; as, the shades of meaning in synonyms.

> New shades and combinations of thought.

De Quincey.

> Every shade of religious and political opinion has its own headquarters.

Macaulay.

The Shades, the Nether World; the supposed abode of souls after leaving the body.

Shade (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Shading.] 1. To shelter or screen by intercepting the rays of light; to keep off illumination from. Milton.

> I went to crop the sylvan scenes,
> And shade our altars with their leafy greens.

Dryden.

2. To shelter; to cover from injury; to protect; to screen; to hide; as, to shade one's eyes.

> Ere in our own house I do shade my head.

Shak.

3. To obscure; to dim the brightness of.

> Thou shad'st
> The full blaze of thy beams.

Milton.

4. To pain in obscure colors; to darken.

5. To mark with gradations of light or color.

6. To present a shadow or image of; to shadow forth; to represent. [Obs.]

> [The goddess] in her person cunningly did shade
> That part of Justice which is Equity.

Spenser.

Shade"ful (?), a. Full of shade; shady.

Shade"less, a. Being without shade; not shaded.

Shad"er (?), n. One who, or that which, shades.

Shad"i*ly (?), adv. In a shady manner.

Shad"i*ness, n. Quality or state of being shady.

Shad"ing, n. 1. Act or process of making a shade.

2. That filling up which represents the effect of more or less darkness, expressing rotundity, projection, etc., in a picture or a drawing.

||Sha*doof" (sh*df"), n. [Ar. shdf.] A machine, resembling a well sweep, used in Egypt for raising water from the Nile for irrigation.

Shad"ow (shd"), n. [Originally the same word as shade. √162. See Shade.] 1. Shade within defined limits; obscurity or deprivation of light, apparent on a surface, and representing the form of the body which intercepts the rays of light; as, the shadow of a man, of a tree, or of a tower. See the Note under Shade, n., 1.

2. Darkness; shade; obscurity.

> Night's sable shadows from the ocean rise.

Denham.

3. A shaded place; shelter; protection; security.

> In secret shadow from the sunny ray,
> On a sweet bed of lilies softly laid.

Spenser.

4. A reflected image, as in a mirror or in water. Shak.

5. That which follows or attends a person or thing like a shadow; an inseparable companion; hence, an obsequious follower.

> Sin and her shadow Death.

Milton.

6. A spirit; a ghost; a shade; a phantom. "Hence, horrible shadow!" Shak.

7. An imperfect and faint representation; adumbration; indistinct image; dim bodying forth; hence, mystical representation; type.

> The law having a shadow of good things to come.

Heb. x. 1.

> [Types] and shadows of that destined seed.

Milton.

8. A small degree; a shade. "No variableness, neither shadow of turning." James i. 17.

9. An uninvited guest coming with one who is invited. [A Latinism] Nares.

> I must not have my board pastered with shadows
> That under other men's protection break in
> Without invitement.

Massinger.

Shadow of death, darkness or gloom like that caused by the presence or the impending of death. Ps. xxiii. 4.

Shad"ow, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shadowed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shadowing.] [OE. shadowen, AS. sceadwian. See adow, n.] 1. To cut off light from; to put in shade; to shade; to throw a shadow upon; to overspead with obscurity.

> The warlike elf much wondered at this tree,
> So fair and great, that shadowed all the ground.

Spenser.

2. To conceal; to hide; to screen. [R.]

> Let every soldier hew him down a bough.
> And bear't before him; thereby shall we shadow
> The numbers of our host.

Shak.

3. To protect; to shelter from danger; to shroud.

> Shadowing their right under your wings of war.

Shak.

4. To mark with gradations of light or color; to shade.

5. To represent faintly or imperfectly; to adumbrate; hence, to represent typically.

> Augustus is shadowed in the person of Æneas.

Dryden.

6. To cloud; to darken; to cast a gloom over.

> The shadowed livery of the burnished sun.

Shak.

> Why sad?
> I must not see the face O love thus shadowed.

Beau. & Fl.

7. To attend as closely as a shadow; to follow and watch closely, especially in a secret or unobserved manner; as, a detective shadows a criminal.

Shad"ow*i*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being shadowy.

Shad"ow*ing, n. 1. Shade, or gradation of light and color; shading. Feltham.

2. A faint representation; an adumbration.

> There are . . . in savage theology shadowings, quaint or majestic, of the conception of a Supreme Deity.

Tylor.

Shad"ow*ish, a. Shadowy; vague. [Obs.] Hooker.

Shad"ow*less, a. Having no shadow.

Shad"ow*y (?), a. 1. Full of shade or shadows; causing shade or shadow. "Shadowy verdure." Fenton.

> This shadowy desert, unfrequented woods.

Shak.

2. Hence, dark; obscure; gloomy; dim. "The shadowy past." Longfellow.

3. Not brightly luminous; faintly light.

> The moon . . . with more pleasing light,
> Shadowy sets off the face things.

Milton.

4. Faintly representative; hence, typical.

> From shadowy types to truth, from flesh to spirit.

Milton.

5. Unsubstantial; unreal; as, shadowy honor.

> Milton has brought into his poems two actors of a shadowy
> and fictitious nature, in the persons of Sin and Death.

Addison.

Sha"drach (?), n. (Metal.) A mass of iron on which the operation of smelting has failed of its intended effect; -- so called from Shadrach, one of the three Hebrews who came forth unharmed from the fiery furnace of Nebuchadnezzar. (See Dan. iii. 26, 27.)

Shad"-spir`it (?), n. See Shadbird (a)

Shad"-wait`er (?), n. (Zoöl.) A lake whitefish; the roundfish. See Roundfish.

Shad"y (?), a. [Compar. Shadier (?); superl. Shadiest.] 1. Abounding in shade or shades; overspread with shade; causing shade.

> The shady trees cover him with their shadow.

Job. xl. 22.

> And Amaryllis fills the shady groves.

Dryden.

2. Sheltered from the glare of light or sultry heat.

> Cast it also that you may have rooms shady for summer and warm for winter.

Bacon.

3. Of or pertaining to shade or darkness; hence, unfit to be seen or known; equivocal; dubious or corrupt. [Colloq.] "A shady business." London Sat. Rev.

> Shady characters, disreputable, criminal.

London Spectator.

On the shady side of, on the thither side of; as, on the shady side of fifty; that is, more than fifty. [Colloq.] -- To keep shady, to stay in concealment; also, to be reticent. [Slang]

Shaf"fle (?), v. i. [See Shuffle.] To hobble or limp; to shuffle. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Shaf"fler (?), n. A hobbler; one who limps; a shuffer. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Sha"fi*ite (?), n. A member of one of the four sects of the Sunnites, or Orthodox Mohammedans; -- so called from its founder, Mohammed al-Shafeï.

Shaft (?), n. [OE. shaft, schaft, AS. sceaft; akin to D. schacht, OHG. scaft, G. schaft, Dan. & Sw. skaft handle, haft, Icel. skapt, and probably to L. scapus, Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;, &?;&?;&?;&?;, a staff. Probably originally, a shaven or smoothed rod. Cf. Scape, Scepter, Shave.] 1. The slender, smooth stem of an arrow; hence, an arrow.

> His sleep, his meat, his drink, is him bereft,
> That lean he wax, and dry as is a shaft.

Chaucer.

> A shaft hath three principal parts, the stele [stale], the feathers, and the head.

Ascham.

2. The long handle of a spear or similar weapon; hence, the weapon itself; (Fig.) anything regarded as a shaft to be thrown or darted; as, shafts of light.

> And the thunder,
> Winged with red lightning and impetuous rage,
> Perhaps hath spent his shafts.

Milton.

> Some kinds of literary pursuits . . . have been attacked with all the shafts of ridicule.

V. Knox.

3. That which resembles in some degree the stem or handle of an arrow or a spear; a long, slender part, especially when cylindrical. Specifically: (a) (Bot.) The trunk, stem, or stalk of a plant. (b) (Zoöl.) The stem or midrib of a feather. See Illust. of Feather. (c) The pole, or tongue, of a vehicle; also, a thill. (d) The part of a candlestick which supports its branches.

> Thou shalt make a candlestick of pure gold . . . his shaft, and his branches, his bowls, his knops, and his flowers, shall be of the same.

Ex. xxv. 31.

(e) The handle or helve of certain tools, instruments, etc., as a hammer, a whip, etc. (f) A pole, especially a Maypole. [Obs.] Stow. (g) (Arch.) The body of a column; the cylindrical pillar between the capital and base (see Illust. of Column). Also, the part of a chimney above the roof. Also, the spire of a steeple. [Obs. or R.] Gwilt. (h) A column, an obelisk, or other spire-shaped or columnar monument.

> Bid time and nature gently spare
> The shaft we raise to thee.

Emerson.

(i) (Weaving) A rod at the end of a heddle. (j) (Mach.) A solid or hollow cylinder or bar, having one or more journals on which it rests and revolves, and intended to carry one or more wheels or other revolving parts and to transmit power or motion; as, the shaft of a steam engine. See Illust. of Countershaft.

4. (Zoöl.) A humming bird (Thaumastura cora) having two of the tail feathers next to the middle ones very long in the male; -- called also cora humming bird.

5. [Cf. G. schacht.] (Mining) A well-like excavation in the earth, perpendicular or nearly so, made for reaching and raising ore, for raising water, etc.

6. A long passage for the admission or outlet of air; an air shaft.

7. The chamber of a blast furnace.

Line shaft (Mach.), a main shaft of considerable length, in a shop or factory, usually bearing a number of pulleys by which machines are driven, commonly by means of countershafts; -- called also line, or main line. - - Shaft alley (Naut.), a passage extending from the engine room to the stern, and containing the propeller shaft. -- Shaft furnace (Metal.), a furnace, in the form of a chimney, which is charged at the top and tapped at the bottom.

Shaft"ed, a. 1. Furnished with a shaft, or with shafts; as, a shafted arch.

2. (Her.) Having a shaft; -- applied to a spear when the head and the shaft are of different tinctures.

Shaft"ing, n. (Mach.) Shafts, collectivelly; a system of connected shafts for communicating motion.

{ Shaft"man (?), Shaft"ment (?), } n. [AS. sceaftmund.] A measure of about six inches. [Obs.]

<! p. 1322 !>

Shag (?), n. [AS. sceacga a bush of hair; akin to Icel. skegg the beard, Sw. skägg, Dan. skj&?;g. Cf. Schock of hair.] 1. Coarse hair or nap; rough, woolly hair.

> True Witney broadcloth, with its shag unshorn.

Gay.

2. A kind of cloth having a long, coarse nap.

3. (Com.) A kind of prepared tobacco cut fine.

4. (Zoöl.) Any species of cormorant.

Shag, a. Hairy; shaggy. Shak.

Shag, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shagged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shagging.] To make hairy or shaggy; hence, to make rough.

> Shag the green zone that bounds the boreal skies.

J. Barlow.

Shag"bark` (?), n. (Bot.) A rough-barked species of hickory (Carya alba), its nut. Called also shellbark. See Hickory. (b) The West Indian Pithecolobium micradenium, a legiminous tree with a red coiled-up pod.

Shage"bush` (?), n. A sackbut. [Obs.]

Shag"ged (?), a. Shaggy; rough. Milton. -- Shag"ged*ness, n. Dr. H. More.

Shag"gi*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being shaggy; roughness; shaggedness.

Shag"gy (?), a. [Compar. Shaggier (?); superl. Shaggiest.] [From Shag, n.] Rough with long hair or wool.

> About his shoulders hangs the shaggy skin.

Dryden.

2. Rough; rugged; jaggy. Milton.

> [A rill] that winds unseen beneath the shaggy fell.

Keble.

Shag"-haired` (?), a. Having shaggy hair. Shak.

Shag"-rag` (?), n. The unkempt and ragged part of the community. [Colloq. or Slang.] R. Browning.

Sha*green" (?), v. t. To chagrin. [Obs.]

Sha*green", n. [F. chagrin, It. zigrino, fr. Turk. saghri the back of a horse or other beast of burden, shagreen. Cf. Chagrin.] 1. A kind of untanned leather prepared in Russia and the East, from the skins of horses, asses, and camels, and grained so as to be covered with small round granulations. This characteristic surface is produced by pressing small seeds into the grain or hair side when moist, and afterward, when dry, scraping off the roughness left between them, and then, by soaking, causing the portions of the skin which had been compressed or indented by the seeds to swell up into relief. It is used for covering small cases and boxes.

2. The skin of various small sharks and other fishes when having small, rough, bony scales. The dogfishes of the genus Scyllium furnish a large part of that used in the arts.

{ Sha*green" (?), Sha*greened" (?) } a. 1. Made or covered with the leather called shagreen. "A shagreen case of lancets." T. Hook.

2. (Zoöl.) Covered with rough scales or points like those on shagreen.

Shah (shä), n. [Per. shh a king, sovereign, prince. Cf. Checkmate, Chess, Pasha.] The title of the supreme ruler in certain Eastern countries, especially Persia. [Written also schah.]

Shah Nameh. [Per., Book of Kings.] A celebrated historical poem written by Firdousi, being the most ancient in the modern Persian language. Brande & C.

||Sha*hin" (?), n. [Ar. shhn.] (Zoöl.) A large and swift Asiatic falcon (Falco pregrinator) highly valued in falconry.

Shaik (?), n. See Sheik.

Shail (?), v. i. [Cf. AS. sceolh squinting, Icel. skjgr wry, oblique, Dan. skele to squint.] To walk sidewise. [Obs.] L'Estrange.

Shake (?), obs. p. p. of Shake. Chaucer.

Shake, v. t. [imp. Shook (?); p. p. Shaken (?), (Shook, obs.); p. pr. & vb. n. Shaking.] [OE. shaken, schaken, AS. scacan, sceacan; akin to Icel. & Sw. skaka, OS. skakan, to depart, to flee. √161. Cf. Shock, v.] 1. To cause to move with quick or violent vibrations; to move rapidly one way and the other; to make to tremble or shiver; to agitate.

> As a fig tree casteth her untimely figs, when she is shaken of a mighty wind.

Rev. vi. 13.

> Ascend my chariot; guide the rapid wheels
> That shake heaven's basis.

Milton.

2. Fig.: To move from firmness; to weaken the stability of; to cause to waver; to impair the resolution of.

> When his doctrines grew too strong to be shook by his enemies, they persecuted his reputation.

Atterbury.

> Thy equal fear that my firm faith and love
> Can by his fraud be shaken or seduced.

Milton.

3. (Mus.) To give a tremulous tone to; to trill; as, to shake a note in music.

4. To move or remove by agitating; to throw off by a jolting or vibrating motion; to rid one's self of; -- generally with an adverb, as off, out, etc.; as, to shake fruit down from a tree.

> Shake off the golden slumber of repose.

Shak.

> 'Tis our fast intent
> To shake all cares and business from our age.

Shak.

> I could scarcely shake him out of my company.

Bunyan.

To shake a cask (Naut.), to knock a cask to pieces and pack the staves. -- To shake hands, to perform the customary act of civility by clasping and moving hands, as an expression of greeting, farewell, good will, agreement, etc. -- To shake out a reef (Naut.), to untile the reef points and spread more canvas. -- To shake the bells. See under Bell. -- To shake the sails (Naut.), to luff up in the wind, causing the sails to shiver. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

Shake, v. i. To be agitated with a waving or vibratory motion; to tremble; to shiver; to quake; to totter.

> Under his burning wheels
> The steadfast empyrean shook throughout,
> All but the throne itself of God.

Milton.

> What danger? Who 's that that shakes behind there?

Beau. & Fl.

Shaking piece, a name given by butchers to the piece of beef cut from the under side of the neck. See Illust. of Beef.

Shake (?), n. 1. The act or result of shaking; a vacillating or wavering motion; a rapid motion one way and other; a trembling, quaking, or shivering; agitation.

> The great soldier's honor was composed
> Of thicker stuff, which could endure a shake.

Herbert.

> Our salutations were very hearty on both sides, consisting of many kind shakes of the hand.

Addison.

2. A fissure or crack in timber, caused by its being dried too suddenly. Gwilt.

3. A fissure in rock or earth.

4. (Mus.) A rapid alternation of a principal tone with another represented on the next degree of the staff above or below it; a trill.

5. (Naut.) One of the staves of a hogshead or barrel taken apart. Totten.

6. A shook of staves and headings. Knight.

7. (Zoöl.) The redshank; -- so called from the nodding of its head while on the ground. [Prov. Eng.]

No great shakes, of no great importance. [Slang] Byron. -- The shakes, the fever and ague. [Colloq. U.S.]

Shake"down` (?), n. A temporary substitute for a bed, as one made on the floor or on chairs; -- perhaps originally from the shaking down of straw for this purpose. Sir W. Scott.

Shake"fork` (?), n. A fork for shaking hay; a pitchfork. [Obs.]

Shak"en (?), a. 1. Caused to shake; agitated; as, a shaken bough.

2. Cracked or checked; split. See Shake, n., 2.

> Nor is the wood shaken or twisted.

Barroe.

3. Impaired, as by a shock.

Shak"er (?), n. 1. A person or thing that shakes, or by means of which something is shaken.

2. One of a religious sect who do not marry, popularly so called from the movements of the members in dancing, which forms a part of their worship.

The sect originated in England in 1747, and came to the United States in 1774, under the leadership of Mother Ann Lee. The Shakers are sometimes nicknamed Shaking Quakers, but they differ from the Quakers in doctrine and practice. They style themselves the "United Society of Believers in Christ's Second Appearing." The sect is now confined in the United States.

3. (Zoöl.) A variety of pigeon. P. J. Selby.

Shak"er*ess, n. A female Shaker.

Shak"er*ism (?), n. Doctrines of the Shakers.

Shake*spear"e*an (?), a. Of, pertaining to, or in the style of, Shakespeare or his works. [Written also Shakespearian, Shakspearean, Shakspearian, Shaksperean, Shaksperian.etc.]

Shak"i*ness (?), n. Quality of being shaky.

Shak"ings (?), n. pl. (Naut.) Deck sweepings, refuse of cordage, canvas, etc. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

Shak"o (?), n. [Hung. csákó: cf. F. shako, schako.] A kind of military cap or headdress.

Shak"y (?), a. [Compar. Shakier (?); superl. Shakiest.] 1. Shaking or trembling; as, a shaky spot in a marsh; a shaky hand. Thackeray.

2. Full of shakes or cracks; cracked; as, shaky timber. Gwilt.

3. Easily shaken; tottering; unsound; as, a shaky constitution; shaky business credit. [Colloq.]

Shale (?), n. [AS. scealy, scalu. See Scalme, and cf. Shell.] 1. A shell or husk; a cod or pod. "The green shales of a bean." Chapman.

2. [G. shale.] (Geol.) A fine- grained sedimentary rock of a thin, laminated, and often friable, structure.

Bituminous shale. See under Bituminous.

Shale, v. t. To take off the shell or coat of; to shell.

> Life, in its upper grades, was bursting its shell, or was shaling off its husk.

I. Taylor.

Shall (?), v. i. & auxiliary. [imp. Should (?).] [OE. shal, schal, imp. sholde, scholde, AS. scal, sceal, I am obliged, imp. scolde, sceolde, inf. sculan; akin to OS. skulan, pres. skal, imp. skolda, D. zullen, pres. zal, imp. zoude, zou, OHG. solan, scolan, pres. scal, sol. imp. scolta, solta, G. sollen, pres. soll, imp. sollte, Icel. skulu, pres. skal, imp. skyldi, SW. skola, pres. skall, imp. skulle, Dan. skulle, pres. skal, imp. skulde, Goth. skulan, pres. skal, imp. skulda, and to AS. scyld guilt, G. schuld guilt, fault, debt, and perhaps to L. scelus crime.] [Shall is defective, having no infinitive, imperative, or participle.] 1. To owe; to be under obligation for. [Obs.] "By the faith I shall to God" Court of Love.

2. To be obliged; must. [Obs.] "Me athinketh [I am sorry] that I shall rehearse it her." Chaucer.

3. As an auxiliary, shall indicates a duty or necessity whose obligation is derived from the person speaking; as, you shall go; he shall go; that is, I order or promise your going. It thus ordinarily expresses, in the second and third persons, a command, a threat, or a promise. If the auxillary be emphasized, the command is made more imperative, the promise or that more positive and sure. It is also employed in the language of prophecy; as, "the day shall come when . . . , " since a promise or threat and an authoritative prophecy nearly coincide in significance. In shall with the first person, the necessity of the action is sometimes implied as residing elsewhere than in the speaker; as, I shall suffer; we shall see; and there is always a less distinct and positive assertion of his volition than is indicated by will. "I shall go" implies nearly a simple futurity; more exactly, a foretelling or an expectation of my going, in which, naturally enough, a certain degree of plan or intention may be included; emphasize the shall, and the event is described as certain to occur, and the expression approximates in meaning to our emphatic "I will go." In a question, the relation of speaker and source of obligation is of course transferred to the person addressed; as, "Shall you go?" (answer, "I shall go"); "Shall he go?" i. e., "Do you require or promise his going?" (answer, "He shall go".) The same relation is transferred to either second or third person in such phrases as "You say, or think, you shall go;" "He says, or thinks, he shall go." After a conditional conjunction (as if, whether) shall is used in all persons to express futurity simply; as, if I, you, or he shall say they are right. Should is everywhere used in the same connection and the same senses as shall, as its imperfect. It also expresses duty or moral obligation; as, he should do it whether he will or not. In the early English, and hence in our English Bible, shall is the auxiliary mainly used, in all the persons, to express simple futurity. (Cf. Will, v. t.) Shall may be used elliptically; thus, with an adverb or other word expressive of motion go may be omitted. "He to England shall along with you." Shak.

Shall and will are often confounded by inaccurate speakers and writers. Say: I shall be glad to see you. Shall I do this? Shall I help you? (not Will I do this?) See Will.

Shal"li (?), n. See Challis.

Shal"lon (?), n. (Bot.) An evergreen shrub (Gaultheria Shallon) of Northwest America; also, its fruit. See Salal-berry.

Shal*loon" (?), n. [F. chalon, from Châlons, in France, where it was first made.] A thin, loosely woven, twilled worsted stuff.

> In blue shalloon shall Hannibal be clad.

Swift.

Shal"lop (?), n. [F. chaloupe, probably from D. sloep. Cf. Sloop.] (Naut.) A boat.

> [She] thrust the shallop from the floating strand.

Spenser.

The term shallop is applied to boats of all sizes, from a light canoe up to a large boat with masts and sails.

Shal*lot" (?), n. [OF. eschalote (for escalone), F. échalote. See Scallion, and cf. Eschalot.] (Bot.) A small kind of onion (Allium Ascalonicum) growing in clusters, and ready for gathering in spring; a scallion, or eschalot.

Shal"low (?), a. [Compar. Shallower (?); superl. Shallowest.] [OE. schalowe, probably originally, sloping or shelving; cf. Icel. skjlgr wry, squinting, AS. sceolh, D. & G. scheel, OHG. schelah. Cf. Shelve to slope, Shoal shallow.] 1. Not deep; having little depth; shoal. "Shallow brooks, and rivers wide." Milton.

2. Not deep in tone. [R.]

> The sound perfecter and not so shallow and jarring.

Bacon.

3. Not intellectually deep; not profound; not penetrating deeply; simple; not wise or knowing; ignorant; superficial; as, a shallow mind; shallow learning.

> The king was neither so shallow, nor so ill advertised, as not to perceive the intention of the French king.

Bacon.

> Deep versed in books, and shallow in himself.

Milton.

Shal"low, n. 1. A place in a body of water where the water is not deep; a shoal; a flat; a shelf.

> A swift stream is not heard in the channel, but upon shallows of gravel.

Bacon.

> Dashed on the shallows of the moving sand.

Dryden.

2. (Zoöl.) The rudd. [Prov. Eng.]

Shal"low, v. t. To make shallow. Sir T. Browne.

Shal"low, v. i. To become shallow, as water.

Shal"low-bod`ied (?), a. (Naut.) Having a moderate depth of hold; -- said of a vessel.

Shal"low-brained` (?), a. Weak in intellect; foolish; empty-headed. South.

Shal"low-heart`ed (?), a. Incapable of deep feeling. Tennyson.

Shal"low*ly, adv. In a shallow manner.

Shal"low*ness, n. Quality or state of being shallow.

Shal"low-pat`ed (?), a. Shallow- brained.

Shal"low-waist`ed (?), a. (Naut.) Having a flush deck, or with only a moderate depression amidships; -- said of a vessel.

Shalm (?), n. See Shawm. [Obs.] Knolles.

Shalt (?), 2d per. sing. of Shall.

Shal"y (?), a. Resembling shale in structure.

Sham (?), n. [Originally the same word as shame, hence, a disgrace, a trick. See Shame, n.] 1. That which deceives expectation; any trick, fraud, or device that deludes and disappoint; a make-believe; delusion; imposture, humbug. "A mere sham." Bp. Stillingfleet.

> Believe who will the solemn sham, not I.

Addison.

2. A false front, or removable ornamental covering.

Pillow sham, a covering to be laid on a pillow.

Sham, a. False; counterfeit; pretended; feigned; unreal; as, a sham fight.

> They scorned the sham independence proffered to them by the Athenians.

Jowett (Thucyd)

Sham, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shammed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shamming.] 1. To trick; to cheat; to deceive or delude with false pretenses.

> Fooled and shammed into a conviction.

L'Estrange.

2. To obtrude by fraud or imposition. [R.]

> We must have a care that we do not . . . sham fallacies upon the world for current reason.

L'Estrange.

3. To assume the manner and character of; to imitate; to ape; to feign.

To sham Abram or Abraham, to feign sickness; to malinger. Hence a malingerer is called, in sailors' cant, Sham Abram, or Sham Abraham.

Sham, v. i. To make false pretenses; to deceive; to feign; to impose.

> Wondering . . . whether those who lectured him were such fools as they professed to be, or were only shamming.

Macaulay.

||Sha"ma (?), n. [Hind. shm.] (Zoöl.) A saxicoline singing bird (Kittacincla macroura) of India, noted for the sweetness and power of its song. In confinement it imitates the notes of other birds and various animals with accuracy. Its head, neck, back, breast, and tail are glossy black, the rump white, the under parts chestnut.

Sha"man (?), n. [From the native name.] A priest of Shamanism; a wizard among the Shamanists.

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Sha*man"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to Shamanism.

Sha"man*ism (?), n. The type of religion which once prevalied among all the Ural-Altaic peoples (Tungusic, Mongol, and Turkish), and which still survives in various parts of Northern Asia. The Shaman, or wizard priest, deals with good as well as with evil spirits, especially the good spirits of ancestors. Encyc. Brit.

Sha"man*ist, n. An adherent of Shamanism.

Sham"ble (?), n. [OE. schamel a bench, stool, AS. scamel, sceamol, a bench, form, stool, fr. L. scamellum, dim. of scamnum a bench, stool.] 1. (Mining) One of a succession of niches or platforms, one above another, to hold ore which is thrown successively from platform to platform, and thus raised to a higher level.

2. pl. A place where butcher's meat is sold.

> As summer flies are in the shambles.

Shak.

3. pl. A place for slaughtering animals for meat.

> To make a shambles of the parliament house.

Shak.

Sham"ble, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Shambled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shambling (?).] [Cf. OD. schampelen to slip, schampen to slip away, escape. Cf. Scamble, Scamper.] To walk awkwardly and unsteadily, as if the knees were weak; to shuffle along.

Sham"bling (?), a. Characterized by an awkward, irregular pace; as, a shambling trot; shambling legs.

Sham"bling, n. An awkward, irregular gait.

Shame (?), n. [OE. shame, schame, AS. scamu, sceamu; akin to OS. & OHG. scama, G. scham, Icel. skömm, shkamm, Sw. & Dan. skam, D. & G. schande, Goth. skanda shame, skaman sik to be ashamed; perhaps from a root skam meaning to cover, and akin to the root (kam) of G. hemd shirt, E. chemise. Cf. Sham.] 1. A painful sensation excited by a consciousness of guilt or impropriety, or of having done something which injures reputation, or of the exposure of that which nature or modesty prompts us to conceal.

> HIde, for shame,
> Romans, your grandsires' images,
> That blush at their degenerate progeny.

Dryden.

> Have you no modesty, no maiden shame?

Shak.

2. Reproach incurred or suffered; dishonor; ignominy; derision; contempt.

> Ye have borne the shame of the heathen.

Ezek. xxxvi. 6.

> Honor and shame from no condition rise.

Pope.

> And every woe a tear can claim
> Except an erring sister's shame.

Byron.

3. The cause or reason of shame; that which brings reproach, and degrades a person in the estimation of others; disgrace.

> O C&?;sar, what a wounding shame is this!

Shak.

> Guides who are the shame of religion.

Shak.

4. The parts which modesty requires to be covered; the private parts. Isa. xlvii. 3.

For shame! you should be ashamed; shame on you! -- To put to shame, to cause to feel shame; to humiliate; to disgrace. "Let them be driven backward and put to shame that wish me evil." Ps. xl. 14.

Shame, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shamed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shaming.] 1. To make ashamed; to excite in (a person) a comsciousness of guilt or impropriety, or of conduct derogatory to reputation; to put to shame.

> Were there but one righteous in the world, he would . . . shame the world, and not the world him.

South.

2. To cover with reproach or ignominy; to dishonor; to disgrace.

> And with foul cowardice his carcass shame.

Spenser.

3. To mock at; to deride. [Obs. or R.]

> Ye have shamed the counsel of the poor.

Ps. xiv. 6.

Shame, v. i. [AS. scamian, sceamian. See Shame, n.] To be ashamed; to feel shame. [R.]

> I do shame
> To think of what a noble strain you are.

Shak.

Shame"faced` (?), a. [For shamefast; AS. scamfæst. See Shame, n., and Fast firm.] Easily confused or put out of countenance; diffident; bashful; modest.

> Your shamefaced virtue shunned the people's prise.

Dryden.

Shamefaced was once shamefast, shamefacedness was shamefastness, like steadfast and steadfastness; but the ordinary manifestations of shame being by the face, have brought it to its present orthography. Trench.

-- Shame"faced, adv. -- Shame"faced`ness, n.

Shame"fast (?), a. [AS. scamfæst.] Modest; shamefaced. -- Shame"fast*ly, adv. -- Shame"fast*ness, n. [Archaic] See Shamefaced.

> Shamefast she was in maiden shamefastness.

Chaucer.

> [Conscience] is a blushing shamefast spirit.

Shak.

> Modest apparel with shamefastness.

1 Tim. ii. 9 (Rev. Ver.).

Shame"ful (?), a. 1. Bringing shame or disgrace; injurious to reputation; disgraceful.

> His naval preparations were not more surprising than his quick and shameful retreat.

Arbuthnot.

2. Exciting the feeling of shame in others; indecent; as, a shameful picture; a shameful sight. Spenser.

Syn. -- Disgraceful; reproachful; indecent; unbecoming; degrading; scandalous; ignominious; infamous.

-- Shame"ful*ly, adv. -- Shame"ful*ness, n.

Shame"less, a. [AS. scamleás.] 1. Destitute of shame; wanting modesty; brazen-faced; insensible to disgrace. "Such shameless bards we have." Pope.

> Shame enough to shame thee, wert thou not shameless.

Shak.

2. Indicating want of modesty, or sensibility to disgrace; indecent; as, a shameless picture or poem.

Syn. -- Impudent; unblushing; audacious; immodest; indecent; indelicate.

-- Shame"less*ly, adv. -- Shame"less*ness, n.

Shame"-proof` (?), n. Shameless. Shak.

Sham"er (?), n. One who, or that which, disgraces, or makes ashamed. Beau. & Fl.

Sham"mer (?), n. One who shams; an impostor. Johnson.

Sham"my (?), n. [F. chamious a chamois, shammy leather. See Chamois.] 1. (Zoöl.) The chamois.

2. A soft, pliant leather, prepared originally from the skin of the chamois, but now made also from the skin of the sheep, goat, kid, deer, and calf. See Shamoying. [Written also chamois, shamoy, and shamois.]

{ Sham"ois, Sham"oy } (?), n. See Shammy.

Sha*moy"ing (?), n. [See Shammy.] A process used in preparing certain kinds of leather, which consists in frizzing the skin, and working oil into it to supply the place of the astringent (tannin, alum, or the like) ordinarily used in tanning.

Sham*poo" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shampooed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shampooing.] [Hind. chmpn to press, to squeeze.] [Writing also champoo.] 1. To press or knead the whole surface of the body of (a person), and at the same time to stretch the limbs and joints, in connection with the hot bath.

2. To wash throughly and rub the head of (a person), with the fingers, using either soap, or a soapy preparation, for the more thorough cleansing.

Sham*poo", n. The act of shampooing.

Sham*poo"er (?), n. One who shampoos.

Sham"rock (?), n. [L. seamrog, seamar, trefoil, white clover, white honeysuckle; akin to Gael. seamrag.] (Bot.) A trifoliate plant used as a national emblem by the Irish. The legend is that St. Patrick once plucked a leaf of it for use in illustrating the doctrine of the trinity.

The original plant was probably a kind of wood sorrel (Oxalis Acetocella); but now the name is given to the white clover (Trifolium repens), and the black medic (Medicago lupulina).

Shan"dry*dan (?), n. A jocosely depreciative name for a vehicle. [Ireland]

Shan"dy*gaff (&?;), n. A mixture of strong beer and ginger beer. [Eng.]

Shang`hai" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shanghaied (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shanghaiing.] To intoxicate and ship (a person) as a sailor while in this condition. [Written also shanghae.] [Slang, U.S.]

Shang`hai" (?), n. (Zoöl.) A large and tall breed of domestic fowl.

Shank (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Chank.

Shank, n. [OE. shanke, schanke, schonke, AS. scanca, sceanca, sconca, sceonca; akin to D. schonk a bone, G. schenkel thigh, shank, schinken ham, OHG. scincha shank, Dan. & Sw. skank. √161. Cf. Skink, v.] 1. The part of the leg from the knee to the foot; the shin; the shin bone; also, the whole leg.

> His youthful hose, well saved, a world too wide
> For his shrunk shank.

Shak.

2. Hence, that part of an instrument, tool, or other thing, which connects the acting part with a handle or other part, by which it is held or moved. Specifically: (a) That part of a key which is between the bow and the part which enters the wards of the lock. (b) The middle part of an anchor, or that part which is between the ring and the arms. See Illustr. of Anchor. (c) That part of a hoe, rake, knife, or the like, by which it is secured to a handle. (d) A loop forming an eye to a button.

3. (Arch.) The space between two channels of the Doric triglyph. Gwilt.

4. (Founding) A large ladle for molten metal, fitted with long bars for handling it.

5. (Print.) The body of a type.

6. (Shoemaking) The part of the sole beneath the instep connecting the broader front part with the heel.

7. (Zoöl.) A wading bird with long legs; as, the green-legged shank, or knot; the yellow shank, or tattler; -- called also shanks.

8. pl. Flat-nosed pliers, used by opticians for nipping off the edges of pieces of glass to make them round.

Shank painter (Naut.), a short rope or chain which holds the shank of an anchor against the side of a vessel when it is secured for a voyage. -- To ride shank's mare, to go on foot; to walk.

Shank, v. i. To fall off, as a leaf, flower, or capsule, on account of disease affecting the supporting footstalk; -- usually followed by off. Darwin.

Shank"beer` (?), n. See Schenkbeer.

Shanked (?), a. Having a shank.

Shank"er (?), n. (Med.) See Chancre.

Shan"ny (?), n.; pl. Shannies (#). [Etymol. uncertain.] (Zoöl.) The European smooth blenny (Blennius pholis). It is olive-green with irregular black spots, and without appendages on the head.

Shan't (?). A contraction of shall not. [Colloq.]

Shan"ty (?), a. Jaunty; showy. [Prov. Eng.]

Shan"ty, n.;pl. Shanties (#). [Said to be fr. Ir. sean old + tig. a house.] A small, mean dwelling; a rough, slight building for temporary use; a hut.

Shan"ty, v. i. To inhabit a shanty. S. H. Hammond.

Shap"a*ble (?), a. 1. That may be shaped.

2. Shapely. [R.] "Round and shapable." De Foe.

Shape (shp), v. t. [imp. Shaped (shpt); p. p. Shaped or Shapen (shp"'n); p. pr. & vb. n. Shaping.] [OE. shapen, schapen, AS. sceapian. The p. p. shapen is from the strong verb, AS. scieppan, scyppan, sceppan, p. p. sceapen. See Shape, n.] 1. To form or create; especially, to mold or make into a particular form; to give proper form or figure to.

> I was shapen in iniquity.

Ps. li. 5.

> Grace shaped her limbs, and beauty decked her face.

Prior.

2. To adapt to a purpose; to regulate; to adjust; to direct; as, to shape the course of a vessel.

> To the stream, when neither friends, nor force,
> Nor speed nor art avail, he shapes his course.

Denham.

> Charmed by their eyes, their manners I acquire,
> And shape my foolishness to their desire.

Prior.

3. To image; to conceive; to body forth.

> Oft my jealousy
> Shapes faults that are not.

Shak.

4. To design; to prepare; to plan; to arrange.

> When shapen was all this conspiracy,
> From point to point.

Chaucer.

Shaping machine. (Mach.) Same as Shaper. -- To shape one's self, to prepare; to make ready. [Obs.]

> I will early shape me therefor.

Chaucer.

Shape (shp), v. i. To suit; to be adjusted or conformable. [R.] Shak.

Shape, n. [OE. shap, schap, AS. sceap in gesceap creation, creature, fr. the root of scieppan, scyppan, sceppan, to shape, to do, to effect; akin to OS. giskeppian, OFries. skeppa, D. scheppen, G. schaffen, OHG. scaffan, scepfen, skeffen, Icer. skapa, skepja, Dan. skabe, skaffe, Sw. skapa, skaffa, Goth. gaskapjan, and perhaps to E. shave, v. Cf. -ship.] 1. Character or construction of a thing as determining its external appearance; outward aspect; make; figure; form; guise; as, the shape of a tree; the shape of the head; an elegant shape.

> He beat me grievously, in the shape of a woman.

Shak.

2. That which has form or figure; a figure; an appearance; a being.

> Before the gates three sat,
> On either side, a formidable shape.

Milton.

3. A model; a pattern; a mold.

4. Form of embodiment, as in words; form, as of thought or conception; concrete embodiment or example, as of some quality. Milton.

5. Dress for disguise; guise. [Obs.]

> Look better on this virgin, and consider
> This Persian shape laid by, and she appearing
> In a Greekish dress.

Messinger.

6. (Iron Manuf.) (a) A rolled or hammered piece, as a bar, beam, angle iron, etc., having a cross section different from merchant bar. (b) A piece which has been roughly forged nearly to the form it will receive when completely forged or fitted.

To take shape, to assume a definite form.

Shape"less, a. Destitute of shape or regular form; wanting symmetry of dimensions; misshapen; -- opposed to shapely. -- Shape"less*ness, n.

> The shapeless rock, or hanging precipice.

Pope.

Shape"li*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being shapely.

Shape"ly, a. [Compar. Shapelier (?); superl. Shapeliest.] 1. Well-formed; having a regular shape; comely; symmetrical. T. Warton.

> Waste sandy valleys, once perplexed with thorn,
> The spiry fir and shapely box adorn.

Pope.

> Where the shapely column stood.

Couper.

2. Fit; suitable. [Obs.]

> Shaply for to be an alderman.

Chaucer.

Shap"er (?), n. 1. One who shapes; as, the shaper of one's fortunes.

> The secret of those old shapers died with them.

Lowell.

2. That which shapes; a machine for giving a particular form or outline to an object. Specifically; (a) (Metal Working) A kind of planer in which the tool, instead of the work, receives a reciprocating motion, usually from a crank. (b) (Wood Working) A machine with a vertically revolving cutter projecting above a flat table top, for cutting irregular outlines, moldings, etc.

Sha"poo (?), n. (Zoöl.) The oörial.

Shard (shärd), n. A plant; chard. [Obs.] Dryden.

Shard, n. [AS. sceard, properly a p. p. from the root of scearn to shear, to cut; akin to D. schaard a fragment, G. scharte a notch, Icel. skarð. See Shear, and cf. Sherd.] [Written also sheard, and sherd.] 1. A piece or fragment of an earthen vessel, or a like brittle substance, as the shell of an egg or snail. Shak.

> The precious dish
> Broke into shards of beauty on the board.

E. Arnold.

2. (Zoöl.) The hard wing case of a beetle.

> They are his shards, and he their beetle.

Shak.

3. A gap in a fence. [Obs.] Stanyhurst.

4. A boundary; a division. [Obs. & R.] Spenser.

Shard"-borne` (?), a. Borne on shards or scaly wing cases. "The shard-borne beetle." Shak.

Shard"ed, a. (Zoöl.) Having elytra, as a beetle.

Shard"y (?), a. Having, or consisting of, shards.

Share (?), n. [OE. schar, AS. scear; akin to OHG. scaro, G. schar, pflugshar, and E. shear, v. See Shear.] 1. The part (usually an iron or steel plate) of a plow which cuts the ground at the bottom of a furrow; a plowshare.

2. The part which opens the ground for the reception of the seed, in a machine for sowing seed. Knight.

Share, n. [OE. share, AS. scearu, scaru, fr. sceran to shear, cut. See Shear, v.] 1. A certain quantity; a portion; a part; a division; as, a small share of prudence.

2. Especially, the part allotted or belonging to one, of any property or interest owned by a number; a portion among others; an apportioned lot; an allotment; a dividend. "My share of fame." Dryden.

3. Hence, one of a certain number of equal portions into which any property or invested capital is divided; as, a ship owned in ten shares.

4. The pubes; the sharebone. [Obs.] Holland.

To go shares, to partake; to be equally concerned. -- Share and share alike, in equal shares.

Share, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shared (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sharing.] 1. To part among two or more; to distribute in portions; to divide.

> Suppose I share my fortune equally between my children and a stranger.

Swift.

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2. To partake of, use, or experience, with others; to have a portion of; to take and possess in common; as, to share a shelter with another.

> While avarice and rapine share the land.

Milton.

3. To cut; to shear; to cleave; to divide. [Obs.]

> The shared visage hangs on equal sides.

Dryden.

Share (?), v. i. To have part; to receive a portion; to partake, enjoy, or suffer with others.

> A right of inheritance gave every one a title to share in the goods of his father.

Locke.

Share"beam` (?), n. The part of the plow to which the share is attached.

Share"bone` (?), n. (Anat.) The public bone.

Share"bro`ker (?), n. A broker who deals in railway or other shares and securities.

Share"hold`er (?), n. One who holds or owns a share or shares in a joint fund or property.

Shar"er (?), n. One who shares; a participator; a partaker; also, a divider; a distributer.

Share"wort` (?), n. (Bot.) A composite plant (Aster Tripolium) growing along the seacoast of Europe.

Shark (?), n. [Of uncertain origin; perhaps through OF. fr. carcharus a kind of dogfish, Gr. karchari`as, so called from its sharp teeth, fr. ka`rcharos having sharp or jagged teeth; or perhaps named from its rapacity (cf. Shark, v. t. & i.); cf. Corn. scarceas.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of elasmobranch fishes of the order Plagiostomi, found in all seas.

Some sharks, as the basking shark and the whale shark, grow to an enormous size, the former becoming forty feet or more, and the latter sixty feet or more, in length. Most of them are harmless to man, but some are exceedingly voracious. The man-eating sharks mostly belong to the genera Carcharhinus, Carcharodon, and related genera. They have several rows of large sharp teeth with serrated edges, as the great white shark (Carcharodon carcharias, or Rondeleti) of tropical seas, and the great blue shark (Carcharhinus glaucus) of all tropical and temperate seas. The former sometimes becomes thirty-six feet long, and is the most voracious and dangerous species known. The rare man-eating shark of the United States coast (Charcarodon Atwoodi) is thought by some to be a variety, or the young, of C. carcharias. The dusky shark (Carcharhinus obscurus), and the smaller blue shark (C. caudatus), both common species on the coast of the United States, are of moderate size and not dangerous. They feed on shellfish and bottom fishes.

2. A rapacious, artful person; a sharper. [Colloq.]

3. Trickery; fraud; petty rapine; as, to live upon the shark. [Obs.] South.

Baskin shark, Liver shark, Nurse shark, Oil shark, Sand shark, Tiger shark, etc. See under Basking, Liver, etc. See also Dogfish, Houndfish, Notidanian, and Tope. -- Gray shark, the sand shark. -- Hammer-headed shark. See Hammerhead. -- Port Jackson shark. See Cestraciont. -- Shark barrow, the eggcase of a shark; a sea purse. -- Shark ray. Same as Angel fish (a), under Angel. -- Thrasher shark, or Thresher shark, a large, voracious shark. See Thrasher. -- Whale shark, a huge harmless shark (Rhinodon typicus) of the Indian Ocean. It becomes sixty feet or more in length, but has very small teeth.

Shark, v. t. [Of uncertain origin; perhaps fr. shark, n., or perhaps related to E. shear (as hearken to hear), and originally meaning, to clip off. Cf. Shirk.] To pick or gather indiscriminately or covertly. [Obs.] Shak.

Shark, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sharked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sharking.] 1. To play the petty thief; to practice fraud or trickery; to swindle.

> Neither sharks for a cup or a reckoning.

Bp. Earle.

2. To live by shifts and stratagems. Beau. & Fl.

Shark"er (?), n. One who lives by sharking.

Shark"ing, n. Petty rapine; trick; also, seeking a livelihood by shifts and dishonest devices.

Shar"ock (?), n. An East Indian coin of the value of 12½ pence sterling, or about 25 cents.

Sharp (?), a. [Compar. Sharper (?); superl. Sharpest.] [OE. sharp, scharp, scarp, AS. scearp; akin to OS. skarp, LG. scharp, D. scherp, G. scharf, Dan. & Sw. skarp, Icel. skarpr. Cf. Escarp, Scrape, Scorpion.] 1. Having a very thin edge or fine point; of a nature to cut or pierce easily; not blunt or dull; keen.

> He dies upon my scimeter's sharp point.

Shak.

2. Terminating in a point or edge; not obtuse or rounded; somewhat pointed or edged; peaked or ridged; as, a sharp hill; sharp features.

3. Affecting the sense as if pointed or cutting, keen, penetrating, acute: to the taste or smell, pungent, acid, sour, as ammonia has a sharp taste and odor; to the hearing, piercing, shrill, as a sharp sound or voice; to the eye, instantaneously brilliant, dazzling, as a sharp flash.

4. (Mus.) (a) High in pitch; acute; as, a sharp note or tone. (b) Raised a semitone in pitch; as, C sharp (C), which is a half step, or semitone, higher than C. (c) So high as to be out of tune, or above true pitch; as, the tone is sharp; that instrument is sharp. Opposed in all these senses to flat.

5. Very trying to the feelings; piercing; keen; severe; painful; distressing; as, sharp pain, weather; a sharp and frosty air.

> Sharp misery had worn him to the bones.

Shak.

> The morning sharp and clear.

Cowper.

> In sharpest perils faithful proved.

Keble.

6. Cutting in language or import; biting; sarcastic; cruel; harsh; rigorous; severe; as, a sharp rebuke. "That sharp look." Tennyson.

> To that place the sharp Athenian law
> Can not pursue us.

Shak.

> Be thy words severe,
> Sharp as merits but the sword forbear.

Dryden.

7. Of keen perception; quick to discern or distinguish; having nice discrimination; acute; penetrating; sagacious; clever; as, a sharp eye; sharp sight, hearing, or judgment.

> Nothing makes men sharper . . . than want.

Addison.

> Many other things belong to the material world, wherein the sharpest philosophers have never ye&?; arrived at clear and distinct ideas.

L. Watts.

8. Eager in pursuit; keen in quest; impatient for gratification; keen; as, a sharp appetite.

9. Fierce; ardent; fiery; violent; impetuous. "In sharp contest of battle." Milton.

> A sharp assault already is begun.

Dryden.

10. Keenly or unduly attentive to one's own interest; close and exact in dealing; shrewd; as, a sharp dealer; a sharp customer.

> The necessity of being so sharp and exacting.

Swift.

11. Composed of hard, angular grains; gritty; as, sharp sand. Moxon.

12. Steep; precipitous; abrupt; as, a sharp ascent or descent; a sharp turn or curve.

13. (Phonetics) Uttered in a whisper, or with the breath alone, without voice, as certain consonants, such as p, k, t, f; surd; nonvocal; aspirated.

Sharp is often used in the formation of self- explaining compounds; as, sharp-cornered, sharp-edged, sharp-pointed, sharp-tasted, sharp-visaged, etc.

Sharp practice, the getting of an advantage, or the attempt to do so, by a tricky expedient. -- To brace sharp, or To sharp up (Naut.), to turn the yards to the most oblique position possible, that the ship may lie well up to the wind.

Syn. -- Keen; acute; piercing; penetrating; quick; sagacious; discerning; shrewd; witty; ingenious; sour; acid; tart; pungent; acrid; severe; poignant; biting; acrimonious; sarcastic; cutting; bitter; painful; afflictive; violent; harsh; fierce; ardent; fiery.

Sharp (?), adv. 1. To a point or edge; piercingly; eagerly; sharply. M. Arnold.

> The head [of a spear] full sharp yground.

Chaucer.

> You bite so sharp at reasons.

Shak.

2. Precisely; exactly; as, we shall start at ten o'clock sharp. [Colloq.]

Look sharp, attend; be alert. [Colloq.]

Sharp, n. 1. A sharp tool or weapon. [Obs.]

> If butchers had but the manners to go to sharps, gentlemen would be contented with a rubber at cuffs.

Collier.

2. (Mus.) (a) The character [] used to indicate that the note before which it is placed is to be raised a half step, or semitone, in pitch. (b) A sharp tone or note. Shak.

3. A portion of a stream where the water runs very rapidly. [Prov. Eng.] C. Kingsley.

4. A sewing needle having a very slender point; a needle of the most pointed of the three grades, blunts, betweens, and sharps.

5. pl. Same as Middlings, 1.

6. An expert. [Slang]

Sharp, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sharped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sharping.] 1. To sharpen. [Obs.] Spenser.

2. (Mus.) To raise above the proper pitch; to elevate the tone of; especially, to raise a half step, or semitone, above the natural tone.

Sharp, v. i. 1. To play tricks in bargaining; to act the sharper. L'Estrange.

2. (Mus.) To sing above the proper pitch.

Sharp-cut` (?), a. Cut sharply or definitely, or so as to make a clear, well-defined impression, as the lines of an engraved plate, and the like; clear-cut; hence, having great distinctness; well-defined; clear.

Sharp"en (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sarpened (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sharpening.] [See Sharp, a.] To make sharp. Specifically: (a) To give a keen edge or fine point to; to make sharper; as, to sharpen an ax, or the teeth of a saw. (b) To render more quick or acute in perception; to make more ready or ingenious.

> The air . . . sharpened his visual ray
> To objects distant far.

Milton.

> He that wrestles with us strengthens our nerves and sharpens our skill.

Burke.

(c) To make more eager; as, to sharpen men's desires.

> Epicurean cooks
> Sharpen with cloyless sauce his appetite.

Shak.

(d) To make more pungent and intense; as, to sharpen a pain or disease. (e) To make biting, sarcastic, or severe. "Sharpen each word." E. Smith. (f) To render more shrill or piercing.

> Inclosures not only preserve sound, but increase and sharpen it.

Bacon.

(g) To make more tart or acid; to make sour; as, the rays of the sun sharpen vinegar. (h) (Mus.) To raise, as a sound, by means of a sharp; to apply a sharp to.

Sharp"en, v. i. To grow or become sharp.

Sharp"er (?), n. A person who bargains closely, especially, one who cheats in bargains; a swinder; also, a cheating gamester.

> Sharpers, as pikes, prey upon their own kind.

L'Estrange.

Syn. -- Swindler; cheat; deceiver; trickster; rogue. See Swindler.

Sharp"ie (?), n. (Naut.) A long, sharp, flat-bottomed boat, with one or two masts carrying a triangular sail. They are often called Fair Haven sharpies, after the place on the coast of Connecticut where they originated. [Local, U.S.]

Sharp"ling (?), n. (Zoöl.) A stickleback. [Prov. Eng.]

Sharp"ly, adv. In a sharp manner,; keenly; acutely.

> They are more sharply to be chastised and reformed than the rude Irish.

Spenser.

> The soldiers were sharply assailed with wants.

Hayward.

> You contract your eye when you would see sharply.

Bacon.

Sharp"ness, n. [AS. scearpness.] The quality or condition of being sharp; keenness; acuteness.

Sharp"saw` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The great titmouse; -- so called from its harsh call notes. [Prov. Eng.]

Sharp"-set` (?), a. Eager in appetite or desire of gratification; affected by keen hunger; ravenous; as, an eagle or a lion sharp-set.

> The town is sharp-set on new plays.

Pope.

Sharp"shoot`er (?), n. One skilled in shooting at an object with exactness; a good marksman.

Sharp"shoot`ing, n. A shooting with great precision and effect; hence, a keen contest of wit or argument.

Sharp"-sight`ed (?), a. Having quick or acute sight; -- used literally and figuratively. -- Sharp`-sight`ed*ness, n.

Sharp"tail` (?), n. (Zoöl.) (a) The pintail duck. (b) The pintail grouse, or prairie chicken.

Sharp"-wit`ted (?), a. Having an acute or nicely discerning mind.

Shash (?), n. [See Sash.] 1. The scarf of a turban. [Obs.] Fuller.

2. A sash. [Obs.]

{ ||Shas"ter (?), ||Shas"tra (?), } n. [Skr. cstra an order or command, a sacred book, fr. cs to order, instruct, govern. Cf. Sastra.] A treatise for authoritative instruction among the Hindoos; a book of institutes; especially, a treatise explaining the Vedas. [Written also sastra.]

Shath"mont (&?;), n. A shaftment. [Scot.]

Shat"ter (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shattered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shattering.] [OE. schateren, scateren, to scatter, to dash, AS. scateran; cf. D. schateren to crack, to make a great noise, OD. schetteren to scatter, to burst, to crack. Cf. Scatter.] 1. To break at once into many pieces; to dash, burst, or part violently into fragments; to rend into splinters; as, an explosion shatters a rock or a bomb; too much steam shatters a boiler; an oak is shattered by lightning.

> A monarchy was shattered to pieces, and divided amongst revolted subjects.

Locke.

2. To disorder; to derange; to render unsound; as, to be shattered in intellect; his constitution was shattered; his hopes were shattered.

> A man of a loose, volatile, and shattered humor.

Norris.

3. To scatter about. [Obs.]

> Shatter your leaves before the mellowing year.

Milton.

Shat"ter, v. i. To be broken into fragments; to fall or crumble to pieces by any force applied.

> Some fragile bodies break but where the force is; some shatter and fly in many places.

Bacon.

Shat"ter, n. A fragment of anything shattered; -- used chiefly or soley in the phrase into shatters; as, to break a glass into shatters. Swift.

{ Shat"ter-brained` (?), Shat"ter-pat`ed (?), } a. Disordered or wandering in intellect; hence, heedless; wild. J. Goodman.

Shat"ter*y (?), a. Easily breaking into pieces; not compact; loose of texture; brittle; as, shattery spar.

Shave (?), obs. p. p. of Shave. Chaucer.

> His beard was shave as nigh as ever he can.

Chaucer.

Shave, v. t. [imp. Shaved (?);p. p. Shaved or Shaven (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Shaving.] [OE. shaven, schaven, AS. scafan, sceafan; akin to D. schaven, G. schaben, Icel. skafa, Sw. skafva, Dan. skave, Goth. scaban, Russ. kopate to dig, Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;, and probably to L. scabere to scratch, to scrape. Cf. Scab, Shaft, Shape.] 1. To cut or pare off from the surface of a body with a razor or other edged instrument; to cut off closely, as with a razor; as, to shave the beard.

2. To make bare or smooth by cutting off closely the surface, or surface covering, of; especially, to remove the hair from with a razor or other sharp instrument; to take off the beard or hair of; as, to shave the face or the crown of the head; he shaved himself.

> I'll shave your crown for this.

Shak.

> The laborer with the bending scythe is seen
> Shaving the surface of the waving green.

Gay.

3. To cut off thin slices from; to cut in thin slices.

> Plants bruised or shaven in leaf or root.

Bacon.

4. To skim along or near the surface of; to pass close to, or touch lightly, in passing.

> Now shaves with level wing the deep.

Milton.

5. To strip; to plunder; to fleece. [Colloq.]

To shave a note, to buy it at a discount greater than the legal rate of interest, or to deduct in discounting it more than the legal rate allows. [Cant, U.S.]

<! p. 1325 !>

Shave (?), v. i. To use a razor for removing the beard; to cut closely; hence, to be hard and severe in a bargain; to practice extortion; to cheat.

Shave (?), n. [AS. scafa, sceafa, a sort of knife. See Shave, v. t.] 1. A thin slice; a shaving. Wright.

2. A cutting of the beard; the operation of shaving.

3. (a) An exorbitant discount on a note. [Cant, U.S.] (b) A premium paid for an extension of the time of delivery or payment, or for the right to vary a stock contract in any particular. [Cant, U.S.] N. Biddle.

4. A hand tool consisting of a sharp blade with a handle at each end; a drawing knife; a spokeshave.

5. The act of passing very near to, so as almost to graze; as, the bullet missed by a close shave. [Colloq.]

Shave grass (Bot.), the scouring rush. See the Note under Equisetum. -- Shave hook, a tool for scraping metals, consisting of a sharp- edged triangular steel plate attached to a shank and handle.

Shave"ling (?), n. A man shaved; hence, a monk, or other religious; -- used in contempt.

> I am no longer a shaveling than while my frock is on my back.

Sir W. Scott.

Shav"er (?), n. 1. One who shaves; one whose occupation is to shave.

2. One who is close in bargains; a sharper. Swift.

3. One who fleeces; a pillager; a plunderer.

> By these shavers the Turks were stripped.

Knolles.

4. A boy; a lad; a little fellow. [Colloq.] "These unlucky little shavers." Salmagundi.

> As I have mentioned at the door to this young shaver, I am on a chase in the name of the king.

Dickens.

5. (Mech.) A tool or machine for shaving.

A note shaver, a person who buys notes at a discount greater than the legal rate of interest. [Cant, U.S.]

Shav"ing, n. 1. The act of one who, or that which, shaves; specifically, the act of cutting off the beard with a razor.

2. That which is shaved off; a thin slice or strip pared off with a shave, a knife, a plane, or other cutting instrument. "Shaving of silver." Chaucer.

Shaving brush, a brush used in lathering the face preparatory to shaving it.

Shaw (sh), n. [OE. schawe, schae, thicket, grove, AS. scaga; akin to Dan. skov, Sw. skog, Icel. skgr.] 1. A thicket; a small wood or grove. [Obs. or Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Burns.

> Gaillard he was as goldfinch in the shaw.

Chaucer.

> The green shaws, the merry green woods.

Howitt.

2. pl. The leaves and tops of vegetables, as of potatoes, turnips, etc. [Scot.] Jamieson.

Shaw"fowl`, n. [Scot. schaw, shaw, show + fowl.] The representation or image of a fowl made by fowlers to shoot at. Johnson.

Shawl (?), n. [Per. & Hind. shl: cf. F. châle.] A square or oblong cloth of wool, cotton, silk, or other textile or netted fabric, used, especially by women, as a loose covering for the neck and shoulders.

India shawl, a kind of rich shawl made in India from the wool of the Cashmere goat. It is woven in pieces, which are sewed together. -- Shawl goat (Zoöl.), the Cashmere goat.

Shawl, v. t. To wrap in a shawl. Thackeray.

Shawm (?), n. [OE. shalmie, OF. chalemie; cf. F. chalumeau shawm, chaume haulm, stalk; all fr. L. calamus a reed, reed pipe. See Haulm, and cf. Calumet.] (Mus.) A wind instrument of music, formerly in use, supposed to have resembled either the clarinet or the hautboy in form. [Written also shalm, shaum.] Otway.

> Even from the shrillest shaum unto the cornamute.

Drayton.

Shaw`nees" (?), n. pl.; sing. Shawnee (&?;). (Ethnol.) A tribe of North American Indians who occupied Western New York and part of Ohio, but were driven away and widely dispersed by the Iroquois.

Shay (?), n. A chaise. [Prov. Eng. & Local, U.S.]

She (?), pron. [sing. nom. She; poss. Her. (&?;) or Hers (&?;); obj. Her; pl. nom. They (?); poss. Their (?) or Theirs (&?;); obj. Them (?).] [OE. she, sche, scheo, scho, AS. seó, fem. of the definite article, originally a demonstrative pronoun; cf. OS. siu, D. zij, G. sie, OHG. siu, s, si, Icel. s, sj, Goth. si she, s, fem. article, Russ. siia, fem., this, Gr. &?;, fem. article, Skr. s, sy. The possessive her or hers, and the objective her, are from a different root. See Her.] 1. This or that female; the woman understood or referred to; the animal of the female sex, or object personified as feminine, which was spoken of.

> She loved her children best in every wise.

Chaucer.

> Then Sarah denied, . . . for she was afraid.

Gen. xviii. 15.

2. A woman; a female; -- used substantively. [R.]

> Lady, you are the cruelest she alive.

Shak.

She is used in composition with nouns of common gender, for female, to denote an animal of the female sex; as, a she-bear; a she-cat.

Shead"ing (?), n. [From AS. scdan, sceádan, to separate, divide. See Shed, v. t.] A tithing, or division, in the Isle of Man, in which there is a coroner, or chief constable. The island is divided into six sheadings.

Sheaf (?), n. (Mech.) A sheave. [R.]

Sheaf, n.; pl. Sheaves (#). [OE. sheef, shef, schef, AS. sceáf; akin to D. schoof, OHG. scoub, G. schaub, Icel. skauf a fox's brush, and E. shove. See Shove.] 1. A quantity of the stalks and ears of wheat, rye, or other grain, bound together; a bundle of grain or straw.

> The reaper fills his greedy hands,
> And binds the golden sheaves in brittle bands.

Dryden.

2. Any collection of things bound together; a bundle; specifically, a bundle of arrows sufficient to fill a quiver, or the allowance of each archer, -- usually twenty-four.

> The sheaf of arrows shook and rattled in the case.

Dryden.

Sheaf, v. t. To gather and bind into a sheaf; to make into sheaves; as, to sheaf wheat.

Sheaf (?), v. i. To collect and bind cut grain, or the like; to make sheaves.

> They that reap must sheaf and bind.

Shak.

Sheaf"y (?), a. Pertaining to, or consisting of, a sheaf or sheaves; resembling a sheaf.

Sheal (?), n. Same as Sheeling. [Scot.]

Sheal, v. t. To put under a sheal or shelter. [Scot.]

Sheal, v. t. [See Shell.] To take the husks or pods off from; to shell; to empty of its contents, as a husk or a pod. [Obs. or Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Jamieson.

> That's a shealed peascod.

Shak.

Sheal, n. A shell or pod. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Sheal"ing, n. The outer husk, pod, or shell, as of oats, pease, etc.; sheal; shell. [Obs. or Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Sheal"ing, n. Same as Sheeling. [Scot.]

Shear (?), v. t. [imp. Sheared (?) or Shore (&?;);p. p. Sheared or Shorn (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Shearing.] [OE. sheren, scheren, to shear, cut, shave, AS. sceran, scieran, scyran; akin to D. & G. scheren, Icel. skera, Dan. ski&?;re, Gr. &?;&?;&?;. Cf. Jeer, Score, Shard, Share, Sheer to turn aside.] 1. To cut, clip, or sever anything from with shears or a like instrument; as, to shear sheep; to shear cloth.

It is especially applied to the cutting of wool from sheep or their skins, and the nap from cloth.

2. To separate or sever with shears or a similar instrument; to cut off; to clip (something) from a surface; as, to shear a fleece.

> Before the golden tresses . . . were shorn away.

Shak.

3. To reap, as grain. [Scot.] Jamieson.

4. Fig.: To deprive of property; to fleece.

5. (Mech.) To produce a change of shape in by a shear. See Shear, n., 4.

Shear, n. [AS. sceara. See Shear, v. t.] 1. A pair of shears; -- now always used in the plural, but formerly also in the singular. See Shears.

> On his head came razor none, nor shear.

Chaucer.

> Short of the wool, and naked from the shear.

Dryden.

2. A shearing; -- used in designating the age of sheep.

> After the second shearing, he is a two-shear ram; . . . at the expiration of another year, he is a three- shear ram; the name always taking its date from the time of shearing.

Youatt.

3. (Engin.) An action, resulting from applied forces, which tends to cause two contiguous parts of a body to slide relatively to each other in a direction parallel to their plane of contact; -- also called shearing stress, and tangential stress.

4. (Mech.) A strain, or change of shape, of an elastic body, consisting of an extension in one direction, an equal compression in a perpendicular direction, with an unchanged magnitude in the third direction.

Shear blade, one of the blades of shears or a shearing machine. -- Shear hulk. See under Hulk. -- Shear steel, a steel suitable for shears, scythes, and other cutting instruments, prepared from fagots of blistered steel by repeated heating, rolling, and tilting, to increase its malleability and fineness of texture.

Shear, v. i. 1. To deviate. See Sheer.

2. (Engin.) To become more or less completely divided, as a body under the action of forces, by the sliding of two contiguous parts relatively to each other in a direction parallel to their plane of contact.

Shear"bill`, n. (Zoöl.) The black skimmer. See Skimmer.

Sheard (?), n. See Shard. [Obs.]

Shear"er (?), n. 1. One who shears.

> Like a lamb dumb before his shearer.

Acts viii. 32.

2. A reaper. [Scot.] Jamieson.

Shear"ing, n. 1. The act or operation of clipping with shears or a shearing machine, as the wool from sheep, or the nap from cloth.

2. The product of the act or operation of clipping with shears or a shearing machine; as, the whole shearing of a flock; the shearings from cloth.

3. Same as Shearling. Youatt.

4. The act or operation of reaping. [Scot.]

5. The act or operation of dividing with shears; as, the shearing of metal plates.

6. The process of preparing shear steel; tilting.

7. (Mining) The process of making a vertical side cutting in working into a face of coal.

Shearing machine. (a) A machine with blades, or rotary disks, for dividing plates or bars of metal. (b) A machine for shearing cloth.

Shear"ling (?), n. A sheep but once sheared.

Shear"man (?), n.; pl. Shearmen (&?;). One whose occupation is to shear cloth.

Shearn (?), n. [AS. scearn. Cf. Scarn.] Dung; excrement. [Obs.] [Written also shern.] Holland.

Shears (?), n. pl. [Formerly used also in the singular. See Shear, n., 1.] 1. A cutting instrument. Specifically: (a) An instrument consisting of two blades, commonly with bevel edges, connected by a pivot, and working on both sides of the material to be cut, -- used for cutting cloth and other substances.

> Fate urged the shears, and cut the sylph in twain.

Pope.

(b) A similar instrument the blades of which are extensions of a curved spring, -- used for shearing sheep or skins. (c) A shearing machine; a blade, or a set of blades, working against a resisting edge.

2. Anything in the form of shears. Specifically: (a) A pair of wings. [Obs.] Spenser. (b) An apparatus for raising heavy weights, and especially for stepping and unstepping the lower masts of ships. It consists of two or more spars or pieces of timber, fastened together near the top, steadied by a guy or guys, and furnished with the necessary tackle. [Written also sheers.]

3. (Mach.) The bedpiece of a machine tool, upon which a table or slide rest is secured; as, the shears of a lathe or planer. See Illust. under Lathe.

Rotary shears. See under Rotary.

Shear"tail` (?), n. (Zoöl.) (a) The common tern. (b) Any one of several species of humming birds of the genus Thaumastura having a long forked tail.

Shear"wa`ter (?), n. [Shear + water; cf. G. wassersherer; -- so called from its running lightly along the surface of the water.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of long-winged oceanic birds of the genus Puffinus and related genera. They are allied to the petrels, but are larger. The Manx shearwater (P. Anglorum), the dusky shearwater (P. obscurus), and the greater shearwater (P. major), are well-known species of the North Atlantic. See Hagdon.

Sheat"fish` (?), n. [Cf. dial. G. scheid, schaid, schaiden.] (Zoöl.) A European siluroid fish (Silurus glanis) allied to the cat-fishes. It is the largest fresh-water fish of Europe, sometimes becoming six feet or more in length. See Siluroid.

Sheath (?), n. [OE. schethe, AS. scð, sceáð, scð; akin to OS. skðia, D. scheede, G. scheide, OHG. sceida, Sw. skida, Dan. skede, Icel. skeiðir, pl., and to E. shed, v.t., originally meaning, to separate, to part. See Shed.] 1. A case for the reception of a sword, hunting knife, or other long and slender instrument; a scabbard.

> The dead knight's sword out of his sheath he drew.

Spenser.

2. Any sheathlike covering, organ, or part. Specifically: (a) (Bot.) The base of a leaf when sheathing or investing a stem or branch, as in grasses. (b) (Zoöl.) One of the elytra of an insect.

Medullary sheath. (Anat.) See under Medullary. -- Primitive sheath. (Anat.) See Neurilemma. -- Sheath knife, a knife with a fixed blade, carried in a sheath. -- Sheath of Schwann. (Anat.) See Schwann's sheath.

Sheath"bill` (?), n. (Zoöl.) Either one of two species of birds composing the genus Chionis, and family Chionidæ, native of the islands of the Antarctic seas.

They are related to the gulls and the plovers, but more nearly to the latter. The base of the bill is covered with a saddle- shaped horny sheath, and the toes are only slightly webbed. The plumage of both species is white.

Sheathe (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sheathed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sheating.] [Written also sheath.] 1. To put into a sheath, case, or scabbard; to inclose or cover with, or as with, a sheath or case.

> The leopard . . . keeps the claws of his fore feet turned up from the ground, and sheathed in the skin of his toes.

Grew.

> 'T is in my breast she sheathes her dagger now.

Dryden.

2. To fit or furnish, as with a sheath. Shak.

3. To case or cover with something which protects, as thin boards, sheets of metal, and the like; as, to sheathe a ship with copper.

4. To obtund or blunt, as acrimonious substances, or sharp particles. [R.] Arbuthnot.

To sheathe the sword, to make peace.

Sheathed (?), a. 1. Povided with, or inclosed in, sheath.

2. (Bot.) Invested by a sheath, or cylindrical membranaceous tube, which is the base of the leaf, as the stalk or culm in grasses; vaginate.

Sheath"er (?), n. One who sheathes.

Sheath"fish` (?), n. (Zoöl.) Same as Sheatfish.

Sheath"ing (?), p. pr. & a. from Sheathe. Inclosing with a sheath; as, the sheathing leaves of grasses; the sheathing stipules of many polygonaceous plants.

Sheath"ing, n. That which sheathes. Specifically: (a) The casing or covering of a ship's bottom and sides; the materials for such covering; as, copper sheathing. (b) (Arch.) The first covering of boards on the outside wall of a frame house or on a timber roof; also, the material used for covering; ceiling boards in general.

Sheath"less (?), a. Without a sheath or case for covering; unsheathed.

Sheath"-winged` (?), a. (Zoöl.) Having elytra, or wing cases, as a beetle.

Sheath"y (?), a. Forming or resembling a sheath or case. Sir T. Browne.

She"a tree` (?). (Bot.) An African sapotaceous tree (Bassia, or Butyrospermum, Parkii), from the seeds of which a substance resembling butter is obtained; the African butter tree.

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Sheave (?), n. [Akin to OD. schijve orb, disk, wheel, D. schiff, G. scheibe, Icel. skfa a shaving, slice; cf. Gr. &?;&?;&?; a staff. Cf. Shift, v., Shive.] A wheel having a groove in the rim for a rope to work in, and set in a block, mast, or the like; the wheel of a pulley.

Sheave hole, a channel cut in a mast, yard, rail, or other timber, in which to fix a sheave.

Sheave, v. t. [See Sheaf of straw.] To gather and bind into a sheaf or sheaves; hence, to collect. Ashmole.

Sheaved (?), a. Made of straw. [Obs.] Shak.

Sheb"an*der (?), n. [Per. shhbandar.] A harbor master, or ruler of a port, in the East Indies. [Written also shebunder.]

She*bang" (?), n. [Cf. Shebeen.] A jocosely depreciative name for a dwelling or shop. [Slang,U.S.]

She*been" (?), n. [Of Irish origin; cf. Ir. seapa a shop.] A low public house; especially, a place where spirits and other excisable liquors are illegally and privately sold. [Ireland]

She*chi"nah (?), n. See Shekinah.

Sheck"la*ton (?), n. [Cf. Ciclatoun.] A kind of gilt leather. See Checklaton. [Obs.] Spenser.

Shed (?), n. [The same word as shade. See Shade.] A slight or temporary structure built to shade or shelter something; a structure usually open in front; an outbuilding; a hut; as, a wagon shed; a wood shed.

> The first Aletes born in lowly shed.

Fairfax.

> Sheds of reeds which summer's heat repel.

Sandys.

Shed, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shed; p. pr. & vb. n. Shedding.] [OE. scheden, sch&?;den, to pour, to part, AS. scdan, sceádan, to pert, to separate; akin to OS. sk&?;&?;an, OFries. sk&?;tha, G. scheiden, OHG. sceidan, Goth. skaidan, and probably to Lith. skëdu I part, separate, L. scindere to cleave, to split, Gr. &?;&?;&?;, Skr. chid, and perch. also to L. caedere to cut. √159. Cf. Chisel, Concise, Schism, Sheading, Sheath, Shide.] 1. To separate; to divide. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Robert of Brunne.

2. To part with; to throw off or give forth from one's self; to emit; to diffuse; to cause to emanate or flow; to pour forth or out; to spill; as, the sun sheds light; she shed tears; the clouds shed rain.

> Did Romeo's hand shed Tybalt's blood?

Shak.

> Twice seven consenting years have shed
> Their utmost bounty on thy head.

Wordsworth.

3. To let fall; to throw off, as a natural covering of hair, feathers, shell; to cast; as, fowls shed their feathers; serpents shed their skins; trees shed leaves.

4. To cause to flow off without penetrating; as, a tight roof, or covering of oiled cloth, sheeds water.

5. To sprinkle; to intersperse; to cover. [R.] "Her hair . . . is shed with gray." B. Jonson.

6. (Weaving) To divide, as the warp threads, so as to form a shed, or passageway, for the shuttle.

Shed, v. i. 1. To fall in drops; to pour. [Obs.]

> Such a rain down from the welkin shadde.

Chaucer.

2. To let fall the parts, as seeds or fruit; to throw off a covering or envelope.

> White oats are apt to shed most as they lie, and black as they stand.

Mortimer.

Shed, n. 1. A parting; a separation; a division. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

> They say also that the manner of making the shed of newwedded wives' hair with the iron head of a javelin came up then likewise.

Sir T. North.

2. The act of shedding or spilling; -- used only in composition, as in bloodshed.

3. That which parts, divides, or sheds; -- used in composition, as in watershed.

4. (Weaving) The passageway between the threads of the warp through which the shuttle is thrown, having a sloping top and bottom made by raising and lowering the alternate threads.

Shed"der (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, sheds; as, a shedder of blood; a shedder of tears.

2. (Zoöl.) A crab in the act of casting its shell, or immediately afterwards while still soft; -- applied especially to the edible crabs, which are most prized while in this state.

Shed"ding (?), n. 1. The act of shedding, separating, or casting off or out; as, the shedding of blood.

2. That which is shed, or cast off. [R.] Wordsworth.

{ Sheel"fa (?), Shil"fa (?) }, n. (Zoöl.) The chaffinch; -- so named from its call note. [Prov. Eng.]

Sheel"ing (?), n. [Icel. skjl a shelter, a cover; akin to Dan. & Sw. skjul.] A hut or small cottage in an exposed or a retired place (as on a mountain or at the seaside) such as is used by shepherds, fishermen, sportsmen, etc.; a summer cottage; also, a shed. [Written also sheel, shealing, sheiling, etc.] [Scot.]

Sheel"y (?), n. (Zoöl.) Same as Sheelfa.

Sheen (?), a. [OE. sehene, AS. sciéne, sc&?;ne, sc&?;ne, splendid, beautiful; akin to OFries. sk&?;ne, sk&?;ne, OS. sc&?;ni, D. schoon, G. schön, OHG. sc&?;ni, Goth, skanus, and E. shew; the original meaning being probably, visible, worth seeing. It is not akin to E. shine. See Shew, v. t.] Bright; glittering; radiant; fair; showy; sheeny. [R., except in poetry.]

> This holy maiden, that is so bright and sheen.

Chaucer.

> Up rose each warrier bold and brave,
> Glistening in filed steel and armor sheen.

Fairfax.

Sheen, v. i. To shine; to glisten. [Poetic]

> This town,
> That, sheening far, celestial seems to be.

Byron.

Sheen, n. Brightness; splendor; glitter. "Throned in celestial sheen." Milton.

Sheen""ly, adv. Brightly. [R.] Mrs. Browning.

Sheen"y (?), a. Bright; shining; radiant; sheen. "A sheeny summer morn." Tennyson.

Sheep (?), n. sing. & pl. [OE. shep, scheep, AS. sc&?;p, sceáp; akin to OFries. sk&?;p, LG. & D. schaap, G. schaf, OHG. scf, Skr. chga. √295. Cf. Sheepherd.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of ruminants of the genus Ovis, native of the higher mountains of both hemispheres, but most numerous in Asia.

The domestic sheep (Ovis aries) varies much in size, in the length and texture of its wool, the form and size of its horns, the length of its tail, etc. It was domesticated in prehistoric ages, and many distinct breeds have been produced; as the merinos, celebrated for their fine wool; the Cretan sheep, noted for their long horns; the fat-tailed, or Turkish, sheep, remarkable for the size and fatness of the tail, which often has to be supported on trucks; the Southdowns, in which the horns are lacking; and an Asiatic breed which always has four horns.

2. A weak, bashful, silly fellow. Ainsworth.

3. pl. Fig.: The people of God, as being under the government and protection of Christ, the great Shepherd.

Rocky mountain sheep.(Zoöl.) See Bighorn. -- Maned sheep. (Zoöl.) See Aoudad. -- Sheep bot (Zoöl.), the larva of the sheep botfly. See Estrus. -- Sheep dog (Zoöl.), a shepherd dog, or collie. -- Sheep laurel (Bot.), a small North American shrub (Kalmia angustifolia) with deep rose-colored flowers in corymbs. -- Sheep pest (Bot.), an Australian plant (Acæna ovina) related to the burnet. The fruit is covered with barbed spines, by which it adheres to the wool of sheep. -- Sheep run, an extensive tract of country where sheep range and graze. -- Sheep's beard (Bot.), a cichoraceous herb (Urospermum Dalechampii) of Southern Europe; -- so called from the conspicuous pappus of the achenes. -- Sheep's bit (Bot.), a European herb (Jasione montana) having much the appearance of scabious. -- Sheep pox (Med.), a contagious disease of sheep, characterixed by the development of vesicles or pocks upon the skin. -- Sheep scabious. (Bot.) Same as Sheep's bit. -- Sheep shears, shears in which the blades form the two ends of a steel bow, by the elasticity of which they open as often as pressed together by the hand in cutting; -- so called because used to cut off the wool of sheep. -- Sheep sorrel. (Bot.), a prerennial herb (Rumex Acetosella) growing naturally on poor, dry, gravelly soil. Its leaves have a pleasant acid taste like sorrel. -- Sheep's-wool (Zoöl.), the highest grade of Florida commercial sponges (Spongia equina, variety gossypina). -- Sheep tick (Zoöl.), a wingless parasitic insect (Melophagus ovinus) belonging to the Diptera. It fixes its proboscis in the skin of the sheep and sucks the blood, leaving a swelling. Called also sheep pest, and sheep louse. -- Sheep walk, a pasture for sheep; a sheep run. -- Wild sheep. (Zoöl.) See Argali, Mouflon, and Oörial.

Sheep"back` (?), n. (Geol.) A rounded knoll of rock resembling the back of a sheep. -- produced by glacial action. Called also roche moutonnée; -- usually in the plural.

Sheep"ber`ry (?), n. (Bot.) The edible fruit of a small North American tree of the genus Viburnum (V. Lentago), having white flowers in flat cymes; also, the tree itself. Called also nannyberry.

Sheep"bite` (?), v. i. To bite or nibble like a sheep; hence, to practice petty thefts. [Obs.] Shak.

Sheep"bit`er (?), n. One who practices petty thefts. [Obs.] Shak.

> There are political sheepbiters as well as pastoral; betrayers of public trusts as well as of private.

L'Estrange.

{ Sheep"cot` (?), Sheep"cote` (?), } n. A small inclosure for sheep; a pen; a fold.

Sheep"-faced` (?), a. Over-bashful; sheepish.

Sheep"fold` (?), n. A fold or pen for sheep; a place where sheep are collected or confined.

Sheep"-head`ed (?), a. Silly; simple-minded; stupid. Taylor (1630)

Sheep"hook` (?), n. A hook fastened to pole, by which shepherds lay hold on the legs or necks of their sheep; a shepherd's crook. Dryden.

Sheep"ish, a. 1. Of or pertaining to sheep. [Obs.]

2. Like a sheep; bashful; over-modest; meanly or foolishly diffident; timorous to excess.

> Wanting change of company, he will, when he comes abroad, be a sheepish or conceited creature.

Locke.

-- Sheep"ish*ly, adv. -- Sheep"ish*ness, n.

Sheep"mas`ter (?), n. A keeper or feeder of sheep; also, an owner of sheep. 2 Kings iii. 4.

Sheep"rack` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The starling.

Sheep's"-eye` (?), n. A modest, diffident look; a loving glance; -- commonly in the plural.

> I saw her just now give him the languishing eye, as they call it; . . . of old called the sheep's-eye.

Wycherley.

Sheep's-foot` (?), n. A printer's tool consisting of a metal bar formed into a hammer head at one end and a claw at the other, -- used as a lever and hammer.

Sheep"shank` (?), n. (Naut.) A hitch by which a rope may be temporarily shortened.

Sheeps"head` (&?;), n. [So called because of the fancied resemblance of its head and front teeth to those of a sheep.] (Zoöl.) A large and valuable sparoid food fish (Archosargus, or Diplodus, probatocephalus) found on the Atlantic coast of the United States. It often weighs from ten to twelve pounds.

The name is also locally, in a loose way, applied to various other fishes, as the butterfish, the fresh-water drumfish, the parrot fish, the porgy, and the moonfish.

Sheep"-shear`er (?), n. One who shears, or cuts off the wool from, sheep.

Sheep"-shear`ing (?), n. 1. Act of shearing sheep.

2. A feast at the time of sheep- shearing. Shak.

Sheep"skin` (?), n. 1. The skin of a sheep; or, leather prepared from it.

2. A diploma; -- so called because usually written or printed on parchment prepared from the skin of the sheep. [College Cant]

Sheep"split` (?), n. A split of a sheepskin; one of the thin sections made by splitting a sheepskin with a cutting knife or machine.

Sheep"y (?), a. Resembling sheep; sheepish. Testament of Love.

Sheer (?), a. [OE. shere, skere, pure, bright, Icel. sk&?;rr; akin to skrr, AS. scr, OS. skri, MHG. schr, G. schier, Dan. sk&?;r, Sw. skär, Goth. skeirs clear, and E. shine. √157. See Shine, v. i.] 1. Bright; clear; pure; unmixed. "Sheer ale." Shak.

> Thou sheer, immaculate, and silver fountain.

Shak.

2. Very thin or transparent; -- applied to fabrics; as, sheer muslin.

3. Being only what it seems to be; obvious; simple; mere; downright; as, sheer folly; sheer nonsense. "A sheer impossibility." De Quincey.

> It is not a sheer advantage to have several strings to one's bow.

M. Arnold.

4. Stright up and down; vertical; prpendicular.

> A sheer precipice of a thousand feet.

J. D. Hooker.

> It was at least
> Nine roods of sheer ascent.

Wordsworth.

Sheer, adv. Clean; quite; at once. [Obs.] Milton.

Sheer, v. t. [See Shear.] To shear. [Obs.] Dryden.

Sheer, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sheered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sheering.] [D. sheren to shear, cut, withdraw, warp. See Shear.] To decline or deviate from the line of the proper course; to turn aside; to swerve; as, a ship sheers from her course; a horse sheers at a bicycle.

To sheer off, to turn or move aside to a distance; to move away. -- To sheer up, to approach obliquely.

Sheer, n. 1. (Naut.) (a) The longitudinal upward curvature of the deck, gunwale, and lines of a vessel, as when viewed from the side. (b) The position of a vessel riding at single anchor and swinging clear of it.

2. A turn or change in a course.

> Give the canoe a sheer and get nearer to the shore.

Cooper.

3. pl. Shears See Shear.

Sheer batten (Shipbuilding), a long strip of wood to guide the carpenters in following the sheer plan. -- Sheer boom, a boom slanting across a stream to direct floating logs to one side. -- Sheer hulk. See Shear hulk, under Hulk. -- Sheer plan, or Sheer draught (Shipbuilding), a projection of the lines of a vessel on a vertical longitudinal plane passing through the middle line of the vessel. -- Sheer pole (Naut.), an iron rod lashed to the shrouds just above the dead-eyes and parallel to the ratlines. -- Sheer strake (Shipbuilding), the strake under the gunwale on the top side. Totten. -- To break sheer (Naut.), to deviate from sheer, and risk fouling the anchor.

Sheer"ly (?), adv. At once; absolutely. [Obs.]

Sheer"wa`ter (?), n. (Zoöl.) The shearwater.

Sheet (?), n. [OE. shete, schete, AS. scte, scte, fr. sceát a projecting corner, a fold in a garment (akin to D. schoot sheet, bosom, lap, G. schoss bosom, lap, flap of a coat, Icel. skaut, Goth. skauts the hem of a garment); originally, that which shoots out, from the root of AS. sceótan to shoot. √159. See Shoot, v. t.] In general, a large, broad piece of anything thin, as paper, cloth, etc.; a broad, thin portion of any substance; an expanded superficies. Specifically: (a) A broad piece of cloth, usually linen or cotton, used for wrapping the body or for a covering; especially, one used as an article of bedding next to the body.

> He fell into a trance, and saw heaven opened, and a certain vessel descending unto him, as it had been a great sheet knit at the four corners.

Acts x. 10, 11.

> If I do die before thee, prithee, shroud me
> In one of those same sheets.

Shak.

(b) A broad piece of paper, whether folded or unfolded, whether blank or written or printed upon; hence, a letter; a newspaper, etc. (c) A single signature of a book or a pamphlet; in pl., the book itself.

> To this the following sheets are intended for a full and distinct answer.

Waterland.

(d) A broad, thinly expanded portion of metal or other substance; as, a sheet of copper, of glass, or the like; a plate; a leaf. (e) A broad expanse of water, or the like. "The two beautiful sheets of water." Macaulay. (f) A sail. Dryden. (g) (Geol.) An extensive bed of an eruptive rock intruded between, or overlying, other strata.

2. [AS. sceáta. See the Etymology above.] (Naut.) (a) A rope or chain which regulates the angle of adjustment of a sail in relation in relation to the wind; -- usually attached to the lower corner of a sail, or to a yard or a boom. (b) pl. The space in the forward or the after part of a boat where there are no rowers; as, fore sheets; stern sheets.

Sheet is often used adjectively, or in combination, to denote that the substance to the name of which it is prefixed is in the form of sheets, or thin plates or leaves; as, sheet brass, or sheet-brass; sheet glass, or sheet-glass; sheet gold, or sheet-gold; sheet iron, or sheet- iron, etc.

A sheet in the wind, half drunk. [Sailors' Slang] -- Both sheets in the wind, very drunk. [Sailors' Slang] -- In sheets, lying flat or expanded; not folded, or folded but not bound; -- said especially of printed sheets. -- Sheet bend (Naut.), a bend or hitch used for temporarily fastening a rope to the bight of another rope or to an eye. -- Sheet lightning, Sheet piling, etc. See under Lightning, Piling, etc.

Sheet, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sheeted; p. pr. & vb. n. Sheeting.] 1. To furnish with a sheet or sheets; to wrap in, or cover with, a sheet, or as with a sheet. "The sheeted dead." "When snow the pasture sheets." Shak.

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2. To expand, as a sheet.

> The star shot flew from the welkin blue,
> As it fell from the sheeted sky.

J. R. Drake.

To sheet home (Naut.), to haul upon a sheet until the sail is as flat, and the clew as near the wind, as possible.

Sheet" an"chor (?). [OE. scheten to shoot, AS. sceótan; cf. OE. shoot anchor. See Shoot, v. t.] 1. (Naut.) A large anchor stowed on shores outside the waist of a vessel; -- called also waist anchor. See the Note under Anchor.

2. Anything regarded as a sure support or dependence in danger; the best hope or refuge.

Sheet" ca"ble (?). (Naut.) The cable belonging to the sheet anchor.

Sheet" chain" (?). (Naut.) A chain sheet cable.

Sheet"ful (?), n.; pl. Sheetfuls (&?;). Enough to fill a sheet; as much as a sheet can hold.

Sheet"ing, n. 1. Cotton or linen cloth suitable for bed sheets. It is sometimes made of double width.

2. (Hydraul. Engin.) A lining of planks or boards (rarely of metal) for protecting an embankment.

3. The act or process of forming into sheets, or flat pieces; also, material made into sheets.

||Sheik (?), n. [Ar. sheikh, shaykh, a venerable old man, a chief, fr. shkha to grow or be old.] The head of an Arab family, or of a clan or a tribe; also, the chief magistrate of an Arab village. The name is also applied to Mohammedan ecclesiastics of a high grade. [Written also scheik, shaik, sheikh.]

{ Sheil (shl), Sheil"ing, } n. See Sheeling.

Shek"el (?), n. [Heb. shegel, fr. shgal to weigh.] 1. An ancient weight and coin used by the Jews and by other nations of the same stock.

A common estimate makes the shekel equal in weight to about 130 grains for gold, 224 grains for silver, and 450 grains for copper, and the approximate values of the coins are (gold) $5.00, (silver) 60 cents, and (copper half shekel), one and one half cents.

2. pl. A jocose term for money.

She*ki"nah (?), n. [Heb Talmud sheknh, fr. shkan to inhabit.] The visible majesty of the Divine Presence, especially when resting or dwelling between the cherubim on the mercy seat, in the Tabernacle, or in the Temple of Solomon; -- a term used in the Targums and by the later Jews, and adopted by Christians. [Written also Shechinah.] Dr. W. Smith (Bib. Dict.)

Sheld (?), a. [OE., fr. sheld a shield, probably in allusion to the ornamentation of shields. See Shield.] Variegated; spotted; speckled; piebald. [Prov. Eng.]

{ Sheld"a*fle (?), Sheld"a*ple (?), } n. [Perhaps for sheld dapple. Cf. Sheldrake.] (Zoöl.) A chaffinch. [Written also sheldapple, and shellapple.]

Sheld"fowl` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The common sheldrake. [Prov. Eng.]

Shel"drake` (?), n. [Sheld + drake.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of large Old World ducks of the genus Tadorna and allied genera, especially the European and Asiatic species. (T. cornuta, or tadorna), which somewhat resembles a goose in form and habit, but breeds in burrows.

It has the head and neck greenish black, the breast, sides, and forward part of the back brown, the shoulders and middle of belly black, the speculum green, and the bill and frontal bright red. Called also shelduck, shellduck, sheldfowl, skeelduck, bergander, burrow duck, and links goose.

The Australian sheldrake (Tadorna radja) has the head, neck, breast, flanks, and wing coverts white, the upper part of the back and a band on the breast deep chestnut, and the back and tail black. The chestnut sheldrake of Australia (Casarca tadornoides) is varied with black and chestnut, and has a dark green head and neck. The ruddy sheldrake, or Braminy duck (C. rutila), and the white-winged sheldrake (C. leucoptera), are related Asiatic species.

2. Any one of the American mergansers.

The name is also loosely applied to other ducks, as the canvasback, and the shoveler.

Shel"duck` (?), n. [Sheld variegated + duck.] (Zoöl.) The sheldrake. [Written also shellduck.]

Shelf (?), n.; pl. Shelves (#). [OE. shelfe, schelfe, AS. scylfe; akin to G. schelfe, Icel. skjlf. In senses 2 & 3, perhaps a different word (cf. Shelve, v. i.).] 1. (Arch.) A flat tablet or ledge of any material set horizontally at a distance from the floor, to hold objects of use or ornament.

2. A sand bank in the sea, or a rock, or ledge of rocks, rendering the water shallow, and dangerous to ships.

> On the tawny sands and shelves.

Milton.

> On the secret shelves with fury cast.

Dryden.

3. (Mining) A stratum lying in a very even manner; a flat, projecting layer of rock.

4. (Naut.) A piece of timber running the whole length of a vessel inside the timberheads. D. Kemp.

To lay on the shelf, to lay aside as unnecessary or useless; to dismiss; to discard.

Shelf"y (?), a. 1. Abounding in shelves; full of dangerous shallows. "A shelfy coast." Dryden.

2. Full of strata of rock. [Obs.]

> The tillable fields are in some places . . . so shelfy that the corn hath much ado to fasten its root.

Carew.

Shell (?), n. [OE. shelle, schelle, AS. scell, scyll; akin to D. shel, Icel. skel, Goth. skalja a tile, and E. skill. Cf. Scale of fishes, Shale, Skill.] 1. A hard outside covering, as of a fruit or an animal. Specifically: (a) The covering, or outside part, of a nut; as, a hazelnut shell. (b) A pod. (c) The hard covering of an egg.

> Think him as a serpent's egg, . . .
> And kill him in the shell.

Shak.

(d) (Zoöl.) The hard calcareous or chitinous external covering of mollusks, crustaceans, and some other invertebrates. In some mollusks, as the cuttlefishes, it is internal, or concealed by the mantle. Also, the hard covering of some vertebrates, as the armadillo, the tortoise, and the like. (e) (Zoöl.) Hence, by extension, any mollusks having such a covering.

2. (Mil.) A hollow projectile, of various shapes, adapted for a mortar or a cannon, and containing an explosive substance, ignited with a fuse or by percussion, by means of which the projectile is burst and its fragments scattered. See Bomb.

3. The case which holds the powder, or charge of powder and shot, used with breechloading small arms.

4. Any slight hollow structure; a framework, or exterior structure, regarded as not complete or filled in; as, the shell of a house.

5. A coarse kind of coffin; also, a thin interior coffin inclosed in a more substantial one. Knight.

6. An instrument of music, as a lyre, -- the first lyre having been made, it is said, by drawing strings over a tortoise shell.

> When Jubal struck the chorded shell.

Dryden.

7. An engraved copper roller used in print works.

8. pl. The husks of cacao seeds, a decoction of which is often used as a substitute for chocolate, cocoa, etc.

9. (Naut.) The outer frame or case of a block within which the sheaves revolve.

10. A light boat the frame of which is covered with thin wood or with paper; as, a racing shell.

Message shell, a bombshell inside of which papers may be put, in order to convey messages. -- Shell bit, a tool shaped like a gouge, used with a brace in boring wood. See Bit, n., 3. -- Shell button. (a) A button made of shell. (b) A hollow button made of two pieces, as of metal, one for the front and the other for the back, -- often covered with cloth, silk, etc. -- Shell cameo, a cameo cut in shell instead of stone. -- Shell flower. (Bot.) Same as Turtlehead. -- Shell gland. (Zoöl.) (a) A glandular organ in which the rudimentary shell is formed in embryonic mollusks. (b) A glandular organ which secretes the eggshells of various worms, crustacea, mollusks, etc. -- Shell gun, a cannon suitable for throwing shells. -- Shell ibis (Zoöl.), the openbill of India. -- Shell jacket, an undress military jacket. -- Shell lime, lime made by burning the shells of shellfish. -- Shell marl (Min.), a kind of marl characterized by an abundance of shells, or fragments of shells. -- Shell meat, food consisting of shellfish, or testaceous mollusks. Fuller. -- Shell mound. See under Mound. -- Shell of a boiler, the exterior of a steam boiler, forming a case to contain the water and steam, often inclosing also flues and the furnace; the barrel of a cylindrical, or locomotive, boiler. -- Shell road, a road of which the surface or bed is made of shells, as oyster shells. -- Shell sand, minute fragments of shells constituting a considerable part of the seabeach in some places.

Shell, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shelled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shelling.] 1. To strip or break off the shell of; to take out of the shell, pod, etc.; as, to shell nuts or pease; to shell oysters.

2. To separate the kernels of (an ear of Indian corn, wheat, oats, etc.) from the cob, ear, or husk.

3. To throw shells or bombs upon or into; to bombard; as, to shell a town.

To shell out, to distribute freely; to bring out or pay, as money. [Colloq.]

Shell, v. i. 1. To fall off, as a shell, crust, etc.

2. To cast the shell, or exterior covering; to fall out of the pod or husk; as, nuts shell in falling.

3. To be disengaged from the ear or husk; as, wheat or rye shells in reaping.

{ Shell"-lac`, Shel"lac` } (?), n. [Shell + lac a resinous substance; cf. D. shellak, G. schellack.] See the Note under 2d Lac.

Shell"ap`ple, n. (Zoöl.) See Sheldafle.

Shell"bark` (?), n. (Bot.) A species of hickory (Carya alba) whose outer bark is loose and peeling; a shagbark; also, its nut.

Shelled (?), a. (Zoöl.) Having a shell.

Shell"er (?), n. One who, or that which, shells; as, an oyster sheller; a corn sheller.

Shell"fish` (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any aquatic animal whose external covering consists of a shell, either testaceous, as in oysters, clams, and other mollusks, or crustaceous, as in lobsters and crabs.

Shell"ing, n. Groats; hulled oats. Simmonds.

Shell"-less, a. Having no shell. J. Burroughs.

Shell"proof` (?), a. Capable of resisting bombs or other shells; bombproof.

Shell"work` (?), n. Work composed of shells, or adorned with them. Cotgrave.

Shell"y (?), a. Abounding with shells; consisting of shells, or of a shell. "The shelly shore." Prior.

> Shrinks backward in his shelly cave.

Shak.

Shel"ter (?), n. [Cf. OE. scheltrun, shiltroun, schelltrome, scheldtrome, a guard, squadron, AS. scildtruma a troop of men with shields; scild shield + truma a band of men. See Shield, n.] 1. That which covers or defends from injury or annoyance; a protection; a screen.

> The sick and weak the healing plant shall aid,
> From storms a shelter, and from heat a shade.

Pope.

2. One who protects; a guardian; a defender.

> Thou [God] hast been a shelter for me.

Ps. lxi. 3.

3. The state of being covered and protected; protection; security.

> Who into shelter takes their tender bloom.

Young.

Shelter tent,a small tent made of pieces of cotton duck arranged to button together. In field service the soldiers carry the pieces.

Syn. -- Asylum; refuge; retreat; covert; sanctuary; protection; defense; security.

Shel"ter (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sheltered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sheltering.] 1. To be a shelter for; to provide with a shelter; to cover from injury or annoyance; to shield; to protect.

> Those ruins sheltered once his sacred head.

Dryden.

> You have no convents . . . in which such persons may be received and sheltered.

Southey.

2. To screen or cover from notice; to disguise.

> In vain I strove to cheek my growing flame,
> Or shelter passion under friendship's name.

Prior.

3. To betake to cover, or to a safe place; -- used reflexively.

> They sheltered themselves under a rock.

Abp. Abbot.

Shel"ter, v. i. To take shelter.

> There oft the Indian herdsman, shunning heat,
> Shelters in cool.

Milton.

Shel"ter*less, a. Destitute of shelter or protection.

> Now sad and shelterless perhaps she lies.

Rowe.

Shel"ter*y (?), a. Affording shelter. [R.]

{ Shel"tie (?), Shel"ty (?) }, n. A Shetland pony.

Shelve (?), v. t. 1. To furnish with shelves; as, to shelve a closet or a library.

2. To place on a shelf. Hence: To lay on the shelf; to put aside; to dismiss from service; to put off indefinitely; as, to shelve an officer; to shelve a claim.

Shelve, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Shelved (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shelving.] [Perhapss originally from the same source as shallow, but influenced by shelf a ledge, a platform.] To incline gradually; to be slopping; as, the bottom shelves from the shore.

Shelv"ing, a. Sloping gradually; inclining; as, a shelving shore. Shak. "Shelving arches." Addison.

Shelv"ing, n. 1. The act of fitting up shelves; as, the job of shelving a closet.

2. The act of laying on a shelf, or on the shelf; putting off or aside; as, the shelving of a claim.

3. Material for shelves; shelves, collectively.

Shelv"y (?), a. Sloping gradually; shelving.

> The shore was shelving and shallow.

Shak.

Shem"ite (?), n. A descendant of Shem.

{ Shem*it"ic (?), Shem"i*tish (?), } a. Of or pertaining to Shem, the son of Noah, or his descendants. See Semitic.

Shem"i*tism (?), n. See Semitism.

Shend (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shent (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shending.] [AS. scendan to disgrace, bring to shame, from sceand, sceond, disgrace, dishonor, shame; akin to G. schande, Goth. skanda. See Shame, n.] 1. To injure, mar, spoil, or harm. [Obs.] "Loss of time shendeth us." Chaucer.

> I fear my body will be shent.

Dryden.

2. To blame, reproach, or revile; to degrade, disgrace, or put to shame. [Archaic] R. Browning.

> The famous name of knighthood foully shend.

Spenser.

> She passed the rest as Cynthia doth shend
> The lesser stars.

Spenser.

Shend"ful (?), a. Destructive; ruinous; disgraceful. [Obs.] -- Shend"ful*ly, adv. [Obs.] Fabyan.

Shend"ship, n. Harm; ruin; also, reproach; disgrace. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Shent (?), obs. 3d pers. sing. pres. of Shend, for shendeth. Chaucer.

Shent, v. t. To shend. [Obs.] Chaucer.

She"ol (sh"l), n. [Heb. shl.] The place of departed spirits; Hades; also, the grave.

> For thou wilt not leave my soul to sheol.

Ps. xvi. 10. (Rev. Ver.)

Shep"en (?), n. A stable; a shippen. [Obs.]

> The shepne brenning with the blacke smoke.

Chaucer.

Shep"herd (?), n. [OE. schepherde, schephirde, AS. sceáphyrde; sceáp sheep + hyrde, hirde, heorde, a herd, a guardian. See Sheep, and Herd.] 1. A man employed in tending, feeding, and guarding sheep, esp. a flock grazing at large.

2. The pastor of a church; one with the religious guidance of others.

Shepherd bird (Zoöl.), the crested screamer. See Screamer. -- Shepherd dog (Zoöl.), a breed of dogs used largely for the herding and care of sheep. There are several kinds, as the collie, or Scotch shepherd dog, and the English shepherd dog. Called also shepherd's dog. -- Shepherd dog, a name of Pan. Keats. -- Shepherd kings, the chiefs of a nomadic people who invaded Egypt from the East in the traditional period, and conquered it, at least in part. They were expelled after about five hundred years, and attempts have been made to connect their expulsion with narrative in the book of Exodus. -- Shepherd's club (Bot.), the common mullein. See Mullein. -- Shepherd's crook, a long staff having the end curved so as to form a large hook, -- used by shepherds. -- Shepherd's needle (Bot.), the lady's comb. -- Shepherd's plaid, a kind of woolen cloth of a checkered black and white pattern. -- Shephered spider (Zoöl.), a daddy longlegs, or harvestman. -- Shepherd's pouch, or Shepherd's purse (Bot.), an annual cruciferous plant (Capsella Bursapastoris) bearing small white flowers and pouchlike pods. See Illust. of Silicle. -- Shepherd's rod, or Shepherd's staff (Bot.), the small teasel.

Shep"herd, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shepherded; p. pr. & vb. n. Shepherding.] To tend as a shepherd; to guard, herd, lead, or drive, as a shepherd. [Poetic]

> White, fleecy clouds . . .

> Shepherded by the slow, unwilling wind.

Shelley.

Shep"herd*ess, n. A woman who tends sheep; hence, a rural lass.

> She put herself into the garb of a shepherdess.

Sir P. Sidney.

Shep*her"di*a (?), n.; pl. Shepherdias (#). [NL. So called from John Shepherd, an English botanist.] (Bot.) A genus of shrubs having silvery scurfy leaves, and belonging to the same family as Elæagnus; also, any plant of this genus. See Buffalo berry, under Buffalo.

<! p. 1328 !>

Shep"herd*ish (?), n. Resembling a shepherd; suiting a shepherd; pastoral. Sir T. Sidney.

Shep"herd*ism (?), n. Pastoral life or occupation.

Shep"herd*ling (?), n. A little shepherd.

Shep"herd*ly (?), a. Resembling, or becoming to, a shepherd; pastoral; rustic. [R.] Jer. Taylor.

Shep"ster (?), n. A seamstress. [Obs.] Caxton.

Sher"bet (?), n. [Ar. sherbet, shorbet, sharbat, properly, one drink or sip, a draught, beverage, from shariba to drink. Cf. Sorbet, Sirup, Shrub a drink.] 1. A refreshing drink, common in the East, made of the juice of some fruit, diluted, sweetened, and flavored in various ways; as, orange sherbet; lemon sherbet; raspberry sherbet, etc.

2. A flavored water ice.

3. A preparation of bicarbonate of soda, tartaric acid, sugar, etc., variously flavored, for making an effervescing drink; -- called also sherbet powder.

Sherd (?), n. A fragment; -- now used only in composition, as in potsherd. See Shard.

> The thigh . . . which all in sherds it drove.

Chapman.

{ ||Sher"eef (?), ||Sher"if (?), } n. [Ar. sherf noble, holy, n., a prince.] A member of an Arab princely family descended from Mohammed through his son-in-law Ali and daughter Fatima. The Grand Shereef is the governor of Mecca.

||Sher"i*at (?), n. [Turk. sher 'at] The sacred law of the Turkish empire.

Sher"iff, n. [OE. shereve, AS. scr-ger&?;fa; scr a shire + ger&?;fa a reeve. See Shire, and Reeve, and cf. Shrievalty.] The chief officer of a shire or county, to whom is intrusted the execution of the laws, the serving of judicial writs and processes, and the preservation of the peace.

In England, sheriffs are appointed by the king. In the United States, sheriffs are elected by the legislature or by the citizens, or appointed and commissioned by the executive of the State. The office of sheriff in England is judicial and ministerial. In the United States, it is mainly ministerial. The sheriff, by himself or his deputies, executes civil and criminal process throughout the county, has charge of the jail and prisoners, attends courts, and keeps the peace. His judicial authority is generally confined to ascertaining damages on writs of inquiry and the like. Sheriff, in Scotland, called sheriff depute, is properly a judge, having also certain ministerial powers. Sheriff clerk is the clerk of the Sheriff's Court in Scotland. Sheriff's Court in London is a tribunal having cognizance of certain personal actions in that city. Wharton, Tomlins. Erskine.

{ Sher"iff*al*ty (?), Sher"iff*dom (?), Sher"iff*ry (?), Sher"iff*ship (?), Sher"iff*wick (?), n. } The office or jurisdiction of sheriff. See Shrievalty.

Shern (?), n. See Shearn. [Obs.]

Sher"ris (?), n. Sherry. [Obs.] Shak.

Sher"ry (?), n. [So called from Xeres, a Spanish town near Cadiz, x in Spanish having been formerly pronounced like sh in English.] A Spanish light-colored dry wine, made in Andalusia. As prepared for commerce it is colored a straw color or a deep amber by mixing with it cheap wine boiled down.

Sherry cobbler, a beverage prepared with sherry wine, water, lemon or orange, sugar, ice, etc., and usually imbided through a straw or a glass tube.

Sher"ry*val`lies (?), n. pl. [Cf. Sp. zaraquelles wide breeches or overalls.] Trousers or overalls of thick cloth or leather, buttoned on the outside of each leg, and generally worn to protect other trousers when riding on horseback. [Local, U.S.] Bartlett.

Shet (?), v. t. & i. [imp. Shet. (Obs. Shette (&?; or &?;)); p. pr. Shet; p. pr. & vb. n. Shetting.] To shut. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Chaucer.

Shete (?), v. t. & i. To shoot. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Sheth (?), n. The part of a plow which projects downward beneath the beam, for holding the share and other working parts; -- also called standard, or post.

Shet"land po"ny (?). One of a small, hardy breed of horses, with long mane and tail, which originated in the Shetland Islands; a sheltie.

Shew (?), v. t. & i. See Show.

Shew, n. Show. [Obs. except in shewbread.]

Shew"bread` (?). See Showbread.

Shew"el (?), n. A scarecrow. [Obs.] Trench.

Shew"er (?), n. One who shews. See Shower.

Shewn (?), p. p. of Shew.

Shi"ah (?), n. Same as Shiite.

Shib"bo*leth (?), n. [Heb. shibbleth an ear of corn, or a stream, a flood.] 1. A word which was made the criterion by which to distinguish the Ephraimites from the Gileadites. The Ephraimites, not being able to pronounce sh, called the word sibboleth. See Judges xii.

> Without reprieve, adjudged to death,
> For want of well pronouncing shibboleth.

Milton.

Also in an extended sense.

> The th, with its twofold value, is . . . the shibboleth of foreigners.

Earle.

2. Hence, the criterion, test, or watchword of a party; a party cry or pet phrase.

Shide (?), n. [OE. shide, schide, AS. scde; akin to OHG. sct, G. scheit, Icel. skð, and E. shed, v.t.] A thin board; a billet of wood; a splinter. [Prov. Eng.]

Shie (?), v. t. See Shy, to throw.

Shied (?), imp. & p. p. of Shy.

Shiel, n. A sheeling. [Scot.] Burns.

Shield (?), n. [OE. sheld, scheld, AS. scield, scild, sceld, scyld; akin to OS. scild, OFries. skeld, D. & G. schild, OHG. scilt, Icel. skjöldr, Sw. sköld, Dan. skiold, Goth. skildus; of uncertain origin. Cf. Sheldrake.] 1. A broad piece of defensive armor, carried on the arm, -- formerly in general use in war, for the protection of the body. See Buckler.

> Now put your shields before your hearts and fight,
> With hearts more proof than shields.

Shak.

2. Anything which protects or defends; defense; shelter; protection. "My council is my shield." Shak.

3. Figuratively, one who protects or defends.

> Fear not, Abram; I am thy shield, and thy exceeding great reward.

Gen. xv. 1.

4. (Bot.) In lichens, a Hardened cup or disk surrounded by a rim and containing the fructification, or asci.

5. (Her.) The escutcheon or field on which are placed the bearings in coats of arms. Cf. Lozenge. See Illust. of Escutcheon.

6. (Mining & Tunneling) A framework used to protect workmen in making an adit under ground, and capable of being pushed along as excavation progresses.

7. A spot resembling, or having the form of, a shield. "Bespotted as with shields of red and black." Spenser.

8. A coin, the old French crown, or écu, having on one side the figure of a shield. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Shield fern (Bot.), any fern of the genus Aspidium, in which the fructifications are covered with shield-shaped indusia; -- called also wood fern. See Illust. of Indusium.

Shield (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shielded; p. pr. & vb. n. Shielding.] [AS. scidan, scyldan. See Shield, n.] 1. To cover with, or as with, a shield; to cover from danger; to defend; to protect from assault or injury.

> Shouts of applause ran ringing through the field,
> To see the son the vanquished father shield.

Dryden.

> A woman's shape doth shield thee.

Shak.

2. To ward off; to keep off or out.

> They brought with them their usual weeds, fit to shield the cold to which they had been inured.

Spenser.

3. To avert, as a misfortune; hence, as a supplicatory exclamation, forbid! [Obs.]

> God shield that it should so befall.

Chaucer.

> God shield I should disturb devotion!

Shak.

Shield"-bear`er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, carries a shield.

2. (Zoöl.) Any small moth of the genus Aspidisca, whose larva makes a shieldlike covering for itself out of bits of leaves.

Shield"drake` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A sheldrake.

Shield"less, a. Destitute of a shield, or of protection. -- Shield"less*ly, adv. -- Shield"less*ness, n.

Shield"tail` (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any species of small burrowing snakes of the family Uropeltidæ, native of Ceylon and Southern Asia. They have a small mouth which can not be dilated.

Shiel"ing (?), n. A hut or shelter for shepherds of fishers. See Sheeling. [Scot.]

Shift (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shifted; p. pr. & vb. n. Shifting.] [OE. shiften, schiften, to divide, change, remove. AS. sciftan to divide; akin to LG. & D. schiften to divide, distinguish, part Icel. skipta to divide, to part, to shift, to change, Dan skifte, Sw. skifta, and probably to Icel. skfa to cut into slices, as n., a slice, and to E. shive, sheave, n., shiver, n.] 1. To divide; to distribute; to apportion. [Obs.]

> To which God of his bounty would shift
> Crowns two of flowers well smelling.

Chaucer.

2. To change the place of; to move or remove from one place to another; as, to shift a burden from one shoulder to another; to shift the blame.

> Hastily he schifte him[self].

Piers Plowman.

> Pare saffron between the two St. Mary's days,
> Or set or go shift it that knowest the ways.

Tusser.

3. To change the position of; to alter the bearings of; to turn; as, to shift the helm or sails.

> Carrying the oar loose, [they] shift it hither and thither at pleasure.

Sir W. Raleigh.

4. To exchange for another of the same class; to remove and to put some similar thing in its place; to change; as, to shift the clothes; to shift the scenes.

> I would advise you to shift a shirt.

Shak.

5. To change the clothing of; -- used reflexively. [Obs.]

> As it were to ride day and night; and . . . not to have patience to shift me.

Shak.

6. To put off or out of the way by some expedient. "I shifted him away." Shak.

To shift off, to delay; to defer; to put off; to lay aside. -- To shift the scene, to change the locality or the surroundings, as in a play or a story.

> Shift the scene for half an hour;
> Time and place are in thy power.

Swift.

Shift, v. i. 1. To divide; to distribute. [Obs.]

> Some this, some that, as that him liketh shift.

Chaucer.

2. To make a change or changes; to change position; to move; to veer; to substitute one thing for another; -- used in the various senses of the transitive verb.

> The sixth age shifts
> Into the lean and slippered pantaloon.

Shak.

> Here the Baillie shifted and fidgeted about in his seat.

Sir W. Scott.

3. To resort to expedients for accomplishing a purpose; to contrive; to manage.

> Men in distress will look to themselves, and leave their companions to shift as well as they can.

L'Estrange.

4. To practice indirect or evasive methods.

> All those schoolmen, though they were exceeding witty, yet better teach all their followers to shift, than to resolve by their distinctions.

Sir W. Raleigh.

5. (Naut.) To slip to one side of a ship, so as to destroy the equilibrum; -- said of ballast or cargo; as, the cargo shifted.

Shift (?), n. [Cf. Icel skipti. See Shift, v. t.] 1. The act of shifting. Specifically: (a) The act of putting one thing in the place of another, or of changing the place of a thing; change; substitution.

> My going to Oxford was not merely for shift of air.

Sir H. Wotton.

(b) A turning from one thing to another; hence, an expedient tried in difficulty; often, an evasion; a trick; a fraud. "Reduced to pitiable shifts." Macaulay.

> I 'll find a thousand shifts to get away.

Shak.

> Little souls on little shifts rely.

Dryden.

2. Something frequently shifted; especially, a woman's under-garment; a chemise.

3. The change of one set of workmen for another; hence, a spell, or turn, of work; also, a set of workmen who work in turn with other sets; as, a night shift.

4. In building, the extent, or arrangement, of the overlapping of plank, brick, stones, etc., that are placed in courses so as to break joints.

5. (Mining) A breaking off and dislocation of a seam; a fault.

6. (Mus.) A change of the position of the hand on the finger board, in playing the violin.

To make shift, to contrive or manage in an exigency. "I shall make shift to go without him." Shak.

> [They] made a shift to keep their own in Ireland.

Milton.

Shift"a*ble (?), a. Admitting of being shifted.

Shift"er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, shifts; one who plays tricks or practices artifice; a cozener.

> 'T was such a shifter that, if truth were known,
> Death was half glad when he had got him down.

Milton.

2. (Naut.) An assistant to the ship's cook in washing, steeping, and shifting the salt provisions.

3. (Mach.) (a) An arrangement for shifting a belt sidewise from one pulley to another. (b) (Knitting Mach.) A wire for changing a loop from one needle to another, as in narrowing, etc.

Shift"i*ness, n. The quality or state of being shifty.

> Diplomatic shiftiness and political versatility.

J. A. Syminds.

Shift"ing, a. 1. Changing in place, position, or direction; varying; variable; fickle; as, shifting winds; shifting opinions or principles.

2. Adapted or used for shifting anything.

Shifting backstays (Naut.), temporary stays that have to be let go whenever the vessel tacks or jibes. -- Shifting ballast, ballast which may be moved from one side of a vessel to another as safety requires. -- Shifting center. See Metacenter. -- Shifting locomotive. See Switching engine, under Switch.

Shift"ing*ly, adv. In a shifting manner.

Shift"less, a. Destitute of expedients, or not using successful expedients; characterized by failure, especially by failure to provide for one's own support, through negligence or incapacity; hence, lazy; improvident; thriftless; as, a shiftless fellow; shiftless management. -- Shift"less*ly, adv. -- Shift"less*ness, n.

Shift"y (?), a. Full of, or ready with, shifts; fertile in expedients or contrivance. Wright.

> Shifty and thrifty as old Greek or modern Scot, there were few things he could not invent, and perhaps nothing he could not endure.

C. Kingsley.

{ Shi"ite (?), Shi"ah (?) }, n. [Ar. sh'aa follower of the sect of Ali, fr. sh'at, sh'ah, a multitude following one another in pursuit of the same object, the sect of Ali, fr. sh'a to follow.] A member of that branch of the Mohammedans to which the Persians belong. They reject the first three caliphs, and consider Ali as being the first and only rightful successor of Mohammed. They do not acknowledge the Sunna, or body of traditions respecting Mohammed, as any part of the law, and on these accounts are treated as heretics by the Sunnites, or orthodox Mohammedans.

{ Shi*ka"ree, ||Shi*ka"ri } (?) n. [Hind.] A sportsman; esp., a native hunter. [India]

Shilf (?), n. [CF. G. shilf sedge.] Straw. [Obs.]

Shill (?), v. t. To shell. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Shill, v. t. [Cf. Sheal.] To put under cover; to sheal. [Prov.ng.] Brockett.

{ Shil*la"lah, Shil*le"lah } (?), n. An oaken sapling or cudgel; any cudgel; -- so called from Shillelagh, a place in Ireland of that name famous for its oaks. [Irish] [Written also shillaly, and shillely.]

Shil"ling (?), n. [OE. shilling, schilling, AS. scilling; akin to D. schelling, OS. & OHG. scilling, G. schilling, Sw. & Dan. skilling, Icel. skillingr, Goth. skilliggs, and perh. to OHG. scellan to sound, G. schallen.] 1. A silver coin, and money of account, of Great Britain and its dependencies, equal to twelve pence, or the twentieth part of a pound, equivalent to about twenty-four cents of the United States currency.

2. In the United States, a denomination of money, differing in value in different States. It is not now legally recognized.

Many of the States while colonies had issued bills of credit which had depreciated in different degrees in the different colonies. Thus, in New England currency (used also in Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida), after the adoption of the decimal system, the pound in paper money was worth only $3.333, and the shilling 16&?; cts., or 6s. to $1; in New York currency (also in North Carolina, Ohio, and Michigan), the pound was worth $2.50, and the shilling 12½ cts., or 8s. to $1; in Pennsylvania currency (also in New Jersey, Delaware, and Maryland), the pound was worth $2.70, and the shilling 13½ cts., or 7s. 6d. to $1; and in Georgia currency (also in South Carolina), the pound was worth $4.29&?;, and the shilling 21&?; cts., or 4s 8d. to $1. In many parts of the country . . . the reckoning by shillings and pence is not yet entirely abandoned. Am. Cyc.

<! p. 1329 !>

3. The Spanish real, of the value of one eight of a dollar, or 12&?; cets; -- formerly so called in New York and some other States. See Note under 2.

York shilling. Same as Shilling, 3.

{ Shill"-I-shall`-I (?), Shil"ly-shal`ly, } adv. [A reduplication of shall I.] In an irresolute, undecided, or hesitating manner.

> I am somewhat dainty in making a resolution, because when I make it, I keep it; I don't stand shill-I-shall-I then; if I say 't, I'll do 't.

Congreve.

Shil"ly-shal`ly, v. i. To hesitate; to act in an irresolute manner; hence, to occupy one's self with trifles.

Shil"ly-shal`ly, n. Irresolution; hesitation; also, occupation with trifles.

> She lost not one of her forty-five minutes in picking and choosing, -- no shilly-shally in Kate.

De Quincey.

Shi"loh (sh\'b6l), n. [Heb. shlh, literally, quiet, rest, fr. shlh to rest.] (Script.) A word used by Jacob on his deathbed, and interpreted variously, as "the Messiah," or as the city "Shiloh," or as "Rest."

Shi"ly (?), adv. See Shyly.

Shim (?), n. 1. A kind of shallow plow used in tillage to break the ground, and clear it of weeds.

2. (Mach.) A thin piece of metal placed between two parts to make a fit.

Shim"mer (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Shimmered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shimmering.] [OE. schimeren, AS. scimerian; akin to scmian, scman, to glitter, D. schemeren, G. schimmern, Dan. skimre, Sw. skimra, AS. scma a light, brightness, Icel. skma, Goth. skeima a torch, a lantern, and E. shine. √157. See Shine, v. i.] To shine with a tremulous or intermittent light; to shine faintly; to gleam; to glisten; to glimmer.

> The shimmering glimpses of a stream.

Tennyson.

Shim"mer, n. A faint, tremulous light; a gleaming; a glimmer.

> TWo silver lamps, fed with perfumed oil, diffused . . . a trembling twilight-seeming shimmer through the quiet apartment.

Sir W. Scott.

Shim"mer*ing, n. A gleam or glimmering. "A little shimmering of a light." Chaucer.

Shim"my (?), n. A chemise. [Colloq.]

Shin (?), n. [OE. shine, schine, AS. scina; akin to D. scheen, OHG. scina, G. schiene, schienbein, Dan. skinnebeen, Sw. skenben. Cf. Chine.] 1. The front part of the leg below the knee; the front edge of the shin bone; the lower part of the leg; the shank. "On his shin." Chaucer.

2. (Railbroad) A fish plate for rails. Knight.

Shin bone (Anat.), the tibia. -- Shin leaf (Bot.), a perennial ericaceous herb (Pyrola elliptica) with a cluster of radical leaves and a raceme of greenish white flowers.

Shin, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Shinned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shinning.] 1. To climb a mast, tree, rope, or the like, by embracing it alternately with the arms and legs, without help of steps, spurs, or the like; -- used with up; as, to shin up a mast. [Slang]

2. To run about borrowing money hastily and temporarily, as for the payment of one's notes at the bank. [Slang, U.S.] Bartlett.

Shin, v. t. To climb (a pole, etc.) by shinning up. [Slang]

Shin"dle (?), n. [See 2d Shingle.] A shingle; also, a slate for roofing. [Obs.] Holland.

Shin"dle, v. t. To cover or roof with shindles. [Obs.]

Shin"dy (?), n.; pl. Shindies (#). [Etymol. uncertain; cf. Shinney, Shinty.] 1. An uproar or disturbance; a spree; a row; a riot. [Slang] Thackeray.

2. Hockey; shinney. Bartlett.

3. A fancy or liking. [Local, U. S.] Bartlett.

Shine (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Shone (&?; or &?;; 277) (archaic Shined (&?;)); p. pr. & vb. n. Shining.] [OE. shinen, schinen, AS. scnan; akin to D. schijnen, OFries. skna, OS. & OHG. scnan, G. scheinen, Icel. skna, Sw. skina, Dan. skinne, Goth. skeinan, and perh. to Gr. &?;&?;&?; shadow. √157. Cf. Sheer pure, and Shimmer.] 1. To emit rays of light; to give light; to beam with steady radiance; to exhibit brightness or splendor; as, the sun shines by day; the moon shines by night.

> Hyperion's quickening fire doth shine.

Shak.

> God, who commanded the light to shine out of darkness, hath shined in our hearts, to give the light of the knowledge of the glory of God in the face of Jesus Cghrist.

2 Cor. iv. 6.

> Let thine eyes shine forth in their full luster.

Denham.

2. To be bright by reflection of light; to gleam; to be glossy; as, to shine like polished silver.

3. To be effulgent in splendor or beauty. "So proud she shined in her princely state." Spenser.

> Once brightest shined this child of heat and air.

Pope.

4. To be eminent, conspicuous, or distinguished; to exhibit brilliant intellectual powers; as, to shine in courts; to shine in conversation.

> Few are qualified to shine in company; but it in most men's power to be agreeable.

Swift.

To make, or cause, the face to shine upon, to be propitious to; to be gracious to. Num. vi. 25.

Shine, v. t. 1. To cause to shine, as a light. [Obs.]

> He [God] doth not rain wealth, nor shine honor and virtues, upon men equally.

Bacon.

2. To make bright; to cause to shine by reflected light; as, in hunting, to shine the eyes of a deer at night by throwing a light on them. [U. S.] Bartlett.

Shine, n. 1. The quality or state of shining; brightness; luster, gloss; polish; sheen.

> Now sits not girt with taper's holy shine.

Milton.

> Fair opening to some court's propitious shine.

Pope.

> The distant shine of the celestial city.

Hawthorne.

2. Sunshine; fair weather.

> Be it fair or foul, or rain or shine.

Dryden.

3. A liking for a person; a fancy. [Slang, U.S.]

4. Caper; antic; row. [Slang]

To cut up shines, to play pranks. [Slang, U.S.]

Shine (?), a. [AS. scn. See Shine, v. i.] Shining; sheen. [Obs.] Spenser.

Shin"er (?), n. That which shines. Specifically: (a) A luminary. (b) A bright piece of money. [Slang]

> Has she the shiners, d' ye think?

Foote.

(c) (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of small freshwater American cyprinoid fishes, belonging to Notropis, or Minnilus, and allied genera; as the redfin (Notropis megalops), and the golden shiner (Notemigonus chrysoleucus) of the Eastern United States; also loosely applied to various other silvery fishes, as the dollar fish, or horsefish, menhaden, moonfish, sailor's choice, and the sparada. (d) (Zoöl.) The common Lepisma, or furniture bug.

Blunt-nosed shiner (Zoöl.), the silver moonfish.

Shi"ness (?), n. See Shyness.

Shin"gle (?), n. [Prob. from Norw. singl, singling, coarse gravel, small round stones.] (Geol.) Round, water-worn, and loose gravel and pebbles, or a collection of roundish stones, such as are common on the seashore and elsewhere.

Shin"gle, n. [OE. shingle, shindle, fr. L. scindula, scandula; cf. scindere to cleave, to split, E. shed, v.t., Gr. &?;&?;&?;, &?;&?;&?;, shingle, &?;&?;&?; to slit.] 1. A piece of wood sawed or rived thin and small, with one end thinner than the other, -- used in covering buildings, especially roofs, the thick ends of one row overlapping the thin ends of the row below.

> I reached St. Asaph, . . . where there is a very poor cathedral church covered with shingles or tiles.

Ray.

2. A sign for an office or a shop; as, to hang out one's shingle. [Jocose, U. S.]

Shingle oak (Bot.), a kind of oak (Quercus imbricaria) used in the Western States for making shingles.

Shin"gle, v. t. [imp. &. p. p. Shingled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shingling (?).] 1. To cover with shingles; as, to shingle a roof.

> They shingle their houses with it.

Evelyn.

2. To cut, as hair, so that the ends are evenly exposed all over the head, as shingles on a roof.

Shin"gle, v. t. To subject to the process of shindling, as a mass of iron from the pudding furnace.

Shin"gler (?), n. 1. One who shingles.

2. A machine for shingling puddled iron.

Shin"gles (?), n. [OF. cengle a girth, F. sangle, fr. L. cingulum a girdle, fr. cingere to gird. Cf. Cincture, Cingle, Surcingle.] (Med.) A kind of herpes (Herpes zoster) which spreads half way around the body like a girdle, and is usually attended with violent neuralgic pain.

Shin"gling (?), n. 1. The act of covering with shingles; shingles, collectively; a covering made of shingles.

2. (Metal) The process of expelling scoriæ and other impurities by hammering and squeezing, in the production of wrought iron.

Shingling hammer, a ponderous hammer moved by machinery, used in shingling puddled iron. -- Shingling mill, a mill or forge where puddled iron is shingled.

Shin"gly (?), a. Abounding with shingle, or gravel.

Shin"hop`ple (?), n. The hobblebush.

Shin"ing (?), a. 1. Emitting light, esp. in a continuous manner; radiant; as, shining lamps; also, bright by the reflection of light; as, shining armor. "Fish . . . with their fins and shining scales." Milton.

2. Splendid; illustrious; brilliant; distinguished; conspicious; as, a shining example of charity.

3. Having the surface smooth and polished; -- said of leaves, the surfaces of shells, etc.

Syn. -- Glistening; bright; radiant; resplendent; effulgent; lustrous; brilliant; glittering; splendid; illustrious. -- Shining, Brilliant, Sparking. Shining describes the steady emission of a strong light, or the steady reflection of light from a clear or polished surface. Brilliant denotes a shining of great brightness, but with gleams or flashes. Sparkling implies a fitful, intense shining from radiant points or sparks, by which the eye is dazzled. The same distinctions obtain when these epithets are figuratively applied. A man of shining talents is made conspicious by possessing them; if they flash upon the mind with a peculiarly striking effect, we call them brilliant; if his brilliancy is marked by great vivacity and occasional intensity, he is sparkling.

> True paradise . . . inclosed with shining rock.

Milton.

> Some in a brilliant buckle bind her waist,
> Some round her neck a circling light display.

Gay.

> His sparkling blade about his head he blest.

Spenser.

Shin"ing, n. Emission or reflection of light.

Shin"ing*ness, n. Brightness. J. Spence.

Shin"ney (?), n. [CF. Shindy.] The game of hockey; -- so called because of the liability of the players to receive blows on the shin. Halliwell.

Shin"plas`ter (?), n. Formerly, a jocose term for a bank note greatly depreciated in value; also, for paper money of a denomination less than a dollar. [U. S.]

{ Shin"to (?), Shin"ti*ism (?), } n. [Chin. shin god + tao way, doctrine.] One of the two great systems of religious belief in Japan. Its essence is ancestor worship, and sacrifice to dead heroes. [Written also Sintu, and Sintuism.]

Shin"to*ist (?), n. An adherent of Shintoism.

Shin"ty (?), n. [Cf. Gael. sinteag a skip, a bound.] A Scotch game resembling hockey; also, the club used in the game. Jamieson.

Shin"y (?), a. [Compar. Shinier (?); superl. Shiniest.] Bright; luminous; clear; unclouded.

> Like distant thunder on a shiny day.

Dryden.

-ship (?). [OE. -schipe, AS. -scipe; akin to OFries. -skipe, OLG. -skepi, D. -schap, OHG. - scaf, G. -schaft. Cf. Shape, n., and Landscape.] A suffix denoting state, office, dignity, profession, or art; as in lordship, friendship, chancellorship, stewardship, horsemanship.

Ship (?), n. [AS. scipe.] Pay; reward. [Obs.]

> In withholding or abridging of the ship or the hire or the wages of servants.

Chaucer.

Ship, n. [OE. ship, schip, AS. scip; akin to OFries. skip, OS. scip, D. schip, G. schiff, OHG. scif, Dan. skib, Sw. skeep, Icel. & Goth. skip; of unknown origin. Cf. Equip, Skiff, Skipper.] 1. Any large seagoing vessel.

> Like a stately ship . . .
> With all her bravery on, and tackle trim,
> Sails filled, and streamers waving.

Milton.

> Thou, too, sail on, O Ship of State!

Longfellow.

2. Specifically, a vessel furnished with a bowsprit and three masts (a mainmast, a foremast, and a mizzenmast), each of which is composed of a lower mast, a topmast, and a topgallant mast, and square-rigged on all masts. See Illustation in Appendix.

l Port or Larboard Side; s Starboard Side; 1 Roundhouse or Deck House; 2 Tiller; 3 Grating; 4 Wheel; 5 Wheel Chains; 6 Binnacle; 7 Mizzenmast; 8 Skylight; 9 Capstan; 10 Mainmast; 11 Pumps; 12 Galley or Caboose; 13 Main Hatchway; 14 Windlass; 15 Foremast; 16 Fore Hatchway; 17 Bitts; 18 Bowsprit; 19 Head Rail; 20 Boomkins; 21 Catheads on Port Bow and Starboard Bow; 22 Fore Chains; 23 Main Chains; 24 Mizzen Chains; 25 Stern.

1 Fore Royal Stay; 2 Flying Jib Stay; 3 Fore Topgallant Stay;4 Jib Stay; 5 Fore Topmast Stays; 6 Fore Tacks; 8 Flying Martingale; 9 Martingale Stay, shackled to Dolphin Striker; 10 Jib Guys; 11 Jumper Guys; 12 Back Ropes; 13 Robstays; 14 Flying Jib Boom; 15 Flying Jib Footropes; 16 Jib Boom; 17 Jib Foottropes; 18 Bowsprit; 19 Fore Truck; 20 Fore Royal Mast; 21 Fore Royal Lift; 22 Fore Royal Yard; 23 Fore Royal Backstays; 24 Fore Royal Braces; 25 Fore Topgallant Mast and Rigging; 26 Fore Topgallant Lift; 27 Fore Topgallant Yard; 28 Fore Topgallant Backstays; 29 Fore Topgallant Braces; 30 Fore Topmast and Rigging; 31 Fore Topsail Lift; 32 Fore Topsail Yard; 33 Fore Topsail Footropes; 34 Fore Topsail Braces; 35 Fore Yard; 36 Fore Brace; 37 Fore Lift; 38 Fore Gaff; 39 Fore Trysail Vangs; 40 Fore Topmast Studding-sail Boom; 41 Foremast and Rigging; 42 Fore Topmast Backstays; 43 Fore Sheets; 44 Main Truck and Pennant; 45 Main Royal Mast and Backstay; 46 Main Royal Stay; 47 Main Royal Lift; 48 Main Royal Yard; 49 Main Royal Braces; 50 Main Topgallant Mast and Rigging; 51 Main Topgallant Lift; 52 Main Topgallant Backstays; 53 Main Topgallant Yard; 54 Main Topgallant Stay; 55 Main Topgallant Braces; 56 Main Topmast and Rigging; 57 Topsail Lift; 58 Topsail Yard; 59 Topsail Footropes; 60 Topsail Braces; 61 Topmast Stays; 62 Main Topgallant Studding-sail Boom; 63 Main Topmast Backstay; 64 Main Yard; 65 Main Footropes; 66 Mainmast and Rigging; 67 Main Lift; 68 Main Braces; 69 Main Tacks; 70 Main Sheets; 71 Main Trysail Gaff; 72 Main Trysail Vangs; 73 Main Stays; 74 Mizzen Truck; 75 Mizzen Royal Mast and Rigging; 76 Mizzen Royal Stay; 77 Mizzen Royal Lift; 78 Mizzen Royal Yard; 79 Mizzen Royal Braces; 80 Mizzen Topgallant Mast and Rigging; 81 Mizzen Topgallant Lift; 82 Mizzen Topgallant Backstays; 83 Mizzen Topgallant Braces; 84 Mizzen Topgallant Yard; 85 Mizzen Topgallant Stay; 86 Mizzen Topmast and Rigging; 87 Mizzen Topmast Stay; 88 Mizzen Topsail Lift; 89 Mizzen Topmast Backstays; 90 Mizzen Topsail Braces; 91 Mizzen Topsail Yard; 92 Mizzen Topsail Footropes; 93 Crossjack Yard; 94 Crossjack Footropes; 95 Crossjack Lift; 96 Crossjack Braces; 97 Mizzenmast and Rigging; 98 Mizzen Stay; 99 Spanker Gaff; 100 Peak Halyards; 101 Spanker Vangs; 102 Spanker Boom; 103 Spanker Boom Topping Lift; 104 Jacob's Ladder, or Stern Ladder; 105 Spanker Sheet; 106 Cutwater; 107 Starboard Bow; 108 Starboard Beam; 109 Water Line; 110 Starboard Quarter; 111 Rudder.

<! p. 1330 !>

3. A dish or utensil (originally fashioned like the hull of a ship) used to hold incense. [Obs.] Tyndale.

Armed ship, a private ship taken into the service of the government in time of war, and armed and equipped like a ship of war. [Eng.] Brande & C. -- General ship. See under General. -- Ship biscuit, hard biscuit prepared for use on shipboard; -- called also ship bread. See Hardtack. -- Ship boy, a boy who serves in a ship. "Seal up the ship boy's eyes." Shak. -- Ship breaker, one who breaks up vessels when unfit for further use. -- Ship broker, a mercantile agent employed in buying and selling ships, procuring cargoes, etc., and generally in transacting the business of a ship or ships when in port. -- Ship canal, a canal suitable for the passage of seagoing vessels. -- Ship carpenter, a carpenter who works at shipbuilding; a shipwright. -- Ship chandler, one who deals in cordage, canvas, and other, furniture of vessels. -- Ship chandlery, the commodities in which a ship chandler deals; also, the business of a ship chandler. -- Ship fever (Med.), a form of typhus fever; -- called also putrid, jail, or hospital fever. -- Ship joiner, a joiner who works upon ships. -- Ship letter, a letter conveyed by a ship not a mail packet. -- Ship money (Eng. Hist.), an imposition formerly charged on the ports, towns, cities, boroughs, and counties, of England, for providing and furnishing certain ships for the king's service. The attempt made by Charles I. to revive and enforce this tax was resisted by John Hampden, and was one of the causes which led to the death of Charles. It was finally abolished. -- Ship of the line. See under Line. -- Ship pendulum, a pendulum hung amidships to show the extent of the rolling and pitching of a vessel. -- Ship railway. (a) An inclined railway with a cradelike car, by means of which a ship may be drawn out of water, as for repairs. (b) A railway arranged for the transportation of vessels overland between two water courses or harbors. -- Ship's company, the crew of a ship or other vessel. -- Ship's days, the days allowed a vessel for loading or unloading. -- Ship's husband. See under Husband. -- Ship's papers (Mar. Law), papers with which a vessel is required by law to be provided, and the production of which may be required on certain occasions. Among these papers are the register, passport or sea letter, charter party, bills of lading, invoice, log book, muster roll, bill of health, etc. Bouvier. Kent. -- To make ship, to embark in a ship or other vessel.

Ship (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shipped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shipping.] 1. To put on board of a ship, or vessel of any kind, for transportation; to send by water.

> The timber was . . . shipped in the bay of Attalia, from whence it was by sea transported to Pelusium.

Knolles.

2. By extension, in commercial usage, to commit to any conveyance for transportation to a distance; as, to ship freight by railroad.

3. Hence, to send away; to get rid of. [Colloq.]

4. To engage or secure for service on board of a ship; as, to ship seamen.

5. To receive on board ship; as, to ship a sea.

6. To put in its place; as, to ship the tiller or rudder.

Ship, v. i. 1. To engage to serve on board of a vessel; as, to ship on a man-of- war.

2. To embark on a ship. Wyclif (Acts xxviii. 11)

Ship"board` (?), n. [Ship + board. See Board, n., 8] A ship's side; hence, by extension, a ship; -- found chiefly in adverbial phrases; as, on shipboard; a shipboard.

Ship"build`er (?), n. A person whose occupation is to construct ships and other vessels; a naval architect; a shipwright.

Ship"build`ing, n. Naval architecturel the art of constructing ships and other vessels.

Ship"ful (?), n.; pl. Shipfuls (&?;). As much or as many as a ship will hold; enough to fill a ship.

Ship"hold`er (?), n. A shipowner.

Ship"less, a. Destitute of ships. Gray.

Ship"let (?), n. A little ship. [R.] Holinshed.

Ship"load` (?), n. The load, or cargo, of a ship.

Ship"man (?), n.; pl. Shipmen (&?;). A seaman, or sailor. [Obs. or Poetic] Chaucer. R. Browning.

> About midnight the shipmen deemed that they drew near to some country.

Acts xxvii. 27.

Shipman's card, the mariner's compass. [Obs.] Shak.

Ship"mas`ter (?), n. The captain, master, or commander of a ship. Jonah i. 6.

Ship"mate` (?), n. One who serves on board of the same ship with another; a fellow sailor.

Ship"ment (?), n. 1. The act or process of shipping; as, he was engaged in the shipment of coal for London; an active shipment of wheat from the West.

2. That which is shipped.

> The question is, whether the share of M. in the shipment is exempted from condemnation by reason of his neutral domicle.

Story.

Ship"own`er (?), n. Owner of a ship or ships.

Ship"pen (?), n. [AS. scypen. Cf. Shop, Shepen.] A stable; a cowhouse. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Ship"per (?), n. [See Ship, n., and cf. Skipper.] One who sends goods from one place to another not in the same city or town, esp. one who sends goods by water.

Ship"ping (?), a. 1. Relating to ships, their ownership, transfer, or employment; as, shiping concerns.

2. Relating to, or concerned in, the forwarding of goods; as, a shipping clerk.

Ship"ping, n. 1. The act of one who, or of that which, ships; as, the shipping of flour to Liverpool.

2. The collective body of ships in one place, or belonging to one port, country, etc.; vessels, generally; tonnage.

3. Navigation. "God send 'em good shipping." Shak.

Shipping articles, articles of agreement between the captain of a vessel and the seamen on board, in respect to the amount of wages, length of time for which they are shipping, etc. Bouvier. -- To take shipping, to embark; to take ship. [Obs.] John vi. 24. Shak.

Ship"pon (?), n. A cowhouse; a shippen. [Prov. Eng.]

> Bessy would either do fieldwork, or attend to the cows, the shippon, or churn, or make cheese.

Dickens.

Ship"-rigged` (?), a. (Naut.) Rigged like a ship, that is, having three masts, each with square sails.

Ship"shape` (?), a. Arranged in a manner befitting a ship; hence, trim; tidy; orderly.

> Even then she expressed her scorn for the lubbery executioner's mode of tying a knot, and did it herself in a shipshape orthodox manner.

De Quincey.

> Keep everything shipshape, for I must go

Tennyson.

Ship"shape` (?), adv. In a shipshape or seamanlike manner.

Ship"worm` (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any long, slender, worm-shaped bivalve mollusk of Teredo and allied genera. The shipworms burrow in wood, and are destructive to wooden ships, piles of wharves, etc. See Teredo.

Ship"wreck` (?), n. 1. The breaking in pieces, or shattering, of a ship or other vessel by being cast ashore or driven against rocks, shoals, etc., by the violence of the winds and waves.

2. A ship wrecked or destroyed upon the water, or the parts of such a ship; wreckage. Dryden.

3. Fig.: Destruction; ruin; irretrievable loss.

> Holding faith and a good conscience, which some having put away concerning faith have made shipwreck.

1 Tim. 1. 19.

> It was upon an Indian bill that the late ministry had made shipwreck.

J. Morley.

Ship"wreck`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shipwrecked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shipwrecking.] 1. To destroy, as a ship at sea, by running ashore or on rocks or sandbanks, or by the force of wind and waves in a tempest.

> Shipwrecking storms and direful thunders break.

Shak.

2. To cause to experience shipwreck, as sailors or passengers. Hence, to cause to suffer some disaster or loss; to destroy or ruin, as if by shipwreck; to wreck; as, to shipwreck a business. Addison.

Ship"wright` (?), n. One whose occupation is to construct ships; a builder of ships or other vessels.

Ship"yard` (?), n. A yard, place, or inclosure where ships are built or repaired.

Shi*raz" (?), n. A kind of Persian wine; -- so called from the place whence it is brought.

Shire (?), n. [AS. scre, scr, a division, province, county. Cf. Sheriff.] 1. A portion of Great Britain originally under the supervision of an earl; a territorial division, usually identical with a county, but sometimes limited to a smaller district; as, Wiltshire, Yorkshire, Richmondshire, Hallamshire.

> An indefinite number of these hundreds make up a county or shire.

Blackstone.

2. A division of a State, embracing several contiguous townships; a county. [U. S.]

Shire is commonly added to the specific designation of a county as a part of its name; as, Yorkshire instead of York shire, or the shire of York; Berkshire instead of Berks shire. Such expressions as the county of Yorkshire, which in a strict sense are tautological, are used in England. In the United States the composite word is sometimes the only name of a county; as, Berkshire county, as it is called in Massachusetts, instead of Berks county, as in Pensylvania.

> The Tyne, Tees, Humber, Wash, Yare, Stour, and Thames separate the counties of Northumberland, Durham, Yorkshire, Lincolnshire, etc.

Encyc. Brit.

Knight of the shire. See under Knight. -- Shire clerk, an officer of a county court; also, an under sheriff. [Eng.] -- Shire mote (Old. Eng. Law), the county court; sheriff's turn, or court. [Obs.] Cowell. Blackstone. -- Shire reeve (Old Eng. Law), the reeve, or bailiff, of a shire; a sheriff. Burrill. -- Shire town, the capital town of a county; a county town. -- Shire wick, a county; a shire. [Obs.] Holland.

Shirk (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shirked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shirking.] [Probably the same word as shark. See Shark, v. t.] 1. To procure by petty fraud and trickery; to obtain by mean solicitation.

> You that never heard the call of any vocation, . . . that shirk living from others, but time from Yourselves.

Bp. Rainbow.

2. To avoid; to escape; to neglect; -- implying unfaithfulness or fraud; as, to shirk duty.

> The usual makeshift by which they try to shirk difficulties.

Hare.

Shirk, v. i. 1. To live by shifts and fraud; to shark.

2. To evade an obligation; to avoid the performance of duty, as by running away.

> One of the cities shirked from the league.

Byron.

Shirk, n. One who lives by shifts and tricks; one who avoids the performance of duty or labor.

Shirk"er (?), n. One who shirks. Macaulay.

Shirk"y (?), a. Disposed to shirk. [Colloq.]

Shirl (?), a. Shrill. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Shirl, n. (Min.) See Schorl.

Shir"ley (?), n. (Zoöl.) The bullfinch.

Shirr (?), n. (Sewing) A series of close parallel runnings which are drawn up so as to make the material between them set full by gatherings; -- called also shirring, and gauging.

Shirred (?), a. 1. (Sewing) Made or gathered into a shirr; as, a shirred bonnet.

2. (Cookery) Broken into an earthen dish and baked over the fire; -- said of eggs.

Shirt (?), n. [OE. schirte, sherte, schurte; akin to Icel. skyrta, Dan. skiorte, Sw. skjorta, Dan. skiört a petticoat, D. schort a petticoat, an argon, G. schurz, schürze, an argon; all probably from the root of E. short, as being originally a short garment. See Short, and cf. Skirt.] A loose under-garment for the upper part of the body, made of cotton, linen, or other material; -- formerly used of the under-garment of either sex, now commonly restricted to that worn by men and boys.

> Several persons in December had nothing over their shoulders but their shirts.

Addison.

> She had her shirts and girdles of hair.

Bp. Fisher.

Shirt, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Shirted; p. pr. & vb. n. Shirting.] To cover or clothe with a shirt, or as with a shirt. Dryden.

Shirt"ing, n. Cloth, specifically cotton cloth, suitable for making shirts.

Shirt"less, a. Not having or wearing a shirt. Pope.

-- Shirt"less*ness, n.

{ Shist (?), Shis*tose" (?) }. See Shist, Schistose.

{ Shit"tah (?), Shit"tah tree` }, n. [Heb. shitth, pl. shittm.] A tree that furnished the precious wood of which the ark, tables, altars, boards, etc., of the Jewish tabernacle were made; -- now believed to have been the wood of the Acacia Seyal, which is hard, fine grained, and yellowish brown in color.

{ Shit"tim (?), Shit"tim wood` }, n. The wood of the shittah tree.

Shit"tle (?), n. [See Shuttle.] A shuttle. [Obs.] Chapman.

Shit"tle, a. Wavering; unsettled; inconstant. [Obs.] Holland.

Shit"tle*cock` (?), n. A shuttlecock. [Obs.]

Shit"tle*ness, n. Instability; inconstancy. [Obs.]

> The vain shittlenesse of an unconstant head.

Baret.

Shive (?), n. [See Sheave, n.] 1. A slice; as, a shive of bread. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Shak.

2. A thin piece or fragment; specifically, one of the scales or pieces of the woody part of flax removed by the operation of breaking.

3. A thin, flat cork used for stopping a wide- mouthed bottle; also, a thin wooden bung for casks.

Shiv"er (?), n. [OE. schivere, fr. shive; cf. G. schifer a splinter, slate, OHG. scivere a splinter, Dan. & Sw. skifer a slate. See Shive, and cf. Skever.] 1. One of the small pieces, or splinters, into which a brittle thing is broken by sudden violence; -- generally used in the plural. "All to shivers dashed." Milton.

2. A thin slice; a shive. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] "A shiver of their own loaf." Fuller.

> Of your soft bread, not but a shiver.

Chaucer.

3. (Geol.) A variety of blue slate.

4. (Naut.) A sheave or small wheel in a pulley.

5. A small wedge, as for fastening the bolt of a window shutter.

6. A spindle. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Shiv"er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shivered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shivering.] [OE. schiveren, scheveren; cf. OD. scheveren. See Shiver a fragment.] To break into many small pieces, or splinters; to shatter; to dash to pieces by a blow; as, to shiver a glass goblet.

> All the ground
> With shivered armor strown.

Milton.

Shiv"er, v. i. To separate suddenly into many small pieces or parts; to be shattered.

> There shiver shafts upon shields thick.

Chaucer

> The natural world, should gravity once cease, . . . would instantly shiver into millions of atoms.

Woodward.

Shiv"er, v. i. [OE. chiveren, cheveren; of uncertain origin. This word seems to have been confused with shiver to shatter.] To tremble; to vibrate; to quiver; to shake, as from cold or fear.

> Prometheus is laid
> On icy Caucasus to shiver.

Swift.

> The man that shivered on the brink of sin,
> Thus steeled and hardened, ventures boldly in.

Creech.

Shiv"er, v. t. (Naut.) To cause to shake or tremble, as a sail, by steering close to the wind.

Shiv"er, n. The act of shivering or trembling.

Shiv"er*ing*ly, adv. In a shivering manner.

Shiv"er-spar` (?), n. [Cf. G. schiefer-spath.] (Min.) A variety of calcite, so called from its slaty structure; -- called also slate spar.

Shiv"er*y (?), a. 1. Tremulous; shivering. Mallet.

2. Easily broken; brittle; shattery.

Shoad (?), n. [Cf. G. schutt rubbish.] (Mining) A train of vein material mixed with rubbish; fragments of ore which have become separated by the action of water or the weather, and serve to direct in the discovery of mines. [Written also shode.]

Shoad"ing, n. (Mining) The tracing of veins of metal by shoads. [Written also shoding.] Pryce.

Shoal (?), n. [AS. scolu, sceolu, a company, multitude, crowd, akin to OS. skola; probably originally, a division, and akin to Icel. skilja to part, divide. See Skill, and cf. School. of fishes.] A great multitude assembled; a crowd; a throng; -- said especially of fish; as, a shoal of bass. "Great shoals of people." Bacon.

> Beneath, a shoal of silver fishes glides.

Waller.

Shoal, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Shoaled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shoaling.] To assemble in a multitude; to throng; as, the fishes shoaled about the place. Chapman.

Shoal, a. [Cf. Shallow; or cf. G. scholle a clod, glebe, OHG. scollo, scolla, prob. akin to E. shoal a multitude.] Having little depth; shallow; as, shoal water.

Shoal, n. 1. A place where the water of a sea, lake, river, pond, etc., is shallow; a shallow.

> The depth of your pond should be six feet; and on the sides some shoals for the fish to lay their span.

Mortimer.

> Wolsey, that once trod the ways of glory,
> And sounded all the depths and shoals of honor.

Shak.

2. A sandbank or bar which makes the water shoal.

> The god himself with ready trident stands,
> And opes the deep, and spreads the moving sands,
> Then heaves them off the shoals.

Dryden.

Shoal, v. i. To become shallow; as, the color of the water shows where it shoals.

Shoal, v. t. To cause to become more shallow; to come to a more shallow part of; as, a ship shoals her water by advancing into that which is less deep. Marryat.

Shoal"i*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being shoaly; little depth of water; shallowness.

Shoal"ing, a. Becoming shallow gradually. "A shoaling estuary." Lyell.

Shoal"y (?), a. Full of shoals, or shallow places.

> The tossing vessel sailed on shoaly ground.

Dryden.

Shoar (shr), n. A prop. See 3d Shore.

Shoat (sht), n. A young hog. Same as Shote.

<! p. 1331 !>

Shock (?), n. [OE. schokke; cf. OD schocke, G. schock a heap, quantity, threescore, MHG. schoc, Sw. skok, and also G. hocke a heap of hay, Lith. kugis.] 1. A pile or assemblage of sheaves of grain, as wheat, rye, or the like, set up in a field, the sheaves varying in number from twelve to sixteen; a stook.

> And cause it on shocks to be by and by set.

Tusser.

> Behind the master walks, builds up the shocks.

Thomson.

2. [G. schock.] (Com.) A lot consisting of sixty pieces; -- a term applied in some Baltic ports to loose goods.

Shock, v. t. To collect, or make up, into a shock or shocks; to stook; as, to shock rye.

Shock, v. i. To be occupied with making shocks.

> Reap well, scatter not, gather clean that is shorn,
> Bind fast, shock apace.

Tusser.

Shock, n. [Cf. D. schok a bounce, jolt, or leap, OHG. scoc a swing, MHG. schoc, Icel. skykkjun tremuously, F. choc a shock, collision, a dashing or striking against, Sp. choque, It. ciocco a log. √161. Cf. Shock to shake.] 1. A quivering or shaking which is the effect of a blow, collision, or violent impulse; a blow, impact, or collision; a concussion; a sudden violent impulse or onset.

> These strong, unshaken mounds resist the shocks
> Of tides and seas tempestuous.

Blackmore.

> He stood the shock of a whole host of foes.

Addison.

2. A sudden agitation of the mind or feelings; a sensation of pleasure or pain caused by something unexpected or overpowering; also, a sudden agitating or overpowering event. "A shock of pleasure." Talfourd.

3. (Med.) A sudden depression of the vital forces of the entire body, or of a port of it, marking some profound impression produced upon the nervous system, as by severe injury, overpowering emotion, or the like.

4. (Elec.) The sudden convulsion or contraction of the muscles, with the feeling of a concussion, caused by the discharge, through the animal system, of electricity from a charged body.

Syn. -- Concussion, Shock. Both words signify a sudden violent shaking caused by impact or colision; but concussion is restricted in use to matter, while shock is used also of mental states.

Shock, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shocked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shocking.] [OE. schokken; cf. D. schokken, F. choquer, Sp. chocar. √161. Cf. Chuck to strike, Jog, Shake, Shock a striking, Shog, n. & v.] 1. To give a shock to; to cause to shake or waver; hence, to strike against suddenly; to encounter with violence.

> Come the three corners of the world in arms,
> And we shall shock them.

Shak.

> I shall never forget the force with which he shocked De Vipont.

Sir W. Scott.

2. To strike with surprise, terror, horror, or disgust; to cause to recoil; as, his violence shocked his associates.

> Advise him not to shock a father's will.

Dryden.

Shock, v. i. To meet with a shock; to meet in violent encounter. "They saw the moment approach when the two parties would shock together." De Quincey.

Shock, n. [Cf. Shag.] 1. (Zoöl.) A dog with long hair or shag; -- called also shockdog.

2. A thick mass of bushy hair; as, a head covered with a shock of sandy hair.

Shock, a. Bushy; shaggy; as, a shock hair.

> His red shock peruke . . . was laid aside.

Sir W. Scott.

Shock"dog` (?), n. (Zoöl.) See 7th Shock, 1.

Shock"-head` (?), a. Shock- headed. Tennyson.

Shock"-head`ed, a. Having a thick and bushy head of hair.

Shock"ing, a. Causing to shake or tremble, as by a blow; especially, causing to recoil with horror or disgust; extremely offensive or disgusting.

> The grossest and most shocking villainies.

Secker.

-- Shock"ing*ly, adv. -- Shock"ing*ness, n.

Shod (?), imp. & p. p. f Shoe.

Shod"dy (?), n. [Perhaps fr. Shed, v. t.; as meaning originally, waste stuff shedor thrown off.] 1. A fibrous material obtained by "deviling," or tearing into fibers, refuse woolen goods, old stockings, rags, druggets, etc. See Mungo.

2. A fabric of inferior quality made of, or containing a large amount of, shoddy.

The great quantity of shoddy goods furnished as army supplies in the late Civil War in the United States gave wide currency to the word, and it came to be applied to persons who pretend to a higher position in society than that to which their breeding or worth entitles them.

Shod"dy, a. Made wholly or in part of shoddy; containing shoddy; as, shoddy cloth; shoddy blankets; hence, colloquially, not genuine; sham; pretentious; as, shoddy aristocracy.

> Shoddy inventions designed to bolster up a factitious pride.

Compton Reade.

Shod"dy*ism (?), n. The quality or state of being shoddy. [Colloq.] See the Note under Shoddy, n.

Shode (?), n. [AS. scde, fr. sceádan. See Shed, v. t.] 1. The parting of the hair on the head. [Obs.]

> Full straight and even lay his jolly shode.

Chaucer.

2. The top of the head; the head. [Obs.] Chaucer.

{ Shode, Shod"ing }. See Shoad, Shoading.

Sho"der (?), n. A package of gold beater's skins in which gold is subjected to the second process of beating.

Shoe (?), n.; pl. Shoes (#), formerly Shoon (#), now provincial. [OE. sho, scho, AS. sc&?;h, sceóh; akin to OFries. sk&?;, OS. sk&?;h, D. schoe, schoen, G. schuh, OHG. scuoh, Icel. sk&?;r, Dan. & Sw. sko, Goth. sk&?;hs; of unknown origin.] 1. A covering for the human foot, usually made of leather, having a thick and somewhat stiff sole and a lighter top. It differs from a boot on not extending so far up the leg.

> Your hose should be ungartered, . . . yourshoe untied.

Shak.

> Spare none but such as go in clouted shoon.

Shak.

2. Anything resembling a shoe in form, position, or use. Specifically: (a) A plate or rim of iron nailed to the hoof of an animal to defend it from injury. (b) A band of iron or steel, or a ship of wood, fastened to the bottom of the runner of a sleigh, or any vehicle which slides on the snow. (c) A drag, or sliding piece of wood or iron, placed under the wheel of a loaded vehicle, to retard its motion in going down a hill. (d) The part of a railroad car brake which presses upon the wheel to retard its motion. (e) (Arch.) A trough-shaped or spout-shaped member, put at the bottom of the water leader coming from the eaves gutter, so as to throw the water off from the building. (f) (Milling.) The trough or spout for conveying the grain from the hopper to the eye of the millstone. (g) An inclined trough in an ore-crushing mill. (h) An iron socket or plate to take the thrust of a strut or rafter. (i) An iron socket to protect the point of a wooden pile. (j) (Mach.) A plate, or notched piece, interposed between a moving part and the stationary part on which it bears, to take the wear and afford means of adjustment; -- called also slipper, and gib.

Shoe is often used adjectively, or in composition; as, shoe buckle, or shoe-buckle; shoe latchet, or shoe-latchet; shoe leathet, or shoe-leather; shoe string, shoe-string, or shoestring.

Shoe of an anchor. (Naut.) (a) A small block of wood, convex on the back, with a hole to receive the point of the anchor fluke, -- used to prevent the anchor from tearing the planks of the vessel when raised or lowered. (b) A broad, triangular piece of plank placed upon the fluke to give it a better hold in soft ground. -- Shoe block (Naut.), a block with two sheaves, one above the other, and at right angles to each other. -- Shoe bolt, a bolt with a flaring head, for fastening shoes on sleigh runners. -- Shoe pac, a kind of moccasin. See Pac. -- Shoe stone, a sharpening stone used by shoemakers and other workers in leather.

Shoe (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shod; p. pr. & vb. n. Shoeing.] [AS. sc&?;ian, sce&?;ian. See Shoe, n.] 1. To furnish with a shoe or shoes; to put a shoe or shoes on; as, to shoe a horse, a sled, an anchor.

2. To protect or ornament with something which serves the purpose of a shoe; to tip.

> The sharp and small end of the billiard stick, which is shod with brass or silver.

Evelyn.

Shoe"bill` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A large African wading bird (Balæniceps rex) allied to the storks and herons, and remarkable for its enormous broad swollen bill. It inhabits the valley of the White Nile. See Illust. (l.) of Beak.

Shoe"black` (?), n. One who polishes shoes.

{ Shoe"horn`, Shoe"ing-horn` } (?), n. 1. A curved piece of polished horn, wood, or metal used to facilitate the entrance of the foot into a shoe.

2. Figuratively: (a) Anything by which a transaction is facilitated; a medium; -- by way of contempt. Spectator. (b) Anything which draws on or allures; an inducement. [Low] Beau. & Fl.

Shoe"less, a. Destitute of shoes. Addison.

Shoe"mak`er (?), n. 1. One whose occupation it is to make shoes and boots.

2. (Zoöl.) (a) The threadfish. (b) The runner, 12.

Shoe"mak`ing, n. The business of a shoemaker.

Sho"er (?), n. One who fits shoes to the feet; one who furnishes or puts on shoes; as, a shoer of horses.

Shog (?), n. [See Shock a striking.] A shock; a jog; a violent concussion or impulse. [R. or Scot.]

Shog, v. t. To shake; to shock. [R. or Scot.]

Shog, v. i. [Cf. W. ysgogi to wag, to stir. Cf. Jog.] To jog; to move on. [R. or Scot.] Beau. & Fl.

Shog"gle (?), v. t. [See Shog, Joggle.] To joggle. [Obs. or Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Pegge.

Sho"gun (?), n. [Chin. tsiang kiÜn commander in chief.] A title originally conferred by the Mikado on the military governor of the eastern provinces of Japan. By gradual usurpation of power the Shoguns (known to foreigners as Tycoons) became finally the virtual rulers of Japan. The title was abolished in 1867. [Written variously, Shiogun, Shiogoon, etc.]

Sho*gun"ate (?), n. The office or dignity of a Shogun. [Written also Siogoonate.]

Sho"la (?), n. (Bot.) See Sola.

Shole (?), n. A plank fixed beneath an object, as beneath the rudder of a vessel, to protect it from injury; a plank on the ground under the end of a shore or the like.

Shole, n. See Shoal. [Obs.]

Shonde (?), n. [AS. sceond. Cf. Shend.] Harm; disgrace; shame. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Shone (?), imp. & p. p. of Shine.

Shoo (?), interj. [Cf. G. scheuchen to scare, drive away.] Begone; away; -- an expression used in frightening away animals, especially fowls.

Sho"oi, n. (Zoöl.) The Richardson's skua (Stercorarius parasiticus);- so called from its cry. [Prov. Eng.]

Shook (?), imp. & obs. or poet. p. p. of Shake.

Shook, n. [Cf. Shock a bundle of sheaves.] (Com.) (a) A set of staves and headings sufficient in number for one hogshead, cask, barrel, or the like, trimmed, and bound together in compact form. (b) A set of boards for a sugar box. (c) The parts of a piece of house furniture, as a bedstead, packed together.

Shook, v. t. To pack, as staves, in a shook.

Shoon (?), n., pl. of Shoe. [Archaic] Chaucer.

> They shook the snow from hats and shoon.

Emerson.

Shoop (?), obs. imp. of Shape. Shaped. Chaucer.

Shoot (?), n. [F. chute. See Chute. Confused with shoot to let fly.] An inclined plane, either artificial or natural, down which timber, coal, etc., are caused to slide; also, a narrow passage, either natural or artificial, in a stream, where the water rushes rapidly; esp., a channel, having a swift current, connecting the ends of a bend in the stream, so as to shorten the course. [Written also chute, and shute.] [U. S.]

To take a shoot, to pass through a shoot instead of the main channel; to take the most direct course. [U.S.]

Shoot (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shot (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shooting. The old participle Shotten is obsolete. See Shotten.] [OE. shotien, schotien, AS. scotian, v. i., sceótan; akin to D. schieten, G. schie&?;en, OHG. sciozan, Icel. skj&?;ta, Sw. skjuta, Dan. skyde; cf. Skr. skund to jump. √159. Cf. Scot a contribution, Scout to reject, Scud, Scuttle, v. i., Shot, Sheet, Shut, Shuttle, Skittish, Skittles.] 1. To let fly, or cause to be driven, with force, as an arrow or a bullet; -- followed by a word denoting the missile, as an object.

> If you please
> To shoot an arrow that self way.

Shak.

2. To discharge, causing a missile to be driven forth; -- followed by a word denoting the weapon or instrument, as an object; -- often with off; as, to shoot a gun.

> The two ends od a bow, shot off, fly from one another.

Boyle.

3. To strike with anything shot; to hit with a missile; often, to kill or wound with a firearm; -- followed by a word denoting the person or thing hit, as an object.

> When Roger shot the hawk hovering over his master's dove house.

A. Tucker.

4. To send out or forth, especially with a rapid or sudden motion; to cast with the hand; to hurl; to discharge; to emit.

> An honest weaver as ever shot shuttle.

Beau. & Fl.

> A pit into which the dead carts had nightly shot corpses by scores.

Macaulay.

5. To push or thrust forward; to project; to protrude; -- often with out; as, a plant shoots out a bud.

> They shoot out the lip, they shake the head.

Ps. xxii. 7.

> Beware the secret snake that shoots a sting.

Dryden.

6. (Carp.) To plane straight; to fit by planing.

> Two pieces of wood that are shot, that is, planed or else pared with a paring chisel.

Moxon.

7. To pass rapidly through, over, or under; as, to shoot a rapid or a bridge; to shoot a sand bar.

> She . . . shoots the Stygian sound.

Dryden.

8. To variegate as if by sprinkling or intermingling; to color in spots or patches.

> The tangled water courses slept,
> Shot over with purple, and green, and yellow.

Tennyson.

To be shot of, to be discharged, cleared, or rid of. [Colloq.] "Are you not glad to be shot of him?" Sir W. Scott.

Shoot, v. i. 1. To cause an engine or weapon to discharge a missile; -- said of a person or an agent; as, they shot at a target; he shoots better than he rides.

> The archers have . . . shot at him.

Gen. xlix. 23.

2. To discharge a missile; -- said of an engine or instrument; as, the gun shoots well.

3. To be shot or propelled forcibly; -- said of a missile; to be emitted or driven; to move or extend swiftly, as if propelled; as, a shooting star.

> There shot a streaming lamp along the sky.

Dryden.

4. To penetrate, as a missile; to dart with a piercing sensation; as, shooting pains.

> Thy words shoot through my heart.

Addison.

5. To feel a quick, darting pain; to throb in pain.

> These preachers make
> His head to shoot and ache.

Herbert.

6. To germinate; to bud; to sprout.

> Onions, as they hang, will shoot forth.

Bacon.

> But the wild olive shoots, and shades the ungrateful plain.

Dryden.

7. To grow; to advance; as, to shoot up rapidly.

> Well shot in years he seemed.

Spenser.

> Delightful task! to rear the tender thought,
> To teach the young idea how to shoot.

Thomson.

8. To change form suddenly; especially, to solidify.

> If the menstruum be overcharged, metals will shoot into crystals.

Bacon.

9. To protrude; to jut; to project; to extend; as, the land shoots into a promontory.

> There shot up against the dark sky, tall, gaunt, straggling houses.

Dickens.

10. (Naut.) To move ahead by force of momentum, as a sailing vessel when the helm is put hard alee.

To shoot ahead, to pass or move quickly forward; to outstrip others.

Shoot, n. 1. The act of shooting; the discharge of a missile; a shot; as, the shoot of a shuttle.

> The Turkish bow giveth a very forcible shoot.

Bacon.

> One underneath his horse to get a shoot doth stalk.

Drayton.

2. A young branch or growth.

> Superfluous branches and shoots of this second spring.

Evelyn.

3. A rush of water; a rapid.

4. (Min.) A vein of ore running in the same general direction as the lode. Knight.

5. (Weaving) A weft thread shot through the shed by the shuttle; a pick.

6. [Perh. a different word.] A shoat; a young hog.

Shoot"er (?), n. 1. One who shoots, as an archer or a gunner.

2. That which shoots. Specifically: (a) A firearm; as, a five-shooter. [Colloq. U.S.] (b) A shooting star. [R.]

Shoot"ing, n. 1. The act of one who, or that which, shoots; as, the shooting of an archery club; the shooting of rays of light.

2. A wounding or killing with a firearm; specifically (Sporting), the killing of game; as, a week of shooting.

3. A sensation of darting pain; as, a shooting in one's head.

Shoot"ing, a. Of or pertaining to shooting; for shooting; darting.

Shooting board (Joinery), a fixture used in planing or shooting the edge of a board, by means of which the plane is guided and the board held true. -- Shooting box, a small house in the country for use in the shooting season. Prof. Wilson. -- Shooting gallery, a range, usually covered, with targets for practice with firearms. -- Shooting iron, a firearm. [Slang, U.S.] -- Shooting star. (a) (Astron.) A starlike, luminous meteor, that, appearing suddenly, darts quickly across some portion of the sky, and then as suddenly disappears, leaving sometimes, for a few seconds, a luminous train, -- called also falling star. Shooting stars are small cosmical bodies which encounter the earth in its annual revolution, and which become visible by coming with planetary velocity into the upper regions of the atmosphere. At certain periods, as on the 13th of November and 10th of August, they appear for a few hours in great numbers, apparently diverging from some point in the heavens, such displays being known as meteoric showers, or star showers. These bodies, before encountering the earth, were moving in orbits closely allied to the orbits of comets. See Leonids, Perseids. (b) (Bot.) The American cowslip (Dodecatheon Meadia). See under Cowslip. -- Shooting stick (Print.), a tapering piece of wood or iron, used by printers to drive up the quoins in the chase. Hansard.

<! p. 1332 !>

Shoot"y (?), a. Sprouting or coming up freely and regularly. [Prev. Eng.] Grose.

Shop (?), obs. imp. of Shape. Shaped. Chaucer.

Shop, n. [OE. shoppe, schoppe, AS. sceoppa a treasury, a storehouse, stall, booth; akin to scypen a shed, LG. schup a shed, G. schoppen, schuppen, a shed, a coachhouse, OHG. scopf.] 1. A building or an apartment in which goods, wares, drugs, etc., are sold by retail.

> From shop to shop
> Wandering, and littering with unfolded silks
> The polished counter.

Cowper.

2. A building in which mechanics or artisans work; as, a shoe shop; a car shop.

> A tailor called me in his shop.

Shak.

Shop is often used adjectively or in composition; as, shop rent, or shop-rent; shop thief, or shop-thief; shop window, or shop-window, etc.

To smell of the shop, to indicate too distinctively one's occupation or profession. -- To talk shop, to make one's business the topic of social conversation; also, to use the phrases peculiar to one's employment. [Colloq.]

Syn. -- Store; warehouse. See Store.

Shop, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Shopped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shopping.] To visit shops for the purpose of purchasing goods.

> He was engaged with his mother and some ladies to go shopping.

Byron.

Shop"board` (?), n. A bench or board on which work is performed; a workbench. South.

Shop"book` (?), n. A book in which a tradesman keeps his accounts. Locke.

Shop"boy` (?), n. A boy employed in a shop.

Sho"pen (?), obs. p. p. of Shape. Chaucer.

Shop"girl` (?), n. A girl employed in a shop.

Shop"keep`er (?), n. A trader who sells goods in a shop, or by retail; -- in distinction from one who sells by wholesale. Addison.

Shop"lift`er (?), n. [Shop + lift. See Lift to steal.] One who steals anything in a shop, or takes goods privately from a shop; one who, under pretense of buying goods, takes occasion to steal.

Shop"lift`ing, n. Larceny committed in a shop; the stealing of anything from a shop.

Shop"like`, a. Suiting a shop; vulgar. B. Jonson.

Shop"maid` (?), n. A shopgirl.

Shop"man (?), n.; pl. Shopmen (&?;). 1. A shopkeeper; a retailer. Dryden.

2. One who serves in a shop; a salesman.

3. One who works in a shop or a factory.

Shop"per (?), n. One who shops.

Shop"pish (?), a. Having the appearance or qualities of a shopkeeper, or shopman.

Shop"py (?), a. 1. Abounding with shops. [Colloq.]

2. Of or pertaining to shops, or one's own shop or business; as, shoppy talk. [Colloq.] Mrs. Gaskell.

Shop"shift` (?), n. The trick of a shopkeeper; deception. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Shop"walk`er (?), n. One who walks about in a shop as an overseer and director. Cf. Floorwalker.

Shop"wom`an (?), n.; pl. Shopwomen (&?;). A woman employed in a shop.

Shop"worn` (?), a. Somewhat worn or damaged by having been kept for a time in a shop.

Shor"age (?), n. Duty paid for goods brought on shore. Grabb.

Shore (?), imp. of Shear. Chaucer.

Shore, n. A sewer. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Shore, n. [OE. schore; akin to LG. schore, D. schoor, OD. schoore, Icel. skor&?;a, and perhaps to E. shear, as being a piece cut off.] A prop, as a timber, placed as a brace or support against the side of a building or other structure; a prop placed beneath anything, as a beam, to prevent it from sinking or sagging. [Written also shoar.]

Shore, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shored (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shoring.] [OE. schoren. See Shore a prop.] To support by a shore or shores; to prop; -- usually with up; as, to shore up a building.

Shore, n. [OE. schore, AS. score, probably fr. scieran, and so meaning properly, that which is shorn off, edge; akin to OD. schoore, schoor. See Shear, v. t.] The coast or land adjacent to a large body of water, as an ocean, lake, or large river.

> Michael Cassio,
> Lieutenant to the warlike Moor Othello,
> Is come shore.

Shak.

> The fruitful shore of muddy Nile.

Spenser.

In shore, near the shore. Marryat. -- On shore. See under On. -- Shore birds (Zoöl.), a collective name for the various limicoline birds found on the seashore. -- Shore crab (Zoöl.), any crab found on the beaches, or between tides, especially any one of various species of grapsoid crabs, as Heterograpsus nudus of California. -- Shore lark (Zoöl.), a small American lark (Otocoris alpestris) found in winter, both on the seacoast and on the Western plains. Its upper parts are varied with dark brown and light brown. It has a yellow throat, yellow local streaks, a black crescent on its breast, a black streak below each eye, and two small black erectile ear tufts. Called also horned lark. -- Shore plover (Zoöl.), a large-billed Australian plover (Esacus magnirostris). It lives on the seashore, and feeds on crustaceans, etc. -- Shore teetan (Zoöl.), the rock pipit (Anthus obscurus). [Prov. Eng.]

Shore (?), v. t. To set on shore. [Obs.] Shak.

Shore"less, a. Having no shore or coast; of indefinite or unlimited extent; as, a shoreless ocean. Young.

Shore"ling (?), n. See Shorling.

Shor"er (?), n. One who, or that which, shores or props; a prop; a shore.

Shore"ward (?), adv. Toward the shore.

Shor"ing, n. 1. The act of supporting or strengthening with a prop or shore.

2. A system of props; props, collectively.

Shorl (?), n., Shor*la"ceous (&?;), a. (Min.) See Schorl, Schorlaceous.

Shor"ling (?), n. 1. The skin of a sheen after the fleece is shorn off, as distinct from the morling, or skin taken from the dead sheep; also, a sheep of the first year's shearing. [Prov. Eng.]

2. A person who is shorn; a shaveling; hence, in contempt, a priest. [Obs.] Halliwell.

Shorn (&?;), p. p. of Shear.

Short (?), a. [Compar. Shorter (?); superl. Shortest.] [OE. short, schort, AS. scort, sceort; akin to OHG. scurz, Icel. skorta to be short of, to lack, and perhaps to E. shear, v. t. Cf. Shirt.] 1. Not long; having brief length or linear extension; as, a short distance; a short piece of timber; a short flight.

> The bed is shorter than that a man can stretch himself on it.

Isa. xxviii. 20.

2. Not extended in time; having very limited duration; not protracted; as, short breath.

> The life so short, the craft so long to learn.

Chaucer.

> To short absense I could yield.

Milton.

3. Limited in quantity; inadequate; insufficient; scanty; as, a short supply of provisions, or of water.

4. Insufficiently provided; inadequately supplied; scantily furnished; lacking; not coming up to a resonable, or the ordinary, standard; -- usually with of; as, to be short of money.

> We shall be short in our provision.

Shak.

5. Deficient; defective; imperfect; not coming up, as to a measure or standard; as, an account which is short of the trith.

6. Not distant in time; near at hand.

> Marinell was sore offended
> That his departure thence should be so short.

Spenser.

> He commanded those who were appointed to attend him to be ready by a short day.

Clarendon.

7. Limited in intellectual power or grasp; not comprehensive; narrow; not tenacious, as memory.

> Their own short understandings reach
> No farther than the present.

Rowe.

8. Less important, efficaceous, or powerful; not equal or equivalent; less (than); -- with of.

> Hardly anything short of an invasion could rouse them again to war.

Landor.

9. Abrupt; brief; pointed; petulant; as, he gave a short answer to the question.

10. (Cookery) Breaking or crumbling readily in the mouth; crisp; as, short pastry.

11. (Metal) Brittle.

Metals that are brittle when hot are called &?;ot- short; as, cast iron may be hot-short, owing to the presence of sulphur. Those that are brittle when cold are called cold-short; as, cast iron may be cold-short, on account of the presence of phosphorus.

12. (Stock Exchange) Engaging or engaged to deliver what is not possessed; as, short contracts; to be short of stock. See The shorts, under Short, n., and To sell short, under Short, adv.

In mercantile transactions, a note or bill is sometimes made payable at short sight, that is, in a little time after being presented to the payer.

13. (Phon.) Not prolonged, or relatively less prolonged, in utterance; -- opposed to long, and applied to vowels or to syllables. In English, the long and short of the same letter are not, in most cases, the long and short of the same sound; thus, the i in ill is the short sound, not of i in isle, but of ee in eel, and the e in pet is the short sound of a in pate, etc. See Quantity, and Guide to Pronunciation, §§22, 30.

Short is much used with participles to form numerous self-explaining compounds; as, short-armed, short- billed, short-fingered, short-haired, short- necked, short-sleeved, short-tailed, short- winged, short-wooled, etc.

At short notice, in a brief time; promptly. -- Short rib (Anat.), one of the false ribs. -- Short suit (Whist), any suit having only three cards, or less than three. R. A. Proctor. -- To come short, To cut short, To fall short, etc. See under Come, Cut, etc.

Short, n. 1. A summary account.

> The short and the long is, our play is preferred.

Shak.

2. pl. The part of milled grain sifted out which is next finer than the bran.

> The first remove above bran is shorts.

Halliwell.

3. pl. Short, inferior hemp.

4. pl. Breeches; shortclothes. [Slang] Dickens.

5. (Phonetics) A short sound, syllable, or vowel.

> If we compare the nearest conventional shorts and longs in English, as in "bit" and "beat," "not" and "naught," we find that the short vowels are generally wide, the long narrow, besides being generally diphthongic as well. Hence, originally short vowels can be lengthened and yet kept quite distinct from the original longs.

H. Sweet.

In short, in few words; in brief; briefly. -- The long and the short, the whole; a brief summing up. -- The shorts (Stock Exchange), those who are unsupplied with stocks which they contracted to deliver.

Short (?), adv. In a short manner; briefly; limitedly; abruptly; quickly; as, to stop short in one's course; to turn short.

> He was taken up very short, and adjudged corrigible for such presumptuous language.

Howell.

To sell short (Stock Exchange), to sell, for future delivery, what the party selling does not own, but hopes to buy at a lower rate.

Short, v. t. [AS. sceortian.] To shorten. [Obs.]

Short, v. i. To fail; to decrease. [Obs.]

Short"age (?), n. Amount or extent of deficiency, as determined by some requirement or standard; as, a shortage in money accounts.

Short"-breathed` (?), a. 1. Having short-breath, or quick respiration.

2. Having short life.

Short"cake` (?), n. An unsweetened breakfast cake shortened with butter or lard, rolled thin, and baked.

Short" cir"cuit (?). (Elec.) A circuit formed or closed by a conductor of relatively low resistance because shorter or of relatively great conductivity.

Short"-cir`cuit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Short-circuited; p. pr. & vb. n. Short-circuiting.] (Elec.) To join, as the electrodes of a battery or dynamo or any two points of a circuit, by a conductor of low resistance.

Short"clothes` (?), n. Coverings for the legs of men or boys, consisting of trousers which reach only to the knees, -- worn with long stockings.

Short"com`ing (?), n. The act of falling, or coming short; as: (a) The failure of a crop, or the like. (b) Neglect of, or failure in, performance of duty.

Short"-dat`ed (?), a. Having little time to run from the date. "Thy short-dated life." Sandys.

Short"en (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shortened &?;; p. pr. & vb. n. Shortening.] [See Short, a.] 1. To make short or shorter in measure, extent, or time; as, to shorten distance; to shorten a road; to shorten days of calamity.

2. To reduce or diminish in amount, quantity, or extent; to lessen; to abridge; to curtail; to contract; as, to shorten work, an allowance of food, etc.

> Here, where the subject is so fruitful, I am shortened by my chain.

Dryden.

3. To make deficient (as to); to deprive; -- with of.

> Spoiled of his nose, and shortened of his ears.

Dryden.

4. To make short or friable, as pastry, with butter, lard, pot liquor, or the like.

To shorten a rope (Naut.), to take in the slack of it. -- To shorten sail (Naut.), to reduce sail by taking it in.

Short"en, v. i. To become short or shorter; as, the day shortens in northern latitudes from June to December; a metallic rod shortens by cold.

Short"en*er (?), n. One who, or that which, shortens.

Short"en*ing, n. 1. The act of making or becoming short or shorter.

2. (Cookery) That which renders pastry short or friable, as butter, lard, etc.

Short"hand` (?), n. A compendious and rapid method or writing by substituting characters, abbreviations, or symbols, for letters, words, etc.; short writing; stenography. See Illust. under Phonography.

Short`-hand"ed, a. Short of, or lacking the regular number of, servants or helpers.

Short"head` (?), n. A sucking whale less than one year old; -- so called by sailors.

Short"horn` (?), a. One of a breed of large, heavy domestic cattle having short horns. The breed was developed in England.

Short"-joint`ed (?), a. Having short intervals between the joints; -- said of a plant or an animal, especially of a horse whose pastern is too short.

Short"-lived` (?), a. Not living or lasting long; being of short continuance; as, a short-lived race of beings; short-lived pleasure; short-lived passion.

Short"ly, adv. [AS. sceortlice.] 1. In a short or brief time or manner; soon; quickly. Chaucer.

> I shall grow jealous of you shortly.

Shak.

> The armies came shortly in view of each other.

Clarendon.

2. In few words; briefly; abruptly; curtly; as, to express ideas more shortly in verse than in prose.

Short"ness, n. The quality or state of being short; want of reach or extension; brevity; deficiency; as, the shortness of a journey; the shortness of the days in winter; the shortness of an essay; the shortness of the memory; a shortness of provisions; shortness of breath.

Short"sight`ed (?), a. 1. Not able to see far; nearsighted; myopic. See Myopic, and Myopia.

2. Fig.: Not able to look far into futurity; unable to understand things deep; of limited intellect.

3. Having little regard for the future; heedless.

-- Short"sight`ed*ly, adv. -- Short"sight`ed*ness, n.

> Cunning is a kind of shortsightedness.

Addison.

Short"-spo`ken (?), a. Speaking in a quick or short manner; hence, gruff; curt. [Colloq.]

Short"stop` (?), n. (Baseball) The player stationed in the field bewtween the second and third bases.

Short"-waist`ed (?), a. Having a short waist.

Short"-wind`ed (?), a. Affected with shortness of breath; having a quick, difficult respiration, as dyspnoic and asthmatic persons. May.

Short"wing` (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of small wrenlike Asiatic birds having short wings and a short tail. They belong to Brachypterix, Callene, and allied genera.

<! p. 1333 !>

Short"-wit`ed (?), a. Having little wit; not wise; having scanty intellect or judgment.

Shor"y (?), a. Lying near the shore. [Obs.]

Sho*sho"nes (?), n. pl.; sing. Shoshone (&?;). (Ethnol.) A linguistic family or stock of North American Indians, comprising many tribes, which extends from Montana and Idaho into Mexico. In a restricted sense the name is applied especially to the Snakes, the most northern of the tribes.

Shot (?), imp. & p. p. of Shoot.

Shot, a. Woven in such a way as to produce an effect of variegation, of changeable tints, or of being figured; as, shot silks. See Shoot, v. t., 8.

Shot, n. [AS. scot, sceot, fr. sceótan to shoot; akin to D. sschot, Icel. skot. √159. See Scot a share, Shoot, v. t., and cf. Shot a shooting.] A share or proportion; a reckoning; a scot.

> Here no shots are where all shares be.

Chapman.

> A man is never . . . welcome to a place till some certain shot be paid and the hostess say "Welcome."

Shak.

Shot, n.; pl. Shotor Shots (#). [OE. shot, schot, AS. gesceot a missile; akin to D. schot a shot, shoot, G. schuss, geschoss a missile, Icel. skot a throwing, a javelin, and E. shoot, v.t. √159. See Shoot, and cf. Shot a share.] 1. The act of shooting; discharge of a firearm or other weapon which throws a missile.

> He caused twenty shot of his greatest cannon to be made at the king's army.

Clarendon.

2. A missile weapon, particularly a ball or bullet; specifically, whatever is discharged as a projectile from firearms or cannon by the force of an explosive.

Shot used in war is of various kinds, classified according to the material of which it is composed, into lead, wrought-iron, and cast-iron; according to form, into spherical and oblong; according to structure and modes of operation, into solid, hollow, and case. See Bar shot, Chain shot, etc., under Bar, Chain, etc.

3. Small globular masses of lead, of various sizes, -- used chiefly for killing game; as, bird shot; buckshot.

4. The flight of a missile, or the distance which it is, or can be, thrown; as, the vessel was distant more than a cannon shot.

5. A marksman; one who practices shooting; as, an exellent shot.

Shot belt, a belt having a pouch or compartment for carrying shot. -- Shot cartridge, a cartridge containing powder and small shot, forming a charge for a shotgun. -- Shot garland (Naut.), a wooden frame to contain shot, secured to the coamings and ledges round the hatchways of a ship. -- Shot gauge, an instrument for measuring the diameter of round shot. Totten. -- shot hole, a hole made by a shot or bullet discharged. - - Shot locker (Naut.), a strongly framed compartment in the hold of a vessel, for containing shot. -- Shot of a cable (Naut.), the splicing of two or more cables together, or the whole length of the cables thus united. -- Shot prop (Naut.), a wooden prop covered with tarred hemp, to stop a hole made by the shot of an enemy in a ship's side. -- Shot tower, a lofty tower for making shot, by dropping from its summit melted lead in slender streams. The lead forms spherical drops which cool in the descent, and are received in water or other liquid. -- Shot window, a window projecting from the wall. Ritson, quoted by Halliwell, explains it as a window that opens and shuts; and Wodrow describes it as a window of shutters made of timber and a few inches of glass above them.

Shot, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shotted; p. pr. & vb. n. Shotting.] To load with shot, as a gun. Totten.

Shot"-clog` (?), n. A person tolerated only because he pays the shot, or reckoning, for the rest of the company, otherwise a mere clog on them. [Old Slang]

> Thou common shot-clog, gull of all companies.

Chapman.

Shote (?), n. [AS. sceóta a darting fish, a trout, fr. sceótan. See Shoot, v. t.] 1. (Zoöl.) A fish resembling the trout. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Garew.

2. [Perh. a different word.] A young hog; a shoat.

Shot"-free` (?), a. Not to be injured by shot; shot-proof. [Obs.] Feltham.

Shot"-free`, a. Free from charge or expense; hence, unpunished; scot-free. [Obs.] Shak.

Shot"gun` (?), n. A light, smooth- bored gun, often double-barreled, especially designed for firing small shot at short range, and killing small game.

Shot"-proof` (?), a. Impenetrable by shot.

Shots (?), n. pl. The refuse of cattle taken from a drove. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Shot"ted (?), a. 1. Loaded with shot.

2. (Med.) Having a shot attached; as, a shotten suture.

Shot"ten (?), n. [Properly p. p. of shoot; AS. scoten, sceoten, p. p. of sceótan.] 1. Having ejected the spawn; as, a shotten herring. Shak.

2. Shot out of its socket; dislocated, as a bone.

Shough (?), n. (Zoöl.) A shockdog.

Shough (?), interj. See Shoo. Beau. & Fl.

Should (?), imp. of Shall. [OE. sholde, shulde, scholde, schulde, AS. scolde, sceolde. See Shall.] Used as an auxiliary verb, to express a conditional or contingent act or state, or as a supposition of an actual fact; also, to express moral obligation (see Shall); e. g.: they should have come last week; if I should go; I should think you could go. "You have done that you should be sorry for." Shak.

Syn. -- See Ought.

Shoul"der (?), n. [OE. shulder, shuldre, schutder, AS. sculdor; akin to D. schoulder, G. schulter, OHG. scultarra, Dan. skulder, Sw. skuldra.] 1. (Anat.) The joint, or the region of the joint, by which the fore limb is connected with the body or with the shoulder girdle; the projection formed by the bones and muscles about that joint.

2. The flesh and muscles connected with the shoulder joint; the upper part of the back; that part of the human frame on which it is most easy to carry a heavy burden; -- often used in the plural.

> Then by main force pulled up, and on his shoulders bore
> The gates of Azza.

Milton.

> Adown her shoulders fell her length of hair.

Dryden.

3. Fig.: That which supports or sustains; support.

> In thy shoulder do I build my seat.

Shak.

4. That which resembles a human shoulder, as any protuberance or projection from the body of a thing.

> The north western shoulder of the mountain.

Sir W. Scott.

5. The upper joint of the fore leg and adjacent parts of an animal, dressed for market; as, a shoulder of mutton.

6. (Fort.) The angle of a bastion included between the face and flank. See Illust. of Bastion.

7. An abrupt projection which forms an abutment on an object, or limits motion, etc., as the projection around a tenon at the end of a piece of timber, the part of the top of a type which projects beyond the base of the raised character, etc.

Shoulder belt, a belt that passes across the shoulder. -- Shoulder blade (Anat.), the flat bone of the shoulder, to which the humerus is articulated; the scapula. -- Shoulder block (Naut.), a block with a projection, or shoulder, near the upper end, so that it can rest against a spar without jamming the rope. -- Shoulder clapper, one who claps another on the shoulder, or who uses great familiarity. [Obs.] Shak. -- Shoulder girdle. (Anat.) See Pectoral girdle, under Pectoral. -- Shoulder knot, an ornamental knot of ribbon or lace worn on the shoulder; a kind of epaulet or braided ornament worn as part of a military uniform. -- Shoulder-of-mutton sail (Naut.), a triangular sail carried on a boat's mast; -- so called from its shape. -- Shoulder slip, dislocation of the shoulder, or of the humerous. Swift. -- Shoulder strap, a strap worn on or over the shoulder. Specifically (Mil. & Naval), a narrow strap worn on the shoulder of a commissioned officer, indicating, by a suitable device, the rank he holds in the service. See Illust. in App.

Shoul"der (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shouldered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shouldering.] 1. To push or thrust with the shoulder; to push with violence; to jostle.

> As they the earth would shoulder from her seat.

Spenser.

> Around her numberless the rabble flowed,
> Shouldering each other, crowding for a view.

Rowe.

2. To take upon the shoulder or shoulders; as, to shoulder a basket; hence, to assume the burden or responsibility of; as, to shoulder blame; to shoulder a debt.

> As if Hercules
> Or burly Atlas shouldered up their state.

Marston.

Right shoulder arms (Mil.), a position in the Manual of Arms which the piece is placed on the right shoulder, with the lock plate up, and the muzzle elevated and inclined to the left, and held as in the illustration.

Shoul"dered (?), a. Having shoulders; -- used in composition; as, a broad-shouldered man. "He was short-shouldered." Chaucer.

Shoul"der-shot`ten (?), a. Sprained in the shoulder, as a horse. Shak.

Shout (shout), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Shouted; p. pr. & vb. n. Shouting.] [OE. shouten, of unknown origin; perhaps akin to shoot; cf. Icel. skta, skti, a taunt.] To utter a sudden and loud outcry, as in joy, triumph, or exultation, or to attract attention, to animate soldiers, etc.

> Shouting of the men and women eke.

Chaucer.

> They shouted thrice: what was the last cry for?

Shak.

To shout at, to utter shouts at; to deride or revile with shouts.

Shout, v. t. 1. To utter with a shout; to cry; -- sometimes with out; as, to shout, or to shout out, a man's name.

2. To treat with shouts or clamor. Bp. Hall.

Shout, n. A loud burst of voice or voices; a vehement and sudden outcry, especially of a multitudes expressing joy, triumph, exultation, or animated courage.

> The Rhodians, seeing the enemy turn their backs, gave a great shout in derision.

Knolles.

Shout"er (?), n. One who shouts.

Shove (shv), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shoved (shvd); p. pr. & vb. n. Shoving.] [OE. shoven, AS. scofian, fr. scfan; akin to OFries. skva, D. schuiven, G. schieben, OHG. scioban, Icel. skfa, skfa, Sw. skuffa, Dan. skuffe, Goth. afskiuban to put away, cast away; cf. Skr. kshubh to become agitated, to quake, Lith. skubrus quick, skubinti to hasten. √160. Cf. Sheaf a bundle of stalks, Scoop, Scuffle.] 1. To drive along by the direct and continuous application of strength; to push; especially, to push (a body) so as to make it move along the surface of another body; as, to shove a boat on the water; to shove a table across the floor.

2. To push along, aside, or away, in a careless or rude manner; to jostle.

> And shove away the worthy bidden guest.

Milton.

> He used to shove and elbow his fellow servants.

Arbuthnot.

Shove, v. i. 1. To push or drive forward; to move onward by pushing or jostling.

2. To move off or along by an act pushing, as with an oar a pole used by one in a boat; sometimes with off.

> He grasped the oar,
> eceived his guests on board, and shoved from shore.

Garth.

Shove (?), n. The act of shoving; a forcible push.

> I rested . . . and then gave the boat another shove.

Swift.

Syn. -- See Thrust.

Shove, obs. p. p. of Shove. Chaucer.

{ Shove"board` (?), Shove"groat` (?) }, n. The same as Shovelboard.

Shov"el (?), n. [OE. shovele, schovele, AS. scoft, sceoft; akin to D. schoffel, G. schaufel, OHG. sc&?;vala, Dan. skovl, Sw. skofvel, skyffel, and to E. shove. √160. See Shove, v. t.] An implement consisting of a broad scoop, or more or less hollow blade, with a handle, used for lifting and throwing earth, coal, grain, or other loose substances.

Shovel hat, a broad-brimmed hat, turned up at the sides, and projecting in front like a shovel, -- worn by some clergy of the English Church. [Colloq.] -- Shovelspur (Zoöl.), a flat, horny process on the tarsus of some toads, -- used in burrowing. -- Steam shovel, a machine with a scoop or scoops, operated by a steam engine, for excavating earth, as in making railway cuttings.

Shov"el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shoveled (?) or Shovelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Shoveling or Shovelling.] 1. To take up and throw with a shovel; as, to shovel earth into a heap, or into a cart, or out of a pit.

2. To gather up as with a shovel.

Shov"el*ard (?), n. (Zoöl.) Shoveler. [Prov. Eng.]

Shov"el*bill` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The shoveler.

Shov"el*board` (?), n. 1. A board on which a game is played, by pushing or driving pieces of metal or money to reach certain marks; also, the game itself. Called also shuffleboard, shoveboard, shovegroat, shovelpenny.

2. A game played on board ship in which the aim is to shove or drive with a cue wooden disks into divisions chalked on the deck; -- called also shuffleboard.

Shov"el*er (?), n. [Also shoveller.] 1. One who, or that which, shovels.

2. (Zoöl.) A river duck (Spatula clypeata), native of Europe and America. It has a large bill, broadest towards the tip. The male is handsomely variegated with green, blue, brown, black, and white on the body; the head and neck are dark green. Called also broadbill, spoonbill, shovelbill, and maiden duck. The Australian shoveler, or shovel-nosed duck (S. rhynchotis), is a similar species.

Shov"el*ful (?), n.; pl. Shovelfuls (&?;). As much as a shovel will hold; enough to fill a shovel.

Shov"el*head` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A shark (Sphryna tiburio) allied to the hammerhead, and native of the warmer parts of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans; -- called also bonnet shark.

Shov"el*nose` (?), n. (Zoöl.) (a) The common sand shark. See under Snad. (b) A small California shark (Heptranchias maculatus), which is taken for its oil. (c) A Pacific Ocean shark (Hexanchus corinus). (d) A ganoid fish of the Sturgeon family (Scaphirhynchus platyrhynchus) of the Mississippi and Ohio rivers; -- called also white sturgeon.

Shov"el-nosed` (?), a. (Zoöl.) Having a broad, flat nose; as, the shovel- nosed duck, or shoveler.

Shov"en (?), obs. p. p. of Shove. Chaucer.

Show (?), v. t. [imp. Showed (?); p. p. Shown (?) or Showed; p. pr. & vb. n. Showing. It is sometimes written shew, shewed, shewn, shewing.] [OE. schowen, shewen, schewen, shawen, AS. sceáwian, to look, see, view; akin to OS. scaw&?;n, OFries. skawia, D. schouwen, OHG. scouw&?;n, G. schauen, Dan. skue, Sw. sk&?;da, Icel. sko&?;a, Goth. usskawjan to waken, skuggwa a mirror, Icel. skuggy shade, shadow, L. cavere to be on one's guard, Gr. &?;&?;&?; to mark, perceive, hear, Skr. kavi wise. Cf. Caution, Scavenger, Sheen.] 1. To exhibit or present to view; to place in sight; to display; -- the thing exhibited being the object, and often with an indirect object denoting the person or thing seeing or beholding; as, to show a house; show your colors; shopkeepers show customers goods (show goods to customers).

> Go thy way, shew thyself to the priest.

Matt. viii. 4.

> Nor want we skill or art from whence to raise
> Magnificence; and what can heaven show more?

Milton.

2. To exhibit to the mental view; to tell; to disclose; to reveal; to make known; as, to show one's designs.

> Shew them the way wherein they must walk.

Ex. xviii. 20.

> If it please my father to do thee evil, then I will shew it thee, and send thee away.

1 Sam. xx. 13.

3. Specifically, to make known the way to (a person); hence, to direct; to guide; to asher; to conduct; as, to show a person into a parlor; to show one to the door.

4. To make apparent or clear, as by evidence, testimony, or reasoning; to prove; to explain; also, to manifest; to evince; as, to show the truth of a statement; to show the causes of an event.

> I 'll show my duty by my timely care.

Dryden.

5. To bestow; to confer; to afford; as, to show favor.

> Shewing mercy unto thousands of them that love me.

Ex. xx. 6.

To show forth, to manifest; to publish; to proclaim. -- To show his paces, to exhibit the gait, speed, or the like; -- said especially of a horse. -- To show off, to exhibit ostentatiously. -- To show up, to expose. [Colloq.]

Show, v. i. [Written also shew.] 1. To exhibit or manifest one's self or itself; to appear; to look; to be in appearance; to seem.

> Just such she shows before a rising storm.

Dryden.

> All round a hedge upshoots, and shows
> At distance like a little wood.

Tennyson.

<! p. 1334 !>

2. To have a certain appearance, as well or ill, fit or unfit; to become or suit; to appear.

> My lord of York, it better showed with you.

Shak.

To show off, to make a show; to display one's self.

Show (?), n. [Formerly written also shew.] 1. The act of showing, or bringing to view; exposure to sight; exhibition.

2. That which os shown, or brought to view; that which is arranged to be seen; a spectacle; an exhibition; as, a traveling show; a cattle show.

> As for triumphs, masks, feasts, and such shows.

Bacon.

3. Proud or ostentatious display; parade; pomp.

> I envy none their pageantry and show.

Young.

4. Semblance; likeness; appearance.

> He through the midst unmarked,
> In show plebeian angel militant
> Of lowest order, passed.

Milton.

5. False semblance; deceitful appearance; pretense.

> Beware of the scribes, . . . which devour widows' houses, and for a shew make long prayers.

Luke xx. 46. 47.

6. (Med.) A discharge, from the vagina, of mucus streaked with blood, occuring a short time before labor.

7. (Mining) A pale blue flame, at the top of a candle flame, indicating the presence of fire damp. Raymond.

Show bill, a broad sheet containing an advertisement in large letters. -- Show box, a box xontaining some object of curiosity carried round as a show. -- Show card, an advertising placard; also, a card for displaying samples. -- Show case, a gla&?;ed case, box, or cabinet for displaying and protecting shopkeepers' wares, articles on exhibition in museums, etc. -- Show glass, a glass which displays objects; a mirror. -- Show of hands, a raising of hands to indicate judgment; as, the vote was taken by a show of hands. -- Show stone, a piece of glass or crystal supposed to have the property of exhibiting images of persons or things not present, indicating in that way future events.

Show"bread` (?), n. (Jewish Antiq.) Bread of exhibition; loaves to set before God; -- the term used in translating the various phrases used in the Hebrew and Greek to designate the loaves of bread which the priest of the week placed before the Lord on the golden table in the sanctuary. They were made of fine flour unleavened, and were changed every Sabbath. The loaves, twelve in number, represented the twelve tribes of Israel. They were to be eaten by the priests only, and in the Holy Place. [Written also shewbread.] Mark ii. 26.

Show"er (?), n. 1. One who shows or exhibits.

2. That which shows; a mirror. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Show"er (?), n. [OE. shour, schour, AS. se&?;r; akin to D. schoer, G. schauer, OHG. sc&?;r, Icel. sk&?;r, Sw. skur, Goth. sk&?;ra windis a storm of wind; of uncertain origin.] 1. A fall or rain or hail of short duration; sometimes, but rarely, a like fall of snow.

> In drought or else showers.

Chaucer.

> Or wet the thirsty earth with falling showers.

Milton.

2. That which resembles a shower in falling or passing through the air copiously and rapidly.

> With showers of stones he drives them far away.

Pope.

3. A copious supply bestowed. [R.]

> He and myself
> Have travail'd in the great shower of your gifts.

Shak.

Shower bath, a bath in which water is showered from above, and sometimes from the sides also.

Show"er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Showered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Showering.] 1. To water with a shower; to &?;&?;t copiously with rain.

> Lest it again dissolve and shower the earth.

Milton.

2. To bestow liberally; to destribute or scatter in &?;undance; to rain. Shak.

> C&?;sar's favor,
> That showers down greatness on his friends.

Addison.

Show"er, v. i. To rain in showers; to fall, as in a hower or showers. Shak.

Show"er*ful (?), a. Full of showers. Tennyson.

Show"er*i*ness (?), n. Quality of being showery.

Show"er*less, a. Rainless; freo from showers.

Show"er*y (?), a. 1. Raining in showers; abounding with frequent showers of rain.

2. Of or pertaining to a shower or showers. "Colors of the showery arch." Milton.

Show"i*ly (?), adv. In a showy manner; pompously; with parade.

Show"i*ness, n. The quality or state of being showy; pompousness; great parade; ostentation.

Show"ing, n. 1. Appearance; display; exhibition.

2. Presentation of facts; statement. J. S. Mill.

Show"ish, a. Showy; ostentatious. Swift.

Show"man (?), n.; pl. Showmen (#). One who exhibits a show; a proprietor of a show.

Shown (?), p. p. of Show.

Show"room` (?), n. A room or apartment where a show is exhibited.

2. A room where merchandise is exposed for sale, or where samples are displayed.

Show"y (?), a. [Compar. Showier (&?;); superl. Showiest.] Making a show; attracting attention; presenting a marked appearance; ostentatious; gay; gaudy.

> A present of everything that was rich and showy.

Addison.

Syn. -- Splendid; gay; gaudy; gorgeous; fine; magnificent; grand; stately; sumptuous; pompous.

Shrag (?), n. [CF. Scrag.] A twig of a tree cut off. [Obs.]

Shrag, v. t. To trim, as trees; to lop. [Obs.]

Shrag"ger (?), n. One who lops; one who trims trees. [Obs.] Huloet.

Shram (?), v. t. [Cf. Shrink.] To cause to shrink or shrivel with cold; to benumb. [Prov. Eng.]

Shrank (?), imp. of Shrink.

{ Shrap (?), Shrape (?), } n. [Cf. Scrap, and Scrape.] A place baited with chaff to entice birds. [Written also scrap.] [Obs.] Bp. Bedell.

Shrap"nel (?), a. Applied as an appellation to a kind of shell invented by Gen. H. Shrapnel of the British army. -- n. A shrapnel shell; shrapnel shells, collectively.

Shrapnel shell (Gunnery), a projectile for a cannon, consisting of a shell filled with bullets and a small bursting charge to scatter them at any given point while in flight. See the Note under Case shot.

Shred (?), n. [OE. shrede, schrede, AS. screáde; akin to OD. schroode, G. schrot a piece cut off, Icel. skrjoðr a shred, and to E. shroud. Cf. Screed, Scroll, Scrutiny.] 1. A long, narrow piece cut or torn off; a strip. "Shreds of tanned leather." Bacon.

2. In general, a fragment; a piece; a particle. Shak.

Shred, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shred or Shredded (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Shredding.] [OE. shreden, schreden, AS. screádian; akin to OD. schrooden, OHG. scr&?;tan, G. schroten. See Shred, n.] 1. To cut or tear into small pieces, particularly narrow and long pieces, as of cloth or leather. Chaucer.

2. To lop; to prune; to trim. [Obs.]

Shred"cook` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The fieldfare; -- so called from its harsh cry before rain. [Prov. Eng.]

Shred"ding (?), n. 1. The act of cutting or tearing into shreds.

2. That which is cut or torn off; a piece. Hooker.

Shred"dy (?), a. Consisting of shreds.

Shred"less, a. Having no shreds; without a shred.

> And those which waved are shredless dust ere now.

Byron.

Shrew (?), a. [OE. shrewe, schrewe. Cf. Shrewd.] Wicked; malicious. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Shrew, n. [See Shrew, a.] 1. Originally, a brawling, turbulent, vexatious person of either sex, but now restricted in use to females; a brawler; a scold.

> A man . . . grudgeth that shrews [i. e., bad men] have prosperity, or else that good men have adversity.

Chaucer.

> A man had got a shrew to his wife, and there could be no quiet in the house for her.

L'Estrange.

2. [AS. screáwa; -- so called because supposed to be venomous. ] (Zoöl.) Any small insectivore of the genus Sorex and several allied genera of the family Sorecidæ. In form and color they resemble mice, but they have a longer and more pointed nose. Some of them are the smallest of all mammals.

The common European species are the house shrew (Crocidura araneus), and the erd shrew (Sorex vulgaris) (see under Erd.). In the United States several species of Sorex and Blarina are common, as the broadnosed shrew (S. platyrhinus), Cooper's shrew (S. Cooperi), and the short-tailed, or mole, shrew (Blarina brevicauda). Th American water, or marsh, shrew (Neosorex palustris), with fringed feet, is less common. The common European water shrews are Crossopus fodiens, and the oared shrew (see under Oared).

Earth shrew, any shrewlike burrowing animal of the family Centetidæ, as the tendrac. -- Elephant shrew, Jumping shrew, Mole shrew. See under Elephant, Jumping, etc. -- Musk shrew. See Desman. -- River shrew, an aquatic West African insectivore (Potamogale velox) resembling a weasel in form and size, but having a large flattened and crested tail adapted for rapid swimming. It feeds on fishes. -- Shrew mole, a common large North American mole (Scalops aquaticus). Its fine, soft fur is gray with iridescent purple tints.

Shrew, v. t. [See Shrew, a., and cf. Beshrew.] To beshrew; to curse. [Obs.] "I shrew myself." Chaucer.

Shrewd (?), a. [Compar. Shrewder (?); superl. Shrewdest.] [Originally the p. p. of shrew, v.t.] 1. Inclining to shrew; disposing to curse or scold; hence, vicious; malicious; evil; wicked; mischievous; vexatious; rough; unfair; shrewish. [Obs.] Chaucer.

> [Egypt] hath many shrewd havens, because of the great rocks that ben strong and dangerous to pass by.

Sir J. Mandeville.

> Every of this happy number
> That have endured shrewd days and nights with us.

Shak.

2. Artful; wily; cunning; arch.

> These women are shrewd tempters with their tongues.

Shak.

3. Able or clever in practical affairs; sharp in business; astute; sharp-witted; sagacious; keen; as, a shrewd observer; a shrewd design; a shrewd reply.

> Professing to despise the ill opinion of mankind creates a shrewd suspicion that we have deserved it.

Secker.

Syn. -- Keen; critical; subtle; artful; astute; sagacious; discerning; acute; penetrating. -- Shrewd, Sagacious. One who is shrewd is keen to detect errors, to penetrate disguises, to foresee and guard against the selfishness of others. Shrewd is a word of less dignity than sagacious, which implies a comprehensive as well as penetrating mind, whereas shrewd does not.

-- Shrewd"ly, adv. -- Shrewd"ness, n.

Shrew"ish (?), a. having the qualities of a shrew; having a scolding disposition; froward; peevish.

> My wife is shrewish when I keep not hours.

Shak.

-- Shrew"ish*ly, adv. -- Shrew"ish*ness, n.

Shrew"mouse` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A shrew; especially, the erd shrew.

Shriek (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Shrieked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shrieking.] [OE. shriken, originallythe same word as E. screech. See Screech, and cf. Screak.] To utter a loud, sharp, shrill sound or cry, as do some birds and beasts; to scream, as in a sudden fright, in horror or anguish.

> It was the owl that shrieked.

Shak.

> At this she shrieked aloud; the mournful train
> Echoed her grief.

Dryden.

Shriek (?), v. t. To utter sharply and shrilly; to utter in or with a shriek or shrieks.

> On top whereof aye dwelt the ghostly owl,
> Shrieking his baleful note.

Spenser.

> She shrieked his name
> To the dark woods.

Moore.

Shriek, n. A sharp, shrill outcry or scream; a shrill wild cry such as is caused by sudden or extreme terror, pain, or the like.

> Shrieks, clamors, murmurs, fill the frighted town.

Dryden.

Shriek owl. (Zoöl.) (a) The screech owl. (b) The swift; -- so called from its cry.

Shriek"er (?), n. One who utters a shriek.

Shriev"al (?), a. Of or pertaining to a sheriff.

Shriev"al*ty (?), n. [Contr. from sheriffalty. See Shrieve, n. Sheriff.] The office, or sphere of jurisdiction, of a sheriff; sheriffalty.

> It was ordained by 28 Edward I that the people shall have election of sheriff in every shire where the shrievalty is not of inheritance.

Blackstone.

Shrieve (?), n. [Contr. from OE. shereve. See Sheriff.] A sheriff. [Obs.] Shak.

Shrieve, v. t. To shrive; to question. [Obs.] "She gan him soft to shrieve." Spenser.

Shrift (?), n. [OE. shrift, schrift, AS. scrift, fr. scrfan to shrive. See Shrive.] 1. The act of shriving.

> In shrift and preaching is my diligence.

Chaucer.

2. Confession made to a priest, and the absolution consequent upon it. Chaucer.

> Have you got leave to go to shrift to- day?

Shak.

> Therefore, my lord, address you to your shrift,
> And be yourself; for you must die this instant.

Rowe.

Shrift father, a priest to whom confession is made.

Shright (?), obs. imp. & p. p. of Shriek.

> She cried alway and shright.

Chaucer.

Shright, n. [See Shriek.] A shriek; shrieking. [Obs] Spenser. "All hoarse for shright." Chaucer.

Shrike (?), n. [Akin to Icel. skrkja a shrieker, the shrike, and E. shriek; cf. AS. scrc a thrush. See Shriek, v. i.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of oscinine birds of the family Laniidæ, having a strong hooked bill, toothed at the tip. Most shrikes are insectivorous, but the common European gray shrike (Lanius excubitor), the great northern shrike (L. borealis), and several others, kill mice, small birds, etc., and often impale them on thorns, and are, on that account called also butcher birds. See under Butcher.

The ant shrikes, or bush shrikes, are clamatorial birds of the family Formicaridæ. The cuckoo shrikes of the East Indies and Australia are Oscines of the family Campephagidæ. The drongo shrikes of the same regions belong to the related family Dicruridæ. See Drongo.

Crow shrike. See under Crow. -- Shrike thrush. (a) Any one of several species of Asiatic timaline birds of the genera Thamnocataphus, Gampsorhynchus, and allies. (b) Any one of several species of shrikelike Australian singing birds of the genus Colluricincla. -- Shrike tit. (a) Any one of several Australian birds of the genus Falcunculus, having a strong toothed bill and sharp claws. They creep over the bark of trees, like titmice, in search of insects. (b) Any one of several species of small Asiatic birds belonging to Allotrius, Pteruthius, Cutia, Leioptila, and allied genera, related to the true tits. Called also hill tit. -- Swallow shrike. See under Swallow.

Shrill (?), a. [Compar. Shriller (?); superl. Shrillest.] [OE. shril, schril; akin to LG. schrell, G. schrill. See Shrill,v. i.] Acute; sharp; piercing; having or emitting a sharp, piercing tone or sound; -- said of a sound, or of that which produces a sound.

> Hear the shrill whistle which doth order give
> To sounds confused.

Shak.

> Let winds be shrill, let waves roll high.

Byron.

Shrill, n. A shrill sound. [Obs.] Spenser.

Shrill, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Shrilled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shrilling.] [OE. schrillen, akin to G. schrillen; cf. AS. scralletan to resound loudly, Icel. skrölta to jolt, Sw. skrälla to shrill, Norw. skryla, skr&?;la. Cf. Skirl.] To utter an acute, piercing sound; to sound with a sharp, shrill tone; to become shrill.

> Break we our pipes, that shrilledloud as lark.

Spenser.

> No sounds were heard but of the shrilling cock.

Goldsmith.

> His voice shrilled with passion.

L. Wallace.

Shrill, v. t. To utter or express in a shrill tone; to cause to make a shrill sound.

> How poor Andromache shrills her dolors forth.

Shak.

Shrill"-gorged` (?), a. Having a throat which produces a shrill note. [R.] Shak.

Shrill"ness, n. The quality or state of being shrill.

Shrill"-tongued` (?), a. Having a shrill voice. "When shrill-tongued Fulvia scolds." Shak.

Shril"ly, adv. In a shrill manner; acutely; with a sharp sound or voice.

Shril"ly, a. Somewhat shrill. [Poetic] Sir W. Scott.

> Some kept up a shrilly mellow sound.

Keats.

Shrimp (?), v. t. [Cf. AS. scrimman to dry up, wither, MHG. schrimpfen to shrink, G. schrumpfen, Dan. skrumpe, skrumpes, Da. & Sw. skrumpen shriveled. Cf. Scrimp, Shrink, Shrivel.] To contract; to shrink. [Obs.]

Shrimp, n. [OE. shrimp; -- probably so named from its shriveled appearance. See Shrimp, v.] 1. (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of numerous species of macruran Crustacea belonging to Crangon and various allied genera, having a slender body and long legs. Many of them are used as food. The larger kinds are called also prawns. See Illust. of Decapoda. (b) In a more general sense, any species of the macruran tribe Caridea, or any species of the order Schizopoda, having a similar form. (c) In a loose sense, any small crustacean, including some amphipods and even certain entomostracans; as, the fairy shrimp, and brine shrimp. See under Fairy, and Brine.

<! p. 1335 !>

2. Figuratively, a little wrinkled man; a dwarf; -- in contempt.

> This weak and writhled shrimp.

Shak.

Opossum shrimp. (Zoöl.) See under Opossum. -- Spector shrimp, or Skeleton shrimp (Zoöl.), any slender amphipod crustacean of the genus Caprella and allied genera. See Illust. under Læmodopoda. -- Shrimp catcher (Zoöl.), the little tern (Sterna minuta). -- Shrimp net, a dredge net fixed upon a pole, or a sweep net dragged over the fishing ground.

Shrimp"er (?), n. One who fishes for shrimps.

Shrine (shrn), n. [OE. schrin, AS. scrn, from L. scrinium a case, chest, box.] 1. A case, box, or receptacle, especially one in which are deposited sacred relics, as the bones of a saint.

2. Any sacred place, as an altar, tromb, or the like.

> Too weak the sacred shrine guard.

Byron.

3. A place or object hallowed from its history or associations; as, a shrine of art.

Shrine, v. t. To enshrine; to place reverently, as in a shrine. "Shrined in his sanctuary." Milton.

Shrink (?), v. i. [imp. Shrank (?) or Shrunk (?) p. p. Shrunk or Shrunken (&?;), but the latter is now seldom used except as a participial adjective; p. pr. & vb. n. Shrinking.] [OE. shrinken, schrinken, AS. scrincan; akin to OD. schrincken, and probably to Sw. skrynka a wrinkle, skrynkla to wrinkle, to rumple, and E. shrimp, n. & v., scrimp. CF. Shrimp.] 1. To wrinkle, bend, or curl; to shrivel; hence, to contract into a less extent or compass; to gather together; to become compacted.

> And on a broken reed he still did stay
> His feeble steps, which shrunk when hard thereon he lay.

Spenser.

> I have not found that water, by mixture of ashes, will shrink or draw into less room.

Bacon.

> Against this fire do I shrink up.

Shak.

> And shrink like parchment in consuming fire.

Dryden.

> All the boards did shrink.

Coleridge.

2. To withdraw or retire, as from danger; to decline action from fear; to recoil, as in fear, horror, or distress.

> What happier natures shrink at with affright,
> The hard inhabitant contends is right.

Pope.

> They assisted us against the Thebans when you shrank from the task.

Jowett (Thucyd.)

3. To express fear, horror, or pain by contracting the body, or part of it; to shudder; to quake. [R.] Shak.

Shrink, v. t. 1. To cause to contract or shrink; as, to shrink finnel by imersing it in boiling water.

2. To draw back; to withdraw. [Obs.]

> The Libyc Hammon shrinks his horn.

Milton.

To shrink on (Mach.), to fix (one piece or part) firmly around (another) by natural contraction in cooling, as a tire on a wheel, or a hoop upon a cannon, which is made slightly smaller than the part it is to fit, and expanded by heat till it can be slipped into place.

Shrink, n. The act shrinking; shrinkage; contraction; also, recoil; withdrawal.

> Yet almost wish, with sudden shrink,
> That I had less to praise.

Leigh Hunt.

Shrink"age (?), n. 1. The act of shrinking; a contraction into less bulk or measurement.

2. The amount of such contraction; the bulk or dimension lost by shrinking, as of grain, castings, etc.

3. Decrease in value; depreciation. [Colloq.]

Shrink"er (?), n. One who shrinks; one who withdraws from danger.

Shrink"ing, a. & n. from Shrink.

Shrinking head (Founding), a body of molten metal connected with a mold for the purpose of supplying metal to compensate for the shrinkage of the casting; -- called also sinking head, and riser.

Shrink"ing*ly, adv. In a shrinking manner.

Shriv"al*ty (?), n. Shrievalty. Johnson.

Shrive (?), v. t. [imp. Shrived (?) or Shrove (&?;); p. p. Shriven (?) or Shrived; p. pr. & vb. n. Shriving.] [OE. shriven, schriven, AS. scrvan to shrive, to impose penance or punishment; akin to OFries. skrva to impose punishment; cf. OS. biskrban to be troubled. Cf. Shrift, Shrovetide.] 1. To hear or receive the confession of; to administer confession and absolution to; -- said of a priest as the agent.

> That they should shrive their parishioners.

Piers Plowman.

> Doubtless he shrives this woman, . . .
> Else ne'er could he so long protract his speech.

Shak.

> Till my guilty soul be shriven.

Longfellow.

2. To confess, and receive absolution; -- used reflexively.

> Get you to the church and shrive yourself.

Beau. & Fl.

Shrive, v. i. To receive confessions, as a priest; to administer confession and absolution. Spenser.

Shriv"el (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Shriveled (?) or Shrivelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Shriveling or Shrivelling.] [Probably akin to shrimp, shrink; cf. dial. AS. screpa to pine away, Norw. skrypa to waste, skryp, skryv, transitory, frail, Sw. skröpling feeble, Dan. skröbelig, Icel. skrj&?;pr brittle, frail.] To draw, or be drawn, into wrinkles; to shrink, and form corrugations; as, a leaf shriveles in the hot sun; the skin shrivels with age; -- often with up.

Shriv"el (?), v. t. To cause to shrivel or contract; to cause to shrink onto corruptions.

Shriv"en (?), p. p. of Shrive.

Shriv"er (?), n. One who shrives; a confessor.

Shriv"ing, n. Shrift; confession. Spenser.

Shroff (?), n. [Ar. sarrf.] A banker, or changer of money. [East Indies]

Shroff"age (?), n. The examination of coins, and the separation of the good from the debased. [East Indies]

Shrood (?), v. t. [Cf. Shroud.] [Written also shroud, and shrowd.] To trim; to lop. [Prov. Eng.]

Shroud (shroud), n. [OE. shroud, shrud, schrud, AS. scrd a garment, clothing; akin to Icel. skruð the shrouds of a ship, furniture of a church, a kind of stuff, Sw. skrud dress, attire, and E. shred. See Shred, and cf. Shrood.] 1. That which clothes, covers, conceals, or protects; a garment. Piers Plowman.

> Swaddled, as new born, in sable shrouds.

Sandys.

2. Especially, the dress for the dead; a winding sheet. "A dead man in his shroud." Shak.

3. That which covers or shelters like a shroud.

> Jura answers through her misty shroud.

Byron.

4. A covered place used as a retreat or shelter, as a cave or den; also, a vault or crypt. [Obs.]

> The shroud to which he won
> His fair-eyed oxen.

Chapman.

> A vault, or shroud, as under a church.

Withals.

5. The branching top of a tree; foliage. [R.]

> The Assyrian wad a cedar in Lebanon, with fair branches and with a shadowing shroad.

Ezek. xxxi. 3.

6. pl. (Naut.) A set of ropes serving as stays to support the masts. The lower shrouds are secured to the sides of vessels by heavy iron bolts and are passed around the head of the lower masts.

7. (Mach.) One of the two annular plates at the periphery of a water wheel, which form the sides of the buckets; a shroud plate.

Bowsprit shrouds (Naut.), ropes extending from the head of the bowsprit to the sides of the vessel. -- Futtock shrouds (Naut.), iron rods connecting the topmast rigging with the lower rigging, passing over the edge of the top. -- Shroud plate. (a) (Naut.) An iron plate extending from the dead-eyes to the ship's side. Ham. Nav. Encyc. (b) (Mach.) A shroud. See def. 7, above.

Shroud, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shrouded; p. pr. & vb. n. Shrouding.] [Cf. AS. scr&?;dan. See Shroud, n.] 1. To cover with a shroud; especially, to inclose in a winding sheet; to dress for the grave.

> The ancient Egyptian mummies were shrouded in a number of folds of linen besmeared with gums.

Bacon.

2. To cover, as with a shroud; to protect completely; to cover so as to conceal; to hide; to veil.

> One of these trees, with all his young ones, may shroud four hundred horsemen.

Sir W. Raleigh.

> Some tempest rise,
> And blow out all the stars that light the skies,
> To shroud my shame.

Dryden.

Shroud, v. i. To take shelter or harbor. [Obs.]

> If your stray attendance be yet lodged,
> Or shroud within these limits.

Milton.

Shroud, v. t. To lop. See Shrood. [Prov. Eng.]

Shroud"ed, a. Provided with a shroud or shrouds.

Shrouded gear (Mach.), a cogwheel or pinion having flanges which form closed ends to the spaces between the teeth and thus strengthen the teeth by tying them together.

Shroud"ing, n. The shrouds. See Shroud, n., 7.

Shroud"-laid` (?), a. Composed of four strands, and laid right-handed with a heart, or center; -- said of rope. See Illust. under Cordage.

Shroud"less, a. Without a shroud.

Shroud"y (?), a. Affording shelter. [R.] Milton.

Shrove (?), imp. of Shrive.

Shrove Sunday, Quinguagesima Sunday. -- Shrove Tuesday, the Tuesday following Quinguagesima Sunday, and preceding the first day of Lent, or Ash Wednesday. It was formerly customary in England, on this day, for the people to confess their sins to their parish priests, after which they dined on pancakes, or fritters, and the occasion became one of merriment. The bell rung on this day is popularly called Pancake Bell, and the day itself Pancake Tuesday. P. Cyc.

Shrove, v. i. To join in the festivities of Shrovetide; hence, to make merry. [Obs.] J. Fletcher.

Shrove"tide` (?), n. [From shrive to take a confession (OE. imp. shrof, AS. scrf) + tide.] The days immediately preceding Ash Widnesday, especially the period between the evening before Quinguagesima Sunday and the morning of Ash Wednesday.

Shrov"ing, n. The festivity of Shrovetide. [Obs.]

Shrow (?), n. A shrew. [Obs.] Shak.

Shrowd (?), v. t. See Shrood. [Prov. Eng.]

Shrub (?), n. [Ar. shirb, shurb, a drink, beverage, fr. shariba to drink. Cf. Sirup, Sherbet.] A liquor composed of vegetable acid, especially lemon juice, and sugar, with spirit to preserve it.

Shrub, n. [OE. schrob, AS. scrob, scrobb; akin to Norw. skrubba the dwarf cornel tree.] (Bot.) A woody plant of less size than a tree, and usually with several stems from the same root.

Shrub, v. t. To lop; to prune. [Obs.] Anderson (1573).

Shrub"ber*y (?), n.; pl. Shrubberies (&?;). 1. A collection of shrubs.

2. A place where shrubs are planted. Macaulay.

Shrub"bi*ness (?), n. Quality of being shrubby.

Shrub"by (?), a. [Compar. Shrubbier (?); superl. Shrubbiest.] 1. Full of shrubs.

2. Of the nature of a shrub; resembling a shrub. "Shrubby browse." J. Philips.

Shrub"less, a. having no shrubs. Byron.

Shruff (?), n. [Cf. Scruff, Scurf.] Rubbish. Specifically: (a) Dross or refuse of metals. [Obs.] (b) Light, dry wood, or stuff used for fuel. [Prov. Eng.]

Shrug (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shrugged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shrugging (?).] [Probably akin to shrink, p. p. shrunk; cf. Dan. skrugge, skrukke, to stoop, dial. Sw. skrukka, skruga, to crouch.] To draw up or contract (the shoulders), especially by way of expressing dislike, dread, doubt, or the like.

> He shrugs his shoulders when you talk of securities.

Addison.

Shrug, v. i. To raise or draw up the shoulders, as in expressing dislike, dread, doubt, or the like.

> They grin, they shrug.
> They bow, they snarl, they snatch, they hug.

Swift.

Shrug, n. A drawing up of the shoulders, -- a motion usually expressing dislike, dread, or doubt.

> The Spaniards talk in dialogues
> Of heads and shoulders, nods and shrugs.

Hudibras.

Shrunk"en (?), p. p. & a. from Shrink.

Shuck (?), n. A shock of grain. [Prev.Eng.]

Shuck, n. [Perhaps akin to G. shote a husk, pod, shell.] 1. A shell, husk, or pod; especially, the outer covering of such nuts as the hickory nut, butternut, peanut, and chestnut.

2. The shell of an oyster or clam. [U. S.]

Shuck, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shucked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shucking.] To deprive of the shucks or husks; as, to shuck walnuts, Indian corn, oysters, etc.

Shuck"er (?), n. One who shucks oysters or clams

Shud"der (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Shuddered (?);p. pr. & vb. n. Shuddering.] [OE. shoderen, schuderen; akin to LG. schuddern, D. schudden to shake, OS. skuddian, G. schaudern to shudder, schütteln to shake, schütten to pour, to shed, OHG. scutten, scuten, to shake.] To tremble or shake with fear, horrer, or aversion; to shiver with cold; to quake. "With shuddering horror pale." Milton.

> The shuddering tennant of the frigid zone.

Goldsmith.

Shud"der, n. The act of shuddering, as with fear. Shak.

Shud"der*ing*ly, adv. In a shuddering manner.

Shude (?), n. The husks and other refuse of rice mills, used to adulterate oil cake, or linseed cake.

Shuf"fle (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shuffled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shuffling (?).] [Originally the same word as scuffle, and properly a freq. of shove. See Shove, and Scuffle.] 1. To shove one way and the other; to push from one to another; as, to shuffle money from hand to hand.

2. To mix by pushing or shoving; to confuse; to throw into disorder; especially, to change the relative positions of, as of the cards in a pack.

> A man may shuffle cards or rattle dice from noon to midnight without tracing a new idea in his mind.

Rombler.

3. To remove or introduce by artificial confusion.

> It was contrived by your enemies, and shuffled into the papers that were seizen.

Dryden.

To shuffe off, to push off; to rid one's self of. -- To shuffe up, to throw together in hastel to make up or form in confusion or with fraudulent disorder; as, he shuffled up a peace.

Shuf"fle, v. i. 1. To change the relative position of cards in a pack; as, to shuffle and cut.

2. To change one's position; to shift ground; to evade questions; to resort to equivocation; to prevaricate.

> I myself, . . . hiding mine honor in my necessity, am fain to shuffle.

Shak.

3. To use arts or expedients; to make shift.

> Your life, good master,
> Must shuffle for itself.

Shak.

4. To move in a slovenly, dragging manner; to drag or scrape the feet in walking or dancing.

> The aged creature came
> Shuffling along with ivory-headed wand.

Keats.

Syn. -- To equivicate; prevaricate; quibble; cavil; shift; sophisticate; juggle.

Shuf"fle, n. 1. The act of shuffling; a mixing confusedly; a slovenly, dragging motion.

> The unguided agitation and rude shuffles of matter.

Bentley.

2. A trick; an artifice; an evasion.

> The gifts of nature are beyond all shame and shuffles.

L'Estrange.

Shuf"fle*board` (?), n. See Shovelboard.

Shuf"fle*cap` (?), n. A play performed by shaking money in a hat or cap. [R.] Arbuthnot.

Shuf"fler (?), n. 1. One who shuffles.

2. (Zoöl.) Either one of the three common American scaup ducks. See Scaup duck, under Scaup.

Shuf"fle*wing` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The hedg sparrow. [Prov. Eng.]

Shuf"fling (?), a. 1. Moving with a dragging, scraping step. "A shuffling nag." Shak.

2. Evasive; as, a shuffling excuse. T. Burnet.

Shuf"fling, v. In a shuffling manner.

Shug (?), v. i. [Cf. Shrug.] 1. To writhe the body so as to produce friction against one's clothes, as do those who have the itch. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

2. Hence, to crawl; to sneak. [Obs.]

> There I 'll shug in and get a noble countenance.

Ford.

Shu"mac (?), n. (Bot.) Sumac.

Shun (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shunned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shunning.] [OE. shunien, schunien, schonien, AS. scunian, sceonian; cf. D. schuinen to slepe, schuin oblique, sloping, Icel. skunda, skynda, to hasten. Cf. Schooner, Scoundrel, Shunt.] To avoid; to keep clear of; to get out of the way of; to escape from; to eschew; as, to shun rocks, shoals, vice.

> I am pure from the blood of all men. For I have not shunned to declare unto you all the counsel of God.

Acts xx. 26,27.

> Scarcity and want shall shun you.

Shak.

Syn. -- See Avoid.

Shun"less, a. Not to be shunned; inevitable; unavoidable. [R.] "Shunless destiny." Shak.

<! p. 1336 !>

Shunt (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shunted; p. pr. & vb. n. Shunting.] [Prov. E., to move from, to put off, fr. OE. shunten, schunten, schounten; cf. D. schuinte a slant, slope, Icel. skunda to hasten. Cf. Shun.] 1. To shun; to move from. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

2. To cause to move suddenly; to give a sudden start to; to shove. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Ash.

3. To turn off to one side; especially, to turn off, as a grain or a car upon a side track; to switch off; to shift.

> For shunting your late partner on to me.

T. Hughes.

4. (Elec.) To provide with a shunt; as, to shunt a galvanometer.

Shunt (?), v. i. To go aside; to turn off.

Shunt, n. [Cf. D. schuinte slant, slope, declivity. See Shunt, v. t.] 1. (Railroad) A turning off to a side or short track, that the principal track may be left free.

2. (Elec.) A conducting circuit joining two points in a conductor, or the terminals of a galvanometer or dynamo, so as to form a parallel or derived circuit through which a portion of the current may pass, for the purpose of regulating the amount passing in the main circuit.

3. (Gunnery) The shifting of the studs on a projectile from the deep to the shallow sides of the grooves in its discharge from a shunt gun.

Shunt dynamo (Elec.), a dynamo in which the field circuit is connected with the main circuit so as to form a shunt to the letter, thus employing a portion of the current from the armature to maintain the field. -- Shunt gun, a firearm having shunt rifling. See under Rifling.

Shunt"er (?), n. (Railroad) A person employed to shunt cars from one track to another.

Shut (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shut; p. pr. & vb. n. Shutting.] [OE. shutten, schutten, shetten, schitten, AS. scyttan to shut or lock up (akin to D. schutten, G. schützen to protect), properly, to fasten with a bolt or bar shot across, fr. AS. sceótan to shoot. √159. See Shoot.] 1. To close so as to hinder ingress or egress; as, to shut a door or a gate; to shut one's eyes or mouth.

2. To forbid entrance into; to prohibit; to bar; as, to shut the ports of a country by a blockade.

> Shall that be shut to man which to the beast
> Is open?

Milton.

3. To preclude; to exclude; to bar out. "Shut from every shore." Dryden.

4. To fold together; to close over, as the fingers; to close by bringing the parts together; as, to shut the hand; to shut a book.

To shut in. (a) To inclose; to confine. "The Lord shut him in." Cen. vii. 16. (b) To cover or intercept the view of; as, one point shuts in another. -- To shut off. (a) To exclude. (b) To prevent the passage of, as steam through a pipe, or water through a flume, by closing a cock, valve, or gate. -- To shut out, to preclude from entering; to deny admission to; to exclude; as, to shut out rain by a tight roof. -- To shut together, to unite; to close, especially to close by welding. -- To shut up. (a) To close; to make fast the entrances into; as, to shut up a house. (b) To obstruct. "Dangerous rocks shut up the passage." Sir W. Raleigh. (c) To inclose; to confine; to imprison; to fasten in; as, to shut up a prisoner.

> Before faith came, we were kept under the law, shut up unto the faith which should afterwards be revealed.

Gal. iii. 23.

(d) To end; to terminate; to conclude.

> When the scene of life is shut up, the slave will be above his master if he has acted better.

Collier.

(e) To unite, as two pieces of metal by welding. (f) To cause to become silent by authority, argument, or force.

Shut, v. i. To close itself; to become closed; as, the door shuts; it shuts hard.

To shut up, to cease speaking. [Colloq.] T. Hughes.

Shut, a. 1. Closed or fastened; as, a shut door.

2. Rid; clear; free; as, to get shut of a person. [Now dialectical or local, Eng. & U.S.] L'Estrange.

3. (Phon.) (a) Formed by complete closure of the mouth passage, and with the nose passage remaining closed; stopped, as are the mute consonants, p, t, k, b, d, and hard g. H. Sweet. (b) Cut off sharply and abruptly by a following consonant in the same syllable, as the English short vowels, , , , , , always are.

Shut, n. The act or time of shutting; close; as, the shut of a door.

> Just then returned at shut of evening flowers.

Milton.

2. A door or cover; a shutter. [Obs.] Sir I. Newton.

3. The line or place where two pieces of metal are united by welding.

Cold shut, the imperfection in a casting caused by the flowing of liquid metal upon partially chilled metal; also, the imperfect weld in a forging caused by the inadequate heat of one surface under working.

Shute (?), n. Same as Chute, or Shoot.

Shut"ter (?), n. 1. One who shuts or closes.

2. A movable cover or screen for a window, designed to shut out the light, to obstruct the view, or to be of some strength as a defense; a blind.

3. A removable cover, or a gate, for closing an aperture of any kind, as for closing the passageway for molten iron from a ladle.

Shut"tered (?), a. Furnished with shutters.

Shut"tle (?), n. [Also shittle, OE. schitel, scytyl, schetyl; cf. OE. schitel a bolt of a door, AS. scyttes; all from AS. sceótan to shoot; akin to Dan. skyttel, skytte, shuttle, dial. Sw. skyttel, sköttel. √159. See Shoot, and cf. Shittle, Skittles.] 1. An instrument used in weaving for passing or shooting the thread of the woof from one side of the cloth to the other between the threads of the warp.

> Like shuttles through the loom, so swiftly glide
> My feathered hours.

Sandys.

2. The sliding thread holder in a sewing machine, which carries the lower thread through a loop of the upper thread, to make a lock stitch.

3. A shutter, as for a channel for molten metal. [R.]

Shuttle box (Weaving), a case at the end of a shuttle race, to receive the shuttle after it has passed the thread of the warp; also, one of a set of compartments containing shuttles with different colored threads, which are passed back and forth in a certain order, according to the pattern of the cloth woven. -- Shutten race, a sort of shelf in a loom, beneath the warp, along which the shuttle passes; a channel or guide along which the shuttle passes in a sewing machine. -- Shuttle shell (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of marine gastropods of the genus Volva, or Radius, having a smooth, spindle-shaped shell prolonged into a channel at each end.

Shut"tle (?), v. i. To move backwards and forwards, like a shuttle.

> I had to fly far and wide, shutting athwart the big Babel, wherever his calls and pauses had to be.

Carlyle.

Shut"tle*cock` (?), n. A cork stuck with feathers, which is to be struck by a battledoor in play; also, the play itself.

Shut"tle*cock, v. t. To send or toss to and fro; to bandy; as, to shuttlecock words. Thackeray.

Shut"tle*cork` (?), n. See Shuttlecock.

Shut"tle*wise` (?), adv. Back and forth, like the movement of a shuttle.

Shwan"-pan (?), n. See Schwan- pan.

Shy (sh), a. [Compar. Shier (-r) or Shyer; superl. Shiest or Shyest.] [OE. schey, skey, sceouh, AS. sceóh; akin to Dan. sky, Sw. skygg, D. schuw, MHG. schiech, G. scheu, OHG. sciuhen to be or make timid. Cf. Eschew.] 1. Easily frightened; timid; as, a shy bird.

> The horses of the army . . . were no longer shy, but would come up to my very feet without starting.

Swift.

2. Reserved; coy; disinclined to familiar approach.

> What makes you so shy, my good friend? There's nobody loves you better than I.

Arbuthnot.

> The embarrassed look of shy distress
> And maidenly shamefacedness.

Wordsworth.

3. Cautious; wary; suspicious.

> I am very shy of using corrosive liquors in the preparation of medicines.

Boyle.

> Princes are, by wisdom of state, somewhat shy of thier successors.

Sir H. Wotton.

To fight shy. See under Fight, v. i.

Shy, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Shied (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shying.] [From Shy, a.] To start suddenly aside through fright or suspicion; -- said especially of horses.

Shy, v. t. To throw sidewise with a jerk; to fling; as, to shy a stone; to shy a slipper. T. Hughes.

Shy, n. 1. A sudden start aside, as by a horse.

2. A side throw; a throw; a fling. Thackeray.

> If Lord Brougham gets a stone in his hand, he must, it seems, have a shy at somebody.

Punch.

Shy"ly, adv. In a shy or timid manner; not familiarly; with reserve. [Written also shily.]

Shy"ness, n. The quality or state of being shy. [Written also shiness.]

> Frequency in heavenly contemplation is particularly important to prevent a shyness bewtween God and thy soul.

Baxter.

Syn. -- Bashfulness; reserve; coyness; timidity; diffidence. See Bashfulness.

Shy"ster (?), n. [Perh. from G. scheisse excrement.] A trickish knave; one who carries on any business, especially legal business, in a mean and dishonest way. [Slang, U.S.]

Si (?). [It.] (Mus.) A syllable applied, in solmization, to the note B; more recently, to the seventh tone of any major diatonic scale. It was added to Guido's scale by Le Maire about the end of the 17th century.

||Si*a"ga (?), n. (Zoöl.) The ahu, or jairou.

Si*al"o*gogue (?), n. [Gr. si`alon saliva + &?;&?;&?;&?; leading, from &?;&?;&?; to lead: cf. F. sialagogue.] (Med.) An agent which promotes the flow of saliva.

||Si"a*mang` (?), n. [Malay simang.] (Zool.) A gibbon (Hylobates syndactylus), native of Sumatra. It has the second and third toes partially united by a web.

Si`a*mese" (?), a. Of or pertaining to Siam, its native people, or their language.

Si`a*mese`, n. sing. & pl. 1. A native or inhabitant of Siam; pl., the people of Siam.

2. sing. The language of the Siamese.

Sib (?), n. [AS. sibb alliance, gesib a relative. √289. See Gossip.] A blood relation. [Obs.] Nash.

Sib, a. Related by blood; akin. [Obs. or Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

> Your kindred is but . . . little sib to you.

Chaucer.

> [He] is no fairy birn, ne sib at all
> To elfs, but sprung of seed terrestrial.

Spenser.

Sib"bens (?), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Med.) A contagious disease, endemic in Scotland, resembling the yaws. It is marked by ulceration of the throat and nose and by pustules and soft fungous excrescences upon the surface of the body. In the Orkneys the name is applied to the itch. [Written also sivvens.]

Si*be"ri*an (?), a. [From Siberia, Russ. Sibire.] Of or pertaining to Siberia, a region comprising all northern Asia and belonging to Russia; as, a Siberian winter. -- n. A native or inhabitant of Siberia.

Siberian crab (Bot.), the Siberian crab apple. See Crab apple, under Crab. -- Siberian dog (Zoöl.), one of a large breed of dogs having erect ears and the hair of the body and tail very long. It is distinguished for endurance of fatigue when used for the purpose of draught. -- Siberian pea tree (Bot.), a small leguminous tree (Cragana arborescens) with yellow flowers. It is a native of Siberia.

{ Sib"i*lance (?), Sib"i*lan*cy (?), } n. The quality or state of being sibilant; sibilation.

> Milton would not have avoided them for their sibilancy, he who wrote . . . verses that hiss like Medusa's head in wrath.

Lowell.

Sib"i*lant (?), a. [L. sibilans, -antis, p. pr. of sibilare to hiss: cf. F. sibilant.] Making a hissing sound; uttered with a hissing sound; hissing; as, s, z, sh, and zh, are sibilant elementary sounds. -- n. A sibiliant letter.

Sib"i*late (?), v. t. & i. To pronounce with a hissing sound, like that of the letter s; to mark with a character indicating such pronunciation.

Sib`i*la"tion (?), n. [L. sibilatio.] Utterance with a hissing sound; also, the sound itself; a hiss.

> He, with a long, low sibilation, stared.

Tennyson.

Sib"i*la*to*ry (?), a. Hissing; sibilant.

Sib"i*lous (?), a. [L. sibilus.] Having a hissing sound; hissing; sibilant. [R.] Pennant.

Sib"yl (?), n. [L. sibylla, Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;.] 1. (Class. Antiq.) A woman supposed to be endowed with a spirit of prophecy.

The number of the sibyls is variously stated by different authors; but the opinion of Varro, that there were ten, is generally adopted. They dwelt in various parts of Persia, Greece, and Italy.

2. A female fortune teller; a pythoness; a prophetess. "An old highland sibyl." Sir W. Scott.

Sib"yl*ist, n. One who believes in a sibyl or the sibylline prophecies. Cudworth.

Sib"yl*line (?), a. [L. sibyllinus.] Pertaining to the sibyls; uttered, written, or composed by sibyls; like the productions of sibyls.

Sibylline books. (a) (Rom. Antiq.) Books or documents of prophecies in verse concerning the fate of the Roman empire, said to have been purchased by Tarquin the Proud from a sibyl. (b) Certain Jewish and early Christian writings purporting to have been prophetic and of sibylline origin. They date from 100 b. c. to a. d. 500.

Sic (?), a. Such. [Scot.]

||Sic (?), adv. [L.] Thus.

This word is sometimes inserted in a quotation [sic], to call attention to the fact that some remarkable or inaccurate expression, misspelling, or the like, is literally reproduced.

Sic"a*more (?), n. (Bot.) See Sycamore.

||Sic"ca (?), n. [Ar. sikka.] A seal; a coining die; -- used adjectively to designate the silver currency of the Mogul emperors, or the Indian rupee of 192 grains.

Sicca rupee, an East Indian coin, valued nominally at about two shillings sterling, or fifty cents.

Sic"cate (?), v. t. [L. siccatus, p. p. of siccare to dry, fr. siecus dry.] To dry. [R.]

Sic*ca"tion (?), n. [L. siccatio.] The act or process of drying. [R.] Bailey.

Sic"ca*tive (?), a. [L. siccativus.] Drying; causing to dry. -- n. That which promotes drying.

Sic*cif"ic (?), a.[L. siccificus; siccus dry + facere to make. See -fy.] Causing dryness.

Sic"ci*ty (?), n. [L. siccitas, fr. siccus dry.] Dryness; aridity; destitution of moisture. [Obs.]

> The siccity and dryness of its flesh.

Sir T. Browne.

Sice (?), n. [F. six, fr. L. sex six. See Six.] The number six at dice.

Si"cer (?), n. [L. sicera. See Cider.] A strong drink; cider. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Sich (?), a. Such. [Obs. or Colloq.] Spenser.

Si*cil"i*an (?), a. Of or pertaining to Sicily or its inhabitants.

Sicilian vespers, the great massacre of the French in Sicily, in the year 1282, on the evening of Easter Monday, at the hour of vespers.

Si*cil"i*an, n. A native or inhabitant of Sicily.

||Si*ci`li*a"no (?), n. [It., Sicilian.] A Sicilian dance, resembling the pastorale, set to a rather slow and graceful melody in 12-8 or 6-8 measure; also, the music to the dance.

||Si`ci`lienne" (?), n. [F., fem. of sicilien Sicilian.] A kind of rich poplin.

Sick (?), a. [Compar. Sicker (?); superl. Sickest.] [OE. sek, sik, ill, AS. seóc; akin to OS. siok, seoc, OFries. siak, D. ziek, G. siech, OHG. sioh, Icel. sj&?;kr, Sw. sjuk, Dan. syg, Goth. siuks ill, siukan to be ill.] 1. Affected with disease of any kind; ill; indisposed; not in health. See the Synonym under Illness.

> Simon's wife's mother lay sick of a fever.

Mark i. 30.

> Behold them that are sick with famine.

Jer. xiv. 18.

2. Affected with, or attended by, nausea; inclined to vomit; as, sick at the stomach; a sick headache.

3. Having a strong dislike; disgusted; surfeited; -- with of; as, to be sick of flattery.

> He was not so sick of his master as of his work.

L'Estrange.

4. Corrupted; imperfect; impaired; weakned.

> So great is his antipathy against episcopacy, that, if a seraphim himself should be a bishop, he would either find or make some sick feathers in his wings.

Fuller.

Sick bay (Naut.), an apartment in a vessel, used as the ship's hospital. -- Sick bed, the bed upon which a person lies sick. -- Sick berth, an apartment for the sick in a ship of war. -- Sick headache (Med.), a variety of headache attended with disorder of the stomach and nausea. -- Sick list, a list containing the names of the sick. -- Sick room, a room in which a person lies sick, or to which he is confined by sickness. [These terms, sick bed, sick berth, etc., are also written both hyphened and solid.]

Syn. -- Diseased; ill; disordered; distempered; indisposed; weak; ailing; feeble; morbid.

Sick, n. Sickness. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Sick, v. i. To fall sick; to sicken. [Obs.] Shak.

Sick"-brained` (?), a. Disordered in the brain.

Sick"en (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sickened (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sickening.] 1. To make sick; to disease.

> Raise this strength, and sicken that to death.

Prior.

2. To make qualmish; to nauseate; to disgust; as, to sicken the stomach.

3. To impair; to weaken. [Obs.] Shak.

Sick"en, v. i. 1. To become sick; to fall into disease.

> The judges that sat upon the jail, and those that attended, sickened upon it and died.

Bacon.

2. To be filled to disgust; to be disgusted or nauseated; to be filled with abhorrence or aversion; to be surfeited or satiated.

> Mine eyes did sicken at the sight.

Shak.

<! p. 1337 !>

3. To become disgusting or tedious.

> The toiling pleasure sickens into pain.

Goldsmith.

4. To become weak; to decay; to languish.

> All pleasures sicken, and all glories sink.

Pope.

Sick"en*ing (?), a. Causing sickness; specif., causing surfeit or disgust; nauseating. -- Sick"en*ing*ly, adv.

Sick"er (?), v. i. [AS. sicerian.] (Mining) To percolate, trickle, or ooze, as water through a crack. [Also written sigger, zigger, and zifhyr.] [Prov. Eng.]

{ Sick"er, Sik"er }, a. [OE. siker; cf. OS. sikur, LG. seker, D. zeker, Dan. sikker, OHG. sihhur, G. sicher; all fr. L. securus. See Secure, Sure.] Sure; certain; trusty. [Obs. or Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Burns.

> When he is siker of his good name.

Chaucer.

{ Sick"er, Sik"er }, adv. Surely; certainly. [Obs.]

> Believe this as siker as your creed.

Chaucer.

> Sicker, Willye, thou warnest well.

Spenser.

{ Sick"er*ly, Sik"er*ly }, adv. Surely; securely. [Obs.]

> But sikerly, withouten any fable.

Chaucer.

{ Sick"er*ness, Sik"er*ness }, n. The quality or state of being sicker, or certain. [Obs.] Chaucer. Spenser.

Sick"ish, a. 1. Somewhat sick or diseased.

2. Somewhat sickening; as, a sickish taste.

-- Sick"ish*ly, adv. -- Sick"ish*ness, n.

Sic"kle (?), n. [OE. sikel, AS. sicol; akin to D. sikkel, G. sichel, OHG. sihhila, Dan. segel, segl, L. secula, fr. secare to cut; or perhaps from L. secula. See Saw a cutting instrument.] 1. A reaping instrument consisting of a steel blade curved into the form of a hook, and having a handle fitted on a tang. The sickle has one side of the blade notched, so as always to sharpen with a serrated edge. Cf. Reaping hook, under Reap.

> When corn has once felt the sickle, it has no more benefit from the sunshine.

Shak.

2. (Astron.) A group of stars in the constellation Leo. See Illust. of Leo.

Sickle pod (Bot.), a kind of rock cress (Arabis Canadensis) having very long curved pods.

Sic"kle*bill` (?), n. (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of three species of humming birds of the genus Eutoxeres, native of Central and South America. They have a long and strongly curved bill. Called also the sickle-billed hummer. (b) A curlew. (c) A bird of the genus Epimachus and allied genera.

Sic"kled (?), a. Furnished with a sickle.

Sic"kle*man (?), n.; pl. Sicklemen (&?;). One who uses a sickle; a reaper.

> You sunburned sicklemen, of August weary.

Shak.

Sic"kler (?), n. One who uses a sickle; a sickleman; a reaper.

Sick"less (?), a. Free from sickness. [R.]

> Give me long breath, young beds, and sickless ease.

Marston.

Sic"kle*wort` (?), n. [AS. sicolwyrt.] (Bot.) (a) A plant of the genus Coronilla (C. scorpioides); -- so named from its curved pods. (b) The healall (Brunella vulgaris).

Sick"lied (?), a. Made sickly. See Sickly, v.

Sick"li*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being sickly.

Sick"ly (?), a. [Compar. Sicklier (?); superl. Sickliest.] 1. Somewhat sick; disposed to illness; attended with disease; as, a sickly body.

> This physic but prolongs thy sickly days.

Shak.

2. Producing, or tending to, disease; as, a sickly autumn; a sickly climate. Cowper.

3. Appearing as if sick; weak; languid; pale.

> The moon grows sickly at the sight of day.

Dryden.

> Nor torrid summer's sickly smile.

Keble.

4. Tending to produce nausea; sickening; as, a sickly smell; sickly sentimentality.

Syn. -- Diseased; ailing; infirm; weakly; unhealthy; healthless; weak; feeble; languid; faint.

Sick"ly, adv. In a sick manner or condition; ill.

> My people sickly [with ill will] beareth our marriage.

Chaucer.

Sick"ly, v. t. To make sick or sickly; -- with over, and probably only in the past participle. [R.]

> Sicklied o'er with the pale cast of thought.

Shak.

> Sentiments sicklied over . . . with that cloying heaviness into which unvaried sweetness is too apt to subside.

Jeffrey.

Sick"ness, n. [AS. seócness.] 1. The quality or state of being sick or diseased; illness; sisease or malady.

> I do lament the sickness of the king.

Shak.

> Trust not too much your now resistless charms;
> Those, age or sickness soon or late disarms.

Pope.

2. Nausea; qualmishness; as, sickness of stomach.

Syn. -- Illness; disease; malady. See Illness.

Si"cle (?), n. [F., fr. L. silcus, Heb. shegel. See Shekel.] A shekel. [Obs.]

> The holy mother brought five sicles and a pair of turtledoves to redeem the Lamb of God.

Jer. Taylor.

||Si"da (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;&?;&?; a kind of plant.] (Bot.) A genus of malvaceous plants common in the tropics. All the species are mucilaginous, and some have tough ligneous fibers which are used as a substitute for hemp and flax. Balfour (Cyc. of India).

Sid"dow (?), a. Soft; pulpy. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Side (?), n. [AS. sde; akin to D. zijde, G. seite, OHG. sta, Icel. s&?;a, Dan. side, Sw. sida; cf. AS. sd large, spacious, Icel. s&?;r long, hanging.] 1. The margin, edge, verge, or border of a surface; especially (when the thing spoken of is somewhat oblong in shape), one of the longer edges as distinguished from the shorter edges, called ends; a bounding line of a geometrical figure; as, the side of a field, of a square or triangle, of a river, of a road, etc.

3. Any outer portion of a thing considered apart from, and yet in relation to, the rest; as, the upper side of a sphere; also, any part or position viewed as opposite to or contrasted with another; as, this or that side.

> Looking round on every side beheld
> A pathless desert.

Milton.

4. (a) One of the halves of the body, of an animals or man, on either side of the mesial plane; or that which pertains to such a half; as, a side of beef; a side of sole leather. (b) The right or left part of the wall or trunk of the body; as, a pain in the side.

> One of the soldiers with a spear pierced his side.

John xix. 34.

5. A slope or declivity, as of a hill, considered as opposed to another slope over the ridge.

> Along the side of yon small hill.

Milton.

6. The position of a person or party regarded as opposed to another person or party, whether as a rival or a foe; a body of advocates or partisans; a party; hence, the interest or cause which one maintains against another; a doctrine or view opposed to another.

> God on our side, doubt not of victory.

Shak.

> We have not always been of the . . . same side in politics.

Landor.

> Sets the passions on the side of truth.

Pope.

7. A line of descent traced through one parent as distinguished from that traced through another.

> To sit upon thy father David's throne,
> By mother's side thy father.

Milton.

8. Fig.: Aspect or part regarded as contrasted with some other; as, the bright side of poverty.

By the side of, close at hand; near to. -- Exterior side. (Fort.) See Exterior, and Illust. of Ravelin. -- Interior side (Fort.), the line drawn from the center of one bastion to that of the next, or the line curtain produced to the two oblique radii in front. H. L. Scott. -- Side by side, close together and abreast; in company or along with. -- To choose sides, to select those who shall compete, as in a game, on either side. -- To take sides, to attach one's self to, or give assistance to, one of two opposing sides or parties.

Side (?), a. 1. Of or pertaining to a side, or the sides; being on the side, or toward the side; lateral.

> One mighty squadron with a side wind sped.

Dryden.

2. Hence, indirect; oblique; collateral; incidental; as, a side issue; a side view or remark.

> The law hath no side respect to their persons.

Hooker.

3. [AS. sd. Cf Side, n.] Long; large; extensive. [Obs. or Scot.] Shak.

> His gown had side sleeves down to mid leg.

Laneham.

Side action, in breech-loading firearms, a mechanism for operating the breech block, which is moved by a lever that turns sidewise. -- Side arms, weapons worn at the side, as sword, bayonet, pistols, etc. -- Side ax, an ax of which the handle is bent to one side. -- Side-bar rule (Eng. Law.), a rule authorized by the courts to be granted by their officers as a matter of course, without formal application being made to them in open court; -- so called because anciently moved for by the attorneys at side bar, that is, informally. Burril. -- Side box, a box or inclosed seat on the side of a theater.

> To insure a side-box station at half price.

Cowper.

-- Side chain, one of two safety chains connecting a tender with a locomotive, at the sides. -- Side cut, a canal or road branching out from the main one. [U.S.] -- Side dish, one of the dishes subordinate to the main course. -- Side glance, a glance or brief look to one side. -- Side hook (Carp.), a notched piece of wood for clamping a board to something, as a bench. -- Side lever, a working beam of a side-lever engine. -- Side-lever engine, a marine steam engine having a working beam of each side of the cylinder, near the bottom of the engine, communicating motion to a crank that is above them. -- Side pipe (Steam Engine), a steam or exhaust pipe connecting the upper and lower steam chests of the cylinder of a beam engine. -- Side plane, a plane in which the cutting edge of the iron is at the side of the stock. -- Side posts (Carp.), posts in a truss, usually placed in pairs, each post set at the same distance from the middle of the truss, for supporting the principal rafters, hanging the tiebeam, etc. -- Side rod. (a) One of the rods which connect the piston-rod crosshead with the side levers, in a side-lever engine. (b) See Parallel rod, under Parallel. -- Side screw (Firearms), one of the screws by which the lock is secured to the side of a firearm stock. -- Side table, a table placed either against the wall or aside from the principal table. -- Side tool (Mach.), a cutting tool, used in a lathe or planer, having the cutting edge at the side instead of at the point. -- Side wind, a wind from one side; hence, an indirect attack, or indirect means. Wright.

Side, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sided; p. pr.& vb. n. Siding.] 1. To lean on one side. [Obs.] Bacon.

2. To embrace the opinions of one party, or engage in its interest, in opposition to another party; to take sides; as, to side with the ministerial party.

> All side in parties, and begin the attack.

Pope.

Side, v. t. 1. To be or stand at the side of; to be on the side toward. [Obs.]

> His blind eye that sided Paridell.

Spenser.

2. To suit; to pair; to match. [Obs.] Clarendon.

3. (Shipbuilding) To work (a timber or rib) to a certain thickness by trimming the sides.

4. To furnish with a siding; as, to side a house.

Side"board` (?), n. A piece of dining-room furniture having compartments and shelves for keeping or displaying articles of table service.

> At a stately sideboard, by the wine,
> That fragrant smell diffused.

Milton.

Side"bone` (?), n. (Far.) A morbid growth or deposit of bony matter and at the sides of the coronet and coffin bone of a horse. J. H. Walsh.

Sid"ed (?), a. Having (such or so many) sides; -- used in composition; as, one-sided; many- sided.

Side"hill` (?), n. The side or slope of a hill; sloping ground; a descent. [U. S.]

Side"ling (?), adv. [OE. sideling, fr. side side. See Side, and cf. Sidelong, Headlong.] Sidelong; on the side; laterally; also, obliquely; askew.

> A fellow nailed up maps . . . some sideling, and others upside down.

Swift.

Side"ling, a. Inclining to one side; directed toward one side; sloping; inclined; as, sideling ground.

Side"long` (?), adv. [See Sideling, adv.] 1. Laterally; obliquely; in the direction of the side.

2. On the side; as, to lay a thing sidelong. [See Sideling, adv. ] Evelyn.

Side"long`, a. Lateral; oblique; not being directly in front; as, a sidelong glance.

> The bashful virgin's sidelong looks of love.

Goldsmith.

Side"piece` (?), n. (Joinery) The jamb, or cheek, of an opening in a wall, as of door or window.

Sid"er (?), n. One who takes a side.

Si"der (?), n. Cider. [Obs.]

Sid"er*al (?), a. [L. sideralis. See Sidereal.] 1. Relating to the stars.

2. (Astrol.) Affecting unfavorably by the supposed influence of the stars; baleful. "Sideral blast." Milton.

Sid"er*a`ted (?), a. [L. sideratus, p. p. of siderari to be blasted by a constellation, fr. sidus, sideris, a constellation.] Planet-struck; blasted. [Obs.]

Sid`er*a"tion, n. [L. sideratio.] The state of being siderated, or planet-struck; esp., blast in plants; also, a sudden and apparently causeless stroke of disease, as in apoplexy or paralysis. [Obs.] Ray.

Si*de"re*al (?), a. [L. sidereus, from sidus, sideris, a constellation, a star. Cf. Sideral, Consider, Desire.] 1. Relating to the stars; starry; astral; as, sidereal astronomy.

2. (Astron.) Measuring by the apparent motion of the stars; designated, marked out, or accompanied, by a return to the same position in respect to the stars; as, the sidereal revolution of a planet; a sidereal day.

Sidereal clock, day, month, year. See under Clock, Day, etc. -- Sideral time, time as reckoned by sideral days, or, taking the sidereal day as the unit, the time elapsed since a transit of the vernal equinox, reckoned in parts of a sidereal day. This is, strictly, apparent sidereal time, mean sidereal time being reckoned from the transit, not of the true, but of the mean, equinoctial point.

Si*de"re*al*ize (?), v. t. To elevate to the stars, or to the region of the stars; to etherealize.

> German literature transformed, siderealized, as we see it in Goethe, reckons Winckelmann among its initiators.

W. Pater.

Si*de"re*ous (?), a. [L. sidereus.] Sidereal. [Obs.]

Sid"er*ite, n. [L. sideritis loadstone, Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;, &?;&?;&?;&?;, of iron, from &?;&?;&?;&?; iron.] 1. (Min.) (a) Carbonate of iron, an important ore of iron occuring generally in cleavable masses, but also in rhombohedral crystals. It is of a light yellowish brown color. Called also sparry iron, spathic iron. (b) A meteorite consisting solely of metallic iron. (c) An indigo-blue variety of quartz. (d) Formerly, magnetic iron ore, or loadstone.

2. (Bot.) Any plant of the genus Sideritis; ironwort.

{ Sid`er*o*graph"ic (?), Sid`er*o*graph"ic*al (?), } a. Of or pertaining to siderography; executed by engraved plates of steel; as, siderographic art; siderographic impressions.

Sid`er*og"ra*phist (?), n. One skilled in siderography.

Sid`er*og"ra*phy (?), n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?; iron + -graphy.] The art or practice of steel engraving; especially, the process, invented by Perkins, of multiplying facsimiles of an engraved steel plate by first rolling over it, when hardened, a soft steel cylinder, and then rolling the cylinder, when hardened, over a soft steel plate, which thus becomes a facsimile of the original. The process has been superseded by electrotypy.

Sid"er*o*lite (?), n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?; iron + -lite.] A kind of meteorite. See under Meteorite.

Sid"er*o*man`cy (?), n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?; iron + -mancy.] Divination by burning straws on red-hot iron, and noting the manner of their burning. Craig.

Sid"er*o*scope (?), n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?; iron + -scope.] An instrument for detecting small quantities of iron in any substance by means of a very delicate combination of magnetic needles.

||Sid`e*ro"sis (?), n.[NL., fr. Gr. &?;&?;&?; iron.] (Med.) A sort of pneumonia occuring in iron workers, produced by the inhalation of particles of iron.

Sid"er*o*stat (?), n. [L. sidus, sideris, a star + Gr. &?;&?;&?; standing, fixed, fr. &?;&?;&?;&?; to place.] (Astron.) An apparatus consisting essentially of a mirror moved by clockwork so as to throw the rays of the sun or a star in a fixed direction; -- a more general term for heliostat.

||Sid`e*rox"y*lon (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;&?;&?; iron + &?;&?;&?; wood.] (Bot.) A genus of tropical sapotaceous trees noted for their very hard wood; ironwood.

Side"sad`dle (?), n. A saddle for women, in which the rider sits with both feet on one side of the animal mounted.

Sidesaddle flower (Bot.), a plant with hollow leaves and curiously shaped flowers; -- called also huntsman's cup. See Sarracenia.

<! p. 1338 !>

Sides"man (?), n.; pl. Sidesmen (&?;). 1. A party man; a partisan. Milton.

2. An assistant to the churchwarden; a questman.

Side"-tak`ing (?), n. A taking sides, as with a party, sect, or faction. Bp. Hall.

Side"walk` (?), n. A walk for foot passengers at the side of a street or road; a foot pavement. [U.S.]

Side"ways` (?), adv. Toward the side; sidewise.

> A second refraction made sideways.

Sir I. Newton.

> His beard, a good palm's length, at least, . . .
> Shot sideways, like a swallow's wings.

Longfellow.

Side"-wheel`, a. Having a paddle wheel on each side; -- said of steam vessels; as, a side-wheel steamer.

Side"wind`er (?), n. 1. (Zoöl.) See Horned rattler, under Horned.

2. A heavy swinging blow from the side, which disables an adversary. [Slang.] Side"wise` (?), adv. On or toward one side; laterally; sideways.

> I saw them mask their awful glance
> Sidewise meek in gossamer lids.

Emerson.

Sid"ing (?), n. 1. Attaching one's self to a party.

2. A side track, as a railroad; a turnout.

3. (Carp.) The covering of the outside wall of a frame house, whether made of weatherboards, vertical boarding with cleats, shingles, or the like.

4. (Shipbuilding) The thickness of a rib or timber, measured, at right angles with its side, across the curved edge; as, a timber having a siding of ten inches.

Si"dle (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sidled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sidling (?).] [From Side.] To go or move with one side foremost; to move sidewise; as, to sidle through a crowd or narrow opening. Swift.

> He . . . then sidled close to the astonished girl.

Sir W. Scott.

Siege (?), n. [OE. sege, OF. siege, F. siège a seat, a siege; cf. It. seggia, seggio, zedio, a seat, asseggio, assedio, a siege, F. assiéger to besiege, It. & LL. assediare, L. obsidium a siege, besieging; all ultimately fr. L. sedere to sit. See Sit, and cf. See, n.] 1. A seat; especially, a royal seat; a throne. [Obs.] "Upon the very siege of justice." Shak.

> A stately siege of sovereign majesty,
> And thereon sat a woman gorgeous gay.

Spenser.

> In our great hall there stood a vacant chair . . .
> And Merlin called it "The siege perilous."

Tennyson.

2. Hence, place or situation; seat. [Obs.]

> Ah! traitorous eyes, come out of your shameless siege forever.

Painter (Palace of Pleasure).

3. Rank; grade; station; estimation. [Obs.]

> I fetch my life and being
> From men of royal siege.

Shak.

4. Passage of excrements; stool; fecal matter. [Obs.]

> The siege of this mooncalf.

Shak.

5. The sitting of an army around or before a fortified place for the purpose of compelling the garrison to surrender; the surrounding or investing of a place by an army, and approaching it by passages and advanced works, which cover the besiegers from the enemy's fire. See the Note under Blockade.

6. Hence, a continued attempt to gain possession.

> Love stood the siege, and would not yield his breast.

Dryden.

7. The floor of a glass-furnace.

8. A workman's bench. Knught.

Siege gun, a heavy gun for siege operations. -- Siege train, artillery adapted for attacking fortified places.

Siege, v. t. To besiege; to beset. [R.]

> Through all the dangers that can siege
> The life of man.

Buron.

Siege"work` (?), n. A temporary fort or parallel where siege guns are mounted.

Sie"mens-Mar`tin proc"ess (?). See Open-hearth process, etc., under Open.

Si"e*nite (?), n. (Min.) See Syenite.

Si`e*nit"ic (?), a. See Syenitic.

Si*en"na (?), n. [It. terra di Siena, fr. Siena in Italy.] (Chem.) Clay that is colored red or brown by the oxides of iron or manganese, and used as a pigment. It is used either in the raw state or burnt.

Burnt sienna, sienna made of a much redder color by the action of fire. -- Raw sienna, sienna in its natural state, of a transparent yellowish brown color.

Si`en*nese" (?), a. Of or pertaining to Sienna, a city of Italy.

||Si*er"ra (?), n. [Sp., properly, a saw, fr. L. serra a saw. See Serrate.] A ridge of mountain and craggy rocks, with a serrated or irregular outline; as, the Sierra Nevada.

> The wild sierra overhead.

Whitter.

||Si*es"ta (?), n. [Sp., probably fr. L. sessitare to sit much or long, v. freq. of sedere, sessum, to sit. See Sit.] A short sleep taken about the middle of the day, or after dinner; a midday nap.

||Sieur (?), n. [F., abbrev. from seigneur. Cf. Monsieur, Seignior.] Sir; -- a title of respect used by the French.

Sie"va (?), n. (Bot.) A small variety of the Lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus).

Sieve (?), n. [OE. sive, AS. sife; akin to D. zeef, zift, OHG. sib, G. sieb. √151a. Cf. Sift.] 1. A utensil for separating the finer and coarser parts of a pulverized or granulated substance from each other. It consist of a vessel, usually shallow, with the bottom perforated, or made of hair, wire, or the like, woven in meshes. "In a sieve thrown and sifted." Chaucer.

2. A kind of coarse basket. Simmonds.

Sieve cells (Bot.), cribriform cells. See under Cribriform.

Si"fac (?), n. (Zoöl.) The white indris of Madagascar. It is regarded by the natives as sacred.

Sif"fle*ment (?), n. [F., a whistling or hissing.] The act of whistling or hissing; a whistling sound; sibilation. [Obs.] A. Brewer.

Sif"i*let (?), n. [Cf. F. siflet.] (Zoöl.) The six-shafted bird of paradise. See Paradise bird, under Paradise.

Sift (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sifted; p. pr. & vb. n. Sifting.] [AS. siftan, from sife sieve. √151a. See Sieve.] 1. To separate with a sieve, as the fine part of a substance from the coarse; as, to sift meal or flour; to sift powder; to sift sand or lime.

2. To separate or part as if with a sieve.

> When yellow sands are sifted from below,
> The glittering billows give a golden show.

Dryden.

3. To examine critically or minutely; to scrutinize.

> Sifting the very utmost sentence and syllable.

Hooker.

> Opportunity I here have had
> To try thee, sift thee.

Milton.

> Let him but narrowly sift his ideas.

I. Taylor.

To sift out, to search out with care, as if by sifting.

Sift"er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, sifts.

2. (Zoöl.) Any lamellirostral bird, as a duck or goose; -- so called because it sifts or strains its food from the water and mud by means of the lamell&?; of the beak.

Sig (?), n. [Akin to AS. sgan to fall. √151a. See Sink, v. t.] Urine. [Prov. Eng.]

Si*gaul"ti*an (?), a. (Surg.) Pertaining to Sigault, a French physician. See Symphyseotomy.

Sig"ger, v. i. Same as Sicker. [Prov. Eng.]

Sigh (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sighed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sighing.] [OE. sighen, si&?;en; cf. also OE. siken, AS. scan, and OE. sighten, si&?;ten, sichten, AS. siccettan; all, perhaps, of imitative origin.] 1. To inhale a larger quantity of air than usual, and immediately expel it; to make a deep single audible respiration, especially as the result or involuntary expression of fatigue, exhaustion, grief, sorrow, or the like.

2. Hence, to lament; to grieve.

> He sighed deeply in his spirit.

Mark viii. 12.

3. To make a sound like sighing.

> And the coming wind did roar more loud,
> And the sails did sigh like sedge.

Coleridge.

> The winter winds are wearily sighing.

Tennyson.

An extraordinary pronunciation of this word as sth is still heard in England and among the illiterate in the United States.

Sigh, v. t. 1. To exhale (the breath) in sighs.

> Never man sighed truer breath.

Shak.

2. To utter sighs over; to lament or mourn over.

> Ages to come, and men unborn,
> Shall bless her name, and sigh her fate.

Pior.

3. To express by sighs; to utter in or with sighs.

> They . . . sighed forth proverbs.

Shak.

> The gentle swain . . . sighs back her grief.

Hoole.

Sigh, n. [OE. sigh; cf. OE. sik. See Sigh, v. i.] 1. A deep and prolonged audible inspiration or respiration of air, as when fatigued or grieved; the act of sighing.

> I could drive the boat with my sighs.

Shak.

2. Figuratively, a manifestation of grief; a lan&?;ent.

> With their sighs the air
> Frequenting, sent from hearts contrite.

Milton.

Sigh"-born` (?), a. Sorrowful; mournful. [R.] "Sigh-born thoughts." De Quincey.

Sigh"er (?), n. One who sighs.

Sigh"ing, a. Uttering sighs; grieving; lamenting. "Sighing millions." Cowper. - - Sigh"ing*ly, adv.

Sight (?), n. [OE. sight, si&?;t, siht, AS. siht, gesiht, gesih&?;, gesieh&?;, gesyh&?;; akin to D. gezicht, G. sicht, gesicht, Dan. sigte, Sw. sigt, from the root of E. see. See See, v. t.] 1. The act of seeing; perception of objects by the eye; view; as, to gain sight of land.

> A cloud received him out of their sight.

Acts. i. 9.

2. The power of seeing; the faculty of vision, or of perceiving objects by the instrumentality of the eyes.

> Thy sight is young,
> And thou shalt read when mine begin to dazzle.

Shak.

> O loss of sight, of thee I most complain!

Milton.

3. The state of admitting unobstructed vision; visibility; open view; region which the eye at one time surveys; space through which the power of vision extends; as, an object within sight.

4. A spectacle; a view; a show; something worth seeing.

> Moses said, I will now turn aside and see this great sight, why the bush is not burnt.

Ex. iii. 3.

> They never saw a sight so fair.

Spenser.

5. The instrument of seeing; the eye.

> Why cloud they not their sights?

Shak.

6. Inspection; examination; as, a letter intended for the sight of only one person.

7. Mental view; opinion; judgment; as, in their sight it was harmless. Wake.

> That which is highly esteemed among men is abomination in the sight of God.

Luke xvi. 15.

8. A small aperture through which objects are to be seen, and by which their direction is settled or ascertained; as, the sight of a quadrant.

> Thier eyes of fire sparking through sights of steel.

Shak.

9. A small piece of metal, fixed or movable, on the breech, muzzle, center, or trunnion of a gun, or on the breech and the muzzle of a rifle, pistol, etc., by means of which the eye is guided in aiming. Farrow.

10. In a drawing, picture, etc., that part of the surface, as of paper or canvas, which is within the frame or the border or margin. In a frame or the like, the open space, the opening.

11. A great number, quantity, or sum; as, a sight of money. [Now colloquial]

Sight in this last sense was formerly employed in the best usage. "A sight of lawyers." Latimer.

> A wonder sight of flowers.

Gower.

At sight, as soon as seen, or presented to sight; as, a draft payable at sight: to read Greek at sight; to shoot a person at sight. -- Front sight (Firearms), the sioht nearost the ouzzle. -- Open sight. (Firearms) (a) A front sight through which the objects aimed at may be seen, in distinction from one that hides the object. (b) A rear sight having an open notch instead of an aperture. -- Peep sight, Rear sight. See under Peep, and Rear. -- Sight draft, an order, or bill of exchange, directing the payment of money at sight. -- To take sight, to take aim; to look for the purpose of directing a piece of artillery, or the like.

Syn. -- Vision; view; show; spectacle; representation; exhibition.

Sight (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sighted; p. pr. & vb. n. Sighting.] 1. To get sight of; to see; as, to sight land; to sight a wreck. Kane.

2. To look at through a sight; to see accurately; as, to sight an object, as a star.

3. To apply sights to; to adjust the sights of; also, to give the proper elevation and direction to by means of a sight; as, to sight a rifle or a cannon.

Sight, v. i. (Mil.) To take aim by a sight.

Sight"ed, a. Having sight, or seeing, in a particular manner; -- used in composition; as, long- sighted, short-sighted, quick-sighted, sharp- sighted, and the like.

Sight"ful (?), a. Easily or clearly seen; distinctly visible; perspicuous. [Obs.] Testament of Love.

Sight"ful*ness, n. The state of being sightful; perspicuity. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney.

Sight"-hole` (?), n. A hole for looking through; a peephole. "Stop all sight-holes." Shak.

Sight"ing, a. & n. from Sight, v. t.

Sighting shot, a shot made to ascertain whether the sights of a firearm are properly adjusted; a trial shot.

Sight"less, a. 1. Wanting sight; without sight; blind.

> Of all who blindly creep or sightless soar.

Pope.

2. That can not be seen; invisible. [Obs.]

> The sightless couriers of the air.

Shak.

3. Offensive or unpleasing to the eye; unsightly; as, sightless stains. [R.] Shak.

-- Sight"less*ly, adv.- Sight"less*ness, n.

Sight"li*ness (?), n. The state of being sightly; comeliness; conspicuousness.

Sight"ly (?), a. 1. Pleasing to the sight; comely. "Many brave, sightly horses." L'Estrange.

2. Open to sight; conspicuous; as, a house stands in a sightly place.

Sight"proof` (?), a. Undiscoverable to sight.

> Hidden in their own sightproof bush.

Lowell.

Sight"-see`ing (?), a. Engaged in, or given to, seeing sights; eager for novelties or curiosities.

Sight"-see`ing, n. The act of seeing sights; eagerness for novelties or curiosities.

Sight"-se`er (?), n. One given to seeing sights or noted things, or eager for novelties or curiosities.

Sight"-shot` (?), n. Distance to which the sight can reach or be thrown. [R.] Cowley.

Sights"man (?), n.; pl. Sightsmen (&?;). (Mus.) One who reads or performs music readily at first sight. [R.] Busby.

Sig"il (?), n. [L. sigillum. See Seal a stamp.] A seal; a signature. Dryden.

> Of talismans and sigils knew the power.

Pope.

||Sig`il*la"ri*a (?), n. pl. [L., from sigillum a seal. See Sigil.] (Rom. Antic.) Little images or figures of earthenware exposed for sale, or given as presents, on the last two days of the Saturnalia; hence, the last two, or the sixth and seventh, days of the Saturnalia.

||Sig`il*la"ri*a, n. [NL., fem sing. fr. L. sigillum a seal.] (Paleon.) A genus of fossil trees principally found in the coal formation; -- so named from the seallike leaf scars in vertical rows on the surface.

Sig`il*la"rid (?), n. (Paleon.) One of an extinct family of cryptagamous trees, including the genus Sigillaria and its allies.

Sig"il*la`ted (?), a. [L. sigillatus adorned with little images.] Decorated by means of stamps; -- said of pottery.

Sig"il*la*tive (?), a. [L. sigillum a seal: cf. OF. sigillatif.] Fit to seal; belonging to a seal; composed of wax. [R.]

||Si*gil"lum (?), n.; pl. Sigilla (#). [L.] (Rom. & Old Eng. Law) A seal.

||Sig"la (?), n. pl. [L.] The signs, abbreviations, letters, or characters standing for words, shorthand, etc., in ancient manuscripts, or on coins, medals, etc. W. Savage.

||Sig"ma (?), n.; pl. Sigmas (#). [L., from Gr. &?;&?;&?;, &?;&?;&?;.] The Greek letter , σ, or (English S, or s). It originally had the form of the English C.

Sig"mo*dont (?), n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?; sigma (&?;) + &?;&?;&?;, &?;&?;&?;, a tooth.] (Zoöl.) Any one of a tribe (Sigmodontes) of rodents which includes all the indigenous rats and mice of America. So called from the form of the ridges of enamel on the crowns of the worn molars. Also used adjectively.

{ Sig"moid (?), Sig*moid"al (?), } a. [Gr. &?;&?;&?;; &?;&?;&?; sigma + &?;&?;&?; form, likeness: cf. F. sigmoïde.] Curved in two directions, like the letter S, or the Greek .

Sigmoid flexure (Anat.), the last curve of the colon before it terminates in the rectum. See Illust. under Digestive. -- Sigmoid valves. (Anat.) See Semilunar valves, under Semilunar.

Sig*moid"al*ly, adv. In a sigmoidal manner.

<! p. 1339 !>

Sign (?), n. [F. signe, L. signum; cf. AS. segen, segn, a sign, standard, banner, also fr. L. signum. Cf. Ensign, Resign, Seal a stamp, Signal, Signet.] That by which anything is made known or represented; that which furnishes evidence; a mark; a token; an indication; a proof. Specifically: (a) A remarkable event, considered by the ancients as indicating the will of some deity; a prodigy; an omen. (b) An event considered by the Jews as indicating the divine will, or as manifesting an interposition of the divine power for some special end; a miracle; a wonder.

> Through mighty signs and wonders, by the power of the Spirit of God.

Rom. xv. 19.

> It shall come to pass, if they will not believe thee, neither hearken to the voice of the first sign, that they will believe the voice of the latter sign.

Ex. iv. 8.

(c) Something serving to indicate the existence, or preserve the memory, of a thing; a token; a memorial; a monument.

> What time the fire devoured two hundred and fifty men, and they became a sign.

Num. xxvi. 10.

(d) Any symbol or emblem which prefigures, typifles, or represents, an idea; a type; hence, sometimes, a picture.

> The holy symbols, or signs, are not barely significative; but what they represent is as certainly delivered to us as the symbols themselves.

Brerewood.

> Saint George of Merry England, the sign of victory.

Spenser.

(e) A word or a character regarded as the outward manifestation of thought; as, words are the sign of ideas. (f) A motion, an action, or a gesture by which a thought is expressed, or a command or a wish made known.

> They made signs to his father, how he would have him called.

Luke i. 62.

(g) Hence, one of the gestures of pantomime, or of a language of a signs such as those used by the North American Indians, or those used by the deaf and dumb.

Educaters of the deaf distinguish between natural signs, which serve for communicating ideas, and methodical, or systematic, signs, adapted for the dictation, or the rendering, of written language, word by word; and thus the signs are to be distinguished from the manual alphabet, by which words are spelled on the fingers.

(h) A military emblem carried on a banner or a standard. Milton. (i) A lettered board, or other conspicuous notice, placed upon or before a building, room, shop, or office to advertise the business there transacted, or the name of the person or firm carrying it on; a publicly displayed token or notice.

> The shops were, therefore, distinguished by painted signs, which gave a gay and grotesque aspect to the streets.

Macaulay.

(j) (Astron.) The twelfth part of the ecliptic or zodiac.

The signs are reckoned from the point of intersection of the ecliptic and equator at the vernal equinox, and are named, respectively, Aries (), Taurus (), Gemini (II), Cancer (), Leo (), Virgo (), Libra (), Scorpio (), Sagittarius (), Capricornus (), Aquarius (), Pisces (). These names were originally the names of the constellations occupying severally the divisions of the zodiac, by which they are still retained; but, in consequence of the procession of the equinoxes, the signs have, in process of time, become separated about 30 degrees from these constellations, and each of the latter now lies in the sign next in advance, or to the east of the one which bears its name, as the constellation Aries in the sign Taurus, etc.

(k) (Alg.) A character indicating the relation of quantities, or an operation performed upon them; as, the sign + (plus); the sign -- (minus); the sign of division ÷, and the like. (l) (Med.) An objective evidence of disease; that is, one appreciable by some one other than the patient.

The terms symptom and and sign are often used synonymously; but they may be discriminated. A sign differs from a symptom in that the latter is perceived only by the patient himself. The term sign is often further restricted to the purely local evidences of disease afforded by direct examination of the organs involved, as distinguished from those evidence of general disturbance afforded by observation of the temperature, pulse, etc. In this sense it is often called physical sign.

(m) (Mus.) Any character, as a flat, sharp, dot, etc. (n) (Theol.) That which, being external, stands for, or signifies, something internal or spiritual; -- a term used in the Church of England in speaking of an ordinance considered with reference to that which it represents.

> An outward and visible sign of an inward and spiritual grace.

Bk. of Common Prayer.

See the Table of Arbitrary Signs, p. 1924.

Sign manual. (a) (Eng. Law) The royal signature superscribed at the top of bills of grants and letter patent, which are then sealed with the privy signet or great seal, as the case may be, to complete their validity. (b) The signature of one's name in one's own handwriting. Craig. Tomlins. Wharton.

Syn. -- Token; mark; note; symptom; indication; signal; symbol; type; omen; prognostic; presage; manifestation. See Emblem.

Sign (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Signed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Signing.] [OE. seinen to bless, originally, to make the sign of the cross over; in this sense fr. ASS. segnian (from segn, n.), or OF. seignier, F. signer, to mark, to sign (in sense 3), fr. L. signare to mark, set a mark upon, from signum. See Sign, n.] 1. To represent by a sign; to make known in a typical or emblematic manner, in distinction from speech; to signify.

> I signed to Browne to make his retreat.

Sir W. Scott.

2. To make a sign upon; to mark with a sign.

> We receive this child into the congregation of Christ's flock, and do sign him with the sign of the cross.

Bk. of Com Prayer.

3. To affix a signature to; to ratify by hand or seal; to subscribe in one's own handwriting.

> Inquire the Jew's house out, give him this deed,
> And let him sign it.

Shak.

4. To assign or convey formally; -- used with away.

5. To mark; to make distinguishable. Shak.

Sign (?), v. i. 1. To be a sign or omen. [Obs.] Shak.

2. To make a sign or signal; to communicate directions or intelligence by signs.

3. To write one's name, esp. as a token of assent, responsibility, or obligation.

Sign"a*ble (?), a. Suitable to be signed; requiring signature; as, a legal document signable by a particular person.

Sig"nal (?), n. [F., fr. LL. signale, fr. L. signum. See Sign, n.] 1. A sign made for the purpose of giving notice to a person of some occurence, command, or danger; also, a sign, event, or watchword, which has been agreed upon as the occasion of concerted action.

> All obeyed
> The wonted signal and superior voice
> Of this great potentate.

Milton.

2. A token; an indication; a foreshadowing; a sign.

> The weary sun . . .
> Gives signal of a goodly day to-morrow.

Shak.

> There was not the least signal of the calamity to be seen.

De Foc.

Sig"nal, a. [From signal, n.: cf. F. signalé.] 1. Noticeable; distinguished from what is ordinary; eminent; remarkable; memorable; as, a signal exploit; a signal service; a signal act of benevolence.

> As signal now in low, dejected state
> As erst in highest, behold him where he lies.

Milton.

2. Of or pertaining to signals, or the use of signals in conveying information; as, a signal flag or officer.

The signal service, a bureau of the government (in the United States connected with the War Department) organized to collect from the whole country simultaneous raports of local meteorological conditions, upon comparison of which at the central office, predictions concerning the weather are telegraphed to various sections, where they are made known by signals publicly displayed. -- Signal station, the place where a signal is displayed; specifically, an observation office of the signal service.

Syn. -- Eminent; remarkable; memorable; extraordinary; notable; conspicuous.

Sig"nal, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Signaled (&?;) or Signalled; p. pr. & vb. n. Signaling or Signalling.] 1. To communicate by signals; as, to signal orders.

2. To notify by a signals; to make a signal or signals to; as, to signal a fleet to anchor. M. Arnold.

Sig"nal*ist, n. One who makes signals; one who communicates intelligence by means of signals.

Sig*nal"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being signal or remarkable. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Sig"nal*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Signalized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Signalizing (?).] [From Signal, a.] 1. To make signal or eminent; to render distinguished from what is common; to distinguish.

> It is this passion which drives men to all the ways we see in use of signalizing themselves.

Burke.

2. To communicate with by means of a signal; as, a ship signalizes its consort.

3. To indicate the existence, presence, or fact of, by a signal; as, to signalize the arrival of a steamer.

Sig"nal*ly, adv. In a signal manner; eminently.

Sig"nal*man (?), n.; pl. -men (&?;). A man whose business is to manage or display signals; especially, one employed in setting the signals by which railroad trains are run or warned.

Sig"nal*ment (?), n. The act of signaling, or of signalizing; hence, description by peculiar, appropriate, or characteristic marks. Mrs. Browning.

Sig"nate (?), a. [L. signatus, p. p. See Sign, v. t.] (Zoöl.) Having definite color markings.

Sig*na"tion (?), n. [L. signatio. See Sign, v. t.] Sign given; marking. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Sig"na*to*ry (?), a. [L. signatorius.] 1. Relating to a seal; used in sealing. [Obs.] Bailey.

2. Signing; joining or sharing in a signature; as, signatory powers.

Sig"na*to*ry, n.; pl. - ries (&?;). A signer; one who signs or subscribes; as, a conference of signatories.

Sig"na*ture (?), n. [F. (cf. It. signatura, segnatura, Sp. & LL. signatura), from L. signare, signatum. See Sign, v. t.] 1. A sign, stamp, or mark impressed, as by a seal.

> The brain, being well furnished with various traces, signatures, and images.

I. Watts.

> The natural and indelible signature of God, which human souls . . . are supposed to be stamped with.

Bentley.

2. Especially, the name of any person, written with his own hand, employed to signify that the writing which precedes accords with his wishes or intentions; a sign manual; an autograph.

3. (Physiol.) An outward mark by which internal characteristics were supposed to be indicated.

> Some plants bear a very evident signature of their nature and use.

Dr. H. More.

4. (Old Med.) A resemblance between the external characters of a disease and those of some physical agent, for instance, that existing between the red skin of scarlet fever and a red cloth; -- supposed to indicate this agent in the treatment of the disease.

5. (Mus.) The designation of the key (when not C major, or its relative, A minor) by means of one or more sharps or flats at the beginning of the staff, immediately after the clef, affecting all notes of the same letter throughout the piece or movement. Each minor key has the same signature as its relative major.

6. (Print.) (a) A letter or figure placed at the bottom of the first page of each sheet of a book or pamphlet, as a direction to the binder in arranging and folding the sheets. (b) The printed sheet so marked, or the form from which it is printed; as, to reprint one or more signatures.

Star signatures (as A*, 1*) are the same characters, with the addition of asterisks, used on the first pages of offcuts, as in 12mo sheets.

7. (Pharm.) That part of a prescription which contains the directions to the patient. It is usually prefaced by S or Sig. (an abbreviation for the Latin signa, imperative of signare to sign or mark).

Sig"na*ture (?), v. t. To mark with, or as with, a signature or signatures.

Sig"na*tur`ist (?), n. One who holds to the doctrine of signatures impressed upon objects, indicative of character or qualities. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Sign"board` (?), n. A board, placed on or before a shop, office, etc., on which ssome notice is given, as the name of a firm, of a business, or the like.

Sign"er (?), n. One who signs or subscribes his name; as, a memorial with a hundred signers.

Sig"net (?), n. [OF. signet a signet, F., a bookmark, dim. of signe. See Sign, n., and cf. Sennet.] A seal; especially, in England, the seal used by the sovereign in sealing private letters and grants that pass by bill under the sign manual; -- called also privy signet.

> I had my father's signet in my purse.

Shak.

Signet ring, a ring containing a signet or private seal. -- Writer to the signet (Scots Law), a judicial officer who prepares warrants, writs, etc.; originally, a clerk in the office of the secretary of state.

Sig"net*ed, a. Stamped or marked with a signet.

Sig"ni*fer (?), a. [L., from signum sign + ferre to bear.] Bearing signs. [Obs.] "The signifer sphere, or zodiac." Holland.

{ Sig*nif"i*cance (?), Sig*nif"i*can*cy (?) }, n. [L. significantia.] 1. The quality or state of being significant.

2. That which is signified; meaning; import; as, the significance of a nod, of a motion of the hand, or of a word or expression.

3. Importance; moment; weight; consequence.

> With this brain I must work, in order to give significancy and value to the few facts which I possess.

De Quincey.

Sig*nif"i*cant (?), a. [L. significans, -antis, p. pr. of significare. See Signify.] 1. Fitted or designed to signify or make known somethingl having a meaning; standing as a sign or token; expressive or suggestive; as, a significant word or sound; a significant look.

> It was well said of Plotinus, that the stars were significant, but not efficient.

Sir W. Raleigh.

2. Deserving to be considered; important; momentous; as, a significant event.

Significant figures (Arith.), the figures which remain to any number, or decimal fraction, after the ciphers at the right or left are canceled. Thus, the significant figures of 25,000, or of .0025, are 25.

Sig*nif"i*cant, n. That which has significance; a sign; a token; a symbol. Wordsworth.

> In dumb significants proclaim your thoughts.

Shak.

Sig*nif"i*cant*ly, adv. In a significant manner.

Sig*nif"i*cate (?), n. [L. significatus, p. p. of significare. See Signify.] (Logic) One of several things signified by a common term. Whately.

Sig`ni*fi*ca"tion (?), n. [F. signification, L. significatio.] 1. The act of signifying; a making known by signs or other means.

> A signification of being pleased.

Landor.

> All speaking or signification of one's mind implies an act or addres of one man to another.

South.

2. That which is signified or made known; that meaning which a sign, character, or token is intended to convey; as, the signification of words.

Sig*nif"i*ca*tive (?), a. [L. significativus: cf. F. significatif.] 1. Betokening or representing by an external sign.

> The holy symbols or signs are not barely significative.

Brerewood.

2. Having signification or meaning; expressive of a meaning or purpose; significant.

> Neither in the degrees of kindred they were destitute of significative words.

Camden.

-- Sig*nif"i*ca*tive*ly, adv. -- Sig*nif"i*ca*tive*ness, n.

Sig"ni*fi*ca`tor (?), n. [Cf. F. significateur.] One who, or that which, signifies.

> In this diagram there was one significator which pressed remarkably upon our astrologer's attention.

Sir W. Scott.

Sig*nif"i*ca*to*ry (?), a. [L. significatorius.] Significant. -- n. That which is significatory.

||Sig`ni*fi*ca"vit (?), n. [L., (he) has signified, perf. ind. of significare to signify.] (Eng. Eccl. Law) Formerly, a writ issuing out of chancery, upon certificate given by the ordinary, of a man's standing excommunicate by the space of forty days, for the laying him up in prison till he submit himself to the authority of the church. Crabb.

Sig"ni*fy (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Signified (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Signifying (?).] [F. signifier, L. significare; signum a sign + -ficare (in comp.) to make. See Sign, n., and -fy.] 1. To show by a sign; to communicate by any conventional token, as words, gestures, signals, or the like; to announce; to make known; to declare; to express; as, a signified his desire to be present.

> I 'll to the king; and signify to him
> That thus I have resign'd my charge to you.

Shak.

> The government should signify to the Protestants of Ireland that want of silver is not to be remedied.

Swift.

2. To mean; to import; to denote; to betoken.

> He bade her tell him what it signified.

Chaucer.

> A tale
> Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury,
> Signifying nothing.

Shak.

Signify is often used impersonally; as, it signifies nothing, it does not signify, that is, it is of no importance.

Syn. -- To express; manifest; declare; utter; intimate; betoken; denote; imply; mean.

Sign"ior (?), n. Sir; Mr. The English form and pronunciation for the Italian Signor and the Spanish Señor.

Sign"ior*ize (?), v. t. [See Seigniorize.] To exercise dominion over; to lord it over. [Obs.] Shelton.

<! p. 1340 !>

Sign"ior*ize (sn"yr*z), v. i. To exercise dominion; to seigniorize. [Obs.] Hewyt.

Sign"ior*ship, n. State or position of a signior.

Sign"ior*y (-), n. Same as Seigniory.

{ ||Si*gnor" (?), ||Si*gno"re (?) }, n. [It. See Seignior.] Sir; Mr.; -- a title of address or respect among the Italians. Before a noun the form is Signor.

||Si*gno"ra (?), n. [It.] Madam; Mrs; -- a title of address or respect among the Italians.

||Si`gno*ri"na (?), n. [It.] Miss; -- a title of address among the Italians.

Sign"post` (?), n. A post on which a sign hangs, or on which papers are placed to give public notice of anything.

{ Sik (?), Sike (?), } a. Such. See Such. [Obs.] "Sike fancies weren foolerie." Spenser.

Sike (?), n. [AS. sc. Cf. Sig.] A gutter; a stream, such as is usually dry in summer. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Sike, n. [See Sick.] A sick person. [Prov. Eng.]

Sike, v. i. To sigh. [Obs.]

> That for his wife weepeth and siketh sore.

Chaucer.

Sike, n. A sigh. [Obs.] Chaucer.

{ Sik"er (?), a. & adv., Sik"er*ly, adv., Sik"er*ness, n., etc.} See 2d Sicker, Sickerly, etc. [Obs.]

Sikhs (?), n. pl.; sing. Sikh (&?;). [Hind. Sikh, properly, a disciple.] A religious sect noted for warlike traits, founded in the Punjab at the end of the 15th century.

Si"lage (?), n. & v. Short for Ensilage.

Sile (?), v. t. [Akin to Sw. sila to strain, sil sieve, G. sielen to draw away or lead off water. √151a. See Silt.] To strain, as fresh milk. [Prov. Eng.]

Sile, v. i. To drop; to flow; to fall. [Prov. Eng.]

Sile, n. 1. A sieve with fine meshes. [Prov. Eng.]

2. Filth; sediment. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Sile, n. [Icel. sld herring; akin to Sw. sill, Dan. sild. Cf. Sill the young of a herring.] (Zoöl.) A young or small herring. [Eng.] Pennant.

Si"lence (?), n. [F., fr. L. silentium. See Silent.]

1. The state of being silent; entire absence of sound or noise; absolute stillness.

> I saw and heared; for such a numerous host
> Fled not in silence through the frighted deep.

Milton.

2. Forbearance from, or absence of, speech; taciturnity; muteness.

3. Secrecy; as, these things were transacted in silence.

> The administration itself keeps a profound silence.

D. Webster.

4. The cessation of rage, agitation, or tumilt; calmness; quiest; as, the elements were reduced to silence.

5. Absence of mention; oblivion.

> And what most merits fame, in silence hid.

Milton.

Si"lence, interj. Be silent; -- used elliptically for let there be silence, or keep silence. Shak.

Si"lence, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Silenced (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Silencing (?).] 1. To compel to silence; to cause to be still; to still; to hush.

> Silence that dreadful bell; it frights the isle.

Shak.

2. To put to rest; to quiet.

> This would silence all further opposition.

Clarendon.

> These would have silenced their scruples.

Rogers.

3. To restrain from the exercise of any function, privilege of instruction, or the like, especially from the act of preaching; as, to silence a minister of the gospel.

> The Rev. Thomas Hooker of Chelmsford, in Essex, was silenced for nonconformity.

B. Trumbull.

4. To cause to cease firing, as by a vigorous cannonade; as, to silence the batteries of an enemy.

Si*le"ne (?), n. [NL., fr. L. Silenus, the attendant of Bacchus.] (Bot.) A genus of caryophyllaceous plants, usually covered with a viscid secretion by which insects are caught; catchfly.

Bon Silène. See Silène, in the Vocabulary.

Si"lent (?), a. [L. silens, - entis, p. pr. of silere to be silent; akin to Goth. ana- silan.] 1. Free from sound or noise; absolutely still; perfectly quiet.

> How silent is this town!

Shak.

2. Not speaking; indisposed to talk; speechless; mute; taciturn; not loquacious; not talkative.

> Ulysses, adds he, was the most eloquent and most silent of men.

Broome.

> This new-created world, whereof in hell
> Fame is not silent.

Milton.

3. Keeping at rest; inactive; calm; undisturbed; as, the wind is silent. Parnell. Sir W. Raleigh.

4. (Pron.) Not pronounced; having no sound; quiescent; as, e is silent in "fable."

5. Having no effect; not operating; inefficient. [R.]

> Cause . . . silent, virtueless, and dead.

Sir W. Raleigh.

Silent partner. See Dormant partner, under Dormant.

Syn. -- Mute; taciturn; dumb; speechless; quiet; still. See Mute, and Taciturn.

Si"lent, n. That which is silent; a time of silence. [R.] "The silent of the night." Shak.

Si*len"ti*a*ry (s*ln"sh**r), n. [L. silentiarius: cf. F. silenciaire. See Silence.] One appointed to keep silence and order in court; also, one sworn not to divulge secrets of state.

Si*len"tious (?), a. [L. silentiosus: cf. F. silencieux.] Habitually silent; taciturn; reticent. [R.]

Si"lent*ly (?), adv. In a silent manner.

Si"lent*ness, n. State of being silent; silence.

Si*le"nus (?), n. [L. Silenus the tutor and attendant of Bacchus.] (Zoöl.) See Wanderoo.

Si*le"si*a (?), n. 1. A kind of linen cloth, originally made in Silesia, a province of Prussia.

2. A twilled cotton fabric, used for dress linings.

Si*le"si*an (?), a. Of or pertaining to Silesia. -- n. A native or inhabitant of Silesia.

Si"lex (?), n. [L., a finit, a pebblestone.] (Min.) Silica, SiO2 as found in nature, constituting quarz, and most sands and sandstones. See Silica, and Silicic.

Sil`hou*ette" (?), n. [F.; -- so called from Etienne de Silhoutte, a French minister of finance in 1759, whise diversion it was to make such portraits on the walls of his apartments.] A representation of the outlines of an object filled in with a black color; a profile portrait in black, such as a shadow appears to be.

Sil`hou*ette", v. t. To represent by a silhouette; to project upon a background, so as to be like a silhouette. [Recent]

> A flock of roasting vultures silhouetted on the sky.

The Century.

Sil"i*ca (?), n. [NL., from L. silex, silics, a flint.] (Chem.) Silicon dioxide, SiO&?;. It constitutes ordinary quartz (also opal and tridymite), and is artifically prepared as a very fine, white, tasteless, inodorous powder.

Sil"i*cate (?), n.[Cf. F. silicate.] (Chem.) A salt of silicic acid.

In mineralogical chemistry the silicates include; the unisilicates or orthosilicates, salts of orthosilicic acid; the bisilicates or metasilicates, salts of metasilicic acid; the polysilicates or acid silicates, salts of the polysilicic acids; the basic silicates or subsilicates, in which the equivalent of base is greater than would be required to neutralize the acid; and the hydrous silicates, including the zeolites and many hydrated decomposition products.

Sil"i*ca`ted (?), a. (Chem.) Combined or impregnated with silicon or silica; as, silicated hydrogen; silicated rocks.

Silicated soap, a hard soap containing silicate of soda.

Sil`i*ca*ti*za"tion (?), n. Silicification.

||Si*lic"e*a (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) Same as Silicoidea.

Si*li"ceous (?), a. [L. siliceus, fr. silex, silicis, a flint.] Of or pertaining to silica; containing silica, or partaking of its nature. [Written also silisious.]

Si*lic"ic (?), a. [L. silex, silicis, a flint: cf. F. silicique.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, derived from, or resembling, silica; specifically, designating compounds of silicon; as, silicic acid.

Silicic acid (Chem.), an amorphous gelatinous substance, Si(HO)4, very unstable and easily dried to silica, but forming many stable salts; -- called also orthosilicic, or normal silicic, acid.

Si*lic`i*cal*ca"re*ous (?), a. Consisting of silica and calcareous matter.

Sil"i*cide (?), n. (Chem.) A binary compound of silicon, or one regarded as binary. [R.]

Hydrogen silicide (Chem.), a colorless, spontaneously inflammable gas, SiH4, produced artifically from silicon, and analogous to methane; -- called also silico-methane, silicon hydride, and formerly siliciureted hydrogen.

Sil`i*cif"er*ous (?), a. [L. silex, silicis, a flint + -ferous.] Producing silica; united with silica.

Si*lic`i*fi*ca"tion (?), n. [See Silicify.] (Chem.) Thae act or process of combining or impregnating with silicon or silica; the state of being so combined or impregnated; as, the silicification of wood.

Si*lic"i*fied (?), a. (Chem.) Combined or impregnated with silicon or silica, especially the latter; as, silicified wood.

Si*lic"i*fy (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Silicified (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Silicifying (?).] [L. silex, silicis, a flint + -fy: cf. F. silicifier.] (Chem.) To convert into, or to impregnate with, silica, or with the compounds of silicon.

> The specimens found . . . are completely silicified.

Say.

The silica may take the form of agate, chalcedony, flint, hornstone, or crystalline quartz.

Si*lic"i*fy, v. i. To become converted into silica, or to be impregnated with silica.

||Sil`i*ci*oi"de*a (?), n. pl. (Zoöl.) Same as Silicoidea.

Si*li"cious (?), a. See Siliceous.

||Sil`i*ci*spon"gi*æ (?), n. pl. [NL. See Silex, and Sponge.] (Zoöl.) Same as Silicoidea.

Si*lic"it*ed (?), a. Silicified. [Obs.]

Si*lic"i*um (?), n. See Silicon.

Si*lic"i*u*ret`ed (?), a. [Written also siliciuretted.] (Old. Chem.) Combined or impregnated with silicon. [Obsoles.]

Siliciureted hydrogen. (Chem.) Hydrogen silicide. [Obs.]

Sil"i*cle (?), n. [L. silicula, dim. of siliqua a pod or husk: cf. F. silicule.] (Bot.) A seed vessel resembling a silique, but about as broad as it is long. See Silique.

Sil"i*co- (?). (Chem.) A combining form (also used adjectively) denoting the presence of silicon or its compounds; as, silicobenzoic, silicofluoride, etc.

Sil`i*co*flu*or"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Containing, or composed of, silicon and fluorine; especially, denoting the compounds called silicofluorides.

Silicofluoric acid (Chem.), a compound of hydrofluoric acid and silicon fluoride, known only in watery solution. It is produced by the action of silicon fluoride on water, and is regarded as an acid, H2SiF6, and the type and origin of the silicofluorides.

Sil`i*co*flu"or*ide (?), n. (Chem.) A fluosilicate; a salt of silicofluoric acid.

||Sil`i*coi"de*a (?), n. pl. [NL. See Silex, and -oid.] (Zoöl.) An extensive order of Porifera, which includes those that have the skeleton composed mainly of siliceous fibers or spicules.

Sil"i*con (?), n. [See Silica.] (Chem.) A nonmetalic element analogous to carbon. It always occurs combined in nature, and is artificially obtained in the free state, usually as a dark brown amorphous powder, or as a dark crystalline substance with a meetallic luster. Its oxide is silica, or common quartz, and in this form, or as silicates, it is, next to oxygen, the most abundant element of the earth's crust. Silicon is characteristically the element of the mineral kingdom, as carbon is of the organic world. Symbol Si. Atomic weight 28. Called also silicium.

Sil`i*co*tung"stic (?), a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, any one of a series of double acids of silicon and tungsten, known in the free state, and also in their salts (called silicotungstates).

||Si*lic"u*la (?), n. [L.] (Bot.) A silicle.

Sil"i*cule (?), n. (Bot.) A silicle.

Si*lic"u*lose` (?), a. [NL. siliculosus, fr. L. silicula: cf. F. siliculeux. See Silicle.] 1. (Bot.) Bearing silicles; pertaining to, or resembling, silicles.

2. Full of, or consisting of, husks; husky. [Obs.]

Si*lig"i*nose` (?), a.[L. siligineus, fr. siligo, -inis, fine and very white wheat.] Made of fine wheat. [Obs.] Bailey.

Sil"ing (?), a. & n. from Sile to strain. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Siling dish, a colander. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Sil"i*qua (?), n.; pl. Siliquæ (#). [L. See Silique.] 1. (Bot.) Same as Silique.

2. A weight of four grains; a carat; -- a term used by jewelers, and refiners of gold.

Sil"ique (?), n. [L. siliqua a pod or husk, a very small weight or measure: cf. F. silique.] (Bot.) An oblong or elongated seed vessel, consisting of two valves with a dissepiment between, and opening by sutures at either margin. The seeds are attached to both edges of the dissepiment, alternately upon each side of it.

Sil"i*qui*form (?), a. [Silique + -form: cf. F. siliquiforme.] (Bot.) Having the form of a silique.

||Sil`i*quo"sa (?), n. pl. [NL. See Siliquose.] (Bot.) A Linnæan order of plants including those which bear siliques.

{ Sil"i*quose` (?), Sil"i*quous (?), } a. [NL. siliquosus: cf. F. siliqueux.] (Bot.) Bearing siliques; as, siliquose plants; pertaining to, or resembling, siliques; as, siliquose capsules.

Silk (?), n. [OE. silk, selk, AS. seolc, seoloc; akin to Icel. silki, SW. & Dan. silke; prob. through Slavic from an Oriental source; cf. Lith. szilkai, Russ. shelk', and also L. sericum Seric stuff, silk. Cf. Sericeous. Serge a woolen stuff.] 1. The fine, soft thread produced by various species of caterpillars in forming the cocoons within which the worm is inclosed during the pupa state, especially that produced by the larvæ of Bombyx mori.

2. Hence, thread spun, or cloth woven, from the above-named material.

3. That which resembles silk, as the filiform styles of the female flower of maize.

Raw silk, silk as it is wound off from the cocoons, and before it is manufactured. -- Silk cotton, a cottony substance enveloping the seeds of the silk-cotton tree. -- Silk-cotton tree (Bot.), a name for several tropical trees of the genera Bombax and Eriodendron, and belonging to the order Bombaceæ. The trees grow to an immense size, and have their seeds enveloped in a cottony substance, which is used for stuffing cushions, but can not be spun. -- Silk flower. (Bot.) (a) The silk tree. (b) A similar tree (Calliandra trinervia) of Peru. -- Silk fowl (Zoöl.), a breed of domestic fowls having silky plumage. -- Silk gland (Zoöl.), a gland which secretes the material of silk, as in spider or a silkworm; a sericterium. -- Silk gown, the distinctive robe of a barrister who has been appointed king's or queen's counsel; hence, the counsel himself. Such a one has precedence over mere barristers, who wear stuff gowns. [Eng.] -- Silk grass (Bot.), a kind of grass (Stipa comata) of the Western United States, which has very long silky awns. The name is also sometimes given to various species of the genera Aqave and Yucca. -- Silk moth (Zoöl.), the adult moth of any silkworm. See Silkworm. -- Silk shag, a coarse, rough-woven silk, like plush, but with a stiffer nap. -- Silk spider (Zoöl.), a large spider (Nephila plumipes), native of the Southern United States, remarkable for the large quantity of strong silk it produces and for the great disparity in the sizes of the sexes. -- Silk thrower, Silk throwster, one who twists or spins silk, and prepares it for weaving. Brande & C. -- Silk tree (Bot.), an Asiatic leguminous tree (Albizzia Julibrissin) with finely bipinnate leaves, and large flat pods; -- so called because of the abundant long silky stamens of its blossoms. Also called silk flower. -- Silk vessel. (Zoöl.) Same as Silk gland, above. -- Virginia silk (Bot.), a climbing plant (Periploca Græca) of the Milkweed family, having a silky tuft on the seeds. It is native in Southern Europe.

Silk"en (?), a. [AS. seolcen, seolocen.] 1. Of or pertaining to silk; made of, or resembling, silk; as, silken cloth; a silken veil.

2. Fig.: Soft; delicate; tender; smooth; as, silken language. "Silken terms precise." Shak.

3. Dressed in silk. "A . . . silken wanton." Shak.

Silk"en, v. t. To render silken or silklike. Dyer.

Silk"i*ness (?), n. 1. The quality or state of being silky or silken; softness and smoothness.

2. Fig.: Effeminacy; weakness. [R.] B. Jonson.

Silk"man (?), n.; pl. Silkmen (&?;). A dealer in silks; a silk mercer. Shak.

<! p. 1341 !>

Silk"ness (?), n. Silkiness. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Silk"weed` (?), n. (Bot.) Any plant of the genera Asclepias and Acerates whose seed vessels contain a long, silky down; milkweed.

Silk"worm` (?), n. [AS. seolcwyrm.] (Zoöl.) The larva of any one of numerous species of bombycid moths, which spins a large amount of strong silk in constructing its cocoon before changing to a pupa.

The common species (Bombyx mori) feeds on the leaves of the white mulberry tree. It is native of China, but has long been introduced into other countries of Asia and Europe, and is reared on a large scale. In America it is reared only to small extent. The Ailanthus silkworm (Philosamia cynthia) is a much larger species, of considerable importance, which has been introduced into Europe and America from China. The most useful American species is the Polyphemus. See Polyphemus.

Pernyi silkworm, the larva of the Pernyi moth. See Pernyi moth. -- Silkworm gut, a substance prepared from the contents of the silk glands of silkworms and used in making lines for angling. See Gut. - - Silkworm rot, a disease of silkworms; muscardine.

Silk"y (?), a. [Compar. Silkier (?); superl. Silkiest.] 1. Of or pertaining to silk; made of, or resembling, silk; silken; silklike; as, a silky luster.

2. Hence, soft and smooth; as, silky wine.

3. Covered with soft hairs pressed close to the surface, as a leaf; sericeous.

Silky oak (Bot.), a lofty Australian tree (Grevillea robusta) with silky tomentose lobed or incised leaves. It furnishes a valuable timber.

Sill (?), n. [OE. sille, sylle, AS. syl, syll; akin to G. schwelle, OHG. swelli, Icel. syll, svill, Sw. syll, Dan. syld, Goth. gasuljan to lay a foundation, to found.] The basis or foundation of a thing; especially, a horizontal piece, as a timber, which forms the lower member of a frame, or supports a structure; as, the sills of a house, of a bridge, of a loom, and the like. Hence: (a) The timber or stone at the foot of a door; the threshold. (b) The timber or stone on which a window frame stands; or, the lowest piece in a window frame. (c) The floor of a gallery or passage in a mine. (d) A piece of timber across the bottom of a canal lock for the gates to shut against.

Sill course (Arch.), a horizontal course of stone, terra cotta, or the like, built into a wall at the level of one or more window sills, these sills often forming part of it.

Sill, n. [Cf. Thill.] The shaft or thill of a carriage. [Prov. Eng.]

Sill, n. [Cf. 4th Sile.] A young herring. [Eng.]

Sil"la*bub (?), n. [Cf. sile to strain, and bub liquor, also Prov. E. sillibauk.] A dish made by mixing wine or cider with milk, and thus forming a soft curd; also, sweetened cream, flavored with wine and beaten to a stiff froth. [Written also syllabub.]

Sil"ler (?), n. Silver. [Scot.]

Sil"li*ly (?), adv. [From Silly.] In a silly manner; foolishly. Dryden.

Sil"li*man*ite (?), n. [After Benjamin Siliman, an American meneralogist.] (Min.) Same as Fibrolite.

Sil"li*ness, n. The quality or state of being silly.

Sil"lock (?), n. (Zoöl.) The pollock, or coalfish.

Sil"lon (?), n. [F., a furrow.] (Fort.) A work raised in the middle of a wide ditch, to defend it. Crabb.

Sil"ly, a. [Compar. Sillier (?); superl. Silliest.] [OE. seely, sely, AS. s&?;lig, ges&?;lig, happy, good, fr. s&?;l, s&?;l, good, happy, s&?;l good fortune, happines; akin to OS. slig, a, good, happy, D. zalig blessed, G. selig, OHG. slg, Icel. s&?;l, Sw. säll, Dan. salig, Goth. s&?;ls good, kind, and perh. also to L. sollus whole, entire, Gr. &?;&?;&?;, Skr. sarva. Cf. Seel, n.] 1. Happy; fortunate; blessed. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. Harmless; innocent; inoffensive. [Obs.] "This silly, innocent Custance." Chaucer.

> The silly virgin strove him to withstand.

Spenser.

> A silly, innocent hare murdered of a dog.

Robynson (More's Utopia).

3. Weak; helpless; frail. [Obs.]

> After long storms . . .
> With which my silly bark was tossed sore.

Spenser.

> The silly buckets on the deck.

Coleridge.

4. Rustic; plain; simple; humble. [Obs.]

> A fourth man, in a sillyhabit.

Shak.

> All that did their silly thoughts so busy keep.

Milton.

5. Weak in intellect; destitute of ordinary strength of mind; foolish; witless; simple; as, a silly woman.

6. Proceeding from want of understanding or common judgment; characterized by weakness or folly; unwise; absurd; stupid; as, silly conduct; a silly question.

Syn. -- Simple; brainless; witless; shallow; foolish; unwise; indiscreet. See Simple.

Sil"ly*how (?), n. [Prov. E. silly- hew; cf. AS. slig happy, good, and hfe a cap, hood. See Silly, a.] A caul. See Caul, n., 3. [Obs. or Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Si"lo (?), n. [F.] A pit or vat for packing away green fodder for winter use so as to exclude air and outside moisture. See Ensilage.

Silt (?), n. [OE. silte gravel, fr. silen to drain, E. sile; probably of Scand. origin; cf. Sw. sila, prob. akin to AS. seón to filter, sgan to fall, sink, cause to sink, G. seihen to strain, to filter, OHG. sihan, Icel. s>a, Skr. sic to pour; cf. Gr. &?;&?;&?; moisture. Cf. Sig, Sile.] Mud or fine earth deposited from running or standing water.

Silt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Silted; p. pr. & vb. n. Silting.] To choke, fill, or obstruct with silt or mud.

Silt, v. i. To flow through crevices; to percolate.

Silt"y (?), a. Full of silt; resembling silt.

Si*lure" (?), n. [L. silurus a sort of river fish, Gr. &?;&?;&?;: cf. F. silure.] (Zoöl.) A fish of the genus Silurus, as the sheatfish; a siluroid.

Si*lu"ri*an (?), a. [From L. Silures, a people who anciently inhabited a part of England and Wales.] (Geol.) Of or pertaining to the country of the ancient Silures; -- a term applied to the earliest of the Paleozoic eras, and also to the strata of the era, because most plainly developed in that country.

The Silurian formation, so named by Murchison, is divided into the Upper Silurian and Lower Silurian. The lower part of the Lower Silurian, with some underlying beds, is now separated under the name Cambrian, first given by Sedwick. Recently the term Ordovician has been proposed for the Lower Silurian, leawing the original word to apply only to the Upper Silurian.

Si*lu"ri*an, n. The Silurian age.

Si*lu"ri*dan (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any fish of the family Siluridæ or of the order Siluroidei.

Si*lu"roid (?), n. [Silurus + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Belonging to the Siluroidei, or Nematognathi, an order of fishes including numerous species, among which are the American catfishes and numerous allied fresh-water species of the Old World, as the sheatfish (Silurus glanis) of Europe. -- n. A siluroid fish.

||Sil`u*roi"de*i (?), n. pl. [NL.] (zoöl.) An order of fishes, the Nematognathi.

||Si*lu"rus (?), n. [L. See Silure.] (Zoöl.) A genus of large malacopterygious fishes of the order Siluroidei. They inhabit the inland waters of Europe and Asia.

Sil"va (?), n.; pl. E. Silvas (#), L. Silvae (&?;). [L., properly, a wood, forest.] [Written also sylva.] (Bot.) (a) The forest trees of a region or country, considered collectively. (b) A description or history of the forest trees of a country.

Sil"van (?), a. [L. silva, less correctly sylva, a wood or grove, perh. akin to Gr. "y`lh; cf. L. Silvanus Silvanus the god of woods: cf. F. sylvain silvan. Cf. Savage.] Of or pertaining to woods; composed of woods or groves; woody. [Written also sylvan.]

> Betwixt two rows of rocks, a silvan scene
> Appears above, and groves forever green.

Dryden.

Sil"van, n. (Old Chem.) See Sylvanium. [Obs.]

Sil"van*ite (?), n. (Min.) See Sylvanite.

{ Sil"vas (?) or Sel"vas (?) }, n. pl. [L. silva a forest, Sp. selva.] Vast woodland plains of South America.

Sil"vate (?), n. (Chem.) Same as Sylvate.

Sil"ver (?), n. [OE. silver, selver, seolver, AS. seolfor, siolfur, siolufr, silofr, sylofr; akin to OS. silubar, OFries. selover, D. zilver, LG. sulver, OHG. silabar, silbar, G. silber, Icel. silfr, Sw. silfver, Dan. sölv, Goth. silubr, Russ. serebro, Lith. sidabras; of unknown origin.] 1. (Chem.) A soft white metallic element, sonorous, ductile, very malleable, and capable of a high degree of polish. It is found native, and also combined with sulphur, arsenic, antimony, chlorine, etc., in the minerals argentite, proustite, pyrargyrite, ceragyrite, etc. Silver is one of the "noble" metals, so-called, not being easily oxidized, and is used for coin, jewelry, plate, and a great variety of articles. Symbol Ag (Argentum). Atomic weight 107.7. Specific gravity 10.5.

Silver was known under the name of luna to the ancients and also to the alchemists. Some of its compounds, as the halogen salts, are remarkable for the effect of light upon them, and are used in photography.

2. Coin made of silver; silver money.

3. Anything having the luster or appearance of silver.

4. The color of silver.

Silver is used in the formation of many compounds of obvious meaning; as, silver-armed, silver-bright, silver-buskined, silver-coated, silver-footed, silver-haired, silver-headed, silver-mantled, silver-plated, silver-slippered, silver-sounding, silver-studded, silver-tongued, silver-white. See Silver, a.

Black silver (Min.), stephanite; -- called also brittle silver ore, or brittle silver glance. -- Fulminating silver. (Chem.) (a) A black crystalline substance, Ag2O.(NH3)2, obtained by dissolving silver oxide in aqua ammonia. When dry it explodes violently on the slightest percussion. (b) Silver fulminate, a white crystalline substance, Ag2C2N2O2, obtained by adding alcohol to a solution of silver nitrate. When dry it is violently explosive. -- German silver. (Chem.) See under German. -- Gray silver. (Min.) See Freieslebenite. -- Horn silver. (Min.) See Cerargyrite. -- King's silver. (O. Eng. Law) See Postfine. -- Red silver, or Ruby silver. (Min.) See Proustite, and Pyrargyrite. -- Silver beater, one who beats silver into silver leaf or silver foil. -- Silver glance, or Vitreous silver. (Min.) See Argentine.

Sil"ver, a. 1. Of or pertaining to silver; made of silver; as, silver leaf; a silver cup.

2. Resembling silver. Specifically: (a) Bright; resplendent; white. "Silver hair." Shak.

> Others, on silver lakes and rivers, bathed
> Their downy breast.

Milton.

(b) Precious; costly. (c) Giving a clear, ringing sound soft and clear. "Silver voices." Spenser. (d) Sweet; gentle; peaceful. "Silver slumber." Spenser.

American silver fir (Bot.), the balsam fir. See under Balsam. -- Silver age (Roman Lit.), the latter part (a. d. 14-180) of the classical period of Latinity, -- the time of writers of inferior purity of language, as compared with those of the previous golden age, so-called. -- Silver-bell tree (Bot.), an American shrub or small tree (Halesia tetraptera) with white bell-shaped flowers in clusters or racemes; the snowdrop tree. -- Silver bush (Bot.), a shrubby leguminous plant (Anthyllis Barba- Jovis) of Southern Europe, having silvery foliage. -- Silver chub (Zoöl.), the fallfish. -- Silver eel. (Zoöl.) (a) The cutlass fish. (b) A pale variety of the common eel. -- Silver fir (Bot.), a coniferous tree (Abies pectinata) found in mountainous districts in the middle and south of Europe, where it often grows to the height of 100 or 150 feet. It yields Burgundy pitch and Strasburg turpentine. -- Silver foil, foil made of silver. -- Silver fox (Zoöl.), a variety of the common fox (Vulpes vulpes, variety argenteus) found in the northern parts of Asia, Europe, and America. Its fur is nearly black, with silvery tips, and is highly valued. Called also black fox, and silver-gray fox. -- Silver gar. (Zoöl.) See Billfish (a). -- Silver grain (Bot.), the lines or narrow plates of cellular tissue which pass from the pith to the bark of an exogenous stem; the medullary rays. In the wood of the oak they are much larger than in that of the beech, maple, pine, cherry, etc. -- Silver grebe (Zoöl.), the red-throated diver. See Illust. under Diver. -- Silver hake (Zoöl.), the American whiting. -- Silver leaf, leaves or sheets made of silver beaten very thin. -- Silver lunge (Zoöl.), the namaycush. -- Silver moonfish.(Zoöl.) See Moonfish (b). -- Silver moth (Zoöl.), a lepisma. -- Silver owl (Zoöl.), the barn owl. -- Silver perch (Zoöl.), the mademoiselle, 2. -- Silver pheasant (Zoöl.), any one of several species of beautiful crested and long-tailed Asiatic pheasants, of the genus Euplocamus. They have the tail and more or less of the upper parts silvery white. The most common species (E. nychtemerus) is native of China. -- Silver plate, domestic utensils made of silver. -- Silver plover (Zoöl.), the knot. -- Silver salmon (Zoöl.), a salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) native of both coasts of the North Pacific. It ascends all the American rivers as far south as the Sacramento. Called also kisutch, whitefish, and white salmon. -- Silver shell (Zoöl.), a marine bivalve of the genus Anomia. See Anomia. -- Silver steel, an alloy of steel with a very small proportion of silver. -- Silver stick, a title given to the title field officer of the Life Guards when on duty at the palace. [Eng.] Thackeray. -- Silver tree (Bot.), a South African tree (Leucadendron argenteum) with long, silvery, silky leaves. -- Silver trout, (Zoöl.) See Trout. -- Silver wedding. See under Wedding. -- Silver whiting (Zoöl.), a marine sciænoid food fish (Menticirrus littoralis) native of the Southern United States; -- called also surf whiting. -- Silver witch (Zoöl.), A lepisma.

Sil"ver (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Silvered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Silvering.] 1. To cover with silver; to give a silvery appearance to by applying a metal of a silvery color; as, to silver a pin; to silver a glass mirror plate with an amalgam of tin and mercury.

2. To polish like silver; to impart a brightness to, like that of silver.

> And smiling calmness silvered o'er the deep.

Pope.

3. To make hoary, or white, like silver.

> His head was silvered o'er with age.

Gay.

Sil"ver, v. i. To acquire a silvery color. [R.]

> The eastern sky began to silver and shine.

L. Wallace.

Sil"ver*back` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The knot.

Sil"ver*ber`ry (?), n. (Bot.) A tree or shrub (Elæagnus argentea) with silvery foliage and fruit. Gray.

Sil"ver*bill` (?), n. (Zoöl.) An Old World finch of the genus Minia, as the M. Malabarica of India, and M. cantans of Africa.

Sil"ver*boom` (?), n. [D. zilver silver + boom tree.] (Bot.) See Leucadendron.

Sil"ver*fin` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A small North American fresh-water cyprinoid fish (Notropis Whipplei).

Sil"ver*fish` (?), n. (Zoöl.) (a) The tarpum. (b) A white variety of the goldfish.

Sil"ver-gray` (?), a. Having a gray color with a silvery luster; as, silver-gray hair.

Sil"ver*i*ness (?), n. The state of being silvery.

Sil"ver*ing, n. (Metal.) The art or process of covering metals, wood, paper, glass, etc., with a thin film of metallic silver, or a substance resembling silver; also, the firm do laid on; as, the silvering of a glass speculum.

Sil"ver*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Silverized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Silverizing.] To cover with silver.

Sil"ver*less, a. Having no silcver; hence, without money; impecunious. Piers Plowman.

Sil"ver*ling, n. A small silver coin. [Obs.]

> A thousand vines at a thousand silverings.

Isa. vii. 23.

Sil"ver*ly, adv. Like silver in appearance or in sound.

> Let me wipe off this honorable dew,
> That silverly doth progress on thy cheeks.

Shak.

Sil"vern (?), a. [AS. seolfern, sylfren.] Made of silver. [Archaic.] Wyclif (Acts xix. 24).

> Speech is silvern; silence is golden.

Old Proverb.

Sil"ver*sides` (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of small fishes of the family Atherinidæ, having a silvery stripe along each side of the body. The common species of the American coast (Menidia notata) is very abundant. Called also silverside, sand smelt, friar, tailor, and tinker.

Brook silversides (Zoöl.), a small fresh-water North American fish (Labadesthes sicculus) related to the marine silversides.

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Sil"ver*smith` (?), n. One whose occupation is to manufacture utensils, ornaments, etc., of silver; a worker in silver.

Sil"ver*spot` (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of butterflies of the genus Argynnis and allied genera, having silvery spots on the under side of the wings. See Illust. under Aphrodite.

Sil"ver*ware` (?), n. Dishes, vases, ornaments, and utensils of various sorts, made of silver.

Sil"ver*weed` (?), n. (Bot.) A perennial rosaceous herb (Potentilla Anserina) having the leaves silvery white beneath.

Sil"ver*y (?), a. 1. Resembling, or having the luster of, silver; grayish white and lustrous; of a mild luster; bright.

> All the enameled race, whose silvery wing
> Waves to the tepid zephyrs of the spring.

Pope.

2. Besprinkled or covered with silver.

3. Having the clear, musical tone of silver; soft and clear in sound; as, silvery voices; a silvery laugh.

Silvery iron (Metal.), a peculiar light-gray fine-grained cast iron, usually obtained from clay iron ore.

Sil"vi*cul`ture (?), n. [Cf. F. silviculture.] See Sylviculture.

Si"ma (?), n. (Arch.) A cyma.

Sim"a*gre (?), n. [F. simagrée.] A grimace. [Obs.] Dryden.

Si*mar" (?), n. [F. simarre. See Chimere.] A woman's long dress or robe; also light covering; a scarf. [Written also cimar, cymar, samare, simare.]

||Si`marre" (?). [F.] See Simar. Sir W. Scott.

Sim"blot (?), n. [F. simbleau.] The harness of a drawloom.

||Sim"i*a (?), n. [L., an ape; cf. simus flatnosed, snub-nosed, Gr. &?;&?;&?;.] (Zoöl.) A Linnæan genus of Quadrumana which included the types of numerous modern genera. By modern writers it is usually restricted to the genus which includes the orang- outang.

Sim"i*al (?), a. (Zoöl.) Simian; apelike.

Sim"i*an (?), a. [L. simia an ape.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the family Simiadæ, which, in its widest sense, includes all the Old World apes and monkeys; also, apelike. -- n. Any Old World monkey or ape.

Sim"i*lar (?), a. [F. similaire, fr. L. similis like, similar. See Same, a., and cf. Simulate.] 1. Exactly corresponding; resembling in all respects; precisely like.

2. Nearly corresponding; resembling in many respects; somewhat like; having a general likeness.

3. Homogenous; uniform. [R.] Boyle.

Similar figures (Geom.), figures which differ from each other only in magnitude, being made up of the same number of like parts similarly situated. -- Similar rectilineal figures, such as have their several angles respectively equal, each to each, and their sides about the equal angles proportional. -- Similar solids, such as are contained by the same number of similar planes, similarly situated, and having like inclination to one another.

Sim"i*lar, n. That which is similar to, or resembles, something else, as in quality, form, etc.

Sim`i*lar"i*ty (?), n.; pl. -ties (#). [Cf. F. similarité.] The quality or state of being similar; likeness; resemblance; as, a similarity of features.

> Hardly is there a similarity detected between two or three facts, than men hasten to extend it to all.

Sir W. Hamilton.

Sim"i*lar*ly (?), adv. In a similar manner.

Sim"i*lar*y (?), a. Similar. [Obs.]

> Rhyming cadences of similarly words.

South.

Sim"i*la*tive (?), a. Implying or indicating likeness or resemblance. [R.]

> In similative or instrumental relation to a pa. pple. [past participle], as almond-leaved, -scented, etc.

New English Dict.

Sim"i*le (?), n.; pl. Similes (#). [L., from similis. See Similar.] (Rhet.) A word or phrase by which anything is likened, in one or more of its aspects, to something else; a similitude; a poetical or imaginative comparison.

> A good swift simile, but something currish.

Shak.

||Si*mil"i*ter (?), n. [L., in like manner.] (Law) The technical name of the form by which either party, in pleading, accepts the issue tendered by his opponent; -- called sometimes a joinder in issue.

Si*mil"i*tude (?), n. [F. similitude, L. similitudo, from similis similar. See Similar.] 1. The quality or state of being similar or like; resemblance; likeness; similarity; as, similitude of substance. Chaucer.

> Let us make now man in our image, man
> In our similitude.

Milton.

> If fate some future bard shall join
> In sad similitude of griefs to mine.

Pope.

2. The act of likening, or that which likens, one thing to another; fanciful or imaginative comparison; a simile.

> Tasso, in his similitudes, never departed from the woods; that is, all his comparisons were taken from the country.

Dryden.

3. That which is like or similar; a representation, semblance, or copy; a facsimile.

> Man should wed his similitude.

Chaucer.

Si*mil`i*tu"di*na*ry (?), a. Involving or expressing similitude. [Obs.] Coke.

Sim"i*lize (?), v. t. To liken; to compare; as, to similize a person, thing, or act. Lowell.

Sim"i*lor (?), n. [F., fr. L. similus similar + F. or gold, L. aurum. Cf. Semilor.] An alloy of copper and zinc, resembling brass, but of a golden color. Ure.

Sim"i*ous (?), a.[L. simia an ape.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Simiæ; monkeylike.

> That strange simious, schoolboy passion of giving pain to others.

Sydney Smith.

Sim"i*tar (?), n. See Scimiter.

Sim"mer (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Simmered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Simmering.] [Prov. E. also simper; -- an onomatopoetic word.] To boil gently, or with a gentle hissing; to begin to boil.

> I simmer as liquor doth on the fire before it beginneth to boil.

Palsgrave.

Sim"mer, v. t. To cause to boil gently; to cook in liquid heated almost or just to the boiling point.

Sim"nel (?), n. [OF. simenel cake or bread of wheat flour, LL. simenellus wheat bread, fr. L. simila the finest wheat flour. Cf. Semolina.] 1. A kind of cake made of fine flour; a cracknel. [Obs.]

> Not common bread, but vastel bread, or simnels.

Fuller.

2. A kind of rich plum cake, eaten especially on Mid-Lent Sunday. [Eng.] Herrick.

Si*mo"ni*ac (?), n. [LL. simoniacus. See Simony.] One who practices simony, or who buys or sells preferment in the church. Ayliffe.

Sim`o*ni"a*cal (?), a. Of or pertaining to simony; guilty of simony; consisting of simony. -- Sim"o*ni`a*cal*ly, adv.

> The flagitious profligacy of their lives, and the simoniacal arts by which they grasped at the popedom.

J. S. Harford.

Si*mo"ni*al (?), a. Simoniacal. [Obs.]

Si*mo"ni*an (?), n.[See Simony.] One of the followers of Simon Magus; also, an adherent of certain heretical sects in the early Christian church.

Si*mo"ni*ous (?), a. Simoniacal. [Obs.] Milton.

Sim"o*nist (?), n. One who practices simony.

Sim"o*ny (?), n. [F. simonie, LL. simonia, fr. Simon Magus, who wished to purchase the power of conferring the Holy Spirit. Acts viii.] The crime of buying or selling ecclesiastical preferment; the corrupt presentation of any one to an ecclesiastical benefice for money or reward. Piers Plowman.

{ Si*moom" (?), Si*moon" (?), } n. [Ar. sam&?;m, fr. samma to poison. Cf. Samiel.] A hot, dry, suffocating, dust-laden wind, that blows occasionally in Arabia, Syria, and neighboring countries, generated by the extreme heat of the parched deserts or sandy plains.

Si"mous (?), a.[L. simus, Gr. &?;&?;&?;.] Having a very flat or snub nose, with the end turned up.

Sim"pai (?), n.[Malay simpei.] (Zoöl.) A long-tailed monkey (Semnopitchecus melalophus) native of Sumatra. It has a crest of black hair. The forehead and cheeks are fawn color, the upper parts tawny and red, the under parts white. Called also black-crested monkey, and sinpæ.

Sim"per (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Simpered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Simpering.] [Cf. Norw. semper fine, smart, dial. Dan. semper, simper, affected, coy, prudish, OSw. semper one who affectedly refrains from eating, Sw. sipp finical, prim, LG. sipp.] 1. To smile in a silly, affected, or conceited manner.

> Behold yond simpering dame.

Shak.

> With a made countenance about her mouth, between simpering and smiling.

ir. P. Sidney.

2. To glimmer; to twinkle. [Obs.]

> Yet can I mark how stars above
> Simper and shine.

Herbert.

Sim"per, n. A constrained, self- conscious smile; an affected, silly smile; a smirk.

> The conscious simper, and the jealous leer.

Pope.

Sim"per*er (?), n. One who simpers. Sir W. Scott.

> A simperer that a court affords.

T. Nevile.

Sim"per*ing, a. &. n. from Simper, v.

Sim"per*ing*ly, adv. In a simpering manner.

Sim"ple (?), a. [Compar. Simpler (?); superl. Simplest.] [F., fr. L. simplus, or simplex, gen. simplicis. The first part of the Latin words is probably akin to E. same, and the sense, one, one and the same; cf. L. semel once, singuli one to each, single. Cg. Single, a., Same, a., and for the last part of the word cf. Double, Complex.] 1. Single; not complex; not infolded or entangled; uncombined; not compounded; not blended with something else; not complicated; as, a simple substance; a simple idea; a simple sound; a simple machine; a simple problem; simple tasks.

2. Plain; unadorned; as, simple dress. "Simple truth." Spenser. "His simple story." Burns.

3. Mere; not other than; being only.

> A medicine . . . whose simple touch
> Is powerful to araise King Pepin.

Shak.

4. Not given to artifice, stratagem, or duplicity; undesigning; sincere; true.

> Full many fine men go upon my score, as simple as I stand here, and I trust them.

Marston.

> Must thou trust Tradition's simple tongue?

Byron.

> To be simple is to be great.

Emerson.

5. Artless in manner; unaffected; unconstrained; natural; inartificial;; straightforward.

> In simple manners all the secret lies.

Young.

6. Direct; clear; intelligible; not abstruse or enigmatical; as, a simple statement; simple language.

7. Weak in intellect; not wise or sagacious; of but moderate understanding or attainments; hence, foolish; silly. "You have simple wits." Shak.

> The simple believeth every word; but the prudent man looketh well to his going.

Prov. xiv. 15.

8. Not luxurious; without much variety; plain; as, a simple diet; a simple way of living.

> Thy simple fare and all thy plain delights.

Cowper.

9. Humble; lowly; undistinguished.

> A simple husbandman in garments gray.

Spenser.

> Clergy and laity, male and female, gentle and simple made the fuel of the same fire.

Fuller.

10. (BOt.) Without subdivisions; entire; as, a simple stem; a simple leaf.

11. (Chem.) Not capable of being decomposed into anything more simple or ultimate by any means at present known; elementary; thus, atoms are regarded as simple bodies. Cf. Ultimate, a.

A simple body is one that has not as yet been decomposed. There are indications that many of our simple elements are still compound bodies, though their actual decomposition into anything simpler may never be accomplished.

12. (Min.) Homogenous.

13. (Zoöl.) Consisting of a single individual or zooid; as, a simple ascidian; -- opposed to compound.

Simple contract (Law), any contract, whether verbal or written, which is not of record or under seal. J. W. Smith. Chitty. -- Simple equation (Alg.), an equation containing but one unknown quantity, and that quantity only in the first degree. -- Simple eye (Zoöl.), an eye having a single lens; -- opposed to compound eye. -- Simple interest. See under Interest. -- Simple larceny. (Law) See under Larceny. -- Simple obligation (Rom. Law), an obligation which does not depend for its execution upon any event provided for by the parties, or is not to become void on the happening of any such event. Burrill.

Syn. -- Single; uncompounded; unmingled; unmixed; mere; uncombined; elementary; plain; artless; sincere; harmless; undesigning; frank; open; unaffected; inartificial; unadorned; credulous; silly; foolish; shallow; unwise. -- Simple, Silly. One who is simple is sincere, unaffected, and inexperienced in duplicity, -- hence liable to be duped. A silly person is one who is ignorant or weak and also self- confident; hence, one who shows in speech and act a lack of good sense. Simplicity is incompatible with duplicity, artfulness, or vanity, while silliness is consistent with all three. Simplicity denotes lack of knowledge or of guile; silliness denotes want of judgment or right purpose, a defect of character as well as of education.

> I am a simple woman, much too weak
> To oppose your cunning.

Shak.

> He is the companion of the silliest people in their most silly pleasure; he is ready for every impertinent entertainment and diversion.

Law.

Sim"ple (?), n. [F. See Simple, a.] 1. Something not mixed or compounded. "Compounded of many simples." Shak.

2. (Med.) A medicinal plant; -- so called because each vegetable was supposed to possess its particular virtue, and therefore to constitute a simple remedy.

> What virtue is in this remedy lies in the naked simple itself as it comes over from the Indies.

Sir W. Temple.

3. (Weaving) (a) A drawloom. (b) A part of the apparatus for raising the heddles of a drawloom.

4. (R. C. Ch.) A feast which is not a double or a semidouble.

Sim"ple, v. i. To gather simples, or medicinal plants.

> As simpling on the flowery hills she [Circe] strayed.

Garth.

Sim"ple-heart`ed (?), a. Sincere; inguenuous; guileless. Sir W. Scott.

Sim"ple-mind`ed (?), a. Artless; guileless; simple-hearted; undesigning; unsuspecting; devoid of duplicity. Blackstone. -- Sim"ple-mind`ed*ness, n.

Sim"ple*ness, n. The quality or state of being simple; simplicity. Shak.

Sim"pler (?), n. One who collects simples, or medicinal plants; a herbalist; a simplist.

Simpler's joy. (Bot.) Vervain.

Sim"pless (?), n. [F. simplesse.] Simplicity; silliness. [Obs.] Spenser.

Sim"ple*ton (?), n. [Cf. F. simplet, It. semplicione.] A person of weak intellect; a silly person.

Sim*pli"cian (?), n. [Cf. OF. simplicien.] One who is simple. [Obs.] Arnway.

Sim*plic"i*ty (?), n. [F. simplicité, L. simplicitas. See Simple.] 1. The quality or state of being simple, unmixed, or uncompounded; as, the simplicity of metals or of earths.

2. The quality or state of being not complex, or of consisting of few parts; as, the simplicity of a machine.

3. Artlessness of mind; freedom from cunning or duplicity; lack of acuteness and sagacity.

> Marquis Dorset, a man, for his harmless simplicity neither misliked nor much regarded.

Hayward.

> In wit a man; simplicity a child.

Pope.

4. Freedom from artificial ornament, pretentious style, or luxury; plainness; as, simplicity of dress, of style, or of language; simplicity of diet; simplicity of life.

5. Freedom from subtlety or abstruseness; clearness; as, the simplicity of a doctrine; the simplicity of an explanation or a demonstration.

6. Weakness of intellect; silliness; folly.

> How long, ye simple ones, will ye love simplicity? and the scorners delight in their scorning?

Prov. i. 22.

Sim`pli*fi*ca"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. simplification.] The act of simplifying. A. Smith.

Sim"pli*fy (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Simplified (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Simplifying (?).] [Cf. F. simplifier, LL. simplificare. See Simple, and -fy.] To make simple; to make less complex; to make clear by giving the explanation for; to show an easier or shorter process for doing or making.

> The collection of duties is drawn to a point, and so far simplified.

A. Hamilton.

> It is important, in scientific pursuits, to be caitious in simplifying our deductions.

W. Nicholson.

Sim"plist (?), n. One skilled in simples, or medicinal plants; a simpler. Sir T. Browne.

Sim*plis"tic (?), a. Of or pertaining to simples, or a simplist. [R.] Wilkinson.

Sim"pli*ty (?), n. Simplicity. [Obs.]

Sim"plo*ce (?), n. (Gram.) See Symploce.

Sim"ply (?), adv. 1. In a simple manner or state; considered in or by itself; without addition; along; merely; solely; barely.

> [They] make that now good or evil, . . . which otherwise of itself were not simply the one or the other.

Hooker.

> Simply the thing I am
> Shall make me live.

Shak.

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2. Plainly; without art or subtlety.

> Subverting worldly strong and worldly wise
> By simply meek.

Milton.

3. Weakly; foolishly. Johnson.

{ Sim"u*la`cher, Sim"u*la`chre } (?), n. [Cf. F. simulacre.] See Simulacrum. [Obs.]

||Sim`u*la"crum (?), n.; pl. Simulacra (#). [L. See Simulate.] A likeness; a semblance; a mock appearance; a sham; -- now usually in a derogatory sense.

> Beneath it nothing but a great simulacrum.

Thackeray.

Sim"u*lar (?), n. [Cf. L. simulator, F. simulateur. See Simulate.] One who pretends to be what he is not; one who, or that which, simulates or counterfeits something; a pretender. [Obs.] Shak.

> Christ calleth the Pharisees hypocrites, that is to say, simulars, and painted sepulchers.

Tyndale.

Sim"u*lar, a. False; specious; counterfeit. [R. & Obs.] "Thou simular man of virtue." Shak.

Sim"u*late (?), a. [L. simulatus, p. p. of simulare to simulate; akin to simul at the same time, together, similis like. See Similar, and cf. Dissemble, Semblance.] Feigned; pretended. Bale.

Sim"u*late (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Simulated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Simulating.] To assume the mere appearance of, without the reality; to assume the signs or indications of, falsely; to counterfeit; to feign.

> The Puritans, even in the depths of the dungeons to which she had sent them, prayed, and with no simulated fervor, that she might be kept from the dagger of the assassin.

Macaulay.

Sim`u*la"tion (?), n. [F. simulation, L. simulatio.] The act of simulating, or assuming an appearance which is feigned, or not true; -- distinguished from dissimulation, which disguises or conceals what is true.

Syn. -- Counterfeiting; feint; pretense.

Sim"u*la`tor (?), n. [L.] One who simulates, or feigns. De Quincey.

Sim"u*la*to*ry (?), a. Simulated, or capable of being simulated. Bp. Hall.

Si`mul*ta*ne"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being simultaneous; simultaneousness.

Si`mul*ta"ne*ous (?), a. [LL. simultim at the same time, fr. L. simul. See Simulate.] Existing, happening, or done, at the same time; as, simultaneous events. -- Si`mul*ta"ne*ous*ly, adv. -- Si`mul*ta"ne*ous*ness, n.

Simultaneous equations (Alg.), two or more equations in which the values of the unknown quantities entering them are the same at the same time in both or in all.

Sim"ul*ty (?), n. [L. simultas a hostile encounter, drudge, originally, a (hostile) coming together, fr. simul together: cf. OF. simulté.] Private grudge or quarrel; as, domestic simulties. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Sin (?), adv., prep., & conj. Old form of Since. [Obs. or Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

> Sin that his lord was twenty year of age.

Chaucer.

Sin, n. [OE. sinne, AS. synn, syn; akin to D. zonde, OS. sundia, OHG. sunta, G. sünde, Icel., Dan. & Sw. synd, L. sons, sontis, guilty, perhaps originally from the p. pr. of the verb signifying, to be, and meaning, the one who it is. Cf. Authentic, Sooth.] 1. Transgression of the law of God; disobedience of the divine command; any violation of God's will, either in purpose or conduct; moral deficiency in the character; iniquity; as, sins of omission and sins of commission.

> Whosoever committeth sin is the servant of sin.

John viii. 34.

> Sin is the transgression of the law.

1 John iii. 4.

> I think 't no sin.
> To cozen him that would unjustly win.

Shak.

> Enthralled
> By sin to foul, exorbitant desires.

Milton.

2. An offense, in general; a violation of propriety; a misdemeanor; as, a sin against good manners.

> I grant that poetry's a crying sin.

Pope.

3. A sin offering; a sacrifice for sin.

> He hath made him to be sin for us, who knew no sin.

2 Cor. v. 21.

4. An embodiment of sin; a very wicked person. [R.]

> Thy ambition,
> Thou scarlet sin, robbed this bewailing land
> Of noble Buckingham.

Shak.

Sin is used in the formation of some compound words of obvious signification; as, sin-born; sin-bred, sin-oppressed, sin-polluted, and the like.

Actual sin, Canonical sins, Original sin, Venial sin. See under Actual, Canonical, etc. -- Deadly, or Mortal, sins (R. C. Ch.), willful and deliberate transgressions, which take away divine grace; -- in distinction from vental sins. The seven deadly sins are pride, covetousness, lust, wrath, gluttony, envy, and sloth. -- Sin eater, a man who (according to a former practice in England) for a small gratuity ate a piece of bread laid on the chest of a dead person, whereby he was supposed to have taken the sins of the dead person upon himself. -- Sin offering, a sacrifice for sin; something offered as an expiation for sin.

Syn. -- Iniquity; wickedness; wrong. See Crime.

Sin, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sinned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sinning.] [OE. sinnen, singen, sinegen, AS. syngian. See Sin, n.] 1. To depart voluntarily from the path of duty prescribed by God to man; to violate the divine law in any particular, by actual transgression or by the neglect or nonobservance of its injunctions; to violate any known rule of duty; -- often followed by against.

> Against thee, thee only, have I sinned.

Ps. li. 4.

> All have sinned, and come short of the glory of God.

Rom. iii. 23.

2. To violate human rights, law, or propriety; to commit an offense; to trespass; to transgress.

> I am a man
> More sinned against than sinning.

Shak.

> Who but wishes to invert the laws
> Of order, sins against the eternal cause.

Pope.

{ Si*na"ic (?), Si`na*it"ic (?), } a. [From Mount Sinai.] Of or pertaining to Mount Sinai; given or made at Mount Sinai; as, the Sinaitic law.

Sinaitic manuscript, a fourth century Greek manuscript of the part Bible, discovered at Mount Sinai (the greater part of it in 1859) by Tisschendorf, a German Biblical critic; -- called also Codex Sinaiticus.

Sin*al"bin (?), n. [From L. Sinapis + alba.] (Chem.) A glucoside found in the seeds of white mustard (Brassica alba, formerly Sinapis alba), and extracted as a white crystalline substance.

Sin*am"ine (?), n. [Sinapis + melamine.] (Chem.) A bitter white crystalline nitrogenous substance, obtained indirectly from oil of mustard and ammonia; -- called also allyl melamine.

Sin"a*pate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of sinapic acid.

Sin"a*pic (?), a. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to sinapine; specifically, designating an acid (C11H12O5) related to gallic acid, and obtained by the decomposition of sinapine, as a white crystalline substance.

Sin"a*pine (?), n. [L. sinapi, sinapis, mustard, Gr. &?;&?;&?;: cf. F. sinapine.] (Chem.) An alkaloid occuring in the seeds of mustard. It is extracted, in combination with sulphocyanic acid, as a white crystalline substance, having a hot, bitter taste. When sinapine is isolated it is unstable and undergoes decomposition.

||Si*na"pis (?), n. [L.] (Bot.) A disused generic name for mustard; -- now called Brassica.

Sin"a*pis`in (?), n. (Chem.) A substance extracted from mustard seed and probably identical with sinalbin. [Obs.]

Sin"a*pism (?), n. [L. sinapismus, Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;, the use of a mustard blister, fr. &?;&?;&?; to apply a mustard blister, fr. &?;&?;&?;&?; mustard.] (Med.) A plaster or poultice composed principally of powdered mustard seed, or containing the volatile oil of mustard seed. It is a powerful irritant.

Sin`a*po*le"ic (?), a. [Sinapis + oleic.] (Chem.) Of or pertaining to mustard oil; specifically, designating an acid of the oleic acid series said to occur in mistard oil.

Si*nap"o*line (?), n. [Sinapis + L. oleum oil.] (Chem.) A nitrogenous base, CO.(NH.C3H5)2, related to urea, extracted from mustard oil, and also produced artifically, as a white crystalline substance; -- called also diallyl urea.

Sin"ca*line (?), n. [So called because obtained by the action of alkalies on sinapine.] (Chem.) Choline. [Written also sinkaline.]

Since (sns), adv. [For sins, contr. fr. OE. sithens, sithenes, formed by an adverbial ending (cf. Besides) from OE. sithen, also shortened into sithe, sin, AS. siððan, syððan, seoððan, afterward, then, since, after; properly, after that; fr. sð after, later, adv. and prep. (originally a comparative adv., akin to OS. sð afterward, since, OHG. sd, G. seit since, Goth. seiþus late, ni þanaseiþs no longer) + ðon instrumental of the demonstrative and article. See That.] 1. From a definite past time until now; as, he went a month ago, and I have not seen him since.
[1913 Webster]

> We since become the slaves to one man's lust.

B. Jonson.

2. In the time past, counting backward from the present; before this or now; ago.

> How many ages since has Virgil writ?

Roscommon.

> About two years since, it so fell out, that he was brought to a great lady's house.

Sir P. Sidney.

3. When or that. [Obs.]

> Do you remember since we lay all night in the windmill in St. George's field?

Shak.

Since, prep. From the time of; in or during the time subsequent to; subsequently to; after; -- usually with a past event or time for the object.

> The Lord hath blessed thee, since my coming.

Gen. xxx. 30.

> I have a model by which he build a nobler poem than any extant since the ancients.

Dryden.

Since, conj. Seeing that; because; considering; -- formerly followed by that.

> Since that my penitence comes after all,
> Imploring pardon.

Shak.

> Since truth and constancy are vain,
> Since neither love, nor sense of pain,
> Nor force of reason, can persuade,
> Then let example be obeyed.

Granville.

Syn. -- Because; for; as; inasmuch as; considering. See Because.

Sin*cere" (?), a. [Compar. Sincerer (?); superl. Sincerest.] [L. sincerus, of uncertain origin; the first part perhaps akin to sin- in singuli (see Single), and the second to cernere to separate (cf. Discern): cf. F. sincère.] 1. Pure; unmixed; unadulterated.

> There is no sincere acid in any animal juice.

Arbuthnot.

> A joy which never was sincere till now.

Dryden.

2. Whole; perfect; unhurt; uninjured. [Obs.]

> The inviolable body stood sincere.

Dryden.

3. Being in reality what it appears to be; having a character which corresponds with the appearance; not falsely assumed; genuine; true; real; as, a sincere desire for knowledge; a sincere contempt for meanness.

> A sincere intention of pleasing God in all our actions.

Law.

4. Honest; free from hypocrisy or dissimulation; as, a sincere friend; a sincere person.

> The more sincere you are, the better it will fare with you at the great day of account.

Waterland.

Syn. -- Honest; unfeigned; unvarnished; real; true; unaffected; inartificial; frank; upright. See Hearty.

Sin*cere"ly, adv. In a sincere manner. Specifically: (a) Purely; without alloy. Milton. (b) Honestly; unfeignedly; without dissimulation; as, to speak one's mind sincerely; to love virtue sincerely.

Sin*cere"ness, n. Same as Sincerity. Beau. & Fl.

Sin*cer"i*ty (?), n. [L. sinceritas: cf. F. sincérité.] The quality or state of being sincere; honesty of mind or intention; freedom from simulation, hypocrisy, disguise, or false pretense; sincereness.

> I protest, in the sincerity of love.

Shak.

> Sincerity is a duty no less plain than important.

Knox.

Sinch (?), n. [See Cinch.] A saddle girth made of leather, canvas, woven horsehair, or woven grass. [Western U.S.]

Sinch, v. t. To gird with a sinch; to tighten the sinch or girth of (a saddle); as, to sinch up a sadle. [Western U.S.]

Sin*cip"i*tal (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the sinciput; being in the region of the sinciput.

Sin"ci*put (?), n. [L., half a head; semihalf + caput the head.] 1. (Anat.) The fore part of the head.

2. (Zoöl.) The part of the head of a bird between the base of the bill and the vertex.

Sin"don (?), n. [L., a kind of fine Indian cotton stuff, Gr. &?;&?;&?;.] 1. A wrapper. [Obs.] "Wrapped in sindons of linen." Bacon.

2. (Surg.) A small rag or pledget introduced into the hole in the cranium made by a trephine. Dunglison.

Sine (?), n. [LL. sinus a sine, L. sinus bosom, used in translating the Ar. jaib, properly, bosom, but probably read by mistake (the consonants being the same) for an original jba sine, from Skr. jva bowstring, chord of an arc, sine.] (Trig.) (a) The length of a perpendicular drawn from one extremity of an arc of a circle to the diameter drawn through the other extremity. (b) The perpendicular itself. See Sine of angle, below.

Artificial sines, logarithms of the natural sines, or logarithmic sines. -- Curve of sines. See Sinusoid. -- Natural sines, the decimals expressing the values of the sines, the radius being unity. -- Sine of an angle, in a circle whose radius is unity, the sine of the arc that measures the angle; in a right-angled triangle, the side opposite the given angle divided by the hypotenuse. See Trigonometrical function, under Function. -- Versed sine, that part of the diameter between the sine and the arc.

||Si"ne (?), prep. [L.] Without.

Si"ne*cu`ral (?), a. Of or pertaining to a sinecure; being in the nature of a sinecure.

Si`ne*cure (?), n. [L. sine without + cura care, LL., a cure. See Cure.] 1. An ecclesiastical benefice without the care of souls. Ayliffe.

2. Any office or position which requires or involves little or no responsibility, labor, or active service.

> A lucrative sinecure in the Excise.

Macaulay.

Si"ne*cure, v. t. To put or place in a sinecure.

Si"ne*cu*rism (?), n. The state of having a sinecure.

Si"ne*cu*rist (?), n. One who has a sinecure.

Sin"ew (?), n. [OE. sinewe, senewe, AS. sinu, seonu; akin to D. zenuw, OHG. senawa, G. sehne, Icel. sin, Sw. sena, Dan. sene; cf. Skr. snva. √290.]

1. (Anat.) A tendon or tendonous tissue. See Tendon.

2. Muscle; nerve. [R.] Sir J. Davies.

3. Fig.: That which supplies strength or power.

> The portion and sinew of her fortune, her marriage dowry.

Shak.

> The bodies of men, munition, and money, may justly be called the sinews of war.

Sir W. Raleigh.

Money alone is often called the sinews of war.

Sin"ew, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sinewed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sinewing.] To knit together, or make strong with, or as with, sinews. Shak.

> Wretches, now stuck up for long tortures . . . might, if properly treated, serve to sinew the state in time of danger.

Goldsmith.

Sin"ewed (?), a. 1. Furnished with sinews; as, a strong-sinewed youth.

2. Fig.: Equipped; strengthened.

> When he sees
> Ourselves well sinewed to our defense.

Shak.

Sin"ew*i*ness (?), n. Quality of being sinewy.

Sin"ew*ish, a. Sinewy. [Obs.] Holinshed.

Sin"ew*less, a. Having no sinews; hence, having no strength or vigor.

Sin"ew*ous (?), a. Sinewy. [Obs.] Holinshed.

Sin"ew-shrunk` (?), a. (Far.) Having the sinews under the belly shrunk by excessive fatigue.

Sin"ew*y (?), a. 1. Pertaining to, consisting of, or resembling, a sinew or sinews.

> The sinewy thread my brain lets fall.

Donne.

2. Well braced with, or as if with, sinews; nervous; vigorous; strong; firm; tough; as, the sinewy Ajax.

> A man whose words . . . were so close and sinewy.

Hare.

Sin"ful (?), a. [AAS. synfull.] Tainted with, or full of, sin; wicked; iniquitous; criminal; unholy; as, sinful men; sinful thoughts. Piers Plowman.

> Ah sinful nation, a people laden with iniquity.

Isa. i. 4.

-- Sin"ful*ly, adv. -- Sin"ful*ness, n.

Sing (?), v. i. [imp. Sung (?) or Sang (&?;); p. p. Sung; p. pr. & vb. n. Singing.] [AS. singan; akin to D. zingen, OS. & OHG. singan, G. singen, Icel. syngja, Sw. sjunga, Dan. synge, Goth. siggwan, and perhaps to E. say, v.t., or cf. Gr. &?;&?;&?; voice. Cf. Singe, Song.] 1. To utter sounds with musical inflections or melodious modulations of voice, as fancy may dictate, or according to the notes of a song or tune, or of a given part (as alto, tenor, etc.) in a chorus or concerted piece.

> The noise of them that sing do I hear.

Ex. xxxii. 18.

2. To utter sweet melodious sounds, as birds do.

> On every bough the briddes heard I sing.

Chaucer.

> Singing birds, in silver cages hung.

Dryden.

3. To make a small, shrill sound; as, the air sings in passing through a crevice.

> O'er his head the flying spear
> Sang innocent, and spent its force in air.

Pope.

4. To tell or relate something in numbers or verse; to celebrate something in poetry. Milton.

> Bid her . . . sing
> Of human hope by cross event destroyed.

Prior.

<! p. 1344 !>

5. To cry out; to complain. [Obs.]

> They should sing if thet they were bent.

Chaucer.

Sing (?), v. t. 1. To utter with musical inflections or modulations of voice.

> And they sing the song of Moses, the servant of God, and the song of the Lamb.

Rev. xv. 3.

> And in the darkness sing your carol of high praise.

Keble.

2. To celebrate is song; to give praises to in verse; to relate or rehearse in numbers, verse, or poetry. Milton.

> Arms and the man I sing.

Dryden.

> The last, the happiest British king,
> Whom thou shalt paint or I shall sing.

Addison.

3. To influence by singing; to lull by singing; as, to sing a child to sleep.

4. To accompany, or attend on, with singing.

> I heard them singing home the bride.

Longfellow.

Singe (snj), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Singed (snjd); p. pr. & vb. n. Singeing (snj"ng).] [OE. sengen, AS. sengan in besengan (akin to D. zengen, G. sengen), originally, to cause to sing, fr. AS. singan to sing, in allusion to the singing or hissing sound often produced when a substance is singed, or slightly burned. See Sing.] 1. To burn slightly or superficially; to burn the surface of; to burn the ends or outside of; as, to singe the hair or the skin.

> You sulphurous and thought-executing fires, . . .
> Singe my white head!

Shak.

> I singed the toes of an ape through a burning glass.

L'Estrange.

2. (a) To remove the nap of (cloth), by passing it rapidly over a red-hot bar, or over a flame, preliminary to dyeing it. (b) To remove the hair or down from (a plucked chicken or the like) by passing it over a flame.

Singe, n. A burning of the surface; a slight burn.

Sin"ger (sn"jr), n. [From Singe.] One who, or that which, singes. Specifically: (a) One employed to singe cloth. (b) A machine for singeing cloth.

Sing"er (?), n. [From Sing.] One who sings; especially, one whose profession is to sing.

Sing"er*ess, n. A songstress. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Sin`gha*lese" (?), n. & a. [Skr. Sihala Ceylon.] (Ethnol.) Same as Cingalese.

Sing"ing (?), a. & n. from Sing, v.

Singing bird. (Zoöl.) (a) Popularly, any bird that sings; a song bird. (b) Specifically, any one of the Oscines. -- Singing book, a book containing music for singing; a book of tunes. -- Singing falcon or hawk. (Zoöl.) See Chanting falcon, under Chanting. -- Singing fish (Zoöl.), a California toadfish (Porichthys porosissimus). -- Singing flame (Acoustics), a flame, as of hydrogen or coal gas, burning within a tube and so adjusted as to set the air within the tube in vibration, causing sound. The apparatus is called also chemical harmonicon. -- Singing master, a man who teaches vocal music. -- Singing school, a school in which persons are instructed in singing.

Sing"ing*ly, adv. With sounds like singing; with a kind of tune; in a singing tone. G. North (1575).

Sin"gle (?), a. [L. singulus, a dim. from the root in simplex simple; cf. OE. & OF. sengle, fr. L. singulus. See Simple, and cf. Singular.] 1. One only, as distinguished from more than one; consisting of one alone; individual; separate; as, a single star.

> No single man is born with a right of controlling the opinions of all the rest.

Pope.

2. Alone; having no companion.

> Who single hast maintained,
> Against revolted multitudes, the cause
> Of truth.

Milton.

3. Hence, unmarried; as, a single man or woman.

> Grows, lives, and dies in single blessedness.

Shak.

> Single chose to live, and shunned to wed.

Dryden.

4. Not doubled, twisted together, or combined with others; as, a single thread; a single strand of a rope.

5. Performed by one person, or one on each side; as, a single combat.

> These shifts refuted, answer thy appellant, . . .
> Who now defles thee thrice ti single fight.

Milton.

6. Uncompounded; pure; unmixed.

> Simple ideas are opposed to complex, and single to compound.

I. Watts.

7. Not deceitful or artful; honest; sincere.

> I speak it with a single heart.

Shak.

8. Simple; not wise; weak; silly. [Obs.]

> He utters such single matter in so infantly a voice.

Beau. & Fl.

Single ale, beer, or drink, small ale, etc., as contrasted with double ale, etc., which is stronger. [Obs.] Nares. -- Single bill (Law), a written engagement, generally under seal, for the payment of money, without a penalty. Burril. -- Single court (Lawn Tennis), a court laid out for only two players. -- Single-cut file. See the Note under 4th File. -- Single entry. See under Bookkeeping. -- Single file. See under 1st File. -- Single flower (Bot.), a flower with but one set of petals, as a wild rose. -- Single knot. See Illust. under Knot. -- Single whip (Naut.), a single rope running through a fixed block.

Sin"gle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Singled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Singling (?).] 1. To select, as an individual person or thing, from among a number; to choose out from others; to separate.

> Dogs who hereby can single out their master in the dark.

Bacon.

> His blood! she faintly screamed her mind
> Still singling one from all mankind.

More.

2. To sequester; to withdraw; to retire. [Obs.]

> An agent singling itself from consorts.

Hooker.

3. To take alone, or one by one.

> Men . . . commendable when they are singled.

Hooker.

Sin"gle, v. i. To take the irrregular gait called single-foot;- said of a horse. See Single- foot.

> Many very fleet horses, when overdriven, adopt a disagreeable gait, which seems to be a cross between a pace and a trot, in which the two legs of one side are raised almost but not quite, simultaneously. Such horses are said to single, or to be single-footed.

W. S. Clark.

Sin"gle, n. 1. A unit; one; as, to score a single.

2. pl. The reeled filaments of silk, twisted without doubling to give them firmness.

3. A handful of gleaned grain. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

4. (Law Tennis) A game with but one player on each side; -- usually in the plural.

5. (Baseball) A hit by a batter which enables him to reach first base only.

Sin"gle-act`ing (?), a. Having simplicity of action; especially (Mach.), acting or exerting force during strokes in one direction only; -- said of a reciprocating engine, pump, etc.

Sin"gle-breast`ed (?), a. Lapping over the breast only far enough to permit of buttoning, and having buttons on one edge only; as, a single-breasted coast.

Sin"gle-foot` (?), n. An irregular gait of a horse; -- called also single-footed pace. See Single, v. i.

> Single-foot is an irregular pace, rather rare, distinguished by the posterior extremities moving in the order of a fast walk, and the anterior extremities in that of a slow trot.

Stillman (The Horse in Motion.)

Sin"gle-hand"ed (?), a. Having but one hand, or one workman; also, alone; unassisted.

Sin"gle-heart"ed (?), a. Having an honest heart; free from duplicity. -- Sin"gle- heart"ed*ly, adv.

Sin"gle-mind"ed (?), a. Having a single purpose; hence, artless; guileless; single-hearted.

Sin"gle*ness, n. 1. The quality or state of being single, or separate from all others; the opposite of doubleness, complication, or multiplicity.

2. Freedom from duplicity, or secondary and selfish ends; purity of mind or purpose; simplicity; sincerity; as, singleness of purpose; singleness of heart.

Sin"gles (?), n. pl. See Single, n., 2.

Sin"gle*stick` (?), n. (a) In England and Scotland, a cudgel used in fencing or fighting; a backsword. (b) The game played with singlesticks, in which he who first brings blood from his adversary's head is pronounced victor; backsword; cudgeling.

Sin"glet (?), n. An unlined or undyed waistcoat; a single garment; -- opposed to doublet. [Prov. Eng.]

Sin"gle*ton (?), n. In certain games at cards, as whist, a single card of any suit held at the deal by a player; as, to lead a singleton.

Sin"gle*tree` (?), n. [Cf. Swingletree.] The pivoted or swinging bar to which the traces of a harnessed horse are fixed; a whiffletree.

When two horses draw abreast, a singletree is fixed at each end of another crosspiece, called the doubletree.

Sin"gly (?), adv. 1. Individually; particularly; severally; as, to make men singly and personally good.

2. Only; by one's self; alone.

> Look thee, 't is so! Thou singly honest man.

Shak.

3. Without partners, companions, or associates; single-handed; as, to attack another singly.

> At omber singly to decide their doom.

Pope.

4. Honestly; sincerely; simply. [R.] Johnson.

5. Singularly; peculiarly. [Obs.] Milton.

Sing"-sing` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The kob.

Sing"song` (?), n. 1. Bad singing or poetry.

2. A drawling or monotonous tone, as of a badly executed song.

Sing"song`, a. Drawling; monotonous.

Sing"song`, v. i. To write poor poetry. [R.] Tennyson.

Sing"ster (?), n. A songstress. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Sin"gu*lar (s"g*lr), a. [OE. singuler, F. singulier, fr. L. singularius, singularis, fr. singulus single. See Single, a.] 1. Separate or apart from others; single; distinct. [Obs.] Bacon.

> And God forbid that all a company
> Should rue a singular man's folly.

Chaucer.

2. Engaged in by only one on a side; single. [Obs.]

> To try the matter thus together in a singular combat.

Holinshed.

3. (Logic) Existing by itself; single; individual.

> The idea which represents one . . . determinate thing, is called a singular idea, whether simple, complex, or compound.

I. Watts.

4. (Law) Each; individual; as, to convey several parcels of land, all and singular.

5. (Gram.) Denoting one person or thing; as, the singular number; -- opposed to dual and plural.

6. Standing by itself; out of the ordinary course; unusual; uncommon; strange; as, a singular phenomenon.

> So singular a sadness
> Must have a cause as strange as the effect.

Denham.

7. Distinguished as existing in a very high degree; rarely equaled; eminent; extraordinary; exceptional; as, a man of singular gravity or attainments.

8. Departing from general usage or expectations; odd; whimsical; -- often implying disapproval or censure.

> His zeal
> None seconded, as out of season judged,
> Or singular and rash.

Milton.

> To be singular in anything that is wise and worthy, is not a disparagement, but a praise.

Tillotson.

9. Being alone; belonging to, or being, that of which there is but one; unique.

> These busts of the emperors and empresses are all very scarce, and some of them almost singular in their kind.

Addison.

Singular point in a curve (Math.), a point at which the curve possesses some peculiar properties not possessed by other points of the curve, as a cusp point, or a multiple point. -- Singular proposition (Logic), a proposition having as its subject a singular term, or a common term limited to an individual by means of a singular sign. Whately. -- Singular succession (Civil Law), division among individual successors, as distinguished from universal succession, by which an estate descended in intestacy to the heirs in mass. -- Singular term (Logic), a term which represents or stands for a single individual.

Syn. -- Unexampled; unprecedented; eminent; extraordinary; remarkable; uncommon; rare; unusual; peculiar; strange; odd; eccentric; fantastic.

Sin"gu*lar, n. 1. An individual instance; a particular. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

2. (Gram) The singular number, or the number denoting one person or thing; a word in the singular number.

Sin"gu*lar*ist (s"g*lr*st), n. One who affects singularity. [Obs.]

> A clownish singularist, or nonconformist to ordinary usage.

Borrow.

Sin`gu*lar"i*ty (-lr"*t), n.; pl. Singularities (- tz). [L. singularitas: cf. F. singularité.] 1. The quality or state of being singular; some character or quality of a thing by which it is distinguished from all, or from most, others; peculiarity.

> Pliny addeth this singularity to that soil, that the second year the very falling down of the seeds yieldeth corn.

Sir. W. Raleigh.

> I took notice of this little figure for the singularity of the instrument.

Addison.

2. Anything singular, rare, or curious.

> Your gallery
> Have we passed through, not without much content
> In many singularities.

Shak.

3. Possession of a particular or exclusive privilege, prerogative, or distinction.

> No bishop of Rome ever took upon him this name of singularity [universal bishop].

Hooker.

> Catholicism . . . must be understood in opposition to the legal singularity of the Jewish nation.

Bp. Pearson.

4. Celibacy. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

Sin"gu*lar*ize (s"g*lr*z), v. t. To make singular or single; to distinguish. [R.]

Sin"gu*lar*ly, adv. 1. In a singular manner; in a manner, or to a degree, not common to others; extraordinarily; as, to be singularly exact in one's statements; singularly considerate of others. "Singularly handsome." Milman.

2. Strangely; oddly; as, to behave singularly.

3. So as to express one, or the singular number.

Sin"gult (?), n.[L. singultus.] A sigh or sobbing; also, a hiccough. [Obs.] Spenser. W. Browne.

Sin*gul"tous (?), a. (Med.) Relating to, or affected with, hiccough. Dunglison.

||Sin*gul"tus (?), n. [L.] (Med.) Hiccough.

Sin"i*cal (?), a. [From Sine.] (Trig.) Of or pertaining to a sine; employing, or founded upon, sines; as, a sinical quadrant.

Sin"i*grin (?), n. [From NL. Sinapis nigra.] (Chem.) A glucoside found in the seeds of black mustard (Brassica nigra, formerly Sinapis nigra) It resembles sinalbin, and consists of a potassium salt of myronic acid.

Sin"is*ter (sn"s*tr; 277), a. [Accented on the middle syllable by the older poets, as Shakespeare, Milton, Dryden.] [L. sinister: cf. F. sinistre.] 1. On the left hand, or the side of the left hand; left; -- opposed to dexter, or right. "Here on his sinister cheek." Shak.

> My mother's blood
> Runs on the dexter cheek, and this sinister
> Bounds in my father's

Shak.

In heraldy the sinister side of an escutcheon is the side which would be on the left of the bearer of the shield, and opposite the right hand of the beholder.

2. Unlucky; inauspicious; disastrous; injurious; evil; -- the left being usually regarded as the unlucky side; as, sinister influences.

> All the several ills that visit earth,
> Brought forth by night, with a sinister birth.

B. Jonson.

3. Wrong, as springing from indirection or obliquity; perverse; dishonest; corrupt; as, sinister aims.

> Nimble and sinister tricks and shifts.

Bacon.

> He scorns to undermine another's interest by any sinister or inferior arts.

South.

> He read in their looks . . . sinister intentions directed particularly toward himself.

Sir W. Scott.

4. Indicative of lurking evil or harm; boding covert danger; as, a sinister countenance.

Bar sinister. (Her.) See under Bar, n. -- Sinister aspect (Astrol.), an appearance of two planets happening according to the succession of the signs, as Saturn in Aries, and Mars in the same degree of Gemini. -- Sinister base, Sinister chief. See under Escutcheon.

Sin"is*ter-hand"ed (?), a. Left- handed; hence, unlucky. [Obs.] Lovelace.

Sin"is*ter*ly, adv. In a sinister manner. Wood.

Sin"is*trad (?), adv. [L. sinistra the left hand + ad to.] (Anat. & Zoöl.) Toward the left side; sinistrally.

Sin"is*tral (?), a. 1. Of or pertaining to the left, inclining to the left; sinistrous; -- opposed to dextral.

2. (Zoöl.) Having the whorls of the spire revolving or rising to the left; reversed; -- said of certain spiral shells.

Sin`is*tral"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being sinistral.

Sin"is*tral*ly (?), adv. Toward the left; in a sinistral manner. J. Le Conte.

Sin"is*trin (sn"s*trn), n. [L. sinister left.] (Chem.) A mucilaginous carbohydrate, resembling achroödextrin, extracted from squill as a colorless amorphous substance; -- so called because it is levorotatory.

Sin`is*tror"sal (?), a. [L. sinistrorsus, sinistroversus, turned toward the left side; sinister left + vertere, vortere, versum, vorsum, to turn.] Rising spirally from right to left (of the spectator); sinistrorse.

Sin"is*trorse` (?), a. [See Sinistrolsal.] Turning to the left (of the spectator) in the ascending line; -- the opposite of dextrorse. See Dextrorse.

Sin"is*trous (?), a. [See Sinister.] 1. Being on the left side; inclined to the left; sinistral. "Sinistrous gravity." Sir T. Browne.

<! p. 1345 !>

2. Wrong; absurd; perverse.

> A knave or fool can do no harm, even by the most sinistrous and absurd choice.

Bentley.

Sin"is*trous*ly (sn"s*trs*l), adv. 1. In a sinistrous manner; perversely; wrongly; unluckily.

2. With a tendency to use the left hand.

> Many, in their infancy, are sinistrously disposed, and divers continue all their life left-handed.

Sir T. Browne.

Sink (sk), v. i. [imp. Sunk (sk), or (Sank (sk)); p. p. Sunk (obs. Sunken, -- now used as adj.); p. pr. & vb. n. Sinking.] [OE. sinken, AS. sincan; akin to D. zinken, OS. sincan, G. sinken, Icel. sökkva, Dan. synke, Sw. sjunka, Goth. siggan, and probably to E. silt. Cf. Silt.] 1. To fall by, or as by, the force of gravity; to descend lower and lower; to decline gradually; to subside; as, a stone sinks in water; waves rise and sink; the sun sinks in the west.

> I sink in deep mire.

Ps. lxix. 2.

2. To enter deeply; to fall or retire beneath or below the surface; to penetrate.

> The stone sunk into his forehead.

1 San. xvii. 49.

3. Hence, to enter so as to make an abiding impression; to enter completely.

> Let these sayings sink down into your ears.

Luke ix. 44.

4. To be overwhelmed or depressed; to fall slowly, as so the ground, from weakness or from an overburden; to fail in strength; to decline; to decay; to decrease.

> I think our country sinks beneath the yoke.

Shak.

> He sunk down in his chariot.

2 Kings ix. 24.

> Let not the fire sink or slacken.

Mortimer.

5. To decrease in volume, as a river; to subside; to become diminished in volume or in apparent height.

> The Alps and Pyreneans sink before him.

Addison.

Syn. -- To fall; subside; drop; droop; lower; decline; decay; decrease; lessen.

Sink, v. t. 1. To cause to sink; to put under water; to immerse or submerge in a fluid; as, to sink a ship.

> [The Athenians] fell upon the wings and sank a single ship.

Jowett (Thucyd.).

2. Figuratively: To cause to decline; to depress; to degrade; hence, to ruin irretrievably; to destroy, as by drowping; as, to sink one's reputation.

> I raise of sink, imprison or set free.

Prior.

> If I have a conscience, let it sink me.

Shak.

> Thy cruel and unnatural lust of power
> Has sunk thy father more than all his years.

Rowe.

3. To make (a depression) by digging, delving, or cutting, etc.; as, to sink a pit or a well; to sink a die.

4. To bring low; to reduce in quantity; to waste.

> You sunk the river repeated draughts.

Addison.

5. To conseal and appropriate. [Slang]

> If sent with ready money to buy anything, and you happen to be out of pocket, sink the money, and take up the goods on account.

Swift.

6. To keep out of sight; to suppress; to ignore.

> A courtly willingness to sink obnoxious truths.

Robertson.

7. To reduce or extinguish by payment; as, to sink the national debt.

Sink, n. 1. A drain to carry off filthy water; a jakes.

2. A shallow box or vessel of wood, stone, iron, or other material, connected with a drain, and used for receiving filthy water, etc., as in a kitchen.

3. A hole or low place in land or rock, where waters sink and are lost; -- called also sink hole. [U. S.]

Sink hole. (a) The opening to a sink drain. (b) A cesspool. (c) Same as Sink, n., 3.

Sink"er (?), n. One who, or that which, sinks. Specifically: (a) A weight on something, as on a fish line, to sink it. (b) In knitting machines, one of the thin plates, blades, or other devices, that depress the loops upon or between the needles.

Dividing sinker, in knitting machines, a sinker between two jack sinkers and acting alternately with them. -- Jack sinker. See under Jack, n. -- Sinker bar. (a) In knitting machines, a bar to which one set of the sinkers is attached. (b) In deep well boring, a heavy bar forming a connection between the lifting rope and the boring tools, above the jars.

Sink"ing, a. & n. from Sink.

Sinking fund. See under Fund. -- Sinking head (Founding), a riser from which the mold is fed as the casting shrinks. See Riser, n., 4. -- Sinking pump, a pump which can be lowered in a well or a mine shaft as the level of the water sinks.

Sin"less (?), a. Free from sin. Piers Plowman.

-- Sin"less*ly, adv. -- Sin"less*ness, n.

Sin"ner (?), n. One who has sinned; especially, one who has sinned without repenting; hence, a persistent and incorrigible transgressor; one condemned by the law of God.

Sin"ner, v. i. To act as a sinner. [Humorous]

> Whether the charmer sinner it or saint it.

Pope.

Sin"ner*ess, n. A woman who sins. [Obs.]

Sin"net (?), n. See Sennit .

Sin`o*log"ic*al (?), a. [See Sinologue.] Relating to the Chinese language or literature.

Si*nol"o*gist (?), n. A sinologue.

Sin"o*logue (?), n. [From L. Sinae, an Oriental people mentioned by Ptolemy, or Ar. Sin China or the Chinese + Gr. &?;&?;&?; discourse; formed like theologue: cf. F. sinologue.] A student of Chinese; one versed in the Chinese language, literature, and history.

Si*nol"o*gy (?), n. [Cf. F. sinologie.] That branch of systemized knowledge which treats of the Chinese, their language, literature, etc.

Sin"o*per (?), n. (Min.) Sinople.

{ Si*no"pi*a (?), Si*no"pis (?), } n. A red pigment made from sinopite.

Sin"o*pite (?), n. [F., fr. L. sinopis (sc. terra), a red earth or ocher found in Sinope, a town in Paphlagoma, on the Black Sea, Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;.] (Min.) A brickred ferruginous clay used by the ancients for red paint.

Sin"o*ple (?), n. (Min.) Ferruginous quartz, of a blood-red or brownish red color, sometimes with a tinge of yellow.

Sin"o*ple, n. [F., fr. LL. sinopis. See Sinople a mineral.] (Her.) The tincture vert; green.

Sinque (?), n. See Cinque. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Sins"ring (?), n. (Zoöl.) Same as Banxring.

Sin"ter (?), n. [G. Cf. Cinder.] (Min.) Dross, as of iron; the scale which files from iron when hammered; -- applied as a name to various minerals.

Calcareous sinter, a loose banded variety of calcite formed by deposition from lime-bearing waters; calcareous tufa; travertine. -- Ceraunian sinter, fulgurite. -- Siliceous sinter, a light cellular or fibrous opal; especially, geyserite (see Geyserite). It has often a pearly luster, and is then called pearl sinter.

{ Sin"to (?), or Sin"tu (?), Sin"to*ism (?), Sin"to*ist }. See Shinto, etc.

||Sin"toc (?), n. A kind of spice used in the East Indies, consisting of the bark of a species of Cinnamomum. [Written also sindoc.]

Sin"u*ate (?), a. [L. sinuatus, p. p. of sinuare to wind, bend, fr. sinus a bend.] Having the margin alternately curved inward and outward; having rounded lobes separated by rounded sinuses; sinuous; wavy.

Sin"u*ate (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sinuated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sinuating.] To bend or curve in and out; to wind; to turn; to be sinuous. Woodward.

Sin"u*a`ted (&?;), a. Same as Sinuate.

Sin`u*a"tion (?), n. [L. sinuatio.] A winding or bending in and out.

Sin"u*ose` (?), a. Sinuous. Loudon.

Sin`u*os"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Sinuosities (#). [Cf. F. sinuosité.] 1. Quality or state of being sinuous.

2. A bend, or a series of bends and turns; a winding, or a series of windings; a wave line; a curve.

> A line of coast certainly amounting, with its sinuosities, to more than 700 miles.

Sydney Smith.

Sin"u*ous (?), a. [L. sinuosus, fr. sinus a bent surface, a curve: cf. F. sinueux. See Sinus.] Bending in and out; of a serpentine or undulating form; winding; crooked. -- Sin"u*ous*ly, adv.

> Streaking the ground with sinuous trace.

Milton.

> Gardens bright with sinuous rills.

Coleridge.

Si`nu*pal"li*ate (?), a. (Zoöl.) Having a pallial sinus. See under Sinus.

Si"nus (?), n.; pl. L. Sinus, E. Sinuses (#). [L., a bent surface, a curve, the folds or bosom of a garment, etc., a bay. Cf. Sine, n.] 1. An opening; a hollow; a bending.

2. A bay of the sea; a recess in the shore.

3. (Anat. & Zoöl.) A cavity; a depression. Specifically: (a) A cavity in a bone or other part, either closed or with a narrow opening. (b) A dilated vessel or canal.

4. (Med.) A narrow, elongated cavity, in which pus is collected; an elongated abscess with only a small orifice.

5. (Bot.) A depression between adjoining lobes.

A sinus may be rounded, as in the leaf of the white oak, or acute, as in that of the red maple.

Pallial sinus. (Zoöl.) See under Pallial. -- Sinus venosus (?). [L., venous dilatation.] (Anat.) (a) The main part of the cavity of the right auricle of the heart in the higher vertebrates. (b) In the lower vertebrates, a distinct chamber of the heart formed by the union of the large systematic veins and opening into the auricle.

Si"nus*oid (?), n. [Sinus + - oid.] (Geom.) The curve whose ordinates are proportional to the sines of the abscissas, the equation of the curve being y = a sin x. It is also called the curve of sines.

Si`nus*oid"al (?), a. (Geom.) Of or pertaining to a sinusoid; like a sinusoid.

Sio"goon (?), n. See Shogun.

Sio*goon"ate (?), n. See Shogunate.

Sioux (?), n. sing. & pl. (Ethnol.) See Dakotas.

Sip (sp), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sipped (spt); p. pr. & vb. n. Sipping.] [OE. sippen; akin to OD. sippen, and AS. span to sip, suck up, drink. See Sup, v. t.] 1. To drink or imbibe in small quantities; especially, to take in with the lips in small quantities, as a liquid; as, to sip tea. "Every herb that sips the dew." Milton.

2. To draw into the mouth; to suck up; as, a bee sips nectar from the flowers.

3. To taste the liquor of; to drink out of. [Poetic]

> They skim the floods, and sip the purple flowers.

Dryden.

Sip, v. i. To drink a small quantity; to take a fluid with the lips; to take a sip or sips of something.

> [She] raised it to her mouth with sober grace;
> Then, sipping, offered to the next in place.

Dryden.

Sip, n. 1. The act of sipping; the taking of a liquid with the lips.

2. A small draught taken with the lips; a slight taste.

> One sip of this
> Will bathe the drooping spirits in delight
> Beyond the bliss of dreams.

Milton.

> A sip is all that the public ever care to take from reservoirs of abstract philosophy.

De Quincey.

Sip"age (?), n. See Seepage. [Scot. & U.S.]

Sipe (sp), v. i. See Seep. [Scot. & U.S.]

Siph"i*lis (?), n. (Med.) Syphilis.

Si"phoid (?), n. [L. sipho a siphon + -oid: cf. F. vase siphoïde.] A siphon bottle. See under Siphon, n.

Si"phon (?), n. [F. siphon, L. sipho, -onis, fr. Gr. &?;&?;&?; a siphon, tube, pipe.] 1. A device, consisting of a pipe or tube bent so as to form two branches or legs of unequal length, by which a liquid can be transferred to a lower level, as from one vessel to another, over an intermediate elevation, by the action of the pressure of the atmosphere in forcing the liquid up the shorter branch of the pipe immersed in it, while the continued excess of weight of the liquid in the longer branch (when once filled) causes a continuous flow. The flow takes place only when the discharging extremity of the pipe ia lower than the higher liquid surface, and when no part of the pipe is higher above the surface than the same liquid will rise by atmospheric pressure; that is, about 33 feet for water, and 30 inches for mercury, near the sea level.

2. (Zoöl.) (a) One of the tubes or folds of the mantle border of a bivalve or gastropod mollusk by which water is conducted into the gill cavity. See Illust. under Mya, and Lamellibranchiata. (b) The anterior prolongation of the margin of any gastropod shell for the protection of the soft siphon. (c) The tubular organ through which water is ejected from the gill cavity of a cephaloid. It serves as a locomotive organ, by guiding and confining the jet of water. Called also siphuncle. See Illust. under Loligo, and Dibranchiata. (d) The siphuncle of a cephalopod shell. (e) The sucking proboscis of certain parasitic insects and crustaceans. (f) A sproutlike prolongation in front of the mouth of many gephyreans. (g) A tubular organ connected both with the esophagus and the intestine of certain sea urchins and annelids.

3. A siphon bottle.

Inverted siphon, a tube bent like a siphon, but having the branches turned upward; specifically (Hydraulic Engineering), a pipe for conducting water beneath a depressed place, as from one hill to another across an intervening valley, following the depression of the ground. -- Siphon barometer. See under Barometer. -- Siphon bottle, a bottle for holding aërated water, which is driven out through a bent tube in the neck by the gas within the bottle when a valve in the tube is opened; -- called also gazogene, and siphoid. -- Siphon condenser, a condenser for a steam engine, in which the vacuum is maintained by the downward flow of water through a vertical pipe of great height. -- Siphon cup, a cup with a siphon attached for carrying off any liquid in it; specifically (Mach.), an oil cup in which oil is carried over the edge of a tube in a cotton wick, and so reaches the surface to be lubricated. -- Siphon gauge. See under Gauge. -- Siphon pump, a jet pump. See under Jet, n.

Si"phon (?), v. t. (Chem.) To convey, or draw off, by means of a siphon, as a liquid from one vessel to another at a lower level.

Si"phon*age (?), n. The action of a siphon.

Si"phon*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to a siphon; resembling a siphon.

Siphonal stomach (Zoöl.), a stomach which is tubular and bent back upon itself, like a siphon, as in the salmon.

Si`pho*na"rid (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of limpet-shaped pulmonate gastropods of the genus Siphonaria. They cling to rocks between high and low water marks and have both lunglike organs and gills. -- Si`pho*na"rid, a.

||Si`pho*na"ta (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A tribe of bivalve mollusks in which the posterior mantle border is prolonged into two tubes or siphons. Called also Siphoniata. See Siphon, 2 (a), and Quahaug.

Si"phon*ate (?), a. 1. Having a siphon or siphons.

2. (Zoöl.) Belonging to the Siphonata.

Si"phon*et (?), n. (Zoöl.) One of the two dorsal tubular organs on the hinder part of the abdomen of aphids. They give exit to the honeydew. See Illust. under Aphis.

||Si*pho"ni*a (?), n. [NL.] (Bot.) A former name for a euphorbiaceous genus (Hevea) of South American trees, the principal source of caoutchouc.

||Si*pho`ni*a"ta (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) Same as Siphonata.

Si*phon"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to a siphon.

Si*phon"i*fer (?), n. [NL., fr. L. sipho, -onis, siphon + ferre to bear.] (Zoöl.) Any cephalopod having a siphonate shell.

Si"phon*if"er*ous (?), a. [Siphon + -ferous.] (Zoöl.) Siphon-bearing, as the shell of the nautilus and other cephalopods.

||Si*pho"ni*um (?), n.; pl. Siphonia (#). [NL., from Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;, dim. of &?;&?;&?;&?;. See Siphon.] (Anat.) A bony tube which, in some birds, connects the tympanium with the air chambers of the articular piece of the mandible.

||Si`pho*no*bran`chi*a"ta (?), n. pl. [NL. See Siphon, and Branchia.] (Zoöl.) A tribe of gastropods having the mantle border, on one or both sides, prolonged in the form of a spout through which water enters the gill cavity. The shell itself is not always siphonostomatous in this group.

<! p. 1346 !>

Si`pho*no*bran"chi*ate (?), a. (Zoöl.) Having a siphon, or siphons, to convey water to the gills; belonging or pertaining to the Siphonobranchiata. -- n. One of the Siphonobranchiata.

Si`pho*nog"ly*phe (?), n. [Siphon + Gr. &?;&?;&?; to engrave.] (Zoöl.) A gonidium.

||Si`pho*noph"o*ra (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;&?;&?; a siphon + &?;&?;&?;&?; to bear.] (Zoöl.) An order of pelagic Hydrozoa including species which form complex free-swimming communities composed of numerous zooids of various kinds, some of which act as floats or as swimming organs, others as feeding or nutritive zooids, and others as reproductive zooids. See Illust. under Physallia, and Porpita.

Si`pho*noph"o*ran (?), a. (Zoöl.) Belonging to the Siphonophora. -- n. One of the Siphonophora.

Si*phon"o*phore (?), n. (Zoöl.) One of the Siphonophora.

||Si`pho*nop"o*da (?), n. pl. [NL. See Siphon, and -poda.] (Zoöl.) A division of Scaphopoda including those in which the foot terminates in a circular disk.

||Si`pho*no*stom"a*ta (?), n. pl. [NL. See Siphon, and Stoma.] (Zoöl.) (a) A tribe of parasitic copepod Crustacea including a large number of species that are parasites of fishes, as the lerneans. They have a mouth adapted to suck blood. (b) An artificial division of gastropods including those that have siphonostomatous shells.

Si`pho*no*stom"a*tous (?), a. (Zoöl.) (a) Having the front edge of the aperture of the shell prolonged in the shape of a channel for the protection of the siphon; -- said of certain gastropods. (b) Pertaining to the Siphonostomata.

Si`pho*nos"tome (?), n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?; a siphon + &?;&?;&?; mouth.] (Zoöl.) (a) Any parasitic entomostracan of the tribe Siphonostomata. (b) A siphonostomatous shell.

Si`pho*rhi"nal (?), a. [Siphon + rhinal.] (Zoöl.) Having tubular nostrils, as the petrels.

Si`pho*rhin"i*an (?), n. (Zoöl.) A siphorhinal bird.

Si"phun`cle (?), n. [L. siphunculus, sipunculus, dim. of sipho. See Siphon.] (Zoöl.) The tube which runs through the partitions of chambered cephalopod shells.

Si"phun`cled (?), a. (Zoöl.) Having a siphuncle; siphunculated.

Si*phun"cu*lar (?), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the siphuncle.

Si*phun"cu*la`ted (?), a. (Zoöl.) Having a siphuncle. Huxley.

Sip"id (?), a. [See Insipid, Sapid.] Having a taste or flavorl savory; sapid. [Obs.] Cockeram.

Sip"per (?), n. One whi sips.

Sip"pet (?), n. [See Sip, Sop.] A small sop; a small, thin piece of toasted bread soaked in milk, broth, or the like; a small piece of toasted or fried bread cut into some special shape and used for garnishing.

> Your sweet sippets in widows' houses.

Milton.

Sip"ple (?), v. i. [Freq. of sip.] To sip often. [Obs. or Scot.]

Sip"pling (?), a. Sipping often. [Obs.] "Taken after a sippling sort." Holland.

||Si*pun`cu*la"ce*a (?), n. pl. [NL., from Sipunculus, the typical genus. See Siphuncle.] (Zoöl.) A suborder of Gephyrea, including those which have the body unarmed and the intestine opening anteriorly.

Si*pun"cu*loid (?), a. [NL. Sipunculus, the typical genus + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the Sipunculoidea. -- n. One of the Sipunculoidea.

||Si*pun`cu*loi"de*a (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) (a) Same as Gephyrea. (b) In a restricted sense, same as Sipunculacea.

||Si` quis" (?). [L., if any one (the first words of the notice in Latin).] (Ch. of Eng.) A notification by a candidate for orders of his intention to inquire whether any impediment may be alleged against him.

Sir (?), n. [OE. sire, F. sire, contr. from the nominative L. senior an elder, elderly person, compar. of senex,senis, an aged person; akin to Gr. &?;&?;&?; old, Skr. sana, Goth. sineigs old, sinista eldest, Ir. & Gael. sean old, W. hen. Cf. Seignior, Senate, Seneschal, Senior, Senor, Signor, Sire, Sirrah.] 1. A man of social authority and dignity; a lord; a master; a gentleman; -- in this sense usually spelled sire. [Obs.]

> He was crowned lord and sire.

Gower.

> In the election of a sir so rare.

Shak.

2. A title prefixed to the Christian name of a knight or a baronet.

> Sir Horace Vere, his brother, was the principal in the active part.

Bacon.

3. An English rendering of the LAtin Dominus, the academical title of a bachelor of arts; -- formerly colloquially, and sometimes contemptuously, applied to the clergy. Nares.

> Instead of a faithful and painful teacher, they hire a Sir John, which hath better skill in playing at tables, or in keeping of a garden, than in God's word.

Latimer.

4. A respectful title, used in addressing a man, without being prefixed to his name; -- used especially in speaking to elders or superiors; sometimes, also, used in the way of emphatic formality. "What's that to you, sir?" Sheridan.

Anciently, this title, was often used when a person was addressed as a man holding a certain office, or following a certain business. "Sir man of law." "Sir parish priest." Chaucer.

Sir reverance. See under Reverence, n.

Si*ras"kier (?), n. See Seraskier.

Si*ras"kier*ate (?), n. See Seraskierate.

Sir*bo"ni*an (?), a. See Serbonian.

Sir*car" (?), n. [Hind. & Per. sarkr a superintendant, overseer, chief; Per. sar the head + kr action, work.] 1. A Hindoo clerk or accountant. [India]

2. A district or province; a circar. [India]

3. The government; the supreme authority of the state. [India]

Sir*dar" (?), n. [Hind. & Per. sardr a chief, general; sar the head, top + dr holding, possessing.] A native chief in Hindostan; a headman. Malcom.

Sire (?), n. [F. sire, originally, an older person. See Sir.] 1. A lord, master, or other person in authority. See Sir. [Obs.]

> Pain and distress, sickness and ire,
> And melancholy that angry sire,
> Be of her palace senators.

Rom. of R.

2. A tittle of respect formerly used in speaking to elders and superiors, but now only in addressing a sovereign.

3. A father; the head of a family; the husband.

> Jankin thet was our sire [i.e., husband].

Chaucer.

> And raise his issue, like a loving sire.

Shak.

4. A creator; a maker; an author; an originator.

> [He] was the sire of an immortal strain.

Shelley.

5. The male parent of a beast; -- applied especially to horses; as, the horse had a good sire.

Sire is often used in composition; as in grandsire, grandfather; great-grandsire, great- grandfather.

Sire, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sired (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Siring.] To beget; to procreate; -- used of beasts, and especially of stallions.

Si*re"don (?), n. [NL., from Gr. &?;&?;&?; a siren.] (Zoöl.) The larval form of any salamander while it still has external gills; especially, one of those which, like the axolotl (Amblystoma Mexicanum), sometimes lay eggs while in this larval state, but which under more favorable conditions lose their gills and become normal salamanders. See also Axolotl.

Si"ren (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;&?;&?;: cf. F. sirène.] 1. (Class. Myth.) One of three sea nymphs, -- or, according to some writers, of two, -- said to frequent an island near the coast of Italy, and to sing with such sweetness that they lured mariners to destruction.

> Next where the sirens dwell you plow the seas;
> Their song is death, and makes destruction please.

Pope.

2. An enticing, dangerous woman. Shak.

3. Something which is insidious or deceptive.

> Consumption is a siren.

W. Irving.

4. A mermaid. [Obs.] Shak.

5. (Zoöl.) Any long, slender amphibian of the genus Siren or family Sirenidæ, destitute of hind legs and pelvis, and having permanent external gills as well as lungs. They inhabit the swamps, lagoons, and ditches of the Southern United States. The more common species (Siren lacertina) is dull lead-gray in color, and becames two feet long.

6. [F. sirène, properly, a siren in sense 1.] (Acoustics) An instrument for producing musical tones and for ascertaining the number of sound waves or vibrations per second which produce a note of a given pitch. The sounds are produced by a perforated rotating disk or disks. A form with two disks operated by steam or highly compressed air is used sounding an alarm to vessels in fog. [Written also sirene, and syren.]

Si"ren, a. Of or pertaining to a siren; bewitching, like a siren; fascinating; alluring; as, a siren song.

Si*rene" (?), n. See Siren, 6.

Si*re"ni*a (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) An order of large aquatic herbivorous mammals, including the manatee, dugong, rytina, and several fossil genera.

The hind limbs are either rudimentary or wanting, and the front ones are changed to paddles. They have horny plates on the front part of the jaws, and usually flat-crowned molar teeth. The stomach is complex and the intestine long, as in other herbivorous mammals. See Cetacea (b).

Si*re"ni*an (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any species of Sirenia.

Si*ren"ic*al (?), a. Like, or appropriate to, a siren; fascinating; deceptive.

> Here's couple of sirenical rascals shall enchant ye.

Marton.

Si"ren*ize (?), v. i. To use the enticements of a siren; to act as a siren; to fascinate.

||Si*ri"a*sis (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;&?;&?;, fr. &?;&?;&?; the Dog Star, properly, scorching.] (Med.) (a) A sunstroke. (b) The act of exposing to a sun bath. [Obs.] Cf. Insolation.

Sir"i*us (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;&?;&?;, properly, scorching.] (Astron.) The Dog Star. See Dog Star.

Sir"keer (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of Asiatic cuckoos of the genus Taccocua, as the Bengal sirkeer (T. sirkee).

Sir"loin` (?), n. [A corruption of surloin. Not so called because this cut of beef was once jocosely knighted (dubbed Sir Loin) by an English king, as according to a popular story.] A loin of beef, or a part of a loin. [Written also surloin.]

Sir"name` (?), n. See Surname.

Si"roc (?), n. See Sirocco. [Poetic] Emerson.

Si*roc"co (?), n.; pl. Siroccos (?). [It. sirocco, scirocco, Ar. shorug, fr. sharq the rising of the sun, the east, fr, sharaca to rise as the sun. Cf. Saracen.] An oppressive, relaxing wind from the Libyan deserts, chiefly experienced in Italy, Malta, and Sicily.

Sir"rah (?), n. [Probably from Icel. sra, fr. F. sire. See Sir.] A term of address implying inferiority and used in anger, contempt, reproach, or disrespectful familiarity, addressed to a man or boy, but sometimes to a woman. In sililoquies often preceded by ah. Not used in the plural. "Ah, sirrah mistress." Beau. & Fl.

> Go, sirrah, to my cell.

Shak.

Sirt (?), n. [See Syrt.] A quicksand. [Obs.]

{ Sir"up (?) Syr"up }, n. [F. sirop (cf. It. siroppo, Sp. jarabe, jarope, LL. siruppus, syrupus), fr. Ar. sharb a drink, wine, coffee, sirup. Cf. Sherbet.] 1. A thick and viscid liquid made from the juice of fruits, herbs, etc., boiled with sugar.

2. A thick and viscid saccharine solution of superior quality (as sugarhouse sirup or molasses, maple sirup); specifically, in pharmacy and often in cookery, a saturated solution of sugar and water (simple sirup), or such a solution flavored or medicated.

> Lucent sirups tinct with cinnamon.

Keats.

Mixing sirup. See the Note under Dextrose.

{ Sir"uped (?), Syr"uped }, a. Moistened, covered, or sweetened with sirup, or sweet juice.

{ Sir"up*y (?), Syr"up*y }, a. Like sirup, or partaking of its qualities. Mortimer.

||Sir`vente" (?), n. [F. sirvente, fr. Pr. sirventes, sirventesc, originally, the poem of, or concerning, a sirvent, fr. sirvent, properly, serving, n., one who serves (e. g., as a soldier), fr. servir to serve, L. servire.] A peculiar species of poetry, for the most part devoted to moral and religious topics, and commonly satirical, -- often used by the troubadours of the Middle Ages.

Sis (?), n. A colloquial abbreviation of Sister.

Sis (?), n. Six. See Sise. [Obs.] Chaucer.

{ Si*sal" grass` (?), Si*sal" hemp` (?),} The prepared fiber of the Agave Americana, or American aloe, used for cordage; -- so called from Sisal, a port in Yucatan. See Sisal hemp, under Hemp.

Sis"co*wet (?), n. [OF American Indian origin.] (Zoöl.) A large, fat variety of the namaycush found in Lake Superior; -- called also siskawet, siskiwit.

Sise (?), n. [From Assize.] An assize. [Obs.]

Sise (?), n. [See Sice.] Six; the highest number on a die; the cast of six in throwing dice.

> In the new casting of a die, when ace is on the top, sise must needs be at the bottom.

Fuller.

Sis"el (?), n. [Cf. G. ziesel. Cf. Zizel.] (Zoöl.) The suslik.

Si"ser (?), n. Cider. See Sicer. [Obs.] Chaucer.

{ Sis"e*ra*ra (?), Sis"e*ra*ry (?), } n. A hard blow. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Sis"kin (?), n. [Dan. sisgen; cf. Sw. siska, G. zeisig, D. sijsje; of Slav. origin; cf. Pol. czy&?;.] (Zoöl.) (a) A small green and yellow European finch (Spinus spinus, or Carduelis spinus); -- called also aberdevine. (b) The American pinefinch (S. pinus); -- called also pine siskin. See Pinefinch.

The name is applied also to several other related species found in Asia and South America.

Siskin green, a delicate shade of yellowish green, as in the mineral torbernite.

Sis"ki*wit (?), n. (Zoöl.) The siscowet.

Sis"mo*graph (?), n. See Seismograph.

Sis*mom"e*ter (?), n. See Seismometer.

Siss (?), v. i. [Of imitative origin; cf. D. sissen, G. zischen.] To make a hissing sound; as, a flatiron hot enough to siss when touched with a wet finger. [Colloq. U. S.; Local, Eng.]

Siss, n. A hissing noise. [Colloq. U. S.]

Sis*soo" (?), n. [Hind. ss&?;.] (Bot.) A leguminous tree (Dalbergia Sissoo) of the northern parts of India; also, the dark brown compact and durable timber obtained from it. It is used in shipbuilding and for gun carriages, railway ties, etc.

Sist (?), v. t. [L. sistere to bring to a stand, to stop.] 1. (Scots Law) To stay, as judicial proceedings; to delay or suspend; to stop.

2. To cause to take a place, as at the bar of a court; hence, to cite; to summon; to bring into court. [Scot.]

> Some, however, have preposterously sisted nature as the first or generative principle.

Sir W. Hamilton.

<! p. 1347 !>

Sist (?), n. (Scots Law) A stay or suspension of proceedings; an order for a stay of proceedings. Burril.

Sis"ter (?), n. [OE. sister, fr. Icel. systir; also suster, from AS. sweostor, sweoster, swuster, akin to OFries. sweester, suster, LG. süster, suster, D. zuster, OS. & OHG. swestar, G. schwester, Icel. systir, Sw. syster, Dan. söster, Goth. swistar, Lith. ses&?;, Russ. sestra, Pol. siostra, L. soror, Skr. svasr. √298. Cf. Cousin.] 1. A female who has the same parents with another person, or who has one of them only. In the latter case, she is more definitely called a half sister. The correlative of brother.

> I am the sister of one Claudio.

Shak.

2. A woman who is closely allied to, or assocciated with, another person, as in the sdame faith, society, order, or community. James ii. 15.

3. One of the same kind, or of the same condition; -- generally used adjectively; as, sister fruits. Pope.

Sister Block (Naut.), a tackle block having two sheaves, one above the other. -- Sister hooks, a pair of hooks fitted together, the shank of one forming a mousing for the other; -- called also match hook. -- Sister of charity, Sister of mercy. (R. C. Ch.) See under Charity, and Mercy.

Sis"ter, v. t. To be sister to; to resemble closely. [Obs.] Shak.

Sis"ter*hood (?), n. [Sister + hood.] 1. The state or relation of being a sister; the office or duty of a sister.

> She . . . abhorr'd
> Her proper blood, and left to do the part
> Of sisterhood, to do that of a wife.

Daniel.

2. A society of sisters; a society of women united in one faith or order; sisters, collectively. "A sisterhood of holy nuns." Shak.

> The fair young flowers . . . a beauteous sisterhood.

Bryant.

Sis"ter*ing, a. Contiguous. [Obs.] Shak.

Sis"ter-in-law` (?), n.; pl. Sisters-in-law (&?;). The sister of one's husband or wife; also, the wife of one's brother; sometimes, the wife of one's husband's or wife's brother.

Sis"ter*ly, a. Like a sister; becoming a sister, affectionate; as, sisterly kindness; sisterly remorse. Shak.

Sis"tine (?), a.[It. sistino.] Of or pertaining to Pope Sixtus.

Sistine chapel, a chapel in the Vatican at Rome, built by Pope Sixtus IV., and decorated with frescoes by Michael Angelo and others.

Sis"tren (?), n. pl. Sisters. [Obs.] Chaucer.

||Sis"trum (?), [L., fr. Gr. &?;&?;&?;, from &?;&?;&?; to shake.] (Mus.) An instrument consisting of a thin metal frame, through which passed a number of metal rods, and furnished with a handle by which it was shaken and made to rattle. It was peculiarly Egyptian, and used especially in the worship of Isis. It is still used in Nubia.

Sis`y*phe"an (?), a. Relating to Sisyphus; incessantly recurring; as, Sisyphean labors.

Sis"y*phus (?), n. [L. Sisyphus, Sisyphus, fr. Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;.] (Class. Myth.) A king of Corinth, son of Æolus, famed for his cunning. He was killed by Theseus, and in the lower world was condemned by Pluto to roll to the top of a hill a huge stone, which constantly rolled back again, making his task incessant.

Sit (?), obs. 3d pers. sing. pres. of Sit, for sitteth.

Sit, v. i. [imp. Sat (?) (Sate (?), archaic); p. p. Sat (Sitten (?), obs.); p. pr. & vb. n. Sitting.] [OE. sitten, AS. sittan; akin to OS. sittian, OFries. sitta, D. zitten, G. sitzen, OHG. sizzen, Icel. sitja, SW. sitta, Dan. sidde, Goth. sitan, Russ. sidiete, L. sedere, Gr. &?;&?;&?;, Skr. sad. √154. Cf. Assess,Assize, Cathedral, Chair, Dissident, Excise, Insidious, Possess, Reside, Sanhedrim, Seance, Seat, n., Sedate, 4th Sell, Siege, Session, Set, v. t., Sizar, Size, Subsidy.] 1. To rest upon the haunches, or the lower extremity of the trunk of the body; -- said of human beings, and sometimes of other animals; as, to sit on a sofa, on a chair, or on the ground.

> And he came and took the book put of the right hand of him that sate upon the seat.

Bible (1551) (Rev. v. 7.)

> I pray you, jest, sir, as you sit at dinner.

Shak.

2. To perch; to rest with the feet drawn up, as birds do on a branch, pole, etc.

3. To remain in a state of repose; to rest; to abide; to rest in any position or condition.

> And Moses said to . . . the children of Reuben, Shall your brothren go to war, and shall ye sit here?

Num. xxxii. 6.

> Like a demigod here sit I in the sky.

Shak.

4. To lie, rest, or bear; to press or weigh; - - with on; as, a weight or burden sits lightly upon him.

> The calamity sits heavy on us.

Jer. Taylor.

5. To be adjusted; to fit; as, a coat sts well or ill.

> This new and gorgeous garment, majesty,
> Sits not so easy on me as you think.

Shak.

6. To suit one well or ill, as an act; to become; to befit; -- used impersonally. [Obs.] Chaucer.

7. To cover and warm eggs for hatching, as a fowl; to brood; to incubate.

> As the partridge sitteth on eggs, and hatcheth them not.

Jer. xvii. 11.

8. To have position, as at the point blown from; to hold a relative position; to have direction.

> Like a good miller that knows how to grind, which way soever the wind sits.

Selden.

> Sits the wind in that quarter?

Sir W. Scott.

9. To occupy a place or seat as a member of an official body; as, to sit in Congress.

10. To hold a session; to be in session for official business; -- said of legislative assemblies, courts, etc.; as, the court sits in January; the aldermen sit to- night.

11. To take a position for the purpose of having some artistic representation of one's self made, as a picture or a bust; as, to sit to a painter.

To sit at, to rest under; to be subject to. [Obs.] "A farmer can not husband his ground so well if he sit at a great rent". Bacon. -- To sit at meat or at table, to be at table for eating. -- To sit down. (a) To place one's self on a chair or other seat; as, to sit down when tired. (b) To begin a siege; as, the enemy sat down before the town. (c) To settle; to fix a permanent abode. Spenser. (d) To rest; to cease as satisfied. "Here we can not sit down, but still proceed in our search." Rogers. -- To sit for a fellowship, to offer one's self for examination with a view to obtaining a fellowship. [Eng. Univ.] -- To sit out. (a) To be without engagement or employment. [Obs.] Bp. Sanderson. (b) To outstay. -- To sit under, to be under the instruction or ministrations of; as, to sit under a preacher; to sit under good preaching. -- To sit up, to rise from, or refrain from, a recumbent posture or from sleep; to sit with the body upright; as, to sit up late at night; also, to watch; as, to sit up with a sick person. "He that was dead sat up, and began to speak." Luke vii. 15.

Sit (?), v. t. 1. To sit upon; to keep one's seat upon; as, he sits a horse well.

> Hardly the muse can sit the headstrong horse.

Prior.

2. To cause to be seated or in a sitting posture; to furnish a seat to; -- used reflexively.

> They sat them down to weep.

Milton.

> Sit you down, father; rest you.

Shak.

3. To suit (well or ill); to become. [Obs. or R.]

Site (?), n. [L. situs, fr. sinere, situm, to let, p. p. situs placed, lying, situate: cf. F. site. Cf. Position.] 1. The place where anything is fixed; situation; local position; as, the site of a city or of a house. Chaucer.

2. A place fitted or chosen for any certain permanent use or occupation; as, a site for a church.

3. The posture or position of a thing. [R.]

> The semblance of a lover fixed
> In melancholy site.

Thomson.

Sit"ed (?), a. Having a site; situated. [Obs.]

> [The garden] sited was in fruitful soil.

Chaucer.

Sit"fast` (?), a. [Sit + fast.] Fixed; stationary; immovable. [R.]

> 'T is good, when you have crossed the sea and back,
> To find the sitfast acres where you left them.

Emerson.

Sit"fast`, n. (Far.) A callosity with inflamed edges, on the back of a horse, under the saddle.

Sith (?), prep., adv., & conj. [See Since.] Since; afterwards; seeing that. [Obs.]

> We need not fear them, sith Christ is with us.

Latimer.

> Sith thou art rightful judge.

Chaucer.

{ Sith (?), Sithe (?), } n. [AS. &?;&?;&?; a path, way, time, occasion.] Time. [Obs.] Chaucer.

> And humbly thanked him a thousand sithes.

Spenser.

Sithe (?), v. i. [Cf. Sigh.] To sigh. [A spelling of a corrupt and provincial pronunciation.]

Sithe (?), n. A scythe. [Obs.] Milton.

Sithe, v. t. To cut with a scythe; to scythe. [Obs.]

Sithed (?), a. Scythed. [Obs.] T. Warton.

Sithe"man (?), n. A mower. [Obs.] Marston.

Sith"en (?), adv. & conj. [See Since.] Since; afterwards. See 1st Sith. [Obs.]

> Fortune was first friend and sithen foe.

Chaucer.

{ Sith"ence, Sith"ens } (?), adv. & conj. Since. See Sith, and Sithen. [Obs.] Piers Plowman.

Sith"then (?), adv. & conj. See Sithen. [Obs.]

> Siththen that the world began.

Chaucer.

Si*tol"o*gy (?), n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?; food + -logy.] A treatise on the regulation of the diet; dietetics. [Written also sitiology.]

Si`to*pho"bi*a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?; food + &?;&?;&?;&?; fear.] (Med.) A version to food; refusal to take nourishment. [Written also sitiophobia.]

Sit"ten (?), obs. p. p. of Sit, for sat.

Sit"ter (?), n. 1. One who sits; esp., one who sits for a portrait or a bust.

2. A bird that sits or incubates.

Sit"tine (?), a. [NL. sitta the nuthatch, from Gr. &?;&?;&?;.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the family Sittidæ, or nuthatches.

Sit"ting (?), a. Being in the state, or the position, of one who, or that which, sits.

Sit"ting, n. 1. The state or act of one who sits; the posture of one who occupies a seat.

2. A seat, or the space occupied by or allotted for a person, in a church, theater, etc.; as, the hall has 800 sittings.

3. The act or time of sitting, as to a portrait painter, photographer, etc.

4. The actual presence or meeting of any body of men in their seats, clothed with authority to transact business; a session; as, a sitting of the judges of the King's Bench, or of a commission.

> The sitting closed in great agitation.

Macaulay.

5. The time during which one sits while doing something, as reading a book, playing a game, etc.

> For the understanding of any one of St. Paul's Epistles I read it all through at one sitting.

Locke.

6. A brooding over eggs for hatching, as by fowls.

> The male bird . . . amuses her [the female] with his songs during the whole time of her sitting.

Addison.

Sitting room, an apartment where the members of a family usually sit, as distinguished from a drawing-room, parlor, chamber, or kitchen.

{ Sit"u*ate (?; 135), Sit"u*a`ted (?) }, a. [LL. situatus, from situare to place, fr. L. situs situation, site. See Site.] 1. Having a site, situation, or location; being in a relative position; permanently fixed; placed; located; as, a town situated, or situate, on a hill or on the seashore.

2. Placed; residing.

> Pleasure situate in hill and dale.

Milton.

Situate is now less used than situated, but both are well authorized.

Sit"u*ate (?), v. t. To place. [R.] Landor.

Sit`u*a"tion (?), n. [LL. situatio: cf. F. situation.] 1. Manner in which an object is placed; location, esp. as related to something else; position; locality site; as, a house in a pleasant situation.

2. Position, as regards the conditions and circumstances of the case.

> A situation of the greatest ease and tranquillity.

Rogers.

3. Relative position; circumstances; temporary state or relation at a moment of action which excites interest, as of persons in a dramatic scene.

> There's situation for you! there's an heroic group!

Sheridan.

4. Permanent position or employment; place; office; as, a situation in a store; a situation under government.

Syn. -- State; position; seat; site; station; post; place; office; condition; case; plight. See State.

||Si"tus (?), n. [L., situation.] (Bot.) The method in which the parts of a plant are arranged; also, the position of the parts. Henslow.

Sitz" bath` (?). [G. sitzbad.] A tub in which one bathes in a sitting posture; also, a bath so taken; a hip bath.

||Si"va (?), n. [Skr. Civa, properly, kind, gracious.] (Hindoo Myth.) One of the triad of Hindoo gods. He is the avenger or destroyer, and in modern worship symbolizes the reproductive power of nature.

||Si"van (?), n. [Heb. svn.] The third month of the Jewish ecclesiastical year; -- supposed to correspond nearly with our month of June.

||Siv`a*the"ri*um (?), n. [NL., from E. Siva + Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?; a beast, an animal.] (Paleon.) A genus of very large extinct ruminants found in the Tertiary formation of India. The snout was prolonged in the form of a proboscis. The male had four horns, the posterior pair being large and branched. It was allied to the antelopes, but very much larger than any exsisting species.

Siv"er (?), v. i. To simmer. [Obs.] Holland.

Siv"vens (&?;), n. (Med.) See Sibbens.

Si"win (?), n. (Zoöl.) Same as Sewen.

Six (?), a. [AS. six, seox, siex; akin to OFries. sex, D. zes, OS. & OHG. sehs, G. sechs, Icel., Sw., & Dan. sex, Goth. saíhs, Lith. szeszi, Russ. sheste, Gael. & Ir. se, W. chwech, L. sex, Gr. &?;&?;, Per. shesh, Skr. shash. √304. Cf. Hexagon, Hexameter, Samite, Senary, Sextant, Sice.] One more than five; twice three; as, six yards.

Six Nations (Ethnol.), a confederation of North American Indians formed by the union of the Tuscaroras and the Five Nations. -- Six points circle. (Geom.) See Nine points circle, under Nine.

Six, n. 1. The number greater by a unit than five; the sum of three and three; six units or objects.

2. A symbol representing six units, as 6, vi., or VI.

To be at six and seven or at sixes and sevens, to be in disorder. Bacon. Shak. Swift.

Six"fold` (?), a. [AS. sixfealand.] Six times repeated; six times as much or as many.

Six"-foot`er (?), n. One who is six feet tall. [Colloq. U.S.]

Six"pence (?), n.; pl. Sixpences (&?;). An English silver coin of the value of six pennies; half a shilling, or about twelve cents.

Six"pen`ny (?), a. Of the value of, or costing, sixpence; as, a sixpenny loaf.

Six"score` (?), a. & n. [Six + score, n.] Six times twenty; one hundred and twenty.

Six"-shoot`er (?), n. A pistol or other firearm which can be fired six times without reloading especially, a six-chambered revolver. [Colloq. U.S.]

Six"teen` (?), a. [AS. sixt&?;ne, sixt&?;ne. See Six, and Ten, and cf. Sixty.] Six and ten; consisting of six and ten; fifteen and one more.

Six"teen`, n. 1. The number greater by a unit than fifteen; the sum of ten and six; sixteen units or objects.

2. A symbol representing sixteen units, as 16, or xvi.

Six*teen"mo (?), n.; pl. Sixteenmos (&?;). See Sextodecimo.

Six"teenth` (?), a. [From Sixteen: cf. AS. sixteó&?;a.] 1. Sixth after the tenth; next in order after the fifteenth.

2. Constituting or being one of sixteen equal parts into which anything is divided.

Sixteenth note (Mus.), the sixteenth part of a whole note; a semiquaver.

Six"teenth`, n. 1. The quotient of a unit divided by sixteen; one of sixteen equal parts of one whole.

2. The next in order after the fifteenth; the sixth after the tenth.

3. (Mus.) An interval comprising two octaves and a second. Moore (Encyc. of Music.)

Sixth (?), a. [From Six: cf. AS. sixta, siexta.] 1. First after the fifth; next in order after the fifth.

2. Constituting or being one of six equal parts into which anything is divided.

<! p. 1348 !>

Sixth (?), n. 1. The quotient of a unit divided by six; one of six equal parts which form a whole.

2. The next in order after the fifth.

3. (Mus.) The interval embracing six diatonic degrees of the scale.

Sixth"ly, adv. In the sixth place. Bacon.

Six"ti*eth (?), a. [As. sixtiogoða, sixtigoða.] 1. Next in order after the fifty-ninth.

2. Constituting or being one one of sixty equal parts into which anything is divided.

Six"ti*eth, n. 1. The quotient of a unit divided by sixty; one of sixty equal parts forming a whole.

2. The next in order after the fifty-ninth; the tenth after the fiftieth.

Six"ty (?), a. [AS. siextig; akin to G. sechzig, Goth. saíhs tigjus. See Six, Ten, and cf. Sixteen.] Six times ten; fifty-nine and one more; threescore.

Six"ty, n.; pl. Sixties (&?;). 1. The sum of six times ten; sixty units or objects.

2. A symbol representing sixty units, as 60, lx., or LX.

Six`ty-fourth" (?), a. Constituting or being one of sixty-four equal parts into which a thing is divided.

Sixty-fourth note (Mus.), the sixty- fourth part of a whole note; a hemi-demi-semiquaver.

Siz"a*ble (?), a. 1. Of considerable size or bulk. "A sizable volume." Bp. Hurd.

2. Being of reasonable or suitable size; as, sizable timber; sizable bulk. Arbuthnot.

Si"zar (?), n. One of a body of students in the universities of Cambridge (Eng.) and Dublin, who, having passed a certain examination, are exempted from paying college fees and charges. A sizar corresponded to a servitor at Oxford.

> The sizar paid nothing for food and tuition, and very little for lodging.

Macaulay.

They formerly waited on the table at meals; but this is done away with. They were probably so called from being thus employed in distributing the size, or provisions. See 4th Size, 2.

Si"zar*ship, n. The position or standing of a sizar.

Size (?), n. [See Sice, and Sise.] Six.

Size (?), n. [OIt. sisa glue used by painters, shortened fr. assisa, fr. assidere, p. p. assiso, to make to sit, to seat, to place, L. assidere to sit down; ad + sidere to sit down, akin to sedere to sit. See Sit, v. i., and cf. Assize, Size bulk.] 1. A thin, weak glue used in various trades, as in painting, bookbinding, paper making, etc.

2. Any viscous substance, as gilder's varnish.

Size, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sizing.] To cover with size; to prepare with size.

Size, n. [Abbrev. from assize. See Assize, and cf. Size glue.] 1. A settled quantity or allowance. See Assize. [Obs.] "To scant my sizes." Shak.

2. (Univ. of Cambridge, Eng.) An allowance of food and drink from the buttery, aside from the regular dinner at commons; -- corresponding to battel at Oxford.

3. Extent of superficies or volume; bulk; bigness; magnitude; as, the size of a tree or of a mast; the size of a ship or of a rock.

4. Figurative bulk; condition as to rank, ability, character, etc.; as, the office demands a man of larger size.

> Men of a less size and quality.

L'Estrange.

> The middling or lower size of people.

Swift.

5. A conventional relative measure of dimension, as for shoes, gloves, and other articles made up for sale.

6. An instrument consisting of a number of perforated gauges fastened together at one end by a rivet, -- used for ascertaining the size of pearls. Knight.

Size roll, a small piese of parchment added to a roll. -- Size stick, a measuring stick used by shoemakers for ascertaining the size of the foot.

Syn. -- Dimension; bigness; largeness; greatness; magnitude.

Size, v. t. 1. To fix the standard of. "To size weights and measures." [R.] Bacon.

2. To adjust or arrange according to size or bulk. Specifically: (a) (Mil.) To take the height of men, in order to place them in the ranks according to their stature. (b) (Mining) To sift, as pieces of ore or metal, in order to separate the finer from the coarser parts.

3. To swell; to increase the bulk of. Beau. & Fl.

4. (Mech.) To bring or adjust anything exactly to a required dimension, as by cutting.

To size up, to estimate or ascertain the character and ability of. See 4th Size, 4. [Slang, U.S.]

> We had to size up our fellow legislators.

The Century.

Size, v. i. 1. To take greater size; to increase in size.

> Our desires give them fashion, and so,
> As they wax lesser, fall, as they size, grow.

Donne.

2. (Univ. of Cambridge, Eng.) To order food or drink from the buttery; hence, to enter a score, as upon the buttery book.

Sized (?), a. 1. Adjusted according to size.

2. Having a particular size or magnitude; -- chiefly used in compounds; as, large-sized; common- sized.

Si"zel (?), n. Same as Scissel, 2.

Siz"er (?), n. 1. See Sizar.

2. (Mech.) (a) An instrument or contrivance to size articles, or to determine their size by a standard, or to separate and distribute them according to size. (b) An instrument or tool for bringing anything to an exact size.

Siz"i*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being sizy; viscousness.

Siz"ing, n. 1. Act of covering or treating with size.

2. A weak glue used in various trades; size.

Siz"ing, n. 1. The act of sorting with respect to size.

2. The act of bringing anything to a certain size.

3. (Univ. of Cambridge, Eng.) Food and drink ordered from the buttery by a student.

Siz"y (?), a. [From 2d Size.] Sizelike; viscous; glutinous; as, sizy blood. Arbuthnot.

Siz"zle (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sizzled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sizzling (?).] [See Siss.] To make a hissing sound; to fry, or to dry and shrivel up, with a hissing sound. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U. S.] Forby.

Siz"zle, n. A hissing sound, as of something frying over a fire. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U. S.]

Siz"zling (?), a. & n. from Sizzle.

Skad"dle (?), n. [Dim. of scath.] Hurt; damage. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Ray.

Skad"dle, a. Hurtful. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Ray.

Skad"don (?), n. (Zoöl.) The larva of a bee. [Prov. Eng.]

Skag (?), n. (Naut.) An additional piece fastened to the keel of a boat to prevent lateral motion. See Skeg.

Skain (?), n. See Skein. [Obs.]

Skain, n. See Skean. Drayton.

Skains"mate` (?), n. [Perhaps originally, a companion in winding thread (see Skein), or a companion in arms, from skain a sword (see Skean).] A messmate; a companion. [Obs.]

> Scurvy knave! I am none of his firt-gills; I am none of his skainsmates.

Shak.

Skaith (?), n. See Scatch. [Scot.]

Skald (?), n. See 5th Scald.

Skald"ic (?), a. See Scaldic. Max Müller.

Skall (?), v. t. To scale; to mount. [Obs.]

{ Skar (?), Skare (?), } a. [From the root of scare.] Wild; timid; shy. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Skart (?), n. [Cf. Scarf a cormorant.] (Zoöl.) The shag. [Prov. Eng.]

Skate (?), n. [D. schaats. Cf. Scatches.] A metallic runner with a frame shaped to fit the sole of a shoe, -- made to be fastened under the foot, and used for moving rapidly on ice.

> Batavia rushes forth; and as they sweep,
> On sounding skates, a thousand different ways,
> In circling poise, swift as the winds, along,
> The then gay land is maddened all to joy.

Thomson.

Roller skate. See under Roller.

Skate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Skated; p. pr. & vb. n. Skating.] To move on skates.

Skate, n. [Icel. skata; cf. Prov. G. schatten, meer-schatten, L. squatus, squatina, and E. shad.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of large, flat elasmobranch fishes of the genus Raia, having a long, slender tail, terminated by a small caudal fin. The pectoral fins, which are large and broad and united to the sides of the body and head, give a somewhat rhombic form to these fishes. The skin is more or less spinose.

Some of the species are used for food, as the European blue or gray skate (Raia batis), which sometimes weighs nearly 200 pounds. The American smooth, or barn-door, skate (R. lævis) is also a large species, often becoming three or four feet across. The common spiny skate (R. erinacea) is much smaller.

Skate's egg. See Sea purse. -- Skate sucker, any marine leech of the genus Pontobdella, parasitic on skates.

Skat"er (?), n. 1. One who skates.

2. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of hemipterous insects belonging to Gerris, Pyrrhocoris, Prostemma, and allied genera. They have long legs, and run rapidly over the surface of the water, as if skating.

Ska"tol (?), n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?;, dung + -ol.] (Physiol. Chem.) A constituent of human fæces formed in the small intestines as a product of the putrefaction of albuminous matter. It is also found in reduced indigo. Chemically it is methyl indol, C9H9N.

Skayles (?), n. [√159.] Skittles. [Obs.]

Skean (?), n. [Ir sgian; akin to Gael. sgian, W. ysgien a large knife, a scimiter.] A knife or short dagger, esp. that in use among the Highlanders of Scotland. [Variously spelt.] "His skean, or pistol." Spenser.

Ske*dad"dle (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Skedaddled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Skedaddling (?).] [Of uncertain etymology.] To betake one's self to flight, as if in a panic; to flee; to run away. [Slang, U. S.]

Skee (?), n. [Dan. ski; Icel. sk&?; a billet of wood. See Skid.] A long strip of wood, curved upwards in front, used on the foot for sliding.

Skeed (?), n. See Skid.

Skeel (?), n. [Icel. skj&?;la a pail, bucket.] A shallow wooden vessel for holding milk or cream. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Grose.

{ Skeel"duck` (?), Skeel"goose` (?), } n. [See Sheldrake.] (Zoöl.) The common European sheldrake. [Prov. Eng.]

Skeet (?), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Naut.) A scoop with a long handle, used to wash the sides of a vessel, and formerly to wet the sails or deck.

Skeg (?), n. [Prov. E., also a stump of a branch, a wooden peg; cf. Icel. sk&?;gr a wood, Sw. skog. Cf. Shaw.] 1. A sort of wild plum. [Obs.] Holland.

2. pl. A kind of oats. Farm. Encyc.

3. (Naut.) The after part of the keel of a vessel, to which the rudder is attached.

Skeg"ger (?), n. (Zoöl.) The parr. Walton.

Skein (?), n. [OE. skeyne, OF. escaigne, F. écagne, probably of Celtic origin; cf. Ir. sgainne, Gael. sgeinnidh thread, small twine; or perhaps the English word is immediately from Celtic.] 1. A quantity of yarn, thread, or the like, put up together, after it is taken from the reel, -- usually tied in a sort of knot.

A skein of cotton yarn is formed by eighty turns of the thread round a fifty-four inch reel.

2. (Wagon Making) A metallic strengthening band or thimble on the wooden arm of an axle. Knight.

Skein, n. (Zoöl.) A flight of wild fowl (wild geese or the like). [Prov. Eng.]

Skeine (?), n. See Skean.

Skel"der (?), v. t. & i. [Etymol. uncertain.] To deceive; to cheat; to trick. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Skel"der, n. A vagrant; a cheat. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

{ Skel"drake` (?), or Skiel"drake` (?) }, n. (Zoöl.) (a) The common European sheldrake. (b) The oyster catcher.

Skel"et (?), n. A skeleton. See Scelet.

Skel"e*tal (?), a. Pertaining to the skeleton.

Skel`e*tog"e*nous (?), a. [Skeleton + -genous.] Forming or producing parts of the skeleton.

Skel`e*tol"o*gy (?), n. [Skeleton + -logy.] That part of anatomy which treats of the skeleton; also, a treatise on the skeleton.

Skel"e*ton (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?; (sc. &?;&?;&?;) a dried body, a mummy, fr. &?;&?;&?;&?; dried up, parched, &?;&?;&?;&?; to dry, dry up, parch.] 1. (Anat.) (a) The bony and cartilaginous framework which supports the soft parts of a vertebrate animal. [See Illust. of the Human Skeleton, in Appendix.] (b) The more or less firm or hardened framework of an invertebrate animal.

In a wider sense, the skeleton includes the whole connective-tissue framework with the integument and its appendages. See Endoskeleton, and Exoskeleton.

2. Hence, figuratively: (a) A very thin or lean person. (b) The framework of anything; the principal parts that support the rest, but without the appendages.

> The great skeleton of the world.

Sir M. Hale.

(c) The heads and outline of a literary production, especially of a sermon.

Skel"e*ton, a. Consisting of, or resembling, a skeleton; consisting merely of the framework or outlines; having only certain leading features of anything; as, a skeleton sermon; a skeleton crystal.

Skeleton bill, a bill or draft made out in blank as to the amount or payee, but signed by the acceptor. [Eng.] -- Skeleton key, a key with nearly the whole substance of the web filed away, to adapt it to avoid the wards of a lock; a master key; -- used for opening locks to which it has not been especially fitted. -- Skeleton leaf, a leaf from which the pulpy part has been removed by chemical means, the fibrous part alone remaining. -- Skeleton proof, a proof of a print or engraving, with the inscription outlined in hair strokes only, such proofs being taken before the engraving is finished. -- Skeleton regiment, a regiment which has its complement of officers, but in which there are few enlisted men. -- Skeleton shrimp (Zoöl.), a small crustacean of the genus Caprella. See Illust. under Læmodipoda.

Skel"e*ton*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Skeletonized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Skeletonizing (?).] To prepare a skeleton of; also, to reduce, as a leaf, to its skeleton. Pop. Sci. Monthly.

Skel"e*ton*i`zer (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any small moth whose larva eats the parenchyma of leaves, leaving the skeleton; as, the apple-leaf skeletonizer.

Skel"lum (?), n. [Dan. schelm, fr. G. schelm.] A scoundrel. [Obs. or Scot.] Pepys. Burns.

Skel"ly (?), v. i. [Cf. Dan. skele, Sw. skela.] To squint. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Skel"ly, n. A squint. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Skelp (?), n. [Cf. Prov. E. skelp to kick severely, to move rapidly; Gael. sgealp, n., a slap with the palm of the hand, v., to strike with the palm of the hand.] 1. A blow; a smart stroke. [Prov. Eng.] Brockett.

2. A squall; also, a heavy fall of rain. [Scot.]

Skelp, v. t. To strike; to slap. [Scot.] C. Reade.

Skelp, n. A wrought-iron plate from which a gun barrel or pipe is made by bending and welding the edges together, and drawing the thick tube thus formed.

Skel"ter (?), v. i. [Cf. Helter- skelter.] To run off helter-skelter; to hurry; to scurry; -- with away or off. [Colloq.] A. R. Wallace.

Sken (?), v. i. To squint. [Prov. Eng.]

Skene (?), n. See Skean. C. Kingsley.

Skep (?), n. [Icel. skeppa a measure, bushel; cf. Gael. sgeap a basket, a beehive.] 1. A coarse round farm basket. [Obs. or Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Tusser.

2. A beehive. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Skep"tic (?), n. [Gr. skeptiko`s thoughtful, reflective, fr. ske`ptesqai to look carefully or about, to view, consider: cf. L. scepticus, F. sceptique. See Scope.] [Written also sceptic.] 1. One who is yet undecided as to what is true; one who is looking or inquiring for what is true; an inquirer after facts or reasons.

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2. (Metaph.) A doubter as to whether any fact or truth can be certainly known; a universal doubter; a Pyrrhonist; hence, in modern usage, occasionally, a person who questions whether any truth or fact can be established on philosophical grounds; sometimes, a critical inquirer, in opposition to a dogmatist.

> All this criticism [of Hume] proceeds upon the erroneous hypothesis that he was a dogmatist. He was a skeptic; that is, he accepted the principles asserted by the prevailing dogmatism: and only showed that such and such conclusions were, on these principles, inevitable.

Sir W. Hamilton.

3. (Theol.) A person who doubts the existence and perfections of God, or the truth of revelation; one who disbelieves the divine origin of the Christian religion.

> Suffer not your faith to be shaken by the sophistries of skeptics.

S. Clarke.

This word and its derivatives are often written with c instead of k in the first syllable, -- sceptic, sceptical, scepticism, etc. Dr. Johnson, struck with the extraordinary irregularity of giving c its hard sound before e, altered the spelling, and his example has been followed by most of the lexicographers who have succeeded him; yet the prevalent practice among English writers and printers is in favor of the other mode. In the United States this practice is reversed, a large and increasing majority of educated persons preferring the orthography which is most in accordance with etymology and analogy.

Syn. -- Infidel; unbeliever; doubter. -- See Infidel.

{ Skep"tic (?), Skep"tic*al (?), } a. [Written also sceptic, sceptical.] 1. Of or pertaining to a sceptic or skepticism; characterized by skepticism; hesitating to admit the certainly of doctrines or principles; doubting of everything.

2. (Theol.) Doubting or denying the truth of revelation, or the sacred Scriptures.

> The skeptical system subverts the whole foundation of morals.

R. Hall.

-- Skep"tac*al*ly, adv. -- Skep"tic*al*ness, n.

Skep"ti*cism (?), n. [Cf. F. scepticisme.] [Written also scepticism.] 1. An undecided, inquiring state of mind; doubt; uncertainty.

> That momentary amazement, and irresolution, and confusion, which is the result of skepticism.

Hune.

2. (Metaph.) The doctrine that no fact or principle can be certainly known; the tenet that all knowledge is uncertain; Pyrrohonism; universal doubt; the position that no fact or truth, however worthy of confidence, can be established on philosophical grounds; critical investigation or inquiry, as opposed to the positive assumption or assertion of certain principles.

3. (Theol.) A doubting of the truth of revelation, or a denial of the divine origin of the Christian religion, or of the being, perfections, or truth of God.

> Let no . . . secret skepticism lead any one to doubt whether this blessed prospect will be realized.

S. Miller.

Skep"ti*cize (?), v. i. To doubt; to pretend to doubt of everything. [R.]

> To skepticize, where no one else will . . . hesitate.

Shaftesbury.

Sker"ry (?), n.; pl. Skerries (#). [Of Scand. origin; cf. Icel. sker, Sw. skär, Dan. ski&?;r. Cf. Scar a bank.] A rocky isle; an insulated rock. [Scot.]

Sketch (?), n. [D. schets, fr. It. schizzo a sketch, a splash (whence also F. esquisse; cf. Esquisse.); cf. It. schizzare to splash, to sketch.] An outline or general delineation of anything; a first rough or incomplete draught or plan of any design; especially, in the fine arts, such a representation of an object or scene as serves the artist's purpose by recording its chief features; also, a preliminary study for an original work.

Syn. -- Outline; delineation; draught; plan; design. -- Sketch, Outline, Delineation. An outline gives only the bounding lines of some scene or picture. A sketch fills up the outline in part, giving broad touches, by which an imperfect idea may be conveyed. A delineation goes further, carrying out the more striking features of the picture, and going so much into detail as to furnish a clear conception of the whole. Figuratively, we may speak of the outlines of a plan, of a work, of a project, etc., which serve as a basis on which the subordinate parts are formed, or of sketches of countries, characters, manners, etc., which give us a general idea of the things described. Crabb.

Sketch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sketched (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sketching.] [Cf D. schetsen, It. schizzare. See Sketch, n.] 1. To draw the outline or chief features of; to make a rought of.

2. To plan or describe by giving the principal points or ideas of.

Syn. -- To delineate; design; draught; depict.

Sketch, v. i. To make sketches, as of landscapes.

Sketch"book`, n. A book of sketches or for sketches.

Sketch"er (?), n. One who sketches.

Sketch"i*ly (?), adv. In a sketchy or incomplete manner. "Sketchily descriptive." Bartlett.

Sketch"i*ness, n. The quality or state of being sketchy; lack of finish; incompleteness.

Sketch"y (?), a. Containing only an outline or rough form; being in the manner of a sketch; incomplete.

> The execution is sketchy throughout; the head, in particular, is left in the rough.

J. S. Harford.

Skew (?), adv. [Cf. D. scheef. Dan. ski&?;v, Sw. skef, Icel. skeifr, G. schief, also E. shy, a. & v. i.] Awry; obliquely; askew.

Skew, a. Turned or twisted to one side; situated obliquely; skewed; -- chiefly used in technical phrases.

Skew arch, an oblique arch. See under Oblique. -- Skew back. (Civil Engin.) (a) The course of masonry, the stone, or the iron plate, having an inclined face, which forms the abutment for the voussoirs of a segmental arch. (b) A plate, cap, or shoe, having an inclined face to receive the nut of a diagonal brace, rod, or the end of an inclined strut, in a truss or frame. -- Skew bridge. See under Bridge, n. -- Skew curve (Geom.), a curve of double curvature, or a twisted curve. See Plane curve, under Curve. -- Skew gearing, or Skew bevel gearing (Mach.), toothed gearing, generally resembling bevel gearing, for connecting two shafts that are neither parallel nor intersecting, and in which the teeth slant across the faces of the gears. -- Skew surface (Geom.), a ruled surface such that in general two successive generating straight lines do not intersect; a warped surface; as, the helicoid is a skew surface. -- Skew symmetrical determinant (Alg.), a determinant in which the elements in each column of the matrix are equal to the elements of the corresponding row of the matrix with the signs changed, as in (1), below.

(1) 0 2 -3-2 0 53 -5 0 (2) 4 -1 71 8 - 2-7 2 1

This requires that the numbers in the diagonal from the upper left to lower right corner be zeros. A like determinant in which the numbers in the diagonal are not zeros is a skew determinant, as in (2), above.

Skew (?), n. (Arch.) A stone at the foot of the slope of a gable, the offset of a buttress, or the like, cut with a sloping surface and with a check to receive the coping stones and retain them in place.

Skew, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Skewed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Skewing.] 1. To walk obliquely; to go sidling; to lie or move obliquely.

> Child, you must walk straight, without skewing.

L'Estrange.

2. To start aside; to shy, as a horse. [Prov. Eng.]

3. To look obliquely; to squint; hence, to look slightingly or suspiciously. Beau. & Fl.

Skew, v. t. [See Skew, adv.] 1. To shape or form in an oblique way; to cause to take an oblique position.

2. To throw or hurl obliquely.

Skew"bald` (?), a. Marked with spots and patches of white and some color other than black; -- usually distinguished from piebald, in which the colors are properly white and black. Said of horses.

Skew"er (?), n. [Probably of Scand, origin; cf. Sw. & Dan. skifer a slate. Cf. Shuver a fragment.] A pin of wood or metal for fastening meat to a spit, or for keeping it in form while roasting.

> Meat well stuck with skewers to make it look round.

Swift.

Skew"er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Skewered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Skewering.] To fasten with skewers.

Skid (skd), n. [Icel. skð a billet of wood. See Shide.] [Written also skeed.] 1. A shoe or clog, as of iron, attached to a chain, and placed under the wheel of a wagon to prevent its turning when descending a steep hill; a drag; a skidpan; also, by extension, a hook attached to a chain, and used for the same purpose.

2. A piece of timber used as a support, or to receive pressure. Specifically: (a) pl. (Naut.) Large fenders hung over a vessel's side to protect it in handling a cargo. Totten. (b) One of a pair of timbers or bars, usually arranged so as to form an inclined plane, as form a wagon to a door, along which anything is moved by sliding or rolling. (c) One of a pair of horizontal rails or timbers for supporting anything, as a boat, a barrel, etc.

Skid, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Skidded (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Skidding.] 1. To protect or support with a skid or skids; also, to cause to move on skids.

2. To check with a skid, as wagon wheels. Dickens.

Skid"daw` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The black guillemot. [Prov. Eng.]

Skid"pan` (?), n. See Skid, n., 1. [Eng.]

Skied (?), imp. & p. p. of Sky, v. t.

Ski"ey (?), a. See Skyey. Shelley.

Skiff (?), n. [F. esquif, fr. OHG. skif, G. schiff. See Ship.] A small, light boat.

> The pilot of some small night-foundered skiff.

Milton.

Skiff caterpillar (Zoöl.), the larva of a moth (Limacodes scapha); -- so called from its peculiar shape.

Skiff, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Skiffed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Skiffing.] To navigate in a skiff. [R.]

Skif"fling (?), n. (Quarrying) Rough dressing by knocking off knobs or projections; knobbing.

Skil"der (?), v. i. To beg; to pilfer; to skelder. [Prov. Eng.& Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Skil"ful (?), a. See Skilful.

Skill (?), n. [Icel. skil a distinction, discernment; akin to skilja to separate, divide, distinguish, Sw. skilja,. skille to separate, skiel reason, right, justice, Sw. skäl reason, Lith. skelli to cleave. Cf. Shell, Shoal, a multitude.] 1. Discrimination; judgment; propriety; reason; cause. [Obs.] Shak. "As it was skill and right." Chaucer.

> For great skill is, he prove that he wrought.

[For with good reason he should test what he created.] Chaucer.

2. Knowledge; understanding. [Obsoles.]

> That by his fellowship he color might
> Both his estate and love from skill of any wight.

Spenser.

> Nor want we skill or art.

Milton.

3. The familiar knowledge of any art or science, united with readiness and dexterity in execution or performance, or in the application of the art or science to practical purposes; power to discern and execute; ability to perceive and perform; expertness; aptitude; as, the skill of a mathematician, physician, surgeon, mechanic, etc.

> Phocion, . . . by his great wisdom and skill at negotiations, diverted Alexander from the conquest of Athens.

Swift.

> Where patience her sweet skill imparts.

Keble.

4. Display of art; exercise of ability; contrivance; address. [Obs.]

> Richard . . . by a thousand princely skills, gathering so much corn as if he meant not to return.

Fuller.

5. Any particular art. [Obs.]

> Learned in one skill, and in another kind of learning unskillful.

Hooker.

Syn. -- Dexterity; adroitness; expertness; art; aptitude; ability. -- Skill, Dexterity, Adroitness. Skill is more intelligent, denoting familiar knowledge united to readiness of performance. Dexterity, when applied to the body, is more mechanical, and refers to habitual ease of execution. Adroitness involves the same image with dexterity, and differs from it as implaying a general facility of movement (especially in avoidance of danger or in escaping from a difficalty). The same distinctions apply to the figurative sense of the words. A man is skillful in any employment when he understands both its theory and its practice. He is dexterous when he maneuvers with great lightness. He is adroit in the use od quick, sudden, and well-directed movements of the body or the mind, so as to effect the object he has in view.

Skill (?), v. t. To know; to understand. [Obs.]

> To skill the arts of expressing our mind.

Barrow.

Skill, v. i. 1. To be knowing; to have understanding; to be dexterous in performance. [Obs.]

> I can not skill of these thy ways.

Herbert.

2. To make a difference; to signify; to matter; -- used impersonally. Spenser.

> What skills it, if a bag of stones or gold
> About thy neck do drown thee?

Herbert.

> It skills not talking of it.

Sir W. Scott.

Skilled (?), a. Having familiar knowledge united with readiness and dexterity in its application; familiarly acquainted with; expert; skillful; -- often followed by in; as, a person skilled in drawing or geometry.

Skil"let (?), n. [OF. escuelette, dim. of escuelle a porringer, F. ecuelle, fr. L. scutella, dim. of scutra, scuta, a dish. Cf. Scuttle a basket.] A small vessel of iron, copper, or other metal, with a handle, used for culinary purpose, as for stewing meat.

Skill"ful (?), a. [Written also skilful.] 1. Discerning; reasonable; judicious; cunning. [Obs.] "Of skillful judgment." Chaucer.

2. Possessed of, or displaying, skill; knowing and ready; expert; well-versed; able in management; as, a skillful mechanic; -- often followed by at, in, or of; as, skillful at the organ; skillful in drawing.

> And they shall call the husbandman to mourning, and such as are skillful of lamentations to wailing.

Amos v. 16.

Syn. -- Expert; skilled; dexterous; adept; masterly; adroit; clever; cunning.

-- Skill"ful*ly, adv. -- Skill"ful*ness, n.

Skil`li*ga*lee" (?), n. A kind of thin, weak broth or oatmeal porridge, served out to prisoners and paupers in England; also, a drink made of oatmeal, sugar, and water, sometimes used in the English navy or army. [Written also skilligolee, skillygalee, etc.]

Skil"ling (?), n. [Cf. Sheeling.] A bay of a barn; also, a slight addition to a cottage. [Prov. Eng.]

Skil"ling, n. [Sw. & Dan. See Shilling.] A money od account in Sweden, Norwey, Denmark, and North Germany, and also a coin. It had various values, from three fourths of a cent in Norway to more than two cents in Lübeck.

Skill"-less, a. Wanting skill. Shak.

Skilts (?), n. pl. A kind of large, coarse, short trousers formerly worn. [Local, U. S.] Bartlett.

Skil"ty (?), n. The water rail. [Prov. Eng.]

Skim (skm), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Skimmed (skmd); p. pr. & vb. n. Skimming.] [Cf. Sw. skymma to darken. √158. See Scum.] 1. To clear (a liquid) from scum or substance floating or lying thereon, by means of a utensil that passes just beneath the surface; as, to skim milk; to skim broth.

2. To take off by skimming; as, to skim cream.

3. To pass near the surface of; to brush the surface of; to glide swiftly along the surface of.

> Homer describes Mercury as flinging himself from the top of Olympus, and skimming the surface of the ocean.

Hazlitt.

4. Fig.: To read or examine superficially and rapidly, in order to cull the principal facts or thoughts; as, to skim a book or a newspaper.

Skim, v. i. 1. To pass lightly; to glide along in an even, smooth course; to glide along near the surface.

> Not so when swift Camilla scours the plain,
> Flies o'er the unbending corn, and skims along the main.

Pope.

2. To hasten along with superficial attention.

> They skim over a science in a very superficial survey.

I. Watts.

3. To put on the finishing coat of plaster.

Skim, a. Contraction of Skimming and Skimmed.

Skim coat, the final or finishing coat of plaster. -- Skim colter, a colter for paring off the surface of land. -- Skim milk, skimmed milk; milk from which the cream has been taken.

Skim, n. Scum; refuse. Bryskett.

Skim"back` (skm"bk`), n. (Zoöl.) The quillback. [Local, U.S.]

Skim"ble-scam`ble (?), a. [A reduplication of scamble.] Rambling; disorderly; unconnected. [Colloq.]

> Such a deal of skimble-scamble stuff.

Shak.

Skim"i*try (?), n. See Skimmington.

Skim"mer (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, skims; esp., a utensil with which liquids are skimmed.

2. (Zoöl.) Any species of longwinged marine birds of the genus Rhynchops, allied to the terns, but having the lower mandible compressed and much longer than the upper one. These birds fly rapidly along the surface of the water, with the lower mandible immersed, thus skimming out small fishes. The American species (R. nigra) is common on the southern coasts of the United States. Called also scissorbill, and shearbill.

3. (Zoöl.) Any one of several large bivalve shells, sometimes used for skimming milk, as the sea clams, and large scallops.

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Skim"mer*ton (?), n. See Skimmington.

Skim"ming (?), n. 1. The act of one who skims.

2. That which is skimmed from the surface of a liquid; -- chiefly used in the plural; as, the skimmings of broth.

Skim"ming*ly, adv. In a skimming manner.

Skim"ming*ton (?), n. [Etymol. uncertain. Perhaps the name of some notorius scold.] A word employed in the phrase, To ride Skimmington; that is to ride on a horse with a woman, but behind her, facing backward, carrying a distaff, and accompanied by a procession of jeering neighbors making mock music; a cavalcade in ridicule of a henpecked man. The custom was in vogue in parts of England.

Skimp (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Skimped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Skimping.] [Cf. Skinch, Scamp, v. t.] 1. To slight; to do carelessly; to scamp. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U.S.]

2. To make insufficient allowance for; to scant; to scrimp. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U. S.]

Skimp, v. i. To save; to be parsimonious or niggardly. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U.S.]

Skimp, a. Scanty. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U.S.]

Skin (?), n. [Icel. skinn; akin to Sw. skinn, Dan. skind, AS. scinn, G. schined to skin.] 1. (Anat.) The external membranous integument of an animal.

In man, and the vertebrates generally, the skin consist of two layers, an outer nonsensitive and nonvascular epidermis, cuticle, or skarfskin, composed of cells which are constantly growing and multiplying in the deeper, and being thrown off in the superficial, layers; and an inner sensitive, and vascular dermis, cutis, corium, or true skin, composed mostly of connective tissue.

2. The hide of an animal, separated from the body, whether green, dry, or tanned; especially, that of a small animal, as a calf, sheep, or goat.

3. A vessel made of skin, used for holding liquids. See Bottle, 1. "Skins of wine." Tennyson.

4. The bark or husk of a plant or fruit; the exterior coat of fruits and plants.

5. (Naut.) (a) That part of a sail, when furled, which remains on the outside and covers the whole. Totten. (b) The covering, as of planking or iron plates, outside the framing, forming the sides and bottom of a vessel; the shell; also, a lining inside the framing.

Skin friction, Skin resistance (Naut.), the friction, or resistance, caused by the tendency of water to adhere to the immersed surface (skin) of a vessel. -- Skin graft (Surg.), a small portion of skin used in the process of grafting. See Graft, v. t., 2. -- Skin moth (Zoöl.), any insect which destroys the prepared skins of animals, especially the larva of Dermestes and Anthrenus. -- Skin of the teeth, nothing, or next to nothing; the least possible hold or advantage. Job xix. 20. -- Skin wool, wool taken from dead sheep.

Skin, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Skinned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Skinning.] 1. To strip off the skin or hide of; to flay; to peel; as, to skin an animal.

2. To cover with skin, or as with skin; hence, to cover superficially.

> It will but skin and film the ulcerous place.

Shak.

3. To strip of money or property; to cheat. [Slang]

Skin, v. i. 1. To become covered with skin; as, a wound skins over.

2. To produce, in recitation, examination, etc., the work of another for one's own, or to use in such exercise cribs, memeoranda, etc., which are prohibited. [College Cant, U.S.]

Skin"bound` (?), a. Having the skin adhering closely and rigidly to the flesh; hidebound.

Skinbound disease. (Med.) See Sclerema neonatorum, under Sclerema.

Skinch (?), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Skinched (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Skinching.] [Cf. Scant.] To give scant measure; to squeeze or pinch in order to effect a saving. [Prev. Eng. & Colloq. U.S.]

Skin"-deep` (?), a. Not deeper than the skin; hence, superficial. Lowell.

Skin"flint` (?), n. [Skin + flint.] A penurious person; a miser; a niggard. Sir W. Scott.

Skin"ful (?), n.; pl. Skinfuls (&?;). As much as a skin can hold.

Skink (?), n. [L. scincus, Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;.] [Written also scink.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of regularly scaled harmless lizards of the family Scincidæ, common in the warmer parts of all the continents.

The officinal skink (Scincus officinalis) inhabits the sandy plains of South Africa. It was believed by the ancients to be a specific for various diseases. A common slender species (Seps tridactylus) of Southern Europe was formerly believed to produce fatal diseases in cattle by mere contact. The American skinks include numerous species of the genus Eumeces, as the blue-tailed skink (E. fasciatus) of the Eastern United States. The ground skink, or ground lizard (Oligosoma laterale) inhabits the Southern United States.

Skink, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Skinked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Skinking.] [Icel. skenja; akin to Sw. skäka, Dan. skienke, AS. scencan, D. & G. schenken. As. scencan is usually derived from sceonc, sceanc, shank, a hollow bone being supposed to have been used to draw off liquor from a cask. √161. See Shank, and cf. Nunchion.] To draw or serve, as drink. [Obs.]

> Bacchus the wine them skinketh all about.

Chaucer.

> Such wine as Ganymede doth skink to Jove.

Shirley.

Skink, v. i. To serve or draw liquor. [Obs.]

Skink, n. Drink; also, pottage. [Obs.] Bacon.

Skink"er (?), n. One who serves liquor; a tapster.

Skin"less (?), a. Having no skin, or a very thin skin; as, skinless fruit.

Skin"ner (?), n. 1. One who skins.

2. One who deals in skins, pelts, or hides.

Skin"ni*ness (?), n. Quality of being skinny.

Skin"ny (?), a. Consisting, or chiefly consisting, of skin; wanting flesh. "Her skinny lips." Shak.

> He holds him with a skinny hand.

Coleridge.

Skip (?), n. [See Skep.] 1. A basket. See Skep. [Obs. or Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

2. A basket on wheels, used in cotton factories.

3. (Mining) An iron bucket, which slides between guides, for hoisting mineral and rock.

4. (Sugar Manuf.) A charge of sirup in the pans.

5. A beehive; a skep.

Skip, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Skipped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Skipping.] [OE. skippen, of uncertain origin; cf. Icel. skopa run, skoppa to spin like a top, OSw. & dial. Sw. skimmpa to run, skimpa, skompa, to hop, skip; or Ir. sgiob to snatch, Gael. sgiab to start or move suddenly, to snatch, W. ysgipio to snatch.] 1. To leap lightly; to move in leaps and hounds; -- commonly implying a sportive spirit.

> The lamb thy riot dooms to bleed to-day,
> Had he thy reason, would he skip and play?

Pope.

> So she drew her mother away skipping, dancing, and frisking fantastically.

Hawthorne.

2. Fig.: To leave matters unnoticed, as in reading, speaking, or writing; to pass by, or overlook, portions of a thing; -- often followed by over.

Skip, v. t. 1. To leap lightly over; as, to skip the rope.

2. To pass over or by without notice; to omit; to miss; as, to skip a line in reading; to skip a lesson.

> They who have a mind to see the issue may skip these two chapters.

Bp. Burnet.

3. To cause to skip; as, to skip a stone. [Colloq.]

Skip, n. 1. A light leap or bound.

2. The act of passing over an interval from one thing to another; an omission of a part.

3. (Mus.) A passage from one sound to another by more than a degree at once. Busby.

Skip kennel, a lackey; a footboy. [Slang.] Swift. -- Skip mackerel. (Zoöl.) See Bluefish, 1.

Skip"jack` (?), n. 1. An upstart. [Obs.] Ford.

2. (Zoöl.) An elater; a snap bug, or snapping beetle.

3. (Zoöl.) A name given to several kinds of a fish, as the common bluefish, the alewife, the bonito, the butterfish, the cutlass fish, the jurel, the leather jacket, the runner, the saurel, the saury, the threadfish, etc.

4. (Naut.) A shallow sailboat with a rectilinear or V-shaped cross section.

Skip"per (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, skips.

2. A young, thoughtless person. Shak.

3. (Zoöl.) The saury (Scomberesox saurus).

4. The cheese maggot. See Cheese fly, under Cheese.

5. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of small butterflies of the family Hesperiadæ; -- so called from their peculiar short, jerking flight.

Skip"per, n. [D. schipper. See Shipper, and Ship.] 1. (Naut.) The master of a fishing or small trading vessel; hence, the master, or captain, of any vessel.

2. A ship boy. [Obs.] Congreve.

Skip"pet (?), n. [Cf. Icel. skip, E. skipper. See Ship.] 1. A small boat; a skiff. [Obs.]

> A little skippet floating did appear.

Spenser.

2. A small round box for keeping records. [Obs.]

Skip"ping*ly (?), adv. In a skipping manner; by skips, or light leaps.

Skirl (?), v. t.& i. [Of Scand. origin, and originally the same word as E. shrill.] To utter in a shrill tone; to scream. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Skirl, n. A shrill cry or sound. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Skirl"cock` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The missel thrush; -- so called from its harsh alarm note. [Prev. Eng.]

Skirl"crake` (?), n. The turnstone. [Prev. Eng.]

Skirl"ing, n. A shrill cry or sound; a crying shrilly; a skirl. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

> When the skirling of the pipes cleft the air his cold eyes softened.

Mrs. J. H. Ewing.

Skirl"ing, n. (Zoöl.) A small trout or salmon; -- a name used loosely. [Prov. Eng.]

Skir"mish (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Skirmished (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Skirmishing.] [OE. skirmishen, scarmishen, OF. escremir, eskermir, to fence, fight, F. escrimer, of German origin; cf. OHG. scirmen to protect, defend, G. schirmen, OHG. scirm, scerm, protection, shield, G. schirm; perhaps akin to Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?; a sunshade. Cf. Scaramouch, Scrimmage.] To fight slightly or in small parties; to engage in a skirmish or skirmishes; to act as skirmishers.

Skir"mish, n.[OE. scarmishe, scrymishe. See Skirmish, v. i.] 1. A slight fight in war; a light or desultory combat between detachments from armies, or between detached and small bodies of troops.

2. A slight contest.

> They never meet but there's a skirmish of wit.

Shak.

Skir"mish*er (?), n. One who skirmishes. Specifically: pl. (Mil.) Soldiers deployed in loose order, to cover the front or flanks of an advancing army or a marching column.

Skirr (?), v. t. [Cf. Scur, Scurry.] To ramble over in order to clear; to scour. [Archaic] Shak.

Skirr, v. i. To scour; to scud; to run. [Archaic]

Skirr, n. (Zoöl.) A tern. [Prov. Eng.]

Skir"ret (?), n. [A corrupted form equivalent to sugarwort.] (Bot.) An umbelliferous plant (Sium, or Pimpinella, Sisarum). It is a native of Asia, but has been long cultivated in Europe for its edible clustered tuberous roots, which are very sweet.

Skir"rhus (?), n. (Med.) See Scirrhus.

Skirt (?), n. [OE. skyrt, of Scand. origin; cf. Icel. skyrta a shirt, Sw. skört a skirt, skjorta a shirt. See Shirt.] 1. The lower and loose part of a coat, dress, or other like garment; the part below the waist; as, the skirt of a coat, a dress, or a mantle.

2. A loose edging to any part of a dress. [Obs.]

> A narrow lace, or a small skirt of ruffled linen, which runs along the upper part of the stays before, and crosses the breast, being a part of the tucker, is called the modesty piece.

Addison.

3. Border; edge; margin; extreme part of anything "Here in the skirts of the forest." Shak.

4. A petticoat.

5. The diaphragm, or midriff, in animals. Dunglison.

Skirt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Skirted; p. pr. & vb. n. Skirting.] 1. To cover with a skirt; to surround.

> Skirted his loins and thighs with downy gold.

Milton.

2. To border; to form the border or edge of; to run along the edge of; as, the plain was skirted by rows of trees. "When sundown skirts the moor." Tennyson.

Skirt, v. t. To be on the border; to live near the border, or extremity.

> Savages . . . who skirt along our western frontiers.

S. S. Smith.

Skirt"ing, n. 1. (Arch.) A skirting board. [R.]

2. Skirts, taken collectivelly; material for skirts.

Skirting board, the board running around a room on the wall next the floor; baseboard.

Skit (?), v. t. [Prov. E. skitto slide, as adj., hasty, precipitate, of Scand. origin, and akin to E. shoot, v.t.; cf. Icel. skyti, skytja, skytta, a marksman, shooter, skjta to shoot, skta a taunt. √159. See Shoot.] To cast reflections on; to asperse. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Crose.

Skit, n. 1. A reflection; a jeer or gibe; a sally; a brief satire; a squib. Tooke.

> A similar vein satire upon the emptiness of writers is given in his "Tritical Essay upon the Faculties of the Human Mind;" but that is a mere skit compared with this strange performance.

Leslie Stephen.

2. A wanton girl; a light wench. [Obs.]

Skit"tish (?), a. [See Skit, v. t.] 1. Easily frightened; timorous; shy; untrustworthy; as, a skittish colt. "A restiff, skittish jade." L'Estrange.

2. Wanton; restive; freakish; volatile; changeable; fickle. "Skittish Fortune's hall." Shak.

-- Skit"tish*ly, adv. -- Skit"tish*ness, n.

Skit"tle (?), a. Pertaining to the game of skittles.

Skittle alley, an alley or court in which the game of skittles is played. -- Skittle ball, a disk or flattish ball of wood for throwing at the pins in the game of skittles.

Skit"tle-dog` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The piked dogfish.

Skit"tles (?), n. pl. [Of Scand. origin. √159. See Shoot, v. t., and cf. Shuttle, Skit, v. t.] An English game resembling ninepins, but played by throwing wooden disks, instead of rolling balls, at the pins.

Skit"ty (?), n. [Cf. Skittish.] (Zoöl.) A rail; as, the water rail (called also skitty cock, and skitty coot); the spotted crake (Porzana maruetta), and the moor hen. [Prov. Eng.]

Skive (?), n. [Cf. Icel. skfa a shaving, slice, E. shive, sheave.] The iron lap used by diamond polishers in finishing the facets of the gem.

Skive (?), v. t. To pare or shave off the rough or thick parts of (hides or leather).

Skiv"er (?), n. [Cf. Skewer, Shiver a fragment.] 1. An inferior quality of leather, made of split sheepskin, tanned by immersion in sumac, and dyed. It is used for hat linings, pocketbooks, bookbinding, etc.

2. The cutting tool or machine used in splitting leather or skins, as sheepskins.

Ski"ving (?), n. 1. The act of paring or splitting leather or skins.

2. A piece made in paring or splitting leather; specifically, the part from the inner, or flesh, side.

Sklayre (?), n. [Cf. G. schleier.] A vell. [Obs.]

Sklere (?), v. t. To shelter; to cover. [Obs.]

{ Skol"e*cite (?), Skol"e*zite (?) }, n. (Min.) See Scolecite.

Skonce (?), n. See Sconce.

Skop"ster (skp"str), n. The saury. [Prov. Eng.]

Skor"o*dite (?), n. (Min.) See Scorodite.

Skout (?), n. (Zoöl.) A guillemot.

Sko"witz (?), n. [Nisqually (American Indian) name.] (Zoöl.) The silver salmon.

Skreen (?), n. & v. See Screen. [Obs.]

Skrike (?), v. i. & t. To shriek. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Skrike, n. (Zoöl.) The missel thrush. [Prov. Eng.]

Skrim"mage (?), n. See Scrimmage.

Skrimp (?), v. t. See Scrimp.

Skringe (?), v. i. See Scringe.

Skrite (?), n. (Zoöl.) The skrike. [Prov. Eng.]

Sku"a (?), n. [Icel. sk&?;fr, sk&?;mr.] (Zoöl.) Any jager gull; especially, the Megalestris skua; -- called also boatswain.

Skue (?), a. & n. See Skew.

Skulk (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Skulked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Skulking.] [Of Scand. origin; cf. Dan. skulke to spare or save one's self, to play the truant, Sw. skolka to be at leisure, to shirk, Icel. skolla. Cf. Scowl.] To hide, or get out of the way, in a sneaking manner; to lie close, or to move in a furtive way; to lurk. "Want skulks in holes and crevices." W. C. Bryant.

> Discovered and defeated of your prey,
> You skulked behind the fence, and sneaked away.

Dryden.

Skulk, n. [Cf. Icel. skollr, skolli, a fox, and E. skulk, v.i.] A number of foxes together. Wright.

<! p. 1351 !>

{ Skulk (?), Skulk"er (?), } n. One who, or that which, skulks.

Skulk"ing*ly, adv. In a skulking manner.

Skull (?), n. [See School a multitude.] A school, company, or shoal. [Obs.]

> A knavish skull of boys and girls did pelt at him.

Warner.

> These fishes enter in great flotes and skulls.

Holland.

Skull, n. [OE. skulle, sculle, scolle; akin to Scot. skull, skoll, a bowl, Sw. skalle skull, skal a shell, and E. scale; cf. G. hirnschale, Dan. hierneskal. Cf. Scale of a balance.] 1. (Anat.) The skeleton of the head of a vertebrate animal, including the brain case, or cranium, and the bones and cartilages of the face and mouth. See Illusts. of Carnivora, of Facial angles under Facial, and of Skeleton, in Appendix.

In many fishes the skull is almost wholly cartilaginous but in the higher vertebrates it is more or less completely ossified, several bones are developed in the face, and the cranium is made up, wholly or partially, of bony plates arranged in three segments, the frontal, parietal, and occipital, and usually closely united in the adult.

2. The head or brain; the seat of intelligence; mind.

> Skulls that can not teach, and will not learn.

Cowper.

3. A covering for the head; a skullcap. [Obs. & R.]

> Let me put on my skull first.

Beau. & Fl.

4. A sort of oar. See Scull.

Skull and crossbones, a symbol of death. See Crossbones.

Skull"cap` (?), n. 1. A cap which fits the head closely; also, formerly, a headpiece of iron sewed inside of a cap for protection.

2. (Bot.) Any plant of the labiate genus Scutellaria, the calyx of whose flower appears, when inverted, like a helmet with the visor raised.

3. (Zoöl.) The Lophiomys.

Mad-dog skullcap (Bot.), an American herb (Scetellaria lateriflora) formerly prescribed as a cure for hydrophobia.

Skull"fish` (?), n. A whaler's name for a whale more than two years old.

Skul"pin (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Sculpin.

Skun (?), n. & v. See Scum.

Skunk (?), n. [Contr. from the Abenaki (American Indian) seganku.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of American musteline carnivores of the genus Mephitis and allied genera. They have two glands near the anus, secreting an extremely fetid liquid, which the animal ejects at pleasure as a means of defense.

The common species of the Eastern United States (Mephitis mephitica) is black with more or less white on the body and tail. The spotted skunk (Spilogale putorius), native of the Southwestern United States and Mexico, is smaller than the common skunk, and is variously marked with black and white.

Skunk bird, Skunk blackbird (Zoöl.), the bobolink; -- so called because the male, in the breeding season, is black and white, like a skunk. -- Skunk cabbage (Bot.), an American aroid herb (Symplocarpus fœtidus>) having a reddish hornlike spathe in earliest spring, followed by a cluster of large cabbagelike leaves. It exhales a disagreeable odor. Also called swamp cabbage. -- Skunk porpoise. (Zoöl.) See under Porpoise.

Skunk, v. t. In games of chance and skill: To defeat (an opponent) (as in cards) so that he fails to gain a point, or (in checkers) to get a king. [Colloq. U. S.]

Skunk"ball` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The surf duck.

Skunk"head` (?), n. (Zoöl.) (a) The surf duck. (b) A duck (Camptolaimus Labradorus) which formerly inhabited the Atlantic coast of New England. It is now supposed to be extinct. Called also Labrador duck, and pied duck.

Skunk"ish, a. Like the skunk, especially in odor.

Skunk"top` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The surf duck.

Skunk"weed` (?), n. (Bot.) Skunk cabbage.

Skur"ry (?), n. & v. See Scurry.

Skute (?), n. [Icel. sk&?;ta; akin to Sw. skuta, Dan. skude, D. schuit, Lg. schüte, and E. schoot, v.t.] A boat; a small vessel. [Obs.] Sir R. Williams.

Skut"ter*ud*ite (?), n. [From Skutterud, in Norway, whence it is obtained.] (Min.) A mineral of a bright metallic luster and tin-white to pale lead- gray color. It consists of arsenic and cobalt.

Sky (sk), n.; pl. Skies (skz). [OE. skie a cloud, Icel. sk; akin to Sw. & Dan. sky; cf. AS. sca, scwa, shadow, Icel. skuggi; probably from the same root as E. scum. √158. See Scum, and cf. Hide skin, Obscure.] 1. A cloud. [Obs.]

> [A wind] that blew so hideously and high,
> That it ne lefte not a sky
> In all the welkin long and broad.

Chaucer.

2. Hence, a shadow. [Obs.]

> She passeth as it were a sky.

Gower.

3. The apparent arch, or vault, of heaven, which in a clear day is of a blue color; the heavens; the firmament; - - sometimes in the plural.

> The Norweyan banners flout the sky.

Shak.

4. The wheather; the climate.

> Thou wert better in thy grave than to answer with thy uncovered body this extremity of the skies.

Shak.

Sky is often used adjectively or in the formation of self-explaining compounds; as, sky color, skylight, sky-aspiring, sky-born, sky-pointing, sky- roofed, etc.

Sky blue, an azure color. -- Sky scraper (Naut.), a skysail of a triangular form. Totten. -- Under open sky, out of doors. "Under open sky adored." Milton.

Sky, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Skied (?) or Skyed; p. pr. & vb. n. Skying (?).] 1. To hang (a picture on exhibition) near the top of a wall, where it can not be well seen. [Colloq.]

> Brother Academicians who skied his pictures.

The Century.

2. To throw towards the sky; as, to sky a ball at cricket. [Colloq.]

Sky"-blue (?), a. Having the blue color of the sky; azure; as, a sky-blue stone. Wordsworth.

Skyed (?), a. Surrounded by sky. [Poetic & R.] "The skyed mountain." Thomson.

Skye" ter"ri*er (?). (Zoöl.) See Terrier.

Sky"ey (?), a. Like the sky; ethereal; being in the sky. "Skyey regions." Thackeray.

> Sublime on the towers of my skyey bowers,
> Lightning, my pilot, sits.

Shelley.

Sky"-high` (?), adv. & a. Very high. [Colloq.]

Sky"ish, a. Like the sky, or approaching the sky; lofty; ethereal. [R.] Shak.

Sky"lark` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A lark that mounts and sings as it files, especially the common species (Alauda arvensis) found in Europe and in some parts of Asia, and celebrated for its melodious song; -- called also sky laverock. See under Lark.

The Australian skylark (Cincloramphus cantillans) is a pipit which has the habit of ascending perpendicularly like a skylark, but it lacks the song of a true lark. The Missouri skylark is a pipit (Anthus Spraguei) of the Western United States, resembling the skylark in habit and song.

Sky"lark"ing, n. The act of running about the rigging of a vessel in sport; hence, frolicking; scuffing; sporting; carousing. [Colloq.]

Sky"light` (?), n. A window placed in the roof of a building, in the ceiling of a room, or in the deck of a ship, for the admission of light from above.

Sky"rock`et (?), n. A rocket that ascends high and burns as it flies; a species of fireworks.

Sky"sail (?), n. (Naut.) The sail set next above the royal. See Illust. under Sail.

Sky"ward (?), a. & adv. Toward the sky.

Slab (?), n. [OE. slabbe, of uncertain origin; perhaps originally meaning, a smooth piece, and akin to slape, Icel. sleipr slippery, and E. slip, v. i.] 1. A thin piece of anything, especially of marble or other stone, having plane surfaces. Gwilt.

2. An outside piece taken from a log or timber in sawing it into boards, planks, etc.

3. (Zoöl.) The wryneck. [Prov. Eng.]

4. (Naut.) The slack part of a sail.

Slab line (Naut.), a line or small rope by which seamen haul up the foot of the mainsail or foresail. Totten.

Slab, a. [Cf. Gael. & Ir. slaib mud, mire left on a river strand, and E. slop puddle.] Thick; viscous. [Obs.]

> Make the gruel thick and slab.

Shak.

Slab, n. That which is slimy or viscous; moist earth; mud; also, a puddle. [Obs.] Evelyn.

Slab"ber (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Slabbered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Slabbering.] [OE. slaberen; akin to LG. & D. slabbern, G. schlabbern, LG. & D. slabben, G. schlabben, Icel. slafra. Cf. Slaver, Slobber, Slubber.] To let saliva or some liquid fall from the mouth carelessly, like a child or an idiot; to drivel; to drool. [Written also slaver, and slobber.]

Slab"ber, v. t. 1. To wet and foul spittle, or as if with spittle.

> He slabbered me over, from cheek to cheek, with his great tongue.

Arbuthnot.

2. To spill liquid upon; to smear carelessly; to spill, as liquid foed or drink, in careless eating or drinking.

> The milk pan and cream pot so slabbered and tost
> That butter is wanting and cheese is half lost.

Tusser.

Slab"ber, n. Spittle; saliva; slaver.

Slab"ber (?), n. [See 1st Slab.] (Mach.) (a) A saw for cutting slabs from logs. (b) A slabbing machine.

Slab"ber*er (?), n. One who slabbers, or drools; hence, an idiot.

Slab"ber*y (?), a. Like, or covered with, slabber or slab; slippery; sloppy.

Slab"bi*ness (?), n. Quality of being slabby.

Slab"bing (?), a. [See 1st Slab.] Adapted for forming slabs, or for dressing flat surfaces.

Slabbing machine, a milling machine.

Slab"by (?), a. [Compar. Slabbier (?); superl. Slabbiest.] [See Slab, a.] 1. Thick; viscous.

> They present you with a cup, and you must drink of a slabby stuff.

Selden.

2. Sloppy; slimy; miry. See Sloppy. Gay.

Slab"-sid`ed (?), a. Having flat sides; hence, tall, or long and lank. [Colloq. U. S.]

Slack (?), n. [Cf. Slag.] Small coal; also, coal dust; culm. Raymond.

Slack, n. [Icel. slakki a slope on a mountain edge.] A valley, or small, shallow dell. [Prov. Eng.] Grose.

Slack, a. [Compar. Slacker (?); superl. Slackest.] [OE. slak, AS. sleac; akin to OS. slak, OHG. slah, Prov. G. schlack, Icel. slakr, Sw. slak; cf. Skr. sj to let loose, to throw. Cf. Slake.] Lax; not tense; not hard drawn; not firmly extended; as, a slack rope.

2. Weak; not holding fast; as, a slack hand. Milton.

3. Remiss; backward; not using due diligence or care; not earnest or eager; as, slack in duty or service.

> The Lord is not slack concerning his promise, as some men count slackness.

2 Pet. iii. 9.

4. Not violent, rapid, or pressing; slow; moderate; easy; as, business is slack. "With slack pace." Chaucer.

> C&?;sar . . . about sunset, hoisting sail with a slack southwest, at midnight was becalmed.

Milton.

Slack in stays (Naut.), slow in going about, as a ship. -- Slack water, the time when the tide runs slowly, or the water is at rest; or the interval between the flux and reflux of the tide. -- Slack-water navigation, navigation in a stream the depth of which has been increased, and the current diminished, by a dam or dams.

Syn. -- Loose; relaxed; weak; remiss; backward; abated; diminished; inactive; slow; tardy; dull.

Slack (?), adv. Slackly; as, slack dried hops.

Slack, n. The part of anything that hangs loose, having no strain upon it; as, the slack of a rope or of a sail.

{ Slack (?), Slack"en (?), } v. i. [imp. & p. p. Slacked (?), Slackened (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Slacking, Slackening.] [See Slack, a.] 1. To become slack; to be made less tense, firm, or rigid; to decrease in tension; as, a wet cord slackens in dry weather.

2. To be remiss or backward; to be negligent.

3. To lose cohesion or solidity by a chemical combination with water; to slake; as, lime slacks.

4. To abate; to become less violent.

> Whence these raging fires
> Will slacken, if his breath stir not their flames.

Milton.

5. To lose rapidity; to become more slow; as, a current of water slackens.

6. To languish; to fail; to flag.

7. To end; to cease; to desist; to slake. [Obs.]

> That through your death your lineage should slack.

Chaucer.

> They will not of that firste purpose slack.

Chaucer.

{ Slack, Slack"en, } v. t. 1. To render slack; to make less tense or firm; as, to slack a rope; to slacken a bandage. Wycklif (Acts xxvii. 40)

2. To neglect; to be remiss in. [Obs.] Shak.

> Slack not the pressage.

Dryden.

3. To deprive of cohesion by combining chemically with water; to slake; as, to slack lime.

4. To cause to become less eager; to repress; to make slow or less rapid; to retard; as, to slacken pursuit; to slacken industry. "Rancor for to slack." Chaucer.

> I should be grieved, young prince, to think my presence
> Unbent your thoughts, and slackened 'em to arms.

Addison.

> In this business of growing rich, poor men should slack their pace.

South.

> With such delay
> Well plased, they slack their course.

Milton.

5. To cause to become less intense; to mitigate; to abate; to ease.

> To respite, or deceive, or slack thy pain
> Of this ill mansion.

Milton.

Air-slacked lime, lime slacked by exposure to the air, in consequence of the absorption of carton dioxide and water, by which it is converted into carbonate of lime and hydrate of lime.

Slack"en (?), n. (Metal.) A spongy, semivitrifled substance which miners or smelters mix with the ores of metals to prevent their fusion. [Written also slakin.]

Slack"ly, adv. In a slack manner. Trench.

Slack"ness, n. The quality or state of being slack.

Slade (?), n. [AS. sl&?;d.] 1. A little dell or valley; a flat piece of low, moist ground. [Obs.] Drayton.

2. The sole of a plow.

Slag (?), n. [Sw. slagg, or LG. slacke, whence G. schlacke; originally, perhaps, the splinters struck off from the metal by hammering. See Slay, v. t.] 1. The dross, or recrement, of a metal; also, vitrified cinders.

2. The scoria of a volcano.

Slag furnace, or Slag hearth (Metal.), a furnace, or hearth, for extracting lead from slags or poor ore. -- Slag wool, mineral wool. See under Mineral.

Slag"gy (?), a. Of or pertaining to slag; resembling slag; as, slaggy cobalt.

Slaie (?), n. [See Sley.] A weaver's reed; a sley.

Slake (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Slaked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Slaking.] [OE. slaken to render slack, to slake, AS. sleacian, fr. sleac slack. See Slack, v. & a.] 1. To allay; to quench; to extinguish; as, to slake thirst. "And slake the heavenly fire." Spenser.

> It could not slake mine ire nor ease my heart.

Shak.

2. To mix with water, so that a true chemical combination shall take place; to slack; as, to slake lime.

Slake, v. i. 1. To go out; to become extinct. "His flame did slake." Sir T. Browne.

2. To abate; to become less decided. [R.] Shak.

3. To slacken; to become relaxed. "When the body's strongest sinews slake." [R.] Sir J. Davies.

4. To become mixed with water, so that a true chemical combination takes place; as, the lime slakes.

Slake trough, a trough containing water in which a blacksmith cools a forging or tool.

Slake"less, a. Not capable of being slaked.

Slak"in (?), n. (Metal.) Slacken.

Slam (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Slammed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Slamming.] [Of Scand. origin; cf. Icel. slamra, slambra, sl&?;ma, Norw. slemba, slemma, dial. Sw. slämma.] 1. To shut with force and a loud noise; to bang; as, he slammed the door.

2. To put in or on some place with force and loud noise; -- usually with down; as, to slam a trunk down on the pavement.

3. To strike with some implement with force; hence, to beat or cuff. [Prov. Eng.]

4. To strike down; to slaughter. [Prov. Eng.]

5. To defeat (opponents at cards) by winning all the tricks of a deal or a hand. Hoyle.

To slam to, to shut or close with a slam. "He slammed to the door." W. D. Howells.

Slam, v. i. To come or swing against something, or to shut, with sudden force so as to produce a shock and noise; as, a door or shutter slams.

Slam, n. 1. The act of one who, or that which, slams.

2. The shock and noise produced in slamming.

> The slam and the scowl were lost upon Sam.

Dickens.

3. (Card Playing) Winning all the tricks of a deal.

4. The refuse of alum works. [Prov. Eng.]

Slam"-bang` (?), adv. With great violence; with a slamming or banging noise. [Colloq.]

{ Slam"kin (?), Slam"mer*kin (?), } n. [Cf. G. schlampe, schlamp, dim. schlämpchen; schlampen to dangle, to be slovenly in one's dress.] A slut; a slatternly woman. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Slan"der (?), n. [OE. sclandere, OF. esclandre, esclandle, escandre, F. esclandre, fr. L. scandalum, Gr. &?;&?;&?; a snare, stumbling block, offense, scandal; probably originally, the spring of a trap, and akin to Skr. skand to spring, leap. See Scan, and cf. Scandal.] 1. A false tale or report maliciously uttered, tending to injure the reputation of another; the malicious utterance of defamatory reports; the dissemination of malicious tales or suggestions to the injury of another.

> Whether we speak evil of a man to his face or behind his back; the former way, indeed, seems to be the most generous, but yet is a great fault, and that which we call "reviling;" the latter is more mean and base, and that which we properly call "slander", or "Backbiting."

Tillotson.

> [We] make the careful magistrate
> The mark of slander.

B. Jonson.

<! p. 1352 !>

2. Disgrace; reproach; dishonor; opprobrium.

> Thou slander of thy mother's heavy womb.

Shak.

3. (Law) Formerly, defamation generally, whether oral or written; in modern usage, defamation by words spoken; utterance of false, malicious, and defamatory words, tending to the damage and derogation of another; calumny. See the Note under Defamation. Burril.

Slan"der (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Slandered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Slandering.] 1. To defame; to injure by maliciously uttering a false report; to tarnish or impair the reputation of by false tales maliciously told or propagated; to calumniate.

> O, do not slander him, for he is kind.

Shak.

2. To bring discredit or shame upon by one's acts.

> Tax not so bad a voice
> To slander music any more than once.

Shak.

Syn. -- To asperse; defame; calumniate; vilify; malign; belie; scandalize; reproach. See Asperse.

Slan"der*er (?), n. One who slanders; a defamer; a calumniator. Jer. Taylor.

Slan"der*ous (?), a. 1. Given or disposed to slander; uttering slander. "Slanderous tongue." Shak.

2. Embodying or containing slander; calumnious; as, slanderous words, speeches, or reports.

-- Slan"der*ous*ly, adv. -- Slan"der*ous*ness, n.

Slang (?), imp. of Sling. Slung. [Archaic]

Slang, n. Any long, narrow piece of land; a promontory. [Local, Eng.] Holland.

Slang, n. [Cf. Sling.] A fetter worn on the leg by a convict. [Eng.]

Slang, n. [Said to be of Gypsy origin; but probably from Scand., and akin to E. sling; cf. Norw. sleng a slinging, an invention, device, slengja to sling, to cast, slengja kjeften (literally, to sling the jaw) to use abusive language, to use slang, slenjeord (ord = word) an insulting word, a new word that has no just reason for being.] Low, vulgar, unauthorized language; a popular but unauthorized word, phrase, or mode of expression; also, the jargon of some particular calling or class in society; low popular cant; as, the slang of the theater, of college, of sailors, etc.

Slang, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Slanged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Slanging.] To address with slang or ribaldry; to insult with vulgar language. [Colloq.]

> Every gentleman abused by a cabman or slanged by a bargee was bound there and then to take off his coat and challenge him to fisticuffs.

London Spectator.

Slang"i*ness (?), n. Quality of being slangy.

Slan"gous (?), a. Slangy. [R.] John Bee.

Slang"-whang`er (?), n. [Slang + whang to beat.] One who uses abusive slang; a ranting partisan. [Colloq. or Humorous] W. Irving.

Slang"y (?), a. Of or pertaining to slang; of the nature of slang; disposed to use slang. [Written also slangey.]

Slank (?), imp. & p. p. of Slink.

Slant (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Slanted; p. pr. & vb. n. Slanting.] [OE. slenten to slope, slide; cf. Sw. slinta to slide.] To be turned or inclined from a right line or level; to lie obliquely; to slope.

> On the side of younder slanting hill.

Dodsley.

Slant, v. t. To turn from a direct line; to give an oblique or sloping direction to; as, to slant a line.

Slant, n. 1. A slanting direction or plane; a slope; as, it lies on a slant.

2. An oblique reflection or gibe; a sarcastic remark.

Slant or wind, a local variation of the wind from its general direction.

Slant, a. [Cf. dial. Sw. slant. See Slant, v. i.] Inclined from a direct line, whether horizontal or perpendicular; sloping; oblique. "The slant lightning." Milton.

Slant"ing, a. Oblique; sloping. -- Slant"ing*ly, adv.

{ Slant"wise` (?), Slant"ly }, adv. In an inclined direction; obliquely; slopingly.

Slap (?), n. [OE. slappe; akin to LG. slappe, G. schlappe; probably of imitative origin.] A blow, esp. one given with the open hand, or with something broad.

Slap, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Slapped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Slapping.] To strike with the open hand, or with something broad.

Slap, adv. [Cf. LG. slap, G. schlapp. See Slap, n.] With a sudden and violent blow; hence, quickly; instantly; directly. [Colloq.] "The railroad cars drive slap into the city." Thackeray.

Slap"dash` (?), adv. [Slap + dash.] 1. In a bold, careless manner; at random. [Colloq.]

2. With a slap; all at once; slap. [Colloq.] Prior.

Slap"dash`, v. t. To apply, or apply something to, in a hasty, careless, or rough manner; to roughcast; as, to slapdash mortar or paint on a wall, or to slapdash a wall. [Colloq.] Halliwell.

Slape (?), a. [Icel. sleipr slippery; akin to E. slip.] Slippery; smooth; crafty; hypocritical. [Prov. Eng.]

Slape ale, plain ale, as opposed to medicated or mixed ale. [Prov. Eng.]

Slape"face` (?), n. A soft-spoken, crafty hypocrite. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Slap"jack` (?), n. A flat batter cake cooked on a griddle; a flapjack; a griddlecake. [Local, U.S.]

Slap"per (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, slaps.

2. Anything monstrous; a whopper. [Slang] Grose.

{ Slap"per (?), Slap"ping (?), } a. Very large; monstrous; big. [Slang.]

Slash, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Slashed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Slashing.] [OE. slaschen, of uncertain origin; cf. OF. esclachier to break, esclechier, esclichier, to break, and E. slate, slice, slit, v. t.] 1. To cut by striking violently and at random; to cut in long slits.

2. To lash; to ply the whip to. [R.] King.

3. To crack or snap, as a whip. [R.] Dr. H. More.

Slash, v. i. To strike violently and at random, esp. with an edged instrument; to lay about one indiscriminately with blows; to cut hastily and carelessly.

> Hewing and slashing at their idle shades.

Spenser.

Slash, n. 1. A long cut; a cut made at random.

2. A large slit in the material of any garment, made to show the lining through the openings.

3. [Cf. Slashy.] pl. Swampy or wet lands overgrown with bushes. [Local, U.S.] Bartlett.

Slashed (?), a. 1. Marked or cut with a slash or slashes; deeply gashed; especially, having long, narrow openings, as a sleeve or other part of a garment, to show rich lining or under vesture.

> A gray jerkin, with scarlet and slashed sleeves.

Sir W. Scott.

2. (Bot.) Divided into many narrow parts or segments by sharp incisions; laciniate.

Slash"er (?), n. (Textile Manuf.) A machine for applying size to warp yarns.

Slash" pine" (?). (Bot.) A kind of pine tree (Pinus Cubensis) found in Southern Florida and the West Indies; -- so called because it grows in "slashes."

Slash"y (?), a. [Cf. Sw. slaska to dabble in water. Cf. Slush.] Wet and dirty; slushy. [Prov. Eng.]

Slat (?), n. [CF. Slot a bar.] A thin, narrow strip or bar of wood or metal; as, the slats of a window blind.

Slat, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Slatted; p. pr. & vb. n. Slatting.] [OE. slatten; cf. Icel. sletta to slap, to dab.] 1. To slap; to strike; to beat; to throw down violently. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U.S.]

> How did you kill him?
> Slat[t]ed his brains out.

Marston.

2. To split; to crack. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

3. To set on; to incite. See 3d Slate. [Prov. Eng.]

Slatch (?), n. [See Slack.] (Naut.) (a) The period of a transitory breeze. (b) An interval of fair weather. (c) The loose or slack part of a rope; slack.

Slate (?), n. [OE. slat, OF. esclat a shiver, splinter, F. éclat, fr. OF. esclater to shiver, to chip, F. éclater, fr. OHG. sliezen to tear, slit, split, fr. slzan to slit, G. schleissen. See Slit, v. t., and cf. Eclat.] 1. (Min.) An argillaceous rock which readily splits into thin plates; argillite; argillaceous schist.

2. Any rock or stone having a slaty structure.

3. A prepared piece of such stone. Especially: (a) A thin, flat piece, for roofing or covering houses, etc. (b) A tablet for writing upon.

4. An artificial material, resembling slate, and used for the above purposes.

5. A thin plate of any material; a flake. [Obs.]

6. (Politics) A list of candidates, prepared for nomination or for election; a list of candidates, or a programme of action, devised beforehand. [Cant, U.S.] Bartlett.

Adhesive slate (Min.), a kind of slate of a greenish gray color, which absorbs water rapidly, and adheres to the tongue; whence the name. -- Aluminous slate, or Alum slate (Min.), a kind of slate containing sulphate of alumina, -- used in the manufacture of alum. -- Bituminous slate (Min.), a soft species of sectile clay slate, impregnated with bitumen. -- Hornblende slate (Min.), a slaty rock, consisting essentially of hornblende and feldspar, useful for flagging on account of its toughness. -- Slate ax or axe, a mattock with an ax end, used in shaping slates for roofs, and making holes in them for the nails. -- Slate clay (Geol.), an indurated clay, forming one of the alternating beds of the coal measures, consisting of an infusible compound of alumina and silica, and often used for making fire bricks. Tomlinson. -- Slate globe, a globe the surface of which is made of an artificial slatelike material. -- Slate pencil, a pencil of slate, or of soapstone, used for writing on a slate. -- Slate rocks (Min.), rocks which split into thin laminæ, not necessarily parallel to the stratification; foliated rocks. -- Slate spar (Min.), a variety of calcite of silvery white luster and of a slaty structure. -- Transparent slate, a plate of translucent material, as ground glass, upon which a copy of a picture, placed beneath it, can be made by tracing.

Slate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Slated; p. pr. & vb. n. Slating.] 1. To cover with slate, or with a substance resembling slate; as, to slate a roof; to slate a globe.

2. To register (as on a slate and subject to revision), for an appointment. [Polit. Cant]

Slate, v. t. [Cf. AS. slting a privilege of hunting.] To set a dog upon; to bait; to slat. See 2d Slat, 3. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] [Written also slete.] Ray.

Slate"-col`or (?). A dark bluish gray color.

Slate"-gray` (?), a. Of a dark gray, like slate.

Slat"er (?), n. One who lays slates, or whose occupation is to slate buildings.

Slat"er, n. (Zoöl.) Any terrestrial isopod crustacean of the genus Porcellio and allied genera; a sow bug.

Slat"ing, n. 1. The act of covering with slate, slates, or a substance resembling slate; the work of a slater.

2. Slates, collectively; also, material for slating.

Slatt (?), n. [See Slat a strip of board.] A slab of stone used as a veneer for coarse masonry. Knight.

Slat"ter (?), v. i. [E. slat to throw or dash about.] To be careless, negligent, or aswkward, esp. with regard to dress and neatness; to be wasteful. Ray.

Slat"tern (?), n. A woman who is negligent of her dress or house; one who is not neat and nice.

Slat"tern, a. Resembling a slattern; sluttish; slatterny. "The slattern air." Gay.

Slat"tern (?), v. t. To consume carelessly or wastefully; to waste; -- with away. [R.] Chesterfield.

Slat"tern*li*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being slatternly; slovenliness; untidiness.

Slat"tern*ly, a. Resembling a slattern; sluttish; negligent; dirty. -- adv. In a slatternly manner.

Slat"ter*pouch` (?), n. A dance or game played by boys, requiring active exercise. [Obs.] Gayton.

Slat"ting (?), Slats, collectively.

Slat"ting, n. The violent shaking or flapping of anything hanging loose in the wind, as of a sail, when being hauled down.

Slat"y (?), a. [From Slate.] Resembling slate; having the nature, appearance, or properties, of slate; composed of thin parallel plates, capable of being separated by splitting; as, a slaty color or texture.

Slaty cleavage (Min.), cleavage, as of rocks, into thin leaves or plates, like those of slate; -- applied especially to those cases in which the planes of cleavage are not parallel to the planes of stratification. It is now believed to be caused by the compression which the strata have undergone. -- Slaty gneiss (Min.), a variety of gneiss in which the scales of mica or crystals of hornblende, which are usually minute, form thin laminæ, rendering the rock easily cleavable.

Slaugh"ter (?), n. [OE. slautir, slaughter, slaghter, Icel. sltr slain flesh, modified by OE. slaught, slaht, slaughter, fr. AS. sleaht a stroke, blow; both from the root of E. slay. See Slay, v. t., and cf. Onslaught.] The act of killing. Specifically: (a) The extensive, violent, bloody, or wanton destruction of life; carnage.

> On war and mutual slaughter bent.

Milton.

(b) The act of killing cattle or other beasts for market.

Syn. -- Carnage; massacre; butchery; murder; havoc.

Slaugh"ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Slaughtered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Slaughtering.] 1. To visit with great destruction of life; to kill; to slay in battle.

> Your castle is surprised; your wife and babes
> Savagely slaughtered.

Shak.

2. To butcher; to kill for the market, as beasts.

Slaugh"ter*er (?), n. One who slaughters.

Slaugh"ter*house` (?), n. A house where beasts are butchered for the market.

Slaugh"ter*man (?), n.; pl. Slaughtermen (&?;). One employed in slaughtering. Shak.

Slaugh"ter*ous (?), a. Destructive; murderous. Shak. M. Arnold. -- Slaugh"ter*ous*ly, adv.

Slav (?), n.;pl. Slavs (#). [A word originally meaning, intelligible, and used to contrast the people so called with foreigners who spoke languages unintelligible to the Slavs; akin to OSlav. slovo a word, slava fame, Skr. çru to hear. Cf. Loud.] (Ethnol.) One of a race of people occupying a large part of Eastern and Northern Europe, including the Russians, Bulgarians, Roumanians, Servo-Croats, Slovenes, Poles, Czechs, Wends or Sorbs, Slovaks, etc. [Written also Slave, and Sclav.]

Slave (?), n. See Slav.

Slave (?), n. [Cf. F. esclave, D. slaaf, Dan. slave, sclave, Sw. slaf, all fr. G. sklave, MHG. also slave, from the national name of the Slavonians, or Sclavonians (in LL. Slavi or Sclavi), who were frequently made slaves by the Germans. See Slav.] 1. A person who is held in bondage to another; one who is wholly subject to the will of another; one who is held as a chattel; one who has no freedom of action, but whose person and services are wholly under the control of another.

> thou our slave,
> Our captive, at the public mill our drudge?

Milton.

2. One who has lost the power of resistance; one who surrenders himself to any power whatever; as, a slave to passion, to lust, to strong drink, to ambition.

3. A drudge; one who labors like a slave.

4. An abject person; a wretch. Shak.

Slave ant (Zoöl.), any species of ants which is captured and enslaved by another species, especially Formica fusca of Europe and America, which is commonly enslaved by Formica sanguinea. -- Slave catcher, one who attempted to catch and bring back a fugitive slave to his master. -- Slave coast, part of the western coast of Africa to which slaves were brought to be sold to foreigners. -- Slave driver, one who superintends slaves at their work; hence, figuratively, a cruel taskmaster. -- Slave hunt. (a) A search after persons in order to reduce them to slavery. Barth. (b) A search after fugitive slaves, often conducted with bloodhounds. -- Slave ship, a vessel employed in the slave trade or used for transporting slaves; a slaver. -- Slave trade, the business of dealing in slaves, especially of buying them for transportation from their homes to be sold elsewhere. -- Slave trader, one who traffics in slaves.

Syn. -- Bond servant; bondman; bondslave; captive; henchman; vassal; dependent; drudge. See Serf.

Slave, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Slaved (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Slaving.] To drudge; to toil; to labor as a slave.

Slave, v. t. To enslave. Marston.

Slave"born` (?), a. Born in slavery.

Slave"hold`er (?), n. One who holds slaves.

Slave"hold`ing, a. Holding persons in slavery.

Slave*oc"ra*cy (?), n. See Slavocracy.

Slav"er (?), n. 1. A vessel engaged in the slave trade; a slave ship.

2. A person engaged in the purchase and sale of slaves; a slave merchant, or slave trader.

> The slaver's hand was on the latch,
> He seemed in haste to go.

Longfellow.

Slav"er (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Slavered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Slavering.] [Cf. Icel. slafra. See Slabber.] 1. To suffer spittle, etc., to run from the mouth.

2. To be besmeared with saliva. Shak.

Slav"er, v. t. To smear with saliva issuing from the mouth; to defile with drivel; to slabber.

Slav"er, n. Saliva driveling from the mouth.

> Of all mad creatures, if the learned are right,
> It is the slaver kills, and not the bite.

Pope.

Slav"er*er (?), n. A driveler; an idiot.

<! p. 1353 !>

Slav"er*ing (?), a. Drooling; defiling with saliva. -- Slav"er*ing*ly, adv.

Slav"er*y (?), n.; pl. Slaveries (#). [See 2d Slave.] 1. The condition of a slave; the state of entire subjection of one person to the will of another.

> Disguise thyself as thou wilt, still, slavery, said I, still thou art a bitter draught!

Sterne.

> I wish, from my soul, that the legislature of this state [Virginia] could see the policy of a gradual abolition of slavery. It might prevent much future mischief.

Washington.

2. A condition of subjection or submission characterized by lack of freedom of action or of will.

> The vulgar slaveries rich men submit to.

C. Lever.

> There is a slavery that no legislation can abolish, -- the slavery of caste.

G. W. Cable.

3. The holding of slaves.

Syn. -- Bondage; servitude; inthrallment; enslavement; captivity; bond service; vassalage.

Slav"ey (?), n. A maidservant. [Colloq. & Jocose Eng.]

Slav"ic (?), a. Slavonic. -- n. The group of allied languages spoken by the Slavs.

Slav"ish (?), a. Of or pertaining to slaves; such as becomes or befits a slave; servile; excessively laborious; as, a slavish life; a slavish dependance on the great. -- Slav"ish*ly, adv. -- Slav"ish*ness, n.

Slav"ism (?), n. The common feeling and interest of the Slavonic race.

Slav*oc"ra*cy (?), n. [Slave + -cracy, as in democracy.] The persons or interest formerly representing slavery politically, or wielding political power for the preservation or advancement of slavery. [U. S.]

{ Sla*vo"ni*an (?), Sla*von"ic (?), } a. 1. Of or pertaining to Slavonia, or its inhabitants.

2. Of or pertaining to the Slavs, or their language.

Sla*vo"ni*an, n. A native or inhabitant of Slavonia; ethnologically, a Slav.

{ Slav"o*phil (?), Slav"o*phile (?), } n. [Slavic + Gr. &?;&?;&?; loving.] One, not being a Slav, who is interested in the development and prosperity of that race.

Slaw (?), n. [D. sla, contr. fr. salade, OD. salaet, salad. See Salad.] Sliced cabbage served as a salad, cooked or uncooked.

{ Slaw, Slaw"en } (?), obs. p. p. of Slee, to slay.

> With a sword drawn out he would have slaw himself.

Wyclif (Acts xvi. 27.)

Slay (?), v. t. [imp. Slew (?); p. p. Slain (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Slaying.] [OE. slan, sl&?;n, sleen, slee, AS. sleán to strike, beat, slay; akin to OFries. sl, D. slaan, OS. & OHG. slahan, G. schlagen, Icel. sl, Dan. slaae, Sw. sl&?;, Goth. slahan; perhaps akin to L. lacerare to tear to pieces, Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;, E. lacerate. Cf. Slaughter, Sledge a hammer, Sley.] To put to death with a weapon, or by violence; hence, to kill; to put an end to; to destroy.

> With this sword then will I slay you both.

Chaucer.

> I will slay the last of them with the sword.

Amos ix. 1.

> I'll slay more gazers than the basilisk.

Shak.

Syn. -- To kill; murder; slaughter; butcher.

Slay"er (?), n. One who slays; a killer; a murderer; a destroyer of life.

Sla"zy (sl"z), a. See Sleazy.

Sle (sl), v. t. To slay. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Sleave (slv), n. [Cf. Dan. slöif, a knot loop, Sw. slejf, G. schleife a knot, sliding knot, and E. slip, v.i.] (a) The knotted or entangled part of silk or thread. (b) Silk not yet twisted; floss; -- called also sleave silk.

> Sleep that knits up the ravell'd sleave of care.

Shak.

Sleave, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sleaved (slvd); p. pr. & vb. n. Sleaving.] To separate, as threads; to divide, as a collection of threads; to sley; -- a weaver's term.

Sleaved (slvd), a. Raw; not spun or wrought; as, sleaved thread or silk. Holinshed.

Slea"zi*ness (?), n. Quality of being sleazy.

Slea"zy (sl"z), a. [Cf. G. schleissig worn out, threadbare, from schleissen to slit, split, decay, or E. leasy.] Wanting firmness of texture or substance; thin; flimsy; as, sleazy silk or muslin. [Spelt also slazy.]

Sled (sld), n. [Akin to D. slede, G. schlitten, OHG. slito, Icel. sleði, Sw. släde, Dan. slæde, and E. slide, v. See Slide, and cf. Sledge a vehicle, Sleigh.] 1. A vehicle on runners, used for conveying loads over the snow or ice; -- in England called sledge.

2. A small, light vehicle with runners, used, mostly by young persons, for sliding on snow or ice.

Sled, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sledded; p. pr. & vb. n. Sledding.] To convey or transport on a sled; as, to sled wood or timber.

Sled"ding (?), n. 1. The act of transporting or riding on a sled.

2. The state of the snow which admits of the running of sleds; as, the sledding is good.

Sledge (slj), n. [Perhaps from sleds, pl. of sled, confused with sledge a hammer. See Sled, n.] 1. A strong vehicle with low runners or low wheels; or one without wheels or runners, made of plank slightly turned up at one end, used for transporting loads upon the snow, ice, or bare ground; a sled.

2. A hurdle on which, formerly, traitors were drawn to the place of execution. [Eng.] Sir W. Scott.

3. A sleigh. [Eng.]

4. A game at cards; -- called also old sledge, and all fours.

Sledge (slj), v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Sledged (sljd); p. pr. & vb. n. Sledging.] To travel or convey in a sledge or sledges. Howitt.

Sledge, n. [AS. slecge,from sleán to strike, beat. See Slay, v. t.] A large, heavy hammer, usually wielded with both hands; -- called also sledge hammer.

> With his heavy sledge he can it beat.

Spenser.

Slee (sl), v. t. [See Slay.] To slay. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Sleek (slk), a. [Compar. Sleeker (-r); superl. Sleekest.] [OE. slik; akin to Icel. slkr, and OE. sliken to glide, slide, G. schleichen, OHG. slhhan, D. slik, slijk, mud, slime, and E. slink. Cf. Slick, Slink.] 1. Having an even, smooth surface; smooth; hence, glossy; as, sleek hair. Chaucer.

> So sleek her skin, so faultless was her make.

Dryden.

2. Not rough or harsh.

> Those rugged names to our like mouths grow sleek.

Milton.

Sleek, adv. With ease and dexterity. [Low]

Sleek, n. That which makes smooth; varnish. [R.]

Sleek, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sleeked (?);p. pr. & vb. n. Sleeking.] To make even and smooth; to render smooth, soft, and glossy; to smooth over.

> Sleeking her soft alluring locks.

Milton.

> Gentle, my lord, sleek o'er your rugged looks.

Shak.

Sleek"ly, adv. In a sleek manner; smoothly.

Sleek"ness, n. The quality or state of being sleek; smoothness and glossiness of surface.

Sleek"y (?), a. 1. Of a sleek, or smooth, and glossy appearance. Thomson.

2. Fawning and deceitful; sly. [Scot.]

Sleep (?), obs. imp. of Sleep. Slept. Chaucer.

Sleep, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Slept (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sleeping.] [OE. slepen, AS. sl&?;pan; akin to OFries. sl&?;pa, OS. slpan, D. slapen, OHG. slfan, G. schlafen, Goth. sl&?;pan, and G. schlaff slack, loose, and L. labi to glide, slide, labare to totter. Cf. Lapse.] 1. To take rest by a suspension of the voluntary exercise of the powers of the body and mind, and an apathy of the organs of sense; to slumber. Chaucer.

> Watching at the head of these that sleep.

Milton.

2. Figuratively: (a) To be careless, inattentive, or uncouncerned; not to be vigilant; to live thoughtlessly.

> We sleep over our happiness.

Atterbury.

(b) To be dead; to lie in the grave.

> Them also which sleep in Jesus will God bring with him.

1 Thess. iv. 14.

(c) To be, or appear to be, in repose; to be quiet; to be unemployed, unused, or unagitated; to rest; to lie dormant; as, a question sleeps for the present; the law sleeps.

> How sweet the moonlight sleep upon this bank!

Shak.

Sleep, v. t. 1. To be slumbering in; -- followed by a cognate object; as, to sleep a dreamless sleep. Tennyson.

2. To give sleep to; to furnish with accomodations for sleeping; to lodge. [R.] Blackw. Mag.

To sleep away, to spend in sleep; as, to sleep away precious time. -- To sleep off, to become free from by sleep; as, to sleep off drunkeness or fatigue.

Sleep, n. [AS. slp; akin to OFries. slp, OS. slp, D. slaap, OHG. slf, G. schlaf, Goth. slps. See Sleep, v. i.] A natural and healthy, but temporary and periodical, suspension of the functions of the organs of sense, as well as of those of the voluntary and rational soul; that state of the animal in which there is a lessened acuteness of sensory perception, a confusion of ideas, and a loss of mental control, followed by a more or less unconscious state. "A man that waketh of his sleep." Chaucer.

> O sleep, thou ape of death.

Shak.

Sleep is attended by a relaxation of the muscles, and the absence of voluntary activity for any rational objects or purpose. The pulse is slower, the respiratory movements fewer in number but more profound, and there is less blood in the cerebral vessels. It is susceptible of greater or less intensity or completeness in its control of the powers.

Sleep of plants (Bot.), a state of plants, usually at night, when their leaflets approach each other, and the flowers close and droop, or are covered by the folded leaves.

Syn. -- Slumber; repose; rest; nap; doze; drowse.

Sleep"-at-noon" (?), n. (Bot.) A plant (Tragopogon pratensis) which closes its flowers at midday; a kind of goat's beard. Dr. Prior.

Sleep"-charged` (?), a. Heavy with sleep.

Sleep"er (?), n. 1. One who sleeps; a slumberer; hence, a drone, or lazy person.

2. That which lies dormant, as a law. [Obs.] Bacon.

3. A sleeping car. [Colloq. U.S.]

4. (Zoöl.) An animal that hibernates, as the bear.

5. (Zoöl.) (a) A large fresh-water gobioid fish (Eleotris dormatrix). (b) A nurse shark. See under Nurse.

Sleep"er, n. [Cf. Norw. sleip a sleeper (a timber), as adj., slippery, smooth. See Slape.] Something lying in a reclining posture or position. Specifically: --

(a) One of the pieces of timber, stone, or iron, on or near the level of the ground, for the support of some superstructure, to steady framework, to keep in place the rails of a railway, etc.; a stringpiece.

(b) One of the joists, or roughly shaped timbers, laid directly upon the ground, to receive the flooring of the ground story. [U.S.]

(c) (Naut.) One of the knees which connect the transoms to the after timbers on the ship's quarter.

(d) (Naut.) The lowest, or bottom, tier of casks.

Sleep"ful (?), a. Strongly inclined to sleep; very sleepy. -- Sleep"ful*ness, n.

Sleep"i*ly (?), adv. In a sleepy manner; drowsily.

Sleep"i*ness, n. The quality or state of being sleepy.

Sleep"ing, a. & n. from Sleep.

Sleeping car, a railway car or carrriage, arranged with apartments and berths for sleeping. -- Sleeping partner (Com.), a dormant partner. See under Dormant. -- Sleeping table (Mining), a stationary inclined platform on which pulverized ore is washed; a kind of buddle.

Sleep"ish (?), a. Disposed to sleep; sleepy; drowsy.

> Your sleepish, and more than sleepish, security.

Ford.

Sleep"less, a. 1. Having no sleep; wakeful.

2. Having no rest; perpetually agitated. "Biscay's sleepless bay." Byron.

-- Sleep"less*ly, adv. -- Sleep"less*ness, n.

Sleep"mark`en (?), n. (Zoöl.) See 1st Hag, 4.

Sleep"wak`er (?), n. On in a state of magnetic or mesmeric sleep.

Sleep"wak`ing, n. The state of one mesmerized, or in a partial and morbid sleep.

Sleep"walk`er (?), n. One who walks in his sleep; a somnambulist.

Sleep"walk`ing, n. Walking in one's sleep.

Sleep"y (?), a. [Compar. Sleepier (?); superl. Sleepiest.] [AS. sl&?;pig. See Sleep, n.] 1. Drowsy; inclined to, or overcome by, sleep. Shak.

> She waked her sleepy crew.

Dryden.

2. Tending to induce sleep; soporiferous; somniferous; as, a sleepy drink or potion. Chaucer.

3. Dull; lazy; heavy; sluggish. Shak.

> 'Tis not sleepy business;
> But must be looked to speedily and strongly.

Shak.

4. Characterized by an absence of watchfulness; as, sleepy security.

Sleepy duck (Zoöl.), the ruddy duck.

Sleep"y*head` (?), n. 1. A sleepy person.

> To bed, to bed, says Sleepyhead.

Mother Goose.

2. (Zoöl.) The ruddy duck.

Sle"er (?), n. A slayer. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Sleet (?), n. (Gun.) The part of a mortar extending from the chamber to the trunnions.

Sleet, n. [OE. sleet; akin to MHG. sl&?;z, sl&?;ze hailstone, G. schlosse; of uncertain origin.] Hail or snow, mingled with rain, usually falling, or driven by the wind, in fine particles.

Sleet, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sleeted; p. pr. & vb. n. Sleeting.] To snow or hail with a mixture of rain.

Sleetch (?), n. [Cf. Slush, Slutch.] Mud or slime, such as that at the bottom of rivers. [Scot.]

Sleet"i*ness (?), n. The state of being sleety.

Sleet"y (?), a. Of or pertaining to sleet; characterized by sleet; as, a sleety storm; sleety weather.

Sleeve (?), n. See Sleave, untwisted thread.

Sleeve, n. [OE. sleeve, sleve, AS. sl&?;fe, sl&?;fe; akin to sl&?;fan to put on, to clothe; cf. OD. sloove the turning up of anything, sloven to turn up one's sleeves, sleve a sleeve, G. schlaube a husk, pod.] 1. The part of a garment which covers the arm; as, the sleeve of a coat or a gown. Chaucer.

2. A narrow channel of water. [R.]

> The Celtic Sea, called oftentimes the Sleeve.

Drayton.

3. (Mach.) (a) A tubular part made to cover, sustain, or steady another part, or to form a connection between two parts. (b) A long bushing or thimble, as in the nave of a wheel. (c) A short piece of pipe used for covering a joint, or forming a joint between the ends of two other pipes.

Sleeve button, a detachable button to fasten the wristband or cuff. -- Sleeve links, two bars or buttons linked together, and used to fasten a cuff or wristband. -- To laugh in the sleeve, to laugh privately or unperceived, especially while apparently preserving a grave or serious demeanor toward the person or persons laughed at; that is, perhaps, originally, by hiding the face in the wide sleeves of former times. -- To pin, or hang, on the sleeve of, to be, or make, dependent upon.

Sleeve, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sleeved (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sleeving.] To furnish with sleeves; to put sleeves into; as, to sleeve a coat.

Sleeved (?), a. Having sleeves; furnished with sleeves; -- often in composition; as, long- sleeved.

Sleeve"fish` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A squid.

Sleeve"hand` (?), n. The part of a sleeve nearest the hand; a cuff or wristband. [Obs.] Shak.

Sleeve"less, a. [AS. sl&?;fleás.] 1. Having no sleeves.

2. Wanting a cover, pretext, or palliation; unreasonable; profitless; bootless; useless. [Obs.] Shak.

> The vexation of a sleeveless errand.

Bp. Warburton.

Sleid (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sleided; p. pr. & vb. n. Sleiding.] [See Sley.] To sley, or prepare for use in the weaver's sley, or slaie. Shak.

Sleigh (?), a. Sly. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Sleigh (?), n. [Cf. D. & LG. slede, slee, Icel. sle&?;i. See Sled.] A vehicle moved on runners, and used for transporting persons or goods on snow or ice; -- in England commonly called a sledge.

Sleigh bell, a small bell attached either to a horse when drawing a slegh, or to the sleigh itself; especially a globular bell with a loose ball which plays inside instead of a clapper.

Sleigh"ing, n. 1. The act of riding in a sleigh.

2. The state of the snow or ice which admits of running sleighs.

Sleight (?), n. [OE. sleighte, sleihte, sleithe, Icel. sl&?;g&?; (for sl&?;g&?;) slyness, cunning, fr. sl&?;gr (for sl&?;gr) sly, cunning. See Sly.] 1. Cunning; craft; artful practice. [Obs.] "His sleight and his covin." Chaucer.

2. An artful trick; sly artifice; a feat so dexterous that the manner of performance escapes observation.

> The world hath many subtle sleights.

Latimer.

3. Dexterous practice; dexterity; skill. Chaucer. "The juggler's sleight." Hudibras.

Sleight of hand, legerdemain; prestidigitation.

<! p. 1354 !>

Sleight"ful (?), a. Cunning; dexterous. [Obs.]

Sleight"ly (?), adv. Cinningly. [Obs.] Huloet.

Sleight"y (?), a. Cinning; sly. [Obs.] Huloet.

Slen"der (?), a. [Compar. Slenderer (?); superl. Slenderest.] [OE. slendre, sclendre, fr. OD. slinder thin, slender, perhaps through a French form; cf. OD. slinderen, slidderen, to creep; perh. akin to E. slide.] 1. Small or narrow in proportion to the length or the height; not thick; slim; as, a slender stem or stalk of a plant. "A slender, choleric man." Chaucer.

> She, as a veil down to the slender waist,
> Her unadorned golden tresses wore.

Milton.

2. Weak; feeble; not strong; slight; as, slender hope; a slender constitution.

> Mighty hearts are held in slender chains.

Pope.

> They have inferred much from slender premises.

J. H. Newman.

> The slender utterance of the consonants.

J. Byrne.

3. Moderate; trivial; inconsiderable; slight; as, a man of slender intelligence.

> A slender degree of patience will enable him to enjoy both the humor and the pathos.

Sir W. Scott.

4. Small; inadequate; meager; pitiful; as, slender means of support; a slender pittance.

> Frequent begging makes slender alms.

Fuller.

5. Spare; abstemious; frugal; as, a slender diet.

> The good Ostorius often deigned
> To grace my slender table with his presence.

Philips.

6. (Phon.) Uttered with a thin tone; -- the opposite of broad; as, the slender vowels long e and i.

-- Slen"der*ly, adv. -- Slen"der*ness, n.

Slent (?), n. & v. See Slant. [Obs.]

Slep (?), obs. imp. of Sleep. Slept. Chaucer.

Sle*pez" (?), n. [Russ. sliepets'.] (Zoöl.) A burrowing rodent (Spalax typhlus), native of Russia and Asia Minor. It has the general appearance of a mole, and is destitute of eyes. Called also mole rat.

Slept (?), imp. & p. p. of Sleep.

Sleuth (?), n. [Icel. slð. See Slot a track.] The track of man or beast as followed by the scent. [Scot.] Halliwell.

Sleuth"hound` (?), n. [See Sleuth, and cf. Slothound.] (Zoöl.) A hound that tracks animals by the scent; specifically, a bloodhound. [Spelt variously slouthhound, sluthhound, etc.]

Slew (?), imp. of Slay.

Slew, v. t. See Slue.

Slewed (?), a. Somewhat drunk. [Slang]

Slewth (?), n. Sloth; idleness. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Sley (?), n. [AS. sl&?;, fr. sleán to strike. See Slay, v. t.] 1. A weaver's reed. [Spelt also slaie.]

2. A guideway in a knitting machine. Knight.

Sley, v. t. To separate or part the threads of, and arrange them in a reed; -- a term used by weavers. See Sleave, and Sleid.

Slib"ber (?), a. Slippery. [Obs.] Holland.

Slice (?), n. [OE. slice, sclice, OF. esclice, from esclicier, esclichier, to break to pieces, of German origin; cf. OHG. slzan to split, slit, tear, G. schleissen to slit. See Slit, v. t.] 1. A thin, broad piece cut off; as, a slice of bacon; a slice of cheese; a slice of bread.

2. That which is thin and broad, like a slice. Specifically: (a) A broad, thin piece of plaster. (b) A salver, platter, or tray. [Obs.] (c) A knife with a thin, broad blade for taking up or serving fish; also, a spatula for spreading anything, as paint or ink. (d) A plate of iron with a handle, forming a kind of chisel, or a spadelike implement, variously proportioned, and used for various purposes, as for stripping the planking from a vessel's side, for cutting blubber from a whale, or for stirring a fire of coals; a slice bar; a peel; a fire shovel. [Cant] (e) (Shipbuilding) One of the wedges by which the cradle and the ship are lifted clear of the building blocks to prepare for launching. (f) (Printing) A removable sliding bottom to galley.

Slice bar, a kind of fire iron resembling a poker, with a broad, flat end, for stirring a fire of coals, and clearing it and the grate bars from clinkers, ashes, etc.; a slice.

Slice, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sliced (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Slicing (?).] 1. To cut into thin pieces, or to cut off a thin, broad piece from.

2. To cut into parts; to divide.

3. To clear by means of a slice bar, as a fire or the grate bars of a furnace.

Sli"cer (?), n. One who, or that which, slices; specifically, the circular saw of the lapidary.

{ Slich (?), Slick (?) }, n. (Metal.) See Schlich.

Slick (?), a. [See Sleek.] Sleek; smooth. "Both slick and dainty." Chapman.

Slick, v. t. To make sleek or smoth. "Slicked all with sweet oil." Chapman.

Slick, n. (Joinery) A wide paring chisel.

Slick"en (?), a. Sleek; smooth. [Prov. Eng.]

Slick"ens (?), n. [Cf. Slick, n.] (Mining) The pulverized matter from a quartz mill, or the lighter soil of hydraulic mines. [Local, U. S.]

Slick"en*sides` (?), n. 1. The smooth, striated, or partially polished surfaces of a fissure or seam, supposed to have been produced by the sliding of one surface on another.

2. A variety of galena found in Derbyshire, England.

Slick"er (?), n. That which makes smooth or sleek. Specifically: (a) A kind of burnisher for leather. (b) (Founding) A curved tool for smoothing the surfaces of a mold after the withdrawal of the pattern.

Slick"er, n. A waterproof coat. [Western U.S.]

Slick"ing, n. 1. The act or process of smoothing.

2. pl. (Min.) Narrow veins of ore.

Slick"ness, n. The state or quality of being slick; smoothness; sleekness.

Slid (?), imp. & p. p. of Slide.

Slid"den (?), p. p. of Slide.

Slid"der (?), v. t. [AS. sliderian. See Slide, v. t.] To slide with interruption. [Obs.] Dryden.

{ Slid"der, Slid"der*ly, Slid"der*y (?) }, a. [AS. slidor. See Slide, v. t.] Slippery. [Obs.]

> To a drunk man the way is slidder.

Chaucer.

Slide (?), v. t. [imp. Slid (?); p. p. Slidden (?), Slid; p. pr. & vb. n. Slidding (?).] [OE. sliden, AS. sldan; akin to MHG. slten, also to AS. slidor slippery, E. sled, Lith. slidus slippery. Cf. Sled.] 1. To move along the surface of any body by slipping, or without walking or rolling; to slip; to glide; as, snow slides down the mountain's side.

2. Especially, to move over snow or ice with a smooth, uninterrupted motion, as on a sled moving by the force of gravity, or on the feet.

> They bathe in summer, and in winter slide.

Waller.

3. To pass inadvertently.

> Beware thou slide not by it.

Ecclus. xxviii. 26.

4. To pass along smoothly or unobservedly; to move gently onward without friction or hindrance; as, a ship or boat slides through the water.

> Ages shall slide away without perceiving.

Dryden.

> Parts answering parts shall slide into a whole.

Pope.

5. To slip when walking or standing; to fall.

> Their foot shall slide in due time.

Deut. xxxii. 35.

6. (Mus.) To pass from one note to another with no perceptible cassation of sound.

7. To pass out of one's thought as not being of any consequence. [Obs. or Colloq.]

> With good hope let he sorrow slide.

Chaucer.

> With a calm carelessness letting everything slide.

Sir P. Sidney.

Slide, v. t. 1. To cause to slide; to thrust along; as, to slide one piece of timber along another.

2. To pass or put imperceptibly; to slip; as, to slide in a word to vary the sense of a question.

Slide, n. [AS. slde.] 1. The act of sliding; as, a slide on the ice.

2. Smooth, even passage or progress.

> A better slide into their business.

Bacon.

3. That on which anything moves by sliding. Specifically: (a) An inclined plane on which heavy bodies slide by the force of gravity, esp. one constructed on a mountain side for conveying logs by sliding them down. (b) A surface of ice or snow on which children slide for amusement.

4. That which operates by sliding. Specifically: (a) A cover which opens or closes an aperture by sliding over it. (b) (Mach.) A moving piece which is guided by a part or parts along which it slides. (c) A clasp or brooch for a belt, or the like.

5. A plate or slip of glass on which is a picture or delineation to be exhibited by means of a magic lantern, stereopticon, or the like; a plate on which is an object to be examined with a microscope.

6. The descent of a mass of earth, rock, or snow down a hill or mountain side; as, a land slide, or a snow slide; also, the track of bare rock left by a land slide.

7. (Geol.) A small dislocation in beds of rock along a line of fissure. Dana.

8. (Mus.) (a) A grace consisting of two or more small notes moving by conjoint degrees, and leading to a principal note either above or below. (b) An apparatus in the trumpet and trombone by which the sounding tube is lengthened and shortened so as to produce the tones between the fundamental and its harmonics.

9. (Phonetics) A sound which, by a gradual change in the position of the vocal organs, passes imperceptibly into another sound.

10. (Steam Engine) (a) Same as Guide bar, under Guide. (b) A slide valve.

Slide box (Steam Engine), a steam chest. See under Steam. -- Slide lathe, an engine lathe. See under Lathe. -- Slide rail, a transfer table. See under Transfer. -- Slide rest (Turning lathes), a contrivance for holding, moving, and guiding, the cutting tool, made to slide on ways or guides by screws or otherwise, and having compound motion. -- Slide rule, a mathematical instrument consisting of two parts, one of which slides upon the other, for the mechanical performance of addition and subtraction, and, by means of logarithmic scales, of multiplication and division. -- Slide valve. (a) Any valve which opens and closes a passageway by sliding over a port. (b) A particular kind of sliding valve, often used in steam engines for admitting steam to the piston and releasing it, alternately, having a cuplike cavity in its face, through which the exhaust steam passes. It is situated in the steam chest, and moved by the valve gear. It is sometimes called a D valve, -- a name which is also applied to a semicylindrical pipe used as a sliding valve.

In the illustration, a is the cylinder of a steam engine, in which plays the piston p; b the steam chest, receiving its supply from the pipe i, and containing the slide valve s, which is shown as admitting steam to one end of the cylinder through the port e, and opening communication between the exhaust passage f and the port c, for the release of steam from the opposite end of the cylinder.

Slide"groat (?), n. The game of shovelboard. [Obs.]

Slid"er (?), a. See Slidder. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Slid"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, slides; especially, a sliding part of an instrument or machine.

2. (Zoöl.) The red-bellied terrapin (Pseudemys rugosa). [Local, U. S. ]

Slider pump, a form of rotary pump.

Slid"ing (?), a. 1. That slides or slips; gliding; moving smoothly.

2. Slippery; elusory. [Obs.]

> That sliding science hath me made so bare.

Chaucer.

Sliding friction (Mech.), the resistance one body meets with in sliding along the surface of another, as distinguished from rolling friction. -- Sliding gunter (Naut.), a topmast arranged with metallic fittings so as to be hoisted and lowered by means of halyards. -- Sliding keel (Naut), a movable keel, similar to a centeboard. -- Sliding pair. (Mech.) See the Note under Pair, n., 7. -- Sliding rule. Same as Slide rule, under Slide, n. -- Sliding scale. (a) A scale for raising or lowering imposts in proportion to the fall or rise of prices. (b) A variable scale of wages or of prices. (c) A slide rule. -- Sliding ways (Naut.), the timber guides used in launching a vessel.

Sli*dom"e*ter (?), n. [Slide + -meter.] An instrument for indicating and recording shocks to railway cars occasioned by sudden stopping.

Slight (?), n. Sleight. Spenser.

Slight, v. t. [Cf. D. slechten to level, to demolish.] 1. To overthrow; to demolish. [Obs.] Clarendon.

2. To make even or level. [Obs.] Hexham.

3. To throw heedlessly. [Obs.]

> The rogue slighted me into the river.

Shak.

Slight (?), a. [Compar. Slighter (?); superl. Slightest.] [OE. sli&?;t, sleght, probably from OD. slicht, slecht, simple, plain, D. slecht; akin to OFries. sliucht, G. schlecht, schlicht, OHG. sleht smooth, simple, Icel. sl&?;ttr smooth, Sw. slät, Goth. slaíhts; or uncertain origin.] 1. Not decidedly marked; not forcible; inconsiderable; unimportant; insignificant; not severe; weak; gentle; -- applied in a great variety of circumstances; as, a slight (i. e., feeble) effort; a slight (i. e., perishable) structure; a slight (i. e., not deep) impression; a slight (i. e., not convincing) argument; a slight (i. e., not thorough) examination; slight (i. e., not severe) pain, and the like. "At one slight bound." Milton.

> Slight is the subject, but not so the praise.

Pope.

> Some firmly embrace doctrines upon slight grounds.

Locke.

2. Not stout or heavy; slender.

> His own figure, which was formerly so slight.

Sir W. Scott.

3. Foolish; silly; weak in intellect. Hudibras.

Slight, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Slighted; p. pr. & vb. n. Slighting.] To disregard, as of little value and unworthy of notice; to make light of; as, to slight the divine commands. Milton.

> The wretch who slights the bounty of the skies.

Cowper.

To slight off, to treat slightingly; to drive off; to remove. [R.] -- To slight over, to run over in haste; to perform superficially; to treat carelessly; as, to slight over a theme. "They will but slight it over." Bacon.

Syn. -- To neglect; disregard; disdain; scorn. -- Slight, Neglect. To slight is stronger than to neglect. We may neglect a duty or person from inconsiderateness, or from being over-occupied in other concerns. To slight is always a positive and intentional act, resulting from feelings of dislike or contempt. We ought to put a kind construction on what appears neglect on the part of a friend; but when he slights us, it is obvious that he is our friend no longer.

> Beware . . . lest the like befall . . .
> If they transgress and slight that sole command.

Milton.

> This my long-sufferance, and my day of grace,
> Those who neglect and scorn shall never taste.

Milton.

Slight, n. The act of slighting; the manifestation of a moderate degree of contempt, as by neglect or oversight; neglect; indignity.

Syn. -- Neglect; disregard; inattention; contempt; disdain; scorn; disgrace; indignity; disparagement.

Slight, adv. Slightly. [Obs. or Poetic]

> Think not so slight of glory.

Milton.

Slight"en (?), v. t. To slight. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Slight"er (?), n. One who slights.

Slight"ful (?), a. See Sleightful. [Obs.]

Slight"ing, a. Characterized by neglect or disregard.

Slight"ing*ly, adv. In a slighting manner.

Slight"ly, adv. 1. In a slight manner.

2. Slightingly; negligently. [Obs.] Shak.

Slight"ness, n. The quality or state of being slight; slenderness; feebleness; superficiality; also, formerly, negligence; indifference; disregard.

Slight"y (?), a. Slight. [Obs.] Echard.

Slik (slk), a. [See Such.] Such. [Obs. or Scot.]

Used by Chaucer as of the Northern dialect.

Slik"en*sides`, n. Same as Slickensides.

Sli"ly (?), adv. See Slyly. South.

Slim (slm), a. [Compar. Slimmer (?); superl. Slimmest.] [Formerly, bad, worthless, weak, slight, awry, fr. D. slim; akin to G. schlimm, MHG. slimp oblique, awry; of uncertain origin. The meaning of the English word seems to have been influenced by slender.] 1. Worthless; bad. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

2. Weak; slight; unsubstantial; poor; as, a slim argument. "That was a slim excuse." Barrow.

3. Of small diameter or thickness in proportion to the height or length; slender; as, a slim person; a slim tree. Grose.

Slime (?), n. [OE. slim, AS. slm; akin to D. slijm, G. schleim, MHG. slmen to make smooth, Icel. slm slime, Dan. sliim; cf. L. limare to file, polish, levis smooth, Gr. &?;&?;&?;; or cf. L. limus mud.] 1. Soft, moist earth or clay, having an adhesive quality; viscous mud.

> As it [Nilus] ebbs, the seedsman
> Upon the slime and ooze scatters his grain.

Shak.

2. Any mucilaginous substance; any substance of a dirty nature, that is moist, soft, and adhesive.

3. (Script.) Bitumen. [Archaic]

> Slime had they for mortar.

Gen. xi. 3.

<! p. 1355 !>

4. pl. (Mining) Mud containing metallic ore, obtained in the preparatory dressing. Pryce.

5. (Physiol.) A mucuslike substance which exudes from the bodies of certain animals. Goldsmith.

Slime eel. (Zoöl.) See 1st Hag, 4. -- Slime pit, a pit for the collection of slime or bitumen.

Slime (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Slimed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sliming.] To smear with slime. Tennyson.

Slim"i*ly (?), adv. In a slimy manner.

Slim"i*ness, n. The quality or state of being slimy.

Slim"ly (?), adv. In a state of slimness; in a slim manner; slenderly.

Slim"ness, n. The quality or state of being slim.

Slim"sy (?), a. Flimsy; frail. [Colloq. U.S.]

Slim"y (?), a. [Compar. Slimier (?); superl. Slimiest.] Of or pertaining to slime; resembling slime; of the nature of slime; viscous; glutinous; also, covered or daubed with slime; yielding, or abounding in, slime.

> Slimy things did crawl with legs
> Upon the slimy sea.

Coleridge.

Sli"ness (?), n. See Slyness.

Sling (?), n. [OE. slinge; akin to OD. slinge, D. slinger, OHG. slinga; cf. OF. eslingue, of German origin. See Sling, v. t.] 1. An instrument for throwing stones or other missiles, consisting of a short strap with two strings fastened to its ends, or with a string fastened to one end and a light stick to the other. The missile being lodged in a hole in the strap, the ends of the string are taken in the hand, and the whole whirled rapidly round until, by loosing one end, the missile is let fly with centrifugal force.

2. The act or motion of hurling as with a sling; a throw; figuratively, a stroke.

> The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune.

Shak.

> At one sling
> Of thy victorius arm, well-pleasing Son.

Milton.

3. A contrivance for sustaining anything by suspension; as: (a) A kind of hanging bandage put around the neck, in which a wounded arm or hand is supported. (b) A loop of rope, or a rope or chain with hooks, for suspending a barrel, bale, or other heavy object, in hoisting or lowering. (c) A strap attached to a firearm, for suspending it from the shoulder. (d) (Naut.) A band of rope or iron for securing a yard to a mast; -- chiefly in the plural.

Sling cart, a kind of cart used to transport cannon and their carriages, large stones, machines, etc., the objects transported being slung, or suspended by a chain attached to the axletree. -- Sling dog, one of a pair of iron hooks used as part of a sling. See def. 3 (b) above.

Sling, v. t. [imp. Slung (?), Archaic Slang (&?;); p. p. Slung; p. pr. & vb. n. Slinging.] [AS. slingan; akin to D. slingeren, G. schlingen, to wind, to twist, to creep, OHG. slingan to wind, to twist, to move to and fro, Icel. slyngva, slöngva, to sling, Sw. slunga, Dan. slynge, Lith. slinkti to creep.] 1. To throw with a sling. "Every one could sling stones at an hairbreadth, and not miss." Judg. xx. 16.

2. To throw; to hurl; to cast. Addison.

3. To hang so as to swing; as, to sling a pack.

4. (Naut) To pass a rope round, as a cask, gun, etc., preparatory to attaching a hoisting or lowering tackle.

Sling, n. [Cf. G. schlingen to swallow.] A drink composed of spirit (usually gin) and water sweetened.

Sling"er (?), n. One who slings, or uses a sling.

Slink (?), v. t. [imp. Slunk (?), Archaic Slank (&?;); p. p. Slunk; p. pr. & vb. n. Slinking.] [AS. slincan; probably akin to G. schleichen, E. sleek. See Sleek, a.] 1. To creep away meanly; to steal away; to sneak. "To slink away and hide." Tale of Beryn.

> Back to the thicket slunk
> The guilty serpent.

Milton.

> There were some few who slank obliquely from them as they passed.

Landor.

2. To miscarry; -- said of female beasts.

Slink, v. t. To cast prematurely; - - said of female beasts; as, a cow that slinks her calf.

Slink, a. 1. Produced prematurely; as, a slink calf.

2. Thin; lean. [Scot.]

Slink, n. 1. The young of a beast brought forth prematurely, esp. a calf brought forth before its time.

2. A thievish fellow; a sneak. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Slink"y (?), a. Thin; lank. [Prov. Eng. & U. S.]

Slip (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Slipped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Slipping.] [OE. slippen; akin to LG. & D. slippen, MHG. slipfen (cf. Dan. slippe, Sw. slippa, Icel. sleppa), and fr. OE. slipen, AS. slpan (in comp.), akin to G. schleifen to slide, glide, drag, whet, OHG. slfan to slide, glide, make smooth, Icel. slpa to whet; cf. also AS. sl&?;pan, Goth. sliupan, OS. slopian, OHG. sliofan, G. schliefen, schl&?;pfen, which seem to come from a somewhat different root form. Cf. Slope, n.] 1. To move along the surface of a thing without bounding, rolling, or stepping; to slide; to glide.

2. To slide; to lose one's footing or one's hold; not to tread firmly; as, it is necessary to walk carefully lest the foot should slip.

3. To move or fly (out of place); to shoot; -- often with out, off, etc.; as, a bone may slip out of its place.

4. To depart, withdraw, enter, appear, intrude, or escape as if by sliding; to go or come in a quiet, furtive manner; as, some errors slipped into the work.

> Thus one tradesman slips away,
> To give his partner fairer play.

Prior.

> Thrice the flitting shadow slipped away.

Dryden.

5. To err; to fall into error or fault.

> There is one that slippeth in his speech, but not from his heart.

Ecclus. xix. 16.

To let slip, to loose from the slip or noose, as a hound; to allow to escape.

> Cry, "Havoc," and let slip the dogs of war.

Shak.

Slip (?), v. t. 1. To cause to move smoothly and quickly; to slide; to convey gently or secretly.

> He tried to slip a powder into her drink.

Arbuthnot.

2. To omit; to loose by negligence.

> And slip no advantage
> That my secure you.

B. Jonson.

3. To cut slips from; to cut; to take off; to make a slip or slips of; as, to slip a piece of cloth or paper.

> The branches also may be slipped and planted.

Mortimer.

4. To let loose in pursuit of game, as a greyhound.

> Lucento slipped me like his greyhound.

Shak.

5. To cause to slip or slide off, or out of place; as, a horse slips his bridle; a dog slips his collar.

6. To bring forth (young) prematurely; to slink.

To slip a cable. (Naut.) See under Cable. -- To slip off, to take off quickly; as, to slip off a coat. -- To slip on, to put on in haste or loosely; as, to slip on a gown or coat.

Slip, n. [AS. slipe, slip.] 1. The act of slipping; as, a slip on the ice.

2. An unintentional error or fault; a false step.

> This good man's slip mended his pace to martyrdom.

Fuller.

3. A twig separated from the main stock; a cutting; a scion; hence, a descendant; as, a slip from a vine.

> A native slip to us from foreign seeds.

Shak.

> The girlish slip of a Sicilian bride.

R. Browning.

4. A slender piece; a strip; as, a slip of paper.

> Moonlit slips of silver cloud.

Tennyson.

> A thin slip of a girl, like a new moon
> Sure to be rounded into beauty soon.

Longfellow.

5. A leash or string by which a dog is held; - - so called from its being made in such a manner as to slip, or become loose, by relaxation of the hand.

> We stalked over the extensive plains with Killbuck and Lena in the slips, in search of deer.

Sir S. Baker.

6. An escape; a secret or unexpected desertion; as, to give one the slip. Shak.

7. (Print.) A portion of the columns of a newspaper or other work struck off by itself; a proof from a column of type when set up and in the galley.

8. Any covering easily slipped on. Specifically: (a) A loose garment worn by a woman. (b) A child's pinafore. (c) An outside covering or case; as, a pillow slip. (d) The slip or sheath of a sword, and the like. [R.]

9. A counterfeit piece of money, being brass covered with silver. [Obs.] Shak.

10. Matter found in troughs of grindstones after the grinding of edge tools. [Prov. Eng.] Sir W. Petty.

11. Potter's clay in a very liquid state, used for the decoration of ceramic ware, and also as a cement for handles and other applied parts.

12. A particular quantity of yarn. [Prov. Eng.]

13. An inclined plane on which a vessel is built, or upon which it is hauled for repair.

14. An opening or space for vessels to lie in, between wharves or in a dock; as, Peck slip. [U. S.]

15. A narrow passage between buildings. [Eng.]

16. A long seat or narrow pew in churches, often without a door. [U. S.]

17. (Mining.) A dislocation of a lead, destroying continuity. Knight.

18. (Engin.) The motion of the center of resistance of the float of a paddle wheel, or the blade of an oar, through the water horozontally, or the difference between a vessel's actual speed and the speed which she would have if the propelling instrument acted upon a solid; also, the velocity, relatively to still water, of the backward current of water produced by the propeller.

19. (Zoöl.) A fish, the sole.

20. (Cricket) A fielder stationed on the off side and to the rear of the batsman. There are usually two of them, called respectively short slip, and long slip.

To give one the slip, to slip away from one; to elude one. -- Slip dock. See under Dock. -- Slip link (Mach.), a connecting link so arranged as to allow some play of the parts, to avoid concussion. -- Slip rope (Naut.), a rope by which a cable is secured preparatory to slipping. Totten. -- Slip stopper (Naut.), an arrangement for letting go the anchor suddenly.

Slip"board` (?), n. A board sliding in grooves.

Slip"coat` cheese" (?). A rich variety of new cheese, resembling butter, but white. Halliwell.

Slipes (?), n. pl. [Cf. Slip, v.] Sledge runners on which a skip is dragged in a mine.

Slip"knot` (?), n. knot which slips along the rope or line around which it is made.

Slip"-on` (?), n. A kind of overcoat worn upon the shoulders in the manner of a cloak. [Scot.]

Slip"page (?), n. The act of slipping; also, the amount of slipping.

Slip"per (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, slips.

2. A kind of light shoe, which may be slipped on with ease, and worn in undress; a slipshoe.

3. A kind of apron or pinafore for children.

4. A kind of brake or shoe for a wagon wheel.

5. (Mach.) A piece, usually a plate, applied to a sliding piece, to receive wear and afford a means of adjustment; -- also called shoe, and gib.

Slipper animalcule (Zoöl.), a ciliated infusorian of the genus Paramecium. -- Slipper flower.(Bot.) Slipperwort. - - Slipper limpet, or Slipper shell (Zoöl.), a boat shell.

Slip"per, a. [AS. slipur.] Slippery. [Obs.]

> O! trustless state of earthly things, and slipper hope
> Of mortal men.

Spenser.

Slip"pered (?), a. Wearing slippers. Shak.

Slip"per*i*ly (?), adv. In a slippery manner.

Slip"per*i*ness, n. The quality of being slippery.

Slip"per*ness, n. Slipperiness. [Obs.]

Slip"per*wort` (?), n. (Bot.) See Calceolaria.

Slip"per*y (?), a. [See Slipper, a.] 1. Having the quality opposite to adhesiveness; allowing or causing anything to slip or move smoothly, rapidly, and easily upon the surface; smooth; glib; as, oily substances render things slippery.

2. Not affording firm ground for confidence; as, a slippery promise.

> The slippery tops of human state.

Cowley.

3. Not easily held; liable or apt to slip away.

> The slippery god will try to loose his hold.

Dryden.

4. Liable to slip; not standing firm. Shak.

5. Unstable; changeable; mutable; uncertain; inconstant; fickle. "The slippery state of kings." Denham.

6. Uncertain in effect. L'Estrange.

7. Wanton; unchaste; loose in morals. Shak.

Slippery elm. (Bot.) (a) An American tree (Ulmus fulva) with a mucilagenous and slightly aromatic inner bark which is sometimes used medicinally; also, the inner bark itself. (b) A malvaceous shrub (Fremontia Californica); -- so called on the Pacific coast.

Slip"pi*ness (?), n. Slipperiness. [R.] "The slippiness of the way." Sir W. Scott.

Slip"py (?), a. [AS. slipeg.] Slippery.

Slip"shod` (?), a. 1. Wearing shoes or slippers down at the heel.

> The shivering urchin bending as he goes,
> With slipshod heels.

Cowper.

2. Figuratively: Careless in dress, manners, style, etc.; slovenly; shuffling; as, slipshod manners; a slipshod or loose style of writing.

> Thy wit shall ne'er go slipshod.

Shak.

Slip"shoe` (?), n. A slipper. Halliwell.

Slip"skin` (?), a. Evasive. [Obs.] Milton.

Slip"slop` (?), n. [A reduplication of slop.] Weak, poor, or flat liquor; weak, profitless discourse or writing.

Slip"string` (?), n. One who has shaken off restraint; a prodigal. [Obs.] Cotgrave.

Slip"thrift` (?), n. A spendthrift. [Obs.]

Slish (?), n. [A corruption of slash.] A cut; as, slish and slash. [Colloq.] Shak.

Slit (?), obs. 3d. pers. sing. pres. of Slide. Chaucer.

Slit (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Slit or Slitted (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Slitting.] [OE. slitten, fr. sliten, AS. sttan to tear; akin to D. slijten to wear out, G. schleissen to slit, split, OHG. slzan to split, tear, wear out, Icel. stta to break, tear, wear out, Sw. slita, Dan. slide. Cf. Eclat, Slate, n., Slice.] 1. To cut lengthwise; to cut into long pieces or strips; as, to slit iron bars into nail rods; to slit leather into straps.

2. To cut or make a long fissure in or upon; as, to slit the ear or the nose.

3. To cut; to sever; to divide. [Obs.]

> And slits the thin-spun life.

Milton.

Slit, n. [AS. slite.] A long cut; a narrow opening; as, a slit in the ear.

Gill slit. (Anat.) See Gill opening, under Gill.

Slith"er (?), v. i. [Cf. G. schlittern, LG. schliddern. See Slide.] To slide; to glide. [Prov. Eng.]

Slit"-shell" (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any species of Pleurotomaria, a genus of beautiful, pearly, spiral gastropod shells having a deep slit in the outer lip. Many fossil species are known, and a few living ones are found in deep water in tropical seas.

Slit"ter (?), n. One who, or that which, slits.

Slit"ting (?), a. & n. from Slit.

Slitting file. See Illust. (i) of File. -- Slitting mill. (a) A mill where iron bars or plates are slit into narrow strips, as nail rods, and the like. (b) A machine used by lapidaries for slicing stones, usually by means of a revolving disk, called a slicer, supplied with diamond powder. -- Slitting roller, one of a pair of rollers furnished with ribs entering between similar ribs in the other roller, and cutting like shears, -- used in slitting metals.

Slive (?), v. i. [Cf. Slip.] To sneak. [Prov. Eng.]

Slive, v. t. [OE. sliven to split, cleave, AS. slfan.] To cut; to split; to separate. [Obs.] Holland.

Sliv"er (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Slivered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Slivering.] [See Slive, v. t.] To cut or divide into long, thin pieces, or into very small pieces; to cut or rend lengthwise; to slit; as, to sliver wood. Shak.

> They 'll sliver thee like a turnip.

Sir W. Scott.

Sliv"er, n. 1. A long piece cut ot rent off; a sharp, slender fragment; a splinter.

2. A strand, or slender roll, of cotton or other fiber in a loose, untwisted state, produced by a carding machine and ready for the roving or slubbing which preceeds spinning.

3. pl. Bait made of pieces of small fish. Cf. Kibblings. [Local, U.S.] Bartlett.

Sloak"an (?), n. (Bot.) A species of seaweed. [Spelled also slowcawn.] See 3d Laver.

Sloam (?), n. (Mining) A layer of earth between coal seams.

Sloat (?), n. [See Slot a bar.] A narrow piece of timber which holds together large pieces; a slat; as, the sloats of a cart.

Slob"ber (?), v. t. & i. See Slabber.

Slob"ber, n. 1. See Slabber.

2. (Zoöl.) A jellyfish. [Prov. Eng.]

3. pl. (Vet.) Salivation.

Slob"ber*er (?), n. 1. One who slobbers.

2. A slovenly farmer; a jobbing tailor. [Prov. Eng.]

Slob"ber*y (?), a. Wet; sloppy, as land. Shak.

{ Slock (?), Slock"en (?), } v. t. To quench; to allay; to slake. See Slake. [Obs. or Scot.]

Slock"ing, a. & n. from Slock.

Slocking stone, a rich piece of ore displayed in order to tempt persons to embark in a mining enterprise.

Sloe (?), n. [OE. slo, AS. sl; akin to D. slee, G. schlehe, OHG. sl$ha, Dan. slaaen, Sw. sl&?;n, perhaps originally, that which blunts the teeth, or sets them on edge (cf. Slow); cf. Lith. sliwa a plum, Russ. sliva.] (Bot.) A small, bitter, wild European plum, the fruit of the blackthorn (Prunus spinosa); also, the tree itself.

Slo"gan (?), n. [Gael. sluagh- ghairm, i.e., an army cry; sluagh army + gairm a call, calling.] The war cry, or gathering word, of a Highland clan in Scotland; hence, any rallying cry. Sir W. Scott.

<! p. 1356 !>

Slog"gy (?), a. Sluggish. [Obs.]

> Somnolence that is sloggy slumbering

Chaucer.

Sloke (?), n. (Bot.) See Sloakan.

{ Sloo (?), or Slue (?) }, n. A slough; a run or wet place. See 2d Slough, 2.

Sloom (?), n. Slumber. [Prov. Eng.]

Sloom"y (?), a. Sluggish; slow. [Prov. Eng.]

Sloop (?), n.[D. sloep, of uncertain origin. Cf. Shallop.] (Naut.) A vessel having one mast and fore-and-aft rig, consisting of a boom-and-gaff mainsail, jibs, staysail, and gaff topsail. The typical sloop has a fixed bowsprit, topmast, and standing rigging, while those of a cutter are capable of being readily shifted. The sloop usually carries a centerboard, and depends for stability upon breadth of beam rather than depth of keel. The two types have rapidly approximated since 1880. One radical distinction is that a slop may carry a centerboard. See Cutter, and Illustration in Appendix.

Sloop of war, formerly, a vessel of war rigged either as a ship, brig, or schooner, and mounting from ten to thirty-two guns; now, any war vessel larger than a gunboat, and carrying guns on one deck only.

Slop (?), n. [OE. sloppe a pool; akin to As. sloppe, slyppe, the sloppy droppings of a cow; cf. AS. sl&?;pan to slip, and E. slip, v.i. Cf. Cowslip.] 1. Water or other liquid carelessly spilled or thrown aboyt, as upon a table or a floor; a puddle; a soiled spot.

2. Mean and weak drink or liquid food; -- usually in the plural.

3. pl. Dirty water; water in which anything has been washed or rinsed; water from wash-bowls, etc.

Slop basin, or Slop bowl, a basin or bowl for holding slops, especially for receiving the rinsings of tea or coffee cups at the table. -- Slop molding (Brickmaking), a process of manufacture in which the brick is carried to the drying ground in a wet mold instead of on a pallet.

Slop, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Slopped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Slopping.] 1. To cause to overflow, as a liquid, by the motion of the vessel containing it; to spill.

2. To spill liquid upon; to soil with a liquid spilled.

Slop, v. i. To overflow or be spilled as a liquid, by the motion of the vessel containing it; -- often with over.

Slop, n. [AS. slop a frock or over-garment, fr. sl&?;pan to slip, to slide; akin to Icel sloppr a thin garment; cf. OHG. slouf a garment. Cf. Slip, v. i.] 1. Any kind of outer garment made of linen or cotton, as a night dress, or a smock frock. [Obs.] Halliwell.

2. A loose lower garment; loose breeches; chiefly used in the plural. "A pair of slops." Sir P. Sidney.

> There's a French salutation to your French slop.

Shak.

3. pl. Ready-made clothes; also, among seamen, clothing, bedding, and other furnishings.

Slope (?), n. [Formed (like abode fr. abide) from OE. slipen. See Slip, v. i.] 1. An oblique direction; a line or direction including from a horizontal line or direction; also, sometimes, an inclination, as of one line or surface to another.

2. Any ground whose surface forms an angle with the plane of the horizon.

> buildings the summit and slope of a hill.

Macaulay.

> Under the slopes of Pisgah.

Deut. iv. 49. (Rev. Ver.).

A slope, considered as descending, is a declivity; considered as ascending, an acclivity.

Slope of a plane (Geom.), the direction of the plane; as, parallel planes have the same slope.

Slope, a. Sloping. "Down the slope hills." Milton.

> A bank not steep, but gently slope.

Bacon.

Slope, adv. In a sloping manner. [Obs.] Milton.

Slope, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sloped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sloping.] To form with a slope; to give an oblique or slanting direction to; to direct obliquely; to incline; to slant; as, to slope the ground in a garden; to slope a piece of cloth in cutting a garment.

Slope, v. i. 1. To take an oblique direction; to be at an angle with the plane of the horizon; to incline; as, the ground slopes.

2. To depart; to disappear suddenly. [Slang]

Slope"ness, n. State of being slope. Sir H. Wotton.

Slope"wise` (?), adv. Obliquely. [Obs.] Carew.

Slop"ing, a. Inclining or inclined from the plane of the horizon, or from a horizontal or other right line; oblique; declivous; slanting. -- Slop"ing*ly, adv.

> The sloping land recedes into the clouds.

Cowper.

Slop"pi*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being sloppy; muddiness.

Slop"py (?), a. [Compar. Sloppier (?); superl. Sloppiest.] [From Slop.] Wet, so as to spatter easily; wet, as with something slopped over; muddy; plashy; as, a sloppy place, walk, road.

Slop"sell`er (?), n. One who sells slops, or ready-made clothes. See 4th Slop, 3.

Slop"shop` (?), n. A shop where slops. or ready-made clothes, are sold.

Slop"work` (?), n. The manufacture of slops, or cheap ready-made clothing; also, such clothing; hence, hasty, slovenly work of any kind.

> No slopwork ever dropped from his [Carlyle's] pen.

Froude.

Slop"y (?), a. Sloping; inclined.

{ Slosh (?), Slosh"y (?) }. See Slush, Slushy.

Slot (?), n. [LG. & D. slot a lock, from a verb meaning to close., to shut, D. sluiten; akin to G. schliessen, OHG. sliozan, OFries. sl&?;ta, and probably to L. claudere. Cf. Close, Sluice.] 1. A broad, flat, wooden bar; a slat or sloat.

2. A bolt or bar for fastening a door. [Prov. Eng.]

3. A narrow depression, perforation, or aperture; esp., one for the reception of a piece fitting or sliding in it.

Slot (?), v. t. [See Slot a bar.] To shut with violence; to slam; as, to slot a door. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Slot, n. [Cf. Icel. sl&?;&?;, and E. sleuth.] The track of a deer; hence, a track of any kind. Milton.

> As a bloodhound follows the slot of a hurt deer.

Sir W. Scott.

Sloth (?), n. [OE. slouthe, sleuthe, AS. sl&?;w&?;, fr. slw slow. See Slow.] 1. Slowness; tardiness.

> These cardinals trifle with me; I abhor
> This dilatory sloth and tricks of Rome.

Shak.

2. Disinclination to action or labor; sluggishness; laziness; idleness.

> [They] change their course to pleasure, ease, and sloth.

Milton.

> Sloth, like rust, consumes faster than labor wears.

Franklin.

3. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of arboreal edentates constituting the family Bradypodidæ, and the suborder Tardigrada. They have long exserted limbs and long prehensile claws. Both jaws are furnished with teeth (see Illust. of Edentata), and the ears and tail are rudimentary. They inhabit South and Central America and Mexico.

The three-toed sloths belong to the genera Bradypus and Arctopithecus, of which several species have been described. They have three toes on each foot. The best-known species are collared sloth (Bradypus tridactylus), and the ai (Arctopitheus ai). The two-toed sloths, consisting the genus Cholopus, have two toes on each fore foot and three on each hind foot. The best-known is the unau (Cholopus didactylus) of South America. See Unau. Another species (C. Hoffmanni) inhabits Central America. Various large extinct terrestrial edentates, such as Megatherium and Mylodon, are often called sloths.

Australian, or Native sloth (Zoöl.), the koala. -- Sloth animalcule (Zoöl.), a tardigrade. -- Sloth bear (Zoöl.), a black or brown long-haired bear (Melursus ursinus, or labiatus), native of India and Ceylon; -- called also aswail, labiated bear, and jungle bear. It is easily tamed and can be taught many tricks. -- Sloth monkey (Zoöl.), a loris.

Sloth, v. i. To be idle. [Obs.] Gower.

Sloth"ful (?), a. Addicted to sloth; inactive; sluggish; lazy; indolent; idle.

> He also that is slothful in his work is brother to him that is a great waster.

Prov. xviii. 9.

-- Sloth"ful*ly, adv. -- Sloth"ful*ness, n.

Sloth"hound` (?), n. [See Slot a track, and cf. Sleuthhound.] (Zoöl.) See Sleuthhound.

Slot"ted (?), a. Having a slot.

Slot"ting (?), n. The act or process of making slots, or mortises.

Slouch (?), n. [Cf. Icel. sl&?;kra slouching felloew, and E. slack, slug, a lazy fellow.] 1. A hanging down of the head; a drooping attitude; a limp appearance; an ungainly, clownish gait; a sidewise depression or hanging down, as of a hat brim.

2. An awkward, heavy, clownish fellow. [Colloq.]

Slouth hat, a soft, limp hat of unstiffened cloth or felt.

Slouch, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Slouched (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Slouching.] 1. To droop, as the head.

2. To walk in a clumsy, lazy manner. [Colloq.]

Slouch, v. t. To cause to hang down; to depress at the side; as, to slouth the hat.

Slouch"ing, a. Hanging down at the side; limp; drooping; without firmness or shapeliness; moving in an ungainly manner.

Slouch"y (?), a. Slouching. [Colloq.]

Slough (?), a. Slow. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Slough (?), n. [OE. slogh, slough, AS. slh a hollow place; cf. MHG. slch an abyss, gullet, G. schlucken to swallow; also Gael. & Ir. sloc a pit, pool. ditch, Ir. slug to swallow. Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;&?; to hiccough, to sob.] 1. A place of deep mud or mire; a hole full of mire. Chaucer.

> He's here stuck in a slough.

Milton.

2. [Pronounced sl.] A wet place; a swale; a side channel or inlet from a river. [In this sense local or provincial; also spelt sloo, and slue.]

Slough grass (Bot.), a name in the Mississippi valley for grasses of the genus Muhlenbergia; -- called also drop seed, and nimble Will.

Slough, obs. imp. of Slee, to slay. Slew. Chaucer.

Slough (?), n. [OE. slugh, slouh; cf. MHG. sl&?;ch the skin of a serpent, G. schlauch a skin, a leather bag or bottle.] 1. The skin, commonly the cast-off skin, of a serpent or of some similar animal.

2. (Med.) The dead mass separating from a foul sore; the dead part which separates from the living tissue in mortification.

Slough, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sloughed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sloughing.] (Med.) To form a slough; to separate in the form of dead matter from the living tissues; -- often used with off, or away; as, a sloughing ulcer; the dead tissues slough off slowly.

Slough, v. t. To cast off; to discard as refuse.

> New tint the plumage of the birds,
> And slough decay from grazing herds.

Emerson.

Slough"ing (?), n. (Zoöl.) The act of casting off the skin or shell, as do insects and crustaceans; ecdysis.

Slough"y (?), a. Full of sloughs, miry.

Slough"y (?), a. Resembling, or of the nature of, a slough, or the dead matter which separates from living flesh.

Slov"en (?), n. [D. slaf careless, negligent, a sloven; akin to LG. sluf slovenly.] A man or boy habitually negligent of neathess and order; -- the correlative term to slattern, or slut. Pope.

> He became a confirmed sloven.

Macaulay.

Slov"en*li*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being slovenly.

Slov"en*ly, a. 1. Having the habits of a sloven; negligent of neatness and order, especially in dress.

> A slovenly, lazy fellow, lolling at his ease.

L'Estrange.

2. Characteristic of a sloven; lacking neatness and order; evincing negligence; as, slovenly dress.

Slov"en*ly, adv. a slovenly manner.

Slov"en*ness, n. Slovenliness. [Obs.] Fuller.

Slov"en*ry (?), n. Slovenliness. [Obs.] Shak.

Slow (sl), obs. imp. of Slee, to slay. Slew. Chaucer.

Slow (sl), a. [Compar. Slower (?); superl. Slowest.] [OE. slow, slaw, AS. slw; akin to OS. slu blunt, dull, D. sleeuw, slee, sour, OHG. slo blunt, dull, Icel. slr, slær, Dan. slöv, Sw. slö. Cf. Sloe, and Sloth.] 1. Moving a short space in a relatively long time; not swift; not quick in motion; not rapid; moderate; deliberate; as, a slow stream; a slow motion.

2. Not happening in a short time; gradual; late.

> These changes in the heavens, though slow, produced
> Like change on sea and land, sidereal blast.

Milton.

3. Not ready; not prompt or quick; dilatory; sluggish; as, slow of speech, and slow of tongue.

> Fixed on defense, the Trojans are not slow
> To guard their shore from an expected foe.

Dryden.

4. Not hasty; not precipitate; acting with deliberation; tardy; inactive.

> He that is slow to wrath is of great understanding.

Prov. xiv. 29.

5. Behind in time; indicating a time earlier than the true time; as, the clock or watch is slow.

6. Not advancing or improving rapidly; as, the slow growth of arts and sciences.

7. Heavy in wit; not alert, prompt, or spirited; wearisome; dull. [Colloq.] Dickens. Thackeray.

Slow is often used in the formation of compounds for the most part self-explaining; as, slow-gaited, slow- paced, slow-sighted, slow-winged, and the like.

Slow coach, a slow person. See def.7, above. [Colloq.] -- Slow lemur, or Slow loris (Zoöl.), an East Indian nocturnal lemurine animal (Nycticebus tardigradus) about the size of a small cat; -- so called from its slow and deliberate movements. It has very large round eyes and is without a tail. Called also bashful Billy. -- Slow match. See under Match.

Syn. -- Dilatory; late; lingering; tardy; sluggish; dull; inactive. -- Slow, Tardy, Dilatory. Slow is the wider term, denoting either a want of rapid motion or inertness of intellect. Dilatory signifies a proneness to defer, a habit of delaying the performance of what we know must be done. Tardy denotes the habit of being behind hand; as, tardy in making up one's acounts.

Slow, adv. Slowly.

> Let him have time to mark how slow time goes
> In time of sorrow.

Shak.

Slow, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Slowed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Slowing.] To render slow; to slacken the speed of; to retard; to delay; as, to slow a steamer. Shak.

Slow, v. i. To go slower; -- often with up; as, the train slowed up before crossing the bridge.

Slow, n. A moth. [Obs.] Rom. of R.

Slow"back` (?), n. A lubber; an idle fellow; a loiterer. [Old Slang] Dr. Favour.

Slowh (?), obs. imp. of Slee,to slay. Chaucer.

Slow"hound` (?), n. A sleuthhound. [R.]

Slow"ly, adv. In a slow manner; moderately; not rapidly; not early; not rashly; not readly; tardly.

Slow"ness, n. The quality or state of being slow.

Slows (?), n. (Med.) Milk sickness.

Slow"-wit`ted (?), a. Dull of apprehension; not possessing quick intelligence.

Slow"worm` (?), n. [AS. slwyrm; the first part is probably akin to sleán to strike, the reptile being supposed to be very poisonous. See Slay, v. t., and Worm.] (Zoöl.) A lecertilian reptile; the blindworm.

Slub (?), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] A roll of wool slightly twisted; a rove; -- called also slubbing.

Slub, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Slubbed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Slubbing.] To draw out and twist slightly; -- said of slivers of wool.

Slub"ber (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Slubbered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Slubbering.] [Cf. Dan. slubbreto swallow, to sup up, D. slobberen to lap, to slabber. Cf. Slabber.] 1. To do lazily, imperfectly, or coarsely.

> Slubber not business for my sake.

Shak.

2. To daub; to stain; to cover carelessly.

> There is no art that hath more . . . slubbered with aphorisming pedantry than the art of policy.

Milton.

Slub"ber, n. A slubbing machine.

Slub"ber*de*gul`lion (?), n. [Slubber + Prov. E. gullion a wretch.] A mean, dirty wretch. [Low]

Slub"ber*ing*ly, adv. In a slovenly, or hurried and imperfect, manner. [Low] Drayton.

Slub"bing (?), a. & n. from Slub.

Slubbing billy, or Slubbing machine, the machine by which slubs are formed.

Sludge (?), n. [CF. Slush.] 1. Mud; mire; soft mud; slush. Mortimer. Tennyson.

2. Small floating pieces of ice, or masses of saturated snow. Kane.

3. (Mining) See Slime, 4.

Sludge hole, the hand-hole, or manhole, in a steam boiler, by means of which sediment can be removed.

<! p. 1357 !>

Slud"ger (slj"r), n. A bucket for removing mud from a bored hole; a sand pump.

Slud"y (?), a. Miry; slushy.

Slue (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Slued (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Sluing (&?;).] [Prov. E. slew to turn round, Scot. to lean or incline to a side; cf. Icel. sn&?;a to turn, bend.] [Written also slew.] 1. (Naut.) To turn about a fixed point, usually the center or axis, as a spar or piece of timber; to turn; -- used also of any heavy body.

2. In general, to turn about; to twist; -- often used reflexively and followed by round. [Colloq.]

> They laughed, and slued themselves round.

Dickens.

Slue, v. i. To turn about; to turn from the course; to slip or slide and turn from an expected or desired course; -- often followed by round.

Slue, n. See Sloough, 2. [Local]

Slug (?), n. [OE. slugge slothful, sluggen to be slothful; cf. LG. slukk low- spirited, sad, E. slack, slouch, D. slak, slek, a snail.] 1. A drone; a slow, lazy fellow; a sluggard. Shak.

2. A hindrance; an obstruction. [Obs.] Bacon.

3. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of terrestrial pulmonate mollusks belonging to Limax and several related genera, in which the shell is either small and concealed in the mantle, or altogether wanting. They are closely allied to the land snails.

4. (Zoöl.) Any smooth, soft larva of a sawfly or moth which creeps like a mollusk; as, the pear slug; rose slug.

5. A ship that sails slowly. [Obs.] Halliwell.

> His rendezvous for his fleet, and for all slugs to come to, should be between Calais and Dover.

Pepys.

6. [Perhaps a different word.] An irregularly shaped piece of metal, used as a missile for a gun.

7. (Print.) A thick strip of metal less than type high, and as long as the width of a column or a page, -- used in spacing out pages and to separate display lines, etc.

Sea slug. (Zoöl.) (a) Any nudibranch mollusk. (b) A holothurian. -- Slug caterpillar. Same as Slugworm.

Slug, v. i. To move slowly; to lie idle. [Obs.]

> To slug in sloth and sensual delight.

Spenser.

Slug, v. t. To make sluggish. [Obs.] Milton.

Slug, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Slugged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Slugging (?).] 1. To load with a slug or slugs; as, to slug a gun.

2. To strike heavily. [Cant or Slang]

Slug, v. i. To become reduced in diameter, or changed in shape, by passing from a larger to a smaller part of the bore of the barrel; -- said of a bullet when fired from a gun, pistol, or other firearm.

Slug"a*bed` (?), n. One who indulges in lying abed; a sluggard. [R.] "Fie, you slugabed!" Shak.

Slug"gard (?), n. [Slug + - ard.] A person habitually lazy, idle, and inactive; a drone.

> Go to the ant, thou sluggard; consider her ways, and be wise.

Prov. vi. 6.

Slug"gard, a. Sluggish; lazy. Dryden.

Slug"gard*ize (?), v. t. To make lazy. [R.] Shak.

Slug"gard*y (?), n. [OE. sloggardye.] The state of being a sluggard; sluggishness; sloth. Gower.

> Idleness is rotten sluggardy.

Chaucer.

Slug"ger (?), n. One who strikes heavy blows; hence, a boxer; a prize fighter. [Cant or Slang]

Slug"gish (?), a. 1. Habitually idle and lazy; slothful; dull; inactive; as, a sluggish man.

2. Slow; having little motion; as, a sluggish stream.

3. Having no power to move one's self or itself; inert.

> Matter, being impotent, sluggish, and inactive, hath no power to stir or move itself.

Woodward.

> And the sluggish land slumbers in utter neglect.

Longfellow.

4. Characteristic of a sluggard; dull; stupid; tame; simple. [R.] "So sluggish a conceit." Milton.

Syn. -- Inert; idle; lazy; slothful; indolent; dronish; slow; dull; drowsy; inactive. See Inert.

-- Slug"gish*ly, adv. -- Slug"gish*ness, n.

Slug"gy (?), a. Sluggish. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Slug"-horn` (?), a. An erroneous form of the Scotch word slughorne, or sloggorne, meaning slogan.

Slugs (?), n. pl. (Mining) Half-roasted ore.

Slug"worm` (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any caterpillar which has the general appearance of a slug, as do those of certain moths belonging to Limacodes and allied genera, and those of certain sawflies.

Sluice (?), n. [OF. escluse, F. écluse, LL. exclusa, sclusa, from L. excludere, exclusum, to shut out: cf. D. sluis sluice, from the Old French. See Exclude.] 1. An artifical passage for water, fitted with a valve or gate, as in a mill stream, for stopping or regulating the flow; also, a water gate or flood gate.

2. Hence, an opening or channel through which anything flows; a source of supply.

> Each sluice of affluent fortune opened soon.

Harte.

> This home familiarity . . . opens the sluices of sensibility.

I. Taylor.

3. The stream flowing through a flood gate.

4. (Mining) A long box or trough through which water flows, -- used for washing auriferous earth.

Sluice gate, the sliding gate of a sluice.

Sluice, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sluiced (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sluicing (?).] 1. To emit by, or as by, flood gates. [R.] Milton.

2. To wet copiously, as by opening a sluice; as, to sluice meadows. Howitt.

> He dried his neck and face, which he had been sluicing with cold water.

De Quincey.

3. To wash with, or in, a stream of water running through a sluice; as, to sluice eart or gold dust in mining.

Sluice"way` (?), n. An artificial channel into which water is let by a sluice; specifically, a trough constructed over the bed of a stream, so that logs, lumber, or rubbish can be floated down to some convenient place of delivery.

Slui`cy (?), a. Falling copiously or in streams, as from a sluice.

> And oft whole sheets descend of sluicy rain.

Dryden.

Slum (?), n. [CF. Slump, n.] 1. A foul back street of a city, especially one filled with a poor, dirty, degraded, and often vicious population; any low neighborhood or dark retreat; -- usually in the plural; as, Westminster slums are haunts for theives. Dickens.

2. pl. (Mining) Same as Slimes.

Slum"ber (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Slumbered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Slumbering.] [OE. slombren, slumberen, slumeren, AS. slumerian, fr. sluma slumber; akin to D. sluimeren to slumber, MHG. slummern, slumen, G. schlummern, Dan. slumre, Sw. slumra, Goth. slawan to be silent.] 1. To sleep; especially, to sleep lightly; to doze. Piers Plowman.

> He that keepeth Israel shall neither slumber nor sleep.

Ps. cxxi. 4.

2. To be in a state of negligence, sloth, supineness, or inactivity. "Why slumbers Pope?" Young.

Slum"ber, v. t. 1. To lay to sleep. [R.] Wotton.

2. To stun; to stupefy. [Obs.] Spenser.

Slum"ber, n. Sleep; especially, light sleep; sleep that is not deep or sound; repose.

> He at last fell into a slumber, and thence into a fast sleep, which detained him in that place until it was almost night.

Bunyan.

> Fast asleep? It is no matter;
> Enjoy the honey-heavy dew of slumber.

Shak.

> Rest to my soul, and slumber to my eyes.

Dryden.

Slum"ber*er (?), n. One who slumbers; a sleeper.

Slum"ber*ing*ly, adv. In a slumbering manner.

Slum"ber*less, a. Without slumber; sleepless.

Slum"ber*ous (?), a. 1. Inviting slumber; soporiferous. "Pensive in the slumberous shade." Pope.

2. Being in the repose of slumber; sleepy; drowsy.

> His quiet and almost slumberous countenance.

Hawthorne.

Slum"ber*y (?), a. Sleepy. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Slum"brous (?), a. Slumberous. Keats.

Slum"ming, vb. n. Visiting slums.

Slump (?), n. [Cf. D. slomp a mass, heap, Dan. slump a quantity, and E. slump, v.t.] The gross amount; the mass; the lump. [Scot.]

Slump, v. t. [Cf. Lump; also Sw. slumpa to bargain for the lump.] To lump; to throw into a mess.

> These different groups . . . are exclusively slumped together under that sense.

Sir W. Hamilton.

Slump, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Slumped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Slumping.] [Scot. slump a dull noise produced by something falling into a hole, a marsh, a swamp.] To fall or sink suddenly through or in, when walking on a surface, as on thawing snow or ice, partly frozen ground, a bog, etc., not strong enough to bear the person.

> The latter walk on a bottomless quag, into which unawares they may slump.

Barrow.

Slump, n. 1. A boggy place. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

2. The noise made by anything falling into a hole, or into a soft, miry place. [Scot.]

Slump"y (?), a. Easily broken through; boggy; marshy; swampy. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U.S.] Bartlett.

Slung (?), imp. & p. p. of Sling.

Slung shot, a metal ball of small size, with a string attached, used by ruffians for striking.

Slunk (?), imp. & p. p. of Slink.

Slur (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Slurred (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Slurring (?).] [Cf. OE. sloor mud, clay, Icel. sl&?;ra, slo&?;ra, to trail or drag one's self along, D. sleuren, sloren, to train, to drag, to do negligently and slovenly, D. sloor, sloerie, a sluttish girl.] 1. To soil; to sully; to contaminate; to disgrace. Cudworth.

2. To disparage; to traduce. Tennyson.

3. To cover over; to disguise; to conceal; to pass over lightly or with little notice.

> With periods, points, and tropes, he slurs his crimes.

Dryden.

4. To cheat, as by sliding a die; to trick. [R.]

> To slur men of what they fought for.

Hudibras.

5. To pronounce indistinctly; as, to slur syllables.

6. (Mus.) To sing or perform in a smooth, gliding style; to connect smoothly in performing, as several notes or tones. Busby.

7. (Print.) To blur or double, as an impression from type; to mackle.

Slur, n. 1. A mark or stain; hence, a slight reproach or disgrace; a stigma; a reproachful intimation; an innuendo. "Gaining to his name a lasting slur." South.

2. A trick played upon a person; an imposition. [R.]

3. (Mus.) A mark, thus [ or ], connecting notes that are to be sung to the same syllable, or made in one continued breath of a wind instrument, or with one stroke of a bow; a tie; a sign of legato.

4. In knitting machines, a contrivance for depressing the sinkers successively by passing over them.

Slurred (?), a. (Mus.) Marked with a slur; performed in a smooth, gliding style, like notes marked with a slur.

Slush (?), n. [Cf. Sw. slaska to paddle in water, slask wet, filth.] [Written also slosh.] 1. Soft mud.

2. A mixture of snow and water; half-melted snow.

3. A soft mixture of grease and other materials, used for lubrication.

4. The refuse grease and fat collected in cooking, especially on shipboard.

5. (Mach.) A mixture of white lead and lime, with which the bright parts of machines, such as the connecting rods of steamboats, are painted to be preserved from oxidation.

Slush (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Slushed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Slushing.] 1. To smear with slush or grease; as, to slush a mast.

2. To paint with a mixture of white lead and lime.

Slush"y (?), a. Abounding in slush; characterized by soft mud or half-melted snow; as, the streets are slushy; the snow is slushy. "A dark, drizzling, slushy day." Blackw. Mag.

Slut (?), n. [OE. slutte; cf. OD. slodde a slut, Icel. slöttr a heavy, loglike fellow, slota to droop.] 1. An untidy woman; a slattern.

> Sluts are good enough to make a sloven's porridge.

Old Proverb.

2. A servant girl; a drudge. [Obs.]

> Our little girl Susan is a most admirable slut, and pleases us mightly, doing more service than both the others.

Pepys.

3. A female dog; a bitch.

Slutch (?), n. [CF. Sludge.] Slush. [Prov. Eng.]

Slutch"y (?), a. Slushy. [Prov. Eng.] Pennant.

Sluth"hound` (?), n. Sleuthhound.

Slut"ter*y (?), n. The qualities and practices of a slut; sluttishness; slatternlines. Drayton.

Slut"tish (?), a. Like a slut; untidy; indecently negligent of cleanliness; disorderly; as, a sluttish woman.

> Why is thy lord so slutish, I thee pray.

Chaucer.

> An air of liberal, though sluttish, plenty, indicated the wealthy farmer.

Sir W. Scott.

-- Slut"tish*ly, adv. -- Slut"tish*ness, n.

Sly (?), a. [Compar. Slier (?) or Slyer; superl. Sliest or Slyest.] [OE. sli, slegh, sleih, Icel sl&?;gr, for sl&?;gr; akin to Sw. slug, Dan. slu, LG. slou, G. schlau; probably to E. slay, v.t.; cf. G. verschlagen sly. See Slay, v. t., and cf. Sleight.] 1. Dexterous in performing an action, so as to escape notice; nimble; skillful; cautious; shrewd; knowing; -- in a good sense.

> Be ye sly as serpents, and simple as doves.

Wyclif (Matt. x. 16).

> Whom graver age
> And long experience hath made wise and sly.

Fairfax.

2. Artfully cunning; secretly mischievous; wily.

> For my sly wiles and subtle craftiness,
> The litle of the kingdom I possess.

Spenser.

3. Done with, and marked by, artful and dexterous secrecy; subtle; as, a sly trick.

> Envy works in a sly and imperceptible manner.

I. Watts.

4. Light or delicate; slight; thin. [Obs.]

By the sly, or On the sly, in a sly or secret manner. [Colloq.] "Gazed on Hetty's charms by the sly." G. Eliot. -- Sly goose (Zoöl.), the common sheldrake; -- so named from its craftiness.

Syn. -- Cunning; crafty; subtile; wily. See Cunning.

Sly, adv. Slyly. [Obs. or Poetic] Spenser.

Sly"boots` (?), n. A humerous appellation for a sly, cunning, or waggish person.

> Slyboots was cursedly cunning to hide 'em.

Goldsmith.

Sly"ly, adv. In a sly manner; shrewdly; craftily.

> Honestly and slyly he it spent.

Chaucer.

Sly"ness, n. The quality or state of being sly.

Slype (?), n. [Cf. D. sluipen to sneak.] (Arch.) A narrow passage between two buildings, as between the transept and chapter house of a monastery. [Eng.]

Smack (?), n. [D. smak; akin to LG. smack, smak, Dan. smakke, G. schmacke, F. semaque.] (Naut.) A small sailing vessel, commonly rigged as a sloop, used chiefly in the coasting and fishing trade.

Smack, n. [OE. smak, AS. ssm&?;c taste, savor; akin to D. smaak, G. geschmack, OHG. smac; cf. Lith. smagus pleasant. Cf. Smack, v. i.] 1. Taste or flavor, esp. a slight taste or flavor; savor; tincture; as, a smack of bitter in the medicine. Also used figuratively.

> So quickly they have taken a smack in covetousness.

Robynson (More's Utopia).

> They felt the smack of this world.

Latimer.

2. A small quantity; a taste. Dryden.

3. A loud kiss; a buss. "A clamorous smack." Shak.

4. A quick, sharp noise, as of the lips when suddenly separated, or of a whip.

5. A quick, smart blow; a slap. Johnson.

Smack, adv. As if with a smack or slap. [Colloq.]

Smack, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Smacked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Smacking.] [OE. smaken to taste, have a taste, -- from the noun; cf. AS. smecan taste; akin to D. smaken, G. schmecken, OHG. smechen to taste, smach&?;n to have a taste (and, derived from the same source, G. schmatzen to smack the lips, to kiss with a sharp noise, MHG. smatzen, smackzeen), Icel smakka to taste, Sw. smaka, Dan. smage. See 2d Smack, n.] 1. To have a smack; to be tinctured with any particular taste.

2. To have or exhibit indications of the presence of any character or quality.

> All sects, all ages, smack of this vice.

Shak.

3. To kiss with a close compression of the lips, so as to make a sound when they separate; to kiss with a sharp noise; to buss.

4. To make a noise by the separation of the lips after tasting anything.

Smack, v. t. 1. To kiss with a sharp noise; to buss.

2. To open, as the lips, with an inarticulate sound made by a quick compression and separation of the parts of the mouth; to make a noise with, as the lips, by separating them in the act of kissing or after tasting.

> Drinking off the cup, and smacking his lips with an air of ineffable relish.

Sir W. Scott.

3. To make a sharp noise by striking; to crack; as, to smack a whip. "She smacks the silken thong." Young.

Smack"ing, n. A sharp, quick noise; a smack.

> Like the faint smacking of an after kiss.

Dryden.

<! p. 1358 !>

Smack"ing (?), a. Making a sharp, brisk sound; hence, brisk; as, a smacking breeze.

Small (sml), a. [Compar. Smaller (?); superl. Smallest.] [OE. small, AS. smæl; akin to D. smal narrow, OS. & OHG. smal small, G. schmal narrow, Dan. & Sw. smal, Goth. smals small, Icel. smali smal cattle, sheep, or goats; cf. Gr. mh^lon a sheep or goat.] 1. Having little size, compared with other things of the same kind; little in quantity or degree; diminutive; not large or extended in dimension; not great; not much; inconsiderable; as, a small man; a small river.

> To compare
> Great things with small.

Milton.

2. Being of slight consequence; feeble in influence or importance; unimportant; trivial; insignificant; as, a small fault; a small business.

3. Envincing little worth or ability; not large-minded; -- sometimes, in reproach, paltry; mean.

> A true delineation of the smallest man is capable of interesting the greatest man.

Carlyle.

4. Not prolonged in duration; not extended in time; short; as, after a small space. Shak.

5. Weak; slender; fine; gentle; soft; not loud. "A still, small voice." 1 Kings xix. 12.

Great and small,of all ranks or degrees; -- used especially of persons. "His quests, great and small." Chaucer. -- Small arms, muskets, rifles, pistols, etc., in distinction from cannon. - - Small beer. See under Beer. -- Small coal. (a) Little coals of wood formerly used to light fires. Gay. (b) Coal about the size of a hazelnut, separated from the coarser parts by screening. -- Small craft (Naut.), a vessel, or vessels in general, of a small size. -- Small fruits. See under Fruit. -- Small hand, a certain size of paper. See under Paper. -- Small hours. See under Hour. -- Small letter. (Print.), a lower-case letter. See Lower-case, and Capital letter, under Capital, a. -- Small piece, a Scotch coin worth about 2¼d. sterling, or about 4½cents. -- Small register. See the Note under 1st Register, 7. -- Small stuff (Naut.), spun yarn, marline, and the smallest kinds of rope. R. H. Dana, Jr. -- Small talk, light or trifling conversation; chitchat. -- Small wares (Com.), various small textile articles, as tapes, braid, tringe, and the like. M‘Culloch.

Small, adv. 1. In or to small extent, quantity, or degree; little; slightly. [Obs.] "I wept but small." Chaucer. "It small avails my mood." Shak.

2. Not loudly; faintly; timidly. [Obs. or Humorous]

> You may speak as small as you will.

Shak.

Small, n. 1. The small or slender part of a thing; as, the small of the leg or of the back.

2. pl. Smallclothes. [Colloq.] Hood. Dickens.

3. pl. Same as Little go. See under Little, a.

Small, v. t. To make little or less. [Obs.]

Small"age (?), n. [Small + F. ache smallage. See Ach parsley.] (Bot.) A biennial umbelliferous plant (Apium graveolens) native of the seacoats of Europe and Asia. When deprived of its acrid and even poisonous properties by cultivation, it becomes celery.

Small"clothes` (?), n. pl. A man's garment for the hips and thighs; breeches. See Breeches.

Small"ish, a. Somewhat small. G. W. Cable.

Small"ness, n. The quality or state of being small.

Small"pox` (?), n. [Small + pox, pocks.] (Med.) A contagious, constitutional, febrile disease characterized by a peculiar eruption; variola. The cutaneous eruption is at first a collection of papules which become vesicles (first flat, subsequently umbilicated) and then pustules, and finally thick crusts which slough after a certain time, often leaving a pit, or scar.

Smalls (?), n. pl. See Small, n., 2, 3.

Small"sword` (?), n. A light sword used for thrusting only; especially, the sword worn by civilians of rank in the eighteenth century.

Smal"ly (?), adv. In a small quantity or degree; with minuteness. [R.] Ascham.

Smalt (?), n. [It. smalto, LL. smaltum; of Teutonic origin; cf. OHG. smalz grease, butter, G. schmalz grease, OHG. smelzan to melt, G. schmelzen. See Smelt, v. t., and cf. Amel, Enamel.] A deep blue pigment or coloring material used in various arts. It is a vitreous substance made of cobalt, potash, and calcined quartz fused, and reduced to a powder.

Smalt"-blue` (?), a. Deep blue, like smalt.

{ Smalt"ine (?), Smalt"ite (?), } n. [See Smalt.] (Min.) A tin- white or gray mineral of metallic luster. It is an arsenide of cobalt, nickel, and iron. Called also speiskobalt.

Smar"agd (?), n. [L. smaragdus. See Emerald.] The emerald. [Obs.] Bale.

Sma*rag"dine (?), a. [L. smaragdinus, Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;.] Of or pertaining to emerald; resembling emerald; of an emerald green.

Sma*rag"dite (?), n. [Cf. F. smaragdite; -- so called from its emerald-green color. See Smaragd.] (Min.) A green foliated kind of amphibole, observed in eclogite and some varietis of gabbro.

Smart (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Smarted; p. pr. & vb. n. Smarting.] [OE. smarten, AS. smeortan; akin to D. smarten, smerten, G. schmerzen, OHG. smerzan, Dan. smerte, SW. smärta, D. smart, smert, a pain, G. schmerz, Ohg. smerzo, and probably to L. mordere to bite; cf. Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;, &?;&?;&?;&?;&?;, terrible, fearful, Skr. m&?;d to rub, crush. Cf. Morsel.] 1. To feel a lively, pungent local pain; -- said of some part of the body as the seat of irritation; as, my finger smarts; these wounds smart. Chaucer. Shak.

2. To feel a pungent pain of mind; to feel sharp pain or grief; to suffer; to feel the sting of evil.

> No creature smarts so little as a fool.

Pope.

> He that is surety for a stranger shall smart for it.

Prov. xi. 15.

Smart, v. t. To cause a smart in. "A goad that . . . smarts the flesh." T. Adams.

Smart, n. [OE. smerte. See Smart, v. i.] 1. Quick, pungent, lively pain; a pricking local pain, as the pain from puncture by nettles. "In pain's smart." Chaucer.

2. Severe, pungent pain of mind; pungent grief; as, the smart of affliction.

> To stand 'twixt us and our deserved smart.

Milton.

> Counsel mitigates the greatest smart.

Spenser.

3. A fellow who affects smartness, briskness, and vivacity; a dandy. [Slang] Fielding.

4. Smart money (see below). [Canf]

Smart (?), a. [Compar. Smarter (?); superl. Smartest.] [OE. smerte. See Smart, v. i.] 1. Causing a smart; pungent; pricking; as, a smart stroke or taste.

> How smart lash that speech doth give my conscience.

Shak.

2. Keen; severe; poignant; as, smart pain.

3. Vigorous; sharp; severe. "Smart skirmishes, in which many fell." Clarendon.

4. Accomplishing, or able to accomplish, results quickly; active; sharp; clever. [Colloq.]

5. Efficient; vigorous; brilliant. "The stars shine smarter." Dryden.

6. Marked by acuteness or shrewdness; quick in suggestion or reply; vivacious; witty; as, a smart reply; a smart saying.

> Who, for the poor renown of being smart
> Would leave a sting within a brother's heart?

Young.

> A sentence or two, . . . which I thought very smart.

Addison.

7. Pretentious; showy; spruce; as, a smart gown.

8. Brisk; fresh; as, a smart breeze.

Smart money. (a) Money paid by a person to buy himself off from some unpleasant engagement or some painful situation. (b) (Mil.) Money allowed to soldiers or sailors, in the English service, for wounds and injures received; also, a sum paid by a recruit, previous to being sworn in, to procure his release from service. (c) (Law) Vindictive or exemplary damages; damages beyond a full compensation for the actual injury done. Burrill. Greenleaf. -- Smart ticket, a certificate given to wounded seamen, entitling them to smart money. [Eng.] Brande & C.

Syn. -- Pungent; poignant; sharp; tart; acute; quick; lively; brisk; witty; clever; keen; dashy; showy. -- Smart, Clever. Smart has been much used in New England to describe a person who is intelligent, vigorous, and active; as, a smart young fellow; a smart workman, etc., conciding very nearly with the English sense of clever. The nearest approach to this in England is in such expressions as, he was smart (pungent or witty) in his reply, etc.; but smart and smartness, when applied to persons, more commonly refer to dress; as, a smart appearance; a smart gown, etc.

Smart"en (?), v. t. To make smart or spruce; -- usually with up. [Colloq.]

> She had to go and smarten herself up somewhat.

W. Black.

Smar"tle (?), v. i. To waste away. [Prov. Eng.]

Smart"ly (?), adv. In a smart manner.

Smart"ness, n. The quality or state of being smart.

Smart"weed` (?), n. (Bot.) An acrid plant of the genus Polygonum (P. Hydropiper), which produces smarting if applied where the skin is tender.

Smash (smsh), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Smashed (smsht); p. pr. & vb. n. Smashing.] [Cf. Sw. smisk a blow, stroke, smiska to strike, dial. Sw. smaske to kiss with a noise, and E. smack a loud kiss, a slap.] To break in pieces by violence; to dash to pieces; to crush.

> Here everything is broken and smashed to pieces.

Burke.

Smash, v. i. To break up, or to pieces suddenly, as the result of collision or pressure.

Smash, n. 1. A breaking or dashing to pieces; utter destruction; wreck.

2. Hence, bankruptcy. [Colloq.]

Smash"er (-r), n. 1. One who, or that which, smashes or breaks things to pieces.

2. Anything very large or extraordinary. [Slang]

3. One who passes counterfeit coin. [Cant, Eng.]

Smatch (?), n. [OE. smach, smak. See Smack taste.] Taste; tincture; smack. [Obs.]

> Thy life hath had some smatch of honor in it.

Shak.

Smatch, v. i. To smack. [Obs.] Banister (1578).

Smat"ter (?), v. i. [OE. smateren to make a noise; cf. Sw. smattra to clatter, to crackle, G. schmettern to dash, crash, to warble, quaver.] 1. To talk superficially or ignorantly; to babble; to chatter.

> Of state affairs you can not smatter.

Swift.

2. To have a slight taste, or a slight, superficial knowledge, of anything; to smack.

Smat"ter, v. t. 1. To talk superficially about.

2. To gain a slight taste of; to acquire a slight, superficial knowledge of; to smack. Chaucer.

Smat"ter, n. Superficial knowledge; a smattering.

Smat"ter*er (?), n. One who has only a slight, superficial knowledge; a sciolist.

Smat"ter*ing, n. A slight, superficial knowledge of something; sciolism.

> I had a great desire, not able to attain to a superficial skill in any, to have some smattering in all.

Burton.

Smear (smr), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Smeared (smrd); p. pr. & vb. n. Smearing.] [OE. smeren, smerien, AS. smierwan, smyrwan, fr. smeoru fat, grease; akin to D. smeren, OHG. smirwen, G. schmieren, Icel. smyrja to anoint. See Smear, n.] 1. To overspread with anything unctuous, viscous, or adhesive; to daub; as, to smear anything with oil. "Smear the sleepy grooms with blood." Shak.

2. To soil in any way; to contaminate; to pollute; to stain morally; as, to be smeared with infamy. Shak.

Smear, n. [OE. smere,. smeoru fat, grease; akin to D. smeer, G. schmeer, OHG. smero, Icel. smjör, Sw. & Dan. smör butter, Goth. smaírþr fatness, smarna dung; cf. Lith. smarsas fat. Cf. Smirch.] 1. A fat, oily substance; oinment. Johnson.

2. Hence, a spot made by, or as by, an unctuous or adhesive substance; a blot or blotch; a daub; a stain.

> Slow broke the morn,
> All damp and rolling vapor, with no sun,
> But in its place a moving smear of light.

Alexander Smith.

Smear" dab" (?). (Zoöl.) The sand fluke (b). [Prov. Eng.]

Smeared (?), a. (Zoöl.) Having the color mark ings ill defined, as if rubbed; as, the smeared dagger moth (Apatela oblinita).

Smear"y (?), a. Tending to smear or soil; adhesive; viscous. Rowe.

Smeath (?), n. (Zoöl.) The smew. [Prov. Eng.]

Smec"tite (?), n. [G. smectit, fr. Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;&?; a kind of fuller's earth, fr. &?;&?;&?;&?;&?; to wipe off.] (Min.) A hydrous silicate of alumina, of a greenish color, which, in certain states of humidity, appears transparent and almost gelatinous.

Smee (?), n. [Cf. Smew.] (Zoöl.) (a) The pintail duck. (b) The widgeon. (c) The poachard. (d) The smew. [Prov. Eng.]

Smeeth (?), v. t. [Etymol. uncertain.] To smoke; to blacken with smoke; to rub with soot. [Obs.]

Smeeth (?), v. t. [OE. sme&?;en, AS. sm&?;&?;ian. See Smooth.] To smooth. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Smeg"ma (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?; soap, fr. &?;&?;&?;&?;&?; to wash off.] (Physiol.) The matter secreted by any of the sebaceous glands. Specifically: (a) The soapy substance covering the skin of newborn infants. (b) The cheesy, sebaceous matter which collects between the glans penis and the foreskin.

Smeg*mat"ic (?), a. Being of the nature of soap; soapy; cleansing; detersive.

Smeir (?), n. A salt glaze on pottery, made by adding common salt to an earthenware glaze.

Smell (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Smelled (?), Smelt (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Smelling.] [OE. smellen, smillen, smullen; cf. LG. smellen, smelen, smölen, schmelen, to smoke, to reek, D. smeulen to smolder, and E. smolder. Cf. Smell, n.] 1. To perceive by the olfactory nerves, or organs of smell; to have a sensation of, excited through the nasal organs when affected by the appropriate materials or qualities; to obtain the scent of; as, to smell a rose; to smell perfumes.

2. To detect or perceive, as if by the sense of smell; to scent out; -- often with out. "I smell a device." Shak.

> Can you smell him out by that?

Shak.

3. To give heed to. [Obs.]

> From that time forward I began to smellthe Word of God, and forsook the school doctors.

Latimer.

To smell a rat, to have a sense of something wrong, not clearly evident; to have reason for suspicion. [Colloq.] -- To smell out, to find out by sagacity. [Colloq.]

Smell, v. i. 1. To affect the olfactory nerves; to have an odor or scent; -- often followed by of; as, to smell of smoke, or of musk.

2. To have a particular tincture or smack of any quality; to savor; as, a report smells of calumny.

> Praises in an enemy are superfluous, or smell of craft.

Milton.

3. To exercise the sense of smell. Ex. xxx. 38.

4. To exercise sagacity. Shak.

Smell, n. [OE. smel, smil, smul, smeol. See Smell, v. t.] (Physiol.) 1. The sense or faculty by which certain qualities of bodies are perceived through the instrumentally of the olfactory nerves. See Sense.

2. The quality of any thing or substance, or emanation therefrom, which affects the olfactory organs; odor; scent; fragrance; perfume; as, the smell of mint.

> Breathing the smell of field and grove.

Milton.

> That which, above all others, yields the sweetest smell in the air, is the violent.

Bacon.

Syn. -- Scent; odor; perfume; fragrance.

Smell"er (?), n. 1. One who smells, or perceives by the sense of smell; one who gives out smell.

2. The nose. [Pugilists' Slang]

Smell"-feast` (?), n. 1. One who is apt to find and frequent good tables; a parasite; a sponger.

> The epicure and the smell-feast.

South.

2. A feast at which the guests are supposed to feed upon the odors only of the viands.

Smell"ing, n. 1. The act of one who smells.

2. The sense by which odors are perceived; the sense of smell. Locke.

Smelling bottle, a small bottle filled with something suited to stimulate the sense of smell, or to remove faintness, as spirits of ammonia.

Smell"-less, a. Destitute of smell; having no odor.

> Daisies smell-less, yet most quaint.

Beau. & Fl.

Smelt (?), imp. & p. p. of Smell.

Smelt, n. [AS. smelt, smylt; akin to Dan. smelt.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of small silvery salmonoid fishes of the genus Osmerus and allied genera, which ascend rivers to spawn, and sometimes become landlocked in lakes. They are esteemed as food, and have a peculiar odor and taste.

The most important species are the European smelt (Osmerus eperlans) (called also eperlan, sparling, and spirling), the Eastern American smelt (O. mordax), the California smelt (O. thalichthys), and the surf smelt (Hypomesus olidus). The name is loosely applied to various other small fishes, as the lant, the California tomcod, the spawn eater, the silverside.

2. Fig.: A gull; a simpleton. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Sand smelt (Zoöl.), the silverside.

Smelt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Smelted; p. pr. & vb. n. Smelting.] [Of foreign origin; cf. Sw. smälta, D. smelten, Dan. smelte, Icel. smelta, G. schmelzen OHG. smelzan, smelzen; probably akin to Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;&?;. Cf. Enamel, Melt, Mute, v. i., Smalt.] (Metal.) To melt or fuse, as, ore, for the purpose of separating and refining the metal; hence, to reduce; to refine; to flux or scorify; as, to smelt tin.

<! p. 1359 !>

Smelt"er (?), n. One who, or that which, smelts.

Smelt"er*y (?), n. A house or place for smelting.

Smelt"ie (?), n. A fish, the bib. [Prov. Eng.]

Smelt"ing, a. & n. from Smelt.

Smelting furnace (Metal.), a furnace in which ores are smelted or reduced.

Smerk (?), n. & v. See Smirk.

{ Smerk (?), Smerk"y (?), } a. Smart; jaunty; spruce. See Smirk, a. [Obs.]

> So smerk, so smooth, his pricked ears.

Spenser.

Smer"lin (?), n. (Zoöl.) A small loach.

Smew (?), n. [Perhaps for ice- mew.] (Zoöl.) (a) small European merganser (Mergus albellus) which has a white crest; -- called also smee, smee duck, white merganser, and white nun. (b) The hooded merganser. [Local, U.S.]

Smick"er (?), v. i. [Akin to Sw. smickra to flatter, Dan. smigre, and perhaps to G. schmeicheln, and E. smile. Cf. Smicker, a.] To look amorously or wantonly; to smirk.

Smick"er, a. [AS. smicere tasteful, trim. See Smicker, v.] Amorous; wanton; gay; spruce. [Obs.]

Smick"er*ing, n. Amorous glance or inclination. [Obs.] "A smickering to our young lady." Dryden.

Smick"et (?), n. [Dim. of smock.] A woman's under-garment; a smock. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Johnson.

Smick"ly, adv. Smugly; finically. [Obs.] Ford.

Smid"dy (?), n. [See Smithy.] A smithy. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Smift (?), n. A match for firing a charge of powder, as in blasting; a fuse.

Smight (?), v. t. To smite. [Obs.] Spenser.

Smil"a*cin (?), n. [Cf. F. similacine. See Smilax.] (Chem.) See Parrilin.

Smi"lax (?), n. [L., bindweed, Gr. &?;&?;&?;.] (Bot.) (a) A genus of perennial climbing plants, usually with a prickly woody stem; green brier, or cat brier. The rootstocks of certain species are the source of the medicine called sarsaparilla. (b) A delicate trailing plant (Myrsiphyllum asparagoides) much used for decoration. It is a native of the Cape of Good Hope.

Smile (sml), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Smiled (smld); p. pr. & vb. n. Smiling.] [OE. smilen; akin to Dan. smile, Sw. smila, MHG. smielen, smieren, L. mirari to wonder at, Skr. smi to smile; and probably to E. smicker. √173. Cf. Admire, Marvel, Smirk.] 1. To express amusement, pleasure, moderate joy, or love and kindness, by the features of the face; to laugh silently.

> He doth nothing but frown. . . . He hears merry tales and smiles not.

Shak.

> She smiled to see the doughty hero slain.

Pope.

> When last I saw thy young blue eyes, they smiled.

Byron.

2. To express slight contempt by a look implying sarcasm or pity; to sneer.

> 'T was what I said to Craggs and Child,
> Who praised my modesty, and smiled.

Pope.

3. To look gay and joyous; to have an appearance suited to excite joy; as, smiling spring; smiling plenty.

> The desert smiled,
> And paradise was opened in the wild.

Pope.

4. To be propitious or favorable; to favor; to countenance; -- often with on; as, to smile on one's labors.

Smile, v. t. 1. To express by a smile; as, to smile consent; to smile a welcome to visitors.

2. To affect in a certain way with a smile. [R.]

> And sharply smile prevailing folly dead.

Young.

Smile, n. [CF. Dan. smiil, Sw. smil. See Smile, v. i.] 1. The act of smiling; a peculiar change or brightening of the face, which expresses pleasure, moderate joy, mirth, approbation, or kindness; -- opposed to frown.

> Sweet intercourse
> Of looks and smiles: for smiles from reason flow.

Milton.

2. A somewhat similar expression of countenance, indicative of satisfaction combined with malevolent feelings, as contempt, scorn, etc; as, a scornful smile.

3. Favor; countenance; propitiousness; as, the smiles of Providence. "The smile of heaven." Shak.

4. Gay or joyous appearance; as, the smiles of spring.

> The brightness of their [the flowers'] smile was gone.

Bryant.

Smile"less (?), a. Not having a smile.

Smil"er (?), n. One who smiles. Tennyson.

Smil"et (?), n. A little smile. [R.]

> Those happy smilets
> That played on her ripe lip.

Shak.

Smil"ing*ly, adv. In a smiling manner. Shak.

Smil"ing*ness, n. Quality or state of being smiling.

> And made despair a smilingness assume.

Byron.

Smi"lo*don (?), n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?; a carving knife + &?;&?;&?;, &?;&?;&?;, tooth.] (Paleon.) An extinct genus of saber-toothed tigers. See Mach&?;rodus.

Smilt (?), v. i. To melt. [Obs.] Mortimer.

Smin*thu"rid (?), n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?; a mouse + &?;&?;&?; tail.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous small species of springtails, of the family Sminthuridæ, -- usually found on flowers. See Illust. under Collembola.

Smirch (?), v. t. [From the root of smear.] To smear with something which stains, or makes dirty; to smutch; to begrime; to soil; to sully.

> I'll . . . with a kind of umber smirch my face.

Shak.

Smirch (?), n. A smutch; a dirty stain.

Smirk (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Smirked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Smirking.] [OE. smirken, ASS. smercian, smearcian; cf. MHG. smieren, smielen, to smile. See Smile, v. i.] To smile in an affected or conceited manner; to smile with affected complaisance; to simper.

Smirk, n. A forced or affected smile; a simper.

> The bride, all smirk and blush, had just entered.

Sir W. Scott.

Smirk, a. Nice,; smart; spruce; affected; simpering. "So smirk, so smooth." Spenser.

Smirk"ing*ly, adv. With smirking; with a smirk.

Smirk"y (?), a. Smirk; smirking.

Smit (?), rare imp. & p. p. of Smite. Spenser.

> Smit with the beauty of so fair a scene.

Cowper.

Smit, obs. 3d. pers. sing. pres. of Smite. Chaucer.

Smite (smt), v. t. [imp. Smote (smt), rarely Smit (smt); p. p. Smitten (smt"t'n), rarely Smit, or Smote; p. pr. & vb. n. Smiting (smt"ng).] [AS. smtan to smite, to soil, pollute; akin to OFries. smta to smite, LG. smiten, D. smijten, G. schmeissen, OHG. smzan to smear, stroke, OSw. & dial. Sw. smita to smite, Dan. smide to throw, Goth. bismeitan, to anoint, besmear; cf. Skr. md to be fat. The original sense seems to have been, to daub on, to smear. Cf. Smut.] 1. To strike; to inflict a blow upon with the hand, or with any instrument held in the hand, or with a missile thrown by the hand; as, to smite with the fist, with a rod, sword, spear, or stone.

> Whosoever shall smite thee on thy right cheek, turn to him the other also.

Matt. v. 39.

> And David . . . took thence a stone, and slang it, and smote the Philistine in his forehead.

1 Sam. xvii. 49.

2. To cause to strike; to use as an instrument in striking or hurling.

> Prophesy, and smite thine hands together.

Ezek. xxi. 14.

> Saul . . . smote the javelin into the wall.

1 Sam. xix. 10.

3. To destroy the life of by beating, or by weapons of any kind; to slay by a blow; to kill; as, to smite one with the sword, or with an arrow or other instrument.

4. To put to rout in battle; to overthrow by war.

5. To blast; to destroy the life or vigor of, as by a stroke or by some visitation.

> The flax and the barly was smitten.

Ex. ix. 31.

6. To afflict; to chasten; to punish.

> Let us not mistake God's goodness, nor imagine, because he smites us, that we are forsaken by him.

Wake.

7. To strike or affect with passion, as love or fear.

> The charms that smite the simple heart.

Pope.

> Smit with the love of sister arts we came.

Pope.

To smite off, to cut off. -- To smite out, to knock out, as a tooth. Exod. xxi. 27. -- To smite with the tongue, to reproach or upbraid; to revile. [Obs.] Jer. xviii. 18.

Smite, v. i. To strike; to collide; to beat. [Archaic]

> The heart melteth, and the knees smite together.

Nah. ii. 10.

Smite, n. The act of smiting; a blow.

Smit"er (smt"r), n. One who smites.

> I give my back to the smiters.

Isa. l. 6.

Smith (smth), n. [AS. smið; akin to D. smid, G. schmied, OHG. smid, Icel. smiðr, Dan. & Sw. smed, Goth. smiþa (in comp.); cf. Gr. smi`lh a sort of knife, sminy`h a hoe, mattock.] 1. One who forges with the hammer; one who works in metals; as, a blacksmith, goldsmith, silversmith, and the like. Piers Plowman.

> Nor yet the smith hath learned to form a sword.

Tate.

2. One who makes or effects anything. [R.] Dryden.

Smith, v. t. [AS. smiðian. See Smith, n.] To beat into shape; to forge. [Obs.] Chaucer.

> What smith that any [weapon] smitheth.

Piers Plowman.

Smith"craft` (-krft`), n. The art or occupation of a smith; smithing. [R.] Sir W. Raleigh.

Smith"er (sm"r), n. 1. Light, fine rain. [Prov. Eng.]

2. pl. Fragments; atoms; finders. [Prov. Eng.]

> Smash the bottle to smithers.

Tennyson.

Smith`er*eens" (sm`r*nz"), n. pl. Fragments; atoms; smithers. [Colloq.] W. Black.

Smith"er*y (smth"r*), n.; pl. -ies (-z). 1. The workshop of a smith; a smithy or stithy.

2. Work done by a smith; smithing.

> The din of all his smithery may some time or other possibly wake this noble duke.

Burke.

Smith"ing, n. The act or art of working or forging metals, as iron, into any desired shape. Moxon.

Smith*so"ni*an (-s"n*an), a. Of or pertaining to the Englishman J. L. M. Smithson, or to the national institution of learning which he endowed at Washington, D. C.; as, the Smithsonian Institution; Smithsonian Reports. -- n. The Smithsonian Institution.

Smith"son*ite (?), n. [See Smithsonian.] (Min.) Native zinc carbonate. It generally occurs in stalactitic, reniform, or botryoidal shapes, of a white to gray, green, or brown color. See Note under Calamine.

Smith"y (-), n. [AS. smiððe, fr. smið; akin to D. smidse, smids, OHG. smitta, G. schmiede, Icel. smiðja. See Smith, n.] The workshop of a smith, esp. a blacksmith; a smithery; a stithy. [Written also smiddy.]

> Under a spreading chestnut tree
> The village smithy stands.

Longfellow.

Smitt (smt), n. [CF. G. schmitz a stain, schmitzen besmear. See Smite, v. t.] Fine clay or ocher made up into balls, used for marking sheep. [Eng.] Woodward.

Smit"ten (smt"t'n), p. p. of Smite.

Smit"tle (-t'l), v. t. [Freq. fr. OE. smitten to befoul. See Smite, v. t.] To infect. [Prov. Eng.]

Smit"tle, n. Infection. [Pov. Eng.] Wright.

{ Smit"tle (smt"t'l), Smit"tlish (- tlsh), } a. Infectious; catching. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] H. Kingsley.

Smock (smk), n. [AS. smocc; akin to OHG. smocho, Icel. smokkr, and from the root of AS. smgan to creep, akin to G. schmiegen to cling to, press close, MHG. smiegen, Icel. smjga to creep through, to put on a garment which has a hole to put the head through; cf. Lith. smukti to glide. Cf. Smug, Smuggle.] 1. A woman's under- garment; a shift; a chemise.

> In her smock, with head and foot all bare.

Chaucer.

2. A blouse; a smoock frock. Carlyle.

Smock (?), a. Of or pertaining to a smock; resembling a smock; hence, of or pertaining to a woman.

Smock mill, a windmill of which only the cap turns round to meet the wind, in distinction from a post mill, whose whole building turns on a post. -- Smock race, a race run by women for the prize of a smock. [Prov. Eng.]

Smock, v. t. To provide with, or clothe in, a smock or a smock frock. Tennyson.

Smock"-faced` (?), a. Having a feminine countenance or complexion; smooth-faced; girlish. Fenton.

Smock" frock` (?). A coarse frock, or shirt, worn over the other dress, as by farm laborers. Macaulay.

Smock"less, a. Wanting a smock. Chaucer.

Smok"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being smoked; suitable or ready to be smoked; as, smokable tobacco.

Smoke (?), n. [AS. smoca, fr. smeócan to smoke; akin to LG. & D. smook smoke, Dan. smög, G. schmauch, and perh. to Gr. &?;&?;&?; to burn in a smoldering fire; cf. Lith. smaugti to choke.] 1. The visible exhalation, vapor, or substance that escapes, or expelled, from a burning body, especially from burning vegetable matter, as wood, coal, peat, or the like.

The gases of hydrocarbons, raised to a red heat or thereabouts, without a mixture of air enough to produce combustion, disengage their carbon in a fine powder, forming smoke. The disengaged carbon when deposited on solid bodies is soot.

2. That which resembles smoke; a vapor; a mist.

3. Anything unsubstantial, as idle talk. Shak.

4. The act of smoking, esp. of smoking tobacco; as, to have a smoke. [Colloq.]

Smoke is sometimes joined with other word. forming self-explaining compounds; as, smoke-consuming, smoke- dried, smoke-stained, etc.

Smoke arch, the smoke box of a locomotive. -- Smoke ball (Mil.), a ball or case containing a composition which, when it burns, sends forth thick smoke. -- Smoke black, lampblack. [Obs.] -- Smoke board, a board suspended before a fireplace to prevent the smoke from coming out into the room. -- Smoke box, a chamber in a boiler, where the smoke, etc., from the furnace is collected before going out at the chimney. -- Smoke sail (Naut.), a small sail in the lee of the galley stovepipe, to prevent the smoke from annoying people on deck. -- Smoke tree (Bot.), a shrub (Rhus Cotinus) in which the flowers are mostly abortive and the panicles transformed into tangles of plumose pedicels looking like wreaths of smoke. -- To end in smoke, to burned; hence, to be destroyed or ruined; figuratively, to come to nothing.

Syn. -- Fume; reek; vapor.

Smoke, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Smoked (?); p. pr. & vb n. Smoking.] [AS. smocian; akin to D. smoken, G. schmauchen, Dan. smöge. See Smoke, n.] 1. To emit smoke; to throw off volatile matter in the form of vapor or exhalation; to reek.

> Hard by a cottage chimney smokes.

Milton.

2. Hence, to burn; to be kindled; to rage.

> The anger of the Lord and his jealousy shall smoke agains. that man.

Deut. xxix. 20.

3. To raise a dust or smoke by rapid motion.

> Proud of his steeds, he smokes along the field.

Dryden.

4. To draw into the mouth the smoke of tobacco burning in a pipe or in the form of a cigar, cigarette, etc.; to habitually use tobacco in this manner.

5. To suffer severely; to be punished.

> Some of you shall smoke for it in Rome.

Shak.

Smoke, v. t. 1. To apply smoke to; to hang in smoke; to disinfect, to cure, etc., by smoke; as, to smoke or fumigate infected clothing; to smoke beef or hams for preservation.

2. To fill or scent with smoke; hence, to fill with incense; to perfume. "Smoking the temple." Chaucer.

3. To smell out; to hunt out; to find out; to detect.

> I alone
> Smoked his true person, talked with him.

Chapman.

> He was first smoked by the old Lord Lafeu.

Shak.

> Upon that . . . I began to smoke that they were a parcel of mummers.

Addison.

4. To ridicule to the face; to quiz. [Old Slang]

5. To inhale and puff out the smoke of, as tobacco; to burn or use in smoking; as, to smoke a pipe or a cigar.

6. To subject to the operation of smoke, for the purpose of annoying or driving out; -- often with out; as, to smoke a woodchuck out of his burrow.

Smoke"-dry` (?), v. t. To dry by or in smoke.

Smoke"house` (?), n. A building where meat or fish is cured by subjecting it to a dense smoke.

Smoke"jack` (?), n. A contrivance for turning a spit by means of a fly or wheel moved by the current of ascending air in a chimney.

Smoke"less, a. Making or having no smoke. "Smokeless towers." Pope.

Smok"er (?), n. 1. One who dries or preserves by smoke.

2. One who smokes tobacco or the like.

3. A smoking car or compartment. [U. S.]

Smoke"stack` (?), n. A chimney; esp., a pipe serving as a chimney, as the pipe which carries off the smoke of a locomotive, the funnel of a steam vessel, etc.

<! p. 1360 !>

Smok"i*ly (?), adv. In a smoky manner.

Smok"i*ness, n. The quality or state of being smoky.

Smok"ing, a. & n. from Smoke.

Smoking bean (Bot.), the long pod of the catalpa, or Indian-bean tree, often smoked by boys as a substitute for cigars. -- Smoking car, a railway car carriage reserved for the use of passengers who smoke tobacco.

Smok"y (?), a. [Compar. Smokier (?); superl. Smokiest.] 1. Emitting smoke, esp. in large quantities or in an offensive manner; fumid; as, smoky fires.

2. Having the appearance or nature of smoke; as, a smoky fog. "Unlustrous as the smoky light." Shak.

3. Filled with smoke, or with a vapor resembling smoke; thick; as, a smoky atmosphere.

4. Subject to be filled with smoke from chimneys or fireplace; as, a smoky house.

5. Tarnished with smoke; noisome with smoke; as, smoky rafters; smoky cells.

6. Suspicious; open to suspicion. [Obs.] Foote.

Smoky quartz (Min.), a variety of quartz crystal of a pale to dark smoky-brown color. See Quartz.

{ Smol"der, Smoul"der } (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Smoldered (?) or Smouldered; p. pr. & vb. n. Smoldering or Smouldering.] [OE. smolderen; cf. Prov. G. smölen, smelen, D. smeulen. Cf. Smell.] 1. To burn and smoke without flame; to waste away by a slow and supressed combustion.

> The smoldering dust did round about him smoke.

Spenser.

2. To exist in a state of suppressed or smothered activity; to burn inwardly; as, a smoldering feud.

{ Smol"der, Smoul"der, } v. t. To smother; to suffocate; to choke. [Obs.] Holinshed. Palsgrave.

{ Smol"der, Smoul"der, } n. Smoke; smother. [Obs.]

> The smolder stops our nose with stench.

Gascoigne.

{ Smol"der*ing, Smoul"der*ing, } a. Being in a state of suppressed activity; quiet but not dead.

> Some evil chance
> Will make the smoldering scandal break and blaze.

Tennyson.

{ Smol"der*ing*ness, Smoul"der*ing*ness } (?), n. The state of smoldering.

{ Smol"dry, Smoul"dry } (?), a. Smoldering; suffocating; smothery. [Obs.]

> A flaming fire ymixt with smoldry smoke.

Spenser.

Smolt (?), n. (Zoöl.) A young salmon two or three years old, when it has acquired its silvery color.

Smooch (?), v. t. See Smutch.

Smoor (?), v. t. [AS. smorian; akin to D. & LG. smoren, G. schmoren to stew. Cf. Smother.] To suffocate or smother. [Written also smore.] [Obs. or Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Sir T. More. Burns.

Smooth (sm), a. [Compar. Smoother (-r); superl. Smoothest.] [OE. smothe, smethe, AS. smðe, smœðe, where , œ, come from an older ; cf. LG. smöde, smöe, smödig; of uncertain origin.] 1. Having an even surface, or a surface so even that no roughness or points can be perceived by the touch; not rough; as, smooth glass; smooth porcelain. Chaucer.

> The outlines must be smooth, imperceptible to the touch, and even, without eminence or cavities.

Dryden.

2. Evenly spread or arranged; sleek; as, smooth hair.

3. Gently flowing; moving equably; not ruffled or obstructed; as, a smooth stream.

4. Flowing or uttered without check, obstruction, or hesitation; not harsh; voluble; even; fluent.

> The only smooth poet of those times.

Milton.

> Waller was smooth; but Dryden taught to join
> The varying verse, the full-resounding line.

Pope.

> When sage Minerva rose,
> From her sweet lips smooth elocution flows.

Gay.

5. Bland; mild; smoothing; fattering.

> This smooth discourse and mild behavior oft
> Conceal a traitor.

Addison.

6. (Mech. & Physics) Causing no resistance to a body sliding along its surface; frictionless.

Smooth is often used in the formation of selfexplaining compounds; as, smooth-bodied, smooth- browed, smooth-combed, smooth-faced, smooth- finished, smooth-gliding, smooth-grained, smooth- leaved, smooth-sliding, smooth-speaking, smooth- woven, and the like.

Syn. -- Even; plain; level; flat; polished; glossy; sleek; soft; bland; mild; soothing; voluble; flattering; adulatory; deceptive.

Smooth, adv. Smoothly. Chaucer.

> Smooth runs the water where the brook is deep.

Shak.

Smooth, n. 1. The act of making smooth; a stroke which smooths. Thackeray.

2. That which is smooth; the smooth part of anything. "The smooth of his neck." Gen. xxvii. 16.

Smooth, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Smoothed (smthd); p. pr. & vb. n. Smoothing.] [OE. smothen, smethen, AS. smðian; cf. LG. smöden. See Smooth, a.] To make smooth; to make even on the surface by any means; as, to smooth a board with a plane; to smooth cloth with an iron. Specifically: --

(a) To free from obstruction; to make easy.

> Thou, Abelard! the last sad office pay,
> And smooth my passage to the realms of day.

Pope.

(b) To free from harshness; to make flowing.

> In their motions harmony divine
> So smooths her charming tones that God's own ear
> Listens delighted.

Milton.

(c) To palliate; to gloze; as, to smooth over a fault.

(d) To give a smooth or calm appearance to.

> Each perturbation smoothed with outward calm.

Milton.

(e) To ease; to regulate. Dryden.

Smooth, v. i. To flatter; to use blandishment.

> Because I can not flatter and speak fair,
> Smile in men's faces, smooth, deceive and cog.

Shak.

Smooth"bore` (?), a. (Gun.) Having a bore of perfectly smooth surface; -- distinguished from rifled. -- n. A smoothbore firearm.

Smooth"-chinned` (?), a. Having a smooth chin; beardless. Drayton.

Smooth"en (?), v. t. To make smooth. [Obs.]

Smooth"er (?), n. One who, or that which, smooths.

Smooth"ing, a. & n. fr. Smooth, v.

Smoothing iron, an iron instrument with a polished face, for smoothing clothes; a sadiron; a flatiron. -- Smoothing plane, a short, finely set plane, for smoothing and finishing work.

Smooth"ly, adv. In a smooth manner.

Smooth"ness, n. Quality or state of being smooth.

Smooth"-spo`ken (?), a. Speaking smoothly; plausible; flattering; smooth-tongued.

Smooth"-tongued` (?), a. Having a smooth tongue; plausible; flattering.

Smore (?), v. t. To smother. See Smoor. [Obs.]

> Some dying vomit blood, and some were smored.

Du Bartas.

{ ||Smor*zan"do (?), ||Smor*sa"to (?), } a. [It.] (Mus.) Growing gradually fainter and softer; dying away; morendo.

Smote (?), imp. (∧ rare p. p.) of Smite.

Smo"ter*lich (?), a. [CF. Smut.] Dirty; foul. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Smoth"er (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Smothered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Smothering.] [OE. smotheren; akin to E. smoor. See Smoor.] 1. To destroy the life of by suffocation; to deprive of the air necessary for life; to cover up closely so as to prevent breathing; to suffocate; as, to smother a child.

2. To affect as by suffocation; to stife; to deprive of air by a thick covering, as of ashes, of smoke, or the like; as, to smother a fire.

3. Hence, to repress the action of; to cover from public view; to suppress; to conceal; as, to smother one's displeasure.

Smoth"er, v. i. 1. To be suffocated or stifled.

2. To burn slowly, without sufficient air; to smolder.

Smoth"er, n. [OE. smorther. See Smother, v. t.] 1. Stifling smoke; thick dust. Shak.

2. A state of suppression. [Obs.]

> Not to keep their suspicions in smother.

Bacon.

Smother fly (Zoöl.), an aphid.

Smoth"er*i*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being smothery.

Smoth"er*ing*ly, adv. In a smothering manner.

Smoth"er*y (?), a. Tending to smother; stifling.

Smouch (?), v. t. [Akin to smack.] To kiss closely. [Obs.] P. Stubbes.

Smouch, v. t. [See Smutch.] To smutch; to soil; as, to smouch the face.

Smouch, n. A dark soil or stain; a smutch.

Smoul"der (?), v. i. See Smolder.

Smoul"dry (?), a. See Smoldry.

Smudge (?), n. [Cf. Dan. smuds smut, E. smutch, or smoke.] 1. A suffocating smoke. Grose.

2. A heap of damp combustibles partially ignited and burning slowly, placed on the windward side of a house, tent, or the like, in order, by the thick smoke, to keep off mosquitoes or other insects. [U. S.] Bartlett.

3. That which is smeared upon anything; a stain; a blot; a smutch; a smear.

Smudge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Smudged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Smudging.] 1. To stifle or smother with smoke; to smoke by means of a smudge.

2. To smear; to smutch; to soil; to blacken with smoke.

Smudg"i*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being smudged, soiled, or blurred. C. A. Young.

Smug (?), a. [Of. Scand. or Low German origin; cf. LG. smuck, G. schmuck, Dan. smuk, OSw. smuck, smöck, and E. smock, smuggle; cf. G. schmuck ornament. See Smock.] Studiously neat or nice, especially in dress; spruce; affectedly precise; smooth and prim.

> They be so smug and smooth.

Robynson (More's Utopia).

> The smug and scanty draperies of his style.

De Quincey.

> A young, smug, handsome holiness has no fellow.

Beau. & Fl.

Smug, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Smugged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Smugging.] To make smug, or spruce. [Obs.]

> Thus said, he smugged his beard, and stroked up fair.

Dryton.

Smug"gle (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Smuggled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Smuggling (?).] [Of Low German or Scand. origin; cf. LG. smuggeln, D. smokkelen, G. schmuggeln, Dan. smugle, Sw. smyga to introduce or convey secretly, Dan. i smug secretly, D. smuigen to eat in secret, AS. sm&?;gan to creep. See Smock.] 1. To import or export secretly, contrary to the law; to import or export without paying the duties imposed by law; as, to smuggle lace.

2. Fig.: To convey or introduce clandestinely.

Smug"gle, v. i. To import or export in violation of the customs laws.

Smug"gler (?), n. 1. One who smuggles.

2. A vessel employed in smuggling.

Smug"ly, adv. In a smug manner. [R.] Gay.

Smug"ness, n. The quality or state of being smug.

Smut (?), n. [Akin to Sw. smuts, Dan. smuds, MHG. smuz, G. schmutz, D. smet a spot or stain, smoddig, smodsig, smodderig, dirty, smodderen to smut; and probably to E. smite. See Smite, v. t., and cf. Smitt, Smutch.] 1. Foul matter, like soot or coal dust; also, a spot or soil made by such matter.

2. (Mining) Bad, soft coal, containing much earthy matter, found in the immediate locality of faults.

3. (Bot.) An affection of cereal grains producing a swelling which is at length resolved into a powdery sooty mass. It is caused by parasitic fungi of the genus Ustilago. Ustilago segetum, or U. Carbo, is the commonest kind; that of Indian corn is Ustilago maydis.

4. Obscene language; ribaldry; obscenity.

> He does not stand upon decency . . . but will talk smut, though a priest and his mother be in the room.

Addison.

Smut mill, a machine for cleansing grain from smut.

Smut (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Smutted; p. pr. & vb. n. Smutting.] 1. To stain or mark with smut; to blacken with coal, soot, or other dirty substance.

2. To taint with mildew, as grain. Bacon.

3. To blacken; to sully or taint; to tarnish.

4. To clear of smut; as, to smut grain for the mill.

Smut, v. i. 1. To gather smut; to be converted into smut; to become smutted. Mortimer.

2. To give off smut; to crock.

Smutch (?), n. [Prob. for smuts. See Smut, n.] A stain; a dirty spot. B. Jonson.

Smutch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Smutched (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Smutching.] To blacken with smoke, soot, or coal. [Written also smooch.] B. Jonson.

Smutch"in (?), n. Snuff. [Obs.] Howell.

Smut"ty (?), a. [Compar. Smuttier (?); superl. Smuttiest.] 1. Soiled with smut; smutted.

2. Tainted with mildew; as, smutty corn.

3. Obscene; not modest or pure; as, a smutty saying.

> The smutty joke, ridiculously lewd.

Smollett.

-- Smut"ti*ly (#), adv. -- Smut"ti*ness, n.

Smyr"ni*ot (?), a. Of or pertaining to Smyrna. -- n. A native or inhabitant of Smyrna.

Snack (?), n. [See Snatch, v. t.] 1. A share; a part or portion; -- obsolete, except in the colloquial phrase, to go snacks, i. e., to share.

> At last he whispers, "Do, and we go snacks."

Pope.

2. A slight, hasty repast. [Colloq.]

Snack"et (?), n. See Snecket. [Prov. Eng.]

Snac"ot (?), n. [Said to be corrupted fr. NL. syngnathus, fr. Gr. sy`n together + gna`qos jaw, because the jaws can be only slightly separated.] (Zoöl.) A pipefish of the genus Syngnathus. See Pipefish.

Snaf"fle (?), n. [D. snavel a beak, bill, snout; akin to G. schnabel, OHG. snabul,. sneb, snebbe, OFries. snavel mouth, Dan. & Sw. snabel beak, bill, Lith. snapas, and to E. snap, v. See Snap, and cf. Neb.] A kind of bridle bit, having a joint in the part to be placed in the mouth, and rings and cheek pieces at the ends, but having no curb; -- called also snaffle bit.

Snaf"fle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Snaffled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Snaffling (?).] To put a snaffle in the mouth of; to subject to the snaffle; to bridle.

Snag (?), n. [Prov. E., n., a lump on a tree where a branch has been cut off; v., to cut off the twigs and small branches from a tree, of Celtic origin; cf. Gael. snaigh, snaidh, to cut down, to prune, to sharpen, p. p. snaighte, snaidhte, cut off, lopped, Ir. snaigh a hewing, cutting.] 1. A stump or base of a branch that has been lopped off; a short branch, or a sharp or rough branch; a knot; a protuberance.

> The coat of arms
> Now on a naked snag in triumph borne.

Dryden.

2. A tooth projecting beyond the rest; contemptuously, a broken or decayed tooth. Prior.

3. A tree, or a branch of a tree, fixed in the bottom of a river or other navigable water, and rising nearly or quite to the surface, by which boats are sometimes pierced and sunk.

4. (Zoöl.) One of the secondary branches of an antler.

Snag boat, a steamboat fitted with apparatus for removing snags and other obstructions in navigable streams. [U.S.] -- Snag tooth. Same as Snag, 2.

> How thy snag teeth stand orderly,
> Like stakes which strut by the water side.

J. Cotgrave.

Snag, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Snagged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Snagging (?).] 1. To cut the snags or branches from, as the stem of a tree; to hew roughly. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

2. To injure or destroy, as a steamboat or other vessel, by a snag, or projecting part of a sunken tree. [U. S.]

Snag"ged (?), a. Full of snags; snaggy.

Snag"gy (?), a. 1. Full of snags; full of short, rough branches or sharp points; abounding with knots. "Upon a snaggy oak." Spenser.

2. Snappish; cross; ill-tempered. [Prov. Eng.]

Snail (snl), n. [OE. snaile, AS. snægel, snegel, snægl; akin to G. schnecke, OHG. snecko, Dan. snegl, Icel. snigill.] 1. (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of numerous species of terrestrial air-breathing gastropods belonging to the genus Helix and many allied genera of the family Helicidæ. They are abundant in nearly all parts of the world except the arctic regions, and feed almost entirely on vegetation; a land snail. (b) Any gastropod having a general resemblance to the true snails, including fresh-water and marine species. See Pond snail, under Pond, and Sea snail.

2. Hence, a drone; a slow-moving person or thing.

3. (Mech.) A spiral cam, or a flat piece of metal of spirally curved outline, used for giving motion to, or changing the position of, another part, as the hammer tail of a striking clock.

4. A tortoise; in ancient warfare, a movable roof or shed to protect besiegers; a testudo. [Obs.]

> They had also all manner of gynes [engines] . . . that needful is [in] taking or sieging of castle or of city, as snails, that was naught else but hollow pavises and targets, under the which men, when they fought, were heled [protected], . . . as the snail is in his house; therefore they cleped them snails.

Vegetius (Trans.).

5. (Bot.) The pod of the sanil clover.

Ear snail, Edible snail, Pond snail, etc. See under Ear, Edible, etc. -- Snail borer (Zoöl.), a boring univalve mollusk; a drill. -- Snail clover (Bot.), a cloverlike plant (Medicago scuttellata, also, M. Helix); -- so named from its pods, which resemble the shells of snails; -- called also snail trefoil, snail medic, and beehive. -- Snail flower (Bot.), a leguminous plant (Phaseolus Caracalla) having the keel of the carolla spirally coiled like a snail shell. -- Snail shell (Zoöl.), the shell of snail. -- Snail trefoil. (Bot.) See Snail clover, above.

Snail"fish` (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Sea snail (a).

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Snail"-like` (?), a. Like or suiting a snail; as, snail-like progress.

Snail"-like`, adv. In the manner of a snail; slowly.

Snail"-paced` (?), a. Slow-moving, like a snail.

> Bid the snail-paced Ajax arm for shame.

Shak.

'Snails (?), interj. God's nails, or His nails, that is, the nails with which the Savior was fastened to the cross; -- an ancient form of oath, corresponding to 'Od's bodikins (dim. of body, i.e., God's dear body). Beau. & Fl.

Snake (?), n. [AS. snaca; akin to LG. snake, schnake, Icel. snkr, sn&?;kr, Dan. snog, Sw. snok; of uncertain origin.] (Zoöl.) Any species of the order Ophidia; an ophidian; a serpent, whether harmless or venomous. See Ophidia, and Serpent.

Snakes are abundant in all warm countries, and much the larger number are harmless to man.

Blind snake, Garter snake, Green snake, King snake, Milk snake, Rock snake, Water snake, etc. See under Blind, Garter, etc. -- Fetich snake (Zoöl.), a large African snake (Python Sebæ) used by the natives as a fetich. -- Ringed snake (Zoöl.), a common European columbrine snake (Tropidonotus natrix). -- Snake eater. (Zoöl.) (a) The markhoor. (b) The secretary bird. -- Snake fence, a worm fence (which see). [U.S.] -- Snake fly (Zoöl.), any one of several species of neuropterous insects of the genus Rhaphidia; -- so called because of their large head and elongated neck and prothorax. -- Snake gourd (Bot.), a cucurbitaceous plant (Trichosanthes anguina) having the fruit shorter and less snakelike than that of the serpent cucumber. -- Snake killer. (Zoöl.) (a) The secretary bird. (b) The chaparral cock. -- Snake moss (Bot.), the common club moss (Lycopodium clavatum). See Lycopodium. -- Snake nut (Bot.), the fruit of a sapindaceous tree (Ophiocaryon paradoxum) of Guiana, the embryo of which resembles a snake coiled up. -- Tree snake (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of colubrine snakes which habitually live in trees, especially those of the genus Dendrophis and allied genera.

Snake, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Snaked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Snaking.] 1. To drag or draw, as a snake from a hole; -- often with out. [Colloq. U.S.] Bartlett.

2. (Naut.) To wind round spirally, as a large rope with a smaller, or with cord, the small rope lying in the spaces between the strands of the large one; to worm.

Snake, v. i. To crawl like a snake.

Snake"bird` (?), n. [So named from its snakelike neck.] (Zoöl.) 1. Any one of four species of aquatic birds of the genus Anhinga or Plotus. They are allied to the gannets and cormorants, but have very long, slender, flexible necks, and sharp bills.

The American species (Anhinga, or Plotus, anhinga) inhabits the Southern United States and tropical America; -- called also darter, and water turkey. The Asiatic species (A. melanogaster) is native of Southern Asia and the East Indies. Two other species inhabit Africa and Australia respectively.

2. (Zoöl.) The wryneck.

Snake"fish` (?), n. (Zoöl.) (a) The band fish. (b) The lizard fish.

Snake"head` (?), n. 1. A loose, bent-up end of one of the strap rails, or flat rails, formerly used on American railroads. It was sometimes so bent by the passage of a train as to slip over a wheel and pierce the bottom of a car.

2. (Bot.) (a) The turtlehead. (b) The Guinea-hen flower. See Snake's-head, and under Guinea.

Snake"neck` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The snakebird, 1.

Snake"root` (?), n. (Bot.) Any one of several plants of different genera and species, most of which are (or were formerly) reputed to be efficacious as remedies for the bites of serpents; also, the roots of any of these.

The Virginia snakeroot is Aristolochia Serpentaria; black snakeroot is Sanicula, esp. S. Marilandica, also Cimicifuga racemosa; Seneca snakeroot is Polygala Senega; button snakeroot is Liatris, also Eryngium; white snakeroot is Eupatorium ageratoides. The name is also applied to some others besides these.

Snake's"-head` (?), n. (Bot.) The Guinea-hen flower; -- so called in England because its spotted petals resemble the scales of a snake's head. Dr. Prior.

Snake's-head iris (Bot.), an iridaceous plant (Hermodactylus tuberosus) of the Mediterranean region. The flowers slightly resemble a serpent's open mouth.

Snake"stone` (?), n. 1. A kind of hone slate or whetstone obtained in Scotland.

2. (Paleon.) An ammonite; -- so called from its form, which resembles that of a coiled snake.

Snake's-tongue` (?), n. (Bot.) Same as Adder's-tongue.

Snake"weed` (?), n. (Bot.) (a) A kind of knotweed (Polygonum Bistorta). (b) The Virginia snakeroot. See Snakeroot.

Snake"wood` (?), n. (Bot.) (a) An East Indian climbing plant (Strychnos colubrina) having a bitter taste, and supposed to be a remedy for the bite of the hooded serpent. (b) An East Indian climbing shrub (Ophioxylon serpentinum) which has the roots and stems twisted so as to resemble serpents. (c) Same as Trumpetwood. (d) A tropical American shrub (Plumieria rubra) which has very fragrant red blossoms. (e) Same as Letterwood.

Snak"ish (?), a. Having the qualities or characteristics of a snake; snaky.

Snak"y (?), a. 1. Of or pertaining to a snake or snakes; resembling a snake; serpentine; winding.

> The red light playing upon its gilt and carving gave it an appearance of snaky life.

L. Wallace.

2. Sly; cunning; insinuating; deceitful.

> So to the coast of Jordan he directs
> His easy steps, girded with snaky wiles.

Milton.

3. Covered with serpents; having serpents; as, a snaky rod or wand. Dryden.

> That snaky-headed, Gorgon shield.

Milton.

Snap (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Snapped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Snapping.] [LG. or D. snappen to snap up, to snatch; akin to G. schnappen, MHG. snaben, Dan. snappe, and to D. snavel beak, bill. Cf. Neb, Snaffle, n.] 1. To break at once; to break short, as substances that are brittle.

> Breaks the doors open, snaps the locks.

Prior.

2. To strike, to hit, or to shut, with a sharp sound.

3. To bite or seize suddenly, especially with the teeth.

> He, by playing too often at the mouth of death, has been snapped by it at last.

South.

4. To break upon suddenly with sharp, angry words; to treat snappishly; -- usually with up. Granville.

5. To crack; to cause to make a sharp, cracking noise; as, to snap a whip.

> MacMorian snapped his fingers repeatedly.

Sir W. Scott.

6. To project with a snap.

To snap back (Football), to roll the ball back with the foot; -- done only by the center rush, who thus delivers the ball to the quarter back on his own side when both sides are ranged in line. -- To snap off. (a) To break suddenly. (b) To bite off suddenly.

Snap, v. i. 1. To break short, or at once; to part asunder suddenly; as, a mast snaps; a needle snaps.

> But this weapon will snap short, unfaithful to the hand that employs it.

Burke.

2. To give forth, or produce, a sharp, cracking noise; to crack; as, blazing firewood snaps.

3. To make an effort to bite; to aim to seize with the teeth; to catch eagerly (at anything); -- often with at; as, a dog snapsat a passenger; a fish snaps at the bait.

4. To utter sharp, harsh, angry words; -- often with at; as, to snap at a child.

5. To miss fire; as, the gun snapped.

Snap, n. [Cf. D. snap a snatching. See Snap, v. t.] 1. A sudden breaking or rupture of any substance.

2. A sudden, eager bite; a sudden seizing, or effort to seize, as with the teeth.

3. A sudden, sharp motion or blow, as with the finger sprung from the thumb, or the thumb from the finger.

4. A sharp, abrupt sound, as that made by the crack of a whip; as, the snap of the trigger of a gun.

5. A greedy fellow. L'Estrange.

6. That which is, or may be, snapped up; something bitten off, seized, or obtained by a single quick movement; hence, a bite, morsel, or fragment; a scrap.

> He's a nimble fellow,
> And alike skilled in every liberal science,
> As having certain snaps of all.

B. Jonson.

7. A sudden severe interval or spell; -- applied to the weather; as, a cold snap. Lowell.

8. A small catch or fastening held or closed by means of a spring, or one which closes with a snapping sound, as the catch of a bracelet, necklace, clasp of a book, etc.

9. (Zoöl.) A snap beetle.

10. A thin, crisp cake, usually small, and flavored with ginger; -- used chiefly in the plural.

11. Briskness; vigor; energy; decision. [Colloq.]

12. Any circumstance out of which money may be made or an advantage gained. [Slang]

Snap back (Football), the act of snapping back the ball. -- Snap beetle, or Snap bug (Zoöl.), any beetle of the family Elateridæ, which, when laid on its back, is able to leap to a considerable height by means of a thoracic spring; -- called also snapping beetle. -- Snap flask (Molding), a flask for small work, having its sides separable and held together by latches, so that the flask may be removed from around the sand mold. -- Snap judgment, a judgment formed on the instant without deliberation. -- Snap lock, a lock shutting with a catch or snap. -- Snap riveting, riveting in which the rivets have snapheads formed by a die or swaging tool. -- Snap shot, a quick offhand shot, without deliberately taking aim.

Snap"drag`on (?), n. 1. (Bot.) (a) Any plant of the scrrophulariaceous genus Antirrhinum, especially the cultivated A. majus, whose showy flowers are fancifully likened to the face of a dragon. (b) A West Indian herb (Ruellia tuberosa) with curiously shaped blue flowers.

2. A play in which raisins are snatched from a vessel containing burning brandy, and eaten; also, that which is so eaten. See Flapdragon. Swift.

Snape (?), v. t. (Shipbuilding) To bevel the end of a timber to fit against an inclined surface.

Snap"hance` (?), n. [D. snaphaan a gun, originally, the snapping cock of a gun. See Snap, and Hen.] 1. A spring lock for discharging a firearm; also, the firearm to which it is attached. [Obs.]

2. A trifling or second-rate thing or person. [Obs.]

Snap"head` (?), n. A hemispherical or rounded head to a rivet or bolt; also, a swaging tool with a cavity in its face for forming such a rounded head.

Snap"per (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, snaps; as, a snapper up of trifles; the snapper of a whip.

2. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of large sparoid food fishes of the genus Lutjanus, abundant on the southern coasts of the United States and on both coasts of tropical America.

The red snapper (Lutjanus aya, or Blackfordi) and the gray, or mangrove, snapper (L. griseus) are large and abundant species. The name is loosely applied to various other fishes, as the bluefish, the rosefish, the red grouper, etc. See Rosefish.

3. (Zoöl.) A snapping turtle; as, the alligator snapper.

4. (Zoöl.) The green woodpecker, or yaffle.

5. (Zoöl.) A snap beetle.

Snap"ping (?), a. & n. from Snap, v.

Snapping beetle. (Zoöl.) See Snap beetle, under Snap. -- Snapping turtle. (Zoöl.) (a) A large and voracious aquatic turtle (Chelydra serpentina) common in the fresh waters of the United States; -- so called from its habit of seizing its prey by a snap of its jaws. Called also mud turtle. (b) See Alligator snapper, under Alligator.

Snap"pish (?), a. 1. Apt to snap at persons or things; eager to bite; as, a snapping cur.

2. Sharp in reply; apt to speak angrily or testily; easily provoked; tart; peevish.

> The taunting address of a snappish misanthrope.

Jeffrey.

-- Snap"pish*ly, adv. -- Snap"pish*ness, n.

Snap"py (?), a. Snappish. [Colloq.]

Snap"sack` (?), n. [Cf. Sw. snappsäck, G. schnappsack.] A knapsack. [Obs.] South.

Snap"weed` (?), n. (Bot.) See Impatiens.

Snar (?), v. i. [Akin to LG. & OD. snarren, G. schnarren, E. snore. See Snore, and cf. Snarl to growl.] To snarl. [Obs.] Spenser.

Snare (?), n. [AS. sneara cord, a string; akin to D. snoer, G. schnur, OHG. snour a cord, snarahha a noose, Dan. snare, Sw. & Icel. snara, Goth. sn&?;rj&?; a basket; and probably also to E. needle. See Needle, and cf. Snarl to entangle.] 1. A contrivance, often consisting of a noose of cord, or the like, by which a bird or other animal may be entangled and caught; a trap; a gin.

2. Hence, anything by which one is entangled and brought into trouble.

> If thou retire, the Dauphin, well appointed,
> Stands with the snares of war to tangle thee.

Shak.

3. The gut or string stretched across the lower head of a drum.

4. (Med.) An instrument, consisting usually of a wireloop or noose, for removing tumors, etc., by avulsion.

Snare drum, the smaller common military drum, as distinguished from the bass drum; -- so called because (in order to render it more resonant) it has stretched across its lower head a catgut string or strings.

Snare, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Snared (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Snaring.] To catch with a snare; to insnare; to entangle; hence, to bring into unexpected evil, perplexity, or danger.

> Lest that too heavenly form . . . snare them.

Milton.

> The mournful crocodile
> With sorrow snares relenting passengers.

Shak.

Snar"er (?), n. One who lays snares, or entraps.

Snarl (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Snarled (?); p. pr. & vvb. n. Snarling.] [Etymol. uncertain.] To form raised work upon the outer surface of (thin metal ware) by the repercussion of a snarling iron upon the inner surface.

Snarl, v. t. [From Snare, v. t.] 1. To entangle; to complicate; to involve in knots; as, to snarl a skein of thread. "Her snarled hair." Spenser.

2. To embarrass; to insnare.

> [The] question that they would have snarled him with.

Latimer.

Snarl, n. A knot or complication of hair, thread, or the like, difficult to disentangle; entanglement; hence, intricate complication; embarrassing difficulty.

Snarl, v. i. [From Snar.] 1. To growl, as an angry or surly dog; to gnarl; to utter grumbling sounds. "An angry cur snarls while he feeds." Dryden & Lee.

2. To speak crossly; to talk in rude, surly terms.

> It is malicious and unmanly to snarl at the little lapses of a pen, from which Virgil himself stands not exempted.

Dryden.

Snarl, n. The act of snarling; a growl; a surly or peevish expression; an angry contention.

Snarl"er (?), n. One who snarls; a surly, growling animal; a grumbling, quarrelsome fellow.

Snarl"er, n. One who makes use of a snarling iron.

Snarl"ing, a. & n. from Snarl, v.

Snarling iron, a tool with a long beak, used in the process of snarling. When one end is held in a vise, and the shank is struck with a hammer, the repercussion of the other end, or beak, within the article worked upon gives the requisite blow for producing raised work. See 1st Snarl.

Snar"y (?), a. [From Snare.] Resembling, or consisting of, snares; entangling; insidious.

> Spiders in the vault their snary webs have spread.

Dryden.

Snast (?), n. [Cf. Snite, v. t.] The snuff, or burnt wick, of a candle. [Obs.] Bacon.

Snatch (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Snatched (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Snatching.] [OE. snachen, snechen; akin to D. snakken to gasp, to long (for), to desire. Cf. Snack, n., Sneck.] 1. To take or seize hastily, abruptly, or without permission or ceremony; as, to snatch a loaf or a kiss.

> When half our knowledge we must snatch, not take.

Pope.

2. To seize and transport away; to rap. "Snatch me to heaven." Thomson.

Syn. -- To twitch; pluck; grab; catch; grasp; gripe.

Snatch, v. i. To attempt to seize something suddenly; to catch; -- often with at; as, to snatch at a rope.

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Snatch (?), n. 1. A hasty catching or seizing; a grab; a catching at, or attempt to seize, suddenly.

2. A short period of vigorous action; as, a snatch at weeding after a shower. Tusser.

> They move by fits and snatches.

Bp. Wilkins.

3. A small piece, fragment, or quantity; a broken part; a scrap.

> We have often little snatches of sunshine.

Spectator.

> Leave me your snatches, and yield me a direct answer.

Shak.

Snatch block (Naut.), a kind of block with an opening in one side to receive the bight of a rope.

Snatch"er (?), n. One who snatches, or takes abruptly.

Snatch"ing*ly, adv. By snatching; abruptly.

Snath (snth), n. [Cf. AS. snðan to cut, to mow, snd a bite, bit, snip.] The handle of a scythe; a snead. [Variously written in England snead, sneed, sneath, sneeth, snathe, etc.; in Scotland written sned.]

Snathe (sn), v. t. [Cf. Icel. sneiða to cut into alices, snða to cut; akin to AS. besndan, snðan, G. schneiden, OHG. sndan, Goth. sneiþan to cut, to reap, and E. snath, snithe.] To lop; to prune. [Prov. Eng.]

Snat"tock (snt"tk), n. [See Snathe.] A chip; a slice. [Prov. Eng.] Gayton.

Snaw (sn), n. Snow. [Obs. or Scot.] Burns.

Snead (snd), n. [See Snath.] 1. A snath.

2. A line or cord; a string. [Prov. Eng.]

Sneak (snk), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sneaked (snkt); p. pr. & vb. n. Sneaking.] [OE. sniken, AS. sncan to creep; akin to Dan. snige sig; cf. Icel. snkja to hanker after.] 1. To creep or steal (away or about) privately; to come or go meanly, as a person afraid or ashamed to be seen; as, to sneak away from company.

> You skulked behind the fence, and sneaked away.

Dryden.

2. To act in a stealthy and cowardly manner; to behave with meanness and servility; to crouch.

Sneak, v. t. To hide, esp. in a mean or cowardly manner. [Obs.] "[Slander] sneaks its head." Wake.

Sneak, n. 1. A mean, sneaking fellow.

> A set of simpletons and superstitious sneaks.

Glanvill.

2. (Cricket) A ball bowled so as to roll along the ground; -- called also grub. [Cant] R. A. Proctor.

Sneak"-cup` (?), n. One who sneaks from his cups; one who balks his glass. [Obs.] Shak.

Sneak"er (?), n. 1. One who sneaks. Lamb.

2. A vessel of drink. [Prov. Eng.]

> A sneaker of five gallons.

Spectator.

Sneak"i*ness (?), n. The quality of being sneaky.

Sneak"ing, a. Marked by cowardly concealment; deficient in openness and courage; underhand; mean; crouching. -- Sneak"ing*ly, adv. -- Sneak"ing*ness, n.

Sneaks"by (?), n. A paltry fellow; a sneak. [Obs.] "Such a bashful sneaksby." Barrow.

Sneak"y (?), n. Like a sneak; sneaking.

Sneap (?), v. t. [Cf. Icel. sneypa to dishonor, disgrace, chide, but also E. snip, and snub.] 1. To check; to reprimand; to rebuke; to chide. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

2. To nip; to blast; to blight. [Obs.]

> Biron is like an envious, sneaping frost.

Shak.

Sneap, n. A reprimand; a rebuke. [Obs.]

> My lord, I will not undergo this sneap without reply.

Shak.

{ Sneath (?), Sneathe (?) }, n. See Snath.

Sneb (?), v. t. [See Snib.] To reprimand; to sneap. [Obs.] "Scold and sneb the good oak." Spenser.

Sneck (?), v. t. [See Snatch.] To fasten by a hatch; to latch, as a door. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.]

Sneck up, be silent; shut up; hold your peace. Shak.

Sneck, n. A door latch. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.]

Sneck band, a latchstring. Burns. -- Sneck drawer, a latch lifter; a bolt drawer; hence, a sly person; a cozener; a cheat; -- called also sneckdraw. -- Sneck drawing, lifting the latch.

Sneck"et (?), n. A door latch, or sneck. [Prov. Eng.]

Sned (?), v. t. To lop; to snathe. [Prov. Eng.]

{ Sned (?), Sneed (?) }, n. See Snath.

Sneer (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sneered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sneering.] [OE. sneren, Dan. sn&?;rre to snarl or grin (like a dog); cf. Prov. E. sneer to grin, sner to snort, snert to sneer at. See Snore, v. i.] 1. To show contempt by turning up the nose, or by a particular facial expression.

2. To inssinuate contempt by a covert expression; to speak derisively.

> I could be content to be a little sneared at.

Pope.

3. To show mirth awkwardly. [R.] Tatler.

Syn. -- To scoff; gibe; jeer. -- Sneer, Scoff, Jeer. The verb to sneer implies to cast contempt indirectly or by covert expressions. To jeer is stronger, and denotes the use of several sarcastic reflections. To scoff is stronger still, implying the use of insolent mockery and derision.

> And sneers as learnedly as they,
> Like females o'er their morning tea.

Swift.

> Midas, exposed to all their jeers,
> Had lost his art, and kept his ears.

Swift.

> The fop, with learning at defiance,
> Scoffs at the pedant and science.

Gay.

Sneer, v. t. 1. To utter with a grimace or contemptuous expression; to utter with a sneer; to say sneeringly; as, to sneer fulsome lies at a person. Congreve.

> "A ship of fools," he sneered.

Tennyson.

2. To treat with sneers; to affect or move by sneers.

> Nor sneered nor bribed from virtue into shame.

Savage.

Sneer, n. 1. The act of sneering.

2. A smile, grin, or contortion of the face, indicative of contempt; an indirect expression or insinuation of contempt. "Who can refute a sneer?" Raley.

Sneer"er (?), n. One who sneers.

Sneer"ful (?), a. Given to sneering. [Obs.]

Sneer"ing*ly, adv. In a sneering manner.

Sneeze (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sneezed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sneezing.] [OE. snesen; of uncertain origin; cf. D. snuse to sniff, E. neese, and AS. fneósan.] To emit air, chiefly through the nose, audibly and violently, by a kind of involuntary convulsive force, occasioned by irritation of the inner membrane of the nose.

Not to be sneezed at, not to be despised or contemned; not to be treated lightly. [Colloq.] "He had to do with old women who were not to be sneezed at." Prof. Wilson.

Sneeze, n. A sudden and violent ejection of air with an audible sound, chiefly through the nose.

Sneeze"weed` (?), n. (Bot.) A yellow-flowered composite plant (Helenium autumnale) the odor of which is said to cause sneezing.

Sneeze"wood` (?), n. (Bot.) The wood of a South African tree. See Neishout.

Sneeze"wort` (?), n. (Bot.) A European herbaceous plant (Achillea Ptarmica) allied to the yarrow, having a strong, pungent smell.

Sneez"ing, n. (Physiol.) The act of violently forcing air out through the nasal passages while the cavity of the mouth is shut off from the pharynx by the approximation of the soft palate and the base of the tongue.

Snell (?), a. [AS. snell; akin to D. snel, G. schnell, OHG. snel, Icel. snjallr valiant.] Active; brisk; nimble; quick; sharp. [Archaic or Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

> That horny-handed, snell, peremptory little man.

Dr. J. Brown.

Snell, n. A short line of horsehair, gut, etc., by which a fishhook is attached to a longer line.

Snet (?), n. [Cf. G. schnitt that which is cut, fr. schneiden to cut, E. snath.] The fat of a deer. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Snet, v. t. [See Snot.] The clear of mucus; to blow. [Obs.] "Snetting his nose." Holland.

Snew (?), v. i. To snow; to abound. [Obs.]

> It snewed in his house of meat and drink.

Chaucer.

Snib (?), v. t. [OE. snibben; cf. Dan. snibbe, and E. snub, v. t.] To check; to sneap; to sneb. [Obs.]

> Him would he snib sharply for the nones.

Chaucer.

Snib, n. A reprimand; a snub. [Obs.] Marston.

Snick (?), n. [Prov. E. snick a notch; cf. Icel. snikka nick, cut.] 1. A small cut or mark.

2. (Cricket) A slight hit or tip of the ball, often unintentional.

3. (Fiber) A knot or irregularity in yarn. Knight.

4. (Furriery) A snip or cut, as in the hair of a beast.

Snick and snee [cf. D. snee, snede, a cut], a combat with knives. [Obs.] Wiseman.

Snick, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Snicked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Snicking.] 1. To cut slightly; to strike, or strike off, as by cutting. H. Kingsley.

2. (Cricket) To hit (a ball) lightly. R. A. Proctor.

Snick, n. & v. t. See Sneck. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Snick up, shut up; silenced. See Sneck up, under Sneck.

> Give him money, George, and let him go snick up.

Beau. & Fl.

Snick"er (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Snickered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Snickering.] [Cf. D. snikken to sob, to sigh.] [Written also snigger.] 1. To laugh slyly; to laugh in one's sleeve.

2. To laugh with audible catches of voice, as when persons attempt to suppress loud laughter.

Snick"er, n. A half suppressed, broken laugh. [Written also snigger.]

Snide (?), a. Tricky; deceptive; contemptible; as, a snide lawyer; snide goods. [Slang]

Sniff (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sniffed (?) or Snift; p. pr. & vb. n. Sniffing.] [OE. sneven; akin to snivel, snuff; cf. Dan. snive to sniff. See Snuff, v. t.] To draw air audibly up the nose; to snuff; -- sometimes done as a gesture of suspicion, offense, or contempt.

> So ye grow squeamish, gods, and sniff at heaven.

M. Arnold.

Sniff, v. t. 1. To draw in with the breath through the nose; as, to sniff the air of the country.

2. To perceive as by sniffing; to snuff, to scent; to smell; as, to sniff danger.

Sniff, n. The act of sniffing; perception by sniffing; that which is taken by sniffing; as, a sniff of air.

Sniff"ing, n. (Physiol.) A rapid inspiratory act, in which the mouth is kept shut and the air drawn in through the nose.

Snif"fle (?), v. i. [Freq. of sniff. See Snivel.] To snuffle, as one does with a catarrh. [Prov. Eng.]

Snift (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Snifted; p. pr. & vb. n. Snifting.] [From Sniff.] 1. To snort. [Obs.] "Resentment expressed by snifting." Johnson.

2. To sniff; to snuff; to smell.

> It now appears that they were still snifing and hankering after their old quarters.

Landor.

Snift, n. 1. A moment. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

2. Slight snow; sleet. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Snift"ing, a. & n. from Snift.

Snifting valve, a small valve opening into the atmosphere from the cylinder or condenser of a steam engine, to allow the escape of air when the piston makes a stroke; -- so called from the noise made by its action.

Snig (?), v. t. [See Snick a small cut.] To chop off; to cut. [Prov. Eng.]

Snig, v. i. [See Sneak.] To sneak. [Prov. Eng.]

{ Snig, Snigg, } n. [Cf. Sneak.] (Zoöl.) A small eel. [Prov. Eng.]

Snig"ger (?), v. i. See Snicker. Thackeray.

Snig"ger, n. See Snicker. Dickens.

Snig"gle (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sniggled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sniggling(?).] [See Snig a kind of eel.] To fish for eels by thrusting the baited hook into their holes or hiding places. Walton.

Snig"gle, v. t. To catch, as an eel, by sniggling; hence, to hook; to insnare. Beau. & Fl.

Snip (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Snipped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Snipping.] [D. snippen; akin to G. schnippen.] To cut off the nip or neb of, or to cut off at once with shears or scissors; to clip off suddenly; to nip; hence, to break off; to snatch away.

> Curbed and snipped in my younger years by fear of my parents from those vicious excrescences to which that age was subject.

Fuller.

> The captain seldom ordered anything out of the ship's stores . . . but I snipped some of it for my own share.

De Foe.

Snip (?), n. 1. A single cut, as with shears or scissors; a clip. Shak.

2. A small shred; a bit cut off. Wiseman.

3. A share; a snack. [Obs.] L'Estrange

4. A tailor. [Slang] Nares. C. Kingsley.

5. Small hand shears for cutting sheet metal.

Snipe (?), n. [OE. snipe; akin to D. snep, snip, LG. sneppe, snippe, G. schnepfe, Icel. snpa (in comp.), Dan. sneppe, Sw. snäppa a sanpiper, and possibly to E. snap. See Snap, Snaffle.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of limicoline game birds of the family Scolopacidæ, having a long, slender, nearly straight beak.

The common, or whole, snipe (Gallinago cœlestis) and the great, or double, snipe (G. major), are the most important European species. The Wilson's snipe (G. delicata) (sometimes erroneously called English snipe) and the gray snipe, or dowitcher (Macrohamphus griseus), are well- known American species.

2. A fool; a blockhead. [R.] Shak.

Half snipe, the dunlin; the jacksnipe. - - Jack snipe. See Jacksnipe. -- Quail snipe. See under Quail. -- Robin snipe, the knot. -- Sea snipe. See in the Vocabulary. -- Shore snipe, any sandpiper. -- Snipe hawk, the marsh harrier. [Prov. Eng.] -- Stone snipe, the tattler. -- Summer snipe, the dunlin; the green and the common European sandpipers. -- Winter snipe. See Rock snipe, under Rock. -- Woodcock snipe, the great snipe.

Snipe"bill` (?), n. 1. A plane for cutting deep grooves in moldings.

2. A bolt by which the body of a cart is fastened to the axle. [Local, U.S.]

Snipe"fish` (?), n. (Zoöl.) (a) The bellows fish. (b) A long, slender deep-sea fish (Nemichthys scolopaceus) with a slender beak.

Snip"pack (?), n. [Cf. Snipe.] (Zoöl.) The common snipe. [Prov. Eng.]

Snip"per (?), n. One who snips.

Snip"per-snap`er (?), n. A small, insignificant fellow. [Colloq.]

Snip"pet (?), n. A small part or piece.

> To be cut into snippets and shreds.

F. Harrison.

Snip"pet*y (?), a. Ridiculously small; petty. "Snippety facts." London Spectator.

Snip"-snap` (?), n. [Reduplication of snap.] A tart dialogue with quick replies. [R.] Pope.

Snip"-snap`, a. Quick; short; sharp; smart. Shak.

Snip"y (snp"), a. Like a snipe.

Snite (snt), n. A snipe. [Obs. or Scot.] Carew.

Snite, v. t. [Icel. snfa. See Snout.] To blow, as the nose; to snuff, as a candle. [Obs. or Scot.]

{ Snithe (?), Snith"y (?) }, a. [AS. snðan to cut. See Snathe.] Sharp; piercing; cutting; -- applied to the wind. [Prov. Eng.]

Sniv"el (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sniveled (?) or Snivelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Sniveling or Snivelling.] [OE. snivelen, snevelen, snuvelen, freg. of sneven. See Sniff, and cf. Snuffle.] 1. To run at the nose; to make a snuffling noise.

2. To cry or whine with snuffling, as children; to cry weakly or whiningly.

> Put stop to thy sniveling ditty.

Sir W. Scott.

Sniv"el, n. [AS. snofel. Cf. Snivel, v. i.] Mucus from the nose; snot.

Sniv"el*er (?), n. [Written also sniveller.] One who snivels, esp. one who snivels habitually.

Sniv"el*y (?), a. Running at the nose; sniveling pitiful; whining.

Snob (?), n. [Icel. snpr a dolt, impostor, charlatan. Cf. Snub.] 1. A vulgar person who affects to be better, richer, or more fashionable, than he really is; a vulgar upstart; one who apes his superiors. Thackeray.

> Essentially vulgar, a snob. -- a gilded snob, but none the less a snob.

R. G. White.

2. (Eng. Univ.) A townsman. [Canf]

3. A journeyman shoemaker. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

4. A workman who accepts lower than the usual wages, or who refuses to strike when his fellows do; a rat; a knobstick.

> Those who work for lower wages during a strike are called snobs, the men who stand out being "nobs"

De Quincey.

Snob"ber*y (?), n. The quality of being snobbish; snobbishness.

Snob"bish (?), a. Of or pertaining to a snob; characteristic of, or befitting, a snob; vulgarly pretentious. -- Snob"bish*ly, adv.

Snob"bish*ness, n. Vulgar affectation or ostentation; mean admiration of mean things; conduct or manners of a snob.

Snob"bism (?), n. Snobbery.

<! p. 1363 !>

Snob"by (snb"b), a. Snobbish. [R.] E. B. Ramsay.

Snob"ling, n. A little snob. [Jocose] Thackeray.

Snob*oc"ra*cy (snb*k"r*s), n. [Snob + -cracy, as in aristocracy, mobocracy.] Snobs, collectively. [Hybrid & Recent] C. Kingsley.

Snod (snd), n. [See Snood.] A fillet; a headband; a snood. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Snod, a. [Scot. snod to prune, put in order.] Trimmed; smooth; neat; trim; sly; cunning; demure. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Snoff (snf; 115), n. [Cf. Snuff.] (Mining) A short candle end used for igniting a fuse. Raymond.

Snood (?), n. [AS. snd. Cf. Snare.] 1. The fillet which binds the hair of a young unmarried woman, and is emblematic of her maiden character. [Scot.]

> And seldom was a snood amid
> Such wild, luxuriant ringlets hid.

Sir W. Scott.

2. A short line (often of horsehair) connecting a fishing line with the hook; a snell; a leader.

Snood, v. t. To bind or braid up, as the hair, with a snood. [Scot.]

Snood"ed, a. Wearing or having a snood. "The snooded daughter." Whittier.

Snook (snk), v. i. [Prov. E. snook to search out, to follow by the scent; cf. Sw. snoka to lurk, LG. snöggen, snuckern, snökern, to snuffle, to smell about, to search for.] To lurk; to lie in ambush. [Obs.]

Snook, n. [D. snoek.] (Zoöl.) (a) A large perchlike marine food fish (Centropomus undecimalis) found both on the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of tropical America; -- called also ravallia, and robalo. (b) The cobia. (c) The garfish.

Snooze (snz), n. [Scot. snooze to sleep; cf. Dan. & Sw. snus snuff.] A short sleep; a nap. [Colloq.]

Snooze, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Snoozed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Snoozing.] To doze; to drowse; to take a short nap; to slumber. [Colloq.]

Snore (snr), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Snored (snrd); p. pr. & vb. n. Snoring.] [OE. snoren, AS. snora a snoring; akin to LG. snoren, snorken, snurken, to snore, D. snorken, G. schnarchen to snore, schnarren to rattle, MHG. snarren, Sw. snarka to snore, Icel. snarka to sputter, fizzle. Cf. Snarl to growl, Sneer, Snort. See Snoring.] To breathe with a rough, hoarse, nasal voice in sleep.

Snore, n. A harsh nasal noise made in sleep.

Snor"er (?), n. One who snores.

Snor"ing, n. (Physiol.) The act of respiring through the open mouth so that the currents of inspired and expired air cause a vibration of the uvula and soft palate, thus giving rise to a sound more or less harsh. It is usually unvoluntary, but may be produced voluntarily.

Snort (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Snorted; p. pr. & vb. n. Snorting.] [OE. snorten; akin to snoren. See Snore.] 1. To force the air with violence through the nose, so as to make a noise, as do high- spirited horsed in prancing and play. Fairfax.

2. To snore. [R.] "The snorting citizens." Shak.

3. To laugh out loudly. [Colloq.] Halliwell.

Snort, n. The act of snorting; the sound produced in snorting.

Snort, v. t. To expel throught the nostrils with a snort; to utter with a snort. Keats.

Snort"er (?), n. 1. One who snorts.

2. (Zoöl.) The wheather; -- so called from its cry. [Prov. Eng.]

Snot (?), n. [AS. snot; akin to D. snot, LG. snotte, Dan. snot, and to E. snout. See Snout.] 1. Mucus secreted in, or discharged from, the nose. [Low]

2. A mean, insignificant fellow. [Low]

Snot, v. t. To blow, wipe, or clear, as the nose.

Snot"ter (?), v. i. [From Snot.] To snivel; to cry or whine. [Prov. Eng.] Grose.

Snot"ter, n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Naut.) A rope going over a yardarm, used to bend a tripping line to, in sending down topgallant and royal yards in vessels of war; also, the short line supporting the heel of the sprit in a small boat.

Snot"ter*y (?), n. Filth; abomination. [Obs.]

> To purge the snottery of our slimy time.

Marston.

Snot"ty (?), a. Foul with snot; hence, mean; dirty.

-- Snot"ti*ly (#), adv. -- Snot"ti*ness, n.

Snout (snout), n. [OE. snoute, probably of Scand, or Low German origin; cf. LG. snute, D. snuit, G. schnauze, Sw. snut, snyte, Dan. snude, Icel. sn&?;ta to blow the nose; probably akin to E. snuff, v.t. Cf. Snite, Snot, Snuff.] 1. The long, projecting nose of a beast, as of swine.

2. The nose of a man; -- in contempt. Hudibras.

3. The nozzle of a pipe, hose, etc.

4. (Zoöl.) (a) The anterior prolongation of the head of a gastropod; -- called also rostrum. (b) The anterior prolongation of the head of weevils and allied beetles.

Snout beetle (Zoöl.), any one of many species of beetles having an elongated snout and belonging to the tribe Rhynchophora; a weevil. -- Snout moth (Zoöl.), any pyralid moth. See Pyralid.

Snout, v. t. To furnish with a nozzle or point.

Snout"y (?), a. Resembling a beast's snout.

> The nose was ugly, long, and big,
> Broad and snouty like a pig.

Otway.

Snow (?), n. [LG. snaue, or D. snaauw, from LG. snau a snout, a beak.] (Naut.) A square-rigged vessel, differing from a brig only in that she has a trysail mast close abaft the mainmast, on which a large trysail is hoisted.

Snow, n. [OE. snow, snaw, AS. snw; akin to D. sneeuw, OS. & OHG. sno, G. schnee, Icel. snær, snjr, snajr, Sw. snö, Dan. snee, Goth. snaiws, Lith. snëgas, Russ. snieg', Ir. & Gael. sneachd, W. nyf, L. nix, nivis, Gr. acc. ni`fa, also AS. snwan to snow, G. schneien, OHG. snwan, Lith. snigti, L. ningit it snows, Gr. ni`fei, Zend snizh to snow; cf. Skr. snih to be wet or sticky. √172.] 1. Watery particles congealed into white or transparent crystals or flakes in the air, and falling to the earth, exhibiting a great variety of very beautiful and perfect forms.

Snow is often used to form compounds, most of which are of obvious meaning; as, snow-capped, snow-clad, snow-cold, snow-crowned, snow-crust, snow- fed, snow-haired, snowlike, snow-mantled, snow-nodding, snow-wrought, and the like.

2. Fig.: Something white like snow, as the white color (argent) in heraldry; something which falls in, or as in, flakes.

> The field of snow with eagle of black therein.

Chaucer.

Red snow. See under Red.

Snow bunting. (Zoöl.) See Snowbird, 1. -- Snow cock (Zoöl.), the snow pheasant. -- Snow flea (Zoöl.), a small black leaping poduran (Achorutes nivicola) often found in winter on the snow in vast numbers. -- Snow flood, a flood from melted snow. -- Snow flower (Bot.), the fringe tree. -- Snow fly, or Snow insect (Zoöl.), any one of several species of neuropterous insects of the genus Boreus. The male has rudimentary wings; the female is wingless. These insects sometimes appear creeping and leaping on the snow in great numbers. -- Snow gnat (Zoöl.), any wingless dipterous insect of the genus Chionea found running on snow in winter. -- Snow goose (Zoöl.), any one of several species of arctic geese of the genus Chen. The common snow goose (Chen hyperborea), common in the Western United States in winter, is white, with the tips of the wings black and legs and bill red. Called also white brant, wavey, and Texas goose. The blue, or blue-winged, snow goose (C. cœrulescens) is varied with grayish brown and bluish gray, with the wing quills black and the head and upper part of the neck white. Called also white head, white-headed goose, and bald brant. -- Snow leopard (Zool.), the ounce. -- Snow line, lowest limit of perpetual snow. In the Alps this is at an altitude of 9,000 feet, in the Andes, at the equator, 16,000 feet. -- Snow mouse (Zoöl.), a European vole (Arvicola nivalis) which inhabits the Alps and other high mountains. -- Snow pheasant (Zoöl.), any one of several species of large, handsome gallinaceous birds of the genus Tetraogallus, native of the lofty mountains of Asia. The Himalayn snow pheasant (T. Himalayensis) in the best-known species. Called also snow cock, and snow chukor. -- Snow partridge. (Zoöl.) See under Partridge. -- Snow pigeon (Zoöl.), a pigeon (Columba leuconota) native of the Himalaya mountains. Its back, neck, and rump are white, the top of the head and the ear coverts are black. -- Snow plant (Bot.), a fleshy parasitic herb (Sarcodes sanguinea) growing in the coniferous forests of California. It is all of a bright red color, and is fabled to grow from the snow, through which it sometimes shoots up.

Snow (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Snowed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Snowing.] To fall in or as snow; -- chiefly used impersonally; as, it snows; it snowed yesterday.

Snow, v. t. To scatter like snow; to cover with, or as with, snow. Donne. Shak.

Snow"ball` (?), n. 1. A round mass of snow pressed or roller together, or anything resembling such a mass.

2. (Bot.) The Guelder-rose.

Snowball tree (Bot.), the Guelder- rose.

Snow"ball`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Snowballed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Snowballing.] To pelt with snowballs; to throw snowballs at.

Snow"ball`, v. i. To throw snowballs.

Snow"ber`ry (?), n. (Bot.) A name of several shrubs with white berries; as, the Symphoricarpus racemosus of the Northern United States, and the Chiococca racemosa of Florida and tropical America.

Creeping snowberry. (Bot.) See under Creeping.

Snow"bird (?), n. (Zoöl.) (a) An arctic finch (Plectrophenax, or Plectrophanes, nivalis) common, in winter, both in Europe and the United States, and often appearing in large flocks during snowstorms. It is partially white, but variously marked with chestnut and brown. Called also snow bunting, snowflake, snowfleck, and snowflight. (b) Any finch of the genus Junco which appears in flocks in winter time, especially J. hyemalis in the Eastern United States; -- called also blue snowbird. See Junco. (c) The fieldfare. [Prov. Eng.]

Snow"-blind` (?), a. Affected with blindness by the brilliancy of snow. -- Snow"- blind`ness, n.

Snow"-bound` (?), a. Enveloped in, or confined by, snow. Whittier.

Snow"-broth` (?), n. Snow and water mixed, or snow just melted; very cold liquor. Shak.

Snow"cap` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A very small humming bird (Microchæra albocoronata) native of New Grenada.

The feathers of the top of the head are white and snining, the body blue black with a purple and bronzy luster. The name is applied also to Microchæra parvirostris of Central America, which is similar in color.

Snow"-capped` (?), a. Having the top capped or covered with snow; as, snow-capped mountains.

Snow"drift` (?), n. A bank of drifted snow.

Snow"drop` (?), n. (Bot.) A bulbous plant (Galanthus nivalis) bearing white flowers, which often appear while the snow is on the ground. It is cultivated in gardens for its beauty.

Snowdrop tree. See Silver-bell tree, under Silver, a.

Snow"flake` (?), n. 1. A flake, or small filmy mass, of snow.

2. (Zoöl.) See Snowbird, 1.

3. (Bot.) A name given to several bulbous plants of the genus Leucoium (L. vernum, æstivum, etc.) resembling the snowdrop, but having all the perianth leaves of equal size.

Snow"fleck` (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Snowbird, 1.

Snowl (?), n. (Zoöl.) The hooded merganser. [Local, U.S.]

Snow"less (?), a. Destitute of snow.

{ Snow"plow`, Snow"plough` } (?), n. An implement operating like a plow, but on a larger scale, for clearing away the snow from roads, railways, etc.

Snow"shed (?), n. A shelter to protect from snow, esp. a long roof over an exposed part of a railroad.

Snow"shoe` (?), n. A slight frame of wood three or four feet long and about one third as wide, with thongs or cords stretched across it, and having a support and holder for the foot; -- used by persons for walking on soft snow.

Snow"shoe`ing, n. Traveling on snowshoes.

Snow"sho`er (?), n. One who travels on snowshoes; an expert in using snowshoes. W. G. Beers.

Snow"slip` (?), n. A large mass or avalanche of snow which slips down the side of a mountain, etc.

Snow"storm` (?), n. A storm with falling snow.

Snow"-white` (?), a. White as snow; very white. "Snow-white and rose-red" Chaucer.

Snow"y (?), a. 1. White like snow. "So shows a snowy dove trooping with crows." Shak.

2. Abounding with snow; covered with snow. "The snowy top of cold Olympus." Milton.

3. Fig.: Pure; unblemished; unstained; spotless.

> There did he lose his snowy innocence.

J. Hall (1646).

Snowy heron (Zoöl.), a white heron, or egret (Ardea candidissima), found in the Southern United States, and southward to Chili; -- called also plume bird. -- Snowy lemming (Zoöl.), the collared lemming (Cuniculus torquatus), which turns white in winter. -- Snowy owl (Zoöl.), a large arctic owl (Nyctea Scandiaca, or N. nivea) common all over the northern parts of the United States and Europe in winter time. Its plumage is sometimes nearly pure white, but it is usually more or less marked with blackish spots. Called also white owl. -- Snowy plover (Zoöl.), a small plover (Ægialitis nivosa) of the western parts of the United States and Mexico. It is light gray above, with the under parts and portions of the head white.

Snub (?), v. i. [Cf. D. snuiven to snort, to pant, G. schnauben, MHG. snben, Prov. G. schnupfen, to sob, and E. snuff, v.t.] To sob with convulsions. [Obs.] Bailey.

Snub, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Snubbed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Snubbing.] [Cf. Icel. ssnubba to snub, chide, Sw. snubba, Icel. snubbttr snubbed, nipped, and E. snib.] 1. To clip or break off the end of; to check or stunt the growth of; to nop.

2. To check, stop, or rebuke, with a tart, sarcastic reply or remark; to reprimand; to check. J. Foster.

3. To treat with contempt or neglect, as a forward or pretentious person; to slight designedly.

To snub a cable or rope (Naut.), to check it suddenly in running out. Totten.

Snub, n. 1. A knot; a protuberance; a song. [Obs.]

> [A club] with ragged snubs and knotty grain.

Spenser.

2. A check or rebuke; an intended slight. J. Foster.

Snub nose, a short or flat nose. -- Snub post, or Snubbing post (Naut.), a post on a dock or shore, around which a rope is thrown to check the motion of a vessel.

Snub"-nosed` (?), a. Having a short, flat nose, slightly turned up; as, the snub-nosed eel.

Snub-nosed cachalot (Zoöl.), the pygmy sperm whale.

Snudge (?), v. i. [Cf. Snug.] To lie snug or quiet. [Obs.] Herbert.

Snudge, n. A miser; a sneaking fellow. [Obs.]

Snuff (?), n. [Cf. G. schnuppe candle snuff, schnuppen to snuff a candle (see Snuff, v. t., to snuff a candle), or cf. Snub, v. t.] The part of a candle wick charred by the flame, whether burning or not.

> If the burning snuff happens to get out of the snuffers, you have a chance that it may fall into a dish of soup.

Swift.

Snuff, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Snuffed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Snuffing.] [OE. snuffen. See Snuff of a candle Snuff to sniff.] To crop the snuff of, as a candle; to take off the end of the snuff of.

To snuff out, to extinguish by snuffing.

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Snuff (?), v. t.[Akin to D. snuffen, G. schnupfen, schnuppen, to snuff, schnupfen a cold in the head, schnuppen to snuff (air), also, to snuff (a candle). Cf. Sniff, Snout, Snub, v. i.] 1. To draw in, or to inhale, forcibly through the nose; to sniff.

> He snuffs the wind, his heels the sand excite.

Dryden.

2. To perceive by the nose; to scent; to smell.

Snuff, v. i. 1. To inhale air through the nose with violence or with noise, as do dogs and horses. Dryden.

2. To turn up the nose and inhale air, as an expression of contempt; hence, to take offense.

> Do the enemies of the church rage and snuff?

Bp. Hall.

Snuff, n. 1. The act of snuffing; perception by snuffing; a sniff.

2. Pulverized tobacco, etc., prepared to be taken into the nose; also, the amount taken at once.

3. Resentment, displeasure, or contempt, expressed by a snuffing of the nose. [Obs.]

Snuff dipping. See Dipping, n., 5. -- Snuff taker, one who uses snuff by inhaling it through the nose. -- To take it in snuff, to be angry or offended. Shak. -- Up to snuff, not likely to be imposed upon; knowing; acute. [Slang]

Snuff"box` (?), n. A small box for carrying snuff about the person.

Snuff"er (?), n. 1. One who snuffs.

2. (Zoöl.) The common porpoise.

Snuff"ers (?), n. pl. An instrument for cropping and holding the snuff of a candle.

Snuff"ing*ly, adv. In a snuffing manner.

Snuf"fle (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Snuffled(?); p. pr. & vb. n. Snuffling (?).] [Freq. of snuff, v.i.; akin to LG. snuffeln, G. schnüffeln, D. snuffeln, Dan. snövle. Cf. Sniffle.] To speak through the nose; to breathe through the nose when it is obstructed, so as to make a broken sound.

> One clad in purple
> Eats, and recites some lamentable rhyme . . .
> Snuffling at nose, and croaking in his throat.

Dryden.

Snuf"fle, n. 1. The act of snuffing; a sound made by the air passing through the nose when obstructed.

> This dread sovereign, Breath, in its passage, gave a snort or snuffle.

Coleridge.

2. An affected nasal twang; hence, cant; hypocrisy.

3. pl. Obstruction of the nose by mucus; nasal catarrh of infants or children. [Colloq.]

Snuf"fler (?), n. One who snuffles; one who uses cant.

Snuff"y (?), a. 1. Soiled with snuff.

2. Sulky; angry; vexed. [Obs. or Scot.] Jamieson.

Snug (?), a. [Compar. Snugger (?); superl. Snuggest (?).] [Prov. E. snug tight, handsome; cf. Icel. snöggr smooth, ODan. snög neat, Sw. snugg.] 1. Close and warm; as, an infant lies snug.

2. Close; concealed; not exposed to notice.

> Lie snug, and hear what critics say.

Swift.

3. Compact, convenient, and comfortable; as, a snug farm, house, or property.

Snug, n. (Mach.) Same as Lug, n., 3.

Snug, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Snugged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Snugging(?).] To lie close; to snuggle; to snudge; -- often with up, or together; as, a child snugs up to its mother.

Snug, v. t. 1. To place snugly. [R.] Goldsmith.

2. To rub, as twine or rope, so as to make it smooth and improve the finish.

Snug"ger*y (?), n.; pl. Snuggeries (&?;). A snug, cozy place. [Colloq.] Dickens.

Snug"gle (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Snuggled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Snuggling (?).] [Freq. of snug.] To move one way and the other so as to get a close place; to lie close for comfort; to cuddle; to nestle.

Snug"ly, adv. In a snug manner; closely; safely.

Snug"ness, n. The quality or state of being snug.

Sny (?), n. [Cf. Icel. sna to turn.] An upward bend in a piece of timber; the sheer of a vessel.

Sny"ing, n. (Naut.) A curved plank, placed edgewise, to work in the bows of a vessel. R. H. Dana, Jr.

So (?), adv. [OE. so, sa, swa, AS. sw; akin to OFries, s, s&?;, D. zoo, OS. & OHG. s&?;, G. so, Icel. sv, sv&?;, svo, so, Sw. s&?;, Dan. saa, Goth. swa so, sw&?; as; cf. L. suus one's own, Skr. sva one's own, one's self. √192. Cf. As, Custom, Ethic, Idiom, Such.] 1. In that manner or degree; as, indicated (in any way), or as implied, or as supposed to be known.

> Why is his chariot so long in coming?

Judges v. 28.

2. In like manner or degree; in the same way; thus; for like reason; whith equal reason; -- used correlatively, following as, to denote comparison or resemblance; sometimes, also, following inasmuch as.

> As a war should be undertaken upon a just motive, so a prince ought to consider the condition he is in.

Swift.

3. In such manner; to such degree; -- used correlatively with as or that following; as, he was so fortunate as to escape.

> I viewed in may mind, so far as I was able, the beginning and progress of a rising world.

T. Burnet.

> He is very much in Sir Roger's esteem, so that he lives in the family rather as a relation than dependent.

Addison.

4. Very; in a high degree; that is, in such a degree as can not well be expressed; as, he is so good; he planned so wisely.

5. In the same manner; as has been stated or suggested; in this or that condition or state; under these circumstances; in this way; -- with reflex reference to something just asserted or implied; used also with the verb to be, as a predicate.

> Use him [your tutor] with great respect yourself, and cause all your family to do so too.

Locke.

> It concerns every man, with the greatest seriousness, to inquire into those matters, whether they be so or not.

Tillotson.

> He is Sir Robert's son, and so art thou.

Shak.

6. The case being such; therefore; on this account; for this reason; on these terms; -- used both as an adverb and a conjuction.

> God makes him in his own image an intellectual creature, and so capable of dominion.

Locke.

> Here, then, exchange we mutually forgiveness;
> So may the guilt of all my broken vows,
> My perjuries to thee, be all forgotten.

Rowe.

7. It is well; let it be as it is, or let it come to pass; -- used to express assent.

> And when 't is writ, for my sake read it over,
> And if it please you, so; if not, why, so.

Shak.

> There is Percy; if your father will do me any honor, so; if not, let him kill the next Percy himself.

Shak.

8. Well; the fact being as stated; -- used as an expletive; as, so the work is done, is it?

9. Is it thus? do you mean what you say? -- with an upward tone; as, do you say he refuses? So? [Colloq.]

10. About the number, time, or quantity specified; thereabouts; more or less; as, I will spend a week or so in the country; I have read only a page or so.

> A week or so will probably reconcile us.

Gay.

See the Note under Ill, adv.

So . . . as. So is now commonly used as a demonstrative correlative of as when it is the puprpose to emphasize the equality or comparison suggested, esp. in negative assertions, and questions implying a negative answer. By Shakespeare and others so . . . as was much used where as . . . as is now common. See the Note under As, 1.

> So do, as thou hast said.

Gen. xviii. 5.

> As a flower of the field, so he flourisheth.

Ps. ciii. 15.

> Had woman been so strong as men.

Shak.

> No country suffered so much as England.

Macaulay.

-- So far, to that point or extent; in that particular. "The song was moral, and so far was right." Cowper. -- So far forth, as far; to such a degree. Shak. Bacon. -- So forth, further in the same or similar manner; more of the same or a similar kind. See And so forth, under And. -- So, so, well, well. "So, so, it works; now, mistress, sit you fast." Dryden. Also, moderately or tolerably well; passably; as, he succeeded but so so. "His leg is but so so." Shak. -- So that, to the end that; in order that; with the effect or result that. -- So then, thus then it is; therefore; the consequence is.

So (?), conj. Provided that; on condition that; in case that; if.

> Though all the winds of doctrine were let loose play upon the earth, so truth be in the field, we do injuriously, by licensing and prohibiting, to misdoubt her strength.

Milton.

So, interj. Be as you are; stand still; stop; that will do; right as you are; -- a word used esp. to cows; also used by sailors.

Soak (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Soaked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Soaking.] [OE. soken, AS. socian to sioak, steep, fr. s&?;can, s&?;gan, to suck. See Suck.] 1. To cause or suffer to lie in a fluid till the substance has imbibed what it can contain; to macerate in water or other liquid; to steep, as for the purpose of softening or freshening; as, to soak cloth; to soak bread; to soak salt meat, salt fish, or the like.

2. To drench; to wet thoroughly.

> Their land shall be soaked with blood.

Isa. xxiv. 7.

3. To draw in by the pores, or through small passages; as, a sponge soaks up water; the skin soaks in moisture.

4. To make (its way) by entering pores or interstices; -- often with through.

> The rivulet beneath soaked its way obscurely through wreaths of snow.

Sir W. Scott.

5. Fig.: To absorb; to drain. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton.

Soak, v. i. 1. To lie steeping in water or other liquid; to become sturated; as, let the cloth lie and soak.

2. To enter (into something) by pores or interstices; as, water soaks into the earth or other porous matter.

3. To drink intemperately or gluttonously. [Slang]

Soak"age (?), n. The act of soaking, or the state of being soaked; also, the quantity that enters or issues by soaking.

Soak"er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, soaks.

2. A hard drinker. [Slang] South.

Soak"ing, a. Wetting thoroughly; drenching; as, a soaking rain. -- Soak"ing*ly, adv.

Soak"y (?), a. Full of moisture; wet; soppy.

Soal (?), n. 1. The sole of a shoe. [Obs. or R.]

2. (Zoöl.) See Sole, the fish. [Obs.]

Soal, n. [AS. sol mire. Cf. Sully.] A dirty pond. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Soam (?), n. A chain by which a leading horse draws a plow. Knight.

Soap (?), n. [OE. sope, AS. spe; akin to D. zeep, G. seife, OHG. seifa, Icel. spa, Sw. s&?;pa, Dan. s&?;be, and perhaps to AS. span to drip, MHG. sfen, and L. sebum tallow. Cf. Saponaceous.] A substance which dissolves in water, thus forming a lather, and is used as a cleansing agent. Soap is produced by combining fats or oils with alkalies or alkaline earths, usually by boiling, and consists of salts of sodium, potassium, etc., with the fatty acids (oleic, stearic, palmitic, etc.). See the Note below, and cf. Saponification. By extension, any compound of similar composition or properties, whether used as a cleaning agent or not.

In general, soaps are of two classes, hard and soft. Calcium, magnesium, lead, etc., form soaps, but they are insoluble and useless.

> The purifying action of soap depends upon the fact that it is decomposed by a large quantity of water into free alkali and an insoluble acid salt. The first of these takes away the fatty dirt on washing, and the latter forms the soap lather which envelops the greasy matter and thus tends to remove it.

Roscoe & Schorlemmer.

Castile soap, a fine-grained hard soap, white or mottled, made of olive oil and soda; -- called also Marseilles, or Venetian, soap. -- Hard soap, any one of a great variety of soaps, of different ingredients and color, which are hard and compact. All solid soaps are of this class. -- Lead soap, an insoluble, white, pliable soap made by saponifying an oil (olive oil) with lead oxide; -- used externally in medicine. Called also lead plaster, diachylon, etc. -- Marine soap. See under Marine. -- Pills of soap (Med.), pills containing soap and opium. -- Potash soap, any soap made with potash, esp. the soft soaps, and a hard soap made from potash and castor oil. -- Pumice soap, any hard soap charged with a gritty powder, as silica, alumina, powdered pumice, etc., which assists mechanically in the removal of dirt. -- Resin soap, a yellow soap containing resin, -- used in bleaching. -- Silicated soap, a cheap soap containing water glass (sodium silicate). -- Soap bark. (Bot.) See Quillaia bark. -- Soap bubble, a hollow iridescent globe, formed by blowing a film of soap suds from a pipe; figuratively, something attractive, but extremely unsubstantial.

> This soap bubble of the metaphysicians.

J. C. Shairp.

-- Soap cerate, a cerate formed of soap, olive oil, white wax, and the subacetate of lead, sometimes used as an application to allay inflammation. -- Soap fat, the refuse fat of kitchens, slaughter houses, etc., used in making soap. -- Soap liniment (Med.), a liniment containing soap, camphor, and alcohol. -- Soap nut, the hard kernel or seed of the fruit of the soapberry tree, -- used for making beads, buttons, etc. -- Soap plant (Bot.), one of several plants used in the place of soap, as the Chlorogalum pomeridianum, a California plant, the bulb of which, when stripped of its husk and rubbed on wet clothes, makes a thick lather, and smells not unlike new brown soap. It is called also soap apple, soap bulb, and soap weed. -- Soap tree. (Bot.) Same as Soapberry tree. -- Soda soap, a soap containing a sodium salt. The soda soaps are all hard soaps. -- Soft soap, a soap of a gray or brownish yellow color, and of a slimy, jellylike consistence, made from potash or the lye from wood ashes. It is strongly alkaline and often contains glycerin, and is used in scouring wood, in cleansing linen, in dyehouses, etc. Figuratively, flattery; wheedling; blarney. [Colloq.] -- Toilet soap, hard soap for the toilet, usually colored and perfumed.

Soap (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Soaped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Soaping.] 1. To rub or wash over with soap.

2. To flatter; to wheedle. [Slang]

Soap"ber`ry tree` (?). (Bot.) Any tree of the genus Sapindus, esp. Sapindus saponaria, the fleshy part of whose fruit is used instead of soap in washing linen; -- also called soap tree.

Soap"fish` (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any serranoid fish of the genus Rhypticus; -- so called from the soapy feeling of its skin.

Soap"i*ness (?), n. Quality or state of being soapy.

Soap"root` (?), n. (Bot.) A perennial herb (Gypsophila Struthium) the root of which is used in Spain as a substitute for soap.

Soap"stone` (?), n. See Steatite, and Talc.

Soap"suds` (?), n. pl. Suds made with soap.

Soap"wort` (?), n. (Bot.) A common plant (Saponaria officinalis) of the Pink family; -- so called because its bruised leaves, when agitated in water, produce a lather like that from soap. Called also Bouncing Bet.

Soap"y (?), a. [Compar. Soapier (?); superl. Soapiest.] 1. Resembling soap; having the qualities of, or feeling like, soap; soft and smooth.

2. Smeared with soap; covered with soap.

Soar (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Soared (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Soaring.] [F. s'essorer to soar, essorer to dry (by exposing to the air), fr. L. ex out + aura the air, a breeze; akin to Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;&?;.] 1. To fly aloft, as a bird; to mount upward on wings, or as on wings. Chaucer.

> When soars Gaul's vulture with his wings unfurled.

Byron.

2. Fig.: To rise in thought, spirits, or imagination; to be exalted in mood.

> Where the deep transported mind may soar.

Milton.

> Valor soars above
> What the world calls misfortune.

Addison.

Soar, n. The act of soaring; upward flight.

> This apparent soar of the hooded falcon.

Coleridge.

Soar, a. See 3d Sore. [Obs.]

Soar, a. See Sore, reddish brown.

Soar falcon. (Zoöl.) See Sore falcon, under Sore.

Soar"ing, a. & n. from Soar. -- Soar"ing*ly, adv.

||So*a"ve (?), a. [It.] (Mus.) Sweet.

||So*a`ve*men"te (?), adv. [It.] (Mus.) Sweetly.

Sob (?), v. t. [See Sop.] To soak. [Obs.] Mortimer.

Sob, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sobbed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sobbing.] [OE. sobben; akin to AS. seófian, siófian, to complain, bewail, seófung, siófung, sobbing, lamentation; cf. OHG. s&?;ftön, s&?;ft&?;n, to sigh, MHG. siuften, siufzen, G. seufzen, MHG. s&?;ft a sigh, properly, a drawing in of breath, from s&?;fen to drink, OHG. s&?;fan. Cf. Sup.] To sigh with a sudden heaving of the breast, or with a kind of convulsive motion; to sigh with tears, and with a convulsive drawing in of the breath.

> Sobbing is the same thing [as sighing], stronger.

Bacon.

> She sighed, she sobbed, and, furious with despair.
> She rent her garments, and she tore her hair.

Dryden.

Sob, n. 1. The act of sobbing; a convulsive sigh, or inspiration of the breath, as in sorrow.

> Break, heart, or choke with sobs my hated breath.

Dryden.

2. Any sorrowful cry or sound.

> The tremulous sob of the complaining owl.

Wordsworth.

Sob"bing (?), n. A series of short, convulsive inspirations, the glottis being suddenly closed so that little or no air enters into the lungs.

Sober (?), a. [Compar. Soberer (?); superl. Soberest.] [OE. sobre, F. sobre, from L. sobrius, probably from a prefix so- expressing separation + ebrius drunken. Cf. Ebriety.] 1. Temperate in the use of spirituous liquors; habitually temperate; as, a sober man.

> That we may hereafter live a godly, righteous, and sober life, to the glory of Thy holy name.

Bk. of Com. Prayer.

2. Not intoxicated or excited by spirituous liquors; as, the sot may at times be sober.

3. Not mad or insane; not wild, visionary, or heated with passion; exercising cool, dispassionate reason; self- controlled; self-possessed.

> There was not a sober person to be had; all was tempestuous and blustering.

Druden.

> No sober man would put himself into danger for the applause of escaping without breaking his neck.

Dryden.

<! p. 1365 !>

4. Not proceeding from, or attended with, passion; calm; as, sober judgment; a man in his sober senses.

5. Serious or subdued in demeanor, habit, appearance, or color; solemn; grave; sedate.

> What parts gay France from sober Spain?

Prior.

> See her sober over a sampler, or gay over a jointed baby.

Pope.

> Twilight gray
> Had in her sober livery all things clad.

Milton.

Syn. -- Grave; temperate; abstinent; abstemious; moderate; regular; steady; calm; quiet; cool; collected; dispassionate; unimpassioned; sedate; staid; serious; solemn; somber. See Grave.

So"ber (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sobered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sobering.] To make sober.

> There shallow draughts intoxicate the brain,
> And drinking largely sobers us again.

Pope.

So"ber, v. i. To become sober; -- often with down.

> Vance gradually sobered down.

Ld. Lytton.

So"ber*ize (?), v. t. & i. To sober. [R.] Crabbe.

So"ber*ly, adv. In a sober manner; temperately; cooly; calmly; gravely; seriously.

So"ber*ly, a. Grave; serious; solemn; sad. [Obs.]

> [He] looked hollow and thereto soberly.

Chaucer.

So"ber-mind`ed (?), a. Having a disposition or temper habitually sober. -- So"ber- mind`ed*ness, n.

So"ber*ness, n. The quality or state of being sober.

Sob"o*les (?), n. [L., a short.] (Bot.) (a) A shoot running along under ground, forming new plants at short distances. (b) A sucker, as of tree or shrub.

Sob`o*lif"er*ous (?), a. [L. soboles + -ferous.] (Bot.) Producing soboles. See Illust. of Houseleek.

So*bri"e*ty (?), n. [L. sobrietas: cf. F. sobriété. See Sober.] 1. Habitual soberness or temperance as to the use of spirituous liquors; as, a man of sobriety.

> Public sobriety is a relative duty.

Blackstone.

2. Habitual freedom from enthusiasm, inordinate passion, or overheated imagination; calmness; coolness; gravity; seriousness; as, the sobriety of riper years.

> Mirth makes them not mad,
> Nor sobriety sad.

Denham.

Syn. -- Soberness; temperance; abstinence; abstemiousness; moderation; regularity; steadness; calmness; coolness; sober- mindeness; sedateness; staidness; gravity; seriousness; solemnity.

||So`bri`quet" (s`br`k"), n.[F. sobriquet, OF. soubzbriquet, soubriquet, a chuck under the chin, hence, an affront, a nickname; of uncertain origin; cf. It. sottobecco a chuck under the chin.] An assumed name; a fanciful epithet or appellation; a nickname. [Sometimes less correctly written soubriquet.]

Soc (sk), n. [AS. sc the power of holding court, sway, domain, properly, the right of investigating or seeking; akin to E. sake, seek. Sake, Seek, and cf. Sac, and Soke.] [Written also sock, and soke.] 1. (O. Eng. Law) (a) The lord's power or privilege of holding a court in a district, as in manor or lordship; jurisdiction of causes, and the limits of that jurisdiction. (b) Liberty or privilege of tenants excused from customary burdens.

2. An exclusive privilege formerly claimed by millers of grinding all the corn used within the manor or township which the mill stands. [Eng.]

Soc and sac (O. Eng. Law), the full right of administering justice in a manor or lordship.

Soc"age (?), n.[From Soc; cf. LL. socagium.] (O.Eng. Law) A tenure of lands and tenements by a certain or determinate service; a tenure distinct from chivalry or knight's service, in which the obligations were uncertain. The service must be certain, in order to be denominated socage, as to hold by fealty and twenty shillings rent. [Written also soccage.]

Socage is of two kinds; free socage, where the services are not only certain, but honorable; and villein socage, where the services, though certain, are of a baser nature. Blackstone.

Soc"a*ger (?), n. (O. Eng. Law) A tennant by socage; a socman.

So"-called` (?), a. So named; called by such a name (but perhaps called thus with doubtful propriety).

So`cia*bil"i*ty (?), n.[Cf. F. sociabilité.] The quality of being sociable; sociableness.

So"cia*ble (?), a.[F., fr. L. sociabilis, fr. sociare to associate, fr. socius a companion. See Social.] 1. Capable of being, or fit to be, united in one body or company; associable. [R.]

> They are sociable parts united into one body.

Hooker.

2. Inclined to, or adapted for, society; ready to unite with others; fond of companions; social.

> Society is no comfort to one not sociable.

Shak.

> What can be more uneasy to this sociable creature than the dry, pensive retirements of solitude?

South.

3. Ready to converse; inclined to talk with others; not taciturn or reserved.

4. Affording opportunites for conversation; characterized by much conversation; as, a sociable party.

5. No longer hostile; friendly. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Sociable bird, or Sociable weaver (Zoöl.), a weaver bird which builds composite nests. See Republican, n., 3. (b).

Syn. -- Social; companionable; conversible; friendly; familiar; communicative; accessible.

So"cia*ble, n. 1. A gathering of people for social purposes; an informal party or reception; as, a church sociable. [Colloq. U. S.]

2. A carriage having two double seats facing each other, and a box for the driver. Miss Edgeworth.

So"cia*ble*ness, n. The quality of being sociable.

So"cia*bly, adv. In a sociable manner.

So"cial (?), a. [L. socialis, from socius a companion; akin to sequi to follow: cf. F. social. See Sue to follow.] 1. Of or pertaining to society; relating to men living in society, or to the public as an aggregate body; as, social interest or concerns; social pleasure; social benefits; social happiness; social duties. "Social phenomena." J. S. Mill.

2. Ready or disposed to mix in friendly converse; companionable; sociable; as, a social person.

3. Consisting in union or mutual intercourse.

> Best with thyself accompanied, seek'st not
> Social communication.

Milton.

4. (Bot.) Naturally growing in groups or masses; -- said of many individual plants of the same species.

5. (Zoöl.) (a) Living in communities consisting of males, females, and neuters, as do ants and most bees. (b) Forming compound groups or colonies by budding from basal processes or stolons; as, the social ascidians.

Social science, the science of all that relates to the social condition, the relations and institutions which are involved in man's existence and his well-being as a member of an organized community; sociology. It concerns itself with questions of the public health, education, labor, punishment of crime, reformation of criminals, and the like. -- Social whale (Zoöl.), the blackfish. -- The social evil, prostitution.

Syn. -- Sociable; companionable; conversible; friendly; familiar; communicative; convival; festive.

So"cial*ism (?), n. [Cf. F. socialisme.] A theory or system of social reform which contemplates a complete reconstruction of society, with a more just and equitable distribution of property and labor. In popular usage, the term is often employed to indicate any lawless, revolutionary social scheme. See Communism, Fourierism, Saint- Simonianism, forms of socialism.

> [Socialism] was first applied in England to Owen's theory of social reconstruction, and in France to those also of St. Simon and Fourier . . . The word, however, is used with a great variety of meaning, . . . even by economists and learned critics. The general tendency is to regard as socialistic any interference undertaken by society on behalf of the poor, . . . radical social reform which disturbs the present system of private property . . . The tendency of the present socialism is more and more to ally itself with the most advanced democracy.

Encyc. Brit.

> We certainly want a true history of socialism, meaning by that a history of every systematic attempt to provide a new social existence for the mass of the workers.

F. Harrison.

So"cial*ist, n. [Cf. F. socialiste.] One who advocates or practices the doctrines of socialism.

{ So"cial*ist, So`cial*is"tic, } a. Pertaining to, or of the nature of, socialism.

So`ci*al"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. socialisté, L. socialitas.] The quality of being social; socialness.

So"cial*ize (?), v. t. 1. To render social.

2. To subject to, or regulate by, socialism.

So"cial*ly, adv. In a social manner; sociably.

So"cial*ness, n. The quality or state of being social.

So"ci*ate (?), a. [L. sociatus, p. p. of sociare to associate, fr. socius companion.] Associated. [Obs.]

So"ci*ate, n. An associate. [Obs.]

> As for you, Dr. Reynolds, and your sociates.

Fuller.

So"ci*ate (?), v. i. To associate. [Obs.] Shelford.

So*ci`e*ta"ri*an (?), a. Of or pertaining to society; social.

> The all-sweeping besom of societarian reformation.

Lamb.

So*ci"e*ta*ry (?), a. Societarian. [R.]

So*ci"e*ty (?), n.; pl. Societies (#). [L. societas, fr. socius a companion: cf. F. société. See Social.] 1. The relationship of men to one another when associated in any way; companionship; fellowship; company. "Her loved society." Milton.

> There is society where none intrudes
> By the deep sea, and music in its roar.

Byron.

2. Connection; participation; partnership. [R.]

> The meanest of the people and such as have the least society with the acts and crimes of kings.

Jer. Taylor.

3. A number of persons associated for any temporary or permanent object; an association for mutual or joint usefulness, pleasure, or profit; a social union; a partnership; as, a missionary society.

4. The persons, collectively considered, who live in any region or at any period; any community of individuals who are united together by a common bond of nearness or intercourse; those who recognize each other as associates, friends, and acquaintances.

5. Specifically, the more cultivated portion of any community in its social relations and influences; those who mutually give receive formal entertainments.

Society of Jesus. See Jesuit. -- Society verses [a translation of F. vers de société], the lightest kind of lyrical poetry; verses for the amusement of polite society.

So*cin"i*an (?), a. Of or pertaining to Socinus, or the Socinians.

So*cin"i*an, n. One of the followers of Socinus; a believer in Socinianism.

So*cin"i*an*ism (?), n. (Eccl. Hist.) The tenets or doctrines of Faustus Socinus, an Italian theologian of the sixteenth century, who denied the Trinity, the deity of Christ, the personality of the Devil, the native and total depravity of man, the vicarious atonement, and the eternity of future punishment. His theory was, that Christ was a man divinely commissioned, who had no existence before he was conceived by the Virgin Mary; that human sin was the imitation of Adam's sin, and that human salvation was the imitation and adoption of Christ's virtue; that the Bible was to be interpreted by human reason; and that its language was metaphorical, and not to be taken literally.

So*cin"i*an*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Socinianized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Socinianizing (?).] To cause to conform to Socinianism; to regulate by, or imbue with, the principles of Socinianism.

{ So`ci*o*log"ic (?), So`ci*o*log"ic*al (?) } a. Of or pertaining to sociology, or social science. -- So`ci*o*log"ic*al*ly, adv.

So`ci*ol"o*gist (?), n. One who treats of, or devotes himself to, the study of sociology. J. S. Mill.

So`ci*ol"o*gy (?), n. [L. socius a companion + -logy.] That branch of philosophy which treats of the constitution, phenomena, and development of human society; social science. H. Spencer.

Sock (?), n. [F. soc, LL. soccus, perhaps of Celtic origin.] A plowshare. Edin. Encyc.

Sock, n. [OE. sock, AS. socc, fr. L. soccus a kind of low-heeled, light shoe. Cf. Sucket.] 1. The shoe worn by actors of comedy in ancient Greece and Rome, -- used as a symbol of comedy, or of the comic drama, as distinguished from tragedy, which is symbolized by the buskin.

> Great Fletcher never treads in buskin here,
> Nor greater Jonson dares in socks appear.

Dryden.

2. A knit or woven covering for the foot and lower leg; a stocking with a short leg.

3. A warm inner sole for a shoe. Simmonds.

Sock*dol"a*ger (?), n. [A corruption of doxology.] [Written also sockdologer.] 1. That which finishes or ends a matter; a settler; a poser, as a heavy blow, a conclusive answer, and the like. [Slang, U.S.]

2. (Angling) A combination of two hooks which close upon each other, by means of a spring, as soon as the fish bites. [U. S.]

Sock"et (?), n. [OE. soket, a dim. through OF. fr. L. soccus. See Sock a covering for the foot.] 1. An opening into which anything is fitted; any hollow thing or place which receives and holds something else; as, the sockets of the teeth.

> His eyeballs in their hollow sockets sink.

Dryden.

2. Especially, the hollow tube or place in which a candle is fixed in the candlestick.

> And in the sockets oily bubbles dance.

Dryden.

Socket bolt (Mach.), a bolt that passes through a thimble that is placed between the parts connected by the bolt. -- Socket chisel. Same as Framing chisel. See under Framing. -- Socket pipe, a pipe with an expansion at one end to receive the end of a connecting pipe. -- Socket pole, a pole armed with iron fixed on by means of a socket, and used to propel boats, etc. [U.S.] -- Socket wrench, a wrench consisting of a socket at the end of a shank or rod, for turning a nut, bolthead, etc., in a narrow or deep recess.

Sock"et*ed (?), a. Having a socket. Dawkins.

Sock"less, a. Destitute of socks or shoes. B. & Fl.

Sock"y (?), a. Wet; soaky. [Prov. Eng.]

So"cle (?), n. [F., fr. L. socculus, dim. of soccus. See Sock a covering for the foot. Cf. Zocco.] (Arch.) (a) A plain block or plinth forming a low pedestal; any base; especially, the base of a statue, column, or the like. See Plinth. (b) A plain face or plinth at the lower part of a wall. Oxf. Gloss.

Soc"man (?), n.; pl. Socmen (#). [See Socage.] (O. Eng. Law) One who holds lands or tenements by socage; a socager. Cowell.

Soc"man*ry (?), n. (O.E. Law) Tenure by socage.

Soc"ome (?), n. [AS. scen, scn, searching, or the right of searching, the lord's court. See Soc.] (O.Eng. Law) A custom of tenants to grind corn at the lord's mill. Cowell.

Soc"o*trine (?), a. Of or pertaining to Socotra, an island in the Indian Ocean, on the east coast of Africa. -- n. A native or inhabitant of Socotra.

{ So*crat"ic (?), So*crat"ic*al (?), } a. [L. Socraticus, Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;.] Of or pertaining to Socrates, the Grecian sage and teacher. (b. c. 469-399), or to his manner of teaching and philosophizing.

The Socratic method of reasoning and instruction was by a series of questions leading the one to whom they were addressed to perceive and admit what was true or false in doctrine, or right or wrong in conduct.

So*crat"ic*al*ly, adv. In the Socratic method.

Soc"ra*tism (?), n. The philosophy or the method of Socrates.

Soc"ra*tist (?), n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;.] A disciple or follower of Socrates.

Sod (?), n. (Zoöl.) The rock dove. [Prov. Eng.]

Sod, obs. imp. of Seethe.

Sod, n. [Akin to LG. sode, D. zode, OD. sode, soode, OFries. satha, and E. seethe. So named from its sodden state in wet weather. See Seethe.] That stratum of the surface of the soil which is filled with the roots of grass, or any portion of that surface; turf; sward.

> She there shall dress a sweeter sod
> Than Fancy's feet have ever trod.

Collins.

Sod, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sodden; p. pr. & vb. n. Sodding.] To cover with sod; to turf.

So"da (?), n. [It., soda, in OIt., ashes used in making glass, fr. L. solida, fem. of solidus solid; solida having probably been a name of glasswort. See Solid.] (Chem.) (a) Sodium oxide or hydroxide. (b) Popularly, sodium carbonate or bicarbonate.

Caustic soda, sodium hydroxide. -- Cooking soda, sodium bicarbonate. [Colloq.] -- Sal soda. See Sodium carbonate, under Sodium. -- Soda alum (Min.), a mineral consisting of the hydrous sulphate of alumina and soda. -- Soda ash, crude sodium carbonate; -- so called because formerly obtained from the ashes of sea plants and certain other plants, as saltwort (Salsola). See under Sodium. -- Soda fountain, an apparatus for drawing soda water, fitted with delivery tube, faucets, etc. -- Soda lye, a lye consisting essentially of a solution of sodium hydroxide, used in soap making. -- Soda niter. See Nitratine. -- Soda salts, salts having sodium for the base; specifically, sodium sulphate or Glauber's salts. -- Soda waste, the waste material, consisting chiefly of calcium hydroxide and sulphide, which accumulates as a useless residue or side product in the ordinary Leblanc process of soda manufacture; -- called also alkali waste. -- Soda water, originally, a beverage consisting of a weak solution of sodium bicarbonate, with some acid to cause effervescence; now, in common usage, a beverage consisting of water highly charged with carbon dioxide (carbonic acid). Fruit sirups, cream, etc., are usually added to give flavor. See Carbonic acid, under Carbonic. -- Washing soda, sodium carbonate. [Colloq.]

<! p. 1366 !>

So*da"ic (?), a. Pertaining to, or containing, soda. "Sodaic powder." Ure.

So"da*lite (?), n. [Soda + - lite: cf. F. sodalithe.] (Min.) A mineral of a white to blue or gray color, occuring commonly in dodecahedrons, also massive. It is a silicate of alumina and soda with some chlorine.

So*dal"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Sodalities (#). [L. sodalitas, fr. sodalis a comrade.] 1. A fellowship or fraternity; a brotherhood.

2. (R.C.Ch.) Specifically, a lay association for devotion or for charitable purposes.

Sod*am"ide (?), n. (Chem.) A greenish or reddish crystalline substance, NaNH2, obtained by passing ammonia over heated sodium.

Sod"den (?), a. [p. p. of Seethe.] Boiled; seethed; also, soaked; heavy with moisture; saturated; as, sodden beef; sodden bread; sodden fields.

Sod"den, v. i. To be seethed; to become sodden.

Sod"den, v. t. To soak; to make heavy with water.

Sod"den-wit`ted (?), a. Heavy; dull. Shak.

Sod"dy (?), a. [From Sod.] Consisting of sod; covered with sod; turfy. Cotgrave.

Sod"er (?), n. & v. t. See Solder.

So"dic (?), a. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to sodium; containing sodium.

So"di*o- (?). (Chem.) A combining form (also used adjectively) denoting the presence of sodium or one of its compounds.

So"di*um (?), n. [NL., fr.E. soda.] (Chem.) A common metallic element of the alkali group, in nature always occuring combined, as in common salt, in albite, etc. It is isolated as a soft, waxy, white, unstable metal, so readily oxidized that it combines violently with water, and to be preserved must be kept under petroleum or some similar liquid. Sodium is used combined in many salts, in the free state as a reducer, and as a means of obtaining other metals (as magnesium and aluminium) is an important commercial product. Symbol Na (Natrium). Atomic weight 23. Specific gravity 0.97.

Sodium amalgam, an alloy of sodium and mercury, usually produced as a gray metallic crystalline substance, which is used as a reducing agent, and otherwise. -- Sodium bicarbonate, a white crystalline substance, HNaCO3, with a slight alkaline taste resembling that of sodium carbonate. It is found in many mineral springs and also produced artificially,. It is used in cookery, in baking powders, and as a source of carbonic acid gas (carbon dioxide) for soda water. Called also cooking soda, saleratus, and technically, acid sodium carbonate, primary sodium carbonate, sodium dicarbonate, etc. -- Sodium carbonate, a white crystalline substance, Na2CO3.10H2O, having a cooling alkaline taste, found in the ashes of many plants, and produced artifically in large quantities from common salt. It is used in making soap, glass, paper, etc., and as alkaline agent in many chemical industries. Called also sal soda, washing soda, or soda. Cf. Sodium bicarbonate, above and Trona. -- Sodium chloride, common, or table, salt, NaCl. -- Sodium hydroxide, a white opaque brittle solid, NaOH, having a fibrous structure, produced by the action of quicklime, or of calcium hydrate (milk of lime), on sodium carbonate. It is a strong alkali, and is used in the manufacture of soap, in making wood pulp for paper, etc. Called also sodium hydrate, and caustic soda. By extension, a solution of sodium hydroxide.

Sod"om*ite (?), n. 1. An inhabitant of Sodom.

2. One guilty of sodomy.

Sod`om*it"ic*al (?), a. Pertaining to, or of the nature of, sodomy. -- Sod`om*it"ic*al*ly, adv.

Sod"om*y (?), n. [From Sodom. a country mentioned in the Bible: cf. F. sodomite.] Carnal copulation in a manner against nature; buggery. Gen. xix. 5.

Soe (?), n. [Scot. sae, say, saye; cf. Icel. sr a large cask, Sw. s&?; a tub.] A large wooden vessel for holding water; a cowl. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Dr. H. More.

So*ev"er (?). A word compounded of so and ever, used in composition with who, what, where, when, how, etc., and indicating any out of all possible or supposable persons, things, places, times, ways, etc. It is sometimes used separate from the pronoun or adverb.

> For unto whomsoever much is given, of him shall be much required.

Luke xii. 48.

> What great thing soever a man proposed to do in his life, he should think of achieving it by fifty.

Sir W. Temple.

So"fa (?), n.; pl. Sofas (#). [Ar. soffah, from saffa to dispose in order: cf. F. sofa, It. sofà.] A long seat, usually with a cushioned bottom, back, and ends; -- much used as a comfortable piece of furniture.

> Let fall the curtains, wheel the sofa round.

Cowper.

Sofa bed, a sofa so contrived that it may be extended to form a bed; -- called also sofa bedstead.

Sof"fit (?), n. [It. soffitta, soffitto, fr. soffiggere to hide, properly, to fix or fasten under, L. suffigere to fasten beneath or below; sub under, beneath + figere to fix, faste: cf. F. soffite.] (Arch.) The under side of the subordinate parts and members of buildings, such as staircases, entablatures, archways, cornices, or the like. See Illust. of Lintel.

So"fi (?), n.; pl. Sofis (&?;). Same as Sufi.

So"fism (?), n. Same as Sufism.

Soft (?), a. [Compar. Softer (?); superl. Softest.] [OE. softe, AS. s&?;fte, properly adv. of s&?;fte, adj.; akin to OS. sfto, adv., D. zacht, OHG. samfto, adv., semfti, adj., G. sanft, LG. sacht; of uncertain origin.] 1. Easily yielding to pressure; easily impressed, molded, or cut; not firm in resisting; impressible; yielding; also, malleable; -- opposed to hard; as, a soft bed; a soft peach; soft earth; soft wood or metal.

2. Not rough, rugged, or harsh to the touch; smooth; delicate; fine; as, soft silk; a soft skin.

> They that wear soft clothing are in king's houses.

Matt. xi. 8.

3. Hence, agreeable to feel, taste, or inhale; not irritating to the tissues; as, a soft liniment; soft wines. "The soft, delicious air." Milton.

4. Not harsh or offensive to the sight; not glaring; pleasing to the eye; not exciting by intensity of color or violent contrast; as, soft hues or tints.

> The sun, shining upon the upper part of the clouds . . . made the softest lights imaginable.

Sir T. Browne.

5. Not harsh or rough in sound; gentle and pleasing to the ear; flowing; as, soft whispers of music.

> Her voice was ever soft,
> Gentle, and low, -- an excellent thing in woman.

Shak.

> Soft were my numbers; who could take offense?

Pope.

6. Easily yielding; susceptible to influence; flexible; gentle; kind.

> I would to God my heart were flint, like Edward's;
> Or Edward's soft and pitiful, like mine.

Shak.

> The meek or soft shall inherit the earth.

Tyndale.

7. Expressing gentleness, tenderness, or the like; mild; conciliatory; courteous; kind; as, soft eyes.

> A soft answer turneth away wrath.

Prov. xv. 1.

> A face with gladness overspread,
> Soft smiles, by human kindness bred.

Wordsworth.

8. Effeminate; not courageous or manly, weak.

> A longing after sensual pleasures is a dissolution of the spirit of a man, and makes it loose, soft, and wandering.

Jer. Taylor.

9. Gentle in action or motion; easy.

> On her soft axle, white she paces even,
> And bears thee soft with the smooth air along.

Milton.

10. Weak in character; impressible.

> The deceiver soon found this soft place of Adam's.

Glanvill.

11. Somewhat weak in intellect. [Colloq.]

> He made soft fellows stark noddies, and such as were foolish quite mad.

Burton.

12. Quiet; undisturbed; paceful; as, soft slumbers.

13. Having, or consisting of, a gentle curve or curves; not angular or abrupt; as, soft outlines.

14. Not tinged with mineral salts; adapted to decompose soap; as, soft water is the best for washing.

15. (Phonetics) (a) Applied to a palatal, a sibilant, or a dental consonant (as g in gem, c in cent, etc.) as distinguished from a guttural mute (as g in go, c in cone, etc.); -- opposed to hard. (b) Belonging to the class of sonant elements as distinguished from the surd, and considered as involving less force in utterance; as, b, d, g, z, v, etc., in contrast with p, t, k, s, f, etc.

Soft clam (Zoöl.), the common or long clam (Mya arenaria). See Mya. -- Soft coal, bituminous coal, as distinguished from anthracite, or hard, coal. -- Soft crab (Zoöl.), any crab which has recently shed its shell. -- Soft dorsal (Zoöl.), the posterior part of the dorsal fin of fishes when supported by soft rays. -- Soft grass. (Bot.) See Velvet grass. -- Soft money, paper money, as distinguished from coin, or hard money. [Colloq. U.S.] -- Soft mute. (Phonetics) See Media. -- Soft palate. See the Note under Palate. -- Soft ray (Zoöl.), a fin ray which is articulated and usually branched. -- Soft soap. See under Soap. -- Soft-tack, leavened bread, as distinguished from hard-tack, or ship bread. -- Soft tortoise (Zoöl.), any river tortoise of the genus Trionyx. See Trionyx.

Soft (?), n. A soft or foolish person; an idiot. [Colloq.] G. Eliot.

Soft, adv. Softly; without roughness or harshness; gently; quietly. Chaucer.

> A knight soft riding toward them.

Spenser.

Soft, interj. Be quiet; hold; stop; not so fast.

> Soft, you; a word or two before you go.

Shak.

Sof"ta (?), n. [Corruption of Per. s&?;khtah one who burns, is ardent or zealous.] Any one attached to a Mohammedan mosque, esp. a student of the higher branches of theology in a mosque school. [Written also sophta.]

Sof"ten (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Softened (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Softening.] To make soft or more soft. Specifically: --

(a) To render less hard; -- said of matter.

> Their arrow's point they soften in the flame.

Gay.

(b) To mollify; to make less fierce or intractable.

> Diffidence conciliates the proud, and softens the severe.

Rambler.

(c) To palliate; to represent as less enormous; as, to soften a fault.

(d) To compose; to mitigate; to assuage.

> Music can soften pain to ease.

Pope.

(e) To make calm and placid.

> All that cheers or softens life.

Pope.

(f) To make less harsh, less rude, less offensive, or less violent, or to render of an opposite quality.

> He bore his great commision in his look,
> But tempered awe, and softened all he spoke.

Dryden.

(g) To make less glaring; to tone down; as, to soften the coloring of a picture.

(h) To make tender; to make effeminate; to enervate; as, troops softened by luxury.

(i) To make less harsh or grating, or of a quality the opposite; as, to soften the voice.

Sof"ten, v. i. To become soft or softened, or less rude, harsh, severe, or obdurate.

Sof"ten*er (?), n. One who, or that which, softens. [Written also, less properly, softner.]

Sof"ten*ing, a. & n. from Soften, v.

Softening of the brain, or Cerebral softening (Med.), a localized softening of the brain substance, due to hemorrhage or inflammation. Three varieties, distinguished by their color and representing different stages of the morbid process, are known respectively as red, yellow, and white, softening.

Soft"-finned` (?), a. (Zoöl.) Having the fin rays cartilaginous or flexible; without spines; -- said of certain fishes.

Soft"-head`ed (?), a. Weak in intellect.

Soft"-heart`ed (?), a. Having softness or tenderness of heart; susceptible of pity or other kindly affection; gentle; meek. -- Soft"-heart`ed*ness, n.

Soft"ish (?), a. Somewhat soft. De Witt Clinton.

Soft"ling (?), n. A soft, effeminate person; a voluptuary. [R.] Bp. Woolton. .

Soft"ly, adv. In a soft manner.

Soft"ner (?), n. See Softener.

Soft"ness (?), n. [AS. s&?;ftness, s&?;ftnyss.] The quality or state of being soft; -- opposed to hardness, and used in the various specific senses of the adjective.

Soft"-shell` (?), Soft"-shelled` (?), } a. Having a soft or fragile shell.

Soft-shell clam (Zoöl.), the long clam. See Mya. -- Soft-shelled crab. (Zoöl.) See the Note under Crab, 1. -- Soft-shelled turtle. (Zoöl.) Same as Soft tortoise, under Soft.

Soft"-spo`ken (?), a. Speaking softly; having a mild or gentle voice; hence, mild; affable.

Sog"gi*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being soggy; soddenness; wetness.

Sog"gy (?), a. [Compar. Soggier (?); superl. Soggiest.] [Cf. Icel. söggr damp, wet, or E. soak.] Filled with water; soft with moisture; sodden; soaked; wet; as, soggy land or timber.

So*ho" (?), interj. Ho; -- a word used in calling from a distant place; a sportsman's halloo. Shak.

||Soi`-di`sant" (?), a. [F.] Calling himself; self-styled; pretended; would-be.

Soil (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Soiled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Soiling.] [OF. saoler, saouler, to satiate, F. soûler, L. satullare, fr. satullus, dim. of satur sated. See Satire.] To feed, as cattle or horses, in the barn or an inclosure, with fresh grass or green food cut for them, instead of sending them out to pasture; hence (such food having the effect of purging them), to purge by feeding on green food; as, to soil a horse.

Soil, n. [OE. soile, F. sol, fr. L. solum bottom, soil; but the word has probably been influenced in form by soil a miry place. Cf. Saloon, Soil a miry place, Sole of the foot.] 1. The upper stratum of the earth; the mold, or that compound substance which furnishes nutriment to plants, or which is particularly adapted to support and nourish them.

2. Land; country.

> Must I thus leave thee, Paradise? thus leave
> Thee, native soil?

Milton.

3. Dung; fæces; compost; manure; as, night soil.

> Improve land by dung and other sort of soils.

Mortimer.

Soil pipe, a pipe or drain for carrying off night soil.

Soil, v. t. To enrich with soil or muck; to manure.

> Men . . . soil their ground, not that they love the dirt, but that they expect a crop.

South.

Soil, n. [OF. soil, souil, F. souille, from OF. soillier, F. souiller. See Soil to make dirty.] A marshy or miry place to which a hunted boar resorts for refuge; hence, a wet place, stream, or tract of water, sought for by other game, as deer.

> As deer, being stuck, fly through many soils,
> Yet still the shaft sticks fast.

Marston.

To take soil, to run into the mire or water; hence, to take refuge or shelter.

> O, sir, have you taken soil here? It is well a man may reach you after three hours' running.

B. Jonson.

Soil, v. t.[OE. soilen, OF. soillier, F. souiller, (assumed) LL. suculare, fr. L. sucula a little pig, dim. of sus a swine. See Sow, n.] 1. To make dirty or unclean on the surface; to foul; to dirty; to defile; as, to soil a garment with dust.

> Our wonted ornaments now soiled and stained.

Milton.

2. To stain or mar, as with infamy or disgrace; to tarnish; to sully. Shak.

Syn. -- To foul; dirt; dirty; begrime; bemire; bespatter; besmear; daub; bedaub; stain; tarnish; sully; defile; pollute.

Soil, v. i. To become soiled; as, light colors soil sooner than dark ones.

Soil, n. [See Soil to make dirty, Soil a miry place.] That which soils or pollutes; a soiled place; spot; stain.

> A lady's honor . . . will not bear a soil.

Dryden.

Soil"i*ness (?), n. Stain; foulness. [R.] Bacon.

Soil"less, a. Destitute of soil or mold.

Soil"ure (?), n. [OF. soillure, F. souillure. See Soil to make dirty.] Stain; pollution. Shak.

> Then fearing rust or soilure, fashioned for it
> A case of silk.

Tennyson.

Soil"y (?), a. Dirty; soiled. [Obs.] Fuller.

||Soi`ree" (?), n. [F., fr. soir evening, fr. L. serus late, serum late time. Cf. Serenade.] An evening party; -- distinguished from levee, and matinée.

So"ja (s"j or s"y), n. (Bot.) An Asiatic leguminous herb (Glycine Soja) the seeds of which are used in preparing the sauce called soy.

So"journ (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sojourned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sojourning.] [OE. sojornen, sojournen, OF. sojorner, sejorner, F. séjourner, fr. L. sub under, about + diurnus belonging to the day. See Journal, Diurnal.] To dwell for a time; to dwell or live in a place as a temporary resident or as a stranger, not considering the place as a permanent habitation; to delay; to tarry.

> Abram went down into Egypt to sojourn there.

Gen. xii. 30.

> Home he goeth, he might not longer sojourn.

Chaucer.

> The soldiers first assembled at Newcastle, and there sojourned three days.

Hayward.

So"journ, n. [Cf. OF. sujurn, sujur, sejor, F. séjour. See Sojourn, v. i.] A temporary residence, as that of a traveler in a foreign land.

> Though long detained
> In that obscure sojourn.

Milton.

So"journ*er (?), n. One who sojourns.

> We are strangers before thee, and sojourners.

1. Chron. xxix. 15.

So"journ*ing, n. The act or state of one who sojourns.

So"journ*ment (?), n. Temporary residence, as that of a stranger or a traveler. [R.]

Soke (?), n. 1. (Eng. Law) See Soc.

<! p. 1367 !>

2. One of the small territorial divisions into which Lincolnshire, England, is divided.

Soke"man (?), n. See Socman.

Soke"man*ry (?), n. See Socmanry.

Sok"en (?), n. [Cf. Socome.] 1. A toll. See Soc, n., 2. [Obs.]

> Great sooken had this miller, out of doubt.

Chaucer.

2. A district held by socage.

So"ko (?), n. (Zoöl.) An African anthropoid ape, supposed to be a variety of the chimpanzee.

||Sol (?), n. [L.] 1. The sun.

2. (Alchem.) Gold; -- so called from its brilliancy, color, and value. Chaucer.

Sol (?), n. [It.] (Mus.) (a) A syllable applied in solmization to the note G, or to the fifth tone of any diatonic scale. (b) The tone itself.

Sol (?), n. [See Sou.] 1. A sou.

2. A silver and gold coin of Peru. The silver sol is the unit of value, and is worth about 68 cents.

||So"la (?), a. [L., fem. of solus.] See Solus.

So"la, n. [Native name.] (Bot.) A leguminous plant (Æschynomene aspera) growing in moist places in Southern India and the East Indies. Its pithlike stem is used for making hats, swimming-jackets, etc. [Written also solah, shola.]

Sol"ace (?), n. [OF. solas, ssoulaz, L. solacium, solatium, fr. solari to comfort, console. Cf. Console, v. t.] 1. Comfort in grief; alleviation of grief or anxiety; also, that which relieves in distress; that which cheers or consoles; relief.

> In business of mirth and of solace.

Chaucer.

> The proper solaces of age are not music and compliments, but wisdom and devotion.

Rambler.

2. Rest; relaxation; ease. [Obs.]

> To make his steed some solace.

Chaucer.

Syn. -- Comfort; consolation; alleviation; relief.

Sol"ace, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Solaced (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Solacing (?).] [OF. solacier, soulacier, F. solacier, LL. solatiare. See Solace, n.] 1. To cheer in grief or under calamity; to comfort; to relieve in affliction, solitude, or discomfort; to console; -- applied to persons; as, to solace one with the hope of future reward.

2. To allay; to assuage; to soothe; as, to solace grief.

Syn. -- To comfort; assuage; allay. See Comfort.

Sol"ace, v. i. To take comfort; to be cheered. Shak.

Sol"ace*ment (?), n. The act of solacing, or the state of being solaced; also, that which solaces. [R.]

So*la"cious (?), a. [Cf. OF. solacieux.] Affording solace; as, a solacious voice. [Obs.] Bale.

Sol`a*na"ceous (?), a. (Bot.) Of or pertaining to plants of the natural order Solanaceæ, of which the nightshade (Solanum) is the type. The order includes also the tobacco, ground cherry, tomato, eggplant, red pepper, and many more.

So"land (?), n. (Zoöl.) A solan goose.

So*lan"der (?), n. See Sallenders.

So"lan goose` (?). [Icel. s&?;la; akin to Norw. sula.] (Zoöl.) The common gannet.

So*la"ni*a (?), n. [NL.] (Chem.) Solanine.

So*lan"i*cine (?), n. [See Solanine.] (Chem.) An alkaloid produced by the action of hydrochloric acid on solanidine, as a tasteless yellow crystalline substance.

So*lan"i*dine (?), n. [See Solanine.] (Chem.) An alkaloid produced by the decomposition of solanine, as a white crystalline substance having a harsh bitter taste.

Sol"a*nine (?), n. [L. solanum nightshade.] (Chem.) A poisonous alkaloid glucoside extracted from the berries of common nightshade (Solanum nigrum), and of bittersweet, and from potato sprouts, as a white crystalline substance having an acrid, burning taste; -- called also solonia, and solanina.

||So*la"no (?), [Sp., fr. L. solanus (sc. ventus), from sol the sun.] A hot, oppressive wind which sometimes blows in the Mediterranean, particularly on the eastern coast of Spain.

Sol"a*noid (?), a. [Solanum + -oid.] (Med.) Resembling a potato; -- said of a kind of cancer.

So*la"num (?), n. [L., nightshade.] (Bot.) A genus of plants comprehending the potato (S. tuberosum), the eggplant (S. melongena, and several hundred other species; nightshade.

So"lar (?), n. [OE. soler, AS. solere, L. solarium, from sol the sun. See Solar, a.] A loft or upper chamber; a garret room. [Obs.] [Written also soler, solere, sollar.] Oxf. Gloss.

So"lar, a. [L. solaris, fr. sol the sun; akin to As. sl, Icel. sl, Goth. sauil, Lith. saule, W. haul,. sul, Skr. svar, perhaps to E. sun:F. solaire. Cf. Parasol. Sun.] 1. Of or pertaining to the sun; proceeding from the sun; as, the solar system; solar light; solar rays; solar influence. See Solar system, below.

2. (Astrol.) Born under the predominant influence of the sun. [Obs.]

> And proud beside, as solar people are.

Dryden.

3. Measured by the progress or revolution of the sun in the ecliptic; as, the solar year.

4. Produced by the action of the sun, or peculiarly affected by its influence.

> They denominate some herbs solar, and some lunar.

Bacon.

Solar cycle. See under Cycle. -- Solar day. See Day, 2. -- Solar engine, an engine in which the energy of solar heat is used to produce motion, as in evaporating water for a steam engine, or expanding air for an air engine. -- Solar flowers (Bot.), flowers which open and shut daily at certain hours. -- Solar lamp, an argand lamp. -- Solar microscope, a microscope consisting essentially, first, of a mirror for reflecting a beam of sunlight through the tube, which sometimes is fixed in a window shutter; secondly, of a condenser, or large lens, for converging the beam upon the object; and, thirdly, of a small lens, or magnifier, for throwing an enlarged image of the object at its focus upon a screen in a dark room or in a darkened box.

-- Solar month. See under Month. -- Solar oil, a paraffin oil used an illuminant and lubricant. -- Solar phosphori (Physics), certain substances, as the diamond, siulphide of barium (Bolognese or Bologna phosphorus), calcium sulphide, etc., which become phosphorescent, and shine in the dark, after exposure to sunlight or other intense light. -- Solar plexus (Anat.), a nervous plexus situated in the dorsal and anterior part of the abdomen, consisting of several sympathetic ganglia with connecting and radiating nerve fibers; -- so called in allusion to the radiating nerve fibers. -- Solar spots. See Sun spots, under Sun. -- Solar system (Astron.), the sun, with the group of celestial bodies which, held by its attraction, revolve round it. The system comprises the major planets, with their satellites; the minor planets, or asteroids, and the comets; also, the meteorids, the matter that furnishes the zodiacal light, and the rings of Saturn. The satellites that revolve about the major planets are twenty-two in number, of which the Earth has one (see Moon.), Mars two, Jupiter five, Saturn nine, Uranus four, and Neptune one. The asteroids, between Mars and Jupiter, thus far discovered (1900), number about five hundred, the first four of which were found near the beginning of the century, and are called Ceres, Pallas, Juno, and Vesta.

The principal elements of the major planets, and of the comets seen at more than one perihelion passage, are exhibited in the following tables: --

-- Solar telegraph, telegraph for signaling by flashes of reflected sunlight. -- Solar time. See Apparent time, under Time.

||So*la"ri*um (?), n.; pl. Solaria (#). [L. See Solar, n.] 1. An apartment freely exposed to the sun; anciently, an apartment or inclosure on the roof of a house; in modern times, an apartment in a hospital, used as a resort for convalescents.

2. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of handsome marine spiral shells of the genus Solarium and allied genera. The shell is conical, and usually has a large, deep umbilicus exposing the upper whorls. Called also perspective shell.

So`lar*i*za"tion (?), n. (Photog.) Injury of a photographic picture caused by exposing it for too long a time to the sun's light in the camera; burning; excessive insolation.

So"lar*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Solarized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Solarizing (?).] (Photog.) To injure by too long exposure to the light of the sun in the camera; to burn.

So"lar*ize, v. i. (Photog.) To become injured by undue or too long exposure to the sun's rays in the camera.

So"la*ry (?), a. Solar. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Sol"as (?), n. Solace. [Obs.] Chaucer.

||So*la"ti*um (?), n. [L. See Solace, n.] Anything which alleviates or compensates for suffering or loss; a compensation; esp., an additional allowance, as for injured feelings.

Sold (?), imp. & p. p. of Sell.

Sold, n. [F. solde. See Soldier, and cf. Sou.] Solary; military pay. [Obs.] Spenser.

Sol"dan (?), n.[OE. soudan, F. soudan, from the Arabic. See Sultan.] A sultan. [Obs.] Milton.

Sol"da*nel (?), n. (Bot.) A plant of the genus Soldanella, low Alpine herbs of the Primrose family.

Sol"dan*rie (?), n. The country ruled by a soldan, or sultan. [Poet.] Sir W. Scott.

Sol"der (?), n. [Formerly soder; F. soudure, OF. soudeure, fr. OF. & F. souder to solder, L. solidare to fasten, to make solid. See Solid, and cf. Sawder.] A metal or metallic alloy used when melted for uniting adjacent metallic edges or surfaces; a metallic cement. Hence, anything which unites or cements.

Hard solder, a solder which fuses only at a red heat, as one composed of zinc and copper, or silver and copper, etc. -- Soft solder, a solder fusible at comparatively low temperatures; as, plumbers' solder, consisting of two parts lead and one part tin, is a soft solder.

Sol"der, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Soldered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Soldering.] [Formerlysoder. See Solder, n.] 1. To unite (metallic surfaces or edges) by the intervention of a more fusible metal or metallic alloy applied when melted; to join by means of metallic cement.

2. To mend; to patch up. "To solder up a broken cause." Hooker.

Sol"der*er (?), n. One who solders.

Sol"der*ing, a. & n. from Solder, v. t.

Soldering iron, Soldering tool, an instrument for soldering, consisting of a bit or bolt of copper having a pointed or wedge-shaped end, and furnished with a handle.

Sol"dier (?), n. [OE. souldier, soudiour, souder, OF. soldier, soldoier, soldeier, sodoier, soudoier, soudier, fr. L. solidus a piece of money (hence applied to the pay of a soldier), fr. solidus solid. See Solid, and cf. Sold, n.] 1. One who is engaged in military service as an officer or a private; one who serves in an army; one of an organized body of combatants.

> I am a soldier and unapt to weep.

Shak.

2. Especially, a private in military service, as distinguished from an officer.

> It were meet that any one, before he came to be a captain, should have been a soldier.

Spenser.

3. A brave warrior; a man of military experience and skill, or a man of distinguished valor; -- used by way of emphasis or distinction. Shak.

4. (Zoöl.) The red or cuckoo gurnard (Trigla pini.) [Prov. Eng.]

5. (Zoöl.) One of the asexual polymorphic forms of white ants, or termites, in which the head and jaws are very large and strong. The soldiers serve to defend the nest. See Termite.

Soldier beetle (Zoöl.), an American carabid beetle (Chauliognathus Americanus) whose larva feeds upon other insects, such as the plum curculio. -- Soldier bug (Zoöl.), any hemipterous insect of the genus Podisus and allied genera, as the spined soldier bug (Podius spinosus). These bugs suck the blood of other insects. -- Soldier crab (Zoöl.) (a) The hermit crab. (b) The fiddler crab. -- Soldier fish (Zoöl.), a bright-colored etheostomoid fish (Etheostoma cœruleum) found in the Mississippi River; -- called also blue darter, and rainbow darter. -- Soldier fly (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of small dipterous flies of the genus Stratyomys and allied genera. They are often bright green, with a metallic luster, and are ornamented on the sides of the back with markings of yellow, like epaulets or shoulder straps. -- Soldier moth (Zoöl.), a large geometrid moth (Euschema militaris), having the wings bright yellow with bluish black lines and spots. -- Soldier orchis (Bot.), a kind of orchis (Orchis militaris).

Sol"dier, v. i. 1. To serve as a soldier.

2. To make a pretense of doing something, or of performing any task. [Colloq.U.S.]

In this sense the vulgar pronounciation (s"jr) is jocosely preserved.

> It needs an opera glass to discover whether the leaders are pulling, or only soldiering.

C. D. Warner.

Sol"dier*ess, n. A female soldier. [Obs.]

Sol"dier*ing, n. 1. The act of serving as a soldier; the state of being a soldier; the occupation of a soldier.

2. The act of feigning to work. See the Note under Soldier, v. i., 2. [Colloq. U.S.]

Sol"dier*like" (?), a. Like a soldier; soldierly.

Sol"dier*ly, a. Like or becoming a real soldier; brave; martial; heroic; honorable; soldierlike. "Soldierly discipline." Sir P. Sidney.

Sol"dier*ship, n. Military qualities or state; martial skill; behavior becoming a soldier. [R.] Shak.

Sol"dier*wood` (?), n. (Bot.) A showy leguminous plant (Calliandra purpurea) of the West Indies. The flowers have long tassels of purple stamens.

Sol"dier*y (?), n. 1. A body of soldiers; soldiers, collectivelly; the military.

> A camp of faithful soldiery.

Milton.

2. Military service. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney.

||Sol"do (?), n.; pl. Soldi (#). [It. See Sou.] A small Italian coin worth a sou or a cent; the twentieth part of a lira.

Sole (?), n. [F. sole, L. solea; -- so named from its flat shape. See Sole of the foot.] (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of several species of flatfishes of the genus Solea and allied genera of the family Soleidæ, especially the common European species (Solea vulgaris), which is a valuable food fish. (b) Any one of several American flounders somewhat resembling the true sole in form or quality, as the California sole (Lepidopsetta bilineata), the long-finned sole (Glyptocephalus zachirus), and other species.

Lemon, or French, sole (Zoöl.), a European species of sole (Solea pegusa). -- Smooth sole (Zoöl.), the megrim.

<! p. 1368 !>

Sole (?), n. [AS. sole, fr. L. soolea (or rather an assumed L. sola), akin to solumround, soil, sole of the foot. Cf. Exile, Saloon, Soil earth, Sole the fish.] 1. The bottom of the foot; hence, also, rarely, the foot itself.

> The dove found no rest for the sole of her foot.

Gen. viii. 9.

> Hast wandered through the world now long a day,
> Yet ceasest not thy weary soles to lead.

Spenser.

2. The bottom of a shoe or boot, or the piece of leather which constitutes the bottom.

> The "caliga" was a military shoe, with a very thick sole, tied above the instep.

Arbuthnot.

3. The bottom or lower part of anything, or that on which anything rests in standing. Specifially: (a) (Agric.) The bottom of the body of a plow; -- called also slade; also, the bottom of a furrow. (b) (Far.) The horny substance under a horse's foot, which protects the more tender parts. (c) (Fort.) The bottom of an embrasure. (d) (Naut.) A piece of timber attached to the lower part of the rudder, to make it even with the false keel. Totten. (e) (Mining) The seat or bottom of a mine; -- applied to horizontal veins or lodes.

Sole leather, thick, strong, used for making the soles of boots and shoes, and for other purposes.

Sole, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Soled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Soling.] To furnish with a sole; as, to sole a shoe.

Sole, a. [L. solus, or OF. sol, F. seul (fr. L. solus; cf. L. sollus whole, entire. Cf. Desolate, Solemn, Solo, Sullen.] 1. Being or acting without another; single; individual; only. "The sole son of my queen." Shak.

> He, be sure . . . first and last will reign
> Sole king.

Milton.

2. (Law) Single; unmarried; as, a feme sole.

Corporation sole. See the Note under Corporation.

Syn. -- Single; individual; only; alone; solitary.

Sol"e*cism (?), n.[F. solécisme, L. soloecismus, Gr. soloikismo`s, fr. soloiki`zein to speak or write incorrectly, fr. so`loikos speaking incorrectly, from the corruption of the Attic dialect among the Athenian colonists of So`loi in Cilicia.] 1. An impropriety or incongruity of language in the combination of words or parts of a sentence; esp., deviation from the idiom of a language or from the rules of syntax.

> A barbarism may be in one word; a solecism must be of more.

Johnson.

2. Any inconsistency, unfitness, absurdity, or impropriety, as in deeds or manners.

> Cæsar, by dismissing his guards and retaining his power, committed a dangerous solecism in politics.

C. Middleton.

> The idea of having committed the slightest solecism in politeness was agony to him.

Sir W. Scott.

Syn. -- Barbarism; impropriety; absurdity.

Sol"e*cist (?), n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?;.] One who commits a solecism. Blackwall.

Sol`e*cis"tic (?), a. Solecistical.

Sol`e*cis"tic*al (?), a. Pertaining to, or involving, a solecism; incorrect. "He thought it made the language solecistical and absurd." Blackwall.

Sol`e*cis"tic*al*ly, adv. In a solecistic manner.

Sol"e*cize (?), v. i. [Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;&?;.] To commit a solecism. [R.] Dr. H. More.

Sole"ly (?), adv. Singly; alone; only; without another; as, to rest a cause solely one argument; to rely solelyn one's own strength.

Sol"emn (?), a. [OE. solempne, OF. solempne, L. solemnis, solennis, sollemnis, sollennis; sollus all, entire + annus a year; properly, that takes place every year; -- used especially of religious solemnities. Cf. Silly, Annual.] 1. Marked with religious rites and pomps; enjoined by, or connected with, religion; sacred.

> His holy rites and solemn feasts profaned.

Milton.

> The worship of this image was advanced, and a solemn supplication observed everry year.

Bp. Stillingfleet.

2. Pertaining to a festival; festive; festal. [Obs.] "On this solemn day." Chaucer.

3. Stately; ceremonious; grand. [Archaic]

> His feast so solemn and so rich.

Chaucer.

> To-night we hold a splemn supper.

Shak.

4. Fitted to awaken or express serious reflections; marked by seriousness; serious; grave; devout; as, a solemn promise; solemn earnestness.

> Nor wanting power to mitigate and swage
> With solemn touches troubled thoughts.

Milton.

> There reigned a solemn silence over all.

Spenser.

5. Real; earnest; downright. [Obs. & R.]

> Frederick, the emperor, . . . has spared no expense in strengthening this city; since which time we find no solemn taking it by the Turks.

Fuller.

6. Affectedly grave or serious; as, to put on a solemn face. "A solemn coxcomb." Swift.

7. (Law) Made in form; ceremonious; as, solemn war; conforming with all legal requirements; as, probate in solemn form. Burrill. Jarman. Greenleaf.

Solemn League and Covenant. See Covenant, 2.

Syn. -- Grave; formal; ritual; ceremonial; sober; serious; reverential; devotional; devout. See Grave.

Sol"em*ness (?), n. Solemnness.

> Some think he wanted solemnes.

Sir H. Wotton.

So*lem"ni*ty (?), n.; pl. Solemnities (#). [L. solemnitas, solennitas: cf. F. solennité, solemnité, OF. also sollempnité.] 1. A rite or ceremony performed with religious reverence; religious or ritual ceremony; as, the solemnity of a funeral, a sacrament.

> Great was the cause; our old solemnities
> From no blind zeal or fond tradition rise,
> But saved from death, our Argives yearly pay
> These grateful honors to the god of day.

Pope.

2. ceremony adapted to impress with awe.

> The forms and solemnities of the last judgment.

Atterburry.

3. Ceremoniousness; impressiveness; seriousness; grave earnestness; formal dignity; gravity.

> With much glory and great solemnity.

Chaucer.

> The statelines and gravity of the Spaniards shows itself in the solemnity of their language.

Addison.

> These promises were often made with great solemnity and confirmed with an oath.

J. Edwards.

4. Hence, affected gravity or seriousness.

> Solemnity 's a cover for a sot.

Young.

5. Solemn state or feeling; awe or reverence; also, that which produces such a feeling; as, the solemnity of an audience; the solemnity of Westminster Abbey.

6. (Law) A solemn or formal observance; proceeding according to due form; the formality which is necessary to render a thing done valid.

So*lem"ni*zate (?), v. t. To solemnize; as, to solemnizate matrimony. [R.] Bp. Burnet.

Sol`em*ni*za"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. solemnisation, solennisation.] The act of solemnizing; celebration; as, the solemnization of a marriage.

Sol"em*nize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Solemnized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Solemnizing (?).] [Cf. F. solemniser, sollemniser.] 1. To perform with solemn or ritual ceremonies, or according to legal forms.

> Baptism to be administered in one place, and marriage solemnized in another.

Hooker.

2. To dignify or honor by ceremonies; to celebrate.

> Their choice nobility and flowers . . .
> Met from all parts to solemnize this feast.

Milton.

3. To make grave, serious, and reverential.

> Wordsworth was solemnizzed and elevated by this his first look on Yarrow.

J. C. Shairp.

> Every Israelite . . . arose, solemnized his face, looked towards Jerusalem . . . and prayed.

L. Wallace.

Sol"em*nize, n. Solemnization. [R.]

> Though spoused, yet wanting wedlock's solemnize.

Spenser.

Sol"em*ni`zer (?), n. One who solemnizes.

Sol"emn*ly (?), adv. In a solemn manner; with gravity; seriously; formally.

> There in deaf murmurs solemnly are wise.

Dryden.

> I do solemnly assure the reader.

Swift.

Sol"emn*ness, n. The state or quality of being solemn; solemnity; impressiveness; gravity; as, the solemnness of public worship. [Written also solemness.]

So*lemp"ne (?), a. [See Solemn.] Solemn; grand; stately; splendid; magnificent. [Obs.] Chaucer.

||So"len (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;&?;&?; channel, a shellfish.] 1. (Med.) A cradle, as for a broken limb. See Cradle, 6.

2. (Zoöl.) Any marine bivalve mollusk belonging to Solen or allied genera of the family Solenidæ; a razor shell.

Sol`e*na"cean (?), n. (Zoöl). Any species of marine bivalve shells belonging to the family Solenidæ.

Sol`e*na"ceous (?), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the solens or family Solenidæ.

Sole"ness (?), n. The state of being sole, or alone; singleness. [R.] Chesterfield.

Sole*nette" (?), n. (Zoöl.) A small European sole (Solea minuta).

||So*le`no*con"cha (?), n. pl. [NL. See Solen, and Conch.] (Zoöl.) Same as Scaphopoda.

So*le"no*don (?), n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?; a channel + &?;&?;&?;&?;, &?;&?;&?;, a tooth.] (Zoöl.) Either one of two species of singular West Indian insectivores, allied to the tenrec. One species (Solendon paradoxus), native of St. Domingo, is called also agouta; the other (S. Cubanus), found in Cuba, is called almique.

So*le`no*gas"tra (?), n. pl. [NL., from Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?; channel + &?;&?;&?;&?;, &?;&?;&?;&?;, stomach.] (Zoöl.) An order of lowly organized Mollusca belonging to the Isopleura. A narrow groove takes the place of the foot of other gastropods.

So*le"no*glyph (?), a. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the Selenoglypha. See Ophidia. -- n. One of the Selenoglypha.

||So`le*nog"ly*pha (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?; a channel + &?;&?;&?;&?; to engrave.] (Zoöl.) A suborder of serpents including those which have tubular erectile fangs, as the viper and rattlesnake. See Fang.

So"len*oid (?), n.[Gr. &?;&?;&?; channel + -oid.] (Elec.) An electrodynamic spiral having the conjuctive wire turned back along its axis, so as to neutralize that component of the effect of the current which is due to the length of the spiral, and reduce the whole effect to that of a series of equal and parallel circular currents. When traversed by a current the solenoid exhibits polarity and attraction or repulsion, like a magnet.

||So`le*nos"to*mi (?), n. pl. [NL., from Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;&?; a channel + &?;&?;&?;&?; a mouth.] (Zoöl.) A tribe of lophobranch fishes having a tubular snout. The female carries the eggs in a ventral pouch.

Sole"plate` (?), n. (Mach.) (a) A bedplate; as, the soleplate of a steam engine. (b) The plate forming the back of a waterwheel bucket.

{ So"ler (?), So"lere (?), } n. [OE. See Solar, n.] A loft or garret. See Solar, n. Sir W. Scott.

So"lert (?), a. [L. solers, sollers, -ertis,clever, skillful.] Skillful; clever; crafty. [Obs.] Cudworth.

So*ler"tious*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being solert. [Obs.] Bp. Hacket.

Sole"ship (?), n. The state of being sole, or alone; soleness. [R.] Sir E. Dering.

Sol`-fa" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sol-faed (?);p. pr. & vb. n. Sol-faing.] [It. solfa the gamut, from the syllables fa, sol.] To sing the notes of the gamut, ascending or descending; as, do or ut, re, mi, fa, sol, la, si, do, or the same in reverse order.

> Yet can I neither solfe ne sing.

Piers Plowman.

Sol"-fa", n. The gamut, or musical scale. See Tonic sol-fa, under Tonic, n.

Sol`fa*na"ri*a (?), n. [It., from solfo sulphur.] A sulphur mine.

||Sol`fa*ta"ra (?), n.[It., from solfo brimstone, sulphur, L. sulfur, E. sulphur.] (Geol.) A volcanic area or vent which yields only sulphur vapors, steam, and the like. It represents the stages of the volcanic activity.

||Sol`feg*gia"re (?), v. i.[It.] (Mus.) To sol-fa. See Sol-fa, v. i.

||Sol*feg"gio (?), n.[It., fr. solfa the gamut.] (Mus.) The system of arranging the scale by the names do, re, mi, fa, sol, la, si, by which singing is taught; a singing exercise upon these syllables.

Sol`fe*ri"no (?), n. A brilliant deep pink color with a purplish tinge, one of the dyes derived from aniline; -- so called from Solferino in Italy, where a battle was fought about the time of its discovery.

||So"li (?), n., pl. of Solo.

So*lic"it (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Solicited; p. pr. & vb. n. Soliciting.] [F. sollicier, L. sollicitare, solicitare, -atum, fr. sollicitus wholly (i. e., violently) moved; sollus whole + citus, p. p. of ciere to move, excite. See Solemn, Cite.] 1. To ask from with earnestness; to make petition to; to apply to for obtaining something; as, to solicit person for alms.

> Did I solicit thee
> From darkness to promote me?

Milton.

2. To endeavor to obtain; to seek; to plead for; as, to solicit an office; to solicit a favor.

> I view my crime, but kindle at the view,
> Repent old pleasures, and solicit new.

Pope.

3. To awake or excite to action; to rouse desire in; to summon; to appeal to; to invite.

> That fruit . . . solicited her longing eye.

Milton.

> Sounds and some tangible qualities solicit their proper senses, and force an entrance to the mind.

Locke.

4. To urge the claims of; to plead; to act as solicitor for or with reference to. [Obs.]

> Should
> My brother henceforth study to forget
> The vow that he hath made thee, I would ever
> Solicit thy deserts.

Ford.

5. To disturb; to disquiet; -- a Latinism rarely used.

> Hath any ill solicited thine ears?

Chapman.

> But anxious fears solicit my weak breast.

Dryden.

Syn. To beseech; ask; request; crave; supplicate; entreat; beg; implore; importune. See Beseech.

So*lic"it*ant (?), n.[L. sollicitans, p. pr. ] One who solicits.

So*lic"it*ate (?), a. Solicitous. [Obs.] Eden.

So*lic`i*ta"tion (?), n. [F. sollicitation, or L. sollicitatio.] 1. The act of soliciting; earnest request; persistent asking; importunity.

2. Excitement; invitation; as, the solicitation of the senses. Locke.

So*lic"it*or (?), n. [F. solliciteur, L. sollicitator.] 1. One who solicits.

2. (Law) (a) An attorney or advocate; one who represents another in court; -- formerly, in English practice, the professional designation of a person admitted to practice in a court of chancery or equity. See the Note under Attorney. (b) The law officer of a city, town, department, or government; as, the city solicitor; the solicitor of the treasury.

So*lic"it*or-gen"er*al (?), n. The second law officer in the government of Great Britain; also, a similar officer under the United States government, who is associated with the attorney-general; also, the chief law officer of some of the States.

So*lic"it*ous (?), a.[L. sollicitus, solicitus. See Solicit, v. t.] Disposed to solicit; eager to obtain something desirable, or to avoid anything evil; concerned; anxious; careful. "Solicitous of my reputation." Dryden. "He was solicitous for his advice." Calerendon.

> Enjoy the present, whatsoever it be, and be not solicitous about the future.

Jer. Taylor.

> The colonel had been intent upon other things, and not enough solicitous to finish the fortifications.

Clarendon.

-- So*lic"it*ous*ly, adv. -- So*lic"it*ous*ness, n.

So*lic"it*ress (?), n. A woman who solicits.

So*lic"i*tude (?), n. [F. sollicitude,r L. sollicitudo.] The state of being solicitous; uneasiness of mind occasioned by fear of evil or desire good; anxiety.

> The many cares and great labors of worldly men, their solicitude and outward shows.

Sir W. Raleigh.

> The mother looked at her with fond solicitude.

G. W. Cable.

Syn. -- Carefulness; concern; anxiety. See Care.

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Sol"id (sl"d), a. [L. solidus, probably akin to sollus whole, entire, Gr. &?;&?;&?;: cf. F. solide. Cf. Consolidate,Soda, Solder, Soldier, Solemn.] 1. Having the constituent parts so compact, or so firmly adhering, as to resist the impression or penetration of other bodies; having a fixed form; hard; firm; compact; -- opposed to fluid and liquid or to plastic, like clay, or to incompact, like sand.

2. Not hollow; full of matter; as, a solid globe or cone, as distinguished from a hollow one; not spongy; dense; hence, sometimes, heavy.

3. (Arith.) Having all the geometrical dimensions; cubic; as, a solid foot contains 1,728 solid inches.

In this sense, cubics now generally used.

4. Firm; compact; strong; stable; unyielding; as, a solid pier; a solid pile; a solid wall.

5. Applied to a compound word whose parts are closely united and form an unbroken word; -- opposed to hyphened.

6. Fig.: Worthy of credit, trust, or esteem; substantial, as opposed to frivolous or fallacious; weighty; firm; strong; valid; just; genuine.

> The solid purpose of a sincere and virtuous answer.

Milton.

> These, wanting wit, affect gravity, and go by the name of solid men.

Dryden.

> The genius of the Italians wrought by solid toil what the myth-making imagination of the Germans had projected in a poem.

J. A. Symonds.

7. Sound; not weakly; as, a solid constitution of body. I. Watts.

8. (Bot.) Of a fleshy, uniform, undivided substance, as a bulb or root; not spongy or hollow within, as a stem.

9. (Metaph.) Impenetrable; resisting or excluding any other material particle or atom from any given portion of space; -- applied to the supposed ultimate particles of matter.

10. (Print.) Not having the lines separated by leads; not open.

11. United; without division; unanimous; as, the delegation is solid for a candidate. [Polit. Cant. U.S.]

Solid angle. (Geom.) See under Angle. -- Solid color, an even color; one not shaded or variegated. -- Solid green. See Emerald green (a), under Green. -- Solid measure (Arith.), a measure for volumes, in which the units are each a cube of fixed linear magnitude, as a cubic foot, yard, or the like; thus, a foot, in solid measure, or a solid foot, contains 1,728 solid inches. -- Solid newel (Arch.), a newel into which the ends of winding stairs are built, in distinction from a hollow newel. See under Hollow, a. -- Solid problem (Geom.), a problem which can be construed geometrically, only by the intersection of a circle and a conic section or of two conic sections. Hutton. -- Solid square (Mil.), a square body or troops in which the ranks and files are equal.

Syn. -- Hard; firm; compact; strong; substantial; stable; sound; real; valid; true; just; weighty; profound; grave; important. -- Solid, Hard. These words both relate to the internal constitution of bodies; but hardnotes a more impenetrable nature or a firmer adherence of the component parts than solid. Hard is opposed to soft, and solid to fluid, liquid, open, or hollow. Wood is usually solid; but some kinds of wood are hard, and others are soft.

> Repose you there; while I [return] to this hard house,
> More harder than the stones whereof 't is raised.

Shak.

> I hear his thundering voice resound,
> And trampling feet than shake the solid ground.

Dryden.

Sol"id, n. 1. A substance that is held in a fixed form by cohesion among its particles; a substance not fluid.

2. (Geom.) A magnitude which has length, breadth, and thickness; a part of space bounded on all sides.

Solid of revolution. (Geom.) See Revolution, n., 5.

||Sol`i*da"go (?), n. [NL., fr. L. solidare to strengthen, unite; -- so called in allusion to its reputed healing qualities.] (Bot.) A genus of yellow- flowered composite perennial herbs; golden-rod.

Sol"i*dare (?), n. [LL. solidus. Cf. Sou.] A small piece of money. [Obs.] Shak.

Sol`i*dar"i*ty (?), n. [F. solidarité, fr. solide. See Solid.] An entire union or consolidation of interests and responsibilities; fellowship; community.

> Solidarity [a word which we owe to the French Communists], signifies a fellowship in gain and loss, in honor and dishonor, in victory and defeat, a being, so to speak, all in the same boat.

Trench.

> The solidarity . . . of Breton and Welsh poetry.

M. Arnold.

Sol"i*da*ry (?), a. Having community of interests and responsibilities.

> Men are solidary, or copartners; and not isolated.

M. Arnold.

Sol"i*date (?), v. t. [L. solidatus, p. p. of solidare. See Solder.] To make solid or firm. [Obs.] Cowley.

So*lid"i*fi`a*ble (?), a. Capable of being solidified.

So*lid`i*fi*ca"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. solidification.] Act of solidifying, or state of being solidified.

So*lid"i*fy (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Solidified (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Solidifying (?).] [Solid + -fy: cf. F. solidifier.] To make solid or compact.

> Every machine is a solidified mechanical theorem.

H. Spencer.

So*lid"i*fy, v. i. To become solid; to harden.

Sol"id*ism (?), n. (Med.) The doctrine that refers all diseases to morbid changes of the solid parts of the body. It rests on the view that the solids alone are endowed with vital properties, and can receive the impression of agents tending to produce disease.

Sol"id*ist, n. (Med.) An advocate of, or believer in, solidism. Dunglison.

So*lid"i*ty (?), n. [L. soliditas: cf. F. solidité.] 1. The state or quality of being solid; density; consistency, -- opposed to fluidity; compactness; fullness of matter, -- opposed to openness or hollowness; strength; soundness, -- opposed to weakness or instability; the primary quality or affection of matter by which its particles exclude or resist all others; hardness; massiveness.

> That which hinders the approach of two bodies when they are moving one toward another, I call solidity.

Locke.

2. Moral firmness; soundness; strength; validity; truth; certainty; -- as opposed to weakness or fallaciousness; as, the solidity of arguments or reasoning; the solidity of principles, triuths, or opinions.

3. (Geom.) The solid contents of a body; volume; amount of inclosed space.

Syn. -- Firmness; solidness; hardness; density; compactness; strength; soundness; validity; certainty.

Sol"id*ly (?), adv. In a solid manner; densely; compactly; firmly; truly.

Sol"id*ness, n. 1. State or quality of being solid; firmness; compactness; solidity, as of material bodies.

2. Soundness; strength; truth; validity, as of arguments, reasons, principles, and the like.

||Sol`id*un"gu*la (?), n. pl. [NL., from L. solidus solid + ungula a hoof.] (Zoöl.) A tribe of ungulates which includes the horse, ass, and related species, constituting the family Equidæ.

Sol`id*un"gu*lar (?), a. (Zoöl.) Solipedous.

Sol`id*un"gu*late (?), n. [Solid + ungulate.] (Zool.) Same as Soliped.

Sol`id*un"gu*lous (?), a. (Zoöl.) Solipedous.

Sol`i*fid"i*an (?), n. [L. solus alone + fides faith.] (Eccl.) One who maintains that faith alone, without works, is sufficient for justification; -- opposed to nullifidian. Hammond.

Sol`i*fid"i*an, a. Holding the tenets of Solifidians; of or pertaining to the solifidians.

Sol`i*fid"i*an*ism, n. The state of Solifidians.

Sol"i*form (?), a. [L. sol sun + -form.] Like the sun in form, appearance, or nature; resembling the sun. [R.] "Soliform things." Cudworth.

||So*lif"u*gæ (?), n. pl. [NL., from L. solifuga (better solipuga), a kind of venomous ant, or spider.] (Zoöl.) A division of arachnids having large, powerful fangs and a segmented abdomen; -- called also Solpugidea, and Solpugides.

So*lil"o*quize (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Soliloquized (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Soliloquizing (#).] To utter a soliloquy; to talk to one's self.

So*lil"o*quy (?), n.; pl. Soliloquies (#). [L. soliloquium; solus alone + loqui to speak. See Sole ly, and Loquacious.] 1. The act of talking to one's self; a discourse made by one in solitude to one's self; monologue.

> Lovers are always allowed the comfort of soliloquy.

Spectator.

2. A written composition, reciting what it is supposed a person says to himself.

> The whole poem is a soliloquy.

Prior.

Sol"i*ped (?), n. [Cf. F. solipède, It. solipede, Sp. solipedo; apparently fr. L. solus alone + pes, pedis, a foot; but probably fr. L. solidipes solid-footed, whole-hoofed. See Solid, and Pedal.] (Zoöl.) A mammal having a single hoof on each foot, as the horses and asses; a solidungulate. [Written also solipede.]

> The solipeds, or firm-hoofed animals, as horses, asses, and mules, etc., -- they are, also, in mighty number.

Sir T. Browne.

So*lip"e*dous (?), a. Having single hoofs.

So*lip"sism (?), n. [L. solus alone + ipse self.] 1. (Ethics) Egotism. Krauth-Fleming.

2. (Metaph.) Egoism. Krauth- Fleming.

Sol`i*se"qui*ous (?), a. [L. sol sun + sequi to follow.] Following the course of the sun; as, solisequious plants. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Sol`i*taire" (?), n. [F. See Solitary.] 1. A person who lives in solitude; a recluse; a hermit. Pope.

2. A single diamond in a setting; also, sometimes, a precious stone of any kind set alone.

> Diamond solitaires blazing on his breast and wrists.

Mrs. R. H. Davis.

3. A game which one person can play alone; -- applied to many games of cards, etc.; also, to a game played on a board with pegs or balls, in which the object is, beginning with all the places filled except one, to remove all but one of the pieces by "jumping," as in draughts.

4. (Zoöl.) (a) A large extinct bird (Pezophaps solitaria) which formerly inhabited the islands of Mauritius and Rodrigeuz. It was larger and taller than the wild turkey. Its wings were too small for flight. Called also solitary. (b) Any species of American thrushlike birds of the genus Myadestes. They are noted their sweet songs and retiring habits. Called also fly-catching thrush. A West Indian species (Myadestes sibilans) is called the invisible bird.

Sol`i*ta"ri*an (?), n. [See Solitary.] A hermit; a solitary. [Obs.] Sir R. Twisden.

Sol`i*ta*ri"e*ty (?), n. The state of being solitary; solitariness. [Obs.] Cudworth.

Sol"i*ta*ri*ly (?), adv. In a solitary manner; in solitude; alone. Mic. vii. 14.

Sol"i*ta*ri*ness, n. Condition of being solitary.

Sol"i*ta*ry (?), a. [L. solitarius, fr. solus alone: cf. F. solitaire. See Sole, a., and cf. Solitaire.] 1. Living or being by one's self; having no companion present; being without associates; single; alone; lonely.

> Those rare and solitary, these in flocks.

Milton.

> Hie home unto my chamber,
> Where thou shalt find me, sad and solitary.

Shak.

2. Performed, passed, or endured alone; as, a solitary journey; a solitary life.

> Satan . . . explores his solitary flight.

Milton.

3. Not much visited or frequented; remote from society; retired; lonely; as, a solitary residence or place.

4. Not inhabited or occupied; without signs of inhabitants or occupation; desolate; deserted; silent; still; hence, gloomy; dismal; as, the solitary desert.

> How doth the city sit solitary, that was full of people.

Lam. i. 1.

> Let that night be solitary; let no joyful voice come therein.

Job iii. 7.

5. Single; individual; sole; as, a solitary instance of vengeance; a solitary example.

6. (Bot.) Not associated with others of the same kind.

Solitary ant (Zoöl.), any solitary hymenopterous insect of the family Mutillidæ. The female of these insects is destitute of wings and has a powerful sting. The male is winged and resembles a wasp. Called also spider ant. -- Solitary bee (Zoöl.), any species of bee which does not form communities. -- Solitary sandpiper (Zoöl.), an American tattler (Totanus solitarius). -- Solitary snipe (Zoöl.), the great snipe. [Prov. Eng.] -- Solitary thrush (Zoöl.) the starling. [Prov. Eng.]

Sol"i*ta*ry (?), n. One who lives alone, or in solitude; an anchoret; a hermit; a recluse.

Sol"i*tude (?), n. [F., from L. solitudo, solus alone. See Sole, a.] 1. state of being alone, or withdrawn from society; a lonely life; loneliness.

> Whosoever is delighted with solitude is either a wild beast or a god.

Bacon.

> O Solitude! where are the charms
> That sages have seen in thy face?

Cowper.

2. Remoteness from society; destitution of company; seclusion; -- said of places; as, the solitude of a wood.

> The solitude of his little parish is become matter of great comfort to him.

Law.

3. solitary or lonely place; a desert or wilderness.

> In these deep solitudes and awful cells
> Where heavenly pensive contemplation dwells.

Pope.

Syn. Loneliness; soitariness; loneness; retiredness; recluseness. -- Solitude, Retirement, Seclusion, Loneliness. Retirement is a withdrawal from general society, implying that a person has been engaged in its scenes. Solitude describes the fact that a person is alone; seclusion, that he is shut out from others, usually by his own choice; loneliness, that he feels the pain and oppression of being alone. Hence, retirement is opposed to a gay, active, or public life; solitude, to society; seclusion, to freedom of access on the part of others; and loneliness, enjoyment of that society which the heart demands.

> O blest retirement, friend to life's decline.

Goldsmith.

> Such only can enjoy the country who are capable of thinking when they are there; then they are prepared for solitude; and in that [the country] solitude is prepared for them.

Dryden.

> It is a place of seclusion from the external world.

Bp. Horsley.

> These evils . . . seem likely to reduce it [a city] ere long to the loneliness and the insignificance of a village.

Eustace.

So*liv"a*gant (?), a. [L. solus alone + vagans wandering.] Wandering alone. [R.] T. Grander.

So*liv"a*gous (?), a. [L. solivagus.] Solivagant.

Sol"lar (?), n. 1. See Solar, n. [Obs.]

2. (Mining) A platform in a shaft, especially one of those between the series of ladders in a shaft.

Sol"lar, v. t. To cover, or provide with, a sollar.

Sol"lein (?), a. Sullen; sad. [Obs.] Spenser.

Sol*ler*et" (?), n. [F. soleretim. fr. OF. soler shoe.] A flexible steel shoe (or one of the plates forming such a shoe), worn with mediæval armor.

Sol`mi*za"tion (?), n. [F. solmisation, fr. solmiser to sol-fa; -- called from the musical notes sol, mi. See Sol-fa.] (Mus.) The act of sol-faing. [Written also solmisation.]

This art was practiced by the Greeks; but six of the seven syllables now in use are generally attributed to Guido d' Arezzo, an Italian monk of the eleventh century, who is said to have taken them from the first syllables of the first six lines of the following stanza of a monkish hymn to St. John the Baptist. --

> Ut queant laxis
> Resonare fibris
> Mira gestorum
> Famuli tuorum
> Solve polluti
> Labii reatum,
> Sancte Joannes.

Professor Skeat says the name of the seventh note, si, was also formed by him [Guido] from the initials of the two words of the last line; but this is disputed, Littré attributing the first use of it to Anselm of Flanders long afterwards. The syllable do is often substituted for ut.

So"lo (?), n.; pl. E. Solos (#), It. Soli (#). [It., from L. solus alone. See Sole, a.] (Mus.) A tune, air, strain, or a whole piece, played by a single person on an instrument, or sung by a single voice.

So"lo*ist, n. (Mus.) One who sings or plays a solo.

Sol"o*mon (?), n. One of the kings of Israel, noted for his superior wisdom and magnificent reign; hence, a very wise man. -- Sol`o*mon"ic (#), a.

Solomon's seal (Bot.), a perennial liliaceous plant of the genus Polygonatum, having simple erect or curving stems rising from thick and knotted rootstocks, and with white or greenish nodding flowers. The commonest European species is Polygonatum multiflorum. P. biflorum and P. giganteum are common in the Eastern United States. See Illust. of Rootstock. -- False Solomon's seal (Bot.), any plant of the liliaceous genus Smilacina having small whitish flowers in terminal racemes or panicles.

So"lon (?), n. A celebrated Athenian lawmaker, born about 638 b. c.; hence, a legislator; a publicist; -- often used ironically.

Sol*pu"gid (?), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Solifugæ. -- n. One of the Solifugæ.

||Sol`pu*gid"e*a (?), n. pl. [NL. See Solifugæ.] (Zoöl.) Same as Solifugæ.

Sol"stice (?), n.[L. solstitium; sol the sun + sistere to cause to stand, akin to stare to stand: cf. F. solstice. See Solar, a., Stand, v. i.] 1. A stopping or standing still of the sun. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

2. (Astron.) (a) The point in the ecliptic at which the sun is farthest from the equator, north or south, namely, the first point of the sign Cancer and the first point of the sign Capricorn, the former being the summer solstice, latter the winter solstice, in northern latitudes; -- so called because the sun then apparently stands still in its northward or southward motion. (b) The time of the sun's passing the solstices, or solstitial points, namely, about June 21 and December 21. See Illust. in Appendix.

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Sol*sti"tial (?), a. [L. solstitialis: cf. F. solsticial.] 1. Of or pertaining to a solstice.

2. Happening at a solstice; esp. (with reference to the northern hemisphere), happening at the summer solstice, or midsummer. "Solstitial summer's heat." Milton.

Sol`u*bil"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. solubilité.] 1. The quality, condition, or degree of being soluble or solvable; as, the solubility of a salt; the solubility of a problem or intricate difficulty.

2. (Bot.) The tendency to separate readily into parts by spurious articulations, as the pods of tick trefoil.

Sol"u*ble (?), a. [L. solubilis, fr. solvere, solutum, to loosen, to dissolve: cf. F. soluble. See Solve, and cf. Solvable.] 1. Susceptible of being dissolved in a fluid; capable of solution; as, some substances are soluble in alcohol which are not soluble in water.

> Sugar is . . . soluble in water and fusible in fire.

Arbuthnot.

2. Susceptible of being solved; as, a soluble algebraic problem; susceptible of being disentangled, unraveled, or explained; as, the mystery is perhaps soluble. "More soluble is this knot." Tennyson.

3. Relaxed; open or readily opened. [R.] "The bowels must be kept soluble." Dunglison.

Soluble glass. (Chem.) See under Glass.

Sol"u*ble*ness, n. Quality or state of being soluble.

{ ||So"lus (?), masc. a., So"la (?), fem. a. } [L.] Alone; -- chiefly used in stage directions, and the like.

So*lute" (?), a. [L. solutus, p. p. of solvere to loosen. See Solve.] 1. Loose; free; liberal; as, a solute interpretation. [Obs.] Bacon.

2. Relaxed; hence; merry; cheerful. [R.]

> A brow solute, and ever-laughing eye.

Young.

3. Soluble; as, a solute salt. [Obs.]

4. (Bot.) Not adhering; loose; -- opposed to adnate; as, a solute stipule.

So*lute", v. t. 1. To dissolve; to resolve. [Obs.]

2. To absolve; as, to solute sin. [Obs.] Bale.

So*lu"tion (s*l"shn), n. [OE. solucion, OF. solucion, F. solution, fr. L. solutio, fr. solvere, solutum, to loosen, dissolve. See Solve.] 1. The act of separating the parts of any body, or the condition of undergoing a separation of parts; disruption; breach.

> In all bodies there is an appetite of union and evitation of solution of continuity.

Bacon.

2. The act of solving, or the state of being solved; the disentanglement of any intricate problem or difficult question; explanation; clearing up; -- used especially in mathematics, either of the process of solving an equation or problem, or the result of the process.

3. The state of being dissolved or disintegrated; resolution; disintegration.

> It is unquestionably an enterprise of more promise to assail the nations in their hour of faintness and solution, than at a time when magnificent and seductive systems of worship were at their height of energy and splendor.

I. Taylor.

4. (Chem.Phys.) The act or process by which a body (whether solid, liquid, or gaseous) is absorbed into a liquid, and, remaining or becoming fluid, is diffused throughout the solvent; also, the product resulting from such absorption.

When a solvent will not take in any more of a substance the solution is said to be saturated. Solution is of two kinds; viz.: (a) Mechanical solution, in which no marked chemical change takes place, and in which, in the case of solids, the dissolved body can be regained by evaporation, as in the solution of salt or sugar in water. (b) Chemical solution, in which there is involved a decided chemical change, as when limestone or zinc undergoes solution in hydrochloric acid. Mechanical solution is regarded as a form of molecular or atomic attraction, and is probably occasioned by the formation of certain very weak and unstable compounds which are easily dissociated and pass into new and similar compounds.

This word is not used in chemistry or mineralogy for fusion, or the melting of bodies by the heat of fire.

5. Release; deliverance; discharge. [Obs.] Barrow.

6. (Med.) (a) The termination of a disease; resolution. (b) A crisis. (c) A liquid medicine or preparation (usually aqueous) in which the solid ingredients are wholly soluble. U. S. Disp.

Fehling's solution (Chem.), a standardized solution of cupric hydrate in sodium potassium tartrate, used as a means of determining the reducing power of certain sugars and sirups by the amount of red cuprous oxide thrown down. -- Heavy solution (Min.), a liquid of high density, as a solution of mercuric iodide in potassium iodide (called the Sonstadt or Thoulet solution) having a maximum specific gravity of 3.2, or of borotungstate of cadmium (Klein solution, specific gravity 3.6), and the like. Such solutions are much used in determining the specific gravities of minerals, and in separating them when mechanically mixed as in a pulverized rock. -- Nessler's solution. See Nesslerize. -- Solution of continuity, the separation of connection, or of connected substances or parts; -- applied, in surgery, to a fracture, laceration, or the like. "As in the natural body a wound, or solution of continuity, is worse than a corrupt humor, so in the spiritual." Bacon. -- Standardized solution (Chem.), a solution which is used as a reagent, and is of a known and standard strength; specifically, a normal solution, containing in each cubic centimeter as many milligrams of the element in question as the number representing its atomic weight; thus, a normal solution of silver nitrate would contain 107.7 mgr. of silver in each cubic centimeter.

Sol"u*tive (sl"*tv), a. [Cf. F. solutif.] Tending to dissolve; loosening; laxative. Bacon.

Solv`a*bil"i*ty (?), n. [F. solvabilité.] 1. The quality or state of being solvable; as, the solvability of a difficulty; the solvability of a problem.

2. The condition of being solvent; ability to pay all just debts; solvency; as, the solvability of a merchant.

Solv"a*ble (?), a. [F. solvable. See Solve, and cf. Soluble, Solvible.] 1. Susceptible of being solved, resolved, or explained; admitting of solution.

2. Capable of being paid and discharged; as, solvable obligations. Tooke.

3. Able to pay one's debts; solvent. [Obs.] Fuller.

Solv"a*ble*ness (?), n. Quality of being solvable.

Solve (slv), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Solved (slvd); p. pr. & vb. n. Solving.] [L. solvere, solutum; from a prefix so- expressing separation (cf. Sober) + luere to loosen; cf. OF. soldre, soudre. See Loose, and cf. Absolve.] To explain; to resolve; to unfold; to clear up (what is obscure or difficult to be understood); to work out to a result or conclusion; as, to solve a doubt; to solve difficulties; to solve a problem.

> True piety would effectually solve such scruples.

South.

> God shall solve the dark decrees of fate.

Tickell.

Syn. -- To explain; resolve; unfold; clear up.

Solve, n. A solution; an explanation. [Obs.] Shak.

Sol"ven*cy (sl"ven*s), n. [See Solvent.] The quality or state of being solvent.

Sol"vend (sl"vnd), n. [L. solvendus to be loosened or dissolved, fr. solvere. See Solution.] A substance to be dissolved. [R.]

Sol"vent (sl"vent), a. [L. solvens, p. pr. of solvere. See Solvable.] 1. Having the power of dissolving; dissolving; as, a solvent fluid. "The solvent body." Boyle.

2. Able or sufficient to pay all just debts; as, a solvent merchant; the estate is solvent.

Sol"vent, n. (Chem.) A substance (usually liquid) suitable for, or employed in, solution, or in dissolving something; as, water is the appropriate solvent of most salts, alcohol of resins, ether of fats, and mercury or acids of metals, etc.

2. That which resolves; as, a solvent of mystery.

Sol"ver (slv"r), n. One who, or that which, solves.

Solv"i*ble (-*b'l), a. See Solvable.

Sol"y (sl"), adv. Solely. [Obs.] Spenser.

||So"ma (s"m), n. [NL., fr. Gr. sw^ma, sw`matos, the body.] (Anat.) The whole axial portion of an animal, including the head, neck, trunk, and tail. B. G. Wilder.

{ So"maj" (s*mäj"), Sa*maj" (s*mäj") }, n. A society; a congregation, a worshiping assembly, or church, esp. of the Brahmo- somaj. [India]

{ So*ma"li (s*mä"l), So*mal" (s*mäl") }, n. (Ethnol.) A Hamitic people of East Central Africa.

So*mat"ic (s*mt"k), a. [Gr. swmatiko`s, fr. sw^ma the body.] 1. Of or pertaining to the body as a whole; corporeal; as, somatic death; somatic changes.

2. Of or pertaining to the wall of the body; somatopleuric; parietal; as, the somatic stalk of the yolk sac of an embryo.

Somatic death. See the Note under Death, n., 1.

So*mat"ic*al (?), a. Somatic.

So*mat"ics (?), n. The science which treats of the general properties of matter; somatology.

So"ma*tist (?), n. One who admits the existence of material beings only; a materialist. Glanvill.

So"ma*to*cyst (?), n. [Gr. sw^ma, sw`matos, body + ky`stis a bladder.] (Zoöl.) A cavity in the primary nectocalyx of certain Siphonophora. See Illust. under Nectocalyx.

So`ma*tol"o*gy (?), n. [Gr. sw^ma, sw`matos, body + -logy.] 1. The doctrine or the science of the general properties of material substances; somatics.

2. A treatise on the human body; anatomy. Dunglison.

So"ma*tome (?), n. [Gr. sw^ma, body + te`mnein to cut.] (Anat. & Zoöl.) See Somite.

So"ma*to*pleure (?), n. [Gr. sw^ma, sw`matos, body + pleyra` side.] (Anat.) The outer, or parietal, one of the two lamellæ into which the vertebrate blastoderm divides on either side of the notochord, and from which the walls of the body and the amnion are developed. See Splanchnopleure.

So`ma*to*pleu"ric (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the somatopleure.

So`ma*tot"ro*pism (?), n. [Gr. sw^ma, sw`matos, the body + tre`pein to turn.] (Physiol.) A directive influence exercised by a mass of matter upon growing organs. Encyc. Brit.

{ Som"ber, Som"bre } (?; 277), a. [F. sombre; cf. Sp. sombra, shade, prob. from LL. subumbrare to put in the shade; L. sub under + umbra shade. See Umbrage.] 1. Dull; dusky; somewhat dark; gloomy; as, a somber forest; a somber house.

2. Melancholy; sad; grave; depressing; as, a somber person; somber reflections.

> The dinner was silent and somber; happily it was also short.

Beaconsfield.

{ Som"ber, Som"bre }, v. t. To make somber, or dark; to make shady. [R.]

{ Som"ber, Som"bre }, n. Gloom; obscurity; duskiness; somberness. [Obs.]

{ Som"ber*ly, Som"bre*ly }, adv. In a somber manner; sombrously; gloomily; despondingly.

{ Som"ber*ness, Som"bre*ness }, n. The quality or state of being somber; gloominess.

||Som*bre"ro (?), n. [Sp., from sombra shade. See Sombre.] A kind of broad-brimmed hat, worn in Spain and in Spanish America. Marryat.

Som"brous (?), a. [Cf. Sp. sombroso.] Gloomy; somber. "Tall and sombrous pines." Longfellow.

-- Som"brous*ly, adv. -- Som"brous*ness, n.

-some (-sm). A combining form or suffix from Gr. sw^ma (gen. sw`matos) the body; as in merosome, a body segment; cephalosome, etc.

-some (-sm). [AS. -sum; akin to G. & OHG. -sam, Icel. samr, Goth. lustusams longed for. See Same, a., and cf. Some, a.] An adjective suffix having primarily the sense of like or same, and indicating a considerable degree of the thing or quality denoted in the first part of the compound; as in mettlesome, full of mettle or spirit; gladsome, full of gladness; winsome, blithesome, etc.

Some (sm), a. [OE. som, sum, AS. sum; akin to OS., OFries., & OHG. sum, OD. som, D. sommig, Icel. sumr, Dan. somme (pl.), Sw. somlige (pl.), Goth. sums, and E. same. √191. See Same, a., and cf. -some.] 1. Consisting of a greater or less portion or sum; composed of a quantity or number which is not stated; -- used to express an indefinite quantity or number; as, some wine; some water; some persons. Used also pronominally; as, I have some.

> Some theoretical writers allege that there was a time when there was no such thing as society.

Blackstone.

2. A certain; one; -- indicating a person, thing, event, etc., as not known individually, or designated more specifically; as, some man, that is, some one man. "Some brighter clime." Mrs. Barbauld.

> Some man praiseth his neighbor by a wicked intent.

Chaucer.

> Most gentlemen of property, at some period or other of their lives, are ambitious of representing their county in Parliament.

Blackstone.

3. Not much; a little; moderate; as, the censure was to some extent just.

4. About; near; more or less; -- used commonly with numerals, but formerly also with a singular substantive of time or distance; as, a village of some eighty houses; some two or three persons; some hour hence. Shak.

> The number slain on the rebel's part were some two thousand.

Bacon.

5. Considerable in number or quantity. "Bore us some leagues to sea." Shak.

> On its outer point, some miles away.
> The lighthouse lifts its massive masonry.

Longfellow.

6. Certain; those of one part or portion; -- in distinction from other or others; as, some men believe one thing, and others another.

> Some [seeds] fell among thorns; . . . but other fell into good ground.

Matt. xiii. 7, 8.

7. A part; a portion; -- used pronominally, and followed sometimes by of; as, some of our provisions.

> Your edicts some reclaim from sins,
> But most your life and blest example wins.

Dryden.

All and some, one and all. See under All, adv. [Obs.]

The illiterate in the United States and Scotland often use some as an adverb, instead of somewhat, or an equivalent expression; as, I am some tired; he is some better; it rains some, etc.

Some . . . some, one part . . . another part; these . . . those; -- used distributively.

> Some to the shores do fly,
> Some to the woods, or whither fear advised.

Daniel.

Formerly used also of single persons or things: this one . . . that one; one . . . another.

> Some in his bed, some in the deep sea.

Chaucer.

Some"bod*y (sm"bd*), n. 1. A person unknown or uncertain; a person indeterminate; some person.

> Jesus said, Somebody hath touched me.

Luke viii. 46.

> We must draw in somebody that may stand
> 'Twixt us and danger.

Denham.

2. A person of consideration or importance.

> Before these days rose up Theudas, boasting himself to be somebody.

Acts v. 36.

Some"deal` (-dl`), adv. In some degree; somewhat. [Written also sumdel, sumdeale, and sumdele.] [Obs.] "She was somedeal deaf." Chaucer.

> Thou lackest somedeal their delight.

Spenser.

Some"how` (-hou`), adv. In one way or another; in some way not yet known or designated; by some means; as, the thing must be done somehow; he lives somehow.

> By their action upon one another they may be swelled somehow, so as to shorten the length.

Cheyne.

The indefiniteness of somehow is emphasized by the addition of or other.

> Although youngest of the familly, he has somehow or other got the entire management of all the others.

Sir W. Scott.

{ Som"er*sault (?), Som"er*set (?) }, n. [F. soubresaut a jump, leap, OF. soubresault, It. soprassalto an overleap, fr. L. supra over + saltus a leap, fr. salire to leap; or the French may be from Sp. sobresalto a sudden asault, a surprise. See Supra, and Salient.] A leap in which a person turns his heels over his head and lights upon his feet; a turning end over end. [Written also summersault, sommerset, summerset, etc.] "The vaulter's sombersalts." Donne.

> Now I'll only
> Make him break his neck in doing a sommerset.

Beau. & Fl.

Some"thing (?), n. 1. Anything unknown, undetermined, or not specifically designated; a certain indefinite thing; an indeterminate or unknown event; an unspecified task, work, or thing.

> There is something in the wind.

Shak.

> The whole world has something to do, something to talk of, something to wish for, and something to be employed about.

Pope.

> Something attemped, something done,
> Has earned a night's repose.

Longfellow.

2. A part; a portion, more or less; an indefinite quantity or degree; a little.

> Something yet of doubt remains.

Milton.

> Something of it arises from our infant state.

I. Watts.

3. A person or thing importance.

> If a man thinketh himself to be something, when he is nothing, he deceiveth himself.

Gal. vi. 3.

Some"thing, adv. In some degree; somewhat; to some extent; at some distance. Shak.

> I something fear my father's wrath.

Shak.

> We have something fairer play than a reasoner could have expected formerly.

Burke.

> My sense of touch is something coarse.

Tennyson.

> It must be done to-night,
> And something from the palace.

Shak.

Some"time` (?), adv. 1. At a past time indefinitely referred to; once; formerly.

> Did they not sometime cry "All hail" to me?

Shak.

2. At a time undefined; once in a while; now and then; sometimes.

> Sometime we see a cloud that's dragonish,
> A vapor sometime like a bear or lion.

Shak.

3. At one time or other hereafter; as, I will do it sometime. "Sometime he reckon shall." Chaucer.

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Some"time` (sm"tm`), a. Having been formerly; former; late; whilom.

> Our sometime sister, now our queen.

Shak.

> Ion, our sometime darling, whom we prized.

Talfourd.

Some"times` (?), adv. [Sometime + adverbial ending -s, as in -wards.] 1. Formerly; sometime. [Obs.]

> That fair and warlike form
> In which the majesty of buried Denmark
> Did sometimes march.

Shak.

2. At times; at intervals; not always; now and then; occasionally.

> It is good that we sometimes be contradicted.

Jer. Taylor.

Sometimes . . . sometimes, at certain times . . . at certain other times; as, sometimes he is earnest, sometimes he is frivolous.

Some"times`, a. Former; sometime. [Obs.]

> Thy sometimes brother's wife.

Shak.

Some"what` (?), n. 1. More or less; a certain quantity or degree; a part, more or less; something.

> These salts have somewhat of a nitrous taste.

Grew.

> Somewhat of his good sense will suffer, in this transfusion, and much of the beauty of his thoughts will be lost.

Dryden.

2. A person or thing of importance; a somebody.

> Here come those that worship me.
> They think that I am somewhat.

Tennyson.

Some"what`, adv. In some degree or measure; a little.

> His giantship is gone, somewhat crestfallen.

Milton.

> Somewhat back from the village street.

Longfellow.

Some"when`, adv. At some indefinite time. [R.]

Some"where` (?), adv. In some place unknown or not specified; in one place or another. "Somewhere nigh at hand." Milton.

Some"while` (?), adv. Once; for a time.

> Though, under color of shepherds, somewhile
> There crept in wolves, full of fraud and guile.

Spenser.

Some"whith`er (?), adv. To some indeterminate place; to some place or other.

> Driven by the winds of temptation somewhither.

Barrow.

So"mite (s"mt), n. [Gr. sw^ma body.] (Anat. & Zoöl.) One of the actual or ideal serial segments of which an animal, esp. an articulate or vertebrate, is composed; somatome; metamere. -- So*mit`ic (#), a.

||Som`meil" (?), n. [F.] Slumber; sleep.

Som"mer*set (?), n. See Somersault.

Som*nam"bu*lar (?), a. Of or pertaining to somnambulism; somnambulistic. Mrs. Browning.

Som*nam"bu*late (?), v. i. & t. To walk when asleep.

Som*nam`bu*la"tion (?), n. [L. somnus sleep + ambulatio a walking about, from ambulare to walk. See Somnolent, Amble.] The act of walking in sleep.

Som*nam"bu*la`tor (?), n. A somnambulist.

Som*nam"bule (?), n. [F.] A somnambulist.

Som*nam"bu*lic (?), a. Somnambulistic.

Som*nam"bu*lism (?), n. [Cf. F. somnambulisme. See Somnambulation.] A condition of the nervous system in which an individual during sleep performs actions appropriate to the waking state; a state of sleep in which some of the senses and voluntary powers are partially awake; noctambulism.

Som*nam"bu*list (?), n. A person who is subject to somnambulism; one who walks in his sleep; a sleepwalker; a noctambulist.

Som*nam`bu*lis"tic (?), a. Of or pertaining to a somnambulist or somnambulism; affected by somnambulism; appropriate to the state of a somnambulist.

> Whether this was an intentional and waking departure, or a somnambulistic leave-taking and walking in her sleep, may remain a subject of contention.

Dickens.

Som"ne (?), v. t. To summon. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Som"ner (?), n. A summoner; esp., one who summons to an ecclesiastical court. [Obs.] Piers Plowman.

Som"ni*al (?), a. [L. somnialis dream bringing, fr. somnium dream, fr. somnus sleep.] Of or pertaining to sleep or dreams.

> The somnial magic superinduced on, without suspending, the active powers of the mind.

Coleridge.

Som"ni*a*tive (?), a. Somnial; somniatory. [R.]

Som"ni*a*to*ry (?), a. Pertaining to sleep or dreams; somnial. [Obs. or R.] Urquhart.

Som*nic"u*lous (?), a. [L. somniculosus.] Inclined to sleep; drowsy; sleepy. [Obs.]

Som*nif"er*ous (?), a. [L. somnifer; somnus sleep + ferre to bring.] Causing or inducing sleep; soporific; dormitive; as, a somniferous potion. Walton.

Som*nif"ic (?), a. [L. somnificus; somnus sleep + facere to make.] Causing sleep; somniferous.

Som*nif"u*gous (?), a. [L. somnus sleep + fugare to put to flight.] Driving away sleep. [Obs.]

Som*nil"o*quence (?), n. The act of talking in one's sleep; somniloquism.

Som*nil"o*quism (?), n. The act or habit of talking in one's sleep; somniloquy. Coleridge.

Som*nil"o*quist, n. One who talks in his sleep.

Som*nil"o*quous (?), a. [L. somnus sleep + loqui to speak.] Apt to talk in sleep.

Som*nil"o*quy (?), n. A talking in sleep; the talking of one in a state of somnipathy. [R.] Coleridge.

Som*nip"a*thist (?), n. A person in a state of somniapathy.

Som*nip"a*thy (?), n. [L. somnus sleep + Gr. &?; a suffering of the body, fr. &?;, &?;, to suffer.] Sleep from sympathy, or produced by mesmerism or the like. [Written also somnopathy.]

{ Som"no*lence (?), Som"no*len*cy (?) }, n. [L. somnolentia: cf. F. somnolence.] Sleepiness; drowsiness; inclination to sleep.

Som"no*lent (?), a. [F. somnolent, L. somnolentus, from somnus sleep, akin to Gr. &?;, Skr. svapna sleep, dream, svap to sleep, Icel. sofa, AS. swefn sleep. Cf. Hypnotic, Somnambulism, Soporific.] Sleepy; drowsy; inclined to sleep. -- Som"no*lent*ly, adv.

> He had no eye for such phenomena, because he had a somnolent want of interest in them.

De Quincey.

Som"no*lism (?), n. The somnolent state induced by animal magnetism. Thomas (Med. Dict.).

Som*nop"a*thy (?), n. Somnipathy.

Som"nour (?), n. A summoner; an apparitor; a sompnour. [Obs.] Piers Plowman.

{ Som"on*aunce (?), Som"once (?) }, n. [See Summon, Summons.] A summons; a citation. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Som"on*our (?), n. A summoner. [Obs.]

Somp"ne (? or ?), v. t. To summon; to cite. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Somp"nour (?), n. A summoner. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Son (?), n. [OE. sone, sune, AS. sunu; akin to D. zoon, OS., OFries., & OHG. sunu, G. sohn, Icel. sonr, Sw. son, Dan. sön, Goth. sunus, Lith. sunus, Russ. suin', Skr. snu (from s to beget, to bear), and Gr. &?; son. √293. Cf. Sow, n.] 1. A male child; the male issue, or offspring, of a parent, father or mother.

> Sarah conceived, and bare Abraham a son.

Gen. xxi. 2.

2. A male descendant, however distant; hence, in the plural, descendants in general.

> I am the son of the wise, the son of ancient kings.

Isa. xix. 11.

> I am the Lord, I change not; therefore ye sons of Jacob are not consumed.

Mal. iii. 6.

3. Any young male person spoken of as a child; an adopted male child; a pupil, ward, or any other young male dependent.

> The child grew, and she brought him unto Pharaoh's daughter, and he became her son.

Ex. ii. 10.

> Be plain, good son, and homely in thy drift.

Shak.

4. A native or inhabitant of some specified place; as, sons of Albion; sons of New England.

5. The produce of anything.

> Earth's tall sons, the cedar, oak, and pine.

Blackmore.

6. (Commonly with the def. article) Jesus Christ, the Savior; -- called the Son of God, and the Son of man.

> We . . . do testify that the Father sent the Son to be the Savior of the world.

1 John iv. 14.

> Who gave His Son sure all has given.

Keble.

The expressions son of pride, sons of light, son of Belial, are Hebraisms, which denote persons possessing the qualitites of pride, of light, or of Belial, as children inherit the qualities of their ancestors.

Sons of the prophets. See School of the prophets, under Prophet.

So"nance (?), n. 1. A sound; a tune; as, to sound the tucket sonance. [Obs.] Shak.

2. The quality or state of being sonant.

So"nant (?), a. [L. sonans, - antis, p. pr. of sonare to sound. See Sound a noise.] 1. Of or pertaining to sound; sounding.

2. (Phonetics) Uttered, as an element of speech, with tone or proper vocal sound, as distinguished from mere breath sound; intonated; voiced; vocal; tonic; the opposite of nonvocal, or surd; -- said of the vowels, semivowels, liquids, and nasals, and particularly of the consonants b, d, g hard, v, etc., as compared with their cognates p, t, k, f, etc., which are called nonvocal, surd, or aspirate. -- n. A sonant letter.

So*na"ta (?), n. [It., fr. It. & L. sonare to sound. See Sound a noise.] (Mus.) An extended composition for one or two instruments, consisting usually of three or four movements; as, Beethoven's sonatas for the piano, for the violin and piano, etc.

The same general structure prevails in symphonies, instrumental trios, quartets, etc., and even in classical concertos. The sonata form, distinctively, characterizes the quick opening movement, which may have a short, slow introduction; the second, or slow, movement is either in the song or variation form; third comes the playful minuet or the more modern scherzo; then the quick finale in the rondo form. But both form and order are sometimes exceptional.

||So`na*ti"na (?), n. [It.] (Mus.) A short and simple sonata.

{ Son"cy, Son"sy (?) }, a. [Scot. sonce, sons, prosperity, happiness, fr. Gael. & Ir. sonas.] Lucky; fortunate; thriving; plump. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

{ Sond (?), Sonde }, n. [AS. sand. See Send, v. t.] That which is sent; a message or messenger; hence, also, a visitation of providence; an affliction or trial. [Obs.]

> Ye have enough, parde, of Goddes sond.

Chaucer.

||Son"de*li (?), n. (Zoöl.) The musk shrew. See under Musk.

Song (sng; 115), n. [AS. song, sang, fr. singan to sing; akin to D. zang, G. sang, Icel. söngr, Goth. saggws. See Sing.] 1. That which is sung or uttered with musical modulations of the voice, whether of a human being or of a bird, insect, etc. "That most ethereal of all sounds, the song of crickets." Hawthorne.

2. A lyrical poem adapted to vocal music; a ballad.

3. More generally, any poetical strain; a poem.

> The bard that first adorned our native tongue
> Tuned to his British lyre this ancient song.

Dryden.

4. Poetical composition; poetry; verse.

> This subject for heroic song.

Milton.

5. An object of derision; a laughingstock.

> And now am I their song, yea, I am their byword.

Job xxx. 9.

6. A trifle. "The soldier's pay is a song." Silliman.

Old song, a trifle; nothing of value. "I do not intend to be thus put off with an old song." Dr. H. More. -- Song bird (Zoöl.), any singing bird; one of the Oscines. -- Song sparrow (Zoöl.), a very common North American sparrow (Melospiza fasciata, or M. melodia) noted for the sweetness of its song in early spring. Its breast is covered with dusky brown streaks which form a blotch in the center. -- Song thrush (Zoöl.), a common European thrush (Turdus musicus), noted for its melodius song; -- called also mavis, throstle, and thrasher.

Syn. -- Sonnet; ballad; canticle; carol; canzonet; ditty; hymn; descant; lay; strain; poesy; verse.

Song"craft` (sng"krft`), n. The art of making songs or verses; metrical composition; versification.

> A half-effaced inscription,
> Written with little skill of songcraft.

Longfellow.

Song"ful (-fl), a. Disposed to sing; full of song.

Song"ish, a. Consisting of songs. [R.] Dryden.

Song"less, a. Destitute of the power of song; without song; as, songless birds; songless woods.

Song"ster (-str), n. [AS. sangestre a female singer.] 1. One who sings; one skilled in singing; -- not often applied to human beings.

2. (Zoöl.) A singing bird.

Song"stress (?), n. [See Songster, and -ess.] A woman who sings; also, a female singing bird. Thomson.

Son"i*fer (?), n. [NL. See Soniferous.] A kind of ear trumpet for the deaf, or the partially deaf.

So*nif"er*ous (?), a. [L. sonus sound + -ferous.] Sounding; producing sound; conveying sound.

Son`i*fi*ca"tion (?), n. [L. sonus sound + -ficare (in comp.) to make. See - fy.] The act of producing sound, as the stridulation of insects.

Son"-in-law` (?), n.; pl. Sons-in-law (&?;). The husband of one's daughter; a man in his relationship to his wife's parents.

> To take me as for thy son in lawe.

Chaucer.

Son"less, a. Being without a son. Marston.

> As no baron who was sonless could give a husband to his daughter, save with his lord's consent.

J. R. Green.

Son"net (?), n. [F., fr. It. sonetto, fr. suono a sound, a song, fr. L. sonus a sound. See Sound noise.] 1. A short poem, -- usually amatory. [Obs.] Shak.

> He had a wonderful desire to chant a sonnet or hymn unto Apollo Pythius.

Holland.

2. A poem of fourteen lines, -- two stanzas, called the octave, being of four verses each, and two stanzas, called the sestet, of three verses each, the rhymes being adjusted by a particular rule.

In the proper sonnet each line has five accents, and the octave has but two rhymes, the second, third, sixth, and seventh lines being of one rhyme, and the first, fourth, fifth, and eighth being of another. In the sestet there are sometimes two and sometimes three rhymes; but in some way its two stazas rhyme together. Often the three lines of the first stanza rhyme severally with the three lines of the second. In Shakespeare's sonnets, the first twelve lines are rhymed alternately, and the last two rhyme together.

Son"net, v. i. To compose sonnets. "Strains that come almost to sonneting." Milton.

Son`net*eer" (?), n. A composer of sonnets, or small poems; a small poet; -- usually in contempt.

> What woful stuff this madrigal would be
> In some starved hackney sonneteer or me!

Pope.

Son`net*eer", v. i. To compose sonnets. Lowell.

Son"net*er (?), n. A composer of sonnets.

Son"net*ist, n. A sonneter, or sonneteer. Bp. Hall.

Son"net*ize (?), v. i. To compose sonnets.

Son"nish (?), a. Like the sun; sunny; golden. [Obs.] "Her sonnish hairs." Chaucer.

Son"nite (?), n. See Sunnite.

So*nom"e*ter (?), n. [L. sonus a sound + -meter.] 1. (Physiol.) An instrument for exhibiting the transverse vibrations of cords, and ascertaining the relations between musical notes. It consists of a cord stretched by weight along a box, and divided into different lengths at pleasure by a bridge, the place of which is determined by a scale on the face of the box.

2. An instrument for testing the hearing capacity.

Son`o*rif"ic (?), a. [L. sonor, -oris, a sound + facere to make. See Sonorous.] Producing sound; as, the sonorific quality of a body. [R.] I. Watts.

So*nor"i*ty (?), n. [L. sonoritas.] The quality or state of being sonorous; sonorousness.

So*no"rous (?), a. [L. sonorus, fr. sonor, -oris, a sound, akin to sonus a sound. See Sound.] 1. Giving sound when struck; resonant; as, sonorous metals.

2. Loud-sounding; giving a clear or loud sound; as, a sonorous voice.

3. Yielding sound; characterized by sound; vocal; sonant; as, the vowels are sonorous.

4. Impressive in sound; high- sounding.

> The Italian opera, amidst all the meanness and familiarty of the thoughts, has something beautiful and sonorous in the expression.

Addison.

> There is nothing of the artificial Johnsonian balance in his style. It is as often marked by a pregnant brevity as by a sonorous amplitude.

E. Everett.

5. (Med.) Sonant; vibrant; hence, of sounds produced in a cavity, deep-toned; as, sonorous rhonchi.

Sonorous figures (Physics), figures formed by the vibrations of a substance capable of emitting a musical tone, as when the bow of a violin is drawn along the edge of a piece of glass or metal on which sand is strewed, and the sand arranges itself in figures according to the musical tone. Called also acoustic figures. -- Sonorous tumor (Med.), a tumor which emits a clear, resonant sound on percussion.

-- So*no"rous*ly, adv. -- So*no"rous*ness, n.

Son"ship (?), n. The state of being a son, or of bearing the relation of a son; filiation. Dr. H. More.

Son"sy (?), a. See Soncy. [Scot.] Burns.

Son"tag (?), n. [So called from from Mme. Henriette Sontag, a famous singer.] A knitted worsted jacket, worn over the waist of a woman's dress.

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Son"ties (?), n. Probably from "saintes" saints, or from sanctities; -- used as an oath. [Obs.] Shak.

Soo*chong" (?), n. Same as Souchong.

||Soo"dra (?). Same as Sudra.

{ Soo"fee (?), Soo"fee*ism (?) }. Same as Sufi, Sufism.

Soo"jee (?), n. Same as Suji.

Soon (?), adv. [OE. sone, AS. s&?;na; cf. OFries. s&?;n, OS. sna, sno, OHG. sr, Goth. suns.] 1. In a short time; shortly after any time specified or supposed; as, soon after sunrise. "Sooner said than done." Old Proverb. "As soon as it might be." Chaucer.

> She finished, and the subtle fiend his lore
> Soon learned.

Milton.

2. Without the usual delay; before any time supposed; early.

> How is it that ye are come so soon to- day?

Ex. ii. 18.

3. Promptly; quickly; easily.

> Small lights are soon blown out, huge fires abide.

Shak.

4. Readily; willingly; -- in this sense used with would, or some other word expressing will.

> I would as soon see a river winding through woods or in meadows, as when it is tossed up in so many whimsical figures at Versailles.

Addison.

As soon as, or So soon as, immediately at or after another event. "As soon as he came nigh unto the camp . . . he saw the calf, and the dancing." Ex. xxxii. 19. See So . . . as, under So. -- Soon at, as soon as; or, as soon as the time referred to arrives. [Obs.] "I shall be sent for soon at night." Shak. -- Sooner or later, at some uncertain time in the future; as, he will discover his mistake sooner or later. -- With the soonest, as soon as any; among the earliest; too soon. [Obs.] Holland.

Soon, a. Speedy; quick. [Obs.] Shak.

Soo"nee (?), n. See Sunnite.

Soon"ly (?), adv. Soon. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Soord (?), n. Skin of bacon. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Soor"ma (?), n. [Hind. & Per. surma.] A preparation of antimony with which Mohammedan men anoint their eyelids.

Soo*shong" (?), n. See Souchong.

Soo"soo (?), n. (Zoöl.) A kind of dolphin (Platanista Gangeticus) native of the river Ganges; the Gangetic dolphin. It has a long, slender, somewhat spatulate beak. [Written also susu.]

Soot (? or ?; 277), n. [OE. sot, AS. s&?;t; akin to Icel. s&?;t, Sw. sot, Dan. sod, OD. soet, Lith. s&?;dis; cf. Gael. suith, Ir. suth.] A black substance formed by combustion, or disengaged from fuel in the process of combustion, which rises in fine particles, and adheres to the sides of the chimney or pipe conveying the smoke; strictly, the fine powder, consisting chiefly of carbon, which colors smoke, and which is the result of imperfect combustion. See Smoke.

Soot, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sooted; p. pr. & vb. n. Sooting.] To cover or dress with soot; to smut with, or as with, soot; as, to soot land. Mortimer.

{ Soot (?), Soot"e (?) }, a. [See Sweet.] Sweet. [Obs.] "The soote savour of the vine." Chaucer.

Soot"er*kin (?), n. [Cf. Prov. G. suttern to boil gently.] A kind of false birth, fabled to be produced by Dutch women from sitting over their stoves; also, an abortion, in a figurative sense; an abortive scheme.

> Fruits of dull heat, and sooterkins of wit.

Pope.

Sooth (sth), a.; also adv. [Compar. Soother (sth"r); superl. Soothest.] [OE. soth, AS. sð, for sanð; akin to OS. sð, OHG. sand, Icel. sannr, Sw. sann, Dan. sand, Skr. sat, sant, real, genuine, present, being; properly p. pr. from a root meaning, to be, Skr. as, L. esse; also akin to Goth. sunjis true, Gr. 'eteo`s, Skr. satya. √9. Cf. Absent, Am, Essence, Is, Soothe, Sutee.] 1. True; faithful; trustworthy. [Obs. or Scot.]

> The sentence [meaning] of it sooth is, out of doubt.

Chaucer.

> That shall I sooth (said he) to you declare.

Spensser.

2. Pleasing; delightful; sweet. [R.]

> The soothest shepherd that ever piped on plains.

Milton.

> With jellies soother than the creamy curd.

Keats.

Sooth, n. [AS. sð. See Sooth, a.] 1. Truth; reality. [Archaic]

> The sooth it this, the cut fell to the knight.

Chaucer.

> In sooth, I know not why I am so sad.

Shak.

> In good sooth,
> Its mystery is love, its meaninng youth.

Longfellow.

2. Augury; prognostication. [Obs.]

> The soothe of birds by beating of their wings.

Spenser.

3. Blandishment; cajolery. [Obs.] Shak.

Soothe (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Soothed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Soothing.] [Originally, to assent to as true; OE. so&?;ien to verify, AS. ges&?;&?;ian to prove the truth of, to bear witness. See Sooth, a.] 1. To assent to as true. [Obs.] Testament of Love.

2. To assent to; to comply with; to gratify; to humor by compliance; to please with blandishments or soft words; to flatter.

> Good, my lord, soothe him, let him take the fellow.

Shak.

> I've tried the force of every reason on him,
> Soothed and caressed, been angry, soothed again.

Addison.

3. To assuage; to mollify; to calm; to comfort; as, to soothe a crying child; to soothe one's sorrows.

> Music hath charms to soothe the savage breast,
> To soften rocks, or bend a knotted oak.

Congreve.

> Though the sound of Fame
> May for a moment soothe, it can not slake
> The fever of vain longing.

Byron.

Syn. -- To soften; assuage; allay; compose; mollify; tranquilize; pacify; mitigate.

Sooth"er (?), n. One who, or that which, soothes.

Sooth"fast` (?), a. [Sooth + fast, that is, fast or firm with respect to truth.] Firmly fixed in, or founded upon, the thruth; true; genuine; real; also, truthful; faithful. [Archaic] -- Sooth"fast`ness, n. [Archaic] "In very soothfastness." Chaucer.

> Why do not you . . . bear leal and soothfast evidence in her behalf, as ye may with a clear conscience!

Sir W. Scott.

Sooth"fast`, adv. Soothly; really; in fact. [Archaic]

> I care not if the pomps you show
> Be what they soothfast appear.

Emerson.

Sooth"ing (?), a. & n. from Soothe, v.

Sooth"ing*ly, adv. In a soothing manner.

Sooth"ly (?), adv. In truth; truly; really; verily. [Obs.] "Soothly for to say." Chaucer.

Sooth"ness, n. Truth; reality. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Sooth"say` (?), v. i. [Sooth + say; properly to say truth, tell the truth.] To foretell; to predict. "You can not soothsay." Shak. "Old soothsaying Glaucus' spell." Milton.

Sooth"say`, n. 1. A true saying; a proverb; a prophecy. [Obs.] Spenser.

2. Omen; portent. Having

> God turn the same to good soothsay.

Spenser.

Sooth"say`er (?), n. 1. One who foretells events by the art of soothsaying; a prognosticator.

2. (Zoöl.) A mantis.

Sooth"say`ing, n. 1. A true saying; truth. [Obs.]

2. The act of one who soothsays; the foretelling of events; the art or practice of making predictions.

> A damsel, possessed with a spirit of divination . . . which brought her masters much gain by soothsaying.

Acts xvi. 16.

3. A prediction; a prophecy; a prognostication.

> Divinations and soothsayings and dreams are vain.

Eclus. xxxiv. 5.

Soot"i*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being sooty; fuliginousness. Johnson.

Soot"ish, a. Sooty. Sir T. Browne.

Soot"y (?), a. [Compar Sootier (?); superl. Sootiest.] [AS. s&?;tig. See Soot.] 1. Of or pertaining to soot; producing soot; soiled by soot. "Fire of sooty coal." Milton.

2. Having a dark brown or black color like soot; fuliginous; dusky; dark. "The grisly legions that troop under the sooty flag of Acheron." Milton.

Sooty albatross (Zoöl.), an albatross (Phœbetria fuliginosa) found chiefly in the Pacific Ocean; -- called also nellie. -- Sooty tern (Zoöl.), a tern (Sterna fuliginosa) found chiefly in tropical seas.

Soot"y, v. t. To black or foul with soot. [R.]

> Sootied with noisome smoke.

Chapman.

Sop (?), n. [OE. sop, soppe; akin to AS. s&?;pan to sup, to sip, to drink, D. sop sop, G. suppe soup, Icel. soppa sop. See Sup, v. t., and cf. Soup.] 1. Anything steeped, or dipped and softened, in any liquid; especially, something dipped in broth or liquid food, and intended to be eaten.

> He it is to whom I shall give a sop, when I have dipped it.

John xiii. 26.

> Sops in wine, quantity, inebriate more than wine itself.

Bacon.

> The bounded waters
> Should lift their bosoms higher than the shores,
> And make a sop of all this solid globe.

Shak.

2. Anything given to pacify; -- so called from the sop given to Cerberus, as related in mythology.

> All nature is cured with a sop.

L'Estrange.

3. A thing of little or no value. [Obs.] P. Plowman.

Sops in wine (Bot.), an old name of the clove pink, alluding to its having been used to flavor wine.

> Garlands of roses and sops in wine.

Spenser.

-- Sops of wine (Bot.), an old European variety of apple, of a yellow and red color, shading to deep red; -- called also sopsavine, and red shropsavine.

Sop, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sopped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sopping.] To steep or dip in any liquid.

Sope (?), n. See Soap. [Obs.]

Soph (?), n. (Eng. Univ.) A contraction of Soph ister. [Colloq.]

Soph, n. (Amer. Colleges) A contraction of Sophomore. [Colloq.]

So"phi (?), n.; pl. Sophis (&?;). See Sufi.

{ Soph"ic (?), Soph"ic*al (?) }, a. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; wise, &?; wisdom.] Teaching wisdom. [Obs.] S. Harris.

So*phime" (? or ?), n. [OF. soffime, sophisme.] Sophism. [Obs.]

> I trow ye study aboute some sophime.

Chaucer.

Soph"ism (?), n. [F. sophisme, L. sophisma, fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to make wise, &?; to be become wise, to play the sophist, fr. &?; wise.] The doctrine or mode of reasoning practiced by a sophist; hence, any fallacy designed to deceive.

> When a false argument puts on the appearance of a true one, then it is properly called a sophism, or "fallacy".

I. Watts.

> Let us first rid ourselves of sophisms, those of depraved men, and those of heartless philosophers.

I. Taylor.

Soph"ist, n. [F. sophiste, L. sophistes, fr. Gr. &?;. See Sophism.] 1. One of a class of men who taught eloquence, philosophy, and politics in ancient Greece; especially, one of those who, by their fallacious but plausible reasoning, puzzled inquirers after truth, weakened the faith of the people, and drew upon themselves general hatred and contempt.

> Many of the Sophists doubdtless card not for truth or morality, and merely professed to teach how to make the worse appear the better reason; but there scems no reason to hold that they were a special class, teaching special opinions; even Socrates and Plato were sometimes styled Sophists.

Liddell & Scott.

2. Hence, an impostor in argument; a captious or fallacious reasoner.

Soph"ist*er (?), n. 1. A sophist. See Sophist. [Obs.] Hooker.

2. (Eng. Univ.) A student who is advanced beyond the first year of his residence.

The entire course at the university consists of three years and one term, during which the students have the titles of first- year men, or freshmen; second-year men or junior sophs or sophisters; third-year men, or senior sophs or sophisters; and, in the last term, questionists, with reference to the approaching examination. In the older American colleges, the junior and senior classes were originally called, and in some of them are still called, junior sophisters and senior sophisters.

Soph"ist*er (?), v. t. To maintain by sophistry, or by a fallacious argument. [Obs.] obham.

{ So*phis"tic (?), So*phis"tic*al }, a. [L. sophisticus, Gr. &?;: cf. F. sophistique.] Of or pertaining to a sophist; embodying sophistry; fallaciously subtile; not sound.

> His argument . . . is altogether sophistical.

Macaulay.

-- So*phis"tic*al*ly, adv. -- So*phis"tic*al*ness, n.

So*phis"ti*cate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sophisticated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sophisticating.] [LL. sophisticatus, p. p. of sophisticare to sophisticate.] To render worthless by admixture; to adulterate; to damage; to pervert; as, to sophisticate wine. Howell.

> To sophisticate the understanding.

Southey.

> Yet Butler professes to stick to plain facts, not to sophisticate, not to refine.

M. Arnold.

> They purchase but sophisticated ware.

Dryden.

Syn. -- To adulterate; debase; corrupt; vitiate.

{ So*phis"ti*cate (?), So*phis"ti*ca`ted (?) }, a. Adulterated; not pure; not genuine.

> So truth, while only one supplied the state,
> Grew scare and dear, and yet sophisticate.

Dryden.

So*phis`ti*ca"tion (?), n. [Cf. LL. sophisticatio, F. sophistication.] The act of sophisticating; adulteration; as, the sophistication of drugs. Boyle.

So*phis"ti*ca`tor (?), n. One who sophisticates.

Soph"ist*ry (?), n. [OE. sophistrie, OF. sophisterie.] 1. The art or process of reasoning; logic. [Obs.]

2. The practice of a sophist; fallacious reasoning; reasoning sound in appearance only.

> The juggle of sophistry consists, for the most part, in usig a word in one sense in the premise, and in another sense in the conclusion.

Coleridge.

Syn. -- See Fallacy.

Soph"o*more (?), n. [Probably fr. soph or sophister + Gr. &?; foolish. The word was probably introduced into the United States at an early date, from the University of Cambridge, England. Among the cant terms at that university, as given in the Gradus ad Cantabrigiam, we find Soph- Mor as "the next distinctive appellation to Freshman," but the term has now almost ceased to be known at the English university from whence it came.] One belonging to the second of the four classes in an American college, or one next above a freshman. [Formerly written also sophimore.]

{ Soph`o*mor"ic (?), Soph`o*mor"ic*al (?) }, a. Of or pertaining to a sophomore; resembling a sophomore; hence, pretentious; inflated in style or manner; as, sophomoric affectation. [U. S.]

So*pho"ra (?), n. [Ar. &?;ufair.] (Bot.) (a) A genus of leguminous plants. (b) A tree (Sophora Japonica) of Eastern Asia, resembling the common locust; occasionally planted in the United States.

Soph"ta (?), n. See Softa.

So"pite (?), v. t. [L. sopitus, p. p. of sopire to put to sleep; akin to sopor a sleeping draught, a heavy sleep.] To lay asleep; to put to sleep; to quiet. [Obs.]

> The king's declaration for the sopiting of all Arminian heresies.

Fuller.

So*pi"tion (?), n. The act of putting to sleep, or the state of being put to sleep; sleep. [Obs.]

> Dementation and sopition of reason.

Sir T. Browne.

||So"por (?), n. [L.] (Med.) Profound sleep from which a person can be roused only with difficulty.

Sop"o*rate (?), v. t. [L. soporatus, p. p. or soporare to put to sleep, fr. sopor a heavy sleep.] To lay or put to sleep; to stupefy. [Obs.] Cudworth.

Sop`o*rif"er*ous (?), a. [L. soparifer; sopor a heavy sleep + ferere to bring.] Causing sleep; somniferous; soporific. "Soporiferous medicine." Swift.

--- Sop`o*rif"er*ous*ly, adv. -- Sop`o*rif"er*ous*ness, n.

Sop`o*rif"ic (?; 277), a. [L. sopor a heavy sleep (akin to somnus sleep) + facere to make. See Somnolent, Fact.] Causing sleep; tending to cause sleep; soporiferous; as, the soporific virtues of opium.

Syn. -- Somniferous; narcotic; opiate; anodyne.

Sop`o*rif"ic, n. A medicine, drug, plant, or other agent that has the quality of inducing sleep; a narcotic.

{ Sop"o*rose` (?), Sop"o*rous (?) }, a. [From Sopor; cf. L. soporus, fr. sopor a heavy sleep; F. soporeux.] Causing sleep; sleepy.

Sop"per (?), n. One who sops. Johnson.

Sop"py (?), a. Soaked or saturated with liquid or moisture; very wet or sloppy.

> It [Yarmouth] looked rather spongy and soppy.

Dickens.

||So"pra (?), adv. [It., from L. supra above.] (Mus.) Above; before; over; upon.

So*pra"nist (?), n. (Mus.) A treble singer.

So*pra"no (?), n.; pl. E. Sopranos (#), It. Soprani (#). [It., fr. soprano superior, highest, fr. sopra above, L. supra. See Sovereign.] (Mus.) (a) The treble; the highest vocal register; the highest kind of female or boy's voice; the upper part in harmony for mixed voices. (b) A singer, commonly a woman, with a treble voice.

Sops"a*vine (?), n. See Sops of wine, under Sop.

<! p. 1373 !>

So"ra (?), n. (Zoöl.) A North American rail (Porzana Carolina) common in the Eastern United States. Its back is golden brown, varied with black and white, the front of the head and throat black, the breast and sides of the head and neck slate-colored. Called also American rail, Carolina rail, Carolina crake, common rail, sora rail, soree, meadow chicken, and orto.

King sora, the Florida gallinule.

Sor"ance (? or ?), n. Soreness. [Obs.]

Sorb (?), n.[L. sorbus the tree, sorbum the fruit; cf. F. sorbe. See Service tree.] (Bot.) (a) The wild service tree (Pyrus torminalis) of Europe; also, the rowan tree. (b) The fruit of these trees.

Sorb apple, the fruit of the sorb, or wild service tree. -- Sorb tree, the wild service tree.

Sor"bate (?), n. [Cf. F. sorbate. See Sorbic.] (Chem.) A salt of sorbic acid.

Sor`be*fa"cient (?), a. [L. sorbere to suck in, absorb + faciens, p. pr. of facere to make.] (Med.) Producing absorption. -- n. A medicine or substance which produces absorption.

Sorb"ent (?), n. [L. sorbens, p. pr. of sorbere to suck in, to absorb.] An absorbent. [R.]

Sor"bet (?), n. [F. sorbet or It. sorbetto or Sp. sorbete, from the same source as E. sherbet. See Sherbet.] A kind of beverage; sherbet. Smolett.

Sor"bic (?), a. [Cf. F. sorbique. See Sorb.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or obtained from, the rowan tree, or sorb; specifically, designating an acid, C&?;H&?;CO&?;H, of the acetylene series, found in the unripe berries of this tree, and extracted as a white crystalline substance.

Sor"bile (?), a. [L. sorbilis, fr. sorbere to suck in, to drink down.] Fit to be drunk or sipped. [Obs.]

Sor"bin (?), n. (Chem.) An unfermentable sugar, isomeric with glucose, found in the ripe berries of the rowan tree, or sorb, and extracted as a sweet white crystalline substance; -- called also mountain-ash sugar.

Sor"bite (?), n. [L. sorbus service tree.] (Chem.) A sugarlike substance, isomeric with mannite and dulcite, found with sorbin in the ripe berries of the sorb, and extracted as a sirup or a white crystalline substance. -- Sor*bit"ic (#), a.

Sor*bi"tion (?), n. [L. sorbitio.] The act of drinking or sipping. [Obs.]

Sor*bon"ic*al (?), a. Belonging to the Sorbonne or to a Sorbonist. Bale.

Sor"bon*ist (?), n. [F. sorboniste.] A doctor of the Sorbonne, or theological college, in the University of Paris, founded by Robert de Sorbon, a. d. 1252. It was suppressed in the Revolution of 1789.

Sor"cer*er (?), n. [Cf. F. sorcier. See Sorcery.] A conjurer; an enchanter; a magician. Bacon.

> Pharaoh also called the wise men and the sorcerers.

Ex. vii. 11.

Sor"cer*ess, n. A female sorcerer.

Sor"cer*ing, n. Act or practice of using sorcery.

Sor"cer*ous (?), a. Of or pertaining to sorcery.

Sor"cer*y (?), n.; pl. Sorceries (#). [OE. sorcerie, OF. sorcerie, fr. OF. & F. sorcier a sorcerer, LL. sortiarius, fr. L. sors, sortis, a lot, decision by lot, fate, destiny. See Sort, n.] Divination by the assistance, or supposed assistance, of evil spirits, or the power of commanding evil spirits; magic; necromancy; witchcraft; enchantment.

> Adder's wisdom I have learned,
> To fence my ear against thy sorceries.

Milton.

Sord (? or ?), n. See Sward. [R.] Milton.

||Sor"des (?), n. [L., fr. sordere to be dirty or foul.] Foul matter; excretion; dregs; filthy, useless, or rejected matter of any kind; specifically (Med.), the foul matter that collects on the teeth and tongue in low fevers and other conditions attended with great vital depression.

Sor"det (?), n. [See Sordine.] (Mus.) A sordine.

Sor"did (?), a. [L. sordidus, fr. sordere to be filthy or dirty; probably akin to E. swart: cf. F. sordide. See Swart, a.] 1. Filthy; foul; dirty. [Obs.]

> A sordid god; down from his hoary chin
> A length of beard descends, uncombed, unclean.

Dryden.

2. Vile; base; gross; mean; as, vulgar, sordid mortals. "To scorn the sordid world." Milton.

3. Meanly avaricious; covetous; niggardly.

> He may be old,
> And yet sordid, who refuses gold.

Sir J. Denham.

Sor*did"ly (?), n. Sordidness. [Obs.]

Sor"did*ly (?), adv. In a sordid manner.

Sor"did*ness, n. The quality or state of being sordid.

Sor"dine (? or ?; 277), n. [It. sordina, sordino, from sordo deaf, dull-sounding, L. surdus. See Surd.] (Mus.) See Damper, and 5th Mute.

Sore (?), a. [F. saure, sore, sor; faucon sor a sore falcon. See Sorrel, n.] Reddish brown; sorrel. [R.]

Sore falcon. (Zoöl.) See Sore, n., 1.

Sore, n. (Zoöl.) A young hawk or falcon in the first year.

2. (Zoöl.) A young buck in the fourth year. See the Note under Buck.

Sore, a. [Compar. Sorer (&?;); superl. Sorest.] [OE. sor, sar, AS. sr; akin to D. zeer, OS. & OHG. s&?;r, G. sehr very, Icel. srr, Sw. sår, Goth. sair pain. Cf. Sorry.] 1. Tender to the touch; susceptible of pain from pressure; inflamed; painful; -- said of the body or its parts; as, a sore hand.

2. Fig.: Sensitive; tender; easily pained, grieved, or vexed; very susceptible of irritation.

> Malice and hatred are very fretting and vexatious, and apt to make our minds sore and uneasy.

Tillotson.

3. Severe; afflictive; distressing; as, a sore disease; sore evil or calamity. Shak.

4. Criminal; wrong; evil. [Obs.] Shak.

Sore throat (Med.), inflammation of the throat and tonsils; pharyngitis. See Cynanche. -- Malignant, Ulcerated or Putrid, sore throat. See Angina, and under Putrid.

Sore (?), n. [OE. sor, sar, AS. sr. See Sore, a.] 1. A place in an animal body where the skin and flesh are ruptured or bruised, so as to be tender or painful; a painful or diseased place, such as an ulcer or a boil.

> The dogs came and licked his sores.

Luke xvi. 21.

2. Fig.: Grief; affliction; trouble; difficulty. Chaucer.

> I see plainly where his sore lies.

Sir W. Scott.

Gold sore. (Med.) See under Gold, n.

Sore, adv. [AS. sre. See Sore, a.] 1. In a sore manner; with pain; grievously.

> Thy hand presseth me sore.

Ps. xxxviii. 2.

2. Greatly; violently; deeply.

> [Hannah] prayed unto the Lord and wept sore.

1 Sam. i. 10.

> Sore sighed the knight, who this long sermon heard.

Dryden.

||So*re"di*a (?), n., pl. of Soredium.

So*re"di*ate (?), a. (Bot.) Sorediïferous.

{Sor`e*dif"er*ous (?), or So*re`di*if"er*ous (?) }, a. [Soredium + -ferous.] (Bot.) Bearing soredia; sorediate.

||So*re"di*um (?), n.; pl. Soredia (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a heap.] (Bot.) A patch of granular bodies on the surface of the thallus of lichens.

So"ree (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) Same as Sora.

Sore"head` (?), n. One who is disgruntled by a failure in politics, or the like. [Slang, U.S.]

Sore"hon (?), n. [Corrupted from sojourn, Scot. soirne, sorn.] Formerly, in Ireland, a kind of servile tenure which subjected the tenant to maintain his chieftain gratuitously whenever he wished to indulge in a revel. Spenser.

Sor"el (?), n. [A diminutive. See Sore reddish brown.] 1. (Zoöl.) A young buck in the third year. See the Note under Buck. Shak.

2. A yellowish or reddish brown color; sorrel.

Sore"ly (?), adv. In a sore manner; grievously; painfully; as, to be sorely afflicted.

||So*re"ma (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a heap.] (Bot.) A heap of carpels belonging to one flower.

Sore"ness (?), n. The quality or state of being sore; tenderness; painfull; as, the soreness of a wound; the soreness of an affliction.

||So"rex (?), n. [L., a shrew.] (Zoöl.) A genus of small Insectivora, including the common shrews.

Sor"ghe (sôr"g), n. (Zoöl.) The three-bearded rockling, or whistlefish. [Prov. Eng.]

Sor"ghum (?), n. [NL., probably of Chinese origin.] (Bot.) (a) A genus of grasses, properly limited to two species, Sorghum Halepense, the Arabian millet, or Johnson grass (see Johnson grass), and S. vulgare, the Indian millet (see Indian millet, under Indian). (b) A variety of Sorghum vulgare, grown for its saccharine juice; the Chinese sugar cane.

Sor"go (?), n. [Cf. It. sorgo. See Sorghum.] (Bot.) Indian millet and its varieties. See Sorghum.

||So"ri (?), n., pl. of Sorus.

So"ri*cine (?), a. [L. sorricinus, fr. sorex a shrew.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Shrew family (Soricidæ); like a shrew in form or habits; as, the soricine bat (Glossophaga soricina).

So*ri"tes (?), n. [L., from Gr. swrei`ths (sc. syllogismo`s), properly, heaped up (hence, a heap of syllogisms), fr. swro`s a heap.] (Logic) An abridged form of stating of syllogisms in a series of propositions so arranged that the predicate of each one that precedes forms the subject of each one that follows, and the conclusion unites the subject of the first proposition with the predicate of the last proposition, as in following example; --

> The soul is a thinking agent;
> A thinking agent can not be severed into parts;
> That which can not be severed can not be destroyed;
> Therefore the soul can not be destroyed.

When the series is arranged in the reverse order, it is called the Goclenian sorites, from Goclenius, a philosopher of the sixteenth century.

Destructive sorities. See under Destructive.

So"rit"ic*al, a. Of or pertaining to a sorites; resembling a sorites.

Sorn (?), v. i. [See Sorehon.] To obtrude one's self on another for bed and board. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Sorn"er (?), n. One who obtrudes himself on another for bed and board. [Scot.] De Quncey.

So*ro"ral (?), a. [L. soror sister: cf. F. sororal.] Relating to a sister; sisterly. [R.]

So*ror"i*cide (?; 277), n. [L. sororocida, and sororicidium; soror a sister + caedere to kill.] The murder of one's sister; also, one who murders or kills one's own sister. Johnson.

So*ro"rize (? or ?), v. i. [L. soror, sororis, a sister.] To associate, or hold fellowship, as sisters; to have sisterly feelings; -- analogous to fraternize. [Recent & R.]

So*ro"sis (?), n. [NL. See Sororize.] A woman's club; an association of women. [U. S.]

||So*ro"sis, n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a heap.] (Bot.) A fleshy fruit formed by the consolidation of many flowers with their receptacles, ovaries, etc., as the breadfruit, mulberry, and pineapple.

Sor"rage (?; 48), n. [Cf. Sorrel, n.] The blades of green or barley. [Obs.] Bailey.

Sor"rance (?), n. Same as Sorance. [Obs.]

Sor"rel (?), a. [F. saur, saure, OF. sor, sore, probably of Teutonic origin; cf. D. zoor dry, LG. soor; the meaning probably coming from the color of dry leaves. See Sear, a., and cf. Sorel.] Of a yellowish or redish brown color; as, a sorrel horse.

Sor"rel (?), n. A yellowish or redish brown color.

Sor"rel, n. [F. surelle, fr. sur sour, fr. OHG. s&?;r sour. See Sour.] (Bot.) One of various plants having a sour juice; especially, a plant of the genus Rumex, as Rumex Acetosa, Rumex Acetosella, etc.

Mountain sorrel. (Bot.) See under Mountain. -- Red sorrel. (Bot.) (a) A malvaceous plant (Hibiscus Sabdariffa) whose acid calyxes and capsules are used in the West Indies for making tarts and acid drinks. (b) A troublesome weed (Rumex Acetosella), also called sheep sorrel. -- Salt of sorrel (Chem.), binoxalate of potassa; -- so called because obtained from the juice of Rumex Acetosella, or Rumex Axetosa. -- Sorrel tree (Bot.), a small ericaceous tree (Oxydendrum arboreum) whose leaves resemble those of the peach and have a sour taste. It is common along the Alleghanies. Called also sourwood. -- Wood sorrel (Bot.), any plant of the genus Oxalis.

Sor"ren"to work` (?). Ornamental work, mostly carved in olivewood, decorated with inlay, made at or near Sorrento, Italy. Hence, more rarely, jig-saw work and the like done anywhere.

Sor"ri*ly (?), adv. In a sorry manner; poorly.

> Thy pipe, O Pan, shall help, though I sing sorrily.

Sir P. Sidney.

Sor"ri*ness, n. The quality or state of being sorry.

Sor"row (?), n. [OE. sorwe, sorewe, sor&?;e, AS. sorg, sorh; akin to D. zorg care, anxiety, OS. sorga, OHG. sorga, soraga, suorga, G. sorge, Icel., Sw., & Dan. sorg, Goth. saúrga; of unknown origin.] The uneasiness or pain of mind which is produced by the loss of any good, real or supposed, or by diseappointment in the expectation of good; grief at having suffered or occasioned evil; regret; unhappiness; sadness. Milton.

> How great a sorrow suffereth now Arcite!

Chaucer.

> The safe and general antidote against sorrow is employment.

Rambler.

Syn. -- Grief; unhappiness; regret; sadness; heaviness; mourning; affliction. See Affliction, and Grief.

Sor"row, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sorrowed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sorrowing.] [OE. sorowen, sorwen, sorhen, AS. sorgian; akin to Goth. saúrgan. See Sorrow, n.] To feel pain of mind in consequence of evil experienced, feared, or done; to grieve; to be sad; to be sorry.

> Sorrowing most of all . . . that they should see his face no more.

Acts xx. 38.

> I desire no man to sorrow for me.

Sir J. Hayward.

Sor"rowed (?) (&?;), a. Accompanied with sorrow; sorrowful. [Obs.] Shak.

Sor"row*ful (?), a. [OE. sorweful, AS. sorgful.] 1. Full of sorrow; exhibiting sorrow; sad; dejected; distressed. "This sorrowful prisoner." Chaucer.

> My soul is exceeding sorrowful, even unto death.

Matt. xxvi. 38.

2. Producing sorrow; exciting grief; mournful; lamentable; grievous; as, a sorrowful accident.

Syn. -- Sad; mournful; dismal; disconsolate; drear; dreary; grievous; lamentable; doleful; distressing.

-- Sor"row*ful*ly, adv. -- Sor"row*ful*ness, n.

Sor"row*less, a. Free from sorrow.

Sor"ry (?), a. [Compar. Sorrier (?); superl. Sorriest.] [OE. sory, sary, AS. srig, fr. sr, n., sore. See Sore, n. & a. The original sense was, painful; hence, miserable, sad.] 1. Grieved for the loss of some good; pained for some evil; feeling regret; -- now generally used to express light grief or affliction, but formerly often used to express deeper feeling. "I am sorry for my sins." Piers Plowman.

> Ye were made sorry after a godly manner.

2 Cor. vii. 9.

> I am sorry for thee, friend; 't is the duke's pleasure.

Shak.

> She entered, were he lief or sorry.

Spenser.

2. Melancholy; dismal; gloomy; mournful. Spenser.

> All full of chirking was this sorry place.

Chaucer.

3. Poor; mean; worthless; as, a sorry excuse. "With sorry grace." Chaucer.

> Cheeks of sorry grain will serve.

Milton.

> Good fruit will sometimes grow on a sorry tree.

Sir W. Scott.

Syn. -- Hurt; afflicted; mortified; vexed; chagrined; melancholy; dismal; poor; mean; pitiful.

||Sors (?), n.; pl. Sortes (#). [L.] A lot; also, a kind of divination by means of lots.

Sortes Homericæ or Virgilianæ [L., Homeric or Virgilian lots], a form of divination anciently practiced, which consisted in taking the first passage on which the eye fell, upon opening a volume of Homer or Virgil, or a passage drawn from an urn which several were deposited, as indicating future events, or the proper course to be pursued. In later times the Bible was used for the same purpose by Christians.

Sort (?), n. [F. sorl, L. sors, sortis. See Sort kind.] Chance; lot; destiny. [Obs.]

> By aventure, or sort, or cas [chance].

Chaucer.

> Let blockish Ajax draw
> The sort to fight with Hector.

Shak.

<! p. 1374 !>

Sort, n. [F. sorie (cf. It. sorta, sorte), from L. sors, sorti, a lot, part, probably akin to serere to connect. See Series, and cf. Assort, Consort, Resort, Sorcery, Sort lot.] 1. A kind or species; any number or collection of individual persons or things characterized by the same or like qualities; a class or order; as, a sort of men; a sort of horses; a sort of trees; a sort of poems.

2. Manner; form of being or acting.

> Which for my part I covet to perform,
> In sort as through the world I did proclaim.

Spenser.

> Flowers, in such sort worn, can neither be smelt nor seen well by those that wear them.

Hooker.

> I'll deceive you in another sort.

Shak.

> To Adam in what sort
> Shall I appear?

Milton.

> I shall not be wholly without praise, if in some sort I have copied his style.

Dryden.

3. Condition above the vulgar; rank. [Obs.] Shak.

4. A chance group; a company of persons who happen to be together; a troop; also, an assemblage of animals. [Obs.] "A sort of shepherds." Spenser. "A sort of steers." Spenser. "A sort of doves." Dryden. "A sort of rogues." Massinger.

> A boy, a child, and we a sort of us,
> Vowed against his voyage.

Chapman.

5. A pair; a set; a suit. Johnson.

6. pl. (Print.) Letters, figures, points, marks, spaces, or quadrats, belonging to a case, separately considered.

Out of sorts (Print.), with some letters or sorts of type deficient or exhausted in the case or font; hence, colloquially, out of order; ill; vexed; disturbed. -- To run upon sorts (Print.), to use or require a greater number of some particular letters, figures, or marks than the regular proportion, as, for example, in making an index.

Syn. -- Kind; species; rank; condition. -- Sort, Kind. Kind originally denoted things of the same family, or bound together by some natural affinity; and hence, a class. Sort signifies that which constitutes a particular lot of parcel, not implying necessarily the idea of affinity, but of mere assemblage. the two words are now used to a great extent interchangeably, though sort (perhaps from its original meaning of lot) sometimes carries with it a slight tone of disparagement or contempt, as when we say, that sort of people, that sort of language.

> As when the total kind
> Of birds, in orderly array on wing,
> Came summoned over Eden to receive
> Their names of there.

Milton.

> None of noble sort
> Would so offend a virgin.

Shak.

Sort (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sorted; p. pr. & vb. n. Sorting.] 1. To separate, and place in distinct classes or divisions, as things having different qualities; as, to sort cloths according to their colors; to sort wool or thread according to its fineness.

> Rays which differ in refrangibility may be parted and sorted from one another.

Sir I. Newton.

2. To reduce to order from a confused state. Hooker.

3. To conjoin; to put together in distribution; to class.

> Shellfish have been, by some of the ancients, compared and sorted with insects.

Bacon.

> She sorts things present with things past.

Sir J. Davies.

4. To choose from a number; to select; to cull.

> That he may sort out a worthy spouse.

Chapman.

> I'll sort some other time to visit you.

Shak.

5. To conform; to adapt; to accommodate. [R.]

> I pray thee, sort thy heart to patience.

Shak.

Sort, v. i. 1. To join or associate with others, esp. with others of the same kind or species; to agree.

> Nor do metals only sort and herd with metals in the earth, and minerals with minerals.

Woodward.

> The illiberality of parents towards children makes them base, and sort with any company.

Bacon.

2. To suit; to fit; to be in accord; to harmonize.

> They are happy whose natures sort with their vocations.

Bacon.

> Things sort not to my will.

herbert.

> I can not tell you precisely how they sorted.

Sir W. Scott.

Sort"a*ble (?), a. [Cf. F. sortable suitable.] 1. Capable of being sorted.

2. Suitable; befitting; proper. [Obs.] con.

Sort"a*bly, adv. Suitable. [Obs.] otgrave.

Sort"al (?), a. Pertaining to a sort. [Obs.] Locke.

Sort"ance (?), n. [From Sort, v. i.] Suitableness; agreement. [Obs.] hak.

Sort"er (?), n. One who, or that which, sorts.

||Sor"tes (?), n., pl. of Sors.

Sor"tie (?; 277), n. [F., fr. sortir to go out, to issue, probably fr. L. sortus, for surrectus, p. p. of surgere to raise up, to rise up. See Source.] (Mil.) The sudden issuing of a body of troops, usually small, from a besieged place to attack or harass the besiegers; a sally.

Sor"ti*lege (?), n. [F. sortilège, fr. L. sors, sortis, a lot + legere to gather, to select.] The act or practice of drawing lots; divination by drawing lots.

> A woman infamous for sortileges and witcheries.

Sir W. Scott.

Sor`ti*le"gious (?), a. Pertaining to sortilege.

Sor"til"e*gy (?), n. Sortilege. [R.] De Quincey.

Sor*ti"tion (?), n. [L. sortitio, from sortiri to draw or cast lots, fr. sors, sortis, a lot.] Selection or appointment by lot. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Sort"ment (?), n. Assortiment. [Obs.]

||So"rus (?), n.; pl. Sori (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a heap.] (Bot.) One of the fruit dots, or small clusters of sporangia, on the back of the fronds of ferns.

Sor"we (?), n. & v. Sorrow. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Sor"we*ful (?), a. Sorrowful. [Obs.] Chaucer.

So"ry (?), n. [L. sory, Gr. &?;.] (Old Min. Chem.) Green vitriol, or some earth imregnated with it.

So"-so` (?), a. [So + so.] Neither very good nor very bad; middling; passable; tolerable; indifferent.

> In some Irish houses, where things are so- so,
> One gammon of bacon hangs up for a show.

Goldsmith.

> He [Burns] certainly wrote some so-so verses to the Tree of Liberty.

Prof. Wilson.

So"-so`, adv. Tolerably; passably. H. James.

Soss (?; 115), v. i. [Cf. Souse.] To fall at once into a chair or seat; to sit lazily. [Obs.] Swift.

Soss, v. t. To throw in a negligent or careless manner; to toss. [Obs.] Swift.

Soss, n. 1. A lazy fellow. [Obs.] Cotgrave.

2. A heavy fall. [Prov. Eng.] Hallowell.

Soss, n. [See Sesspol.] Anything dirty or muddy; a dirty puddle. [Prov. Eng.]

||Sos`te*nu"to (?), a. [It.] (Mus.) Sustained; -- applied to a movement or passage the sounds of which are to sustained to the utmost of the nominal value of the time; also, to a passage the tones of which are to be somewhat prolonged or protacted.

Sot (?), n. [F., fr. LL. sottus; of unknown origin, cf. Ir. sotal pride, soithir proud, or Chald. & NHeb. shoten foolish.] 1. A stupid person; a blockhead; a dull fellow; a dolt. [Obs.] outh.

> In Egypt oft has seen the sot bow down,
> And reverence some d&?;ified baboon.

Oldham.

2. A person stupefied by excessive drinking; an habitual drunkard. "A brutal sot." Granville.

> Every sign
> That calls the staring sots to nasty wine.

Roscommon.

Sot (?), a. Sottish; foolish; stupid; dull. [Obs.] "Rich, but sot." Marston.

Sot, v. t. To stupefy; to infatuate; to besot. [R.]

> I hate to see a brave, bold fellow sotted.

Dryden.

Sot, v. i. To tipple to stupidity. [R.] Goldsmith.

So`ta*de"an (?), a. Sotadic.

So*tad"ic (?), a. Pertaining to, or resembling, the lascivious compositions of the Greek poet Sotades. -- n. A Sotadic verse or poem.

Sote (?), a. Sweet. [Obs.] Chaucer. Fairfax.

{ So"tel (?), So"til (?) }, a. Subtile. [Obs.]

So*te`ri*ol"o*gy (?), n. [Gr. &?; safety (from &?; saving, &?; a savoir, &?; to save) + -logy.] 1. A discourse on health, or the science of promoting and preserving health.

2. (Theol.) The doctrine of salvation by Jesus Christ.

Sothe (? or ?), a. Sooth. [Obs.] Chaucer.

{ So"thi*ac (?), Soth"ic (?) }, a. Of or pertaining to Sothis, the Egyptian name for the Dog Star; taking its name from the Dog Star; canicular.

Sothiac, or Sothic, year (Chronol.), the Egyptian year of 365 days and 6 hours, as distinguished from the Egyptian vague year, which contained 365 days. The Sothic period consists of 1,460 Sothic years, being equal to 1,461 vague years. One of these periods ended in July, a. d. 139.

So"til*te (?), n. Subtlety. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Sot"ted (?), a. & p. p. of Sot. Befooled; deluded; besotted. [Obs.] "This sotted priest." Chaucer.

Sot"ter*y (?), n. Folly. [Obs.] Gauden.

Sot"tish (?), a. [From Sot.] Like a sot; doltish; very foolish; drunken.

> How ignorant are sottish pretenders to astrology!

Swift.

Syn. -- Dull; stupid; senseless; doltish; infatuate.

-- Sot"tish*ly, adv. -- Sot"tish*ness, n.

||Sot`to vo"ce (?). [It.] 1. (Mus.) With a restrained voice or moderate force; in an undertone.

2. Spoken low or in an undertone.

Sou (?), n.; pl. Sous (#) or (#). [F. sou, OF. sol, from L. solidus a gold coin, in LL., a coin of less value. See Sold, n., Solid, and and cf. Sol, Soldo.] An old French copper coin, equivalent in value to, and now displaced by, the five-centime piece ( of a franc), which is popularly called a sou.

Sou*a"ri nut` (?). (Bot.) The large edible nutlike seed of a tall tropical American tree (Caryocar nuciferum) of the same natural order with the tea plant; -- also called butternut. [Written also sawarra nut.]

||Sou"bah (?), n. See Subah.

||Sou"bah*dar (?), n. See Subahdar.

Sou`brette", n. [F.] A female servant or attendant; specifically, as a term of the theater, a lady's maid, in comedies, who acts the part of an intrigante; a meddlesome, mischievous female servant or young woman.

Sou`bri`quet" (?), n. See Sobriquet.

Souce (?), n. See 1st Souse.

Souce, v. t. & i. See Souse. [Obs.] penser.

Sou*chong" (?), n. [Chin. seou chong little plant or sort.] A kind of black tea of a fine quality.

Sou*dan" (?), n.[F.] A sultan. [Obs.]

Soud"ed (&?;), Soud"et (&?;), a. [See Solder.] United; consolidated; made firm; strengthened. [Obs.]

> O martyr souded for virginity!

Chaucer.

Souf"fle (?), n. [F.] (Med.) A murmuring or blowing sound; as, the uterine souffle heard over the pregnant uterus.

Souf"flé (?), n. [F., fr. soufflé, p. p. of souffler to puff.] (Cookery) A side dish served hot from the oven at dinner, made of eggs, milk, and flour or other farinaceous substance, beaten till very light, and flavored with fruits, liquors, or essence.

Sough (?), n. A sow. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Sough (?), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] A small drain; an adit. [Prov. Eng.] W. M. Buchanan.

Sough (?; 277), n. [Cf. Icel. s&?;gr (in comp.) a rushing sound, or OE. swough, swogh, a sound, AS. sw&?;gan to rustle. Cf. Surf, Swoon, v. i.] 1. The sound produced by soughing; a hollow murmur or roaring.

> The whispering leaves or solemn sough of the forest.

W. Howitt.

2. Hence, a vague rumor or flying report. [Scot.]

3. A cant or whining mode of speaking, especially in preaching or praying. [Scot.] Jamieson.

Sough, v. i. To whistle or sigh, as the wind.

Sought (?), imp. & p. p. of Seek.

Souke (?), v. t. & i. To suck. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Soul (?), a. Sole. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Soul (?), a. Sole. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Soul, v. i. [F. soûler to satiate. See Soil to feed.] To afford suitable sustenance. [Obs.] Warner.

Soul, n. [OE. soule, saule, AS. swel, swl; akin to OFries. s&?;le, OS. s&?;ola, D. ziel, G. seele, OHG. s&?;la, s&?;ula, Icel. sla, Sw. själ, Dan. siæl, Goth. saiwala; of uncertain origin, perhaps akin to L. saeculum a lifetime, age (cf. Secular.)] 1. The spiritual, rational, and immortal part in man; that part of man which enables him to think, and which renders him a subject of moral government; -- sometimes, in distinction from the higher nature, or spirit, of man, the so-called animal soul, that is, the seat of life, the sensitive affections and phantasy, exclusive of the voluntary and rational powers; -- sometimes, in distinction from the mind, the moral and emotional part of man's nature, the seat of feeling, in distinction from intellect; -- sometimes, the intellect only; the understanding; the seat of knowledge, as distinguished from feeling. In a more general sense, "an animating, separable, surviving entity, the vehicle of individual personal existence." Tylor.

> The eyes of our souls only then begin to see, when our bodily eyes are closing.

Law.

2. The seat of real life or vitality; the source of action; the animating or essential part. "The hidden soul of harmony." Milton.

> Thou sun, of this great world both eye and soul.

Milton.

3. The leader; the inspirer; the moving spirit; the heart; as, the soul of an enterprise; an able general is the soul of his army.

> He is the very soul of bounty!

Shak.

4. Energy; courage; spirit; fervor; affection, or any other noble manifestation of the heart or moral nature; inherent power or goodness.

> That he wants algebra he must confess;
> But not a soul to give our arms success.

Young.

5. A human being; a person; -- a familiar appellation, usually with a qualifying epithet; as, poor soul.

> As cold waters to a thirsty soul, so is good news from a far country.

Prov. xxv. 25.

> God forbid so many simple souls
> Should perish by the aword!

Shak.

> Now mistress Gilpin (careful soul).

Cowper.

6. A pure or disembodied spirit.

> That to his only Son . . . every soul in heaven
> Shall bend the knee.

Milton.

Soul is used in the formation of numerous compounds, most of which are of obvious signification; as, soul-betraying, soul-consuming, soul-destroying, soul- distracting, soul-enfeebling, soul-exalting, soul-felt, soul-harrowing, soul-piercing, soul-quickening, soul-reviving, soul-stirring, soul-subduing, soul-withering, etc.

Syn. -- Spirit; life; courage; fire; ardor.

Cure of souls. See Cure, n., 2. -- Soul bell, the passing bell. Bp. Hall. -- Soul foot. See Soul scot, below. [Obs.] -- Soul scot or Soul shot. [Soul + scot, or shot; cf. AS. swelsceat.] (O. Eccl. Law) A funeral duty paid in former times for a requiem for the soul. Ayliffe.

Soul (?), v. t. To indue with a soul; to furnish with a soul or mind. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Souled (?), a. Furnished with a soul; possessing soul and feeling; -- used chiefly in composition; as, great-souled Hector. "Grecian chiefs . . . largely souled." Dryden.

||Sou"li*li` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A long-tailed, crested Javan monkey (Semnopithecus mitratus). The head, the crest, and the upper surface of the tail, are black.

Soul"less (?), a. Being without a soul, or without greatness or nobleness of mind; mean; spiritless.

> Slave, souless villain, dog!

Shak.

Soul"less*ly, adv. In a soulless manner. Tylor.

Soun (?), n. & v. Sound. [Obs.] aucer.

Sound (?), n. [AS. sund a swimming, akin to E. swim. See Swim.] The air bladder of a fish; as, cod sounds are an esteemed article of food.

Sound, n. (Zoöl.) A cuttlefish. [Obs.] Ainsworth.

Sound, a. [Compar. Sounder (?); superl. Soundest.] [OE. sound, AS. sund; akin to D. gezond, G. gesund, OHG. gisunt, Dan. & Sw. sund, and perhaps to L. sanus. Cf. Sane.] 1. Whole; unbroken; unharmed; free from flaw, defect, or decay; perfect of the kind; as, sound timber; sound fruit; a sound tooth; a sound ship.

2. Healthy; not diseased; not being in a morbid state; -- said of body or mind; as, a sound body; a sound constitution; a sound understanding.

3. Firm; strong; safe.

> The brasswork here, how rich it is in beams,
> And how, besides, it makes the whole house sound.

Chapman.

4. Free from error; correct; right; honest; true; faithful; orthodox; -- said of persons; as, a sound lawyer; a sound thinker.

> Do not I know you a favorer
> Of this new seat? Ye are nor sound.

Shak.

5. Founded in truth or right; supported by justice; not to be overthrown on refuted; not fallacious; as, sound argument or reasoning; a sound objection; sound doctrine; sound principles.

> Hold fast the form of sound words, which thou hast heard of me.

2 Tim. i. 13.

6. heavy; laid on with force; as, a sound beating.

7. Undisturbed; deep; profound; as, sound sleep.

8. Founded in law; legal; valid; not defective; as, a sound title to land.

Sound is sometimes used in the formation of self- explaining compounds; as, sound-headed, sound-hearted, sound-timbered, etc.

Sound currency (Com.), a currency whose actual value is the same as its nominal value; a currency which does not deteriorate or depreciate or fluctuate in comparision with the standard of values.

Sound, adv. Soundly.

> So sound he slept that naught might him awake.

Spenser.

Sound, n. [AS. sund a narrow sea or strait; akin to Icel., Sw., Dan. & G. sund, probably so named because it could be swum across. See Swim.] (Geog.) A narrow passage of water, or a strait between the mainland and an island; also, a strait connecting two seas, or connecting a sea or lake with the ocean; as, the Sound between the Baltic and the german Ocean; Long Island Sound.

> The Sound of Denmark, where ships pay toll.

Camden.

Sound dues, tolls formerly imposed by Denmark on vessels passing through the Baltic Sound.

Sound, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sounded; p. pr. & vb. n. Sounding.] [F. sonder; cf. AS. sundgyrd a sounding rod, sundline a sounding line (see Sound a narrow passage of water).] 1. To measure the depth of; to fathom; especially, to ascertain the depth of by means of a line and plummet.

2. Fig.: To ascertain, or try to ascertain, the thoughts, motives, and purposes of (a person); to examine; to try; to test; to probe.

> I was in jest,
> And by that offer meant to sound your breast.

Dryden.

> I've sounded my Numidians man by man.

Addison.

3. (Med.) To explore, as the bladder or urethra, with a sound; to examine with a sound; also, to examine by auscultation or percussion; as, to sound a patient.

<! p. 1375 !>

Sound (?), v. i. To ascertain the depth of water with a sounding line or other device.

> I sound as a shipman soundeth in the sea with his plummet to know the depth of sea.

Palsgrave.

Sound, n. [F. sonde. See Sound to fathom.] (Med.) Any elongated instrument or probe, usually metallic, by which cavities of the body are sounded or explored, especially the bladder for stone, or the urethra for a stricture.

Sound, n. [OE. soun, OF. son, sun, F. son, fr. L. sonus akin to Skr. svana sound, svan to sound, and perh. to E. swan. Cf. Assonant, Consonant, Person, Sonata, Sonnet, Sonorous, Swan.] 1. The peceived object occasioned by the impulse or vibration of a material substance affecting the ear; a sensation or perception of the mind received through the ear, and produced by the impulse or vibration of the air or other medium with which the ear is in contact; the effect of an impression made on the organs of hearing by an impulse or vibration of the air caused by a collision of bodies, or by other means; noise; report; as, the sound of a drum; the sound of the human voice; a horrid sound; a charming sound; a sharp, high, or shrill sound.

> The warlike sound
> Of trumpets loud and clarions.

Milton.

2. The occasion of sound; the impulse or vibration which would occasion sound to a percipient if present with unimpaired; hence, the theory of vibrations in elastic media such cause sound; as, a treatise on sound.

In this sense, sounds are spoken of as audible and inaudible.

3. Noise without signification; empty noise; noise and nothing else.

> Sense and not sound . . . must be the principle.

Locke.

Sound boarding, boards for holding pugging, placed in partitions of under floors in order to deaden sounds. - - Sound bow, in a series of transverse sections of a bell, that segment against which the clapper strikes, being the part which is most efficacious in producing the sound. See Illust. of Bell. -- Sound post. (Mus.) See Sounding post, under Sounding.

Sound, v. i. [OE. sounen, sownen, OF. soner, suner, F. sonner, from L. sonare. See Sound a noise.] 1. To make a noise; to utter a voice; to make an impulse of the air that shall strike the organs of hearing with a perceptible effect. "And first taught speaking trumpets how to sound." Dryden.

> How silver-sweet sound lovers' tongues!

Shak.

2. To be conveyed in sound; to be spread or published; to convey intelligence by sound.

> From you sounded out the word of the Lord.

1 Thess. i. 8.

3. To make or convey a certain impression, or to have a certain import, when heard; hence, to seem; to appear; as, this reproof sounds harsh; the story sounds like an invention.

> Good sir, why do you start, and seem to fear
> Things that do sound so fair?

Shak.

To sound in or into, to tend to; to partake of the nature of; to be consonant with. [Obs., except in the phrase To sound in damages, below.]

> Soun[d]ing in moral virtue was his speech.

Chaucer.

-- To sound in damages (Law), to have the essential quality of damages. This is said of an action brought, not for the recovery of a specific thing, as replevin, etc., but for damages only, as trespass, and the like.

Sound, v. t. 1. To causse to make a noise; to play on; as, to sound a trumpet or a horn.

> A bagpipe well could he play and soun[d].

Chaucer.

2. To cause to exit as a sound; as, to sound a note with the voice, or on an instrument.

3. To order, direct, indicate, or proclain by a sound, or sounds; to give a signal for by a certain sound; as, to sound a retreat; to sound a parley.

> The clock sounded the hour of noon.

G. H. Lewes.

4. To celebrate or honor by sounds; to cause to be reported; to publish or proclaim; as, to sound the praises of fame of a great man or a great exploit.

5. To examine the condition of (anything) by causing the same to emit sounds and noting their character; as, to sound a piece of timber; to sound a vase; to sound the lungs of a patient.

6. To signify; to import; to denote. [Obs.] Milton.

> Soun[d]ing alway the increase of his winning.

Chaucer.

Sound"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being sounded.

Sound"age (?; 48), n. Dues for soundings.

Sound"-board` (?), n. A sounding- board.

> To many a row of pipes the sound-board breathes.

Milton.

Sound"er (?), n. One who, or that which; sounds; specifically, an instrument used in telegraphy in place of a register, the communications being read by sound.

Sound"er, n. (Zoöl.) A herd of wild hogs.

Sound"ing, a. Making or emitting sound; hence, sonorous; as, sounding words. Dryden.

Sound"ing, n. 1. The act of one who, or that which, sounds (in any of the senses of the several verbs).

2. (Naut.) [From Sound to fathom.] (a) measurement by sounding; also, the depth so ascertained. (b) Any place or part of the ocean, or other water, where a sounding line will reach the bottom; -- usually in the plural. (c) The sand, shells, or the like, that are brought up by the sounding lead when it has touched bottom.

Sounding lead, the plummet at the end of a sounding line. -- Sounding line, a line having a plummet at the end, used in making soundings. -- Sounding post (Mus.), a small post in a violin, violoncello, or similar instrument, set under the bridge as a support, for propagating the sounds to the body of the instrument; -- called also sound post. -- Sounding rod (Naut.), a rod used to ascertain the depth of water in a ship's hold. -- In soundings, within the eighty-fathom line. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

Sound"ing-board` (?), n. 1. (Mus.) A thin board which propagates the sound in a piano, in a violin, and in some other musical instruments.

2. A board or structure placed behind or over a pulpit or rostrum to give distinctness to a speaker's voice.

3. pl. See Sound boarding, under Sound, a noise.

Sound"less (?), a. Not capable of being sounded or fathomed; unfathomable. Shak.

Sound"less, a. Having no sound; noiseless; silent. -- Sound"less*ly, adv. -- Sound"less*ness, n.

Sound"ly, adv. In a sound manner.

Sound"ness, n. The quality or state of being sound; as, the soundness of timber, of fruit, of the teeth, etc.; the soundness of reasoning or argument; soundness of faith.

Syn. -- Firmness; strength; solidity; healthiness; truth; rectitude.

Soune (?), v. t. & i. To sound. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Sounst (?), a. Soused. See Souse. [Obs.]

Soup (?), n. [F. soupe, OF. sope, supe, soupe, perhaps originally, a piece of bread; probably of Teutonic origin; cf. D. sop sop, G. suppe soup. See Sop something dipped in a liquid, and cf. Supper.] A liquid food of many kinds, usually made by boiling meat and vegetables, or either of them, in water, -- commonly seasoned or flavored; strong broth.

Soup kitchen, an establishment for preparing and supplying soup to the poor. -- Soup ticket, a ticket conferring the privilege of receiving soup at a soup kitchen.

Soup, v. t. To sup or swallow. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Soup, v. t. To breathe out. [Obs.] amden.

Soup, v. t. To sweep. See Sweep, and Swoop. [Obs.]

||Soupe`-mai"gre (?), n. [F.] (Cookery) Soup made chiefly from vegetables or fish with a little butter and a few condiments.

Sou"ple (?), n. That part of a flail which strikes the grain. Knight.

Soup"y (?), a. Resembling soup; souplike.

Sour (?), a. [Compar. Sourer (?); superl. Sourest.] [OE. sour, sur, AS. s&?;r; akin to D. zuur, G. sauer, OHG. s&?;r, Icel. s&?;rr, Sw. sur, Dan. suur, Lith. suras salt, Russ. surovui harsh, rough. Cf. Sorrel, the plant.] 1. Having an acid or sharp, biting taste, like vinegar, and the juices of most unripe fruits; acid; tart.

> All sour things, as vinegar, provoke appetite.

Bacon.

2. Changed, as by keeping, so as to be acid, rancid, or musty, turned.

3. Disagreeable; unpleasant; hence; cross; crabbed; peevish; morose; as, a man of a sour temper; a sour reply. "A sour countenance." Swift.

> He was a scholar . . .
> Lofty and sour to them that loved him not,
> But to those men that sought him sweet as summer.

Shak.

4. Afflictive; painful. "Sour adversity." Shak.

5. Cold and unproductive; as, sour land; a sour marsh.

Sour dock (Bot.), sorrel. -- Sour gourd (Bot.), the gourdlike fruit Adansonia Gregorii, and A. digitata; also, either of the trees bearing this fruit. See Adansonia. -- Sour grapes. See under Grape. -- Sour gum (Bot.) See Turelo. -- Sour plum (Bot.), the edible acid fruit of an Australian tree (Owenia venosa); also, the tree itself, which furnished a hard reddish wood used by wheelwrights.

Syn. -- Acid; sharp; tart; acetous; acetose; harsh; acrimonious; crabbed; currish; peevish.

Sour, n. A sour or acid substance; whatever produces a painful effect. Spenser.

Sour, v. t. [AS. s&?;rian to sour, to become sour.] 1. To cause to become sour; to cause to turn from sweet to sour; as, exposure to the air sours many substances.

> So the sun's heat, with different powers,
> Ripens the grape, the liquor sours.

Swift.

2. To make cold and unproductive, as soil. Mortimer.

3. To make unhappy, uneasy, or less agreeable.

> To sour your happiness I must report,
> The queen is dead.

Shak.

4. To cause or permit to become harsh or unkindly. "Souring his cheeks." Shak.

> Pride had not sour'd nor wrath debased my heart.

Harte.

5. To macerate, and render fit for plaster or mortar; as, to sour lime for business purposes.

Sour, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Soured (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Souring.] To become sour; to turn from sweet to sour; as, milk soon sours in hot weather; a kind temper sometimes sours in adversity.

> They keep out melancholy from the virtuous, and hinder the hatred of vice from souring into severity.

Addison.

Source (?), n. [OE. sours, OF. sourse, surse, sorse, F. source, fr. OF. sors, p. p. of OF. sordre, surdre, sourdre, to spring forth or up, F. sourdre, fr. L. surgere to lift or raise up, to spring up. See Surge, and cf. Souse to plunge or swoop as a bird upon its prey.] 1. The act of rising; a rise; an ascent. [Obs.]

> Therefore right as an hawk upon a sours
> Up springeth into the air, right so prayers . . .
> Maken their sours to Goddes ears two.

Chaucer.

2. The rising from the ground, or beginning, of a stream of water or the like; a spring; a fountain.

> Where as the Poo out of a welle small
> Taketh his firste springing and his sours.

Chaucer.

> Kings that rule
> Behind the hidden sources of the Nile.

Addison.

3. That from which anything comes forth, regarded as its cause or origin; the person from whom anything originates; first cause.

> This source of ideas every man has wholly in himself.

Locke.

> The source of Newton's light, of Bacon's sense.

Pope.

Syn. -- See Origin.

Sour"crout` (?), n. See Sauerkraut.

Sourde (?), v. i. [F. sourdre. See Source.] To have origin or source; to rise; to spring. [Obs.]

> Now might men ask whereof that pride sourdeth.

Chaucer.

Sour"ing (?), n. (Bot.) Any sour apple.

Sour"ish, a. Somewhat sour; moderately acid; as, sourish fruit; a sourish taste.

Sour"krout` (?), n. Same as Sauerkraut.

Sour"ly, adv. In a sour manner; with sourness.

Sour"ness, n. The quality or state of being sour.

Sours (?), n. Source. See Source. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Sour"sop` (?), n. (Bot.) The large succulent and slightly acid fruit of a small tree (Anona muricata) of the West Indies; also, the tree itself. It is closely allied to the custard apple.

Sour"wood` (?), n. (Bot.) The sorrel tree.

{ Sous, Souse } (F. s; colloq. Eng. sous), n. A corrupt form of Sou. [Obs.] Colman, the Elder.

Souse (?), n. [OF. sausse. See Sauce.] [Written also souce, sowce, and sowse.] 1. Pickle made with salt.

2. Something kept or steeped in pickle; esp., the pickled ears, feet, etc., of swine.

> And he that can rear up a pig in his house,
> Hath cheaper his bacon, and sweeter his souse.

Tusser.

3. The ear; especially, a hog's ear. [Prov. Eng.]

4. The act of sousing; a plunging into water.

Souse, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Soused (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sousing.] [Cf. F. saucer to wet with sauce. See Souse pickle.] 1. To steep in pickle; to pickle. "A soused gurnet." Shak.

2. To plunge or immerse in water or any liquid.

> They soused me over head and ears in water.

Addison.

3. To drench, as by an immersion; to wet throughly.

> Although I be well soused in this shower.

Gascoigne.

Souse, v. i. [Probably fr. OF. sors, p. p. of sordre to rise, and first used of an upward swood, then of a swoop in general, but also confused with Souse, v. t. See Source.] To swoop or plunge, as a bird upon its prey; to fall suddenly; to rush with speed; to make a sudden attack.

> For then I viewed his plunge and souse
> Into the foamy main.

Marston.

> Jove's bird will souse upon the timorous hare.

J. Dryden. Jr.

Souse, v. t. To pounce upon. [R.]

> [The gallant monarch] like eagle o'er his serie towers,
> To souse annoyance that comes near his nest.

Shak.

Souse, n. The act of sousing, or swooping.

> As a falcon fair
> That once hath failed or her souse full near.

Spenser.

Souse, adv. With a sudden swoop; violently. Young.

Sous"lik (?), n. [F.] (Zoöl.) See Suslik.

Sout (?), n. Soot. [Obs.] Spenser.

||Sou`tache" (?), n. [F.] A kind of narrow braid, usually of silk; -- also known as Russian braid.

Sout"age (? or ?; 48), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] That in which anything is packed; bagging, as for hops. [Obs.] Halliwell.

||Sou`tane" (?), n. [F., fr. Sp. sotana, or It. sottana, LL. subtana, fr. L. subtus below, beneath, fr. sub under.] (Eccl. Costume) A close garnment with straight sleeves, and skirts reaching to the ankles, and buttoned in front from top to bottom; especially, the black garment of this shape worn by the clergy in France and Italy as their daily dress; a cassock.

Sou"ter (?), n. [AS. s&?;t&?;re, fr. It. sutor, fr. suere to sew.] A shoemaker; a cobbler. [Obs.] Chaucer.

> There is no work better than another to please God: . . . to wash dishes, to be a souter, or an apostle, -- all is one.

Tyndale.

Sou"ter*ly, a. Of or pertaining to a cobbler or cobblers; like a cobbler; hence, vulgar; low. [Obs.]

Sou"ter*rain (?), n. [F. See Subterranean.] A grotto or cavern under ground. [Obs.] Arbuthnot.

South (?; by sailors sou), n. [OE. south, suþ, AS. sð for sunð; akin to D. zuid, OHG. sund, G. süd, süden, Icel. suðr, sunnr, Dan. syd, sönden, Sw. syd, söder, sunnan; all probably akin to E. sun, meaning, the side towards the sun. √297. See Sun.] 1. That one of the four cardinal points directly opposite to the north; the region or direction to the right or direction to the right of a person who faces the east.

2. A country, region, or place situated farther to the south than another; the southern section of a country. "The queen of the south." Matt. xii. 42.

3. Specifically: That part of the United States which is south of Mason and Dixon's line. See under Line.

4. The wind from the south. [Obs.] Shak.

South, a. Lying toward the south; situated at the south, or in a southern direction from the point of observation or reckoning; proceeding toward the south, or coming from the south; blowing from the south; southern; as, the south pole. "At the south entry." Shak.

South-Sea tea (Bot.) See Yaupon.

South, adv. 1. Toward the south; southward.

2. From the south; as, the wind blows south. Bacon.

South (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Southed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Southing.] 1. To turn or move toward the south; to veer toward the south.

2. (Astron.) To come to the meridian; to cross the north and south line; -- said chiefly of the moon; as, the moon souths at nine.

South*cot"ti*an (?), n. (Eccl. Hist.) A follower of Joanna Southcott (1750-1814), an Englishwoman who, professing to have received a miraculous calling, preached and prophesied, and committed many impious absurdities.

South"down` (?), a. Of or pertaining to the South Downs, a range of pasture hills south of the Thames, in England.

Southdown sheep (Zoöl.), a celebrated breed of shortwooled, hornless sheep, highly valued on account of the delicacy of their flesh. So called from the South Downs where the breed originated.

South"down`, n. A Southdown sheep.

<! p. 1376 !>

South`east" (?; by sailors sou"-), n. The point of the compass equally distant from the south and the east; the southeast part or region.

South`east (?; by sailors sou"-), a. Of or pertaining to the southeast; proceeding toward, or coming from, the southeast; as, a southeast course; a southeast wind.

South`east"er (?), n. A storm, strong wind, or gale coming from the southeast.

South`east"er, adv. Toward the southeast.

South`east"ern (?), a. Of or pertaining to the southeast; southeasterly.

{ South`east"ward (?), South`east"ward*ly }, adv. Toward the southeast.

South"er (?), n. A strong wind, gale, or storm from the south.

South"er*li*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being southerly; direction toward the south.

South"er*ly (?; 277), a. Southern.

South"ern (?; 277), a. [AS. s&?;&?;ern. See South.] Of or pertaining to the south; situated in, or proceeding from, the south; situated or proceeding toward the south.

Southern Cross (Astron.), a constellation of the southern hemisphere containing several bright stars so related in position as to resemble a cross. -- Southern Fish (Astron.), a constelation of the southern hemisphere (Piscis Australis) containing the bright star Fomalhaut. -- Southern States (U.S. Hist. & Geog.), the States of the American Union lying south of Pennsylvania and the Ohio River, with Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas. Before the Civil War, Missouri also, being a slave State, was classed as one of the Southern States.

South"ern, n. A Southerner. [R.]

South"ern*er (?), n. An inhabitant or native of the south, esp. of the Southern States of North America; opposed to Northerner.

South"ern*li*ness (?), n. Southerliness.

South"ern*ly (?), a. Somewhat southern. -- adv. In a southerly manner or course; southward.

South"ern*most` (?), a. Farthest south.

South"ern*wood` (?), n. (Bot.) A shrubby species of wormwood (Artemisia Abrotanum) having aromatic foliage. It is sometimes used in making beer.

South"ing (?; 277), n. 1. Tendency or progress southward; as, the southing of the sun. Emerson.

2. The time at which the moon, or other heavenly body, passes the meridian of a place.

3. (Astron.) Distance of any heavenly body south of the equator; south declination; south latitude.

4. (Surv. & Navigation) Distance southward from any point departure or of reckoning, measured on a meridian; -- opposed to northing.

South"ly (?), adv. Southerly. [Obs. & R.]

South"most` (?), a. Farthest toward the south; southernmost. [R.] Milton.

South"ness, n. A tendency in the end of a magnetic needle to point toward the south pole. Faraday.

South"ren (?), a. Southern. [Obs.] "I am a Southren man." Chaucer.

South"ron (?), n. An inhabitant of the more southern part of a country; formerly, a name given in Scotland to any Englishman.

South"say` (?), v. i. See Soothsay. [Obs.]

South"say`er (?), n. See Soothsayer. [Obs.]

South` south"er*ly (?). (Zoöl.) the old squaw; -- so called in imitation of its cry. Called also southerly, and southerland. See under Old.

{ South"ward (?; colloq. &?;), South"wards (?; colloq. &?;) }, adv. Toward the south, or toward a point nearer the south than the east or west point; as, to go southward.

South"ward, a. Toward the south.

South"ward, n. The southern regions or countries; the south. Sir W. Raleigh.

South"ward*ly, adv. In a southern direction.

South`west (?; colloq. sou"-.), n. The point of the compass equally from the south and the west; the southwest part or region.

South`west", a. Pertaining to, or in the direction of, the southwest; proceeding toward the southwest; coming from the southwest; as, a southwest wind.

South`west"er (?; colloq. &?;), n. 1. A storm, gale, or strong wind from the southwest.

2. A hat made of painted canvas, oiled cloth, or the like, with a flap at the back, -- worn in stormy weather.

South`west"er*ly, a. To ward or from the southwest; as, a southwesterly course; a southwesterly wind.

South`west"ern (?), a. Of or pertaining to the southwest; southwesterly; as, to sail a southwestern course.

{ South`west"ward (?), South`west"ward*ly }, adv. Toward the southwest.

{ Sou"ve*nance (?), So"ve*naunce (?), } n. [F. souvenance.] Remembrance. [Obs.]

> Of his way he had no sovenance.

Spenser.

Sou`ve*nir (? or ?), n. [F., fr. souvenir to remember, fr. L. subvenire to come up, come to mind; sub under + venire to come, akin to E. come. See Come, and cf. Subvention.] That which serves as a reminder; a remembrancer; a memento; a keepsake.

Sov"er*eign (? or ?; 277), a. [OE. soverain, sovereyn, OF. soverain, suvrain, F. souverain, LL. superanus, fr. L. superus that is above, upper, higher, fr. super above. See Over, Super, and cf. Soprano. The modern spelling is due to a supposed connection with reign.] 1. Supreme or highest in power; superior to all others; chief; as, our sovereign prince.

2. Independent of, and unlimited by, any other; possessing, or entitled to, original authority or jurisdiction; as, a sovereign state; a sovereign discretion.

3. Princely; royal. "Most sovereign name." Shak.

> At Babylon was his sovereign see.

Chaucer.

4. Predominant; greatest; utmost; paramount.

> We acknowledge him [God] our sovereign good.

Hooker.

5. Efficacious in the highest degree; effectual; controlling; as, a sovereign remedy. Dryden.

> Such a sovereign influence has this passion upon the regulation of the lives and actions of men.

South.

Sovereign state, a state which administers its own government, and is not dependent upon, or subject to, another power.

Sov"er*eign (? or ?; 277), n. 1. The person, body, or state in which independent and supreme authority is vested; especially, in a monarchy, a king, queen, or emperor.

> No question is to be made but that the bed of the Mississippi belongs to the sovereign, that is, to the nation.

Jefferson.

2. A gold coin of Great Britain, on which an effigy of the head of the reigning king or queen is stamped, valued at one pound sterling, or about $4.86.

3. (Zoöl.) Any butterfly of the tribe Nymphalidi, or genus Basilarchia, as the ursula and the viceroy.

Syn. -- King; prince; monarch; potentate; emperor.

Sov"er*eign*ize (?), v. i. To exercise supreme authority. [Obs.] Sir T. Herbert.

Sov"er*eign*ly, adv. In a sovereign manner; in the highest degree; supremely. Chaucer.

Sov"er*eign*ty (?), n.; pl. Sovereignties (#). [OE. soverainetee, OF. sovraineté, F. souveraineté.] The quality or state of being sovereign, or of being a sovereign; the exercise of, or right to exercise, supreme power; dominion; sway; supremacy; independence; also, that which is sovereign; a sovereign state; as, Italy was formerly divided into many sovereignties.

> Woman desiren to have sovereignty
> As well over their husband as over their love.

Chaucer.

Sov"ran (?), a. A variant of Sovereign. [Poetic]

> On thy bald, awful head, O sovran Blanc.

Coleridge.

Sow (?), v. i. To sew. See Sew. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Sow (?), n. [OE. sowe, suwe, AS. sugu, akin to s, D. zog, zeug, OHG. s, G. sau, Icel. sr, Dan. so, Sw. sugga, so, L. sus. Gr. "y^s, sy^s, Zend. hu boar; probably from the root seen in Skr. s to beget, to bear; the animal being named in allusion to its fecundity. √294. Cf. Hyena, Soil to stain, Son, Swine.] 1. (Zoöl.) The female of swine, or of the hog kind.

2. (Zoöl.) A sow bug.

3. (Metal.) (a) A channel or runner which receives the rows of molds in the pig bed. (b) The bar of metal which remains in such a runner. (c) A mass of solidified metal in a furnace hearth; a salamander.

4. (Mil.) A kind of covered shed, formerly used by besiegers in filling up and passing the ditch of a besieged place, sapping and mining the wall, or the like. Craig.

Sow bread. (Bot.) See Cyclamen. -- Sow bug, or Sowbug (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of terrestrial Isopoda belonging to Oniscus, Porcellio, and allied genera of the family Oniscidæ. They feed chiefly on decaying vegetable substances. -- Sow thistle [AS. sugepistel] (Bot.), a composite plant (Sonchus oleraceus) said to be eaten by swine and some other animals.

Sow (?), v. t. [imp. Sowed (?); p. p. Sown (?) or Sowed; p. pr. & vb. n. Sowing.] [OE. sowen, sawen, AS. swan; akin to OFries. s&?;a, D. zaaijen, OS. & HG. sjan, G. säen, Icel. s, Sw. så, Dan. saae, Goth. saian, Lith. sti, Russ. sieiate, L. serere, sevi. Cf. Saturday, Season, Seed, Seminary.] 1. To scatter, as seed, upon the earth; to plant by strewing; as, to sow wheat. Also used figuratively: To spread abroad; to propagate. "He would sow some difficulty." Chaucer.

> A sower went forth to sow; and when he sowed, some seeds fell by the wayside.

Matt. xiii. 3, 4.

> And sow dissension in the hearts of brothers.

Addison.

2. To scatter seed upon, in, or over; to supply or stock, as land, with seeds. Also used figuratively: To scatter over; to besprinkle.

> The intellectual faculty is a goodly field, . . . and it is the worst husbandry in the world to sow it with trifles.

Sir M. Hale.

> [He] sowed with stars the heaven.

Milton.

> Now morn . . . sowed the earth with orient pearl.

Milton.

Sow, v. i. To scatter seed for growth and the production of a crop; -- literally or figuratively.

> They that sow in tears shall reap in joi.

Ps. cxxvi. 5.

Sow"ans (? or ?), n. pl. See Sowens.

Sow"ar (?), n. [Per. sawr a horseman.] In India, a mounted soldier.

Sow"bane` (?), n. (Bot.) The red goosefoot (Chenopodium rubrum), -- said to be fatal to swine.

Sowce (?), n. & v. See Souse. [Obs.]

Sow"dan (?), n. [F. soudan. See Soldan.] Sultan. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Sow"dan*esse` (?), n. A sultaness. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Sow"ens (? or ?), n. pl. [Scottish; cf. AS. seáw juice, glue, paste.] A nutritious article of food, much used in Scotland, made from the husk of the oat by a process not unlike that by which common starch is made; -- called flummery in England. [Written also sowans, and sowins.]

Sow"er (?), n. One who, or that which, sows.

Sow"ins (? or ?), n. pl. See Sowens.

{ Sowl, Sowle } (?), v. t. [Cf. prov. G. zaulen, zauseln, G. zausen to tug, drag.] To pull by the ears; to drag about. [Obs.] hak.

Sowl, v. i. See Soul, v. i. [Obs.]

Sown (?), p. p. of Sow.

Sowne (?), v. t. & i. To sound. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Sowse (?), n. & v. See Souse. [Obs.] ryden.

Sow"ter (?), n. See Souter. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Soy (?), n. [Chinese shy.] 1. A Chinese and Japanese liquid sauce for fish, etc., made by subjecting boiled beans (esp. soja beans), or beans and meal, to long fermentation and then long digestion in salt and water.

2. (Bot.) The soja, a kind of bean. See Soja.

Soyle (?), v. t. [Aphetic form of assoil.] To solve, to clear up; as, to soyl all other texts. [Obs.] Tyndate.

Soyle, n. [Cf. Soil to feed.] Prey. [Obs.] Spenser.

Soyn"ed (? or ?), a. [F. soigner to care.] Filled with care; anxious. [Obs.] Mir. for Mag.

Soz"zle (?), v. t. [Freq. from soss, v.] 1. To splash or wet carelessly; as, to sozzle the feet in water. [Local, U.S.] Bartlett.

2. To heap up in confusion. [Prov. Eng.] Forby.

Soz"zle, n. 1. One who spills water or other liquids carelessly; specifically, a sluttish woman. [Local, U.S.]

2. A mass, or heap, confusedly mingled. [Prov. Eng.]

Spa (?; 277), n. A spring or mineral water; -- so called from a place of this name in Belgium.

Spaad (?), n. [Cf. G. spath spar. See Spar the mineral.] (Min.) A kind of spar; earth flax, or amianthus. [Obs.] oodward.

Space (sps), n. [OE. space, F. espace, from L. spatium space; cf. Gr. spa^n to draw, to tear; perh. akin to E. span. Cf. Expatiate.] 1. Extension, considered independently of anything which it may contain; that which makes extended objects conceivable and possible.

> Pure space is capable neither of resistance nor motion.

Locke.

2. Place, having more or less extension; room.

> They gave him chase, and hunted him as hare;
> Long had he no space to dwell [in].

R. of Brunne.

> While I have time and space.

Chaucer.

3. A quantity or portion of extension; distance from one thing to another; an interval between any two or more objects; as, the space between two stars or two hills; the sound was heard for the space of a mile.

> Put a space betwixt drove and drove.

Gen. xxxii. 16.

4. Quantity of time; an interval between two points of time; duration; time. "Grace God gave him here, this land to keep long space." R. of brunne.

> Nine times the space that measures day and night.

Milton.

> God may defer his judgments for a time, and give a people a longer space of repentance.

Tillotson.

5. A short time; a while. [R.] "To stay your deadly strife a space." Spenser.

6. Walk; track; path; course. [Obs.]

> This ilke [same] monk let old things pace,
> And held after the new world the space.

Chaucer.

7. (print.) (a) A small piece of metal cast lower than a face type, so as not to receive the ink in printing, -- used to separate words or letters. (b) The distance or interval between words or letters in the lines, or between lines, as in books.

Spaces are of different thicknesses to enable the compositor to arrange the words at equal distances from each other in the same line.

8. (Mus.) One of the intervals, or open places, between the lines of the staff.

Absolute space, Euclidian space, etc. See under Absolute, Euclidian, etc. -- Space line (Print.), a thin piece of metal used by printers to open the lines of type to a regular distance from each other, and for other purposes; a lead. Hansard. -- Space rule (Print.), a fine, thin, short metal rule of the same height as the type, used in printing short lines in tabular matter.

Space, v. i. [Cf. OF. espacier, L. spatiari. See Space, n.] To walk; to rove; to roam. [Obs.]

> And loved in forests wild to space.

Spenser.

Space, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spaced (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Spacong (?).] [Cf. F. espacer. See Space, n.] (Print.) To arrange or adjust the spaces in or between; as, to space words, lines, or letters.

Space"ful (?), a. Wide; extensive. Sandys.

Space"less, a. Without space. Coleridge.

Spa"cial (?), a. See Spatial.

Spa"cial*ly, adv. See Spatially. Sir W. Hamilton.

Spa"cious (?), a. [L. spatiousus: cf. F. spacieux. See Space, n.] 1. Extending far and wide; vast in extent. "A spacious plain outstretched in circuit wide." Milton.

2. Inclosing an extended space; having large or ample room; not contracted or narrow; capacious; roomy; as, spacious bounds; a spacious church; a spacious hall. -- Spa"cious*ly, adv. -- Spa"cious*ness, n.

||Spa`das`sin" (?), n. [F., fr. It. spadaccino a swordsman, from spada a sword.] A bravo; a bully; a duelist. Ld. Lytton.

Spad"dle (?), n. A little spade. [Obs.]

Spade (?), n. [Cf. Spay, n.] 1. (Zoöl.) A hart or stag three years old. [Written also spaid, spayade.]

2. [Cf. L. spado.] A castrated man or beast.

Spade, n. [AS. spæd; spada; akin to D. spade, G. spaten, Icel. spaði, Dan. & Sw. spade, L. spatha a spatula, a broad two-edged sword, a spathe, Gr. spa`qh. Cf. Epaulet, Spade at cards, Spathe, Spatula.] 1. An implement for digging or cutting the ground, consisting usually of an oblong and nearly rectangular blade of iron, with a handle like that of a shovel. "With spade and pickax armed." Milton.

2. [Sp. espada, literally, a sword; -- so caused because these cards among the Spanish bear the figure of a sword. Sp. espada is fr. L. spatha, Gr. spa`qh. See the Etymology above.] One of that suit of cards each of which bears one or more figures resembling a spade.

> "Let spades be trumps!" she said.

Pope.

3. A cutting instrument used in flensing a whale.

Spade bayonet, a bayonet with a broad blade which may be used digging; -- called also trowel bayonet. -- Spade handle (Mach.), the forked end of a connecting rod in which a pin is held at both ends. See Illust. of Knuckle joint, under Knuckle.

<! p. 1377 !>

Spade (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Spading.] To dig with a spade; to pare off the sward of, as land, with a spade.

Spade"bone` (&?;), n. Shoulder blade. [Prov. Eng.]

Spade"fish` (?), n. (Zoöl.) An American market fish (Chætodipterus faber) common on the southern coasts; -- called also angel fish, moonfish, and porgy.

Spade"foot` (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any species of burrowing toads of the genus Scaphiopus, esp. S. Holbrookii, of the Eastern United States; -- called also spade toad.

Spade"ful (?), n.; pl. Spadefuls (#). [Spade + full.] As much as a spade will hold or lift.

Spad"er (?), n. One who, or that which, spades; specifically, a digging machine.

Spa*di"ceous (?), a. [L. spadix, -icis, a date-brown or nut-brown color. See Spadix.] 1. Of a bright clear brown or chestnut color. Sir T. Browne.

2. (Bot.) Bearing flowers on a spadix; of the nature of a spadix.

Spa"di*cose` (?), a. (Bot.) Spadiceous.

Spa*dille" (?), n. [F., fr. Sp. espadilla, dim. of espada. See Spade a card.] (Card Playing) The ace of spades in omber and quadrille.

Spa"dix (?), n.; pl. L. Spadices (#), E. Spadixes (#). [L., a palm branch broken off, with its fruit, Gr. &?;.] 1. (Bot.) A fleshy spike of flowers, usually inclosed in a leaf called a spathe.

2. (Zoöl.) A special organ of the nautilus, due to a modification of the posterior tentacles.

||Spa"do (?), n.; pl. Spadones (#). [L., fr. Gr. &?;.] 1. Same as Spade, 2.

2. (Law) An impotent person.

Spa*droon" (?), n. [Cf. F. & Sp. espadon, It. spadone. See Espadon, Spade.] A sword, especially a broadsword, formerly used both to cut and thrust.

Spae (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Spaed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Spaeing.] [Scot. spae, spay, to foretell, to divine, Icel. sp.] To foretell; to divine. [Scot.]

Spae"man (?), n. A prophet; a diviner. [Scot.]

Spae"wife` (?), n. A female fortune teller. [Scot.]

||Spa*ghet"ti (?), n. [It.] A variety or macaroni made in tubes of small diameter.

{ Spa*gyr"ic (?), Spa*gyr"ic*al (?) }, a. [LL. sparygicus, fr. Gr. &?; to draw, to separate + &?; to assemble; cf. F. spagirique.] Chemical; alchemical. [Obs.]

Spa*gyr"ic, n. A spagyrist. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Spag"y*rist (?), n. [Cf. F. spagiriste.] 1. A chemist, esp. one devoted to alchemistic pursuits. [Obs.]

2. One of a sect which arose in the days of alchemy, who sought to discover remedies for disease by chemical means. The spagyrists historically preceded the iatrochemists. Encyc. Brit.

{ ||Spa"hi (?), ||Spa"hee }, n. [Per., Turk., & Hind. siph: cf. F. spahi. See Seroy.] 1. Formerly, one of the Turkish cavalry.

2. An Algerian cavalryman in the French army.

Spaid (?), n. See 1st Spade.

Spake (?), archaic imp. of Speak.

Spake"net` (?), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] A net for catching crabs. Halliwell.

Spak"y (?), a. Specky. [Obs.] hapman.

Spald"ing knife` (?). A spalting knife.

Spale (?), n. [Cf. Spell a splinter.] 1. A lath; a shaving or chip, as of wood or stone. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

2. (Shipbuilding) A strengthening cross timber.

Spall (?), n. [OF. espaule; cf. It. spalla. See Epaule.] The shoulder. [Obs.] Spenser.

Spall, n. [Prov. E. spall, spell. See Spale, Spell a splinter.] A chip or fragment, especially a chip of stone as struck off the block by the hammer, having at least one feather-edge.

Spall, v. t. 1. (Mining) To break into small pieces, as ore, for the purpose of separating from rock. Pryce.

2. (Masonry) To reduce, as irregular blocks of stone, to an approximately level surface by hammering.

Spall, v. i. To give off spalls, or wedge-shaped chips; -- said of stone, as when badly set, with the weight thrown too much on the outer surface.

Spal"peen (?), n. [Ir. spailpin, fr. spailp a beau, pride, self-conceit.] A scamp; an Irish term for a good-for-nothing fellow; -- often used in good-humored contempt or ridicule. [Colloq.]

Spalt (?), n. [Cf. G. spaltstein, from spalten to split. See 1st Spell.] (Metal.) Spelter. [Colloq.]

Spalt, a. [See 1st Spell.] 1. Liable to break or split; brittle; as, spalt timber. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

2. Heedless; clumsy; pert; saucy. [Prov. Eng.]

Spalt, v. t. & i. [Cf. OE. spalden. See Spalt, a.] To split off; to cleave off, as chips from a piece of timber, with an ax. [Prov. Eng. & Local, U.S.]

Spalt"ing knife` (?). A knife used in splitting codfish. [Written also spalding knife.]

Span (?), archaic imp. & p. p. of Spin.

Span, n. [AS. spann; akin to D. span, OHG. spanna, G. spanne, Icel. spönn. √170. See Span, v. t. ] 1. The space from the thumb to the end of the little finger when extended; nine inches; eighth of a fathom.

2. Hence, a small space or a brief portion of time.

> Yet not to earth's contracted span
> Thy goodness let me bound.

Pope.

> Life's but a span; I'll every inch enjoy.

Farquhar.

3. The spread or extent of an arch between its abutments, or of a beam, girder, truss, roof, bridge, or the like, between its supports.

4. (Naut.) A rope having its ends made fast so that a purchase can be hooked to the bight; also, a rope made fast in the center so that both ends can be used.

5. [Cf. D. span, Sw. spann, Dan. spænd, G. gespann. See Span, v. t. ] A pair of horses or other animals driven together; usually, such a pair of horses when similar in color, form, and action.

Span blocks (Naut.), blocks at the topmast and topgallant-mast heads, for the studding-sail halyards. -- Span counter, an old English child's game, in which one throws a counter on the ground, and another tries to hit it with his counter, or to get his counter so near it that he can span the space between them, and touch both the counters. Halliwell. "Henry V., in whose time boys went to span counter for French crowns." Shak. -- Span iron (Naut.), a special kind of harpoon, usually secured just below the gunwale of a whaleboat. -- Span roof, a common roof, having two slopes and one ridge, with eaves on both sides. Gwilt. -- Span shackle (Naut.), a large bolt driven through the forecastle deck, with a triangular shackle in the head to receive the heel of the old-fashioned fish davit. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

Span (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spanned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Spanning.] [AS. pannan; akin to D. & G. spannen, OHG. spannan, Sw. spänna, Dan. spænde, Icel. spenna, and perh. to Gr. &?; to draw, to drag, L. spatium space. √170. Cf. Spin, v. t., Space, Spasm.] 1. To measure by the span of the hand with the fingers extended, or with the fingers encompassing the object; as, to span a space or distance; to span a cylinder.

> My right hand hath spanned the heavens.

Isa. xiviii. 13.

2. To reach from one side of to the order; to stretch over as an arch.

> The rivers were spanned by arches of solid masonry.

prescott.

3. To fetter, as a horse; to hobble.

Span, v. i. To be matched, as horses. [U. S.]

||Spa*næ"mi*a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; scarce + &?; blood.] (Med.) A condition of impoverishment of the blood; a morbid state in which the red corpuscles, or other important elements of the blood, are deficient.

Spa*næ"mic (? or ?), a. (Med.) Of or pertaining to spanæmia; having impoverished blood.

Span"cel (?), n. [Perhaps span + AS. sl a rope.] A rope used for tying or hobbling the legs of a horse or cow. [Prov. Eng. & Local, U.S.] Grose.

Span"cel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spanceled (?) or Spancelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Spanceling or Spancelling.] To tie or hobble with a spancel. [Prov. Eng. & Local, U.S.] Malone.

Span"dogs` (?), n. pl. A pair of grappling dogs for hoisting logs and timber.

Span"drel (?), n. [From Span.] 1. (Arch.) The irregular triangular space between the curve of an arch and the inclosing right angle; or the space between the outer moldings of two contiguous arches and a horizontal line above them, or another arch above and inclosing them.

2. A narrow mat or passe partout for a picture. [Cant]

Spane (?), v. t. [Akin to G. spänen, LG. & D. spennen, AS. spanu a teat.] To wean. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Spang (?), v. t. To spangle. [Obs.]

Spang, v. i. To spring; to bound; to leap. [Scot.]

> But when they spang o'er reason's fence,
> We smart for't at our own expense.

Ramsay.

Spang, n. A bound or spring. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Spang, n. [AS. spange a clasp or fastening; akin to D. spang, G. spange, OHG. spanga, Icel. spöng a spangle.] A spangle or shining ornament. [Obs.]

> With glittering spangs that did like stars appear.

Spenser.

Span"gle (?), n. [OE. spangel, dim. of AS. spange. See Spang a spangle.] 1. A small plate or boss of shining metal; something brilliant used as an ornament, especially when stitched on the dress.

2. Figuratively, any little thing that sparkless. "The rich spangles that adorn the sky." Waller.

Oak spangle. See under Oak.

Span"gle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spangled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Spangling (?).] To set or sprinkle with, or as with, spangles; to adorn with small, distinct, brilliant bodies; as, a spangled breastplate. Donne.

> What stars do spangle heaven with such beauty?

Shak.

Spangled coquette (Zoöl.), a tropical humming bird (Lophornis reginæ). See Coquette, 2.

Span"gle, v. i. To show brilliant spots or points; to glisten; to glitter.

> Some men by feigning words as dark as mine
> Make truth to spangle, and its rays to shine.

Bunyan.

Span"gler (?), n. One who, or that which, spangles.

Span"gly (?), a. Resembling, or consisting of, spangles; glittering; as, spangly light.

Span"iard (?), n. A native or inhabitant of Spain.

Span"iel (?), n. [OF. espagneul, F. épagneul, espagnol Spanish, Sp. españnol, fr. España Spain, from L. Hispania.] 1. (Zoöl.) One of a breed of small dogs having long and thick hair and large drooping ears. The legs are usually strongly feathered, and the tail bushy. See Illust. under Clumber, and Cocker.

There are several varieties of spaniels, some of which, known as field spaniels, are used in hunting; others are used for toy or pet dogs, as the Blenheim spaniel, and the King Charles spaniel (see under Blenheim). Of the field spaniels, the larger kinds are called springers, and to these belong the Sussex, Norfolk, and Clumber spaniels (see Clumber). The smaller field spaniels, used in hunting woodcock, are called cocker spaniels (see Cocker). Field spaniels are remarkable for their activity and intelligence.

> As a spaniel she will on him leap.

Chaucer.

2. A cringing, fawning person. Shak.

Span"iel (?), a. Cringing; fawning. Shak.

Span"iel, v. i. To fawn; to cringe; to be obsequious. [R.] Churchill.

Span"iel, v. t. To follow like a spaniel. [R.]

Span"ish (?), a. Of or pertaining to Spain or the Spaniards.

Spanish bayonet (Bot.), a liliaceous plant (Yucca alorifolia) with rigid spine-tipped leaves. The name is also applied to other similar plants of the Southwestern United States and mexico. Called also Spanish daggers. -- Spanish bean (Bot.) See the Note under Bean. -- Spanish black, a black pigment obtained by charring cork. Ure. -- Spanish broom (Bot.), a leguminous shrub (Spartium junceum) having many green flexible rushlike twigs. -- Spanish brown, a species of earth used in painting, having a dark reddish brown color, due to the presence of sesquioxide of iron. -- Spanish buckeye (Bot.), a small tree (Ungnadia speciosa) of Texas, New Mexico, etc., related to the buckeye, but having pinnate leaves and a three-seeded fruit. -- Spanish burton (Naut.), a purchase composed of two single blocks. A double Spanish burton has one double and two single blocks. Luce (Textbook of Seamanship). -- Spanish chalk (Min.), a kind of steatite; -- so called because obtained from Aragon in Spain. -- Spanish cress (Bot.), a cruciferous plant (lepidium Cadamines), a species of peppergrass. -- Spanish curiew (Zoöl.), the long-billed curlew. [U.S.] -- Spanish daggers (Bot.) See Spanish bayonet. -- Spanish elm (Bot.), a large West Indian tree (Cordia Gerascanthus) furnishing hard and useful timber. -- Spanish feretto, a rich reddish brown pigment obtained by calcining copper and sulphur together in closed crucibles. -- Spanish flag (Zoöl.), the California rockfish (Sebastichthys rubrivinctus). It is conspicuously colored with bands of red and white. -- Spanish fly (Zoöl.), a brilliant green beetle, common in the south of Europe, used for raising blisters. See Blister beetle under Blister, and Cantharis. -- Spanish fox (Naut.), a yarn twisted against its lay. -- Spanish grass. (Bot.) See Esparto. -- Spanish juice (Bot.), licorice. -- Spanish leather. See Cordwain. -- Spanish mackerel. (Zoöl.) (a) A species of mackerel (Scomber colias) found both in Europe and America. In America called chub mackerel, big-eyed mackerel, and bull mackerel. (b) In the United States, a handsome mackerel having bright yellow round spots (Scomberomorus maculatus), highly esteemed as a food fish. The name is sometimes erroneously applied to other species. See Illust. under Mackerel. -- Spanish main, the name formerly given to the southern portion of the Caribbean Sea, together with the contiguous coast, embracing the route traversed by Spanish treasure ships from the New to the Old World. -- Spanish moss. (Bot.) See Tillandsia. -- Spanish needles (Bot.), a composite weed (Bidens bipinnata) having achenia armed with needlelike awns. -- Spanish nut (Bot.), a bulbous plant (Iris Sisyrinchium) of the south of Europe. -- Spanish potato (Bot.), the sweet potato. See under Potato. -- Spanish red, an ocherous red pigment resembling Venetian red, but slightly yellower and warmer. Fairholt. -- Spanish reef (Naut.), a knot tied in the head of a jib-headed sail. -- Spanish sheep (Zoöl.), a merino. -- Spanish white, an impalpable powder prepared from chalk by pulverizing and repeated washings, -- used as a white pigment. -- Spanish windlass (Naut.), a wooden roller, with a rope wound about it, into which a marline spike is thrust to serve as a lever.

Span"ish, n. The language of Spain.

Spank (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spanked (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Spanking.] [Of unknown origin; cf. LG. spakken, spenkern, to run and spring about quickly.] To strike, as the breech, with the open hand; to slap.

Spank, n. A blow with the open hand; a slap.

Spank, v. i. To move with a quick, lively step between a trot and gallop; to move quickly. Thackeray.

Spank"er (?), n. 1. One who spanks, or anything used as an instrument for spanking.

2. (Naut.) The after sail of a ship or bark, being a fore-and-aft sail attached to a boom and gaff; -- sometimes called driver. See Illust. under Sail. Totten.

3. One who takes long, quick strides in walking; also, a fast horse. [Colloq.]

4. Something very large, or larger than common; a whopper, as a stout or tall person. [Colloq.]

Spanker boom (Naut.), a boom to which a spanker sail is attached. See Illust. of Ship.

Spank"er, n. A small coin. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Spank"ing, a. 1. Moving with a quick, lively pace, or capable of so doing; dashing.

> Four spanking grays ready harnessed.

G. Colman, the Younger.

2. Large; considerable. [Colloq.]

Spanking breeze (Naut.), a strong breeze.

Span"less (?), a. Incapable of being spanned.

Span"ner (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, spans.

2. The lock of a fusee or carbine; also, the fusee or carbine itself. [Obs.]

3. An iron instrument having a jaw to fit a nut or the head of a bolt, and used as a lever to turn it with; a wrench; specifically, a wrench for unscrewing or tightening the couplings of hose.

4. pl. A contrivance in some of the ealier steam engines for moving the valves for the alternate admission and shutting off of the steam.

Span"-new` (?), a. [Icel. spnn&?;r, properly, new as a ship just split; spnn chip + n&?;r new. See Spoon, and New.] Quite new; brand-new; fire-new. "A span- new archbishop's chair." Fuller.

Span"nish*ing (?), n. [From OF. espanir to spread, F. épanou&?;. See Expand.] The full blooming of a flower. [Obs.] Rom. of R.

Span"piece (?), n. (Arch.) The collar of a roof; sparpiece.

Span"worm` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The larva of any geometrid moth, as the cankeworm; a geometer; a measuring worm.

<! p. 1378 !>

Spar (?), n. [AS. spær in spærstn chalkstone; akin to MHG. spar, G. sparkalk plaster.] (Min.) An old name for a nonmetallic mineral, usually cleavable and somewhat lustrous; as, calc spar, or calcite, fluor spar, etc. It was especially used in the case of the gangue minerals of a metalliferous vein.

Blue spar, Cube spar, etc. See under Blue, Cube, etc.

Spar, n. [OE. sparre; akin to D. spar, G. sparren, OHG. sparro, Dan.& Sw. sparre, Icel. sparri; of uncertain origin. &?; 171. Cf. Spar, v. t. ] 1. (Naut.) A general term any round piece of timber used as a mast, yard, boom, or gaff.

2. (Arch.) Formerly, a piece of timber, in a general sense; -- still applied locally to rafters.

3. The bar of a gate or door. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Spar buoy (Naut.), a buoy anchored by one end so that the other end rises above the surface of the water. -- Spar deck (Naut.), the upper deck of a vessel; especially, in a frigate, the deck which is continued in a straight line from the quarter-deck to the forecastle, and on which spare spars are usually placed. See under Deck. -- Spar torpedo (Naut.), a torpedo carried on the end of a spar usually projecting from the bow of a vessel, and intended to explode upon contact with an enemy's ships.

Spar, v. t. [OE. sparren, AS. sparrian; akin to G. sperren, Icel. sperra; from the noun. √171. See Spara beam, bar.] 1. To bolt; to bar. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. To To supply or equip with spars, as a vessel.

A vessel equipped with spars that are too large or too small is said to be oversparred or undersparred.

Spar, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sparred (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sparring.] [Of uncertain origin; cf. OF. esparer to kick, F. éparer, or Icel. sperra to stretch out the legs, to struggle.] 1. To strike with the feet or spurs, as cocks do.

2. To use the fists and arms scientifically in attack or defense; to contend or combat with the fists, as for exercise or amusement; to box.

> Made believe to spar at Paul with great science.

Dickens.

3. To contest in words; to wrangle. [Colloq.]

Spar, n. 1. A contest at sparring or boxing.

2. A movement of offense or defense in boxing.

Spar"a*ble (?), n. [Corrupted from sparrow bill.] A kind of small nail used by shoemakers.

Spar"a*da (?), n. (Zoöl.) A small California surf fish (Micrometrus aggregatus); -- called also shiner.

Spar"a*drap (?), n. [F. sparadrap; cf. It. sparadrappo, NL. sparadrapa.] 1. A cerecloth. [Obs.]

2. (Med.) Any adhesive plaster.

{ Spar"age (?; 48), Spar"a*gus (?), Spar"a*grass` (?) }, n. Obs. or corrupt forms of Asparagus.

Spar"ble (?), v. t. [OF. esparpiller to scatter, F. éparpiller.] To scatter; to disperse; to rout. [Obs.]

> The king's host was sparbled and chased.

Fabyan.

Spare (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spared (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sparing.] [AS. sparian, fr. spær spare, sparing, saving; akin to D. & G. sparen, OHG. spar&?;n, Icel. & Sw. spara, Dan. spare See Spare, a.] 1. To use frugally or stintingly, as that which is scarce or valuable; to retain or keep unused; to save. "No cost would he spare." Chaucer.

> [Thou] thy Father's dreadful thunder didst not spare.

Milton.

> He that hath knowledge, spareth his words.

Prov. xvii. 27.

2. To keep to one's self; to forbear to impart or give.

> Be pleased your plitics to spare.

Dryden.

> Spare my sight the pain
> Of seeing what a world of tears it costs you.

Dryden.

3. To preserve from danger or punishment; to forbear to punish, injure, or harm; to show mercy to.

> Spare us, good Lord.

Book of Common Prayer.

> Dim sadness did not spare
> That time celestial visages.

Milton.

> Man alone can whom he conquers spare.

Waller.

4. To save or gain, as by frugality; to reserve, as from some occupation, use, or duty.

> All the time he could spare from the necessary cares of his weighty charge, he &?;estowed on . . . serving of God.

Knolles.

5. To deprive one's self of, as by being frugal; to do without; to dispense with; to give up; to part with.

> Where angry Jove did never spare
> One breath of kind and temperate air.

Roscommon.

> I could have better spared a better man.

Shak.

To spare one's self. (a) To act with reserve. [Obs.]

> Her thought that a lady should her spare.

Chaucer.

(b) To save one's self labor, punishment, or blame.

Spare (?), v. i. 1. To be frugal; not to be profuse; to live frugally; to be parsimonious.

> I, who at some times spend, at others spare,
> Divided between carelessness and care.

Pope.

2. To refrain from inflicting harm; to use mercy or forbearance.

> He will not spare in the day of vengeance.

Prov. vi. 34.

3. To desist; to stop; to refrain. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Spare, a. [Compar. Sparer (?); superl. Sparest; -- not used in all the senses of the word.] [AS. spær sparing. Cf. Spare, v. t. ] 1. Scanty; not abundant or plentiful; as, a spare diet.

2. Sparing; frugal; parsimonious; chary.

> He was spare, but discreet of speech.

Carew.

3. Being over and above what is necessary, or what must be used or reserved; not wanted, or not used; superfluous; as, I have no spare time.

> If that no spare clothes he had to give.

Spenser.

4. Held in reserve, to be used in an emergency; as, a spare anchor; a spare bed or room.

5. Lean; wanting flesh; meager; thin; gaunt.

> O, give me the spare men, and spare me the great ones.

Shak.

6. Slow. [Obs. or prov. Eng.] Grose.

Spare (?), n. 1. The act of sparing; moderation; restraint. [Obs.]

> Killing for sacrifice, without any spare.

Holland.

2. Parsimony; frugal use. [Obs.] Bacon.

> Poured out their plenty without spite or spare.

Spenser.

3. An opening in a petticoat or gown; a placket. [Obs.]

4. That which has not been used or expended.

5. (Tenpins) The right of bowling again at a full set of pins, after having knocked all the pins down in less than three bowls. If all the pins are knocked down in one bowl it is a double spare; in two bowls, a single spare.

Spare"ful (?), a. Sparing; chary. [Obs.] Fairfax.

-- Spare"ful*ness, n. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney.

Spare"less, a. Unsparing. Sylvester.

Spare"ly, adv. In a spare manner; sparingly.

Spare"ness, n. [Cf. AS. spærnis frugality.] The quality or state of being lean or thin; leanness.

Spar"er (?), n. One who spares.

Spare"rib` (?), n. [Spare, a. + rib.] A piece of pork, consisting or ribs with little flesh on them.

Sparge (?), v. t. [L. spargere; cf. F. asperger.] To sprinkle; to moisten by sprinkling; as, to sparge paper.

Spar`ge*fac"tion (?), n. [L. spargere to strew + facere, factum, to make.] The act of sprinkling. [Obs.] Swift.

Spar"ger (?), n. [Cf. F. asperger to sprinkle, L. aspergere, spargere.] A vessel with a perforated cover, for sprinkling with a liquid; a sprinkler.

Spar"hawk` (?), n. [OE. sperhauke.] (Zoöl.) The sparrow hawk. [Prov. Eng.]

Spar"-hung` (?), a. Hung with spar, as a cave.

Spar"ing (?), a. Spare; saving; frugal; merciful. Bacon.

-- Spar"ing*ly, adv. -- Spar"ing*ness, n.

Spark (?), n. [OE. sparke, AS. spearca; akin to D. spark, sperk; cf. Icel. spraka to crackle, Lith. spragëti, Gr. &?; a bursting with a noise, Skr. sph&?;rj to crackle, to thunder. Cf. Speak.] 1. A small particle of fire or ignited substance which is emitted by a body in combustion.

> Man is born unto trouble, as the sparks fly upward.

Job v. 7.

2. A small, shining body, or transient light; a sparkle.

3. That which, like a spark, may be kindled into a flame, or into action; a feeble germ; an elementary principle. "If any spark of life be yet remaining." Shak. "Small intellectual spark." Macaulay. "Vital spark of heavenly flame." Pope.

> We have here and there a little clear light, some sparks of bright knowledge.

Locke.

> Bright gem instinct with music, vocal spark.

Wordsworth.

Spark arrester, a contrivance to prevent the escape of sparks while it allows the passage of gas, -- chiefly used in the smokestack of a wood-burning locomotive. Called also spark consumer. [U.S.]

Spark, n. [Icel. sparkr lively, sprightly.] 1. A brisk, showy, gay man.

> The finest sparks and cleanest beaux.

Prior.

2. A lover; a gallant; a beau.

Spark, v. i. To sparkle. [Obs.] Spenser.

Spark, v. i. To play the spark, beau, or lover.

> A sure sign that his master was courting, or, as it is termed, sparking, within.

W. Irwing.

Spark"er (?), n. A spark arrester.

Spark"ful (?), a. Lively; brisk; gay. [Obs.] "Our sparkful youth." Camden.

Spark"ish, a. 1. Like a spark; airy; gay. W. Walsh.

2. Showy; well-dresed; fine. L'Estrange.

Spar"kle (?), n. [Dim. of spark.] 1. A little spark; a scintillation.

> As fire is wont to quicken and go
> From a sparkle sprungen amiss,
> Till a city brent up is.

Chaucer.

> The shock was sufficiently strong to strike out some sparkles of his fiery temper.

Prescott.

2. Brilliancy; luster; as, the sparkle of a diamond.

Spar"kle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sparkled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sparkling (?).] [See Sparkle, n., Spark of fire.] 1. To emit sparks; to throw off ignited or incandescent particles; to shine as if throwing off sparks; to emit flashes of light; to scintillate; to twinkle; as, the blazing wood sparkles; the stars sparkle.

> A mantelet upon his shoulder hanging
> Bretful of rubies red, as fire sparkling.

Chaucer.

2. To manifest itself by, or as if by, emitting sparks; to glisten; to flash.

> I see bright honor sparkle through your eyes.

Milton.

3. To emit little bubbles, as certain kinds of liquors; to effervesce; as, sparkling wine.

Syn. -- To shine; glisten; scintillate; radiate; coruscate; glitter; twinkle.

Spar"kle, v. t. To emit in the form or likeness of sparks. "Did sparkle forth great light." Spenser.

Spar"kle, v. t. [Cf. Sparble.] 1. To disperse. [Obs.]

> The Landgrave hath sparkled his army without any further enterprise.

State Papers.

2. To scatter on or over. [Obs.] Purchas.

Spar"kler (?), n. One who scatters; esp., one who scatters money; an improvident person. [Obs.]

Spar"kler, n. One who, or that which, sparkles.

Spar"kler, n. (Zoöl.) A tiger beetle.

Spark"let (?), n. A small spark. [Obs.]

Spark"li*ness (?), n. Vivacity. [Obs.] Aubrey.

Spar"kling (?), a. Emitting sparks; glittering; flashing; brilliant; lively; as, sparkling wine; sparkling eyes. -- Spar"kling*ly, adv. -- Spar"kling*ness, n.

Syn. -- Brilliant; shining. See Shining.

Spar"ling (?), n. [Akin to G. spierling, spiering, D. spiering: cf. F. éperlan.] (Zoöl.) (a) The European smelt (Osmerus eperlanus). (b) A young salmon. (c) A tern. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.]

Spar"lyre` (?), n. [AS. spear- lira.] The calf of the leg. [Obs.] Wyclif (Deut. xxviii. 35).

Spa"roid (?; 277), a. [L. sparus the gilthead + -oid: cf. F. sparoïde.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Sparidæ, a family of spinous-finned fishes which includes the scup, sheepshead, and sea bream. -- n. One of the Sparidæ.

Spar"piece` (?), n. (Arch.) The collar beam of a roof; the spanpiece. Gwilt.

Spar"poil (?), v. t. [See Sparble.] To scatter; to spread; to disperse. [Obs.]

Spar"row (?), n. [OE. sparwe, AS. spearwa; akin to OHG. sparo, G. sperling, Icel. spörr, Dan. spurv, spurre, Sw. sparf, Goth. sparwa; -- originally, probably, the quiverer or flutterer, and akin to E. spurn. See Spurn, and cf. Spavin.] 1. (Zoöl.) One of many species of small singing birds of the family Fringilligæ, having conical bills, and feeding chiefly on seeds. Many sparrows are called also finches, and buntings. The common sparrow, or house sparrow, of Europe (Passer domesticus) is noted for its familiarity, its voracity, its attachment to its young, and its fecundity. See House sparrow, under House.

The following American species are well known; the chipping sparrow, or chippy, the sage sparrow, the savanna sparrow, the song sparrow, the tree sparrow, and the white-throated sparrow (see Peabody bird). See these terms under Sage, Savanna, etc.

2. (Zoöl.) Any one of several small singing birds somewhat resembling the true sparrows in form or habits, as the European hedge sparrow. See under Hedge.

> He that doth the ravens feed,
> Yea, providently caters for the sparrow,
> Be comfort to my age!

Shak.

Field sparrow, Fox sparrow, etc. See under Field, Fox, etc. -- Sparrow bill, a small nail; a castiron shoe nail; a sparable. -- Sparrow hawk. (Zoöl.) (a) A small European hawk (Accipiter nisus) or any of the allied species. (b) A small American falcon (Falco sparverius). (c) The Australian collared sparrow hawk (Accipiter torquatus). The name is applied to other small hawks, as the European kestrel and the New Zealand quail hawk. -- Sparrow owl (Zoöl.), a small owl (Glaucidium passerinum) found both in the Old World and the New. The name is also applied to other species of small owls. -- Sparrow spear (Zoöl.), the female of the reed bunting. [Prov. Eng.]

Spar"row*grass` (?), n. [Corrupted from asparagus.] Asparagus. [Colloq.] See the Note under Asparagus.

Spar"row*wort` (?), n. (Bot.) An evergreen shrub of the genus Erica (E. passerina).

Spar"ry (?), a. [From Spar.] Resembling spar, or consisting of spar; abounding with spar; having a confused crystalline structure; spathose.

Sparry iron (Min.), siderite. See Siderite (a). -- Sparry limestone (Min.), a coarsely crystalline marble.

Sparse (?), a. [Compar. Sparser (?); superl. Sparsest.] [L. sparsus, p. p. of spargere to strew, scatter. Cf. Asperse, Disperse.] 1. Thinly scattered; set or planted here and there; not being dense or close together; as, a sparse population. Carlyle.

2. (Bot.) Placed irregularly and distantly; scattered; -- applied to branches, leaves, peduncles, and the like.

Sparse, v. t. [L. sparsus, p. p. of spargere to scatter.] To scatter; to disperse. [Obs.] Spenser.

Spars"ed*ly (?), adv. Sparsely. [Obs.]

Sparse"ly, adv. In a scattered or sparse manner.

Sparse"ness, n. The quality or state of being sparse; as, sparseness of population.

||Spar"sim (?), adv. [L., fr. spargere to scatter.] Sparsely; scatteredly; here and there.

Spar"tan (?), a. [L. Spartanus.] Of or pertaining to Sparta, especially to ancient Sparta; hence, hardy; undaunted; as, Spartan souls; Spartan bravey. -- n. A native or inhabitant of Sparta; figuratively, a person of great courage and fortitude.

Spar"te*ine (?), n. (Chem.) A narcotic alkaloid extracted from the tops of the common broom (Cytisus scoparius, formerly Spartium scoparium), as a colorless oily liquid of aniline-like odor and very bitter taste.

Spar"ter*ie (?), n. [F., from Sp. esparto esparto, L. spartum, Gr. &?;.] Articles made of the blades or fiber of the Lygeum Spartum and Stipa (or Macrochloa) tenacissima, kinds of grass used in Spain and other countries for making ropes, mats, baskets, nets, and mattresses. Loudon.

Sparth (?), n. [Cf. Icel. spar&?;a.] An Anglo-Saxon battle-ax, or halberd. [Obs.]

> He hath a sparth of twenty pound of weight.

Chaucer.

<! p. 1379 !>

Sparve (?), n. (Zoöl.) The hedge sparrow. [Prov. Eng.]

Spar"y (?), a. Sparing; parsimonious. [Obs.]

Spasm (?), n. [F. spasme, L. spasmus, Gr. &?;, from &?;, &?;, to draw, to cause convulsion. Cf. Span, v. t.] 1. (Med.) An involuntary and unnatural contraction of one or more muscles or muscular fibers.

Spasm are usually either clonic or tonic. In clonic spasm, the muscles or muscular fibers contract and relax alternately in very quick succession. In tonic spasm, the contraction is steady and uniform, and continues for a comparatively long time, as in tetanus.

2. A sudden, violent, and temporary effort or emotion; as, a spasm of repentance.

Cynic spasm (Med.) See under Cynic. -- Spasm of the chest. See Angina pectoris, under Angina.

Spas*mat"ic*al (?), a. Spasmodic. [Obs.]

Spas"mod"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?;; &?; a convulsion + &?; likeness: cf. F. spasmotique.] 1. (Med.) Of or pertaining to spasm; consisting in spasm; occuring in, or characterized by, spasms; as, a spasmodic asthma.

2. Soon relaxed or exhausted; convulsive; intermittent; as, spasmodic zeal or industry.

Spasmodic croup (Med.), an affection of childhood characterized by a stoppage of brathing developed suddenly and without fever, and produced by spasmodic contraction of the vocal cords. It is sometimes fatal. Called also laryngismus stridulus, and childcrowing. -- Spasmodic stricture, a stricture caused by muscular spasm without structural change. See Organic stricture, under Organic.

Spas*mod"ic, n. (Med.) A medicine for spasm.

Spas*mod"ic*al (?), a. Same as Spasmodic, a. -- Spas*mod"ic*al*ly (#), adv.

Spas"tic (?), a. [L. spasticus, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to draw: cf. F. spastique. See Spasm.] (Med.) Of or pertaining to spasm; spasmodic; especially, pertaining to tonic spasm; tetanic.

Spas"tic*al*ly (?), adv. Spasmodically.

Spas*tic"i*ty (?), n. 1. A state of spasm.

2. The tendency to, or capability of suffering, spasm.

Spat (?), imp. of Spit. [Obs. or R.]

Spat, n. [From the root of spit; hence, literally, that which is ejected.] A young oyster or other bivalve mollusk, both before and after it first becomes adherent, or such young, collectively.

Spat, v. i. & t. To emit spawn; to emit, as spawn.

Spat, n. [Cf. Pat.] 1. A light blow with something flat. [U.S. & Prov. Eng.]

2. Hence, a petty combat, esp. a verbal one; a little quarrel, dispute, or dissension. [U. S.]

Spat, v. i. To dispute. [R.] Smart.

Spat, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spatted; p. pr. & vb. n. Spatting.] To slap, as with the open hand; to clap together; as the hands. [Local, U.S.]

> Little Isabel leaped up and down, spatting her hands.

Judd.

Spa*tan"goid (?), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Spatangoidea. -- n. One of the Spatangoidea.

||Spat`an*goi"de*a (?), n. pl. [NL. See Spatangus, and -oid.] (Zoöl.) An order of irregular sea urchins, usually having a more or less heart-shaped shell with four or five petal-like ambulacra above. The mouth is edentulous and situated anteriorly, on the under side.

||Spa*tan"gus (?), n. [NL., fr. L. spatangius a kind of sea urchin, Gr. &?;.] (Zoöl.) A genus of heart-shaped sea urchins belonging to the Spatangoidea.

Spatch"cock` (?), n. See Spitchcock.

Spate (?), n. [Of Celtic origin; cf. Ir. speid.] A river flood; an overflow or inundation. Burns.

> Gareth in a showerful spring
> Stared at the spate.

Tennyson.

||Spa"tha (?), n.; pl. Spathæ (#). [L.] (Bot.) A spathe.

Spa*tha"ceous (?), a. (Bot.) Having a spathe; resembling a spathe; spathal.

Spa"thal (?), a. (Bot.) Furnished with a spathe; as, spathal flowers. Howitt.

Spathe (?), n. [L. spatha, Gr. &?;: cf. F. spathe. See Spade for digging.] (Bot.) A special involucre formed of one leaf and inclosing a spadix, as in aroid plants and palms. See the Note under Bract, and Illust. of Spadix.

The name is also given to the several-leaved involucre of the iris and other similar plants.

Spathed (?), a. (Bot.) Having a spathe or calyx like a sheath.

Spath"ic (?), a. [Cf. F. spathique, fr. F. & G. spath spar.] Like spar; foliated or lamellar; spathose.

Spathic iron (Min.), siderite. See Siderite (a).

Spath"i*form (?), a. [F. spathiforme.] Resembling spar in form. "The ocherous, spathiform, and mineralized forms of uranite." Lavoisier (Trans.).

Spath"ose` (?), a. (Min.) See Spathic.

Spath"ose`, a. [See Spathe.] (Bot.) Having a spathe; resembling a spathe; spatheceous; spathal.

Spath"ous (?), a. (Bot.) Spathose.

Spath"u*late (?), a. See Spatulate.

Spa"tial (?), a. Of or pertaining to space. "Spatial quantity and relations." L. H. Atwater.

Spa"tial*ly (?), adv. As regards space.

Spa"ti*ate (?), v. t. [L. spatiatus, p. p. of spatiari, fr. spatiatum. See Space.] To rove; to ramble. [Obs.] Bacon.

Spat"ter (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spattered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Spattering.] [From the root of spit salvia.] 1. To sprinkle with a liquid or with any wet substance, as water, mud, or the like; to make wet of foul spots upon by sprinkling; as, to spatter a coat; to spatter the floor; to spatter boots with mud.

> Upon any occasion he is to be spattered over with the blood of his people.

Burke.

2. To distribute by sprinkling; to sprinkle around; as, to spatter blood. Pope.

3. Fig.: To injure by aspersion; to defame; to soil; also, to throw out in a defamatory manner.

Spat"ter, v. i. To throw something out of the mouth in a scattering manner; to sputter.

> That mind must needs be irrecoverably depraved, which, . . . tasting but once of one just deed, spatters at it, and abhors the relish ever after.

Milton.

Spat"ter*dashed` (?), a. Wearing spatterdashes. [Colloq.] Thackeray.

Spat"ter*dash`es (?), n. pl. [Spatter + dash.] Coverings for the legs, to protect them from water and mud; long gaiters.

Spat`ter-dock` (?), n. (Bot.) The common yellow water lily (Nuphar advena).

Spat"tle (?), n. Spawl; spittle. [Obs.] Bale.

Spat"tle, n. 1. A spatula.

2. (Pottery) A tool or implement for mottling a molded article with coloring matter Knoght.

Spat"tling-pop"py (?), n. [Prov. E. spattle to spit + E. poppy.] (Bot.) A kind of catchfly (Silene inflata) which is sometimes frothy from the action of captured insects.

Spat"u*la (?; 135), n. [L. spatula, spathula, dim. of spatha a spatula: F. spatule. See Spade for digging.] An implement shaped like a knife, flat, thin, and somewhat flexible, used for spreading paints, fine plasters, drugs in compounding prescriptions, etc. Cf. Palette knife, under Palette.

Spat"u*late (?), a. [NL. spatulatus.] (Nat. Hist.) Shaped like spatula, or like a battledoor, being roundish, with a long, narrow, linear base. [Also written spathulate.]

Spauld (?), n. [See Spall the shoulder.] The shoulder. [Scot.]

Spav"in (?), n. [OE. spaveyne, OF. esparvain, F. éparvin; akin to OF. espervier a sparrow hawk, F. épervier, fr. OHG. sparwri (G. sperber), fr. OHG. sparo sparrow, because this disease makes the horse raise the infirm leg in the manner of a sparrow hawk or sparrow. See Sparrow.] (Far.) A disease of horses characterized by a bony swelling developed on the hock as the result of inflammation of the bones; also, the swelling itself. The resulting lameness is due to the inflammation, and not the bony tumor as popularly supposed. Harbaugh.

Bog spavin, a soft swelling produced by distention of the capsular ligament of the hock; -- called also blood spavin. -- Bone spavin, spavin attended with exostosis; ordinary spavin.

Spav"ined (?), a. Affected with spavin.

Spaw (?), n. See Spa.

Spawl (?), n. A splinter or fragment, as of wood or stone. See Spall.

Spawl, n. [Cf. AS. sptl, fr. sptan to spit; probably akin to spwan, E. spew. Cf. Spew.] Scattered or ejected spittle.

Spawl, v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Spawled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Spawling.] [Cf. AS. sptlian.] To scatter spittle from the mouth; to spit, as saliva.

> Why must he sputter, spawl, and slaver it
> In vain, against the people's favorite.

Swift.

Spawl"ing, n. That which is spawled, or spit out.

Spawn (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spawned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Spawning.] [OE. spanen, OF. espandre, properly, to shed, spread, L. expandere to spread out. See Expand.] 1. To produce or deposit (eggs), as fishes or frogs do.

2. To bring forth; to generate; -- used in contempt.

> One edition [of books] spawneth another.

Fuller.

Spawn, v. i. 1. To deposit eggs, as fish or frogs do.

2. To issue, as offspring; -- used contemptuously.

Spawn, n. [√170. See Spawn, v. t.] 1. The ova, or eggs, of fishes, oysters, and other aquatic animals.

2. Any product or offspring; -- used contemptuously.

3. (Hort.) The buds or branches produced from underground stems.

4. (Bot.) The white fibrous matter forming the matrix from which fungi.

Spawn eater (Zoöl.), a small American cyprinoid fish (Notropis Hudsonius) allied to the dace.

Spawn"er (?), n. 1. (Zoöl.) A mature female fish.

> The barbel, for the preservation or their seed, both the spawner and the milter, cover their spawn with sand.

Walton.

2. Whatever produces spawn of any kind.

Spay (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spayed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Spaying.] [Cf. Armor. spac'hein, spaza to geld, W. dyspaddu to geld, L. spado a eunuch, Gr. &?;.] To remove or extirpate the ovaries of, as a sow or a bitch; to castrate (a female animal).

Spay, n. [Cf. Spade a spay, Spay, v. t.] (Zoöl.) The male of the red deer in his third year; a spade.

{ Spay"ad (?), Spay"ade (?) }, n. (Zoöl.) A spay.

Speak (?), v. i. [imp. Spoke (?) (Spake (&?;) Archaic); p. p. Spoken (?) (Spoke, Obs. or Colloq.); p. pr. & vb. n. Speaking.] [OE. speken, AS. specan, sprecan; akin to OF.ries. spreka, D. spreken, OS. spreken, G. sprechen, OHG. sprehhan, and perhaps to Skr. sphrj to crackle, to thunder. Cf. Spark of fire, Speech.] 1. To utter words or articulate sounds, as human beings; to express thoughts by words; as, the organs may be so obstructed that a man may not be able to speak.

> Till at the last spake in this manner.

Chaucer.

> Speak, Lord; for thy servant heareth.

1 Sam. iii. 9.

2. To express opinions; to say; to talk; to converse.

> That fluid substance in a few minutes begins to set, as the tradesmen speak.

Boyle.

> An honest man, is able to speak for himself, when a knave is not.

Shak.

> During the century and a half which followed the Conquest, there is, to speak strictly, no English history.

Macaulay.

3. To utter a speech, discourse, or harangue; to adress a public assembly formally.

> Many of the nobility made themselves popular by speaking in Parliament against those things which were most grateful to his majesty.

Clarendon.

4. To discourse; to make mention; to tell.

> Lycan speaks of a part of Cæsar's army that came to him from the Leman Lake.

Addison.

5. To give sound; to sound.

> Make all our trumpets speak.

Shak.

6. To convey sentiments, ideas, or intelligence as if by utterance; as, features that speak of self-will.

> Thine eye begins to speak.

Shak.

To speak of, to take account of, to make mention of. Robynson (More's Utopia). -- To speak out, to speak loudly and distinctly; also, to speak unreservedly. -- To speak well for, to commend; to be favorable to. -- To speak with, to converse with. "Would you speak with me?" Shak.

Syn. -- To say; tell; talk; converse; discourse; articulate; pronounce; utter.

Speak (?), v. t. 1. To utter with the mouth; to pronounce; to utter articulately, as human beings.

> They sat down with him upn ground seven days and seven nights, and none spake a word unto him.

Job. ii. 13.

2. To utter in a word or words; to say; to tell; to declare orally; as, to speak the truth; to speak sense.

3. To declare; to proclaim; to publish; to make known; to exhibit; to express in any way.

> It is my father;s muste
> To speak your deeds.

Shak.

> Speaking a still good morrow with her eyes.

Tennyson.

> And for the heaven's wide circuit, let it speak
> The maker's high magnificence.

Milton.

> Report speaks you a bonny monk.

Sir W. Scott.

4. To talk or converse in; to utter or pronounce, as in conversation; as, to speak Latin.

> And French she spake full fair and fetisely.

Chaucer.

5. To address; to accost; to speak to.

> [He will] thee in hope; he will speak thee fair.

Ecclus. xiii. 6.

> each village senior paused to scan
> And speak the lovely caravan.

Emerson.

To speak a ship (Naut.), to hail and speak to her captain or commander.

Speak"a*ble (?), a. 1. Capable of being spoken; fit to be spoken. Ascham.

2. Able to speak. Milton.

Speak"er (?), n. 1. One who speaks. Specifically: (a) One who utters or pronounces a discourse; usually, one who utters a speech in public; as, the man is a good speaker, or a bad speaker. (b) One who is the mouthpiece of others; especially, one who presides over, or speaks for, a delibrative assembly, preserving order and regulating the debates; as, the Speaker of the House of Commons, originally, the mouthpiece of the House to address the king; the Speaker of a House of Representatives.

2. A book of selections for declamation. [U. S.]

Speak"er*ship, n. The office of speaker; as, the speakership of the House of Representatives.

Speak"ing, a. 1. Uttering speech; used for conveying speech; as, man is a speaking animal; a speaking tube.

2. Seeming to be capable of speech; hence, lifelike; as, a speaking likeness.

A speaking acquaintance, a slight acquaintance with a person, or one which merely permits the exchange of salutations and remarks on indifferent subjects. -- Speaking trumpet, an instrument somewhat resembling a trumpet, by which the sound of the human voice may be so intensified as to be conveyed to a great distance. -- Speaking tube, a tube for conveying speech, especially from one room to another at a distance. -- To be on speaking terms, to be slightly acquainted.

Speak"ing, n. 1. The act of uttering words.

2. Public declamation; oratory.

Spear (?), n. [OE. spere, AS. spere; akin to D. & G. speer, OS. & OHS. sper, Icel. spjör, pl., Dan. spær, L. sparus.] 1. A long, pointed weapon, used in war and hunting, by thrusting or throwing; a weapon with a long shaft and a sharp head or blade; a lance. [See Illust. of Spearhead.] "A sharp ground spear." Chaucer.

> They shall beat their swords into plowshares, and their spears into pruning hooks.

Micah iv. 3.

2. Fig.: A spearman. Sir W. Scott.

3. A sharp-pointed instrument with barbs, used for stabbing fish and other animals.

4. A shoot, as of grass; a spire.

5. The feather of a horse. See Feather, n., 4.

6. The rod to which the bucket, or plunger, of a pump is attached; a pump rod.

Spear foot, the off hind foot of a horse. -- Spear grass. (Bot.) (a) The common reed. See Reed, n., 1. (b) meadow grass. See under Meadow. -- Spear hand, the hand in which a horseman holds a spear; the right hand. Crabb. -- Spear side, the male line of a family. Lowell. -- Spear thistle (Bot.), the common thistle (Cnicus lanceolatus).

Spear, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Speared (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Spearing.] To pierce with a spear; to kill with a spear; as, to spear a fish.

Spear, v. i. To shoot into a long stem, as some plants. See Spire. Mortimer.

Spear"er (?), n. One who uses a spear; as, a spearer of fish.

Spear"fish` (?), n. (Zoöl.) (a) A large and powerful fish (Tetrapturus albidus) related to the swordfish, but having scales and ventral fins. It is found on the American coast and the Mediterranean. (b) The carp sucker.

<! p. 1380 !>

Spear"head` (?), n. The pointed head, or end, of a spear.

Spear"man (?), n.; pl. Spearmen (&?;). One who is armed with a spear. Acts xxiii. 23.

Spear"mint` (?), n. [So named from its spiry, not capitate, inflorescence. Dr. Prior.] (Bot.) A species of mint (Mentha viridis) growing in moist soil. It vields an aromatic oil. See Mint, and Mentha.

Spear"wood` (?), n. (Bot.) An Australian tree (Acacia Doratoxylon), and its tough wood, used by the natives for spears.

Spear"wort` (?), n. [AS. sperewyrt.] (Bot.) A name given to several species of crowfoot (Ranunculus) which have spear-shaped leaves.

Spear"y (?), a. Having the form of a spear.

Spece (?), n. Species; kind. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Specht (?), n. [See Speight.] (Zoöl.) A woodpecker. [Obs. or prov. Eng.] Sherwood.

Spe"cial (?), a. [L. specialis, fr. species a particular sort, kind, or quality: cf. F. spécial. See Species, and cf. Especial.] 1. Of or pertaining to a species; constituting a species or sort.

> A special is called by the schools a "species".

I. Watts.

2. Particular; peculiar; different from others; extraordinary; uncommon.

> Our Savior is represented everywhere in Scripture as the special patron of the poor and the afficted.

Atterbury.

> To this special evil an improvement of style would apply a special redress.

De Quincey.

3. Appropriate; designed for a particular purpose, occasion, or person; as, a special act of Parliament or of Congress; a special sermon.

4. Limited in range; confined to a definite field of action, investigation, or discussion; as, a special dictionary of commercial terms; a special branch of study.

5. Chief in excellence. [Obs.]

> The king hath drawn
> The special head of all the land together.

Shak.

Special administration (Law), an administration limited to certain specified effects or acts, or one granted during a particular time or the existence of a special cause, as during a controversy respecting the probate of a will, or the right of administration, etc. -- Special agency, an agency confined to some particular matter. -- Special bail, Bail above, or Bail to the action (Law), sureties who undertake that, if the defendant is convicted, he shall satisfy the plaintiff, or surrender himself into custody. Tomlins. Wharton (Law Dict.). -- Special constable. See under Constable. Bouvier. -- Special damage (Law), a damage resulting from the act complained of, as a natural, but not the necessary, consequence of it. -- Special demurrer (Law), a demurrer for some defect of form in the opposite party pleading, in which the cause of demurrer is particularly stated. -- Special deposit, a deposit made of a specific thing to be kept distinct from others. -- Special homology. (Biol.) See under Homology. -- Special injuction (Law), an injuction granted on special grounds, arising of the circumstances of the case. Daniell. -- Special issue (Law), an issue produced upon a special plea. Stephen. -- Special jury (Law), a jury consisting of persons of some particular calling, station, or qualification, which is called upon motion of either party when the cause is supposed to require it; a struck jury. -- Special orders (Mil.), orders which do not concern, and are not published to, the whole command, such as those relating to the movement of a particular corps, a detail, a temporary camp, etc. -- Special partner, a limited partner; a partner with a limited or restricted responsibility; -- unknown at common law. -- Special partnership, a limited or particular partnership; -- a term sometimes applied to a partnership in a particular business, operation, or adventure. -- Special plea in bar (Law), a plea setting forth particular and new matter, distinguished from the general issue. Bouvier. -- Special pleader (Law), originally, a counsel who devoted himself to drawing special counts and pleas; in a wider sense, a lawyer who draws pleadings. -- Special pleading (Law), the allegation of special or new matter, as distingiushed from a direct denial of matter previously alleged on the side. Bouvier. The popular denomination of the whole science of pleading. Stephen. The phrase is sometimes popularly applied to the specious, but unsound, argumentation of one whose aim is victory, and not truth. Burrill. -- Special property (Law), a qualified or limited ownership possession, as in wild animals, things found or bailed. -- Special session, an extraordinary session; a session at an unusual time or for an unusual purpose; as, a special session of Congress or of a legislature. -- Special statute, or Special law, an act of the legislature which has reference to a particular person, place, or interest; -- in distinction from a general law. -- Special verdict (Law), a special finding of the facts of the case, leaving to the court the application of the law to them. Wharton (Law Dict.).

Syn. -- Peculiar; appropriate; specific; dictinctive; particular; exceptional; singular. See Peculiar.

Spe"cial, n. 1. A particular. [Obs.] Hammond.

2. One appointed for a special service or occasion.

In special, specially; in particular. Chaucer.

Spe"cial*ism (?), n. Devotion to a particular and restricted part or branch of knowledge, art, or science; as, medical specialism.

Spe"cial*ist (?), n. One who devotes himself to some specialty; as, a medical specialist, one who devotes himself to diseases of particular parts of the body, as the eye, the ear, the nerves, etc.

Spe`ci*al"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Specialities (#). [See Special, and Specialty.] 1. A particular or peculiar case; a particularity. Sir M. Hale.

2. (Law) See Specialty, 3.

3. The special or peculiar mark or characteristic of a person or thing; that for which a person is specially distinguished; an object of special attention; a special occupation or object of attention; a specialty.

> On these two general heads all other specialities are depedent.

Hooker.

> Strive, while improving your one talent, to enrich your whole capital as a man. It is in this way that you escape from the wretched narrow-mindedness which is the characteristic of every one who cultivates his speciality.

Ld. Lytton.

> We 'll say, instead, the inconsequent creature man, -
> For that'a his speciality.

Mrs. Browning.

> Think of this, sir, . . . remote from the impulses of passion, and apart from the specialities -- if I may use that strong remark -- of prejudice.

Dickens.

4. An attribute or quality peculiar to a species.

Spe`cial*i*za"tion (?), n. 1. The act of specializing, or the state of being spezialized.

2. (Biol.) The setting apart of a particular organ for the performance of a particular function. Darwin.

Spe"cial*ize (?), v. t. 1. To mention specially; to particularize.

2. To apply to some specialty or limited object; to assign to a specific use; as, specialized knowledge.

3. (Biol.) To supply with an organ or organs having a special function or functions.

Spe"cial*ly, adv. 1. In a special manner; particularly; especially. Chaucer.

2. For a particular purpose; as, a meeting of the legislature is specially summoned.

Spe"cial*ty (?), n.; pl. Specialties (#). [F. spécialité. Cf. Speciality.] 1. Particularity.

> Specialty of rule hath been neglected.

Shak.

2. A particular or peculiar case. [Obs.]

3. (Law) A contract or obligation under seal; a contract by deed; a writing, under seal, given as security for a debt particularly specified. Chitty. Bouvier. Wharton (Law Dict.).

> Let specialties be therefore drawn between us.

Shak.

4. That for which a person is distinguished, in which he is specially versed, or which he makes an object of special attention; a speciality.

> Men of boundless knowledge, like Humbold, must have had once their specialty, their pet subject.

C. Kingsley.

||Spe"ci*e (?), abl. of L. species sort, kind. Used in the phrase in specie, that is, in sort, in kind, in (its own) form.

> "[The king] expects a return in specie from them" [i. e., kindness for kindness].

Dryden.

In specie (Law), in precise or definite form; specifically; according to the exact terms; of the very thing.

Spe"cie (?), n. [Formed as a singular from species, in sense 5.] Coin; hard money.

Spe"cies (?), n. sing. & pl. [L., a sight, outward appearance, shape, form, a particular sort, kind, or quality, a species. See Spice, n., and cf. Specie, Special.] 1. Visible or sensible presentation; appearance; a sensible percept received by the imagination; an image. [R.] "The species of the letters illuminated with indigo and violet." Sir I. Newton.

> Wit, . . . the faculty of imagination in the writer, which searches over all the memory for the species or ideas of those things which it designs to represent.

Dryden.

In the scholastic philosophy, the species was sensible and intelligible. The sensible species was that in any material, object which was in fact discerned by the mind through the organ of perception, or that in any object which rendered it possible that it should be perceived. The sensible species, as apprehended by the understanding in any of the relations of thought, was called an intelligible species. "An apparent diversity between the species visible and audible is, that the visible doth not mingle in the medium, but the audible doth." Bacon.

2. (Logic) A group of individuals agreeing in common attributes, and designated by a common name; a conception subordinated to another conception, called a genus, or generic conception, from which it differs in containing or comprehending more attributes, and extending to fewer individuals. Thus, man is a species, under animal as a genus; and man, in its turn, may be regarded as a genus with respect to European, American, or the like, as species.

3. In science, a more or less permanent group of existing things or beings, associated according to attributes, or properties determined by scientific observation.

In mineralogy and chemistry, objects which possess the same definite chemical structure, and are fundamentally the same in crystallization and physical characters, are classed as belonging to a species. In zoölogy and botany, a species is an ideal group of individuals which are believed to have descended from common ancestors, which agree in essential characteristics, and are capable of indefinitely continued fertile reproduction through the sexes. A species, as thus defined, differs from a variety or subspecies only in the greater stability of its characters and in the absence of individuals intermediate between the related groups.

4. A sort; a kind; a variety; as, a species of low cunning; a species of generosity; a species of cloth.

5. Coin, or coined silver, gold, ot other metal, used as a circulating medium; specie. [Obs.]

> There was, in the splendor of the Roman empire, a less quantity of current species in Europe than there is now.

Arbuthnot.

6. A public spectacle or exhibition. [Obs.] Bacon.

7. (Pharmacy) (a) A component part of compound medicine; a simple. (b) (Med.) An officinal mixture or compound powder of any kind; esp., one used for making an aromatic tea or tisane; a tea mixture. Quincy.

8. (Civil Law) The form or shape given to materials; fashion or shape; form; figure. Burill.

Incipient species (Zoöl.), a subspecies, or variety, which is in process of becoming permanent, and thus changing to a true species, usually by isolation in localities from which other varieties are excluded.

Spec"i*fi`a*ble (?), a. Admitting specification; capable of being specified.

Spe*cif"ic (?), a. [F. spécifique, or NL. cpesificus; L. species a particular sort or kind + facere to make. Cf. Specify.] 1. Of or pertaining to a species; characterizing or constituting a species; possessing the peculiar property or properties of a thing which constitute its species, and distinguish it from other things; as, the specific form of an animal or a plant; the specific qualities of a drug; the specific distinction between virtue and vice.

> Specific difference is that primary attribute which distinguishes each species from one another.

I. Watts.

2. Specifying; definite, or making definite; limited; precise; discriminating; as, a specific statement.

3. (Med.) Exerting a peculiar influence over any part of the body; preventing or curing disease by a peculiar adaption, and not on general principles; as, quinine is a specific medicine in cases of malaria.

> In fact, all medicines will be found specific in the perfection of the science.

Coleridge.

Specific character (Nat. Hist.), a characteristic or characteristics distinguishing one species from every other species of the same genus. -- Specific disease (Med.) (a) A disease which produces a determinate definite effect upon the blood and tissues or upon some special tissue. (b) A disease which is itself uniformly produced by a definite and peculiar poison or organism. -- Specific duty. (Com.) See under Duty. -- Specific gravity. (Physics) See under Gravity. -- Specific heat (Physics), the quantity of heat required to raise temperature of a body one degree, taking as the unit of measure the quantity required to raise the same weight of water from zero to one degree; thus, the specific heat of mercury is 0.033, that of water being 1.000. -- Specific inductive capacity (Physics), the effect of a dielectric body in producing static electric induction as compared with that of some other body or bodies referred to as a standard. -- Specific legacy (Law), a bequest of a particular thing, as of a particular animal or piece of furniture, specified and distinguished from all others. Wharton. Burrill. -- Specific name (Nat., Hist.), the name which, appended to the name of the genus, constitutes the distinctive name of the species; -- originally applied by Linnæus to the essential character of the species, or the essential difference. The present specific name he at first called the trivial name. -- Specific performance (Law), the peformance of a contract or agreement as decreed by a court of equity.

Spe*cif"ic, n. 1. (Med.) A specific remedy. See Specific, a., 3.

> His parents were weak enough to believe that the royal touch was a specific for this malady.

Macaulay.

2. Anything having peculiar adaption to the purpose to which it is applied. Dr. H. More.

Spe*cif"ic*al (?), a. Specific. Bacon.

Spe*cif"ic*al*ly (?), adv. In a specific manner.

Spe*cif"ic*al*ness, n. The quality of being specific.

Spe*cif"i*cate (?), v. t. [See Specify.] To show, mark, or designate the species, or the distinguishing particulars of; to specify. [Obs.] ir M. Hale.

Spec`i*fi*ca"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. spécification, LL. specificatio.] 1. The act of specifying or determining by a mark or limit; notation of limits.

> This specification or limitation of the question hinders the disputers from wandering away from the precise point of inquiry.

I. Watts.

2. The designation of particulars; particular mention; as, the specification of a charge against an officer.

3. A written statement containing a minute description or enumeration of particulars, as of charges against a public officer, the terms of a contract, the description of an invention, as in a patent; also, a single article, item, or particular, an allegation of a specific act, as in a charge of official misconduct.

Spe*cif"ic*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being specific.

Spec"i*fy (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Specified (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Specifying (?).] [F. spécifier, or OF. especifier, fr. LL. specificare. See Species, -fy.] To mention or name, as a particular thing; to designate in words so as to distinguish from other things; as, to specify the uses of a plant; to specify articles purchased.

> He has there given us an exact geography of Greece, where the countries and the uses of their soils are specified.

Pope.

||Spe*cil"lum (?), n. [L.] (Med.) See Stylet, 2.

Spec"i*men (?), n. [L., fr. specere to look, to behold. See Spy.] A part, or small portion, of anything, or one of a number of things, intended to exhibit the kind and quality of the whole, or of what is not exhibited; a sample; as, a specimen of a man's handwriting; a specimen of painting; aspecimen of one's art.

Syn. -- Sample; model; pattern. -- Specimen, Sample. A specimen is a representative of the class of things to which it belongs; as, a specimen of photography. A sample is a part of the thing itself, designed to show the quality of the whole; as, a sample of sugar or of broadcloth. A cabinet of minerals consists of specimens; if a part be broken off from any one of these, it is a sample of the mineral to which it belongs. "Several persons have exhibited specimens of this art before multitudes of beholders." Addison. "I design this but for a sample of what I hope more fully to discuss." Woodward.

Spe`ci*os"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Speciocities (#). [Cf. LL. speciositas.] 1. The quality or state of being specious; speciousness.

> Professions built so largely on speciosity, instead of performance.

Carlyle.

2. That which is specious. Dr. H. More.

<! p. 1381 !>

Spe"cious (?), a. [L. speciosusgood-looking, beautiful, specious, fr. species look, show, appearance; cf. F. spécoeux. See Species.] 1. Presenting a pleasing appearance; pleasing in form or look; showy.

> Some [serpents] specious and beautiful to the eye.

Bp. Richardson.

> The rest, far greater part,
> Will deem in outward rites and specious forms
> Religion satisfied.

Milton.

2. Apparently right; superficially fair, just, or correct, but not so in reality; appearing well at first view; plausible; as, specious reasoning; a specious argument.

> Misled for a moment by the specious names of religion, liberty, and property.

Macaulay.

> In consequence of their greater command of specious expression.

J. Morley.

Syn. -- Plausible; showy; ostensible; colorable; feasible. See Plausible.

-- Spe"xious*ly (#), adv. -- Spe"cious*ness, n.

Speck (?), n. [Cf. Icel. spik blubber, AS. spic, D. spek, G. speck.] The blubber of whales or other marine mammals; also, the fat of the hippopotamus.

Speck falls (Naut.), falls or ropes rove through blocks for hoisting the blubber and bone of whales on board a whaling vessel.

Speck, n. [OE. spekke, AS. specca; cf. LG. spaak.] 1. A small discolored place in or on anything, or a small place of a color different from that of the main substance; a spot; a stain; a blemish; as, a speck on paper or loth; specks of decay in fruit. "Gray sand, with black specks." Anson.

2. A very small thing; a particle; a mite; as, specks of dust; he has not a speck of money.

> Many bright specks bubble up along the blue Egean.

Landor.

3. (Zoöl.) A small etheostomoid fish (Ulocentra stigmæa) common in the Eastern United States.

Speck, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Specked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Specking.] To cause the presence of specks upon or in, especially specks regarded as defects or blemishes; to spot; to speckle; as, paper specked by impurities in the water used in its manufacture.

> Carnation, purple, azure, or specked with gold.

Milton.

Spec"kle (?), n. [Dim. of speck; cf. D. spikkel.] A little or spot in or anything, of a different substance or color from that of the thing itself.

> An huge great serpent, all with speckles pied.

Spebser.

Spec"kle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Speckled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Speckling (?).] To mark with small spots of a different color from that of the rest of the surface; to variegate with spots of a different color from the ground or surface.

Spec"kled (?), a. Marked or variegated with small spots of a different color from that of the rest of the surface.

Speckled Indians (Ethnol.), the Pintos. -- Speckled trout. (Zoöl.) (a) The common American brook trout. See Trout. (b) The rainbow trout.

Spec"kled-bel`ly (?), n. (Zoöl.) The gadwall. [Local, U.S.]

Spec"kled-bill" (?), n. (Zoöl.) The American white-fronted goose (Anser albifrons).

Spec"kled*ness, n. The quality of being speckled.

Speck`sion*eer" (?), n. The chief harpooner, who also directs in cutting up the speck, or blubber; -- so called among whalers.

Speckt (?), n. A woodpecker. See Speight.

Spec"ta*cle (?), n. [F., fr. L. spectaculum, fr. spectare to look at, to behold, v. intens. fr. specere. See Spy.] 1. Something exhibited to view; usually, something presented to view as extraordinary, or as unusual and worthy of special notice; a remarkable or noteworthy sight; a show; a pageant; a gazingstock.

> O, piteous spectacle? O, bloody times!

Shak.

2. A spy-glass; a looking-glass. [Obs.]

> Poverty a spectacle is, as thinketh me,
> Through which he may his very friends see.

Chaucer.

3. pl. An optical instrument consisting of two lenses set in a light frame, and worn to assist sight, to obviate some defect in the organs of vision, or to shield the eyes from bright light.

4. pl. Fig.: An aid to the intellectual sight.

> Shakespeare . . . needed not the spectacles of books to read nature.

Dryden.

Syn. -- Show; sight; exhibition; representation; pageant.

Spec"ta*cled (?), a. 1. Furnished with spectacles; wearing spectacles.

> As spectacled she sits in chimney nook.

Keats.

2. (Zoöl.) Having the eyes surrounded by color markings, or patches of naked skin, resembling spectacles.

Spectacled bear (Zoöl.), a South American bear (Tremarclos ornatus) which inhabits the high mountains of Chili and Peru. It has a light-colored ring around each eye. -- Spectacled coot, or Spectacled duck (Zoöl.), the surf scoter, or surf duck. [Local, U.S.] -- Spectacled eider (Zoöl.) See Eider. -- Spectacled goose (Zoöl.), the gannet. -- Spectacled snake (Zoöl.), the cobra de capello.

Spec*tac"u*lar (?), a. 1. Of or pertaining to a shows; of the nature of a show. "Spectacular sports." G. Hickes.

2. Adapted to excite wonder and admiration by a display of pomp or of scenic effects; as, a spectacular celebration of some event; a spectacular play.

3. Pertaining to spectacles, or glasses for the eyes.

Spec"tant (?), a. [L. spectans, p. pr. of spectare to look at.] Looking forward.

Spec*ta"tion (?), n. [L. spectatio.] Regard; aspect; appearance. Harvey.

Spec*ta"tor (?), n. [L. spectator: cf. F. spectateur. See Spectacle.] One who on; one who sees or beholds; a beholder; one who is personally present at, and sees, any exhibition; as, the spectators at a show. "Devised and played to take spectators." Shak.

Syn. -- Looker-on; beholder; observer; witness.

Spec`ta*to"ri*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to a spectator. Addison.

Spec*ta"tor*ship (?), n. 1. The office or quality of a spectator. [R.] Addison.

2. The act of beholding. [Obs.] Shak.

{ Spec*ta"tress (?), Spec*ta"trix (?) }, n. [L. spectatrix.] A female beholder or looker-on. "A spectatress of the whole scene." Jeffrey.

{ Spec"ter, Spec"tre } (?), n. [F. spectre, fr. L. spectrum an appearance, image, specter, fr. specere to look. See Spy, and cf. Spectrum.] 1. Something preternaturally visible; an apparition; a ghost; a phantom.

> The ghosts of traitors from the bridge descend,
> With bold fanatic specters to rejoice.

Dryden.

2. (Zoöl.) (a) The tarsius. (b) A stick insect.

Specter bat (Zoöl.), any phyllostome bat. -- Specter candle (Zoöl.), a belemnite. -- Specter shrimp (Zoöl.), a skeleton shrimp. See under Skeleton.

Spec`tion*eer" (?), n. Same as Specsioneer.

Spec"tral (?), a. 1. Of or pertaining to a specter; ghosty.

> He that feels timid at the spectral form of evil is not the man to spread light.

F. W. Robertson.

2. (Opt.) Of or pertaining to the spectrum; made by the spectrum; as, spectral colors; spectral analysis.

Spectral lemur. (Zoöl.) See Tarsius.

Spec"tral*ly, adv. In the form or manner of a specter.

Spec"tre (?), n. See Specter.

Spec`tro*log"ic*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to spectrology; as, spectrological studies or experiments. -- Spec`tro*log"ic*al*ly, adv.

Spec*trol"o*gy (?), n. [Spectrum + -logy.] (Chem.Phys.) The science of spectrum analysis in any or all of its relations and applications.

Spec*trom"e*ter (?), n. [Spectrum + -meter.] (Physics) A spectroscope fitted for measurements of the luminious spectra observed with it.

Spec`tro*pho*tom"e*ter (?), n. [Spectrum + photometer.] (Opt.) An instrument for measuring or comparing the intensites of the colors of the spectrum.

Spec"tro*scope (?), n. [Spectrum + -scope.] (Physics) An optical instrument for forming and examining spectra (as that of solar light, or those produced by flames in which different substances are volatilized), so as to determine, from the position of the spectral lines, the composition of the substance.

{ Spec`tro*scop"ic (?), Spec`tro*scop"ic*al (?) }, a. Of or pertaining to a spectroscope, or spectroscopy. -- Spec`tro*scop"ic*al*ly, adv.

Spec*tros"co*pist (? or ?), n. One who investigates by means of a spectroscope; one skilled in the use of the spectroscope.

Spec*tros"co*py (?), n. The use of the spectroscope; investigations made with the spectroscope.

Spec"trum (?), n.; pl. Spectra (#). [L. See Specter.] 1. An apparition; a specter. [Obs.]

2. (Opt.) (a) The several colored and other rays of which light is composed, separated by the refraction of a prism or other means, and observed or studied either as spread out on a screen, by direct vision, by photography, or otherwise. See Illust. of Light, and Spectroscope. (b) A luminous appearance, or an image seen after the eye has been exposed to an intense light or a strongly illuminated object. When the object is colored, the image appears of the complementary color, as a green image seen after viewing a red wafer lying on white paper. Called also ocular spectrum.

Absorption spectrum, the spectrum of light which has passed through a medium capable of absorbing a portion of the rays. It is characterized by dark spaces, bands, or lines. -- Chemical spectrum, a spectrum of rays considered solely with reference to their chemical effects, as in photography. These, in the usual photogrophic methods, have their maximum influence at and beyond the violet rays, but are not limited to this region. -- Chromatic spectrum, the visible colored rays of the solar spectrum, exhibiting the seven principal colors in their order, and covering the central and larger portion of the space of the whole spectrum. -- Continous spectrum, a spectrum not broken by bands or lines, but having the colors shaded into each other continously, as that from an incandescent solid or liquid, or a gas under high pressure. -- Diffraction spectrum, a spectrum produced by diffraction, as by a grating. -- Gaseous spectrum, the spectrum of an incandesoent gas or vapor, under moderate, or especially under very low, pressure. It is characterized by bright bands or lines. -- Normal spectrum, a representation of a spectrum arranged upon conventional plan adopted as standard, especially a spectrum in which the colors are spaced proportionally to their wave lengths, as when formed by a diffraction grating. -- Ocular spectrum. See Spectrum, 2 (b), above. -- Prismatic spectrum, a spectrum produced by means of a prism. -- Solar spectrum, the spectrum of solar light, especially as thrown upon a screen in a darkened room. It is characterized by numerous dark lines called Fraunhofer lines. -- Spectrum analysis, chemical analysis effected by comparison of the different relative positions and qualities of the fixed lines of spectra produced by flames in which different substances are burned or evaporated, each substance having its own characteristic system of lines. -- Thermal spectrum, a spectrum of rays considered solely with reference to their heating effect, especially of those rays which produce no luminous phenomena.

Spec"u*lar (?), a. [L. specularis (cf., from the same root, specula a lookout, watchtower): cf. F. spéculaire. See Speculum.] 1. Having the qualities of a speculum, or mirror; having a smooth, reflecting surface; as, a specular metal; a specular surface.

2. (Med.) Of or pertaining to a speculum; conducted with the aid of a speculum; as, a specular examination.

3. Assisting sight, as a lens or the like. [Obs.]

> Thy specular orb
> Apply to well-dissected kernels; lo!
> In each observe the slender threads
> Of first-beginning trees.

J. Philips.

4. Affording view. [R.] "Look once more, ere we leave this specular mount." Milton.

Specular iron. (Min.) See Hematite.

Spec"u*late (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Speculated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Speculating.] [L. speculatus, p. p. of speculari to spy out, observe, fr. specula a lookout, fr. specere to look. See Spy.] 1. To consider by turning a subject in the mind, and viewing it in its different aspects and relations; to meditate; to contemplate; to theorize; as, to speculate on questions in religion; to speculate on political events.

> It is remarkable that persons who speculate the most boldly often conform with the most pefect quietude to the external regulations of society.

Hawthorne.

2. (Philos.) To view subjects from certain premises given or assumed, and infer conclusions respecting them a priori.

3. (Com.) To purchase with the expectation of a contingent advance in value, and a consequent sale at a profit; -- often, in a somewhat depreciative sense, of unsound or hazardous transactions; as, to speculate in coffee, in sugar, or in bank stock.

Spec"u*late, v. t. To consider attentively; as, to speculate the nature of a thing. [R.] Sir W. Hamilton.

Spec`u*la"tion (?), n. [L. speculatio a spying out, observation: cf. F. spéculation.] 1. The act of speculating. Specifically: --

(a) Examination by the eye; view. [Obs.]

(b) Mental view of anything in its various aspects and relations; contemplation; intellectual examination.

> Thenceforth to speculations high or deep
> I turned my thoughts.

Milton.

(c) (Philos.) The act or process of reasoning a priori from premises given or assumed.

(d) (Com.) The act or practice of buying land, goods, shares, etc., in expectation of selling at a higher price, or of selling with the expectation of repurchasing at a lower price; a trading on anticipated fluctuations in price, as distinguished from trading in which the profit expected is the difference between the retail and wholesale prices, or the difference of price in different markets.

> Sudden fortunes, indeed, are sometimes made in such places, by what is called the trade of speculation.

A. Smith.

> Speculation, while confined within moderate limits, is the agent for equalizing supply and demand, and rendering the fluctuations of price less sudden and abrupt than they would otherwise be.

F. A. Walker.

(e) Any business venture in involving unusual risks, with a chance for large profits.

2. A conclusion to which the mind comes by speculating; mere theory; view; notion; conjecture.

> From him Socrates derived the principles of morality, and most part of his natural speculations.

Sir W. temple.

> To his speculations on these subjects he gave the lofty name of the "Oracles of Reason."

Macaulay.

3. Power of sight. [Obs.]

> Thou hast no speculation in those eyes.

Shak.

4. A game at cards in which the players buy from one another trumps or whole hands, upon a chance of getting the highest trump dealt, which entitles the holder to the pool of stakes.

Spec"u*la*tist (?), n. One who speculates, or forms theories; a speculator; a theorist.

> The very ingenious speculatist, Mr. Hume.

V. Knox.

Spec"u*la*tive (?), a. [Cf. F. spéculatif, L. speculativus.] 1. Given to speculation; contemplative.

> The mind of man being by nature speculative.

Hooker.

2. Involving, or formed by, speculation; ideal; theoretical; not established by demonstration. Cudworth.

3. Of or pertaining to vision; also, prying; inquisitive; curious. [R.] Bacon.

4. Of or pertaining to speculation in land, goods, shares, etc.; as, a speculative dealer or enterprise.

> The speculative merchant exercises no one regular, established, or well-known branch of business.

A. Smith.

-- Spec"u*la*tive*ly, adv. -- Spec"u*la*tive*ness, n.

Spec"u*la`tor (?), n. [L., a spy, explorer, investigator: cf. F. spéculateur.] One who speculates. Specifically: (a) An observer; a contemplator; hence, a spy; a watcher. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

(b) One who forms theories; a theorist.

> A speculator who had dared to affirm that the human soul is by nature mortal.

Macaulay.

(c) (Com.) One who engages in speculation; one who buys and sells goods, land, etc., with the expectation of deriving profit from fluctuations in price.

<! p. 1382 !>

Spec`u*la*to"ri*al (?), a. Speculatory; speculative. [Obs.]

Spec"u*la*to*ry (?), a. [L. speculatorius belonging to spies or scouts.] 1. Intended or adapted for viewing or espying; having oversight. T. Warton.

2. Exercising speculation; speculative. T. Carew.

Spec"u*list (?), n. One who observes or considers; an observer. [R.] Goldsmith.

Spec"u*lum (?), n.; pl. L. Specula (#), E. Speculum (#). [L., fr. specere to look, behold. See Spy.] 1. A mirror, or looking-glass; especially, a metal mirror, as in Greek and Roman archæology.

2. A reflector of polished metal, especially one used in reflecting telescopes. See Speculum metal, below.

3. (Surg.) An instrument for dilating certain passages of the body, and throwing light within them, thus facilitating examination or surgical operations.

4. (Zoöl.) A bright and lustrous patch of color found on the wings of ducks and some other birds. It is usually situated on the distal portions of the secondary quills, and is much more brilliant in the adult male than in the female.

Speculum metal, a hard, brittle alloy used for making the reflectors of telescopes and other instruments, usually consisting of copper and tin in various proportions, one of the best being that in which there are 126.4 parts of copper to 58.9 parts of tin, with sometimes a small proportion of arsenic, antimony, or zinc added to improve the whiteness.

Sped (?), imp. & p. p. of Speed.

Speece (?), n. Species; sort. [Obs.]

Speech (?), n. [OE. speche, AS. sp&?;c, spr&?;, fr. specan, sprecan, to speak; akin to D. spraak speech, OHG. sprhha, G. sprache, Sw. spr&?;k, Dan. sprog. See Speak.] 1. The faculty of uttering articulate sounds or words; the faculty of expressing thoughts by words or articulate sounds; the power of speaking.

> There is none comparable to the variety of instructive expressions by speech, wherewith man alone is endowed for the communication of his thoughts.

Holder.

2. he act of speaking; that which is spoken; words, as expressing ideas; language; conversation.

Speech is voice modulated by the throat, tongue, lips, etc., the modulation being accomplished by changing the form of the cavity of the mouth and nose through the action of muscles which move their walls.

> O goode God! how gentle and how kind
> Ye seemed by your speech and your visage
> The day that maked was our marriage.

Chaucer.

> The acts of God . . . to human ears
> Can nort without process of speech be told.

Milton.

3. A particular language, as distinct from others; a tongue; a dialect.

> People of a strange speech and of an hard language.

Ezek. iii. 6.

4. Talk; mention; common saying.

> The duke . . . did of me demand
> What was the speech among the Londoners
> Concerning the French journey.

Shak.

5. formal discourse in public; oration; harangue.

> The constant design of these orators, in all their speeches, was to drive some one particular point.

Swift.

6. ny declaration of thoughts.

> I. with leave of speech implored, . . . replied.

Milton.

Syn. Harangue; language; address; oration. See Harangue, and Language.

Speech, v. i. & t. To make a speech; to harangue. [R.]

Speech"ful (?), a. Full of speech or words; voluble; loquacious. [R.]

Speech`i*fi*ca"tion (?), n.[See Spechify.] The act of speechifying. [Used humorously or in contempt.]

Speech"i*fi`er (?), n. One who makes a speech or speeches; an orator; a declaimer. [Used humorously or in contempt.] G. Eliot.

Speech"i*fy (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Speechified (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Speechifying (?).] [Speech + -fy.] To make a speech; to harangue. [Used derisively or humorously.]

Speech"i*fy`ing, n. The act of making a speech or speeches. [Used derisively or humorously.]

> The dinner and speechifying . . . at the opening of the annual season for the buckhounds.

M. Arnold.

Speech"ing, n. The act of making a speech. [R.]

Speech"less, a. 1. Destitute or deprived of the faculty of speech.

2. Not speaking for a time; dumb; mute; silent.

> Speechless with wonder, and half dead with fear.

Addison.

-- Speech"less*ly, adv. -- Speech"less*ness, n.

Speech"mak`er (?), n. One who makes speeches; one accustomed to speak in a public assembly.

Speed (?), n. [AS. sp&?;d success, swiftness, from sp&?;wan to succeed; akin to D. spoedd, OHG. spuot success, spuot to succees, Skr. sph to increase, grow fat. √170b.] 1. Prosperity in an undertaking; favorable issue; success. "For common speed." Chaucer.

> O Lord God of my master Abraham, I pray thee, send me good speed this day.

Gen. xxiv. 12.

2. The act or state of moving swiftly; swiftness; velocity; rapidly; rate of motion; dispatch; as, the speed a horse or a vessel.

> Speed, to describe whose swiftness number fails.

Milton.

In kinematics, speedis sometimes used to denote the amount of velocity without regard to direction of motion, while velocity is not regarded as known unless both the direction and the amount are known.

3. One who, or that which, causes or promotes speed or success. [Obs.] "Hercules be thy speed!" Shak.

God speed, Good speed; prosperity. See Godspeed. -- Speed gauge, Speed indicator, ∧ Speed recorder (Mach.), devices for indicating or recording the rate of a body's motion, as the number of revolutions of a shaft in a given time. -- Speed lathe (Mach.), a power lathe with a rapidly revolving spindle, for turning small objects, for polishing, etc.; a hand lathe. -- Speed pulley, a cone pulley with steps.

Syn. -- Haste; swiftness; celerity; quickness; dispatch; expedition; hurry; acceleration. See Haste.

Speed (spd), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sped (spd), Speeded; p. pr. & vb. n. Speeding.] [AS. spdan, fr. spd, n.; akin to D. spoeden, G. sich sputen. See Speed, n.] 1. To go; to fare. [Obs.]

> To warn him now he is too farre sped.

Remedy of Love.

2. To experience in going; to have any condition, good or ill; to fare. Shak.

> Ships heretofore in seas like fishes sped;
> The mightiest still upon the smallest fed.

Waller.

3. To fare well; to have success; to prosper.

> Save London, and send true lawyers their meed!
> For whoso wants money with them shall not speed!

Lydgate.

> I told ye then he should prevail, and speed
> On his bad errand.

Milton.

4. To make haste; to move with celerity.

> I have speeded hither with the very extremest inch of possibility.

Shak.

5. To be expedient. [Obs.] Wyclif (2 Cor. xii. 1.)

Speed, v. t. 1. To cause to be successful, or to prosper; hence, to aid; to favor. "Fortune speed us!" Shak.

> With rising gales that speed their happy flight.

Dryden.

2. To cause to make haste; to dispatch with celerity; to drive at full speed; hence, to hasten; to hurry.

> He sped him thence home to his habitation.

Fairfax.

3. To hasten to a conclusion; to expedite.

> Judicial acts . . . are sped in open court at the instance of one or both of the parties.

Ayliffe.

4. To hurry to destruction; to put an end to; to ruin; to undo. "Sped with spavins." Shak.

> A dire dilemma! either way I 'm sped.
> If foes, they write, if friends, they read, me dead.

Pope.

5. To wish success or god fortune to, in any undertaking, especially in setting out upon a journey.

> Welcome the coming, speed the parting guest.

Pope.

God speed you, them, etc., may God speed you; or, may you have good speed.

Syn. -- To dispatch; hasten; expedite; accelerate; hurry.

Speed"er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, speeds.

2. (Spinning) A machine for drawing and twisting slivers to form rovings.

Speed"ful (?), a. Full of speed (in any sense). [Obs.]

Speed"ful*ly, adv. In a speedful manner. [Obs.]

Speed"i*ly (?), adv. In a speedy manner.

Speed"i*ness, n. The quality or state of being speedy.

Speed"less, a. Being without speed.

Speed"well (?), n. (Bot.) Any plant of the genus Veronica, mostly low herbs with pale blue corollas, which quickly fall off.

Speed"y (-), a. [Compar. Speedier (?); superl. Speediest.] [AS. spdyg.] Not dilatory or slow; quick; swift; nimble; hasty; rapid in motion or performance; as, a speedy flight; on speedy foot.

> I will wish her speedy strength.

Shak.

> Darts, which not the good could shun,
> The speedy ould outfly.

Dryden.

Speer (?), n. A sphere. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Speer, v. t. To ask. [Scot.] See Spere.

Speet (?), v. t. [Cf. D. speten. See Spit an iron prong.] To stab. [Obs.] Gammer Gurton's Needle.

Speight (?), n. [G. specht, probably akin to L. picus: cf. D. specht. √169. See Pie a magpie.] (Zoöl.) A woodpecker; -- called also specht, spekt, spight. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Speir (?), v. i. To ask. See Spere. Sir W. Scott.

Speis`ko"balt (?), n. [G.] Smaltite.

Speiss (?), n. [Cf. G. speise food, mixed metal for bells, etc.] (Metal.) A regulus consisting essentially of nickel, obtained as a residue in fusing cobalt and nickel ores with silica and sodium carbonate to make smalt.

Spek"boom (?), n. [D., lit. fat tree.] (Bot.) The purslane tree of South Africa, -- said to be the favorite food of elephants. Balfour (Cyc. of India).

Speke (?), v. i. & t. To speak. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Speke"house` (?), n. The parlor or reception room of a convent. [Obs.]

Spel"ding (?), n. [Scot. speld to spread out, spelder to split. spread open; cf. G. spalten split.] A haddock or other small fish split open and dried in the sun; -- called also speldron. [Scot.]

Spel"i*cans (?), n. pl. See Spilikin.

Spelk (?), n. [AS. spelc, spilc, a little rod by which a thing is kept straight, a splint for binding up broken bones, akin to Icel. spelkur, pl., a splint. Cf. Spell a splinter.] A small stick or rod used as a spike in thatching; a splinter. [Prov. Eng.] Grose.

Spell (?), n. [OE. speld, AS. speld a spill to light a candle with; akin to D. speld a pin, OD. spelle, G. spalten to split, OHG. spaltan, MHG. spelte a splinter, Icel. spjald a square tablet, Goth. spilda a writing tablet. Cf. Spillsplinter, roll of paper, Spell to tell the letters of.] A spelk, or splinter. [Obs.] Holland.

Spell, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spelled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Spelling.] [AS. spelian to supply another's place.] To supply the place of for a time; to take the turn of, at work; to relieve; as, to spell the helmsman.

Spell, n. 1. The relief of one person by another in any piece of work or watching; also, a turn at work which is carried on by one person or gang relieving another; as, a spell at the pumps; a spell at the masthead.

> A spell at the wheel is called a trick.

Ham. Nav. Encyc.

2. The time during which one person or gang works until relieved; hence, any relatively short period of time, whether a few hours, days, or weeks.

> Nothing new has happened in this quarter, except the setting in of a severe spell of cold weather.

Washington.

3. One of two or more persons or gangs who work by spells. [R.]

> Their toil is so extreme that they can not endure it above four hours in a day, but are succeeded by spells.

Garew.

4. A gratuitous helping forward of another's work; as, a logging spell. [Local, U.S.]

Spell (?), n.[AS. spell a saying, tale, speech; akin to OS. & OHG. spel, Icel. spjall,Goth. spill. Cf. Gospel, Spell to tell the letters of.] 1. A story; a tale. [Obs.] "Hearken to my spell." Chaucer.

2. A stanza, verse, or phrase supposed to be endowed with magical power; an incantation; hence, any charm.

> Start not; her actions shall be holy as
> You hear my spell is lawful.

Shak.

Spell, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spelled (&?;) or Spelt (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Spelling.] [OE. spellen, spellien, tell, relate, AS. spellian, fr. spell a saying, tale; akin to MHG. spellen to relate, Goth. spill&?;n.e Spell a tale. In sense 4 and those following, OE. spellen, perhaps originally a different word, and from or influenced by spell a splinter, from the use of a piece of wood to point to the letters in schools: cf. D. spellen to spell. Cf. Spell splinter.] 1. To tell; to relate; to teach. [Obs.]

> Might I that legend find,
> By fairies spelt in mystic rhymes.

T. Warton.

2. To put under the influence of a spell; to affect by a spell; to bewitch; to fascinate; to charm. "Spelled with words of power." Dryden.

> He was much spelled with Eleanor Talbot.

Sir G. Buck.

3. To constitute; to measure. [Obs.]

> The Saxon heptarchy, when seven kings put together did spell but one in effect.

Fuller.

4. To tell or name in their proper order letters of, as a word; to write or print in order the letters of, esp. the proper letters; to form, as words, by correct orthography.

> The word "satire" ought to be spelled with i, and not with y.

Dryden.

5. To discover by characters or marks; to read with difficulty; -- usually with out; as, to spell out the sense of an author; to spell out a verse in the Bible.

> To spell out a God in the works of creation.

South.

> To sit spelling and observing divine justice upon every accident.

Milton.

Spell, v. i. 1. To form words with letters, esp. with the proper letters, either orally or in writing.

> When what small knowledge was, in them did dwell,
> And he a god, who could but read or spell.

Dryden.

2. To study by noting characters; to gain knowledge or learn the meaning of anything, by study. [Obs.]

> Where I may sit and rightly spell
> Of every star that heaven doth shew,
> And every herb that sips the dew.

Milton.

Spell"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being spelt. Carlyle.

Spell"bound` (?), a. Bound by, or as by, a spell.

Spell"er (?), n. 1. One who spells.

2. A spelling book. [U. S.]

Spell"ful (?), a. Abounding in spells, or charms.

> Here, while his eyes the learned leaves peruse,
> Each spellful mystery explained he views.

Hoole.

Spell"ing, n. The act of one who spells; formation of words by letters; orthography.

Spell"ing, a. Of or pertaining to spelling.

Spelling bee, a spelling match. [U.S.] - - Spelling book, a book with exercises for teaching children to spell; a speller. -- Spelling match, a contest of skill in spelling words, between two or more persons.

Spell"ken (?), n. A theater. [Slang] Byron.

Spell"work` (?), n. Power or effect of magic; that which is wrought by magic; enchantment.

> Like those Peri isles of light
> That hang by spellwork in the air.

Moore.

Spelt (?), imp. & p. p. of Spell. Spelled.

Spelt, n. [AS. spelt, fr. L. spelta.] (Bot.) A species of grain (Triticum Spelta) much cultivated for food in Germany and Switzerland; -- called also German wheat.

Spelt, n. [See Spalt.] (Metal.) Spelter. [Colloq.]

Spelt, v. t. & i. [See Spell a splinter.] To split; to break; to spalt. [Obs.] Mortimer.

Spel"ter (?), n. [Cf. LG. spialter, G. & D. spiauter. Cf. Pewter.] (Metal.) Zinc; -- especially so called in commerce and arts.

Spe*lunc" (?), n. [L. spelunca cave.] A cavern; a cave. [Obs.] Piers Plowman.

Spence (?), n. [OF. despense, F. dépense, buffet, buttery, fr. OF. despendre to spend, distribute, L. dispendere, dispensum. See Dispense, Spend.] 1. A place where provisions are kept; a buttery; a larder; a pantry.

> In . . . his spence, or "pantry" were hung the carcasses of a sheep or ewe, and two cows lately slaughtered.

Sir W. Scott.

> Bluff Harry broke into the spence,
> And turned the cowls adrift.

Tennyson.

2. The inner apartment of a country house; also, the place where the family sit and eat. [Scot.] Jamieson.

Spen"cer (?), n. [OF. despensier. See Spence, and cf. Dispenser.] One who has the care of the spence, or buttery. [Obs.] Promptorium Parvulorum.

Spen"cer, n. [From the third Earl Spencer, who first wore it, or brought it into fashion.] A short jacket worn by men and by women. Ld. Lutton.

Spen"cer, n. (Naut.) A fore- and-aft sail, abaft the foremast or the mainmast, hoisted upon a small supplementary mast and set with a gaff and no boom; a trysail carried at the foremast or mainmast; -- named after its inventor, Knight Spencer, of England [1802].

Spencer mast, a small mast just abaft the foremast or mainmast, for hoisting the spencer. R. H. Dana, Jr.

Spend (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spent (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Spending.] [AS. spendan (in comp.), fr. L. expendere or dispendere to weigh out, to expend, dispense. See Pendant, and cf. Dispend, Expend, Spence, Spencer.] 1. To weigh or lay out; to dispose of; to part with; as, to spend money for clothing.

> Spend thou that in the town.

Shak.

> Wherefore do ye spend money for that which is not bread?

Isa. lv. 2.

<! p. 1383 !>

2. To bestow; to employ; -- often with on or upon.

> I . . . am never loath
> To spend my judgment.

Herbert.

3. To consume; to waste; to squander; to exhaust; as, to spend an estate in gaming or other vices.

4. To pass, as time; to suffer to pass away; as, to spend a day idly; to spend winter abroad.

> We spend our years as a tale that is told.

Ps. xc. 9.

5. To exhaust of force or strength; to waste; to wear away; as, the violence of the waves was spent.

> Their bodies spent with long labor and thirst.

Knolles.

Spend (?), v. i. 1. To expend money or any other possession; to consume, use, waste, or part with, anything; as, he who gets easily spends freely.

> He spends as a person who knows that he must come to a reckoning.

South.

2. To waste or wear away; to be consumed; to lose force or strength; to vanish; as, energy spends in the using of it.

> The sound spendeth and is dissipated in the open air.

Bacon.

3. To be diffused; to spread.

> The vines that they use for wine are so often cut, that their sap spendeth into the grapes.

Bacon.

4. (Mining) To break ground; to continue working.

Spen"der (?), n. One who spends; esp., one who spends lavishly; a prodigal; a spendthrift.

Spend"ing, n. The act of expending; expenditure.

Spending money, money set apart for extra (not necessary) personal expenses; pocket money. [Colloq.]

Spend"thrift` (?), n. One who spends money profusely or improvidently; a prodigal; one who lavishes or wastes his estate. Also used figuratively.

> A woman who was a generous spendthrift of life.

Mrs. R. H. Davis.

Spend"thrift, a. Prodigal; extravagant; wasteful.

Spend"thrift`y (?), a. Spendthrift; prodigal. [R.]

Spen*se"ri*an (?), a. Of or pertaining to the English poet Spenser; -- specifically applied to the stanza used in his poem "The Faërie Queene."

Spent (spnt), a. 1. Exhausted; worn out; having lost energy or motive force.

> Now thou seest me
> Spent, overpowered, despairing of success.

Addison.

> Heaps of spent arrows fall and strew the ground.

Dryden.

2. (Zoöl.) Exhausted of spawn or sperm; -- said especially of fishes.

Spent ball, a ball shot from a firearm, which reaches an object without having sufficient force to penetrate it.

{ Sper (?), Sperre }, v. t. [See Spar bar.] To shut in; to support; to inclose; to fasten. [Obs.] "To sperre the gate." Spenser.

Spe"ra*ble (?), a. [L. spearabilis, fr. sperare to hope.] Within the range of hpe; proper to be hoped for. [Obs.] Bacon.

Sper"a*ble (?), n. See Sperable.

Sper"age (?), n. Asperagus. [Obs.] Sylvester.

Spe"rate (?), a. [L. speratus, p. p. of sperare to hope.] Hoped for, or to be hoped for. [R.] Bouvier.

Spere (?), v. i. [AS. spyrian to inquire, properly, to follow the track; akin to D. speuren, G. spüren, Icel. spyrja. √171. See Spoor.] To search; to pry; to ask; to inquire. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] [Written also speer, speir.] Jamieson.

Spere, n. [See Sphere.] A sphere. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Sperge (?), n. (Distilling) A charge of wash for the still. Knight.

Sper"ling (?), n. [See Sparling.] (Zoöl.) (a) A smelt; a sparling. [Prov. Eng.] (b) A young herring. [Local, U.S.]

Sperm (?), n.[F. sperme, L. sperma, Gr. &?;&?;&?;, &?;&?;&?;, from &?;&?;&?;&?; to sow. Cf. Spore.] (Physiol.) The male fecundating fluid; semen. See Semen.

Sperm cell (Physiol.), one of the cells from which the spermatozoids are developed. -- Sperm morula. (Biol.) Same as Spermosphere.

Sperm, n.[Contr. fr. spermaceti.] Spermaceti.

Sperm oil, a fatty oil found as a liquid, with spermaceti, in the head cavities of the sperm whale. -- Sperm whale. (Zoöl.) See in the Vocabulary.

Sper`ma*ce"ti (?), n. [L. sperma sperm + cetus,gen. ceti, any large sea animal, a whale, Gr. &?;&?;&?;. See Sperm, Cetaceous.] A white waxy substance obtained from cavities in the head of the sperm whale, and used making candles, oilments, cosmetics, etc. It consists essentially of ethereal salts of palmitic acid with ethal and other hydrocarbon bases. The substance of spermaceti after the removal of certain impurities is sometimes called cetin.

Spermaceti whale (Zoöl.), the sperm whale.

Sper"mal*ist (?), n. (Biol.) See Spermist.

Sper"ma*phore (?), n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?; sperm + &?;&?;&?;&?; to bear.] (Bot.) That part of the ovary from which the ovules arise; the placenta.

Sper"ma*ry (?), n. (Anat.) An organ in which spermatozoa are developed; a sperm gland; a testicle.

||Sper`ma*the"ca (?), n.; pl. Spermathecæ (#). [NL., from Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?; seed + &?;&?;&?;&?; case, or receptacle.] (Zoöl.) A small sac connected with the female reproductive organs of insects and many other invertebrates, serving to receive and retain the spermatozoa.

Sper*mat"ic (?), a. [L. spermaticus, Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;: cf. F. spermatique. See Sperm.] (Physiol.) Of or pertaining to semen; as, the spermatic fluid, the spermatic vessels, etc.

Spermatic cord (Anat.), the cord which suspends the testicle within the scrotum. It is made up of a connective tissue sheath inclosing the spermatic duct and accompanying vessels and nerves.

Sper"mat"ic*al (?), a. Spermatic.

Sper"ma*tin (?), n. (Physiol. Chem.) A substance allied to alkali albumin and to mucin, present in semen, to which it is said to impart the mucilaginous character.

Sper"ma*tism (?), n. (Physiol.) The emission of sperm, or semen.

||Sper*ma"ti*um (?), n.; pl. Spermatia (#). [NL.] (Bot.) One of the motionless spermatozoids in the conceptacles of certain fungi. J. H. Balfour.

Sper"ma*tize (?), v. i. [Gr. &?;&?;&?;. See Sperm.] To yield seed; to emit seed, or sperm. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

{ Sper"ma*to- (?), Sper"mo- (?) }. Combining forms from Gr. spe`rma, -atos, seed, sperm, semen (of plants or animals); as, spermatoblast, spermoblast.

Sper"ma*to*blast (?), n. Same as Spermoblast.

Sper"ma*to*cyte (?), n. [Spermato- + Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?; a hollow vessel.] (Physiol.) Same as Spermoblast.

Sper`ma*to*gem"ma (?), n. [NL. See Spermato-, and Gemma.] (Physiol.) Same as Spermosphere.

Sper`ma*to*gen"e*sis (?), n. [Spermato- + genesis.] (Biol.) The development of the spermatozoids.

Sper`ma*to*ge*net"ic (?), a. (Physiol.) Relating to, or connected with, spermatogenesis; as, spermatogenetic function.

Sper`ma*tog"e*nous (?), a. [Spermato- + -genous.] (Physiol.) Sperm- producing.

||Sper`ma*to*go"ni*um (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;, &?;&?;&?;, sperm + &?;&?;&?; offspring.] (Physiol.) A primitive seminal cell, occuring in masses in the seminal tubules. It divides into a mass (spermosphere) of small cells (spermoblast), which in turn give rise to spermatozoids.

Sper"ma*toid (?), a. [Spermato- + -oid.] (Physiol.) Spermlike; resembling sperm, or semen.

||Sper`ma*to"ön (?), n.; pl. Spermatoa (#). [NL., fr. Gr. spe`rma, -atos, seed + &?;&?;&?; an egg.] (Anat.) A spermoblast. -- Sper`ma*to"al (#), a. Owen.

Sper"ma*to*phore (?), n. [Spermato- + Gr. &?;&?;&?; to bear.] 1. (Physiol.) Same as Spermospore.

2. (Zoöl.) A capsule or pocket inclosing a number of spermatozoa. They are present in many annelids, brachiopods, mollusks, and crustaceans. In cephalopods the structure of the capsule is very complex.

Sper`ma*toph"o*rous (?), a. (Physiol.) Producing seed, or sperm; seminiferous; as, the so-called spermatophorous cells.

{Sper`ma*tor*rhe"a, Sper`ma*tor*rhœ"a, (&?;) }, n. [NL., fr. Gr. spe`rma, - atos, seed + &?;&?;&?; to flow.] (Med.) Abnormally frequent involuntary emission of the semen without copulation.

Sper"ma*to*spore (?), n. Same as Spermospore.

Sper`ma*to*zo"id (?), n. [Spermatozoön + Gr. &?;&?;&?; form.] (Biol.) The male germ cell in animals and plants, the essential element in fertilization; a microscopic animalcule-like particle, usually provided with one or more cilia by which it is capable of active motion. In animals, the familiar type is that of a small, more or less ovoid head, with a delicate threadlike cilium, or tail. Called also spermatozoön. In plants the more usual term is antherozoid.

Sper`ma*to*zo"oid (?) n. (Biol.) A spermatozoid.

||Sper`ma*to*zo"ön (?), n.; pl. Spermatozoa (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?;&?;&?;, sperm + &?;&?;&?; an animal.] (Biol.) Same as Spermatozoid.

Sper"mic (?), a. Of or pertaining to sperm, or semen.

||Sper*mid"i*um (?), n.; pl. Spermidia (#). [Nl., fr. Gr. spe`rma seed.] (Bot.) An achenium.

Sperm"ist (?), n. (Biol.) A believer in the doctrine, formerly current, of encasement in the male (see Encasement), in which the seminal thread, or spermatozoid, was considered as the real animal germ, the head being the true animal head and the tail the body.

Sper"mo*blast (?), n. [Spermo- + -blast.] (Physiol.) One of the cells formed by the division of the spermospore, each of which is destined to become a spermatozoid; a spermatocyte; a spermatoblast.

||Sper`mo*coc"cus (?), n. [NL. See Spermo-, and Coccus.] (Physiol.) The nucleus of the sperm cell.

Sper"mo*derm (?), n. [Spermo- + derm: cf. F. spermoderme.] (Bot.) The covering of a seed; -- sometimes limited to the outer coat or testa. Lindley.

||Sper`mo*go"ni*um (?), n. [NL.; spermo- + Gr. &?;&?;&?; offspring.] (Bot.) A conceptacle of certain lichens, which contains spermatia.

Sper*mol"o*gist (?), n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;&?; picking up seeds; spe`rma sperm, seed + &?;&?;&?;&?; to gather.] One who treats of, or collects, seeds. Bailey.

Sper"mo*phile (?), n. [Gr. spe`rma a seed + fi`los loving, fond.] (Zoöl.) Any ground squirrel of the genus Spermophilus; a gopher. See Illust. under Gopher.

Sper"mo*phore (?), n. (Zoöl.) A spermatophore.

||Sper*moph"y*ta (?), n. pl. [Nl., from Gr. spe`rma a seed + fyto`n a plant.] Plants which produce seed; phænogamia. These plants constitute the highest grand division of the vegetable kingdom.

Sper"mo*phyte (?), n. (Bot.) Any plant which produces true seeds; -- a term recently proposed to replace phænogam.

Sper`mo*phyt"ic (?), a. (Bot.) Capable of producing seeds; phænogamic.

||Sper`mo*plas"ma (?), n. [NL. See Spermo-, and Plasma.] (Physiol.) The protoplasm of the sperm cell. Haeckel.

Sper"mo*sphere (?), n. [Spermo- + sphere.] (Physiol.) A mass or ball of cells formed by the repeated division of a male germinal cell (spermospore), each constituent cell (spermoblast) of which is converted into a spermatozoid; a spermatogemma.

Sper"mo*spore (?), n. [Spermo- + spore.] (Physiol.) The male germinal or seminal cell, from the breaking up of which the spermoblasts are formed and ultimately the spermatozoids; a spermatospore. Balfour.

Sper"mule (?), n. [Dim. fr. sperm.] (Physiol.) A sperm cell. Haeckel.

Sperm" whale` (?). (Zoöl.) A very large toothed whale (Physeter macrocephalus), having a head of enormous size. The upper jaw is destitute of teeth. In the upper part of the head, above the skull, there is a large cavity, or case, filled with oil and spermaceti. This whale sometimes grows to the length of more than eighty feet. It is found in the warmer parts of all the oceans. Called also cachalot, and spermaceti whale.

Pygmy sperm whale (Zoöl.), a small whale (Kogia breviceps), seldom twenty feet long, native of tropical seas, but occasionally found on the American coast. Called also snub-nosed cachalot. -- Sperm-whale porpoise (Zoöl.), a toothed cetacean (Hyperoödon bidens), found on both sides of the Atlantic and valued for its oil. The adult becomes about twenty-five feet long, and its head is very large and thick. Called also bottle-nosed whale.

Sper"ry*lite (?), n.[Named after F. L. Sperry, who discovered it.] (Min.) An arsenide of platinum occuring in grains and minute isometric crystals of tin-white color. It is found near Sudbury, Ontario Canada, and is the only known compound of platinum occuring in nature.

Sperse (?), v. t. To disperse. [Obs.] Spenser.

Spes"sart*ite (?), n.[From Spessart, in Germany.] (Min.) A manganesian variety of garnet.

Spet (?), v. t. [AS. sp&?;tan. See Spit.] To spit; to throw out. [Obs.]

Spet, n. Spittle. [Obs.]

Spetch"es (?), n. pl. Parings and refuse of hides, skins, etc., from which glue is made.

Spew (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spewed (?); p. pr.& vb. n. Spewing.] [OE. spewen, speowen, AS. spwan;n to D. spuwen to spit. OS & OHG. spwan, G. speien, Icel. sp&?;ja to spew, Sw. spy, Dan. spye, Goth. spiewan, th. spjauti, L. spuere to split, Gr. &?;&?;&?;, Skr. shtiv, shthv. Cf. Pyke, Spit.] [Written also spue.] 1. To eject from the stomach; to vomit.

2. To cast forth with abhorrence or disgust; to eject.

> Because thou art lukewarm, and neither hot nor cold, I will spew thee out of my mouth.

Rev. ii. 16.

Spew, v. i. 1. To vomit. Chaucer.

2. To eject seed, as wet land swollen with frost.

Spew, n. That which is vomited; vomit.

Spew"er (?), n. One who spews.

Spew"i*ness (?), n. The state of being spewy.

Spew"y (?), a. Wet; soggy; inclined to spew.

Sphac"el (?), n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?;: cf. F. sphacèle.] (Med.) Gangrene.

Sphac"e*late (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sphacelated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sphacelating.] [NL. sphacelare, sphacelatum, mortify: cf. F. sphacéler. See Sphacelus.] (Med.) To die, decay, or become gangrenous, as flesh or bone; to mortify.

Sphac"e*late, v. t. (Med.) To affect with gangrene.

{ Sphac"e*late (?), Sphac"e*la`ted (?), } a. (Med.) Affected with gangrene; mortified.

<! p. 1384 !>

Sphac`e*la"tion (?), n. (Med.) The process of becoming or making gangrenous; mortification.

||Sphac"e*lus (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;.] (Med.) Gangrenous part; gangrene; slough.

||Sphæ*ren"chy*ma (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;&?;&?; sphere + -enchyma as in parenchima.] (Bot.) Vegetable tissue composed of thin-walled rounded cells, -- a modification of parenchyma.

||Sphæ*rid"i*um (?), n.; pl. Sphæridia (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?;&?;&?; a sphere.] (Zoöl.) A peculiar sense organ found upon the exterior of most kinds of sea urchins, and consisting of an oval or sherical head surmounting a short pedicel. It is generally supposed to be an olfactory organ.

Sphæ"ro*spore (?), n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?; sphere + E. spore.] (Bot.) One of the nonsexual spores found in red algæ; a tetraspore.

Sphær"u*lite (?), n. (Min.) Same as Spherulite.

Sphag*nic"o*lous (?), a. [Sphagnum + L. colere to inhabit.] (Bot.) Growing in moss of the genus Sphagnum.

Sphag"nous (?), a. (Bot.) Pertaining to moss of the genus Sphagnum, or bog moss; abounding in peat or bog moss.

||Sphag"num (?), n. [NL., fr/ Gr. &?;&?;&?; a kind of moss.] (Bot.) A genus of mosses having white leaves slightly tinged with red or green and found growing in marshy places; bog moss; peat moss.

Sphal"er*ite (?), n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?; slippery, uncertain. See Blende.] (Min.) Zinc sulphide; -- called also blende, black-jack, false galena, etc. See Blende (a).

Sphene (?), n. [F. sphène, fr. Gr. sfh`n a wedge.] (Min.) A mineral found usually in thin, wedge-shaped crystals of a yellow or green to black color. It is a silicate of titanium and calcium; titanite.

Sphe*neth"moid (?), a. [Sphenoid + ethmoid.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to both the sphenoidal and the ethmoidal regions of the skull, or the sphenethmoid bone; sphenethmoidal.

Sphenethmoid bone (Anat.), a bone of the skull which surrounds the anterior end of the brain in many amphibia; the girdle bone.

Sphe*neth"moid, n. (Anat.) The sphenethmoid bone.

Sphe`neth*moid"al (?), a. (Anat.) Relating to the sphenoethmoid bone; sphenoethmoid.

Sphe*nis"can (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any species of penguin.

Sphe"no- (?). A combining form used in anatomy to indicate connection with, or relation to, the sphenoid bone; as in sphenomaxillary, sphenopalatine.

Sphe"no*don (?), n. [Gr. sfh`n a wedge + &?;&?;&?;, &?;&?;&?;, a tooth.] (Zoöl.) Same as Hatteria.

Sphe"no*eth*moid`al (?), a. (Anat.) Sphenethmoid.

Sphe"no*gram (?), n. [Gr. sfh`n a wedge + -gram.] A cuneiform, or arrow- headed, character.

Sphe*nog"ra*pher, n. One skilled in sphenography; a sphenographist.

Sphe`no*graph"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to sphenography.

Sphe*nog"ra*phist (?), n. A sphenographer.

Sphe*nog"ra*phy (?), n. [Gr. sfh`n a wedge + -graphy.] The art of writing in cuneiform characters, or of deciphering inscriptions made in such characters.

Sphe"noid (?), a. [Gr. &?;&?;&?;; sfh`n a wedge + e'i^dos form: cf. F. sphénoïde.] 1. Wedge-shaped; as, a sphenoid crystal.

2. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the sphenoid bone.

Sphenoid bone (Anat.), an irregularly shaped bone in front of the occipital in the base of the skull of the higher vertebrates. It is composed of several fetal bones which become united the adult. See Alisphenoid, Basisphenoid, Orbitosphenoid, Presphenoid.

Sphe"noid (?), n. 1. (Crystallog.) A wedge-shaped crystal bounded by four equal isosceles triangles. It is the hemihedral form of a square pyramid.

2. (Anat.) The sphenoid bone.

Sphe*noid"al (?), a. 1. Sphenoid.

2. (Crystalloq.) Pertaining to, or resembling, a sphenoid.

Sphe*not"ic (?), a. [Spheno- + &?;&?;&?;, &?;&?;&?;, the ear.] (Anat.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, the sphenotic bone.

Sphenotic bone (Anat.), a bone on the anterior side of the auditory capsule of many fishes, and connected with, or adjoining, the sphenoid bone.

Sphe*not"ic, n. (Anat.) The sphenotic bone.

Spher"al (?), a. 1. Of or pertaining to a sphere or the spheres.

2. Rounded like a sphere; sphere-shaped; hence, symmetrical; complete; perfect.

Sphere (?), n. [OE. spere, OF. espere, F. sphère, L. sphaera,. Gr. &?;&?;&?; a sphere, a ball.] 1. (Geom.) A body or space contained under a single surface, which in every part is equally distant from a point within called its center.

2. Hence, any globe or globular body, especially a celestial one, as the sun, a planet, or the earth.

> Of celestial bodies, first the sun,
> A mighty sphere, he framed.

Milton.

3. (Astron.) (a) The apparent surface of the heavens, which is assumed to be spherical and everywhere equally distant, in which the heavenly bodies appear to have their places, and on which the various astronomical circles, as of right ascension and declination, the equator, ecliptic, etc., are conceived to be drawn; an ideal geometrical sphere, with the astronomical and geographical circles in their proper positions on it. (b) In ancient astronomy, one of the concentric and eccentric revolving spherical transparent shells in which the stars, sun, planets, and moon were supposed to be set, and by which they were carried, in such a manner as to produce their apparent motions.

4. (Logic) The extension of a general conception, or the totality of the individuals or species to which it may be applied.

5. Circuit or range of action, knowledge, or influence; compass; province; employment; place of existence.

> To be called into a huge sphere, and not to be seen to move in 't.

Shak.

> Taking her out of the ordinary relations with humanity, and inclosing her in a sphere by herself.

Hawthorne.

> Each in his hidden sphere of joy or woe
> Our hermit spirits dwell.

Keble.

6. Rank; order of society; social positions.

7. An orbit, as of a star; a socket. [R.] Shak.

Armillary sphere, Crystalline sphere, Oblique sphere,. See under Armillary, Crystalline,. -- Doctrine of the sphere, applications of the principles of spherical trigonometry to the properties and relations of the circles of the sphere, and the problems connected with them, in astronomy and geography, as to the latitudes and longitudes, distance and bearing, of places on the earth, and the right ascension and declination, altitude and azimuth, rising and setting, etc., of the heavenly bodies; spherical geometry. -- Music of the spheres. See under Music.

Syn. -- Globe; orb; circle. See Globe.

Sphere (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sphered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sphering.] 1. To place in a sphere, or among the spheres; to insphere.

> The glorious planet Sol
> In noble eminence enthroned and sphered
> Amidst the other.

Shak.

2. To form into roundness; to make spherical, or spheral; to perfect. Tennyson.

{ Spher"ic*al (?), Spher"ic (?), } a. [L. sphaericus, Gr. &?;&?;&?;: cf. F. sphérique.] 1. Having the form of a sphere; like a sphere; globular; orbicular; as, a spherical body.

2. Of or pertaining to a sphere.

3. Of or pertaining to the heavenly orbs, or to the sphere or spheres in which, according to ancient astronomy and astrology, they were set.

> Knaves, thieves, and treachers by spherical predominance.

Shak.

> Though the stars were suns, and overburned
> Their spheric limitations.

Mrs. Browning.

Spherical angle, Spherical coördinate, Spherical excess, etc. See under Angle, Coordinate, etc. -- Spherical geometry, that branch of geometry which treats of spherical magnitudes; the doctrine of the sphere, especially of the circles described on its surface. -- Spherical harmonic analysis. See under Harmonic, a. -- Spherical lune,portion of the surface of a sphere included between two great semicircles having a common diameter. -- Spherical opening, the magnitude of a solid angle. It is measured by the portion within the solid angle of the surface of any sphere whose center is the angular point. -- Spherical polygon,portion of the surface of a sphere bounded by the arcs of three or more great circles. -- Spherical projection, the projection of the circles of the sphere upon a plane. See Projection. -- Spherical sector. See under Sector. -- Spherical segment, the segment of a sphere. See under Segment. -- Spherical triangle,re on the surface of a sphere, bounded by the arcs of three great circles which intersect each other. -- Spherical trigonometry. See Trigonometry.

-- Spher"ic*al*ly, adv. -- Spher"ic*al*ness, n.

Sphe*ric"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. sphéricité.] The quality or state of being spherial; roundness; as, the sphericity of the planets, or of a drop of water.

Spher"i*cle (?), n. A small sphere.

Spher"ics (?), n. (Math.) The doctrine of the sphere; the science of the properties and relations of the circles, figures, and other magnitudes of a sphere, produced by planes intersecting it; spherical geometry and trigonometry.

||Sphe`ro*bac*te"ri*a (?), n. pl.; sing. Spherobacterium (&?;). [NL. See Sphere, and Bacterium.] (Biol.) See the Note under Microbacteria.

Sphe`ro*con"ic (?), n. (Geom.) A nonplane curve formed by the intersection of the surface of an oblique cone with the surface of a sphere whose center is at the vertex of the cone.

Spher"o*graph (?), n. [Sphere + -graph.] An instrument for facilitating the practical use of spherics in navigation and astronomy, being constructed of two cardboards containing various circles, and turning upon each other in such a manner that any possible spherical triangle may be readily found, and the measures of the parts read off by inspection.

Sphe"roid (?), n. [L. spheroides ball-like, spherical, Gr. &?;&?;&?;; &?;&?;&?;&?; sphere + &?;&?;&?; form: cf. F. sphéroïde.] A body or figure approaching to a sphere, but not perfectly spherical; esp., a solid generated by the revolution of an ellipse about one of its axes.

Oblate spheroid, Prolate spheroid. See Oblate, Prolate, and Ellipsoid.

Sphe*roid"al (?), a. [Cf. F. sphéroïdal.] Having the form of a spheroid. -- Sphe*roid"al*ly, adv.

Spheroidal state (Physics.), the state of a liquid, as water, when, on being thrown on a surface of highly heated metal, it rolls about in spheroidal drops or masses, at a temperature several degrees below ebullition, and without actual contact with the heated surface, -- a phenomenon due to the repulsive force of heat, the intervention of a cushion of nonconducting vapor, and the cooling effect of evaporation.

{ Sphe*roid"ic (?), Sphe*roid"ic*al (?), } a. See Spheroidal. Cheyne.

{ Sphe`roi*dic"i*ty (?), Sphe*roid"i*ty (?), } n. The quality or state of being spheroidal.

Sphe"ro*mere (?), n. [Sphere + -mere.] (Zoöl.) Any one of the several symmetrical segments arranged around the central axis and composing the body of a radiate anmal.

Sphe*rom"e*ter (?), n. [Sphere + -meter: cf. F. sphéromètre.] (Physics) An instrument for measuring the curvature of spherical surface, as of lenses for telescope, etc.

Spher`o*sid"er*ite (?), n. [Sphere + siderite.] (Min.) Siderite occuring in spheroidal masses.

Sphe"ro*some (?), n. [Sphere + -some body.] (Zoöl.) The body wall of any radiate animal.

Spher"u*late (?), a. Covered or set with spherules; having one or more rows of spherules, or minute tubercles.

Spher"ule (?), n. [L. spherula: cf. F. sphérule.] A little sphere or spherical body; as, quicksilver, when poured upon a plane, divides itself into a great number of minute spherules.

Spher"u*lite (?), n. [Cf. F. sphérulite.] (Min.) A minute spherical crystalline body having a radiated structure, observed in some vitreous volcanic rocks, as obsidian and pearlstone.

Spher`u*lit"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to a spherulite; characterized by the presence of spherulites.

Spher"y (?), a. 1. Round; spherical; starlike. [R.] "Hermia's sphery eyne." Shak.

2. Of or pertaining to the spheres. [R.]

> She can teach ye how to climb
> Higher than the sphery chime.

Milton.

Sphex (?), n.[NL., fr. Gr. &?;&?;&?;, &?;&?;&?;, a wasp.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of sand wasps of the genus Sphex and allied genera. These wasps have the abdomen attached to the thorax by a slender pedicel. See Illust. of Sand wasp, under Sand.

Sphex fly (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of small dipterous flies of the genus Conops and allied genera. The form of the body is similar to that of a sphex.

Sphig*mom"e*ter (?), n. See Sphygmometer.

Sphinc"ter (?), n. [NL., fr. &?;&?;&?; to bind tight.] (Anat.) A muscle which surrounds, and by its contraction tends to close, a natural opening; as, the sphincter of the bladder.

Sphinc"ter, a. (Anat.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, a sphincter; as, a sphincter muscle.

Sphin"gid (?), n. (Zoöl.) A sphinx.

Sphin"gid, a. Of or pertaining to a sphinx, or the family Sphingidæ.

Sphinx (?), n. [L., from Gr. sfi`gx, usually derived from sfi`ggein to bind tight or together, as if the Throttler.] 1. (a) In Egyptian art, an image of granite or porphyry, having a human head, or the head of a ram or of a hawk, upon the wingless body of a lion.

> The awful ruins of the days of old . . .
> Or jasper tomb, or mutilated sphinx.

Shelley.

(b) On Greek art and mythology, a she-monster, usually represented as having the winged body of a lion, and the face and breast of a young woman. The most famous Grecian sphinx, that of Thebes in Bœotia, is said to have proposed a riddle to the Thebans, and killed those who were unable to guess it. The enigma was solved by Œdipus, whereupon the sphinx slew herself. "Subtle as sphinx." Shak.

2. Hence: A person of enigmatical character and purposes, especially in politics and diplomacy.

3. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of large moths of the family Sphingidæ; -- called also hawk moth.

The larva is a stout naked caterpillar which, when at rest, often assumes a position suggesting the Egyptian sphinx, whence the name.

4. (Zoöl.) The Guinea, or sphinx, baboon (Cynocephalus sphinx).

Sphinx baboon (Zoöl.), a large West African baboon (Cynocephalus sphinx), often kept in menageries. -- Sphinx moth. (Zoöl.) Same as Sphinx, 3.

Sphrag"ide (?), n.[L. sphragis, -idis, Lemnian earth, fr. Gr. &?;&?;&?;, &?;&?;&?;, a seal; -- so called because sold in sealed packets.] (Min.) Lemnian earth.

Sphra*gis"tics (?), n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?; of or for sealing, fr. &?;&?;&?; a seal.] The science of seals, their history, age, distinctions, etc., esp. as verifying the age and genuiness of documents.

||Sphri*go"sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;&?;&?; to be full of strength.] (Bot.) A condition of vegetation in which there is too abundant growth of the stem and leaves, accompanied by deficiency of flowers and fruit.

Sphyg"mic (?), a. [Gr. &?;&?;&?; the pulse.] (Physiol.) Of or pertaining to the pulse.

Sphyg"mo*gram (?), n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?; pulse + -gram.] (Physiol.) A tracing, called a pulse tracing, consisting of a series of curves corresponding with the beats of the heart, obtained by the application of the sphygmograph.

Sphyg"mo*graph (?), n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?; the pulse + -graph.] (Physiol.) An instrument which, when applied over an artery, indicates graphically the movements or character of the pulse. See Sphygmogram.

Sphyg`mo*graph"ic (?), a. (Phusiol.) Relating to, or produced by, a sphygmograph; as, a sphygmographic tracing.

<! p. 1385 !>

Sphyg*mom"e*ter (?), n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?; pulse + -meter.] (Physiol.) An instrument for measuring the strength of the pulse beat; a sphygmograph.

Sphyg"mo*phone (?), n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?; the pulse + &?;&?;&?; sound.] (Physiol.) An electrical instrument for determining by the ear the rhythm of the pulse of a person at a distance.

Sphyg"mo*scope (?), n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?; the pulse + -scope.] (Physiol.) Same as Sphygmograph.

Sphy*ræ"noid (?), a.[L. sphyraena a kind of sea fish (Gr. sfy`raina) + - oid.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Sphyrænidæ, a family of marine fishes including the barracudas.

Spi"al (?), n. A spy; a scout. [Obs.] Bacon.

||Spi"ca (?), n.; pl. Spicæ (#). [L., an ear, as of corn.] 1. (Med.) A kind of bandage passing, by successive turns and crosses, from an extremity to the trunk; -- so called from its resemblance to a spike of a barley.

2. (Astron.) A star of the first magnitude situated in the constellation Virgo.

{ Spi"cate (?), Spi"ca*ted (?), } a. [L. spicatus, p. p. of spicare furnish with spikes, or ears, fr. spica a spike, or ear.] (Bot.) Having the form of a spike, or ear; arranged in a spike or spikes. Lee.

||Spic*ca"to (?), a. [It., p. p. of spicare to detach, to separate.] (Mus.) Detached; separated; -- a term indicating that every note is to be performed in a distinct and pointed manner.

Spice (?), n. [OE. spice, spece, spice, species, OF. espice, espece, F. épice spice, espèce species, fr. L. species particular sort or kind, a species, a sight, appearance, show, LL., spices, drugs, etc., of the same sort, fr. L. specere to look. See Spy, and cf. Species.] 1. Species; kind. [Obs.]

> The spices of penance ben three.

Chaucer.

> Abstain you from all evil spice.

Wyclif (1. Thess,v. 22).

> Justice, although it be but one entire virtue, yet is described in two kinds of spices. The one is named justice distributive, the other is called commutative.

Sir T. Elyot.

2. A vegetable production of many kinds, fragrant or aromatic and pungent to the taste, as pepper, cinnamon, nutmeg, mace, allspice, ginger, cloves, etc., which are used in cookery and to flavor sauces, pickles, etc.

> Hast thou aught in thy purse [bag] any hot spices?

Piers Plowman.

3. Figuratively, that which enriches or alters the quality of a thing in a small degree, as spice alters the taste of food; that which gives zest or pungency; a slight flavoring; a relish; hence, a small quantity or admixture; a sprinkling; as, a spice of mischief.

> So much of the will, with a spice of the willful.

Coleridge.

Spice, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spiced (?); p. p. & vb. n. Spicing (?).] 1. To season with spice, or as with spice; to mix aromatic or pungent substances with; to flavor; to season; as, to spice wine; to spice one's words with wit.

> She 'll receive thee, but will spice thy bread
> With flowery poisons.

Chapman.

2. To fill or impregnate with the odor of spices.

> In the spiced Indian air, by night.

Shak.

3. To render nice or dainty; hence, to render scrupulous. [Obs.] "A spiced conscience." Chaucer.

Spice"bush` (?), n. (Bot.) Spicewood.

Spice"nut` (?). A small crisp cake, highly spiced.

Spi"cer (?), n. [Cf. OF. espicier, F. épicier.] 1. One who seasons with spice.

2. One who deals in spice. [Obs.] Piers Plowman.

Spi"cer*y (?), n. [OF. espicerie, F. épicerie.] 1. Spices, in general. Chaucer.

2. A repository of spices. Addison.

Spice"wood` (?), n. (Bot.) An American shrub (Lindera Benzoin), the bark of which has a spicy taste and odor; -- called also Benjamin, wild allspice, and fever bush.

Spi*cif"er*ous (?), a. [L. spicifer bearing spikes, or ears; spica ear + ferre to bear.] Bearing ears, or spikes; spicate. [Obs.] Bailey.

Spi"ci*form (?), a. [L. spica a spike, ear + -form.] (Bot.) Spike-shaped. Gray.

Spi"ci*ly, adv. In a spicy manner.

Spi"ci*ness, n. The quality or state of being spicy.

Spick (?), n. [Cf. Sw. spik. See Spike a nail.] A spike or nail. [Prov. Eng.]

Spick and span, quite new; that is, as new as a spike or nail just made and a chip just split; brand-new; as, a spick and span novelty. See Span-new. Howell.

Spick"nel (?), n. [Contr. from spike nail a large, long nail; -- so called in allusion to the shape of its capillary leaves.] (Bot.) An umbelliferous herb (Meum Athamanticum) having finely divided leaves, common in Europe; -- called also baldmoney, mew, and bearwort. [Written also spignel.]

Spi*cose" (?), a. [L. spica a spike, or ear.] (Bot.) Having spikes, or ears, like corn spikes.

Spi*cos"i*ty (?), n. The state of having, or being full of, ears like corn. [R.] Bailey.

Spi"cous (?), a. (Bot.) See Spicose.

||Spic"u*la (?), n.; pl. Spiculæ (#). [NL., dim. of L. spica a spike, ear.] (Bot.) (a) A little spike; a spikelet. (b) A pointed fleshy appendage.

Spic"u*lar (?), a. [L. spiculum a dart: cf. F. spiculaire.] Resembling a dart; having sharp points.

Spic"u*late (?), a. [L. spiculatus, p. p. of spiculare to sharpen, to point, fr. spiculum a dart.] 1. Covered with, or having, spicules.

2. (Bot.) Covered with minute spiculæ, or pointed fleshy appendages; divided into small spikelets.

Spic"u*late (?), v. t. To sharpen to a point. [R.] "With spiculated paling." Mason.

Spic"ule (?), n. [L. spiculum a little point, a dart.] 1. A minute, slender granule, or point.

2. (Bot.) Same as Spicula.

3. (Zoöl.) Any small calcareous or siliceous body found in the tissues of various invertebrate animals, especially in sponges and in most Alcyonaria.

Spicules vary exceedingly in size and shape, and some of those found in siliceous sponges are very complex in structure and elegant in form. They are of great use in classification.

> Description of the Illustration:

> a Acerate; b Tricurvate, or Bowshaped; c d Hamate; e Broomshaped; f Scepterellate; g Spinispirulate; h Inequi-anchorate; i Sexradiate; j A Trichite Sheaf; k Six-rayed Capitate; l Rosette of Esperia; m Equi- anchorate.

Spi*cu"li*form (?), a. (Zoöl.) Having the shape of a spicule.

Spic`u*lig"e*nous (?), a. [L. spiculum + -genous.] (Zoöl.) Producing or containing spicules.

||Spic`u*li*spon"gi*æ (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A division of sponges including those which have independent siliceous spicules.

||Spic"u*lum (?), n.; pl. Spicula (#). [L., a little point.] (Zoöl.) Same as Spicule.

Spi"cy (?), a. [Compar. Spicier (?); superl. Spiciest.] [From Spice.] 1. Flavored with, or containing, spice or spices; fragrant; aromatic; as, spicy breezes. "The spicy nut-brown ale." Milton.

> Led by new stars, and borne by spicy gales.

Pope.

2. Producing, or abounding with, spices.

> In hot Ceylon spicy forests grew.

Dryden.

3. Fig.: Piquant; racy; as, a spicy debate.

Syn. -- Aromatic; fragrant; smart; pungent; pointed; keen. See Racy.

Spi"der (?), n.[OE. spiþre, fr. AS. spinnan to spin; -- so named from spinning its web; cf. D. spin a spider, G. spinne, Sw. spindel. Seee Spin.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of arachnids comprising the order Araneina. Spiders have the mandibles converted into poison fangs, or falcers. The abdomen is large and not segmented, with two or three pairs of spinnerets near the end, by means of which they spin threads of silk to form cocoons, or nests, to protect their eggs and young. Many species spin also complex webs to entrap the insects upon which they prey. The eyes are usually eight in number (rarely six), and are situated on the back of the cephalothorax. See Illust. under Araneina.

Spiders are divided into two principal groups: the Dipneumona, having two lungs: and the Tetrapneumona, having four lungs. See Mygale. The former group includes several tribes; as, the jumping spiders (see Saltigradæ), the wolf spiders, or Citigradæ (see under Wolf), the crab spiders, or Laterigradæ (see under Crab), the garden, or geometric, spiders, or Orbitellæ (see under Geometrical, and Garden), and others. See Bird spider, under Bird, Grass spider, under Grass, House spider, under House, Silk spider, under Silk.

2. (Zoöl.) Any one of various other arachnids resembling the true spiders, especially certain mites, as the red spider (see under Red).

3. An iron pan with a long handle, used as a kitchen utensil in frying food. Originally, it had long legs, and was used over coals on the hearth.

4. A trevet to support pans or pots over a fire.

5. (Mach.) A skeleton, or frame, having radiating arms or members, often connected by crosspieces; as, a casting forming the hub and spokes to which the rim of a fly wheel or large gear is bolted; the body of a piston head; a frame for strengthening a core or mold for a casting, etc.

Spider ant. (Zoöl.) Same as Solitary ant, under Solitary. -- Spider crab (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of maioid crabs having a more or less triangular body and ten long legs. Some of the species grow to great size, as the great Japanese spider crab (Macrocheira Kempferi), measuring sometimes more than fifteen feet across the legs when they are extended. -- Spider fly (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of parasitic dipterous insects of the family Hippoboscidæ. They are mostly destitute of wings, and live among the feathers of birds and the hair of bats. Called also bird tick, and bat tick. -- Spider hunter (Zoöl.), any one of several species of East Indian sunbirds of the genus Arachnothera. -- Spider lines, filaments of a spider's web crossing the field of vision in optical instruments; -- used for determining the exact position of objects and making delicate measurements. Fine wires, silk fibers, or lines on glass similarly placed, are called spider lines. -- Spider mite. (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of several species of parasitic mites of the genus Argas and allied genera. See Argas. (b) Any one of numerous small mites injurious to plants. -- Spider monkey (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of South American monkeys of the genus Ateles, having very long legs and a long prehensile tail. -- Spider orchis (Bot.), a European orchidaceous plant (Ophrys aranifera), having flowers which resemble spiders. -- Spider shell (Zoöl.), any shell of the genus Pteroceras. See Pteroceras.

Spi"dered (?), a. Infested by spiders; cobwebbed. Wolcott.

Spi"der*like` (?), a. Like a spider. Shak.

{ Spi"der web" (?), or Spi"der's web" }. (Zoöl.) The silken web which is formed by most kinds of spiders, particularly the web spun to entrap their prey. See Geometric spider, Triangle spider, under Geometric, and Triangle.

Spi"der*wort` (?), n. (Bot.) An American endogenous plant (Tradescantia Virginica), with long linear leaves and ephemeral blue flowers. The name is sometimes extended to other species of the same genus.

Spied (?), imp. & p. p. of Spy.

||Spie"gel*ei`sen (?), n. [G. spiegel mirror + eisen iron.] See Spiegel iron.

Spie"gel i`ron (?). [G. spiegel mirror + E. iron.] (Metal.) A fusible white cast iron containing a large amount of carbon (from three and a half to six per cent) and some manganese. When the manganese reaches twenty-five per cent and upwards it has a granular structure, and constitutes the alloy ferro manganese, largely used in the manufacture of Bessemer steel. Called also specular pig iron, spiegel, and spiegeleisen.

Spight (?), n. & v. Spite. [Obs.] Spenser.

Spight, n. A woodpecker. See Speight. [Obs.]

Spig"nel (?), n. (Bot.) Same as Spickenel.

Spig"net (?), n. [Corrupted fr. spikenard.] (Bot.) An aromatic plant of America. See Spikenard.

Spig"ot (?), n. [From spick,or spike; cf. Ir. & Gael. spiocaid a spigot, Ir. spice a spike. See Spike.] A pin or peg used to stop the vent in a cask; also, the plug of a faucet or cock.

Spigot and faucet joint, a joint for uniting pipes, formed by the insertion of the end of one pipe, or pipe fitting, into a socket at the end of another.

Spi*gur"nel (?), n. (Eng. Law) Formerly the title of the sealer of writs in chancery. Mozley & W.

Spike (?), n. [Akin to LG. spiker, spieker, a large nail, D. spijker, Sw. spik, Dan. spiger, Icel. spk; all perhaps from L. spica a point, an ear of grain; but in the sense of nail more likely akin to E. spoke of a wheel. Cf. Spine.] 1. A sort of very large nail; also, a piece of pointed iron set with points upward or outward.

2. Anything resembling such a nail in shape.

> He wears on his head the corona radiata . . . ; the spikes that shoot out represent the rays of the sun.

Addison.

3. An ear of corn or grain.

4. (Bot.) A kind of flower cluster in which sessile flowers are arranged on an unbranched elongated axis.

Spike grass (Bot.), either of two tall perennial American grasses (Uniola paniculata, and U. latifolia) having broad leaves and large flattened spikelets. -- Spike rush. (Bot.) See under Rush. -- Spike shell (Zoöl.), any pteropod of the genus Styliola having a slender conical shell. -- Spike team, three horses, or a horse and a yoke of oxen, harnessed together, a horse leading the oxen or the span. [U.S.]

Spike, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spiked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Spiking.] 1. To fasten with spikes, or long, large nails; as, to spike down planks.

2. To set or furnish with spikes.

3. To fix on a spike. [R.] Young.

4. To stop the vent of (a gun or cannon) by driving a spike nail, or the like into it.

Spike, n. [Cf. G. spieke, L. spica an ear of grain. See Spikenard.] (Bot.) Spike lavender. See Lavender.

Oil of spike (Chem.), a colorless or yellowish aromatic oil extracted from the European broad-leaved lavender, or aspic (Lavendula Spica), used in artist's varnish and in veterinary medicine. It is often adulterated with oil of turpentine, which it much resembles.

Spike"bill` (?), n. (Zoöl.) (a) The hooded merganser. (b) The marbled godwit (Limosa fedoa).

Spiked (?), a. Furnished or set with spikes, as corn; fastened with spikes; stopped with spikes.

> A youth, leaping over the spiked pales, . . . was caught by those spikes.

Wiseman.

Spike"fish` (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Sailfish (a)

Spike"let (?), n. (Bot.) A small or secondary spike; especially, one of the ultimate parts of the in florescence of grasses. See Illust. of Quaking grass.

Spike"nard (?), n.[For spiked nard; cf. G. spieknarde, NL. spica nardi. See Spike an ear, and Nard.] 1. (Bot.) An aromatic plant. In the United States it is the Aralia racemosa, often called spignet, and used as a medicine. The spikenard of the ancients is the Nardostachys Jatamansi, a native of the Himalayan region. From its blackish roots a perfume for the hair is still prepared in India.

2. A fragrant essential oil, as that from the Nardostachys Jatamansi.

Spike"tail` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The pintail duck. [Local, U.S.]

Spik"y (?), a. 1. Like a spike; spikelike.

> These spiky, vivid outbursts of metallic vapors.

C. A. Young.

2. Having a sharp point, or sharp points; furnished or armed with spikes.

> Or by the spiky harrow cleared away.

Dyer.

> The spiky wheels through heaps of carnage tore.

Pope.

Spile (?), n. [Cf. LG. spile, dial. G. speil, speiler, D. spijl. √170.] 1. A small plug or wooden pin, used to stop a vent, as in a cask.

<! p. 1386 !>

2. A small tube or spout inserted in a tree for conducting sap, as from a sugar maple.

3. A large stake driven into the ground as a support for some superstructure; a pile.

Spile hole, a small air hole in a cask; a vent.

Spile (?), v. t. To supply with a spile or a spigot; to make a small vent in, as a cask.

Spil"i*kin (?), n. [OD. spelleken a small pin. See Spill a splinter.] One of a number of small pieces or pegs of wood, ivory, bone, or other material, for playing a game, or for counting the score in a game, as in cribbage. In the plural (spilikins), a game played with such pieces; pushpin. [Written also spillikin, spilliken.]

Spill (?), n. [√170. Cf. Spell a splinter.] 1. A bit of wood split off; a splinter. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

2. A slender piece of anything. Specifically: --

(a) A peg or pin for plugging a hole, as in a cask; a spile.

(b) A metallic rod or pin.

(c) A small roll of paper, or slip of wood, used as a lamplighter, etc.

(d) (Mining) One of the thick laths or poles driven horizontally ahead of the main timbering in advancing a level in loose ground.

3. A little sum of money. [Obs.] Ayliffe.

Spill, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spilt (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Spilling.] To cover or decorate with slender pieces of wood, metal, ivory, etc.; to inlay. [Obs.] Spenser.

Spill (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spilled (?), or Spilt (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Spilling.] [OE. spillen,sually, to destroy, AS. spillan, spildan, to destroy; akin to Icel. spilla to destroy, Sw. spilla to spill, Dan. spilde,G. & D. spillen to squander, OHG. spildan.] 1. To destroy; to kill; to put an end to. [Obs.]

> And gave him to the queen, all at her will
> To choose whether she would him save or spill.

Chaucer.

> Greater glory think [it] to save than spill.

Spenser.

2. To mar; to injure; to deface; hence, to destroy by misuse; to waste. [Obs.]

> They [the colors] disfigure the stuff and spill the whole workmanship.

Puttenham.

> Spill not the morning, the quintessence of day, in recreations.

Fuller.

3. To suffer to fall or run out of a vessel; to lose, or suffer to be scattered; -- applied to fluids and to substances whose particles are small and loose; as, to spill water from a pail; to spill quicksilver from a vessel; to spill powder from a paper; to spill sand or flour.

Spill differs from pour in expressing accidental loss, -- a loss or waste contrary to purpose.

4. To cause to flow out and be lost or wasted; to shed, or suffer to be shed, as in battle or in manslaughter; as, a man spills another's blood, or his own blood.

> And to revenge his blood so justly spilt.

Dryden.

5. (Naut.) To relieve a sail from the pressure of the wind, so that it can be more easily reefed or furled, or to lessen the strain.

Spilling line (Naut.), a rope used for spilling, or dislodging, the wind from the belly of a sail. Totten.

Spill, v. i. 1. To be destroyed, ruined, or wasted; to come to ruin; to perish; to waste. [Obs.]

> That thou wilt suffer innocents to spill.

Chaucer.

2. To be shed; to run over; to fall out, and be lost or wasted. "He was so topful of himself, that he let it spill on all the company." I. Watts.

Spill"er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, spills.

2. A kind of fishing line with many hooks; a boulter.

{ Spil"let fish`ing (?), Spil"liard fish`ing (?), } A system or method of fishing by means of a number of hooks set on snoods all on one line; -- in North America, called trawl fishing, bultow, or bultow fishing, and long-line fishing.

Spil"li*kin (?), n. See Spilikin.

Spill"way` (?), n. A sluiceway or passage for superfluous water in a reservoir, to prevent too great pressure on the dam.

Spilt (?), imp. & p. p. of Spill. Spilled.

Spil"ter (?), n. [From Spill, n.] Any one of the small branches on a stag's head. [Obs.] Howell.

Spilth (?), n. [From Spill.] Anything spilt, or freely poured out; slop; effusion. [Archaic] "With drunken spilth of wine." Shak.

> Choicest cates, and the flagon's best spilth.

R. Browning.

Spin (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spun (?) (Archaic imp. Span (&?;)); p. pr. & vb. n. Spinning.] [AS. spinnan; akin to D. & G. spinnen, Icel. & Sw. spinna, Dan. spinde, Goth. spinnan, and probably to E. span. √170. Cf. Span, v. t., Spider.] 1. To draw out, and twist into threads, either by the hand or machinery; as, to spin wool, cotton, or flax; to spin goat's hair; to produce by drawing out and twisting a fibrous material.

> All the yarn she [Penelope] spun in Ulysses' absence did but fill Ithaca full of moths.

Shak.

2. To draw out tediously; to form by a slow process, or by degrees; to extend to a great length; -- with out; as, to spin out large volumes on a subject.

> Do you mean that story is tediously spun out?

Sheridan.

3. To protract; to spend by delays; as, to spin out the day in idleness.

> By one delay after another they spin out their whole lives.

L'Estrange.

4. To cause to turn round rapidly; to whirl; to twirl; as, to spin a top.

5. To form (a web, a cocoon, silk, or the like) from threads produced by the extrusion of a viscid, transparent liquid, which hardens on coming into contact with the air; -- said of the spider, the silkworm, etc.

6. (Mech.) To shape, as malleable sheet metal, into a hollow form, by bending or buckling it by pressing against it with a smooth hand tool or roller while the metal revolves, as in a lathe.

To spin a yarn (Naut.), to tell a story, esp. a long or fabulous tale. -- To spin hay (Mil.), to twist it into ropes for convenient carriage on an expedition. -- To spin street yarn, to gad about gossiping. [Collog.]

Spin (?), v. i. 1. To practice spinning; to work at drawing and twisting threads; to make yarn or thread from fiber; as, the woman knows how to spin; a machine or jenny spins with great exactness.

> They neither know to spin, nor care to toll.

Prior.

2. To move round rapidly; to whirl; to revolve, as a top or a spindle, about its axis.

> Round about him spun the landscape,
> Sky and forest reeled together.

Longfellow.

> With a whirligig of jubilant mosquitoes spinning about each head.

G. W. Cable.

3. To stream or issue in a thread or a small current or jet; as, blood spinsfrom a vein. Shak.

4. To move swifty; as, to spin along the road in a carriage, on a bicycle, etc. [Colloq.]

Spin, n. 1. The act of spinning; as, the spin of a top; a spin a bicycle. [Colloq.]

2. (Kinematics) Velocity of rotation about some specified axis.

||Spi"na bif"i*da (?). (Med.) [L., cleft spine.] A congenital malformation in which the spinal column is cleft at its lower portion, and the membranes of the spinal cord project as an elastic swelling from the gap thus formed.

Spi*na"ceous (?), a. (Bot.) Of, pertaining to, or resembling, the plant spinach, or the family of plants to which it belongs.

{ Spin"ach, Spin"age } (?), n. [OF. espinache, espinoche, F. épinard; cf. F. spinace, Sp. espinaca; all fr. Ar. isfnj, isfinj, aspankh, probably of Persian origin.] (Bot.) A common pot herb (Spinacia oleracea) belonging to the Goosefoot family.

Mountain spinach. See Garden orache, under Orache. -- New Zealand spinach (Bot.), a coarse herb (Tetragonia expansa), a poor substitute for spinach.

Various other pot herbs are locally called spinach.

Spi"nal (?), a. [L. spinalis, fr. spina the spine: cf. F. spinal. See Spine.] 1. (Anat.) Of, pertaining to, or in the region of, the backbone, or vertebral column; rachidian; vertebral.

2. Of or pertaining to a spine or spines.

Spinal accessory nerves, the eleventh pair of cranial nerves in the higher vertebrates. They originate from the spinal cord and pass forward into the skull, from which they emerge in company with the pneumogastrics. -- Spinal column, the backbone, or connected series or vertebræ which forms the axis of the vertebrate skeleton; the spine; rachis; vertebral column. -- Spinal cord, the great nervous cord extending backward from the brain along the dorsal side of the spinal column of a vertebrate animal, and usually terminating in a threadlike appendage called the filum terminale; the spinal, or vertebral, marrow; the myelon. The nervous tissue consists of nerve fibers and nerve cells, the latter being confined to the so-called gray matter of the central portions of the cord, while the peripheral white matter is composed of nerve fibers only. The center of the cord is traversed by a slender canal connecting with the ventricles of the brain.

Spi"nate (?), a. Bearing a spine; spiniform.

Spin"dle (?), n. [AS. spinal, fr. spinnan to spin; akin to D. spil, G. spille, spindel, OHG. spinnala. √170. See Spin.] 1. The long, round, slender rod or pin in spinning wheels by which the thread is twisted, and on which, when twisted, it is wound; also, the pin on which the bobbin is held in a spinning machine, or in the shuttle of a loom.

2. A slender rod or pin on which anything turns; an axis; as, the spindle of a vane. Specifically: --

(a) (Mach.) The shaft, mandrel, or arbor, in a machine tool, as a lathe or drilling machine, etc., which causes the work to revolve, or carries a tool or center, etc.

(b) (Mach.) The vertical rod on which the runner of a grinding mill turns.

(c) (Founding) A shaft or pipe on which a core of sand is formed.

3. The fusee of a watch.

4. A long and slender stalk resembling a spindle.

5. A yarn measure containing, in cotton yarn, 15,120 yards; in linen yarn, 14,400 yards.

6. (Geom.) A solid generated by the revolution of a curved line about its base or double ordinate or chord.

7. (Zoöl.) (a) Any marine univalve shell of the genus Rostellaria; -- called also spindle stromb. (b) Any marine gastropod of the genus Fusus.

Dead spindle (Mach.), a spindle in a machine tool that does not revolve; the spindle of the tailstock of a lathe. -- Live spindle (Mach.), the revolving spindle of a machine tool; the spindle of the headstock of a turning lathe. -- Spindle shell. (Zoöl.) See Spindle, 7. above. -- Spindle side, the female side in descent; in the female line; opposed to spear side. Ld. Lytton. [R.] "King Lycaon, grandson, by the spindle side, of Oceanus." Lowell. -- Spindle tree (Bot.), any shrub or tree of the genus Eunymus. The wood of E. Europæus was used for spindles and skewers. See Prickwood.

Spin"dle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Spindled(?); p. pr. & vb. n. Spindling (?).] To shoot or grow into a long, slender stalk or body; to become disproportionately tall and slender.

> It has begun to spindle into overintellectuality.

Lowell.

Spin"dle-legged` (?), a. Having long, slender legs.

Spin"dle*legs` (?), n. A spindleshanks.

Spin"dle-shanked` (?), a. Having long, slender legs. Addison.

Spin"dle*shanks` (?), n. A person with slender shanks, or legs; -- used humorously or in contempt.

Spin"dle-shaped` (?), a. 1. Having the shape of a spindle.

2. (Bot.) Thickest in the middle, and tapering to both ends; fusiform; -- applied chiefly to roots.

Spin"dle*tail` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The pintail duck. [Local, U.S.]

Spin"dle*worm` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The larva of a noctuid mmoth (Achatodes zeæ) which feeds inside the stalks of corn (maize), sometimes causing much damage. It is smooth, with a black head and tail and a row of black dots across each segment.

Spin"dling (?), a. Long and slender, or disproportionately tall and slender; as, a spindling tree; a spindling boy.

Spine (?), n. [L. spina thorn, the spine; akin to spica a point: cf. OF. espine, F. épine. Cf. Spike, Spinet a musical instrument, Spinny.] 1. (Bot.) A sharp appendage to any of a plant; a thorn.

2. (Zoöl.) (a) A rigid and sharp projection upon any part of an animal. (b) One of the rigid and undivided fin rays of a fish.

3. (Anat.) The backbone, or spinal column, of an animal; -- so called from the projecting processes upon the vertebræ.

4. Anything resembling the spine or backbone; a ridge.

Spine"back` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A fish having spines in, or in front of, the dorsal fins.

Spine"bill` (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any species of Australian birds of the genus Acanthorhynchus. They are related to the honey eaters.

Spined (?), a. Furnished with spines; spiny.

Spine"-finned` (?), a. (Zoöl.) Having fine supported by spinous fin rays; -- said of certain fishes.

{ Spi*nel" (?), Spi*nelle" (?), } n. [F. spinelle, or LL. spinellus, perhaps from L. spina a thorn, a prickle, in allusion to its pointed crystals.] (Min.) A mineral occuring in octahedrons of great hardness and various colors, as red, green, blue, brown, and black, the red variety being the gem spinel ruby. It consist essentially of alumina and magnesia, but commonly contains iron and sometimes also chromium.

The spinel group includes spinel proper, also magnetite, chromite, franklinite, gahnite, etc., all of which may be regarded as composed of a sesquioxide and a protoxide in equal proportions.

Spin"el (?), n. Bleached yarn in making the linen tape called inkle; unwrought inkle. Knight.

Spine"less (?), a. Having no spine.

Spi*nes"cent (?), a.[L. spinescens, -entis, p. pr. of spinescere to know to grow thorny, fr. spina a thorn: cf. F. spinescent.] (Bot.) Becoming hard and thorny; tapering gradually to a rigid, leafless point; armed with spines. Gray.

Spin"et (?), n. [OF. espinete, F. épinette (cf. It. spinetta), fr. L. spina a thorn; -- so called because its quills resemble thorns. See Spine.] (Mus.) A keyed instrument of music resembling a harpsichord, but smaller, with one string of brass or steel wire to each note, sounded by means of leather or quill plectrums or jacks. It was formerly much used.

Dumb spinet. (Mus.) See Manichordon.

Spi"net (?), n. [L. spinetum. See Spinny.] A spinny. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Spine"tail` (?), n. (Zoöl.) (a) Any one or several species of swifts of the genus Acanthylis, or Chætura, and allied genera, in which the shafts of the tail feathers terminate in rigid spines. (b) Any one of several species of South American and Central American clamatorial birds belonging to Synallaxis and allied genera of the family Dendrocolaptidæ. They are allied to the ovenbirds. (c) The ruddy duck. [Local, U.S.]

Spine"-tailed (?), a. (Zoöl.) Having the tail quills ending in sharp, naked tips.

Spine-tailed swift. (Zoöl.) See Spinetail (a).

Spin"et*ed (?), a. Slit; cleft. [Obs. & R.]

Spi*nif"er*ous (?), a. [L. spinifer; spina thorn + ferre to produce.] Producing spines; bearing thorns or spines; thorny; spiny.

Spin"i*form (?), a. Shaped like a spine.

Spi*nig"er*ous (?), a. [L. spiniger; spina spine + gerere to bear.] Bearing a spine or spines; thorn-bearing.

Spin"i*ness (?), n. Quality of being spiny.

Spin`i-spir"u*late (?), a. (Zoöl.) Having spines arranged spirally. See Spicule.

Spink (spk), n. [Cf. dial. Sw. spink a kind of small bird, Gr. spi`ggos, and E. finch.] (Zoöl.) The chaffinch.

Spin"na*ker (?), n. (Naut.) A large triangular sail set upon a boom, -- used when running before the wind.

Spin"ner (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, spins one skilled in spinning; a spinning machine.

2. A spider. "Long-legged spinners." Shak.

3. (Zoöl.) A goatsucker; -- so called from the peculiar noise it makes when darting through the air.

4. (Zoöl.) A spinneret.

Ring spinner, a machine for spinning, in which the twist, given to the yarn by a revolving bobbin, is regulated by the drag of a small metal loop which slides around a ring encircling the bobbin, instead of by a throstle.

Spin"ner*et (?), n. (Zoöl.) One of the special jointed organs situated on the under side, and near the end, of the abdomen of spiders, by means of which they spin their webs. Most spiders have three pairs of spinnerets, but some have only two pairs. The ordinary silk line of the spider is composed of numerous smaller lines jointed after issuing from the spinnerets.

Spin"ner*ule (?), n. (Zoöl.) One of the numerous small spinning tubes on the spinnerets of spiders.

Spin"ney (?), n.; pl. Spinneys (&?;). Same as Spinny. T. Hughes.

<! p. 1387 !>

Spin"ning (?), a. & n. from Spin.

Spinning gland (Zoöl.), one of the glands which form the material for spinning the silk of silkworms and other larvæ. -- Spinning house, formerly a common name for a house of correction in England, the women confined therein being employed in spinning. -- Spinning jenny (Mach.), an engine or machine for spinning wool or cotton, by means of a large number of spindles revolving simultaneously. -- Spinning mite (Zoöl.), the red spider. -- Spinning wheel, a machine for spinning yarn or thread, in which a wheel drives a single spindle, and is itself driven by the hand, or by the foot acting on a treadle.

Spin"ny (?), n.; pl. Spinnies (#). [OF. espinaye,espinoye, espinei, espanoi, F. épinaie, from L. spinetum a thicket of thorns, fr. spina a thorn. See Spine.] A small thicket or grove with undergrowth; a clump of trees. [Written also spinney, and spinny.]

> The downs rise steep, crowned with black fir spinnies.

C. Kingsley.

Spin"ny, a. [Cf. Spiny, a.] Thin and long; slim; slender. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Spi*nose" (?), a.[L. spinosus, from spina a thorn.] Full of spines; armed with thorns; thorny.

Spi*nos"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being spiny or thorny; spininess.

Spi"nous (?), a. 1. Spinose; thorny.

2. Having the form of a spine or thorn; spinelike.

Spinous process of a vertebra (Anat.), the dorsal process of the neural arch of a vertebra; a neurapophysis.

Spi*no"zism (?), n. The form of Pantheism taught by Benedict Spinoza, that there is but one substance, or infinite essence, in the universe, of which the so- called material and spiritual beings and phenomena are only modes, and that one this one substance is God. [Written also Spinosism.]

Spi*no"zist (?), n. A believer in Spinozism.

Spin"ster (?), n. [Spin + - ster.] 1. A woman who spins, or whose occupation is to spin.

> She spake to spinster to spin it out.

Piers Plowman.

> The spinsters and the knitters in the sun.

Shak.

2. A man who spins. [Obs.] Shak.

3. (Law) An unmarried or single woman; -- used in legal proceedings as a title, or addition to the surname.

> If a gentlewoman be termed a spinster, she may abate the writ.

Coke.

4. A woman of evil life and character; -- so called from being forced to spin in a house of correction. [Obs.]

Spin"stress (?), n. A woman who spins. T. Brown.

Spin"stry (?), n. The business of one who spins; spinning. [Obs.] Milton.

Spin"ule (?), n. [L. spinula, dim. of spina a spine: cf. F. spinule.] A minute spine. Dana.

Spin`u*les"cent (?), a. (Bot.) Having small spines; somewhat thorny.

{ Spin"u*lose` (?), Spin"u*lous (?) }, a. [Cf. F. spinuleux.] Covered with small spines.

Spin"y (?), a. [From Spine.] 1. Full of spines; thorny; as, a spiny tree.

2. Like a spine in shape; slender. "Spiny grasshoppers sit chirping." Chapman.

3. Fig.: Abounding with difficulties or annoyances.

> The spiny deserts of scholastic philosophy.

Bp. Warburton.

Spiny lobster. (Zoöl.) Same as Rock lobster, under Rock. See also Lobster.

Spin"y, n. See Spinny.

||Spi*o"de*a (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Spio the typical genus.] (Zoöl.) An extensive division of marine Annelida, including those that are without oral tentacles or cirri, and have the gills, when present, mostly arranged along the sides of the body. They generally live in burrows or tubes.

Spi"ra*ble (?), a. [L. spirabilis.] Capable of being breathed; respirable. [Obs.] Nash.

Spir"a*cle (?), n.[L. spiraculum, fr. spirare to breathe: cf. F. spiracule. See Spirit.] 1. (Anat.) The nostril, or one of the nostrils, of whales, porpoises, and allied animals.

2. (Zoöl.) (a) One of the external openings communicating with the air tubes or tracheæ of insects, myriapods, and arachnids. They are variable in number, and are usually situated on the sides of the thorax and abdomen, a pair to a segment. These openings are usually elliptical, and capable of being closed. See Illust. under Coleoptera. (a) A tubular orifice communicating with the gill cavity of certain ganoid and all elasmobranch fishes. It is the modified first gill cleft.

3. Any small aperture or vent for air or other fluid.

Spi*rac"u*lar (?), a. Of or pertaining to a spiracle.

Spi*ræ"a (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;&?;&?;, fr. &?;&?;&?; a coil.] (Bot.) A genus of shrubs or perennial herbs including the meadowsweet and the hardhack.

Spi*ræ"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or derived from, the meadowsweet (Spiræa); formerly, designating an acid which is now called salicylic acid.

Spi"ral (?), a. [Cf. F. spiral. See Spire a winding line.] 1. Winding or circling round a center or pole and gradually receding from it; as, the spiral curve of a watch spring.

2. Winding round a cylinder or imaginary axis, and at the same time rising or advancing forward; winding like the thread of a screw; helical.

3. (Geom.) Of or pertaining to a spiral; like a spiral.

Spiral gear, or Spiral wheel (Mach.), a gear resembling in general a spur gear, but having its teeth cut at an angle with its axis, or so that they form small portions of screws or spirals. -- Spiral gearing, a kind of gearing sometimes used in light machinery, in which spiral gears, instead of bevel gears, are used to transmit motion between shafts that are not parallel. -- Spiral operculum, an operculum whih has spiral lines of growth. -- Spiral shell, any shell in which the whorls form a spiral or helix. -- Spiral spring. See the Note under Spring, n., 4.

Spi"ral (?), n. [Cf. F. spirale. See Spiral, a.] 1. (Geom.) A plane curve, not reëntrant, described by a point, called the generatrix, moving along a straight line according to a mathematical law, while the line is revolving about a fixed point called the pole. Cf. Helix.

2. Anything which has a spiral form, as a spiral shell.

Equiangular spiral,a plane curve which cuts all its generatrices at the same angle. Same as Logarithmic spiral, under Logarithmic. -- Spiral of Archimedes, a spiral the law of which is that the generatrix moves uniformly along the revolving line, which also moves uniformly.

Spi*ral"i*ty (?), n. The quality or states of being spiral.

Spi"ral*ly (?), adv. In a spiral form, manner, or direction.

Spi*ra`lo*zo"oid (?), n. [Spiral + zooid. So called because they often have a spiral form when contracted.] (Zoöl.) One of the special defensive zooids of certain hydroids. They have the form of long, slender tentacles, and bear lasso cells.

Spi"rant (?), n. [L. spirans, -antis, p. pr. of spirare to breathe. See Spirit.] (Phon.) A term used differently by different authorities; -- by some as equivalent to fricative, - - that is, as including all the continuous consonants, except the nasals m, n, ng; with the further exception, by others, of the liquids r, l, and the semivowels w, y; by others limited to f, v, th surd and sonant, and the sound of German ch, -- thus excluding the sibilants, as well as the nasals, liquids, and semivowels. See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 197-208.

Spi*ran"thy (?), n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?; a coil + &?;&?;&?; flower.] (Bot.) The occasional twisted growth of the parts of a flower.

Spi*ra"tion (?), n. [L. spiratio, fr. spirare to breathe.] The act of breathing. [Obs.] Barrow.

Spire (?), v. i. [L. spirare to breathe. See Spirit.] To breathe. [Obs.] Shenstone.

Spire, n. [OE. spire, spir, a blade of grass, a young shoot, AS. spr; akin to G. spier a blade of grass, Dan. spire a sprout, sprig, Sw. spira a spar, Icel. spra.] 1. A slender stalk or blade in vegetation; as, a spire grass or of wheat.

> An oak cometh up a little spire.

Chaucer.

2. A tapering body that shoots up or out to a point in a conical or pyramidal form. Specifically (Arch.), the roof of a tower when of a pyramidal form and high in proportion to its width; also, the pyramidal or aspiring termination of a tower which can not be said to have a roof, such as that of Strasburg cathedral; the tapering part of a steeple, or the steeple itself. "With glistering spires and pinnacles adorned." Milton.

> A spire of land that stand apart,
> Cleft from the main.

Tennyson.

> Tall spire from which the sound of cheerful bells
> Just undulates upon the listening ear.

Cowper.

3. (Mining) A tube or fuse for communicating fire to the chargen in blasting.

4. The top, or uppermost point, of anything; the summit.

> The spire and top of praises.

Shak.

Spire, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Spired (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Spiring.] To shoot forth, or up in, or as if in, a spire. Emerson.

> It is not so apt to spire up as the other sorts, being more inclined to branch into arms.

Mortimer.

Spire, n. [L. spira coil, twist; akin to Gr. &?;&?;&?;: cf. F. spire.] 1. A spiral; a curl; a whorl; a twist. Dryden.

2. (Geom.) The part of a spiral generated in one revolution of the straight line about the pole. See Spiral, n.

Spire bearer. (Paleon.) Same as Spirifer.

Spired (?), a. Having a spire; being in the form of a spire; as, a spired steeple. Mason.

Spi"ri*cle (?), n. [Dim., fr. L. spira a coil.] (Bot.) One of certain minute coiled threads in the coating of some seeds. When moistened these threads protrude in great numbers. Gray.

Spi"ri*fer (?), n. [NL., fr. L. spira a coil + ferreto bear.] (Paleon.) Any one of numerous species of fossil brachipods of the genus Spirifer, or Delthyris, and allied genera, in which the long calcareous supports of the arms form a large spiral, or helix, on each side.

||Spi*ril"lum (?), n. [NL., dim. of L. spira a coil.] (Biol.) A genus of common motile microörganisms (Spirobacteria) having the form of spiral- shaped filaments. One species is said to be the cause of relapsing fever.

Spir"ing (?), a. Shooting up in a spire or spires. "The spiring grass." Dryton.

Spir"it (?), n. [OF. espirit, esperit, F. esprit, L. spiritus, from spirare to breathe, to blow. Cf. Conspire, Expire, Esprit, Sprite.] 1. Air set in motion by breathing; breath; hence, sometimes, life itself. [Obs.] "All of spirit would deprive." Spenser.

> The mild air, with season moderate,
> Gently attempered, and disposed eo well,
> That still it breathed foorth sweet spirit.

Spenser.

2. A rough breathing; an aspirate, as the letter h; also, a mark to denote aspiration; a breathing. [Obs.]

> Be it a letter or spirit, we have great use for it.

B. Jonson.

3. Life, or living substance, considered independently of corporeal existence; an intelligence conceived of apart from any physical organization or embodiment; vital essence, force, or energy, as distinct from matter.

4. The intelligent, immaterial and immortal part of man; the soul, in distinction from the body in which it resides; the agent or subject of vital and spiritual functions, whether spiritual or material.

> There is a spirit in man; and the inspiration of the Almighty giveth them understanding.

Job xxxii. 8.

> As the body without the spirit is dead, so faith without works is dead also.

James ii. 26.

> Spirit is a substance wherein thinking, knowing, doubting, and a power of moving, do subsist.

Locke.

5. Specifically, a disembodied soul; the human soul after it has left the body.

> Then shall the dust return to the earth as it was, and the spirit shall return unto God who gave it.

Eccl. xii. 7.

> Ye gentle spirits far away,
> With whom we shared the cup of grace.

Keble.

6. Any supernatural being, good or bad; an apparition; a specter; a ghost; also, sometimes, a sprite,; a fairy; an elf.

> Whilst young, preserve his tender mind from all impressions of spirits and goblins in the dark.

Locke.

7. Energy, vivacity, ardor, enthusiasm, courage, etc.

> "Write it then, quickly," replied Bede; and summoning all his spirits together, like the last blaze of a candle going out, he indited it, and expired.

Fuller.

8. One who is vivacious or lively; one who evinces great activity or peculiar characteristics of mind or temper; as, a ruling spirit; a schismatic spirit.

> Such spirits as he desired to please, such would I choose for my judges.

Dryden.

9. Temper or disposition of mind; mental condition or disposition; intellectual or moral state; -- often in the plural; as, to be cheerful, or in good spirits; to be downhearted, or in bad spirits.

> God has . . . made a spirit of building succeed a spirit of pulling down.

South.

> A perfect judge will read each work of wit
> With the same spirit that its author writ.

Pope.

10. Intent; real meaning; -- opposed to the letter, or to formal statement; also, characteristic quality, especially such as is derived from the individual genius or the personal character; as, the spirit of an enterprise, of a document, or the like.

11. Tenuous, volatile, airy, or vapory substance, possessed of active qualities.

> All bodies have spirits . . . within them.

Bacon.

12. Any liquid produced by distillation; especially, alcohol, the spirits, or spirit, of wine (it having been first distilled from wine): -- often in the plural.

13. pl. Rum, whisky, brandy, gin, and other distilled liquors having much alcohol, in distinction from wine and malt liquors.

14. (Med.) A solution in alcohol of a volatile principle. Cf. Tincture. U. S. Disp.

15. (Alchemy) Any one of the four substances, sulphur, sal ammoniac, quicksilver, or arsenic (or, according to some, orpiment).

> The four spirits and the bodies seven.

Chaucer.

16. (Dyeing) Stannic chloride. See under Stannic.

Spirit is sometimes joined with other words, forming compounds, generally of obvious signification; as, spirit- moving, spirit-searching, spirit-stirring, etc.

Astral spirits, Familiar spirits, etc. See under Astral, Familiar, etc. -- Animal spirits. (a) (Physiol.) The fluid which at one time was supposed to circulate through the nerves and was regarded as the agent of sensation and motion; -- called also the nervous fluid, or nervous principle. (b) Physical health and energy; frolicsomeness; sportiveness. -- Ardent spirits, strong alcoholic liquors, as brandy, rum, whisky, etc., obtained by distillation. -- Holy Spirit, or The Spirit (Theol.), the Spirit of God, or the third person of the Trinity; the Holy Ghost. The spirit also signifies the human spirit as influenced or animated by the Divine Spirit. -- Proof spirit. (Chem.) See under Proof. -- Rectified spirit (Chem.), spirit rendered purer or more concentrated by redistillation, so as to increase the percentage of absolute alcohol. -- Spirit butterfly (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of delicate butterflies of tropical America belonging to the genus Ithomia. The wings are gauzy and nearly destitute of scales. -- Spirit duck. (Zoöl.) (a) The buffle-headed duck. (b) The golden-eye. -- Spirit lamp (Art), a lamp in which alcohol or methylated spirit is burned. -- Spirit level. See under Level. -- Spirit of hartshorn. (Old Chem.) See under Hartshorn. -- Spirit of Mindererus (Med.), an aqueous solution of acetate of ammonium; -- named after R. Minderer, physician of Augsburg. -- Spirit of nitrous ether (Med. Chem.), a pale yellow liquid, of a sweetish taste and a pleasant ethereal odor. It is obtained by the distillation of alcohol with nitric and sulphuric acids, and consists essentially of ethyl nitrite with a little acetic aldehyde. It is used as a diaphoretic, diuretic, antispasmodic, etc. Called also sweet spirit of niter. -- Spirit of salt (Chem.), hydrochloric acid; -- so called because obtained from salt and sulphuric acid. [Obs.] -- Spirit of sense, the utmost refinement of sensation. [Obs.] Shak. -- Spirits, or Spirit, of turpentine (Chem.), rectified oil of turpentine, a transparent, colorless, volatile, and very inflammable liquid, distilled from the turpentine of the various species of pine; camphine. See Camphine. -- Spirit of vitriol (Chem.), sulphuric acid; -- so called because formerly obtained by the distillation of green vitriol. [Obs.] -- Spirit of vitriolic ether (Chem.) ether; -- often but incorrectly called sulphuric ether. See Ether. [Obs.] -- Spirits, or Spirit, of wine (Chem.), alcohol; -- so called because formerly obtained by the distillation of wine. -- Spirit rapper, one who practices spirit rapping; a "medium" so called. -- Spirit rapping, an alleged form of communication with the spirits of the dead by raps. See Spiritualism, 3. -- Sweet spirit of niter. See Spirit of nitrous ether, above.

<! p. 1388 !>

Syn. -- Life; ardor; energy; fire; courage; animatioon; cheerfulness; vivacity; enterprise.

Spir"it (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spirited; p. pr. & vb. n. Spiriting.] 1. To animate with vigor; to excite; to encourage; to inspirit; as, civil dissensions often spirit the ambition of private men; -- sometimes followed by up.

> Many officers and private men spirit up and assist those obstinate people to continue in their rebellion.

Swift.

2. To convey rapidly and secretly, or mysteriously, as if by the agency of a spirit; to kidnap; -- often with away, or off.

> The ministry had him spirited away, and carried abroad as a dangerous person.

Arbuthnot & Pope.

> I felt as if I had been spirited into some castle of antiquity.

Willis.

Spiriting away (Law), causing to leave; the offense of inducing a witness to leave a jurisdiction so as to evade process requiring attendance at trial.

Spir"it*al*ly (?), adv.[L. spiritalis belonging to breathing.] By means of the breath. [Obs.] Holder.

Spir"it*ed, a. 1. Animated or possessed by a spirit. [Obs.] "So talked the spirited, sly snake." Milton.

2. Animated; full of life or vigor; lively; full of spirit or fire; as, a spirited oration; a spirited answer.

Spirited is much used in composition; as in high- spirited, low-spirited, mean-spirited, etc.

Syn. -- Lively; vivacious; animated; ardent; active; bold; courageous.

-- Spir"it*ed*ly, adv. -- Spir"it*ed*ness, n.

Spir"it*ful (?), a. Full of spirit; spirited. [R.]

> The spiritful and orderly life of our own grown men.

Milton.

-- Spir"it*ful*ly, adv. -- Spir"it*ful*ness, n.

Spir"it*ism (?), n. Spiritualsm.

Spir"it*ist, n. A spiritualist.

Spir"it*less, a. 1. Destitute of spirit; wanting animation; wanting cheerfulness; dejected; depressed.

2. Destitute of vigor; wanting life, courage, or fire.

> A men so faint, so spiritless,
> So dull, so dead in lock, so woebegone.

Shak.

3. Having no breath; extinct; dead. "The spiritless body." Greenhill.

-- Spir"it*less*ly, adv. -- Spir"it*less*ness, n.

||Spi`ri*to"so (?), a. & adv. [It.] (Mus.) Spirited; spiritedly; -- a direction to perform a passage in an animated, lively manner.

Spir"it*ous (?), a. [Cf. Spirituous.] 1. Like spirit; refined; defecated; pure. [R.]

> More refined, more spirituous and pure.

Milton.

2. Ardent; active. [R.]

Spir"it*ous*ness, n. Quality of being spiritous. [R.]

Spir"it*u*al (?), a. [L. spiritualis: cf. F. spirituel. See Spirit.] 1. Consisting of spirit; not material; incorporeal; as, a spiritual substance or being.

> It is sown a natural body, it is raised a spiritual body.

1 Cor. xv. 44.

2. Of or pertaining to the intellectual and higher endowments of the mind; mental; intellectual.

3. Of or pertaining to the moral feelings or states of the soul, as distinguished from the external actions; reaching and affecting the spirits.

> God's law is spiritual; it is a transcript of the divine nature, and extends its authority to the acts of the soul of man.

Sir T. Browne.

4. Of or pertaining to the soul or its affections as influenced by the Spirit; controlled and inspired by the divine Spirit; proceeding from the Holy Spirit; pure; holy; divine; heavenly-minded; -- opposed to carnal.

> That I may impart unto you some spiritual gift.

Rom. i. ll.

> Blessed be the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, who hath blessed us with all spiritual blessings.

Eph. i. 3.

> If a man be overtaken in a fault, ye which are spiritual, restore such an one.

Gal. vi. 1.

5. Not lay or temporal; relating to sacred things; ecclesiastical; as, the spiritual functions of the clergy; lords spiritual and temporal; a spiritual corporation.

Spiritual coadjuctor. (Eccl.) See the Note under Jesuit. -- Spiritual court (Eccl. Law), an ecclesiastical court, or a court having jurisdiction in ecclesiastical affairs; a court held by a bishop or other ecclesiastic.

Spir"it*u*al, n. A spiritual function, office, or affair. See Spirituality, 2.

> He assigns supremacy to the pope in spirituals, and to the emperor in temporals.

Lowell.

Spir"it*u*al*ism (?), n. 1. The quality or state of being spiritual.

2. (Physiol.) The doctrine, in opposition to the materialists, that all which exists is spirit, or soul -- that what is called the external world is either a succession of notions impressed on the mind by the Deity, as maintained by Berkeley, or else the mere educt of the mind itself, as taught by Fichte.

3. A belief that departed spirits hold intercourse with mortals by means of physical phenomena, as by rappng, or during abnormal mental states, as in trances, or the like, commonly manifested through a person of special susceptibility, called a medium; spiritism; the doctrines and practices of spiritualists.

> What is called spiritualism should, I think, be called a mental species of materialism.

R. H. Hutton.

Spir"it*u*al*ist (?), n. 1. One who professes a regard for spiritual things only; one whose employment is of a spiritual character; an ecclesiastic.

2. One who maintains the doctrine of spiritualism.

3. One who believes in direct intercourse with departed spirits, through the agency of persons commonly called mediums, by means of physical phenomena; one who attempts to maintain such intercourse; a spiritist.

Spir"it*u*al*ist, a. Spiritualistic. Taylor.

Spir`it*u*al*is"tic (?), a. Relating to, or connected with, spiritualism.

Spir`it*u*al"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Spiritualities (#). [L. spiritualitas: cf. F. spiritualité.] 1. The quality or state of being spiritual; incorporeality; heavenly- mindedness.

> A pleasure made for the soul, suitable to its spirituality.

South.

> If this light be not spiritual, yet it approacheth nearest to spirituality.

Sir W. Raleigh.

> Much of our spirituality and comfort in public worship depends on the state of mind in which we come.

Bickersteth.

2. (Eccl.) That which belongs to the church, or to a person as an ecclesiastic, or to religion, as distinct from temporalities.

> During the vacancy of a see, the archbishop is guardian of the spiritualities thereof.

Blackstone.

3. An ecclesiastical body; the whole body of the clergy, as distinct from, or opposed to, the temporality. [Obs.]

> Five entire subsidies were granted to the king by the spirituality.

Fuller.

Spir`it*u*al*i*za"tion (?), n. The act of spiritualizing, or the state of being spiritualized.

Spir"it*u*al*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spiritualized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Spiritualizing (?).] [Cf. F. spiritualiser.] 1. To refine intellectiually or morally; to purify from the corrupting influence of the world; to give a spiritual character or tendency to; as, to spiritualize soul.

> This seen in the clear air, and the whole spiritualized by endless recollections, fills the eye and the heart more forcibly than I can find words to say.

Carlyle.

2. To give a spiritual meaning to; to take in a spiritual sense; -- opposed to literalize.

3. (Old Chem.) To extract spirit from; also, to convert into, or impregnate with, spirit.

Spir"it*u*al*i`zer (?), n. One who spiritualizes.

Spir"it*u*al*ly, adv. In a spiritual manner; with purity of spirit; like a spirit.

Spir"it*u*al-mind`ed (?), a. Having the mind set on spiritual things, or filled with holy desires and affections. -- Spir"it*u*al-mind`ed*ness, n.

Spir"it*u*al*ness, n. The quality or state of being spiritual or spiritual-minded; spirituality.

Spir"it*u*al*ty (?), n. [See Spirituality.] (Eccl.) An ecclesiastical body; a spirituality. Shak.

||Spi`ri`tu`elle" (?), a. [F.] Of the nature, or having the appearance, of a spirit; pure; refined; ethereal.

Spir`it*u*os"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being spirituous; spirituousness. [R.]

Spir"it*u*ous (?), a. [Cf. (for sense 2) F. spiritueux. Cf. Spiritous.] 1. Having the quality of spirit; tenuous in substance, and having active powers or properties; ethereal; immaterial; spiritual; pure.

2. Containing, or of the nature of, alcoholic (esp. distilled) spirit; consisting of refined spirit; alcoholic; ardent; as, spirituous liquors.

3. Lively; gay; vivid; airy. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton.

> The mind of man is of that spirituous, stirring nature, that it is perpetually at work.

South.

Spir"it*u*ous*ness, n. The quality or state of being spirituous. [R.] Boyle.

Spirk"et*ing (?), n. (Naut.) The planking from the waterways up to the port sills. Totten.

Spirl"ing (?), n. Sparling. [Prov. Eng.]

||Spi`ro*bac*te"ri*a (?), n. pl.; sing. Spirobacterium (&?;). [NL. See 4th Spire, and Bacterium.] (Biol.) See the Note under Microbacteria.

{ ||Spi`ro*chæ"ta (?), ||Spi`ro*chæ"te (?), } n. [L. spira a coil + Gr. &?;&?;&?; hair.] (Biol.) A genus of Spirobacteria similar to Spirillum, but distinguished by its motility. One species, the Spirochæte Obermeyeri, is supposed to be the cause of relapsing fever.

Spi"ro*graph (?), n. [L. spirare to breathe + -graph.] (Physiol.) An instrument for recording the respiratory movements, as the sphygmograph does those of the pulse.

Spi*rom"e*ter (?), n. [L. spirare to breathe + -meter.] An instrument for measuring the vital capacity of the lungs, or the volume of air which can be expelled from the chest after the deepest possible inspiration. Cf. Pneumatometer.

Spi*rom"e*try (?), n. The act or process of measuring the chest capacity by means of a spirometer.

Spi"ro*scope (?), n. [L. spirare to breathe + -scope.] (Physiol.) A wet meter used to determine the breathing capacity of the lungs.

{ Spi*royl"ic (?), Spi*royl"ous (?), } a. [NL. Spir&?; meadowsweet (a source of salicylal) + -yl + -ic, -ous.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, a substance now called salicylal. [Obs.]

Spirt (?), v. & n. Same as Spurt.

Spir"tle (?), v. t. To spirt in a scattering manner.

||Spir"u*la (?), n. [NL., dim. of L. spira a coil.] (Zoöl.) A genus of cephalopods having a multilocular, internal, siphunculated shell in the form of a flat spiral, the coils of which are not in contact.

Spir"u*late (?), n. (Zoöl.) Having the color spots, or structural parts, arranged spirally.

Spir"y (?), a. [From Spire a winding line.] Of a spiral form; wreathed; curled; serpentine.

> Hid in the spiry volumes of the snake.

Dryden.

Spir"y, a. [FR. Spire a steeple.] Of or pertaining to a spire; like a spire, tall, slender, and tapering; abounding in spires; as, spiry turrets. "Spiry towns." Thomson.

Spiss (?), a. [L. spissus.] Thick; crowded; compact; dense. [Obs.]

> This spiss and . . . copious, yet concise, treatise.

Brerewood.

Spis"sa*ted (?), a. Rendered dense or compact, as by evaporation; inspissated; thickened. [R.]

> The spissated juice of the poppy.

Bp. Warburton.

Spis"si*tude (?), n. [L. spissitudo.] The quality or state of being spissated; as, the spissitude of coagulated blood, or of any coagulum. Arbuthnot.

Spit (?), n. [OE. spite, AS. spitu; akin to D. spit, G. spiess, OHG. spiz, Dan. spid. Sw. spett, and to G. spitz pointed. √170.] 1. A long, slender, pointed rod, usually of iron, for holding meat while roasting.

2. A small point of land running into the sea, or a long, narrow shoal extending from the shore into the sea; as, a spit of sand. Cook.

3. The depth to which a spade goes in digging; a spade; a spadeful. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Spit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spitted; p. pr. & vb. n. Spitting.] [From Spit, n.; cf. Speet.] 1. To thrust a spit through; to fix upon a spit; hence, to thrust through or impale; as, to spit a loin of veal. "Infants spitted upon pikes." Shak.

2. To spade; to dig. [Prov. Eng.]

Spit, v. i. To attend to a spit; to use a spit. [Obs.]

> She's spitting in the kitchen.

Old Play.

Spit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spit (Spat, archaic); p. pr. & vb. n. Spitting.] [AS. spittan; akin to G. spützen, Dan. spytte, Sw. spotta,Icel. sp&?;ta, and prob. E. spew. The past tense spat is due to AS. sp&?;tte, from sp&?;tan to spit. Cf. Spat, n., Spew, Spawl, Spot, n.] 1. To eject from the mouth; to throw out, as saliva or other matter, from the mouth. "Thus spit I out my venom." Chaucer.

2. To eject; to throw out; to belch.

Spitted was sometimes used as the preterit and the past participle. "He . . . shall be mocked, and spitefully entreated, and spitted on." Luke xviii. 32.

Spit, n. The secretion formed by the glands of the mouth; spitle; saliva; sputum.

Spit, v. i. 1. To throw out saliva from the mouth.

2. To rain or snow slightly, or with sprinkles.

> It had been spitting with rain.

Dickens.

To spit on or upon, to insult grossly; to treat with contempt. "Spitting upon all antiquity." South.

Spit"al (?), n. [Abbreviated from hospital.] [Written also spittle.] A hospital. [Obs.] Shak.

Spit"al*house` (?), n. A hospital. [Obs.]

Spit"ball` (?), n. Paper chewed, and rolled into a ball, to be thrown as a missile.

Spit"box` (?), n. A vessel to receive spittle.

Spitch"cock` (?), v. t. [1st spit + cock.] (Cookery) To split (as an eel) lengthwise, and broil it, or fry it in hot fat.

Spitch"cock`, n. (Cookery) An eel split and broiled.

Spitch"cocked` (?), a. (Cookery) Broiled or fried after being split lengthwise; -- said of eels.

Spit" curl` (?). A little lock of hair, plastered in a spiral form on the temple or forehead with spittle, or other adhesive substance. [Colloq.]

Spite (?), n. [Abbreviated fr. despite.] 1. Ill-will or hatred toward another, accompanied with the disposition to irritate, annoy, or thwart; petty malice; grudge; rancor; despite. Pope.

> This is the deadly spite that angers.

Shak.

2. Vexation; chargrin; mortification. [R.] Shak.

In spite of, or Spite of, in opposition to all efforts of; in defiance or contempt of; notwithstanding. "Continuing, spite of pain, to use a knee after it had been slightly ibnjured." H. Spenser. "And saved me in spite of the world, the devil, and myself." South. "In spite of all applications, the patient grew worse every day." Arbuthnot. See Syn. under Notwithstanding. -- To owe one a spite, to entertain a mean hatred for him.

Syn. -- Pique, rancor; malevolence; grudge. -- Spite, Malice. Malice has more reference to the disposition, and spite to the manifestation of it in words and actions. It is, therefore, meaner than malice, thought not always more criminal. " Malice . . . is more frequently employed to express the dispositions of inferior minds to execute every purpose of mischief within the more limited circle of their abilities." Cogan. "Consider eke, that spite availeth naught." Wyatt. See Pique.

Spite, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spited; p. pr. & vb. n. Spiting.] 1. To be angry at; to hate. [Obs.]

> The Danes, then . . . pagans, spited places of religion.

Fuller.

2. To treat maliciously; to try to injure or thwart.

3. To fill with spite; to offend; to vex. [R.]

> Darius, spited at the Magi, endeavored to abolish not only their learning, but their language.

Sir. W. Temple.

<! p. 1389 !>

Spite"ful (?), a. Filled with, or showing, spite; having a desire to vex, annoy, or injure; malignant; malicious; as, a spiteful person or act. Shak. -- Spite"ful*ly, adv. Spite"ful*ness, n.

Spit"fire` (?), n. A violent, irascible, or passionate person. [Colloq.] Grose.

Spit"ful (?), n.; pl. Spitfuls (&?;). A spadeful. [Prov. Eng.]

Spit"ous (?), a. Having spite; spiteful. [Obs.]

Spit"ous*ly, adv. Spitefully. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Spits"cocked` (?), a. Spitchcocked.

Spit"ted (?), a. [From Spit.] 1. Put upon a spit; pierced as if by a spit.

2. Shot out long; -- said of antlers. Bacon.

Spit"ted, p. p. of Spit, v. i., to eject, to spit. [Obs.]

Spit"ter (?), n. [See Spit to eject from the mouth.] One who ejects saliva from the mouth.

Spit"ter, n. [See Spit an iron prong.] 1. One who puts meat on a spit.

2. (Zoöl.) A young deer whose antlers begin to shoot or become sharp; a brocket, or pricket.

Spit"tle (?), n. See Spital. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Spit"tle, v. t. [See Spit to spade.] To dig or stir with a small spade. [Prov. Eng.]

Spit"tle, n. A small sort of spade. [Prov. Eng.]

Spit"tle, n. [From Spit to eject from the mouth: cf. Spattle, and AS. sptl.] The thick, moist matter which is secreted by the salivary glands; saliva; spit.

Spittle insect. (Zoöl.) See Cuckoo spit (b), under Cuckoo.

Spit"tly (?), a. Like spittle; slimy. [Obs.]

Spit*toon" (?), n. A spitbox; a cuspidor.

Spit"-ven"om (?), n. Poison spittle; poison ejected from the mouth. [R.] Hooker.

Spitz" dog" (?). [G. spitz, spitzhund.] (Zoöl.) A breed of dogs having erect ears and long silky hair, usually white; -- called also Pomeranian dog, and louploup.

Spitz"en*burgh (?), n. A kind of red and yellow apple, of medium size and spicy flavor. It originated at Newtown, on Long Island.

||Splanch`napoph"y*sis (?), n.; pl. Splanchnapophyses (#). [NL. See Splanchnic, and Apophysis.] (Anat.) Any element of the skeleton in relation with the alimentary canal, as the jaws and hyoidean apparatus. -- Splanch`nap`o*phys"i*al (#), a. Mivart.

Splanch"nic (?), a. [Gr. &?;&?;&?; an entrail.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the viscera; visceral.

Splanch*nog"ra*phy (?), n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;&?; an entrail + -graphy.] Splanchnology.

Splanch*nol"o*gy (?), n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?; an entrail + -logy.] That part of anatomy which treats of the viscera; also, a treatise on the viscera.

Splanch"no*pleure (?), n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?; an entrail + &?;&?;&?;&?; side.] (Anat.) The inner, or visceral, one of the two lamellæ into which the vertebrate blastoderm divides on either side of the notochord, and from which the walls of the enteric canal and the umbilical vesicle are developed. See Somatopleure.

-- Splanch`no*pleu"ric (#), a.

Splanch`no-skel"e*ton (?), n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?; an entrail + E. skeleton.] (Anat.) That part of the skeleton connected with the sense organs and the viscera. Owen.

Splanch*not"o*my (?), n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;&?; an entrail + &?;&?;&?;&?; to cut.] The dissection, or anatomy, of the viscera.

Splan"drel (?), n. See Spandrel. [R.]

Splash (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Splashed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Splashing.] [Akin to plash.] 1. To strike and dash about, as water, mud, etc.; to plash.

2. To spatter water, mud, etc., upon; to wet.

Splash, v. i. To strike and dash about water, mud, etc.; to dash in such a way as to spatter.

Splash, n. 1. Water, or water and dirt, thrown upon anything, or thrown from a puddle or the like; also, a spot or daub, as of matter which wets or disfigures.

2. A noise made by striking upon or in a liquid.

Splash"board` (?), n. A guard in the front part of vehicle, to prevent splashing by a mud or water from the horse's heels; -- in the United States commonly called dashboard.

Splash"er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, splashes.

2. One of the guarde over the wheels, as of a carriage, locomotive, etc. Weale.

3. A guard to keep off splashes from anything.

Splash"y (?), a. Full of dirty water; wet and muddy, so as be easily splashed about; slushy.

Splat"ter (?), v. i. & t. To spatter; to splash.

Splat"ter*dash` (?), n . Uproar. Jamieson.

Splay (?), v. t. [Abbrev. of display.] 1. To display; to spread. [Obs.] "Our ensigns splayed." Gascoigne.

2. To dislocate, as a shoulder bone.

3. To spay; to castrate. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

4. To turn on one side; to render oblique; to slope or slant, as the side of a door, window, etc. Oxf. Gloss.

Splay, a. Displayed; spread out; turned outward; hence, flat; ungainly; as, splay shoulders.

> Sonwthing splay, something blunt-edged, unhandy, and infelicitous.

M. Arnold.

Splay, a. (Arch.) A slope or bevel, especially of the sides of a door or window, by which the opening is made larged at one face of the wall than at the other, or larger at each of the faces than it is between them.

Splay"foot` (?), n.; pl. Splayfeet (&?;). A foot that is abnormally flattened and spread out; flat foot.

{ Splay"foot`, Splay"foot`ed } a. Having a splayfoot or splayfeet.

Splay"mouth` (?), n.; pl. Splaymouths (&?;). A wide mouth; a mouth stretched in derision. Dryden.

Splay`mouthed" (?), a. Having a splaymouth. T. Brown.

Spleen (?), n. [L. splen, Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?; the milt or spleen, affection of the spleen; cf. L. lien, plihan, plhan.] 1. (Anat.) A peculiar glandlike but ductless organ found near the stomach or intestine of most vertebrates and connected with the vascular system; the milt. Its exact function in not known.

2. Anger; latent spite; ill humor; malice; as, to vent one's spleen.

> In noble minds some dregs remain,
> Not yet purged off, of spleen and sour disdain.

Pope.

3. A fit of anger; choler. Shak.

4. A sudden motion or action; a fit; a freak; a whim. [Obs. or R.]

> A thousand spleens bear her a thousand ways.

Shak.

5. Melancholy; hypochondriacal affections.

> Bodies changed to various forms by spleen.

Pope.

> There is a luxury in self-dispraise:
> And inward self-disparagement affords
> To meditative spleen a grateful feast.

Wordsworth.

6. A fit of immoderate laughter or merriment. [Obs.]

> Thy silly thought enforces my spleen.

Shak.

Spleen, v. t. To dislke. [Obs.] Bp. Hacket.

Spleened (?), a. 1. Deprived of the spleen.

2. Angered; annoyed. [Obs.] R. North.

Spleen"ful (?), a. Displaying, or affected with, spleen; angry; fretful; melancholy.

> Myself have calmed their spleenful mutiny.

Shak.

> Then rode Geraint, a little spleenful yet,
> Across the bridge that spann'd the dry ravine.

Tennyson.

Spleen"ish, a. Spleeny; affected with spleen; fretful. -- Spleen"ish*ly, adv. -- Spleen"ish*ness, n.

Spleen"less, a. Having no spleen; hence, kind; gentle; mild. [Obs.] Chapman.

Spleen"wort` (?), n. [Spleen + wort; cf. L. splenium, asplenium, Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;, &?;&?;&?;&?;, &?;&?;&?;. ] (Bot.) Any fern of the genus Asplenium, some species of which were anciently used as remedies for disorders of the spleen.

Spleen"y (?), a. 1. Irritable; peevish; fretful.

> Spleeny Lutheran, and not wholesome to
> Our cause.

Shak.

2. Affected with nervous complaints; melancholy.

Spleg"et (?), n. [Cf. Pledget.] (Med.) A cloth dipped in a liquid for washing a sore. Crabb.

||Sple*nal"gi*a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;&?;&?; spleen + &?;&?;&?; pain.] (Med.) Pain over the region of the spleen.

||Splen"cu*lus (?), n.; pl. Splenculi (#). [NL., dim. of L. splen.] (Anat.) A lienculus.

Splen"dent (?), a. [L. splendens, -entis, p. pr. of splendere to shine.] 1. Shining; glossy; beaming with light; lustrous; as, splendent planets; splendent metals. See the Note under 3d Luster, 4.

2. Very conspicuous; illustrious. "Great and splendent fortunes." Sir H. Wotton.

Splen"did (?), a. [L. splendidus, fr. splendere shine; cf. Lith. splendëti: cf. F. splendide.] 1. Possessing or displaying splendor; shining; very bright; as, a splendid sun.

2. Showy; magnificent; sumptuous; pompous; as, a splendid palace; a splendid procession or pageant.

3. Illustrious; heroic; brilliant; celebrated; famous; as, a splendid victory or reputation.

Splen*did"i*ous (?), a. Splendid. [Obs.]

Splen"did*ly (?), adv. In a splendid manner; magnificently.

Splen"did*ness, n. The quality of being splendid.

Splen"did*ous (?), a. Splendid. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Splen*dif"er*ous (?), a. Splendor- bearing; splendid. Bale (1538). "A splendiferous woman." Haliburton. [Now used humorously.]

Splen"dor (?), n.[L. fr. splendere to shine: cf. F. splendeur.] 1. Great brightness; brilliant luster; brilliancy; as, the splendor ot the sun. B. Jonson.

2. Magnifience; pomp; parade; as, the splendor of equipage, ceremonies, processions, and the like. "Rejoice in splendor of mine own." Shak.

3. Brilliancy; glory; as, the splendor of a victory.

Syn. -- Luster; brilliancy; magnifience; gorgeousness; display; showiness; pomp; parade; grandeur.

{ Splen"drous (?), Splen"dor*ous (?) }, a. Splendid. Drayton.

Splen"e*tic (?), a. [L. spleneticus: cf. F. splénétique. See Spleen.] Affected with spleen; malicious; spiteful; peevish; fretful. "Splenetic guffaw." G. Eliot.

> You humor me when I am sick;
> Why not when I am splenetic?

Pope.

Syn. -- Morese; gloomy; sullen; peevish; fretful.

Splen"e*tic, n. A person affected with spleen.

Sple*net"ic*al (?), a. Splenetic.

Sple*net"ic*al*ly, adv. In a splenetical manner.

Sple"ni*al (?), a. [L. splenium a plaster, a patch, Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?; a bandage.] (Anat.) (a) Designating the splenial bone. (b) Of or pertaining to the splenial bone or splenius muscle.

Splenial bone (Anat.), a thin splintlike bone on the inner side of the proximal portion of the mandible of many vertebrates.

Sple"ni*al, n. (Anat.) The splenial bone.

Splen"ic (?), a. [L. splenicus, Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;; cf. F. splénique.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the spleen; lienal; as, the splenic vein.

Splenic apoplexy or fever. (Med.) See Anthrax, n., 3.

Splen"ic*al (?), a. Splenic.

Splen"ish, a. Spleenish. [Obs.] Drayton.

||Sple*ni"tis (?), n.[NL., fr. Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?; of the spleen.] (Med.) Inflammation of the spleen.

Splen"i*tive (?), a. Splenetic. Shak.

> Even and smooth as seemed the temperament of the nonchalant, languid Virginian -- not splenitive or rash.

T. N. Page.

||Sple"ni*um (?), n.[L., a plaster, a patch, from Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?; a bandage, compress.] (Anat.) The thickened posterior border of the corpus callosum; -- so called in allusion to its shape.

||Sple"ni*us (?), n. [NL.] (Anat.) A flat muscle of the back of the neck.

Splen`i*za"tion (?), n. (Med.) A morbid state of the lung produced by inflammation, in which its tissue resembles that of the spleen.

Splen"o*cele (?), n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?; spleen + &?;&?;&?; a tumor.] (Med.) Hernia formed by the spleen.

Sple*nog"ra*phy (?), n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?; spleen + -graphy.] A description of the spleen.

Sple"noid (?), a.[Gr. &?;&?;&?; spleeen + -oid.] (Anat.) Resembling the spleen; spleenlike.

Sple*nol"o*gy (?), n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?; spleen + -logy.] The branch of science which treats of the spleen.

Sple*not"o*my (?), n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?; spleen + &?;&?;&?; to cut.] (a) (Anat.) Dissection or anatomy of the spleen. (b) (Med.) An incision into the spleen; removal of the spleen by incision.

Splent (?), n. 1. See Splent.

2. See Splent coal, below.

Splent coal, an inferior kind of cannel coal from Scotch collieries; -- called also splent, splint, and splint coal.

Spleu"chan (?), n. [Gael. spliuchan.] A pouch, as for tobacco. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Splice (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spliced (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Splicing (?).] [D. splitsen, splitten; akin to G. splissen, Sw. splissa, Dan. splisse, and E. split; -- from the dividing or splitting the ends into separate strands. See Split, v. t.] 1. To unite, as two ropes, or parts of a rope, by a particular manner of interweaving the strands, -- the union being between two ends, or between an end and the body of a rope.

2. To unite, as spars, timbers, rails, etc., by lapping the two ends together, or by applying a piece which laps upon the two ends, and then binding, or in any way making fast.

3. To unite in marrige. [Slang]

Splice grafting.ee under Grafting. -- To splice the main brace (Naut.), to give out, or drink, an extra allowance of spirits on occasion of special exposure to wet or cold, or to severe fatigue; hence, to take a dram.

Splice, n. A junction or joining made by splicing.

Spline (?), n. 1. A rectangular piece fitting grooves like key seats in a hub and a shaft, so that while the one may slide endwise on the other, both must revolve together; a feather; also, sometimes, a groove to receive such a rectangular piece.

2. A long, flexble piece of wood sometimes used as a ruler.

Splin"ing, a. Of or pertaining to a spline.

Splining machine, a machine tool for cutting grooves, key seats, or slots; a slotting machine.

Splint (?), n. [Akin to D. splinter,G. splinter, splitter, Dan. splint, Sw. splint a kind of spike, a forelock (in nautical use), Sw. splintato splint, splinter, Dan. splinte, and E. split. See Split, v. t., and cf. Splent.] 1. A piece split off; a splinter.

2. (Surg.) A thin piece of wood, or other substance, used to keep in place, or protect, an injured part, especially a broken bone when set.

3. (Anat.) A splint bone.

4. (Far.) A disease affecting the splint bones, as a callosity or hard excrescence.

5. (Anc. Armor.) One of the small plates of metal used in making splint armor. See Splint armor, below.

> The knees and feet were defended by splints, or thin plates of steel.

Sir. W. Scott.

6. Splint, or splent, coal. See Splent coal, under Splent.

Splint armor,a kind of ancient armor formed of thin plates of metal, usually overlapping each other and allowing the limbs to move freely. -- Splint bone (Anat.), one of the rudimentary, splintlike metacarpal or metatarsal bones on either side of the cannon bone in the limbs of the horse and allied animals. -- Splint coal. See Splent coal, under Splent.

Splint, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Splinted; p. pr. & vb. n. Splinting.] To split into splints, or thin, slender pieces; to splinter; to shiver. [Obs. or R.] Florio.

2. To fasten or confine with splints, as a broken limb. See Splint, n., 2. [R.] Shak.

Splin"ter (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Splintered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Splintering.] [Cf. LG. splittern, splinteren. See Splint, n., Split.] 1. To split or rend into long, thin pieces; to shiver; as, the lightning splinters a tree.

> After splintering their lances, they wheeled about, and . . . abandoned the field to the enemy.

Prescott.

2. To fasten or confine with splinters, or splints, as a broken limb. Bp. Wren.

Splin"ter, v. i. To become split into long pieces.

Splin"ter, n. [See Splinter, v., or Splint, n.] A thin piece split or rent off lengthwise, as from wood, bone, or other solid substance; a thin piece; a sliver; as, splinters of a ship's mast rent off by a shot.

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Splinter bar. (a) A crossbar in a coach, which supports the springs. (b) The bar to which the traces are attached; a roller bolt; a whiffletree.

Splin"ter*proof` (spln"tr*prf`), a. (Mil.) Proof against the splinters, or fragments, of bursting shells.

Splin"ter*y (-), a. Consisting of splinters; resembling splinters; as, the splintery fracture of a mineral.

Split (splt), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Split (Splitted, R.); p. pr. & vb. n. Splitting.] [Probably of Scand. or Low german origin; cf. Dan. splitte, LG. splitten, OD. splitten, spletten, D. splijten, G. spleissen, MHG. splzen. Cf. Splice, Splint, Splinter.] 1. To divide lengthwise; to separate from end to end, esp. by force; to divide in the direction of the grain layers; to rive; to cleave; as, to split a piece of timber or a board; to split a gem; to split a sheepskin.

> Cold winter split the rocks in twain.

Dryden.

2. To burst; to rupture; to rend; to tear asunder.

> A huge vessel of exceeding hard marble split asunder by congealed water.

Boyle.

3. To divide or break up into parts or divisions, as by discord; to separate into parts or parties, as a political party; to disunite. [Colloq.] South.

4. (Chem.) To divide or separate into components; -- often used with up; as, to split up sugar into alcohol and carbonic acid.

To split hairs, to make distinctions of useless nicety.

Split, v. i. 1. To part asunder; to be rent; to burst; as, vessels split by the freezing of water in them.

2. To be broken; to be dashed to pieces.

> The ship splits on the rock.

Shak.

3. To separate into parties or factions. [Colloq.]

4. To burst with laughter. [Colloq.]

> Each had a gravity would make you split.

Pope.

5. To divulge a secret; to betray confidence; to peach. [Slang] Thackeray.

6. (Blackjack) to divide one hand of blackjack into two hands, allowed when the first two cards dealt to a player have the same value.

To split on a rock, to err fatally; to have the hopes and designs frustrated.

Split, n. A crack, or longitudinal fissure.

2. A breach or separation, as in a political party; a division. [Colloq.]

3. A piece that is split off, or made thin, by splitting; a splinter; a fragment.

4. Specif (Leather Manuf.), one of the sections of a skin made by dividing it into two or more thicknesses.

5. (Faro) A division of a stake happening when two cards of the kind on which the stake is laid are dealt in the same turn.

6. (Finance) the substitution of more than one share of a corporation's stock for one share. The market price of the stock usually drops in proportion to the increase in outstanding shares of stock. The split may be in any ratio, as a two-for-one split; a three-for-two split.

7. (Blackjack) the division by a player of one hand of blackjack into two hands, allowed when the first two cards dealt to a player have the same value; the player is usually obliged to increase the amount wagered by placing a sum equal to the original bet on the new hand thus created.

Split, a. 1. Divided; cleft.

2. (Bot.) Divided deeply; cleft.

Split pease, hulled pease split for making soup, etc. -- Split pin (Mach.), a pin with one end split so that it may be spread open to secure it in its place. -- Split pulley, a parting pulley. See under Pulley. -- Split ring, a ring with overlapped or interlocked ends which may be sprung apart so that objects, as keys, may be strung upon the ring or removed from it. -- Split ticket, a ballot containing the names of only a portion of the candidates regularly nominated by one party, other names being substituted for those omitted. [U.S.]

Split"feet` (?), n. pl. (Zoöl.) The Fissipedia.

Split"-tail` (?), n. (Zoöl.) (a) A california market fish (Pogonichthys macrolepidotus) belonging to the Carp family. (b) The pintail duck.

Split"ter (?), n. One who, or that which, splits.

Split"-tongued` (?), a. (Zoöl.) Having a forked tongue, as that of snakes and some lizards.

Splotch (?), n. [Cf. Splash.] A spot; a stain; a daub. R. Browning.

Splotch"y (?), a. Covered or marked with splotches.

Splurge (?), n. A blustering demonstration, or great effort; a great display. [Slang, U.S.] Bartlett.

Splurge, v. i. To make a great display in any way, especially in oratory. [Slang, U.S.]

Splut"ter (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Spluttered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Spluttering.] [Prov. E. splutter, eqivalent to sputter. Cf. Sputter.] To speak hastily and confusedly; to sputter. [Colloq.] Carleton.

Splut"ter, n. A confused noise, as of hasty speaking. [Colloq.]

Splut"ter*er (?), n. One who splutters.

Spod"o*man`cy (?), n. [Gr. spodo`s ashes + -mancy.] Divination by means of ashes.

Spod`o*man"tic (?), a. Relating to spodomancy, or divination by means of ashes. C. Kingsley.

Spod"u*mene (?; 135), n. [Gr. &?;, p. pr. pass. from &?; to burn to ashes, from spodo`s ashes; cf. F. spodumène.] (Min.) A mineral of a white to yellowish, purplish, or emerald-green color, occuring in prismatic crystals, often of great size. It is a silicate of aluminia and lithia. See Hiddenite.

Spof"fish (?), a. [probably from Prov. E. spoffle to be spoffish.] Earnest and active in matters of no moment; bustling. [Colloq. Eng.] Dickens.

Spoil (?) (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spoiled (#) or Spoilt (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Spoiling.] [F. spolier, OF. espoilelier, fr. L. spoliare, fr. spolium spoil. Cf. Despoil, Spoliation.] 1. To plunder; to strip by violence; to pillage; to rob; -- with of before the name of the thing taken; as, to spoil one of his goods or possession. "Ye shall spoil the Egyptians." Ex. iii. 22.

> My sons their old, unhappy sire despise,
> Spoiled of his kingdom, and deprived of eues.

Pope.

2. To seize by violence;; to take by force; to plunder.

> No man can enter into a strong man's house, and spoil his goods, except he will first bind the strong man.

Mark iii. 27.

3. To cause to decay and perish; to corrput; to vitiate; to mar.

> Spiritual pride spoils many graces.

Jer. Taylor.

4. To render useless by injury; to injure fatally; to ruin; to destroy; as, to spoil paper; to have the crops spoiled by insects; to spoil the eyes by reading.

Spoil (?), v. i. 1. To practice plunder or robbery.

> Outlaws, which, lurking in woods, used to break forth to rob and spoil.

Spenser.

2. To lose the valuable qualities; to be corrupted; to decay; as, fruit will soon spoil in warm weather.

Spoil, n. [Cf. OF. espoille, L. spolium.] 1. That which is taken from another by violence; especially, the plunder taken from an enemy; pillage; booty.

> Gentle gales,
> Fanning their odoriferous wings, dispense
> Native perfumes, and whisper whence they stole
> Those balmy spoils.

Milton.

2. Public offices and their emoluments regarded as the peculiar property of a successful party or faction, to be bestowed for its own advantage; -- commonly in the plural; as to the victor belong the spoils.

> From a principle of gratitude I adhered to the coalition; my vote was counted in the day of battle, but I was overlooked in the division of the spoil.

Gibbon.

3. That which is gained by strength or effort.

> each science and each art his spoil.

Bentley.

4. The act or practice of plundering; robbery; aste.

> The man that hath no music in himself,
> Nor is not moved with concord of sweet sounds,
> Is fit for treason, stratagems, and spoil.

Shak.

5. Corruption; cause of corruption. [Archaic]

> Villainous company hath been the spoil of me.

Shak.

6. The slough, or cast skin, of a serpent or other animal. [Obs.] Bacon.

Spoil bank, a bank formed by the earth taken from an excavation, as of a canal. -- The spoils system, the theory or practice of regarding public and their emoluments as so much plunder to be distributed among their active partisans by those who are chosen to responsible offices of administration.

Spoil"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being spoiled.

Spoil"er (?), n. 1. One who spoils; a plunderer; a pillager; a robber; a despoiler.

2. One who corrupts, mars, or renders useless.

Spoil"five` (?), n. A certain game at cards in which, if no player wins three of the five tricks possible on any deal, the game is said to be spoiled.

Spoil"ful (?), a. Wasteful; rapacious. [Poetic]

Spoils"man (?), n.; pl. Spoilsmen (&?;). One who serves a cause or a party for a share of the spoils; in United States politics, one who makes or recognizes a demand for public office on the ground of partisan service; also, one who sanctions such a policy in appointments to the public service.

Spoils"mon`ger (?), n. One who promises or distributes public offices and their emoluments as the price of services to a party or its leaders.

Spoke (?), imp. of Speak.

Spoke, n. [OE. spoke, spake, AS, spca; akin to D. speek, LG. speke, OHG. speihha, G. speiche. √170. Cf. Spike a nail.] 1. The radius or ray of a wheel; one of the small bars which are inserted in the hub, or nave, and which serve to support the rim or felly.

2. (Naut.) A projecting handle of a steering wheel.

3. A rung, or round, of a ladder.

4. A contrivance for fastening the wheel of a vehicle, to prevent it from turning in going down a hill.

To put a spoke in one's wheel, to thwart or obstruct one in the execution of some design.

Spoke, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spoked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Spoking.] To furnish with spokes, as a wheel.

Spo"ken (?), a. [p. p. of Speak.] 1. Uttered in speech; delivered by word of mouth; oral; as, a spoken narrative; the spoken word.

2. Characterized by a certain manner or style in speaking; -- often in composition; as, a pleasant-spoken man.

> Methinks you 're better spoken.

Shak.

Spoke"shave` (?), n. A kind of drawing knife or planing tool for dressing the spokes of wheels, the shells of blocks, and other curved work.

Spokes"man (?), n.; pl. Spokesmen (#). [Speak, spoke + man.] One who speaks for another.

> He shall be thy spokesman unto the people.

Ex. iv. 16.

Spo"li*ate (?), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Spoliated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Spoliating (?).] [L. spoliatus, p. p. of spoliare spoil. See Spoil, v. t.] To plunder; to pillage; to despoil; to rob.

Spo`li*a"tion (?), n. [L. spoliatio; cf. F. spoliation. See Spoil, v. t.] 1. The act of plundering; robbery; deprivation; despoliation.

> Legal spoliation, which will impoverish one part of the community in order to corrupt the remainder.

Sir G. C. Lewis.

2. Robbery or plunder in war; especially, the authorized act or practice of plundering neutrals at sea.

3. (Eccl. Law) (a) The act of an incumbent in taking the fruits of his benefice without right, but under a pretended title. Blackstone.

(b) A process for possession of a church in a spiritual court.

4. (Law) Injury done to a document.

Spo"li*a*tive (?), a. [Cf. F. spoliatif.] Serving to take away, diminish, or rob; esp. (Med.), serving to diminish sensibily the amount of blood in the body; as, spoliative bloodletting.

Spo"li*a`tor (?), n. One who spoliates; a spoiler.

Spo"li*a*to*ry (?), a. Tending to spoil; destructive; spoliative.

{ Spon*da"ic (?), Spon*da"ic*al (?) }, a. [L. spondaicus, spondiacus, Gr. &?;: cf. F. spondaïque.] 1. Or of pertaining to a spondee; consisting of spondees.

2. Containing spondees in excess; marked by spondees; as, a spondaic hexameter, i. e., one which has a spondee instead of a dactyl in the fifth foot.

Spon"dee (?), n. [L. spondeus, Gr. &?; (sc. &?;), fr. &?; a drink offering, libation, fr. &?; to pour out, make a libation: cf. F. spondée. So called because at libations slow, solemn melodies were used, chiefly in this meter.] (pros.) A poetic foot of two long syllables, as in the Latin word lgs.

Spon*du"lics (?), n. Money. [Slang, U.S.] Bartlett.

{ Spon"dyl, Spon"dyle } (?), n. [L. spondylus, Gr. &?;, &?;: cf. F. spondyle.] (Anat.) A joint of the backbone; a vertebra.

Spong (?), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] An irregular, narrow, projecting part of a field. [Prov. Eng.]

Sponge (?), n. [OF. esponge, F. éponge, L. spongia, Gr. &?;, &?;. Cf. Fungus, Spunk.] [Formerly written also spunge.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of Spongiæ, or Porifera. See Illust. and Note under Spongiæ.

2. The elastic fibrous skeleton of many species of horny Spongiæ (keratosa), used for many purposes, especially the varieties of the genus Spongia. The most valuable sponges are found in the Mediterranean and the Red Sea, and on the coasts of Florida and the West Indies.

3. Fig.: One who lives upon others; a pertinaceous and indolent dependent; a parasite; a sponger.

4. Any spongelike substance. Specifically: (a) Dough before it is kneaded and formed into loaves, and after it is converted into a light, spongy mass by the agency of the yeast or leaven. (b) Iron from the puddling furnace, in a pasty condition. (c) Iron ore, in masses, reduced but not melted or worked.

5. (Gun.) A mop for cleaning the bore of a cannon after a discharge. It consists of a cylinder of wood, covered with sheepskin with the wool on, or cloth with a heavy looped nap, and having a handle, or staff.

6. (Far.) The extremity, or point, of a horseshoe, answering to the heel.

Bath sponge, any one of several varieties of coarse commercial sponges, especially Spongia equina. -- Cup sponge, a toilet sponge growing in a cup- shaped form. -- Glass sponge. See Glass- sponge, in the Vocabulary. -- Glove sponge, a variety of commercial sponge (Spongia officinalis, variety tubulufera), having very fine fibers, native of Florida, and the West Indies. -- Grass sponge, any one of several varieties of coarse commercial sponges having the surface irregularly tufted, as Spongia graminea, and S. equina, variety cerebriformis, of Florida and the West Indies. -- Horse sponge, a coarse commercial sponge, especially Spongia equina. -- Platinum sponge. (Chem.) See under Platinum. -- Pyrotechnical sponge, a substance made of mushrooms or fungi, which are boiled in water, dried, and beaten, then put in a strong lye prepared with saltpeter, and again dried in an oven. This makes the black match, or tinder, brought from Germany. -- Sheep's-wool sponge, a fine and durable commercial sponge (Spongia equina, variety gossypina) found in Florida and the West Indies. The surface is covered with larger and smaller tufts, having the oscula between them. -- Sponge cake, a kind of sweet cake which is light and spongy. -- Sponge lead, or Spongy lead (Chem.), metallic lead brought to a spongy form by reduction of lead salts, or by compressing finely divided lead; -- used in secondary batteries and otherwise. -- Sponge tree (Bot.), a tropical leguminous tree (Acacia Farnesiana), with deliciously fragrant flowers, which are used in perfumery. -- Toilet sponge, a very fine and superior variety of Mediterranean sponge (Spongia officinalis, variety Mediterranea); -- called also turkish sponge. -- To set a sponge (Cookery), to leaven a small mass of flour, to be used in leavening a larger quantity. - - To throw up the sponge, to give up a contest; to acknowledge defeat; -- from a custom of the prize ring, the person employed to sponge a pugilist between rounds throwing his sponge in the air in token of defeat. [Cant or Slang] "He was too brave a man to throw up the sponge to fate." Lowell. -- Vegetable sponge. (Bot.) See Loof. -- Velvet sponge, a fine, soft commercial sponge (Spongia equina, variety meandriniformis) found in Florida and the West Indies. -- Vitreous sponge. See Glass-sponge. - - Yellow sponge, a common and valuable commercial sponge (Spongia agaricina, variety corlosia) found in Florida and the West Indies.

Sponge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sponged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sponging (?).] 1. To cleanse or wipe with a sponge; as, to sponge a slate or a cannon; to wet with a sponge; as, to sponge cloth.

2. To wipe out with a sponge, as letters or writing; to efface; to destroy all trace of. Hooker.

3. Fig.: To deprive of something by imposition. "How came such multitudes of our nation . . . to be sponged of their plate and their money?" South.

4. Fig.: To get by imposition or mean arts without cost; as, to sponge a breakfast. Swift.

Sponge, v. i. 1. To suck in, or imbile, as a sponge.

2. Fig.: To gain by mean arts, by intrusion, or hanging on; as, an idler sponges on his neighbor. E. Eggleston.

> The fly is an intruder, and a common smell-feast, that sponges upon other people's trenchers.

L'Estrange.

3. To be converted, as dough, into a light, spongy mass by the agency of yeast, or leaven.

Sponge"let (?), n. See Spongiole.

Spon"geous (?), a. [See Spongious.] Resembling sponge; having the nature or qualities of sponge.

Spon"ger (?), n. 1. One who sponges, or uses a sponge.

2. One employed in gathering sponges.

3. Fig.: A parasitical dependent; a hanger- on.

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||Spon"gi*æ (?), n. pl. [See Sponge.] (Zoöl.) The grand division of the animal kingdom which includes the sponges; -- called also Spongida, Spongiaria, Spongiozoa, and Porifera.

In the Spongiæ, the soft sarcode of the body is usually supported by a skeleton consisting of horny fibers, or of silleceous or calcareous spicules. The common sponges contain larger and smaller cavities and canals, and numerous small ampullæ which which are lined with ciliated cells capable of taking in solid food. The outer surface usually has minute pores through which water enters, and large openings for its exit. Sponges produce eggs and spermatozoa, and the egg when fertilized undergoes segmentation to form a ciliated embryo.

||Spon"gi*da (?), n. pl. [NL.] Spongiæ.

Spon"gi*form (?), a. Resembling a sponge; soft and porous; porous.

||Spon*gil"la (?), n. [NL., dim. of spongia a sponge.] (Zoöl.) A genus of siliceous spongea found in fresh water.

Spon"gin (?), n. (Physiol. Chem.) The chemical basis of sponge tissue, a nitrogenous, hornlike substance which on decomposition with sulphuric acid yields leucin and glycocoll.

Spon"gi*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being spongy. Dr. H. More.

Spon"ging (?), a. & n. from Sponge, v.

Sponging house (Eng. Law), a bailiff's or other house in which debtors are put before being taken to jail, or until they compromise with their creditors. At these houses extortionate charges are commonly made for food, lodging, etc.

Spon"gi*ole (?; 277), n. [L. spongiola a rose gall, small roots, dim. of spongia: cf. F. spongiole.] (Bot.) A supposed spongelike expansion of the tip of a rootlet for absorbing water; -- called also spongelet.

Spon"gi*o*lite (?), n. [Gr. &?; sponge + -lite.] (Paleon.) One of the microsporic siliceous spicules which occur abundantly in the texture of sponges, and are sometimes found fossil, as in flints.

Spon`gi*o*pi"lin (?), n. [Gr. &?;, dim. of &?; a sponge + &?; felt.] (Med.) A kind of cloth interwoven with small pieces of sponge and rendered waterproof on one side by a covering of rubber. When moistend with hot water it is used as a poultice.

{ Spon"gi*ose` (?), Spon"gi*ous (?) }, a. [L. spongious, spongeosus: cf. F. spongieux. See Sponge.] Somewhat spongy; spongelike; full of small cavities like sponge; as, spongious bones.

||Spon`gi*o*zo"a (?), n. pl. [NL., Gr. &?; sponge + &?; an animal.] (Zoöl.) See Sponglæ.

Spon"go*blast (?), n. [Gr. &?; sponge + -blast.] (Zoöl.) One of the cells which, in sponges, secrete the spongin, or the material of the horny fibers.

Spon"goid (?; 277), a. [Gr. &?; sponge + -oid.] Resembling sponge; like sponge.

Spon"gy (?), a. 1. Soft, and full of cavities; of an open, loose, pliable texture; as, a spongy excrescence; spongy earth; spongy cake; spongy bones.

2. Wet; drenched; soaked and soft, like sponge; rainy. "Spongy April." Shak.

3. Having the quality of imbibing fluids, like a sponge.

Spongy lead (Chem.), sponge lead. See under Sponge. -- Spongy platinum. See under Platinum.

Sponk (?), n. See Spunk.

Spon"sal (?), a. [L. sponsalis, fr. sponsus a betrothal, fr. spondere, sponsum, to betroth. See Spouse, and cf. Esousal, Spousal.] Relating to marriage, or to a spouse; spousal.

Spon"si*ble (?), a. [Abbrev. from responsible.] responsible; worthy of credit. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Spon"sion (?), n. [L. sonsio, fr. spondere, sponsum, to promise solemnly.] 1. The act of becoming surety for another.

2. (Internat. Law) An act or engagement on behalf of a state, by an agent not specially authorized for the purpose, or by one who exceeds the limits of authority.

Spon"sion*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to a pledge or agreement; responsible. [R.]

> He is righteous even in that representative and sponsional person he put on.

Abp. Leighton.

Spon"son (?), n. (Shipbuilding) (a) One of the triangular platforms in front of, and abaft, the paddle boxes of a steamboat. (b) One of the slanting supports under the guards of a steamboat. (c) One of the armored projections fitted with gun ports, used on modern war vessels.

Spon"sor (?), n. [L., from spondere, sponsum, to engage one's self. See Spose.] 1. One who binds himself to answer for another, and is responsible for his default; a surety.

2. One who at the baptism of an infant professes the Christian faith in its name, and guarantees its religious education; a godfather or godmother.

Spon*so"ri*al (?), a. Pertaining to a sponsor.

Spon"sor*ship (?), n. State of being a sponsor.

Spon`ta*ne"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Spontaneities (#). [Cf. F. spontanéité.] 1. The quality or state of being spontaneous, or acting from native feeling, proneness, or temperament, without constraint or external force.

> Romney Leigh, who lives by diagrams,
> And crosses not the spontaneities
> Of all his individual, personal life
> With formal universals.

Mrs. Browning.

2. (Biol.) (a) The tendency to undergo change, characteristic of both animal and vegetable organisms, and not restrained or cheked by the environment. (b) The tendency to activity of muscular tissue, including the voluntary muscles, when in a state of healthful vigor and refreshment.

Spon*ta"ne*ous (?), a. [L. spontaneus, fr. sponte of free will, voluntarily.] 1. Proceding from natural feeling, temperament, or disposition, or from a native internal proneness, readiness, or tendency, without constraint; as, a spontaneous gift or proportion.

2. Proceeding from, or acting by, internal impulse, energy, or natural law, without external force; as, spontaneous motion; spontaneous growth.

3. Produced without being planted, or without human labor; as, a spontaneous growth of wood.

Spontaneous combustion, combustion produced in a substance by the evolution of heat through the chemical action of its own elements; as, the spontaneous combustion of waste matter saturated with oil. -- Spontaneous generation. (Biol.) See under Generation.

Syn. -- Voluntary; uncompelled; willing. -- Spontaneous, Voluntary. What is voluntary is the result of a volition, or act of choice; it therefore implies some degree of consideration, and may be the result of mere reason without excited feeling. What is spontaneous springs wholly from feeling, or a sudden impulse which admits of no reflection; as, a spontaneous burst of applause. Hence, the term is also applied to things inanimate when they are produced without the determinate purpose or care of man. "Abstinence which is but voluntary fasting, and . . . exercise which is but voluntary labor." J. Seed.

> Spontaneous joys, where nature has its play,
> The soul adopts, and owns their firstborn away.

Goldsmith.

-- Spon*ta"ne*ous*ly, adv. -- Spon*ta"ne*ous*ness, n.

Spon*toon" (?), n. [F. sponton, esponton, it. spontone, spuntone.] (Mil.) A kind of half-pike, or halberd, formerly borne by inferior officers of the British infantry, and used in giving signals to the soldiers.

Spook (?), n. [D. spook; akin to G. spuk, Sw. spöke, Dan. spögelse a specter, spöge to play, sport, joke, spög a play, joke.] 1. A spirit; a ghost; an apparition; a hobgoblin. [Written also spuke.] Ld. Lytton.

2. (Zoöl.) The chimæra.

Spool (?), n. [OE. spole, OD. spoele, D. spoel; akin to G. spule, OHG. spuola, Dan. & Sw. spole.] A piece of cane or red with a knot at each end, or a hollow cylinder of wood with a ridge at each end, used to wind thread or yarn upon.

Spool stand, an article holding spools of thread, turning on pins, -- used by women at their work.

Spool, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spooled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Spooling.] To wind on a spool or spools.

Spool"er (?), n. One who, or that which, spools.

Spoom (?), v. i. [Probably fr. spum foam. See Spume.] (Naut.) To be driven steadily and swiftly, as before a strong wind; to be driven before the wind without any sail, or with only a part of the sails spread; to scud under bare poles. [Written also spoon.]

> When virtue spooms before a prosperous gale,
> My heaving wishes help to fill the sail.

Dryden.

Spoon (spn), v. i. (Naut.) See Spoom. [Obs.]

> We might have spooned before the wind as well as they.

Pepys.

Spoon, n. [OE. spon, AS. spn, a chip; akin to D. spaan, G. span, Dan. spaan, Sw. spån, Icel. spánn, spónn, a chip, a spoon. √170. Cf. Span- new.] 1. An implement consisting of a small bowl (usually a shallow oval) with a handle, used especially in preparing or eating food.

> "Therefore behoveth him a full long spoon
> That shall eat with a fiend," thus heard I say.

Chaucer.

> He must have a long spoon that must eat with the devil.

Shak.

2. Anything which resembles a spoon in shape; esp. (Fishing), a spoon bait.

3. Fig.: A simpleton; a spooney. [Slang] Hood.

Spoon bait (Fishing), a lure used in trolling, consisting of a glistening metallic plate shaped like the bowl of a spoon with a fishhook attached. -- Spoon bit, a bit for boring, hollowed or furrowed along one side. -- Spoon net, a net for landing fish. -- Spoon oar. see under Oar.

Spoon, v. t. To take up in, or as in, a spoon.

Spoon, v. i. To act with demonstrative or foolish fondness, as one in love. [Colloq.]

Spoon"bill` (?), n. (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of several species of wading birds of the genera Ajaja and Platalea, and allied genera, in which the long bill is broadly expanded and flattened at the tip.

The roseate spoonbill of America (Ajaja ajaja), and the European spoonbill (Platalea leucorodia) are the best known. The royal spoonbill (P. regia) of Australia is white, with the skin in front of the eyes naked and black. The male in the breeding season has a fine crest.

(b) The shoveler. See Shoveler, 2. (c) The ruddy duck. See under Ruddy. (d) The paddlefish.

Spoon"-billed` (?), a. (Zoöl.) Having the bill expanded and spatulate at the end.

Spoon"drift (?), n. [Spoom + drift.] Spray blown from the tops waves during a gale at sea; also, snow driven in the wind at sea; -- written also spindrift.

Spoon"ey (?), a. Weak-minded; demonstratively fond; as, spooney lovers. [Spelt also spoony.] [Colloq.]

Spoon"ey, n.; pl. Spooneye (&?;). A weak-minded or silly person; one who is foolishly fond. [Colloq.]

> There is no doubt, whatever, that I was a lackadaisical young spooney.

Dickens.

Spoon"ful (?), n.; pl. Spoonfuls (&?;). 1. The quantity which a spoon contains, or is able to contain; as, a teaspoonful; a tablespoonful.

2. Hence, a small quantity. Arbuthnot.

Spoon"i*ly (?), adv. In a spoony manner.

Spoon"-meat` (?), n. Food that is, or must be, taken with a spoon; liquid food. "Diet most upon spoon-meats." Harvey.

Spoon"wood` (?), n. (Bot.) The mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia).

Spoon"worm` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A gephyrean worm of the genus Thalassema, having a spoonlike probiscis.

Spoon"wort` (?), n. (Bot.) Scurvy grass.

Spoon"y (?), a. & n. Same as Spooney.

Spoor (?), n. [D. spoor; akin to AS. spor, G. spur, and from the root of E. spur. √171. See Spur.] The track or trail of any wild animal; as, the spoor of an elephant; -- used originally by travelers in South Africa.

Spoor, v. i. To follow a spoor or trail. [R.]

||Spor"a*des (?), n. pl. [L., fr. Gr. spora`des. Cf. Sporadic.] (Astron.) Stars not included in any constellation; -- called also informed, or unformed, stars.

Spo*ra"di*al (?), a. Sporadic. [R.]

Spo*rad"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?; scattered, fr. &?;, &?;, scattered, fr. &?; to sow seed, to scatter like seed: cf. F. sporadique. See Spore.] Occuring singly, or apart from other things of the same kind, or in scattered instances; separate; single; as, a sporadic fireball; a sporadic case of disease; a sporadic example of a flower.

Sporadic disease (Med.), a disease which occurs in single and scattered cases. See the Note under Endemic, a.

Spo*rad"ic*al (?), a. Sporadic.

Spo*rad"ic*al*ly, adv. In a sporadic manner.

Spo*ran"gi*o*phore (?), n. [Sporangium + Gr. &?; to bear.] (Bot.) The axis or receptacle in certain ferns (as Trichomanes), which bears the sporangia.

||Spo*ran"gi*um (?), n.; pl. Sporangia (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a sowing, seed + &?; a receptacle.] (Bot.) A spore case in the cryptogamous plants, as in ferns, etc.

Spore (?), n. [Gr. &?; a sowing, seed, from &?; to sow. Cf. Sperm.] 1. (Bot.) (a) One of the minute grains in flowerless plants, which are analogous to seeds, as serving to reproduce the species.

Spores are produced differently in the different classes of cryptogamous plants, and as regards their nature are often so unlike that they have only their minuteness in common. The peculiar spores of diatoms (called auxospores) increase in size, and at length acquire a siliceous coating, thus becoming new diatoms of full size. Compare Macrospore, Microspore, Oöspore, Restingspore, Sphærospore, Swarmspore, Tetraspore, Zoöspore, and Zygospore.

(b) An embryo sac or embryonal vesicle in the ovules of flowering plants.

2. (Biol.) (a) A minute grain or germ; a small, round or ovoid body, formed in certain organisms, and by germination giving rise to a new organism; as, the reproductive spores of bacteria, etc. (b) One of the parts formed by fission in certain Protozoa. See Spore formation, belw.

Spore formation. (a) (Biol) A mode of reproduction resembling multitude fission, common among Protozoa, in which the organism breaks up into a number of pieces, or spores, each of which eventually develops into an organism like the parent form. Balfour. (b) The formation of reproductive cells or spores, as in the growth of bacilli.

Spo"rid (?), n. (Bot.) A sporidium. Lindley.

Spo`ri*dif"er*ous (?), a. [Sporidium + -ferous.] (Bot.) Bearing sporidia.

||Spo*rid"i*um (?), n.; pl. Sporidia (#). [NL. See Spore.] (Bot.) (a) A secondary spore, or a filament produced from a spore, in certain kinds of minute fungi. (b) A spore.

Spo*rif"er*ous (?), a. [Spore + -ferous.] (Biol.) Bearing or producing spores.

Spo`ri*fi*ca"tion (?), n. [Spore + L. -ficare (in comp.) to make. See -fy.] (Biol.) Spore formation. See Spore formation (b), under Spore.

Spo"ro*carp (?), n. [Spore + Gr. &?; fruit.] (Bot.) (a) A closed body or conceptacle containing one or more masses of spores or sporangia. (b) A sporangium.

Spo"ro*cyst (?), n. [Gr. &?; seed + &?; bladder.] 1. (Zoöl.) An asexual zooid, usually forming one of a series of larval forms in the agamic reproduction of various trematodes and other parasitic worms. The sporocyst generally develops from an egg, but in its turn produces other larvæ by internal budding, or by the subdivision of a part or all of its contents into a number of minute germs. See Redia.

2. (Zoöl.) Any protozoan when it becomes encysted produces germs by sporulation.

Spo`ro*gen"e*sis (?), n. [Spore + genesis.] (Biol.) reproduction by spores.

Spo*rog"o*ny (?), n. [Spore + root of Gr. &?; to be born.] (Zoöl.) The growth or development of an animal or a zooid from a nonsexual germ.

Spo"ro*phore (?), n. [Spore + Gr. &?; to bear.] (Bot.) (a) A placenta. (b) That alternately produced form of certain cryptogamous plants, as ferns, mosses, and the like, which is nonsexual, but produces spores in countless numbers. In ferns it is the leafy plant, in mosses the capsule. Cf. Oöphore.

Spo`ro*phor"ic (?), a. (Bot.) Having the nature of a sporophore.

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Spo"ro*sac (?), n. [Spore + sac.] (Zoöl.) (a) A hydrozoan reproductive zooid or gonophore which does not become medusoid in form or structure. See Illust. under Athecata. (b) An early or simple larval stage of trematode worms and some other invertebrates, which is capable or reproducing other germs by asexual generation; a nurse; a redia.

||Spo`ro*zo"a (?), n. pl. [NL., from Gr. spo`ros a spore + zo^,on an animal.] (Zoöl.) An extensive division of parasitic Protozoa, which increase by sporulation. It includes the Gregarinida.

Spo`ro*zo"id (?), n. [Spore + Gr. &?; an animal.] (Bot.) Same as Zoöspore.

Spor"ran (spr"ran), n. [Gael. sporan.] A large purse or pouch made of skin with the hair or fur on, worn in front of the kilt by Highlanders when in full dress.

Sport (sprt), n. [Abbreviated frm disport.] 1. That which diverts, and makes mirth; pastime; amusement.

> It is as sport a fool do mischief.

prov. x. 23.

> Her sports were such as carried riches of knowledge upon the stream of delight.

Sir P. Sidney.

> Think it but a minute spent in sport.

Shak.

2. Mock; mockery; contemptuous mirth; derision.

> Then make sport at me; then let me be your jest.Shak.

3. That with which one plays, or which is driven about in play; a toy; a plaything; an object of mockery.

> Flitting leaves, the sport of every wind.

Dryden.

> Never does man appear to greater disadvantage than when he is the sport of his own ungoverned pasions.

John Clarke.

4. Play; idle jingle.

> An author who should introduce such a sport of words upon our stage would meet with small applause.

Broome.

5. Diversion of the field, as fowling, hunting, fishing, racing, games, and the like, esp. when money is staked.

6. (Bot. & Zoöl.) A plant or an animal, or part of a plant or animal, which has some peculiarity not usually seen in the species; an abnormal variety or growth. See Sporting plant, under Sporting.

7. A sportsman; a gambler. [Slang]

In sport, in jest; for play or diversion. "So is the man that deceiveth his neighbor, and saith, Am not I in sport?" Prov. xxvi. 19.

Syn. -- Play; game; diversion; frolic; mirth; mock; mockery; jeer.

Sport, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sported; p. pr. & vb. n. Sporting.] 1. To play; to frolic; to wanton.

> [Fish], sporting with quick glance,
> Show to the sun their waved coats dropt with gold.

Milton.

2. To practice the diversions of the field or the turf; to be given to betting, as upon races.

3. To trifle. "He sports with his own life." Tillotson.

4. (Bot. & Zoöl.) To assume suddenly a new and different character from the rest of the plant or from the type of the species; -- said of a bud, shoot, plant, or animal. See Sport, n., 6. Darwin.

Syn. -- To play; frolic; game; wanton.

Sport, v. t. 1. To divert; to amuse; to make merry; -- used with the reciprocal pronoun.

> Against whom do ye sport yourselves?

Isa. lvii. 4.

2. To represent by any knd of play.

> Now sporting on thy lyre the loves of youth.

Dryden.

3. To exhibit, or bring out, in public; to use or wear; as, to sport a new equipage. [Colloq.] Grose.

4. To give utterance to in a sportive manner; to throw out in an easy and copious manner; -- with off; as, to sport off epigrams. Addison.

To sport one's oak. See under Oak, n.

Sport`a*bil"i*ty (?), n. Sportiveness. [Obs.]

Sport"al (?), a. Of or pertaining to sports; used in sports. [R.] "Sportal arms." Dryden.

Sport"er (?), n. One who sports; a sportsman.

> As this gentleman and I have been old fellow sporters, I have a frienship for him.

Goldsmith.

Sport"ful (?), a. 1. Full of sport; merry; frolicsome; full of jesting; indulging in mirth or play; playful; wanton; as, a sportful companion.

> Down he alights among the sportful herd.

Milton.

2. Done in jest, or for mere play; sportive.

> They are no sportful productions of the soil.

Bentley.

-- Sport"ful*ly, adv. -- Sport"ful*ness, n.

Sport"ing, a. Of pertaining to, or engaging in, sport or sporrts; exhibiting the character or conduct of one who, or that which, sports.

Sporting book, a book containing a record of bets, gambling operations, and the like. C. Kingsley. -- Sporting house, a house frequented by sportsmen, gamblers, and the like. -- Sporting man, one who practices field sports; also, a horse racer, a pugilist, a gambler, or the like. -- Sporting plant (Bot.), a plant in which a single bud or offset suddenly assumes a new, and sometimes very different, character from that of the rest of the plant. Darwin.

Sport"ing*ly, adv. In sport; sportively.

> The question you there put, you do it, I suppose, but sportingly.

Hammond.

Sport"ive (?), a. Tending to, engaged in, or provocate of, sport; gay; froliscome; playful; merry.

> Is it I
> That drive thee from the sportive court?

Shak.

-- Sport"ive*ly, adv. -- Sport"ive*ness, n.

Sport"less, a. Without sport or mirth; joyless.

Sport"ling (?), n. A little person or creature engaged in sports or in play.

> When again the lambkins play --
> Pretty sportlings, full of May.

Philips.

Sports"man (?), n.;pl. Sportsmen (&?;). One who pursues the sports of the field; one who hunts, fishes, etc.

Sports"man*ship, n. The practice of sportsmen; skill in field sports.

||Spor"tu*la (?), n.; pl. Sportulæ (&?;). [L.] A gift; a present; a prize; hence, an alms; a largess.

> To feed luxuriously, to frequent sports and theaters, to run for the sportula.

South.

Spor"tu*la*ry (?), a. Subsisting on alms or charitable contributions. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Spor"tule (?), n. [L. sportula a little basket, a gift, dim. of sporta a basket: cf. F. sortule.] A charitable gift or contribution; a gift; an alms; a dole; a largess; a sportula. [Obs.] Ayliffe.

Spor`u*la"tion (?), n. (Biol.) The act or process of forming spores; spore formation. See Illust. of Bacillus, b.

Spor"ule (?), n. [Dim. of spore.] (Biol.) A small spore; a spore.

Spor`u*lif"er*ous (?), a. [Sporule + -ferous.] (Biol.) Producing sporules.

Spot (?), n. [Cf. Scot. & D. spat, Dan. spette, Sw. spott spittle, slaver; from the root of E. spit. See Spit to eject from the mouth, and cf. Spatter.] 1. A mark on a substance or body made by foreign matter; a blot; a place discolored.

> Out, damned spot! Out, I say!

Shak.

2. A stain on character or reputation; something that soils purity; disgrace; reproach; fault; blemish.

> Yet Chloe, sure, was formed without a spot.

Pope.

3. A small part of a different color from the main part, or from the ground upon which it is; as, the spots of a leopard; the spots on a playing card.

4. A small extent of space; a place; any particular place. "Fixed to one spot." Otway.

> That spot to which I point is Paradise.

Milton.

> "A jolly place," said he, "in times of old!
> But something ails it now: the spot is cursed."

Wordsworth.

5. (Zoöl.) A variety of the common domestic pigeon, so called from a spot on its head just above its beak.

6. (Zoöl.) (a) A sciænoid food fish (Liostomus xanthurus) of the Atlantic coast of the United States. It has a black spot behind the shoulders and fifteen oblique dark bars on the sides. Called also goody, Lafayette, masooka, and old wife. (b) The southern redfish, or red horse, which has a spot on each side at the base of the tail. See Redfish.

7. pl. Commodities, as merchandise and cotton, sold for immediate delivery. [Broker's Cant]

Crescent spot (Zoöl.), any butterfly of the family Melitæidæ having crescent- shaped white spots along the margins of the red or brown wings. - - Spot lens (Microscopy), a condensing lens in which the light is confined to an annular pencil by means of a small, round diaphragm (the spot), and used in dark-field ilumination; -- called also spotted lens. -- Spot rump (Zoöl.), the Hudsonian godwit (Limosa hæmastica). -- Spots on the sun. (Astron.) See Sun spot, ander Sun. -- On, or Upon, the spot, immediately; before moving; without changing place.

> It was determined upon the spot.

Swift. Syn. -- Stain; flaw; speck; blot; disgrace; reproach; fault; blemish; place; site; locality.

Spot, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spotted; p. pr. & vb. n. Spotting.] 1. To make visible marks upon with some foreign matter; to discolor in or with spots; to stain; to cover with spots or figures; as, to spot a garnment; to spot paper.

2. To mark or note so as to insure recognition; to recognize; to detect; as, to spot a criminal. [Cant]

3. To stain; to blemish; to taint; to disgrace; to tarnish, as reputation; to asperse.

> My virgin life no spotted thoughts shall stain.

Sir P. Sidney.

> If ever I shall close these eyes but once,
> May I live spotted for my perjury.

Beau. & Fl.

To spot timber, to cut or chip it, in preparation for hewing.

Spot, v. i. To become stained with spots.

Spot"less, a. Without a spot; especially, free from reproach or impurity; pure; untainted; innocent; as, a spotless mind; spotless behavior.

> A spotless virgin, and a faultless wife.

Waller.

Syn. -- Blameless; unspotted; unblemished; pure; immaculate; irreproachable. See Blameless.

-- Spot"less*ly, adv. -- Spot"less*ness, n.

Spot"ted, a. Marked with spots; as, a spotted garment or character. "The spotted panther." Spenser.

Spotted fever (Med.), a name applied to various eruptive fevers, esp. to typhus fever and cerebro-spinal meningitis. -- Spotted tree (Bot.), an Australian tree (Flindersia maculosa); -- so called because its bark falls off in spots.

Spot"ted*ness, n. State or quality of being spotted.

Spot"ter (?), n. One who spots.

Spot"ti*ness (?), n. The state or quality of being spotty.

Spot"ty (?), a. Full of spots; marked with spots.

Spous"age (?; 48), n. [OF. espousaige, from espouser. See Spouse, v. t.] Espousal. [Obs.] Bale.

Spous"al (?), a. [See Espousal, Sponsal, and Spouse.] Of or pertaining to a spouse or marriage; nuptial; matrimonial; conjugal; bridal; as, spousal rites; spousal ornaments. Wordsworth.

Spous"al, n. [See Espousal, Spouse.] Marriage; nuptials; espousal; -- generally used in the plural; as, the spousals of Hippolita. Dryden.

> Boweth your head under that blissful yoke . . .
> Which that men clepeth spousal or wedlock.

Chaucer.

> the spousals of the newborn year.

Emerson.

Spouse (?), n. [OF. espous, espos, fem. espouse, F. époux, épouse, fr. L. sponsus, sponsa, prop. p. p. of spondere, sponsum, to promise solemnly, to engage one's self. Cf. Despond, Espouse, respond, Sponsor.] 1. A man or woman engaged or joined in wedlock; a married person, husband or wife.

> At last such grace I found, and means I wrought,
> That that lady to my spouse had won.

Spenser.

2. A married man, in distinct from a spousess or married woman; a bridegroom or husband. [Obs.]

> At which marriage was [were] no person present but the spouse, the spousess, the Duchess of Bedford her mother, the priest, two gentlewomen, and a young man.

Fabyan.

Spouse (?), v. t. [See Espouse, and Spouse, n.] To wed; to espouse. [Obs.]

> This markis hath her spoused with a ring.

Chaucer.

> Though spoused, yet wanting wedlock's solemnize.

Spenser.

> She was found again, and spoused to Marinell.

Spenser.

Spouse"-breach` (?), n. Adultery. [Obs.]

Spouse"less, a. Destitute of a spouse; unmarried.

Spous"ess, n. A wife or bride. [Obs.] Fabyan.

Spout (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spouted; p. pr. & vb. n. Spouting.] [Cf. Sw. sputa, spruta, to spout, D. spuit a spout, spuiten to spout, and E. spurt, sprit, v., sprout, sputter; or perhaps akin to E. spit to eject from the mouth.] 1. To throw out forcibly and abudantly, as liquids through an office or a pipe; to eject in a jet; as, an elephant spouts water from his trunk.

> Who kept Jonas in the fish's maw
> Till he was spouted up at Ninivee?

Chaucer.

> Next on his belly floats the mighty whale . . .
> He spouts the tide.

Creech.

2. To utter magniloquently; to recite in an oratorical or pompous manner.

> Pray, spout some French, son.

Beau. & Fl.

3. To pawn; to pledge; as, spout a watch. [Cant]

Spout, v. i. 1. To issue with with violence, or in a jet, as a liquid through a narrow orifice, or from a spout; as, water spouts from a hole; blood spouts from an artery.

> All the glittering hill
> Is bright with spouting rills.

Thomson.

2. To eject water or liquid in a jet.

3. To utter a speech, especially in a pompous manner.

Spout, n. [Cf. Sw. spruta a squirt, a syringe. See Spout, v. t.] 1. That through which anything spouts; a discharging lip, pipe, or orifice; a tube, pipe, or conductor of any kind through which a liquid is poured, or by which it is conveyed in a stream from one place to another; as, the spout of a teapot; a spout for conducting water from the roof of a building. Addison. "A conduit with three issuing spouts." Shak.

> In whales . . . an ejection thereof [water] is contrived by a fistula, or spout, at the head.

Sir T. Browne.

> From silver spouts the grateful liquors glide.

Pope.

2. A trough for conducting grain, flour, etc., into a receptacle.

3. A discharge or jet of water or other liquid, esp. when rising in a column; also, a waterspout.

To put, shove, or pop, up the spout, to pawn or pledge at a pawnbroker's; -- in allusion to the spout up which the pawnbroker sent the ticketed articles. [Cant]

Spout"er (?), n. One who, or that which, spouts.

Spout"fish (?), n. (Zoöl.) A marine animal that spouts water; -- applied especially to certain bivalve mollusks, like the long clams (Mya), which spout, or squirt out, water when retiring into their holes.

Spout"less, a. Having no spout. Cowper.

Spout"shell` (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any marine gastropod shell of the genus Apporhais having an elongated siphon. See Illust. under Rostrifera.

Sprack (?), a. [Cf. Icel. sprækr sprightly, dial. Sw. spräk, spräg, spirited, mettlesome; or Gael. spraic vigor.] Quick; lively; alert. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Sprad (?), obs. p. p. of Spread. Chaucer.

Sprad"de (?), obs. imp. of Spread. Chaucer.

Sprag (?), n. [Cf. Icel. spraka a small flounder.] (Zoöl.) A young salmon. [Prov. Eng.]

Sprag, n. [See Spray a branch.] A billet of wood; a piece of timber used as a prop.

Sprag, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spragged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Spragging (?).] 1. To check the motion of, as a carriage on a steep grade, by putting a sprag between the spokes of the wheel. R. S. Poole.

2. To prop or sustain with a sprag.

Sprag, a. See Sprack, a. Shak.

Sprain (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sprained (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Spraining.] [OF. espreindreto press, to force out, F. épreindre, fr. L. exprimere. See Express, v. t., and cf. Spraints.] To weaken, as a joint, ligament, or muscle, by sudden and excessive exertion, as by wrenching; to overstrain, or stretch injuriously, but without luxation; as, to sprain one's ankle.

Sprain, n. The act or result of spraining; lameness caused by spraining; as, a bad sprain of the wrist.

Sprain fracture (Med.), the separation of a tendon from its point of insertion, with the detachment of a shell of bone to which the tendon is attached.

Spraints (?), n. pl. [OF. espraintes, espreintes, F. épreintes from espreinte a desire to go to stool, from espreindre. See Sprain, v. t.] The dung of an otter.

Sprang (?), imp. of Spring.

Sprat (?), n. [OE. sprot, sprotte, D. sprot; akin to G. sprotte.] (Zoöl.) (a) A small European herring (Clupea sprattus) closely allied to the common herring and the pilchard; -- called also garvie. The name is also applied to small herring of different kinds. (b) A California surf-fish (Rhacochilus toxotes); -- called also alfione, and perch.

Sprat borer (Zoöl.), the red- throated diver; -- so called from its fondness for sprats. See Diver. -- Sprat loon. (Zoöl.) (a) The young of the great northern diver. [Prov. Eng.] (b) The red- throated diver. See Diver. -- Sprat mew (Zoöl.), the kittiwake gull.

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Sprawl (sprl), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sprawled (sprld); p. pr. & vb. n. Sprawling.] [OE. spraulen; cf. Sw. sprattla to sprawl, dial. Sw. spralla, Dan. spælle, sprælde, D. spartelen, spertelen, to flounder, to struggle.] 1. To spread and stretch the body or limbs carelessly in a horizontal position; to lie with the limbs stretched out ungracefully.

2. To spread irregularly, as vines, plants, or tress; to spread ungracefully, as chirography.

3. To move, when lying down, with awkward extension and motions of the limbs; to scramble in creeping.

> The birds were not fledged; but upon sprawling and struggling to get clear of the flame, down they tumbled.

L'Estrange.

Sprawls (?), n. pl. Small branches of a tree; twigs; sprays. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Spray (spr), n. [Cf. Dan. sprag. See Sprig.] 1. A small shoot or branch; a twig. Chaucer.

> The painted birds, companions of the spring,
> Hopping from spray, were heard to sing.

Dryden.

2. A collective body of small branches; as, the tree has a beautiful spray.

> And from the trees did lop the needless spray.

Spenser.

3. (Founding) (a) A side channel or branch of the runner of a flask, made to distribute the metal in all parts of the mold. (b) A group of castings made in the same mold and connected by sprues formed in the runner and its branches. Knight.

Spray drain (Agric.), a drain made by laying under earth the sprays or small branches of trees, which keep passages open.

Spray, n. [probably from a Dutch or Low German form akin to E. spread. See Spread, v. t.] 1. Water flying in small drops or particles, as by the force of wind, or the dashing of waves, or from a waterfall, and the like.

2. (Med.) (a) A jet of fine medicated vapor, used either as an application to a diseased part or to charge the air of a room with a disinfectant or a deodorizer. (b) An instrument for applying such a spray; an atomizer.

Spray condenser (Steam Engine) an injection condenser in which the steam is condensed by a spray of water which mingles with it.

Spray, v. t. 1. To let fall in the form of spray. [Poetic] M. Arnold.

2. To throw spray upon; to treat with a liquid in the form of spray; as, to spray a wound, or a surgical instrument, with carbolic acid.

Spray`board (?), n. (Naut.) See Dashboard, n., 2 (b).

Spread (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spread; p. pr. & vb. n. Spreading.] [OE. spreden, AS. sprædan; akin to D. spreiden, spreijen, LG. spreden, spreen, spreien, G. spreiten, Dan. sprede, Sw. sprida. Cf. Spray water flying in drops.] 1. To extend in length and breadth, or in breadth only; to stretch or expand to a broad or broader surface or extent; to open; to unfurl; as, to spread a carpet; to spread a tent or a sail.

> He bought a parcel of a field where he had spread his tent.

Gen. xxxiii. 19.

> Here the Rhone
> Hath spread himself a couch.

Byron.

2. To extend so as to cover something; to extend to a great or grater extent in every direction; to cause to fill or cover a wide or wider space.

> Rose, as in a dance, the stately trees, and spread
> Their branches hung with copious fruit.

Milton.

3. To divulge; to publish, as news or fame; to cause to be more extensively known; to disseminate; to make known fully; as, to spread a report; -- often acompanied by abroad.

> They, when they were departed, spread abroad his fame in all that country.

Matt. ix. 31.

4. To propagate; to cause to affect great numbers; as, to spread a disease.

5. To diffuse, as emanations or effluvia; to emit; as, odoriferous plants spread their fragrance.

6. To strew; to scatter over a surface; as, to spread manure; to spread lime on the ground.

7. To prepare; to set and furnish with provisions; as, to spread a table.

> Boiled the flesh, and spread the board.

Tennyson.

To spread cloth, to unfurl sail. [Obs.] Evelyn.

Syn. -- To diffuse; propogate; disperse; publish; distribute; scatter; circulate; disseminate; dispense.

Spread, v. i. 1. To extend in length and breadth in all directions, or in breadth only; to be extended or stretched; to expand.

> Plants, if they spread much, are seldom tall.

Bacon.

> Governor Winthrop, and his associates at Charlestown, had for a church a large, spreading tree.

B. Trumbull.

2. To be extended by drawing or beating; as, some metals spread with difficulty.

3. To be made known more extensively, as news.

4. To be propagated from one to another; as, the disease spread into all parts of the city. Shak.

Spread, n. 1. Extent; compass.

> I have got a fine spread of improvable land.

Addison.

2. Expansion of parts.

> No flower hath spread like that of the woodbine.

Bacon.

3. A cloth used as a cover for a table or a bed.

4. A table, as spread or furnished with a meal; hence, an entertainment of food; a feast. [Colloq.]

5. A privilege which one person buys of another, of demanding certain shares of stock at a certain price, or of delivering the same shares of stock at another price, within a time agreed upon. [Broker's Cant]

6. (Geom.) An unlimited expanse of discontinuous points.

Spread, imp. & p. p. of Spread, v.

Spread eagle. (a) An eagle with outspread wings, the national emblem of the United States. (b) The figure of an eagle, with its wings elevated and its legs extended; often met as a device upon military ornaments, and the like. (c) (Her.) An eagle displayed; an eagle with the wings and legs extended on each side of the body, as in the double-headed eagle of Austria and Russia. See Displayed, 2.

Spread"-ea`gle (?), a. Characterized by a pretentious, boastful, exaggerated style; defiantly or extravagantly bombastic; as, a spread-eagle orator; a spread-eagle speech. [Colloq.& Humorous]

Spread"er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, spreads, expands, or propogates.

2. A machine for combining and drawing fibers of flax to form a sliver preparatory to spinning.

Spread"ing*ly, adv. Increasingly.

> The best times were spreadingly infected.

Milton.

Sprech"er*y (?), n. [Cf. Gael. spreidh cattle.] Movables of an inferior description; especially, such as have been collected by depredation. [Scot.]

Spree (?), n. [Cf. Ir. spre a spark, animation, spirit, Gael. spraic. Cf. Sprack.] A merry frolic; especially, a drinking frolic; a carousal. [Colloq.]

Sprenge (?), v. t. [OE. sprengen, p. p. sprent, spreint, from AS. sprengen to sprinkle. See Sprinkle.] To sprinkle; to scatter. [Obs.] Wyclif (1 Pet. i. 2).

Spreng"el pump` (?). (Physics) A form of air pump in which exhaustion is produced by a stream of mercury running down a narrow tube, in the manner of an aspirator; -- named from the inventor.

Sprent (?), obs. p. p. of Sprenge. Sprinkled.

> All the ground with purple blood was sprent.

Spenser.

Sprew (?), n. [Cf. D. sprouw, spruw.] (Med.) Thrush. [Local, U.S.]

Spreynd (?), obs. p. p. of Sprenge. Sprinkled.

> When spreynd was holy water.

Chaucer.

Sprig (?), n. [AS. sprec; akin to Icel. sprek a stick. Cf. Spray a branch.] 1. A small shoot or twig of a tree or other plant; a spray; as, a sprig of laurel or of parsley.

2. A youth; a lad; -- used humorously or in slight disparagement.

> A sprig whom I remember, with a whey-face and a satchel, not so many years ago.

Sir W. Scott.

3. A brad, or nail without a head.

4. (Naut.) A small eyebolt ragged or barbed at the point.

Sprig, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sprigged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sprigging (?).] To mark or adorn with the representation of small branches; to work with sprigs; as, to sprig muslin.

Sprigged (?), a. Having sprigs.

Sprig"gy (?), a. Full of sprigs or small branches.

Spright (?), n. [See Sprite.] 1. Spirit; mind; soul; state of mind; mood. [Obs.] "The high heroic spright." Spenser.

> Wondrous great grief groweth in my spright.

Spenser.

2. A supernatural being; a spirit; a shade; an apparition; a ghost.

> Forth he called, out of deep darkness dread,
> Legions of sprights.

Spenser.

> To thee, O Father, Son, and Sacred Spright.

Fairfax.

3. A kind of short arrow. [Obs.] Bacon.

Spright, v. t. To haunt, as a spright. [Obs.] Shak.

Spright"ful (?), a. [Spright sprite + full.] Full of spirit or of life; earnest; vivacious; lively; brisk; nimble; gay. [Obs.] -- Spright"ful*ly, adv. [Obs.] Shak.

-- Spright"ful*ness, n. [Obs.]

> Spoke like a sprightful gentlemen.

Shak.

> Steeds sprightful as the light.

Cowley.

Spright"less, a. Destitute of life; dull; sluggish.

Spright"li*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being sprightly; liveliness; life; briskness; vigor; activity; gayety; vivacity.

> In dreams, observe with what a sprightliness and alacrity does she [the soul] exert herself!

Addison.

Spright"ly (?), a. [Compar. Sprightlier (?); superl. Sprightliest.] [See Sprite.] Sprightlike, or spiritlike; lively; brisk; animated; vigorous; airy; gay; as, a sprightly youth; a sprightly air; a sprightly dance. "Sprightly wit and love inspires." Dryden.

> The sprightly Sylvia trips along the green.

Pope.

Sprig"tail` (?), n. (Zoöl.) (a) The pintail duck; -- called also sprig, and spreet-tail. [Local, U.S.] (b) The sharp-tailed grouse. [Local, U.S.]

Spring (?), v. i. [imp. Sprang (?) or Sprung (&?;); p. p. Sprung; p. pr. & vb. n. Springing.] [AS. springan; akin to D. & G. springen, OS. & OHG. springan, Icel. & Sw. springa, Dan. springe; cf. Gr. &?; to hasten. Cf. Springe, Sprinkle.]

1. To leap; to bound; to jump.

> The mountain stag that springs
> From height to height, and bounds along the plains.

Philips.

2. To issue with speed and violence; to move with activity; to dart; to shoot.

> And sudden light
> Sprung through the vaulted roof.

Dryden.

3. To start or rise suddenly, as from a covert.

> Watchful as fowlers when their game will spring.

Otway.

4. To fly back; as, a bow, when bent, springs back by its elastic power.

5. To bend from a straight direction or plane surface; to become warped; as, a piece of timber, or a plank, sometimes springs in seasoning.

6. To shoot up, out, or forth; to come to the light; to begin to appear; to emerge; as a plant from its seed, as streams from their source, and the like; -often followed by up, forth, or out.

> Till well nigh the day began to spring.

Chaucer.

> To satisfy the desolate and waste ground, and to cause the bud of the tender herb to spring forth.

Job xxxviii. 27.

> Do not blast my springing hopes.

Rowe.

> O, spring to light; auspicious Babe, be born.

Pope.

7. To issue or proceed, as from a parent or ancestor; to result, as from a cause, motive, reason, or principle.

> [They found] new hope to spring
> Out of despair, joy, but with fear yet linked.

Milton.

8. To grow; to prosper.

> What makes all this, but Jupiter the king,
> At whose command we perish, and we spring?

Dryden.

To spring at, to leap toward; to attempt to reach by a leap. -- To spring forth, to leap out; to rush out. -- To spring in, to rush in; to enter with a leap or in haste. -- To spring on or upon, to leap on; to rush on with haste or violence; to assault.

Spring (?), v. t. 1. To cause to spring up; to start or rouse, as game; to cause to rise from the earth, or from a covert; as, to spring a pheasant.

2. To produce or disclose suddenly or unexpectedly.

> She starts, and leaves her bed, amd springs a light.

Dryden.

> The friends to the cause sprang a new project.

Swift.

3. To cause to explode; as, to spring a mine.

4. To crack or split; to bend or strain so as to weaken; as, to spring a mast or a yard.

5. To cause to close suddenly, as the parts of a trap operated by a spring; as, to spring a trap.

6. To bend by force, as something stiff or strong; to force or put by bending, as a beam into its sockets, and allowing it to straighten when in place; -- often with in, out, etc.; as, to spring in a slat or a bar.

7. To pass over by leaping; as, to spring a fence.

To spring a butt (Naut.), to loosen the end of a plank in a ship's bottom. -- To spring a leak (Naut.), to begin to leak. -- To spring an arch (Arch.), to build an arch; -- a common term among masons; as, to spring an arch over a lintel. -- To spring a rattle, to cause a rattle to sound. See Watchman's rattle, under Watchman. -- To spring the luff (Naut.), to ease the helm, and sail nearer to the wind than before; -- said of a vessel. Mar. Dict. -- To spring a mast or spar (Naut.), to strain it so that it is unserviceable.

Spring, n. [AS. spring a fountain, a leap. See Spring, v. i.] 1. A leap; a bound; a jump.

> The prisoner, with a spring, from prison broke.

Dryden.

2. A flying back; the resilience of a body recovering its former state by elasticity; as, the spring of a bow.

3. Elastic power or force.

> Heavens! what a spring was in his arm!

Dryden.

4. An elastic body of any kind, as steel, India rubber, tough wood, or compressed air, used for various mechanical purposes, as receiving and imparting power, diminishing concussion, regulating motion, measuring weight or other force.

The principal varieties of springs used in mechanisms are the spiral spring (Fig. a), the coil spring (Fig. b), the elliptic spring (Fig. c), the half- elliptic spring (Fig. d), the volute spring, the India-rubber spring, the atmospheric spring, etc.

5. Any source of supply; especially, the source from which a stream proceeds; as issue of water from the earth; a natural fountain. "All my springs are in thee." Ps. lxxxvii. 7. "A secret spring of spiritual joy." Bentley. "The sacred spring whence and honor streams." Sir J. Davies.

6. Any active power; that by which action, or motion, is produced or propagated; cause; origin; motive.

> Our author shuns by vulgar springs to move
> The hero's glory, or the virgin's love.

Pope.

7. That which springs, or is originated, from a source; as: (a) A race; lineage. [Obs.] Chapman. (b) A youth; a springal. [Obs.] Spenser. (c) A shoot; a plant; a young tree; also, a grove of trees; woodland. [Obs.] Spenser. Milton.

8. That which causes one to spring; specifically, a lively tune. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

9. The season of the year when plants begin to vegetate and grow; the vernal season, usually comprehending the months of March, April, and May, in the middle latitudes north of the equator. "The green lap of the new-come spring." Shak.

Spring of the astronomical year begins with the vernal equinox, about March 21st, and ends with the summer solstice, about June 21st.

10. The time of growth and progress; early portion; first stage. "The spring of the day." 1 Sam. ix. 26.

> O how this spring of love resembleth
> The uncertain glory of an April day.

Shak.

11. (Naut.) (a) A crack or fissure in a mast or yard, running obliquely or transversely. (b) A line led from a vessel's quarter to her cable so that by tightening or slacking it she can be made to lie in any desired position; a line led diagonally from the bow or stern of a vessel to some point upon the wharf to which she is moored.

Air spring, Boiling spring, etc. See under Air, Boiling, etc. -- Spring back (Bookbinding), a back with a curved piece of thin sheet iron or of stiff pasteboard fastened to the inside, the effect of which is to make the leaves of a book thus bound (as a ledger or other account or blank book) spring up and lie flat. -- Spring balance, a contrivance for measuring weight or force by the elasticity of a spiral spring of steel. -- Spring beam, a beam that supports the side of a paddle box. See Paddle beam, under Paddle, n. -- Spring beauty. (a) (Bot.) Any plant of the genus Claytonia, delicate herbs with somewhat fleshy leaves and pretty blossoms, appearing in springtime. (b) (Zoöl.) A small, elegant American butterfly (Erora læta) which appears in spring. The hind wings of the male are brown, bordered with deep blue; those of the female are mostly blue. -- Spring bed, a mattress, under bed, or bed bottom, in which springs, as of metal, are employed to give the required elasticity. -- Spring beetle (Zoöl.), a snapping beetle; an elater. -- Spring box, the box or barrel in a watch, or other piece of mechanism, in which the spring is contained. -- Spring fly (Zoöl.), a caddice fly; - - so called because it appears in the spring. -- Spring grass (Bot.), a vernal grass. See under Vernal. -- Spring gun, a firearm disharged by a spring, when this is trodden upon or is otherwise moved. -- Spring hook (Locomotive Engines), one of the hooks which fix the driving-wheel spring to the frame. -- Spring latch, a latch that fastens with a spring. <! p. 1394 !> -- Spring lock, a lock that fastens with a spring. -- Spring mattress, a spring bed. -- Spring of an arch (Arch.) See Springing line of an arch, under Springing. -- Spring of pork, the lower part of a fore quarter, which is divided from the neck, and has the leg and foot without the shoulder. [Obs.] Nares.

> Sir, pray hand the spring of pork to me.

Gayton.

-- Spring pin (Locomotive Engines), an iron rod fitted between the springs and the axle boxes, to sustain and regulate the pressure on the axles. -- Spring rye, a kind of rye sown in the spring; -- in distinction from winter rye, sown in autumn. -- Spring stay (Naut.), a preventer stay, to assist the regular one. R. H. Dana, Jr. -- Spring tide, the tide which happens at, or soon after, the new and the full moon, and which rises higher than common tides. See Tide. -- Spring wagon, a wagon in which springs are interposed between the body and the axles to form elastic supports. -- Spring wheat, any kind of wheat sown in the spring; -- in distinction from winter wheat, which is sown in autumn.

{ Spring"al (?), Spring"ald (?), Spring"all (?) }, a. [Scot. springald, springel, fr. Scot. & E. spring.] An active, springly young man. [Obs.] "There came two springals of full tender years." Spenser.

> Joseph, when he was sold to Potiphar, that great man, was a fair young springall.

Latimer.

Spring"al, n. [OF. espringale; of Teutonic origin, akin to E. spring.] An ancient military engine for casting stones and arrows by means of a spring.

Spring"board` (?), n. An elastic board, secured at the ends, or at one end, often by elastic supports, used in performing feats of agility or in exercising.

{ ||Spring"bok` (?), Spring"buck` (?) }, n. [D. springbok; springen to spring, leap + bok a he-goat, buck.] (Zoöl.) A South African gazelle (Gazella euchore) noted for its graceful form and swiftness, and for its peculiar habit of springing lighty and suddenly into the air. It has a white dorsal stripe, expanding into a broad patch of white on the rump and tail. Called also springer. [Written also springboc, and springbock.]

Springe (?), n. [From Spring, v. i.: cf. G. sprenkel, Prov. E. springle.] A noose fastened to an elastic body, and drawn close with a sudden spring, whereby it catches a bird or other animal; a gin; a snare.

> As a woodcock to mine own springe.

Shak.

Springe, v. t. To catch in a springe; to insnare. [R.]

Spring"e (? or ?), v. t. [OE. sprengen. See Sprinkle.] To sprinkle; to scatter. [Obs.]

> He would sowen some difficulty,
> Or springen cockle in our cleane corn.

Chaucer.

Spring"er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, springs; specifically, one who rouses game.

2. A young plant. [Obs.] Evelyn.

3. (Arch.) (a) The impost, or point at which an arch rests upon its support, and from which it seems to spring. Hence: (b) The bottom stone of an arch, which lies on the impost. The skew back is one form of springer. (c) The rib of a groined vault, as being the solid abutment for each section of vaulting.

4. (Zoöl.) The grampus.

5. (Zoöl.) A variety of the field spaniel. See Spaniel.

6. (Zoöl.) A species of antelope; the sprinkbok.

Spring"halt` (?), n. (Far.) A kind of lameness in horse. See Stringhalt. Shak.

Spring"head` (?), n. A fountain or source.

Spring"i*ness (?), n. The state or quality of being springly. Boyle.

Spring"ing, n. 1. The act or process of one who, or that which, springs.

2. Growth; increase; also, that which springs up; a shoot; a plant.

> Thou blessest the springing thereof.

Ps. lxv. 10.

Springing line of an arch (Arch.), the horizontal line drawn through the junction of the vertical face of the impost with the curve of the intrados; -- called also spring of an arch.

Sprin"gle (?), n. A springe. [Prov. Eng.]

Spring"let (?), n. A little spring.

> But yet from out the little hill
> Oozes the slender springlet still.

Sir W. Scott.

Spring"tail` (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of small apterous insects belonging to the order Thysanura. They have two elastic caudal stylets which can be bent under the abdomen and then suddenly extended like a spring, thus enabling them to leap to a considerable distance. See Collembola, and Podura.

Spring"tide (?), n. The time of spring; springtime. Thomson.

Spring"time` (?), n. The season of spring; springtide.

Spring"y (?), a. [Compar. Springier (?); superl. Springiest.] [From Spring.] 1. Resembling, having the qualities of, or pertaining to, a spring; elastic; as, springy steel; a springy step.

> Though her little frame was slight, it was firm and springy.

Sir W. Scott.

2. Abounding with springs or fountains; wet; spongy; as, springy land.

Sprin"kle (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sprinkled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sprinkling (?).] [OE. sprenkelen, freq. of sprengen to sprinkle, to scatter, AS. sprengan, properly, to make to spring, causative of springan to spring; akin to D. sprenkelen to sprinkle, G. sprengen. See Spring, v. i., and cf. Sprent.] 1. To scatter in small drops or particles, as water, seed, etc.

2. To scatter on; to disperse something over in small drops or particles; to besprinkle; as, to sprinkle the earth with water; to sprinkle a floor with sand.

3. To baptize by the application of a few drops, or a small quantity, of water; hence, to cleanse; to purify.

> Having our hearts sprinkled from an evil conscience.

Heb. x. 22.

Sprin"kle, v. i. 1. To scatter a liquid, or any fine substance, so that it may fall in particles.

> And the priest shall . . . sprinkle of the oil with his finger seven times before the Lord.

Lev. xiv. 16.

2. To rain moderately, or with scattered drops falling now and then; as, it sprinkles.

3. To fly or be scattered in small drops or particles.

Sprin"kle, n. 1. A small quantity scattered, or sparsely distributed; a sprinkling.

2. A utensil for sprinkling; a sprinkler. [Obs.]

Sprin"kler (?), n. 1. One who sprinkles.

2. An instrument or vessel used in sprinkling; specifically, a watering pot.

Sprin"kling (?), n. 1. The act of one who, or that which, sprinkles.

> Baptism may well enough be performed by sprinkling or effusion of water.

Ayliffe.

2. A small quantity falling in distinct drops or particles; as, a sprinkling of rain or snow.

3. Hence, a moderate number or quantity distributed like drops. Craik.

Sprint (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sprinted; p. pr. & vb. n. Sprinting.] [Cf. Sprunt.] To run very rapidly; to run at full speed.

> A runner [in a quarter-mile race] should be able to sprint the whole way.

Encyc. Brit.

Sprint, n. The act of sprinting; a run of a short distance at full speed.

Sprint race, a foot race at the highest running speed; -- usually limited to distance under a quarter of a mile.

Sprint"er (?), n. One who sprints; one who runs in sprint races; as, a champion sprinter.

Sprit (?), v. t. [Akin to G. spritzen, sprützen. See Sprit, v. i.] To throw out with force from a narrow orifice; to eject; to spurt out. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Sprit, v. i. [AS. spryttan to sprout, but. See Sprout, v. i., and cf. Spurt, v. t., Sprit a spar.] To sprout; to bud; to germinate, as barley steeped for malt.

Sprit, n. A shoot; a sprout. [Obs.] Mortimer.

Sprit, n. [OE. spret, AS. spreót a sprit; spear; akin to D. spriet, and E. sprout, sprit, v.t. & i. See Sprout, v. i.] (Naut.) A small boom, pole, or spar, which crosses the sail of a boat diagonally from the mast to the upper aftmost corner, which it is used to extend and elevate.

Sprite (?), n. [OE. sprit, F. esprit, fr. L. spiritus. See Spirit, and cf. Sprightly.] 1. A spirit; a soul; a shade; also, an apparition. See Spright.

> Gaping graves received the wandering, guilty sprite.

Dryden.

2. An elf; a fairy; a goblin.

3. (Zoöl.) The green woodpecker, or yaffle.

Sprite"ful (?), a. Sprite"ful*ly, adv., Sprite"li*ness (&?;), n., Sprite"ly, a., etc. See Sprightful, Sprightfully, Sprightliness, Sprightly, etc.

Sprit"sail (? or ?), n. (Naut.) (a) A sail extended by a sprit. (b) A sail formerly hung under the bowsprit, from the spritsail yard.

Sprock"et wheel` (?). [Etymology of sprocket is uncertain.] (Mach.) Same as Chain wheel.

Sprod (?), n. [Cf. Gael. & Ir. bradan a salmon.] (Zoöl.) A salmon in its second year. [Prov. Eng.]

Sprong (?), obs. imp. of Spring. Sprung.

Sprout (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sprouted; p. pr. & vb. n. Sprouting.] [OE. sprouten, spruten; akin to OFries. spr&?;ta, AS. spreótan, D. spruiten, G. spriessen, Sw. spruta to squirt, to spout. Cf. Sprit, v. t. & i., Sprit a spar, Spout, v. t., Spurt.] 1. To shoot, as the seed of a plant; to germinate; to push out new shoots; hence, to grow like shoots of plants.

2. To shoot into ramifications. [Obs.] Bacon.

Sprout, v. t. 1. To cause to sprout; as, the rain will sprout the seed.

2. To deprive of sprouts; as, to sprout potatoes.

Sprout, n. [Cf. AS. sprote a sprout, sprig; akin to Icel. sproti, G. sprosse. See Sprout, v. i.] 1. The shoot of a plant; a shoot from the seed, from the stump, or from the root or tuber, of a plant or tree; more rarely, a shoot from the stem of a plant, or the end of a branch.

2. pl. Young coleworts; Brussels sprouts. Johnson.

Brussels sprouts (Bot.) See under Brussels.

Spruce (?), n. [OE. Spruce or Pruse, Prussia, Prussian. So named because it was first known as a native of Prussia, or because its sprouts were used for making, spruce beer. Cf. Spruce beer, below, Spruce, a.] 1. (Bot.) Any coniferous tree of the genus Picea, as the Norway spruce (P. excelsa), and the white and black spruces of America (P. alba and P. nigra), besides several others in the far Northwest. See Picea.

2. The wood or timber of the spruce tree.

3. Prussia leather; pruce. [Obs.]

> Spruce, a sort of leather corruptly so called for Prussia leather.

E. Phillips.

Douglas spruce (Bot.), a valuable timber tree (Pseudotsuga Douglasii) of Northwestern America. -- Essence of spruce, a thick, dark-colored, bitterish, and acidulous liquid made by evaporating a decoction of the young branches of spruce. -- Hemlock spruce (Bot.), a graceful coniferous tree (Tsuga Canadensis) of North America. Its timber is valuable, and the bark is largely used in tanning leather. -- Spruce beer. [G. sprossenbier; sprosse sprout, shoot (akin to E. sprout, n.) + bier beer. The word was changed into spruce because the beer came from Prussia (OE. Spruce), or because it was made from the sprouts of the spruce. See Sprout, n., Beer, and cf. Spruce, n.] A kind of beer which is tinctured or flavored with spruce, either by means of the extract or by decoction. -- Spruce grouse. (Zoöl.) Same as Spruce partridge, below. - - Spruce leather. See Spruce, n., 3. -- Spruce partridge (Zoöl.), a handsome American grouse (Dendragapus Canadensis) found in Canada and the Northern United States; -- called also Canada grouse.

Spruce (?), a. [Compar. Sprucer (?); superl. Sprucest] [Perhaps fr. spruce a sort of leather from Prussia, which was an article of finery. See Spruce, n.] 1. Neat, without elegance or dignity; -- formerly applied to things with a serious meaning; now chiefly applied to persons. "Neat and spruce array." Remedy of Love.

2. Sprightly; dashing. [Obs.] "Now, my spruce companions." Shak.

> He is so spruce that he can never be genteel.

Tatler.

Syn. -- Finical; neat; trim. See Finical.

-- Sruce"ly, adv. -- Spruce"ness, n.

Spruce, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spruced (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sprucing (?).] To dress with affected neatness; to trim; to make spruce.

Spruce, v. i. To dress one's self with affected neatness; as, to spruce up.

Sprue (?), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] 1. (Founding) (a) Strictly, the hole through which melted metal is poured into the gate, and thence into the mold. (b) The waste piece of metal cast in this hole; hence, dross.

2. (Med.) Same as Sprew.

Sprug (?), v. t. [Cf. Prov. E. sprug up to dress neatly, sprag to prop, a., lively.] To make smart. [Obs.]

Sprung (?), imp. & p. p. of Spring.

Sprung, a. (Naut.) Said of a spar that has been cracked or strained.

Sprunt (?), v. i. [Cf. Sprout, v. i.] To spring up; to germinate; to spring forward or outward. [Obs.]

To sprunt up, to draw one's self up suddenly, as in anger or defiance; to bristle up. [Local, U.S.]

Sprunt, n. 1. Anything short and stiff. [Obs.]

2. A leap; a spring. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

3. A steep ascent in a road. [Prov. Eng.]

Sprunt, a. Active; lively; vigorous. [Obs.] Kersey.

Sprunt"ly, adv. In a sprunt manner; smartly; vigorously; youthfully. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Spry (?), a. [Compar. Sprier or Spryer (&?;); superl. Spriest or Spryest.] [Cf. dial. Sw. sprygg lively, skittish, and E. sprag.] Having great power of leaping or running; nimble; active. [U.S. & Local Eng.]

> She is as spry as a cricket.

S. Judd (Margaret).

> If I'm not so large as you,
> You are not so small as I,
> And not half so spry.

Emerson.

Spud (?), n. [Cf. Dan. spyd a spear.] 1. A sharp, narrow spade, usually with a long handle, used by farmers for digging up large-rooted weeds; a similarly shaped implement used for various purposes.

> My spud these nettles from the stone can part.

Swyft.

2. A dagger. [Obs.] olland.

3. Anything short and thick; specifically, a piece of dough boiled in fat. [Local, U.S.]

Spue (?), v. t. & i. See Spew.

Spuil"zie (?), n. See Spulzie.

Spuke (?), n. See Spook.

Spul"ler (&?;), n. [For spooler.] [See Spool.] One employed to inspect yarn, to see that it is well spun, and fit for the loom. [Prov. Eng.]

Spul"zie (?), n. [Cf. Spoil.] Plunder, or booty. [Written also spuilzie, and spulye.] Sir W. Scott.

Spume (?), n. [L. spuma. Cf. Pumice, Spoom.] Frothy matter raised on liquids by boiling, effervescence, or agitation; froth; foam; scum.

> Materials dark and crude,
> Of spiritous and fiery spume.

Milton.

Spume, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Spumed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Spuming.] [L. spumare.] To froth; to foam.

Spume"ous (?), a. Spumous. [Obs.] r. H. More.

Spu*mes"cence (?), n. [See Spumescent.] The state of being foamy; frothiness.

Spu*mes"cent (?), a. [L. spumescens, p. pr. of spumescere to grow foamy, from spuma foam.] Resembling froth or foam; foaming.

Spum"id (?), a. [L. spumidis.] Spumous; frothy. [Obs.]

Spu*mif"er*ous (?), a. [L. spumifier; spuma foam + ferra bear.] Producing foam.

Spum"i*ness (?), n. The quality or condition of being spumy; spumescence.

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{ Spum"ous (?), Spum"y (?) }, a. [L. spumosus, &?; spuma foam: cf. F. spumeux.] Consisting of, containing, or covered with, froth, scum, or foam; frothy; foamy.

> The spumous and florid state of the blood.

Arbuthnot.

> The spumy waves proclaim the watery war.

Dryden.

Spun (?), imp. & p. p. of Spin.

Spun hay, hay twisted into ropes for convenient carriage, as on a military expedition. -- Spun silk, a cheap article produced from floss, or short- fibered, broken, and waste silk, carded and spun, in distinction from the long filaments wound from the cocoon. It is often mixed with cotton. -- Spun yarn (Naut.), a line formed of two or more rope-yarns loosely twisted.

Spunge (spnj), n. A sponge. [Obs.]

Spunk (spk), n. [Gael. spong, or Ir. sponc, tinder, sponge; cf. AS. sponge a sponge (L. spongia), spn a chip. Cf. Sponge, Punk.] [Written also sponk.] 1. Wood that readily takes fire; touchwood; also, a kind of tinder made from a species of fungus; punk; amadou. Sir T. Browne.

2. An inflammable temper; spirit; mettle; pluck; as, a man of spunk. [Colloq.]

> A lawless and dangerous set, men of spunk, and spirit, and power, both of mind and body.

Prof. Wilson.

Spunk"y (?), a. [Compar. Spunkier (?); superl. Spunkiest.] Full of spunk; quick; spirited. [Colloq.]

Spur (?), n. [See Sparrow.] (Zoöl.) (a) A sparrow. [Scot.] (b) A tern. [Prov. Eng.]

Spur, n. [OE. spure, AS. spura, spora; akin to D. spoor, G. sporn, OHG. sporo, Icel. spori, Dan. spore, Sw. sporre, and to AS. spor a trace, footstep, spyrian to trace, track, examine, and E. spurn. √171. Cf. Sparrow, Spere, Spoor, Spurn.] 1. An implement secured to the heel, or above the heel, of a horseman, to urge the horse by its pressure. Modern spurs have a small wheel, or rowel, with short points. Spurs were the badge of knighthood.

> And on her feet a pair of spurs large.

Chaucer.

2. That which goads to action; an incitement.

> Fame is the spur that the clear spirit doth raise
> (That last infirmity of noble mind)
> To scorn delights and live laborious days.

Milton.

3. Something that projects; a snag.

4. One of the large or principal roots of a tree. Shak.

5. (Zoöl.) Any stiff, sharp spine, as on the wings and legs of certain burds, on the legs of insects, etc.; especially, the spine on a cock's leg.

6. A mountain that shoots from any other mountain, or range of mountains, and extends to some distance in a lateral direction, or at right angles.

7. A spiked iron worn by seamen upon the bottom of the boot, to enable them to stand upon the carcass of a whale, to strip off the blubber.

8. (Carp.) A brace strengthening a post and some connected part, as a rafter or crossbeam; a strut.

9. (Arch.) (a) The short wooden buttress of a post. (b) A projection from the round base of a column, occupying the angle of a square plinth upon which the base rests, or bringing the bottom bed of the base to a nearly square form. It is generally carved in leafage.

10. (Bot.) (a) Any projecting appendage of a flower looking like a spur. Gray. (b) Ergotized rye or other grain. [R.]

11. (Fort.) A wall that crosses a part of a rampart and joins to an inner wall.

12. (Shipbuilding) (a) A piece of timber fixed on the bilge ways before launching, having the upper ends bolted to the vessel's side. (b) A curved piece of timber serving as a half to support the deck where a whole beam can not be placed.

Spur fowl (Zoöl.), any one of several species of Asiatic gallinaceous birds of the genus Galloperdix, allied to the jungle fowl. The males have two or more spurs on each leg. -- Spur gear (Mach.), a cogwheel having teeth which project radially and stand parallel to the axis; a spur wheel. -- Spur gearing, gearing in which spur gears are used. See under Gearing. -- Spur pepper. (Bot.) See the Note under Capsicum. -- Spur wheel. Same as Spur gear, above.

Spur, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spurred (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Spurring.] 1. To prick with spurs; to incite to a more hasty pace; to urge or goad; as, to spur a horse.

2. To urge or encourage to action, or to a more vigorous pursuit of an object; to incite; to stimulate; to instigate; to impel; to drive.

> Love will not be spurred to what it loathes.

Shak.

3. To put spurs on; as, a spurred boot.

Spur, v. i. To spur on one' horse; to travel with great expedition; to hasten; hence, to press forward in any pursuit. "Now spurs the lated traveler." Shak.

> The Parthians shall be there,
> And, spurring from the fight, confess their fear.

Dryden.

> The roads leading to the capital were covered with multitudes of yeomen, spurring hard to Westminster.

Macaulay.

> Some bold men, . . . by spurring on, refine themselves.

Grew.

Spur"gall` (?), n. A place galled or excoriated by much using of the spur.

Spur"gall`, v. t. To gall or wound with a spur.

Spurge (?), v. t. [Etymol. uncertain.] To emit foam; to froth; -- said of the emission of yeast from beer in course of fermentation. [Obs.] W. Cartright.

Spurge, n. [OF. espurge, F. épurge, from OF. espurgier to purge, L. expurgare. See Expurgate, Purge.] (Bot.) Any plant of the genus Euphorbia. See Euphorbia.

Spurge flax, an evergreen shrub (Daphne Gnidium) with crowded narrow leaves. It is native of Southern Europe. -- Spurge laurel, a European shrub (Daphne Laureola) with oblong evergreen leaves. -- Spurge nettle. See under Nettle. -- Spurge olive, an evergreen shrub (Daphne oleoides) found in the Mediterranean region.

Spurge"wort` (?), n. (Bot.) Any euphorbiaceous plant. Lindley.

Spur"ging (?), n. [See 2d Spurge.] A purging. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Spu"ri*ous (?), a. [L. spurius.] 1. Not proceeding from the true source, or from the source pretended; not genuine; false; adulterate.

2. Not legitimate; bastard; as, spurious issue. "Her spurious firstborn." Milton.

Spurious primary, or Spurious quill (Zoöl.), the first, or outer, primary quill when rudimentary or much reduced in size, as in certain singing birds. -- Spurious wing (Zoöl.), the bastard wing, or alula.

Syn. -- Counterfeit; false; adulterate; supposititious; fictitious; bastard.

-- Spu"ri*ous*ly, adv. -- Spu"ri*ous*ness, n.

Spur"less (?), a. Having no spurs.

Spur"ling (?), n. [See Sparling.] (Zoöl.) A tern. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Tusser.

Spur"ling-line` (?), n. [Cf. Prov. E. spurling the rut of a wheel, a cart rut, AS. spor a track, trace, E. spoor. Scot. spurl to sprawl.] (Naut.) The line which forms the communication between the steering wheel and the telltale.

Spurn (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spurned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Spurning.] [OE. spurnen to kick against, to stumble over, AS. spurnan to kick, offend; akin to spura spur, OS. & OHG. spurnan to kick, Icel. spyrna, L. spernere to despise, Skr. sphur to jerk, to push. √171. See Spur.] 1. To drive back or away, as with the foot; to kick.

> [The bird] with his foot will spurn adown his cup.

Chaucer.

> I spurn thee like a cur out of my way.

Shak.

2. To reject with disdain; to scorn to receive or accept; to treat with contempt.

> What safe and nicely I might well delay
> By rule of knighthood, I disdain and spurn.

Shak.

> Domestics will pay a more cheerful service when they find themselves not spurned because fortune has laid them at their master's feet.

Locke.

Spurn, v. i. 1. To kick or toss up the heels.

> The miller spurned at a stone.

Chaucer.

> The drunken chairman in the kennel spurns.

Gay.

2. To manifest disdain in rejecting anything; to make contemptuous opposition or resistance.

> Nay, more, to spurn at your most royal image.

Shak.

Spurn, n. 1. A kick; a blow with the foot. [R.]

> What defence can properly be used in such a despicable encounter as this but either the slap or the spurn?

Milton.

2. Disdainful rejection; contemptuous tratment.

> The insolence of office and the spurns
> That patient merit of the unworthy takes.

Shak.

3. (Mining) A body of coal left to sustain an overhanding mass.

Spurn"er (?), n. One who spurns.

Spurn"-wa`ter (?), n. (Naut.) A channel at the end of a deck to restrain the water.

Spurred (?), a. 1. Wearing spurs; furnished with a spur or spurs; having shoots like spurs.

2. Affected with spur, or ergot; as, spurred rye.

Spurred corolla (Bot.), a corolla in which there are one or more petals with a spur.

Spur"rer (?), n. One who spurs.

Spur"rey (?), n. (Bot.) See Spurry.

Spur"ri*er (?), n. One whose occupation is to make spurs. B. Jonson. "The saddlers and spurriers would be ruined by thousands." Macaulay.

Spur"-roy`al (?), n. A gold coin, first made in the reign of Edward IV., having a star on the reverse resembling the rowel of a spur. In the reigns of Elizabeth and of James I., its value was fifteen shillings. [Written also spur-rial, and spur-ryal.]

Spur"ry (?), n. [D. or OF. spurrie; cf. G. spergel, NL. spergula.] (Bot.) An annual herb (Spergula arvensis) with whorled filiform leaves, sometimes grown in Europe for fodder. [Written also spurrey.]

Sand spurry (Bot.), any low herb of the genus Lepigonum, mostly found in sandy places.

Spur"-shell` (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of handsome gastropod shells of the genus Trochus, or Imperator. The shell is conical, with the margin toothed somewhat like the rowel of a spur.

Spurt (?), v. i. [Written also spirt, and originally the same word as sprit; OE. sprutten to sprout, AS. spryttan. See Sprit, v. i., Sprout, v. i.] To gush or issue suddenly or violently out in a stream, as liquor from a cask; to rush from a confined place in a small stream or jet; to spirt.

> Thus the small jet, which hasty hands unlock,
> Spurts in the gardener's eyes who turns the cock.

Pope.

Spurt, v. t. To throw out, as a liquid, in a stream or jet; to drive or force out with violence, as a liquid from a pipe or small orifice; as, to spurt water from the mouth.

Spurt, n. 1. A sudden or violent ejection or gushing of a liquid, as of water from a tube, orifice, or other confined place, or of blood from a wound; a jet; a spirt.

2. A shoot; a bud. [Obs.] Holland.

3. Fig.: A sudden outbreak; as, a spurt of jealousy.

Spurt grass (Bot.), a rush fit for basket work. Dr. Prior.

Spurt (?), n. [Cf. Icel. sprette a spurt, spring, run, spretta to sprit, spring.] A sudden and energetic effort, as in an emergency; an increased exertion for a brief space.

> The long, steady sweep of the so-called "paddle" tried him almost as much as the breathless strain of the spurt.

T. Hughes.

Spurt, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Spurted; p. pr. & vb. n. Spurting.] To make a sudden and violent exertion, as in an emergency.

Spur"tle (?), v. t. [Freq. of spurt.] To spurt or shoot in a scattering manner. [Obs.] Drayton.

Spur"way` (?), n. [Prov. E. spoor a track, trace (AS. spor) + way.] A bridle path. [R.]

Spur"-winged` (?), a. (Zoöl.) Having one or more spurs on the bend of the wings.

Spur-winged goose (Zoöl.), any one of several species of long-legged African geese of the genus Plectropterus and allied genera, having a strong spur on the bend of the wing, as the Gambo goose (P. Gambensis) and the Egyptian, or Nile, goose (Alopochen Ægyptiaca). -- Spur-winged plover (Zoöl.), an Old World plover (Hoplopterus spinosus) having a sharp spur on the bend of the wing. It inhabits Northern Africa and the adjacent parts of Asia and Europe.

Sput (?), n. (Steam Boiler) An annular reënforce, to strengthen a place where a hole is made.

Spu*ta"tion (?), n. [L. sputare to spit, v. intens. fr. spuere to spit: cf. F. sputation.] The act of spitting; expectoration. Harvey.

Spu"ta*tive (?), a. Inclined to spit; spitting much. Sir H. Wotton.

Spute (?), v. t. [Abbrev. from dispute.] To dispute; to discuss. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Sput"ter (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sputtered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sputtering.] [From the root of spout or spit to eject from the mputh. Cf. Splutter.] 1. To spit, or to emit saliva from the mouth in small, scattered portions, as in rapid speaking.

2. To utter words hastily and indistinctly; to speak so rapidly as to emit saliva.

> They could neither of them speak their rage, and so fell a sputtering at one another, like two roasting apples.

Congreve.

3. To throw out anything, as little jets of steam, with a noise like that made by one sputtering.

> Like the green wood . . . sputtering in the flame.

Dryden.

Sput"ter, v. t. To spit out hastily by quick, successive efforts, with a spluttering sound; to utter hastily and confusedly, without control over the organs of speech.

> In the midst of caresses, and without the last pretend incitement, to sputter out the basest accusations.

Swift.

Sput"ter, n. Moist matter thrown out in small detached particles; also, confused and hasty speech.

Sput"ter*er (?), n. One who sputters.

||Spu"tum (?), n.; pl. Sputa (#). [L., from spuere, sputum, to spit.] That which is expectorated; a salival discharge; spittle; saliva.

Spy (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spied (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Spying.] [OE. spien, espien, OF. espier, F. épier, OHG. speh&?;n, G. spähen; akin to L. specere to see, Skr. spa(&?;). &?; 169. Cf. Espy, v.t., Aspect, Auspice, Circumspect, Conspicuouc, Despise, Frontispiece, Inspect, Prospect, Respite, Scope, Scecimen, Spectacle, Specter, Speculate, Spice, Spite, Suspicion.] To gain sight of; to discover at a distance, or in a state of concealment; to espy; to see.

> One in reading, skipped over all sentences where he spied a note of admiration.

Swift.

2. To discover by close search or examination.

> Look about with yout eyes; spy what things are to be reformed in the church of England.

Latimer.

3. To explore; to view; inspect; and examine secretly, as a country; -- usually with out.

> Moses sent to spy Jaazer, and they took the villages thereof.

Num. xxi. 32.

Spy, v. i. To search narrowly; to scrutinize.

> It is my nature's plague
> To spy into abuses.

Shak.

Spy, n.; pl. Spies (#). [See Spy, v., and cf. Espy, n.] 1. One who keeps a constant watch of the conduct of others. "These wretched spies of wit." Dryden.

2. (Mil.) A person sent secretly into an enemy's camp, territory, or fortifications, to inspect his works, ascertain his strength, movements, or designs, and to communicate such intelligence to the proper officer.

Spy money, money paid to a spy; the reward for private or secret intelligence regarding the enemy. -- Spy Wednesday (Eccl.), the Wednesday immediately preceding the festival of Easter; -- so called in allusion to the betrayal of Christ by Judas Iscariot.

Syn. -- See Emissary, and Scout.

Spy"boat` (?), n. A boat sent to make discoveries and bring intelligence. Arbuthnot.

Spy"glass (?), n. A small telescope for viewing distant terrestrial objects.

Spy"ism (?), n. Act or business of spying. [R.]

{ Spy"nace (?; 48), Spyne (?) }, n. (Naut.) See Pinnace, n., 1 (a).

Squab (?), a. [Cf. dial. Sw. sqvabb a soft and fat body, sqvabba a fat woman, Icel. kvap jelly, jellylike things, and and E. quab.] 1. Fat; thick; plump; bulky.

> Nor the squab daughter nor the wife were nice.

Betterton.

2. Unfledged; unfeathered; as, a squab pigeon. King.

Squab, n. 1. (Zoöl.) A neatling of a pigeon or other similar bird, esp. when very fat and not fully fledged.

2. A person of a short, fat figure.

> Gorgonious sits abdominous and wan,
> Like a fat squab upon a Chinese fan.

Cowper.

3. A thickly stuffed cushion; especially, one used for the seat of a sofa, couch, or chair; also, a sofa.

> Punching the squab of chairs and sofas.

Dickens.

> On her large squab you find her spread.

Pope.

Squab, adv. [Cf. dial. Sw. squapp, a word imitative of a splash, and E. squab fat, unfledged.] With a heavy fall; plump. [Vulgar]

> The eagle took the tortoise up into the air, and dropped him down, squab, upon a rock.

L'Estrange.

Squab, v. i. To fall plump; to strike at one dash, or with a heavy stroke. [Obs.]

Squa*bash" (?), v. t. To crush; to quash; to squash. [Colloq. or Slang, Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Squab"bish (?), a. Thick; fat; heavy.

<! p. 1396 !>

Squab"ble (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Squabbled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Squabbling (?).] [Cf. dial. Sw. skvabbel a dispute, skvappa to chide.] 1. To contend for superiority in an unseemly maner; to scuffle; to struggle; to wrangle; to quarrel.

2. To debate peevishly; to dispute.

> The sense of these propositions is very plain, though logicians might squabble a whole day whether they should rank them under negative or affirmative.

I. Watts.

Syn. -- To dispute; contend; scuffle; wrangle; quarrel; struggle.

Squab"ble, v. t. (Print.) To disarrange, so that the letters or lines stand awry or are mixed and need careful readjustment; -- said of type that has been set up.

Squab"ble, n. A scuffle; a wrangle; a brawl.

Squab"bler (?), n. One who squabbles; a contentious person; a brawler.

Squab"by (?), a. Short and thick; suqabbish.

Squab"-chick` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A young chicken before it is fully fledged. [Prov. Eng.]

Squac"co (?), n.; pl. Squaccos (&?;). (Zoöl.) A heron (Ardea comata) found in Asia, Northern Africa, and Southern Europe.

Squad (?), n. [F. escouade, fr. Sp. escuadra, or It. squadra, (assumed) LL. exquadrare to square; L. ex + quadra a square. See Square.] 1. (Mil.) A small party of men assembled for drill, inspection, or other purposes.

2. Hence, any small party.

Squad, n. Sloppy mud. [Prov. Eng.] Tennyson.

Squad"ron (?), n. [F. escadron, formerly also esquadron, or It. squadrone. See Squad.] 1. Primarily, a square; hence, a square body of troops; a body of troops drawn up in a square. [R.]

> Those half-rounding quards
> Just met, and, closing, stood in squadron joined.

Milton.

2. (Mil.) A body of cavarly comparising two companies or troops, and averging from one hundred and twenty to two hundred men.

3. (Naut.) A detachment of vessels employed on any particular service or station, under the command of the senior officer; as, the North Atlantic Squadron. Totten.

Flying squadron, a squadron of observation or practice, that cruises rapidly about from place to place. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

Squad"roned (?), a. Formed into squadrons, or squares. [R.] Milton.

Squail (?), v. i. To throw sticls at cocks; to throw anything about awkwardly or irregularly. [Prov. Eng.] Southey.

Squai"mous (?), a. Squeamish. [Obs.]

||Squa"li (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. squalus a kind of sea fish.] (Zoöl.) The suborder of elasmobranch fishes which comprises the sharks.

Squal"id (?), a. [L. squalidus, fr. squalere to be foul or filthy.] Dirty through neglect; foul; filthy; extremely dirty.

> Uncomed his locks, and squalid his attrie.

Dryden.

> Those squalid dens, which are the reproach of large capitals.

Macaulay.

Squa*lid"i*ty (?), n. [L. squaliditas.] The quality or state of being squalid; foulness; filthiness.

Squal"id*ly (?), adv. In a squalid manner.

Squal"id*ness, n. Quality or state of being squalid.

Squall (?), n. [Cf. Sw. sqval an impetuous running of water, sqvalregn a violent shower of rain, sqala to stream, to gush.] A sudden violent gust of wind often attended with rain or snow.

> The gray skirts of a lifting squall.

Tennyson.

Black squall, a squall attended with dark, heavy clouds. -- Thick squall, a black squall accompanied by rain, hail, sleet, or snow. Totten. -- White squall, a squall which comes unexpectedly, without being marked in its approach by the clouds. Totten.

Squall, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Squalled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Squalling.] [Icel. skvala. Cf. Squeal.] To cry out; to scream or cry violently, as a woman frightened, or a child in anger or distress; as, the infant squalled.

Squall, n. A loud scream; a harsh cry.

> There oft are heard the notes of infant woe, -
> The short, thick sob, loud scream, and shriller squall.

Pope.

Squall"er (?), n. One who squalls; a screamer.

Squall"y (?), a. 1. Abounding with squalls; disturbed often with sudden and violent gusts of wind; gusty; as, squally weather.

2. (Agric.) Interrupted by unproductive spots; -- said of a flied of turnips or grain. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

3. (Weaving) Not equally good throughout; not uniform; uneven; faulty; -- said of cloth.

Squa"lo*don (?), n. [NL. Squalus a genus of sharks + Gr. &?;, &?;, a tooth.] (Paleon.) A genus of fossil whales belonging to the Phocodontia; -- so called because their are serrated, like a shark's.

Squa"lo*dont (?), a. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to Squalodon.

Squa"loid (?), a. [NL. Squalus a genus of sharks (fr. L. squalus a kind of sea fish) + - oid.] (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to a shark or sharks.

Squa"lor (?), n. [L., fr. squalere to be foul or filthy.] Squalidness; foulness; filthness; squalidity.

> The heterogenous indigent multitude, everywhere wearing nearly the same aspect of squalor.

Taylor.

> To bring this sort of squalor among the upper classes.

Dickens.

||Squa"ma (?), n.; pl. Squamæ (#). [L. a scale.] (Med.) A scale cast off from the skin; a thin dry shred consisting of epithelium.

Squa*ma"ceous (?), a. Squamose.

||Squa*ma"ta (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. squamatus scaly.] (Zoöl.) A division of edentates having the body covered with large, imbricated horny scales. It includes the pangolins.

{ Squa"mate (?), Squa"ma*ted (?) }, a. [L. squamatus.] Same as Squamose.

Squam"duck` (?). (Zoöl.) The American eider duck. [Local, U.S.]

Squame (?), n. [L. squama scale.] 1. A scale. [Obs.] "iron squames." Chaucer.

2. (Zoöl.) The scale, or exopodite, of an antenna of a crustacean.

||Squa*mel"la (?), n.; pl. Squamellæ (#). [NL., dim. fr. L. squama a scale.] (Bot.) A diminutive scale or bractlet, such as those found on the receptacle in many composite plants; a palea.

Squa*mel"late (?), a. Furnished or covered with little scales; squamulose.

Squa"mi*form (?), a.[L. squama a scale + -form.] Having the shape of a scale.

Squa*mig"er*ous (?), a. [L. squamiger; squama a scale + gerere to bear.] (Zoöl.) Bearing scales.

Squam"i*pen (? or ?), n. ;pl. Squamipennes (#). [L. squama a scale + penna a fin: cf. F. squamipenne.] (Zoöl.) Any one of a group of fishes having the dorsal and anal fins partially covered with scales.

They are compressed and mostly, bright-colored tropical fishes, belonging to Chætodon and allied genera. Many of them are called soral fishes, and angel fishes.

Squa"moid (?), a. [L. squama scale + -oid.] Resembling a scale; also, covered with scales; scaly.

Squa*mo"sal (?), a. (Anat.) (a) Scalelike; squamous; as, the squamosal bone. (b) Of or pertaining to the squamosal bone. -- n. The squamous part of the temporal bone, or a bone correspondending to it, under Temporal.

{ Squa*mose" (? or &?;), Squa"mous (?) }, [L. squamosus, fr. squama a scale: cf. F. squameux.] 1. Covered with, or consisting of, scales; resembling a scale; scaly; as, the squamose cones of the pine; squamous epithelial cells; the squamous portion of the temporal bone, which is so called from a fancied resemblance to a scale.

2. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the squamosal bone; squamosal.

Squa`mo*zyg`o*mat"ic (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to both the squamosal and zygomatic bones; -- applied to a bone, or a center of ossification, in some fetal skulls. -- n. A squamozygomatic bone.

||Squam"u*la (? or ?), n.; pl. Squamulæ (#). [L., dim. of squama a scale.] (Bot.) One of the little hypogynous scales found in the flowers of grasses; a lodicule.

Squam"u*late (?), a. Same as Squamulose.

Squam"ule (?), n. (Bot.) Same as Squamula.

Squam"u*lose` (?; 277), a. Having little scales; squamellate; squamulate.

Squan"der (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Squandered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Squandering.] [Cf. Scot. squatter to splash water about, to scatter, to squander, Prov. E. swatter, Dan. sqvatte, Sw. sqvätta to squirt, sqvättra to squander, Icel. skvetta to squirt out, to throw out water.] 1. To scatter; to disperse. [Obs.]

> Our squandered troops he rallies.

Dryden.

2. To spend lavishly or profusely; to spend prodigally or wastefully; to use without economy or judgment; to dissipate; as, to squander an estate.

> The crime of squandering health is equal to the folly.

Rambler.

Syn. -- To spend; expend; waste; scatter; dissipate.

Squan"der, v. i. 1. To spend lavishly; to be wasteful.

> They often squandered, but they never gave.

Savage.

2. To wander at random; to scatter. [R.]

> The wise man's folly is anatomized
> Even by squandering glances of the fool.

Shak.

Squan"der, n. The act of squandering; waste.

Squan"der*er (?), n. One who squanders.

Squan"der*ing*ly, adv. In a squandering manner.

Square (?), n. [OF. esquarre, esquierre, F. équerre a carpenter's square (cf. It. squadra), fr. (assumed) LL. exquadrare to make square; L. ex + quadrus a square, fr. quattuor four. See Four, and cf. Quadrant, Squad, Squer a square.] 1. (Geom.) (a) The corner, or angle, of a figure. [Obs.] (b) A parallelogram having four equal sides and four right angles.

2. Hence, anything which is square, or nearly so; as: (a) A square piece or fragment.

> He bolted his food down his capacious throat in squares of three inches.

Sir W. Scott.

(b) A pane of glass. (c) (Print.) A certain number of lines, forming a portion of a column, nearly square; -- used chiefly in reckoning the prices of advertisements in newspapers. (d) (Carp.) One hundred superficial feet.

3. An area of four sides, generally with houses on each side; sometimes, a solid block of houses; also, an open place or area for public use, as at the meeting or intersection of two or more streets.

> The statue of Alexander VII. stands in the large square of the town.

Addison.

4. (Mech. & Joinery) An instrument having at least one right angle and two or more straight edges, used to lay out or test square work. It is of several forms, as the T square, the carpenter's square, the try-square., etc.

5. Hence, a pattern or rule. [Obs.]

6. (Arith. & Alg.) The product of a number or quantity multiplied by itself; thus, 64 is the square of 8, for 8 × 8 = 64; the square of a + b is a2 + 2ab + b2.

7. Exact proportion; justness of workmanship and conduct; regularity; rule. [Obs.]

> They of Galatia [were] much more out of square.

Hooker.

> I have not kept my square.

Shak.

8. (Mil.) A body of troops formed in a square, esp. one formed to resist a charge of cavalry; a squadron. "The brave squares of war." Shak.

9. Fig.: The relation of harmony, or exact agreement; equality; level.

> We live not on the square with such as these.

Dryden.

10. (Astrol.) The position of planets distant ninety degrees from each other; a quadrate. [Obs.]

11. The act of squaring, or quarreling; a quarrel. [R.]

12. The front of a woman's dress over the bosom, usually worked or embroidered. [Obs.] Shak.

Geometrical square. See Quadrat, n., 2. -- Hollow square (Mil.), a formation of troops in the shape of a square, each side consisting of four or five ranks, and the colors, officers, horses, etc., occupying the middle. -- Least square, Magic square, etc. See under Least, Magic, etc. -- On the square, or Upon the square, in an open, fair manner; honestly, or upon honor. [Obs. or Colloq.] -- On, or Upon, the square with, upon equality with; even with. Nares. -- To be all squares, to be all settled. [Colloq.] Dickens. -- To be at square, to be in a state of quarreling. [Obs.] Nares. -- To break no square, to give no offense; to make no difference. [Obs.] -- To break squares, to depart from an accustomed order. -- To see how the squares go, to see how the game proceeds; -- a phrase taken from the game of chess, the chessboard being formed with squares. [Obs.] L'Estrange.

Square (?), a. 1. (Geom.) Having four equal sides and four right angles; as, a square figure.

2. Forming a right angle; as, a square corner.

3. Having a shape broad for the height, with rectilineal and angular rather than curving outlines; as, a man of a square frame.

4. Exactly suitable or correspondent; true; just.

> She's a most truimphant lady, if report be square to her.

Shak.

5. Rendering equal justice; exact; fair; honest, as square dealing.

6. Even; leaving no balance; as, to make or leave the accounts square.

7. Leaving nothing; hearty; vigorous.

> By Heaven, square eaters.
> More meat, I say.

Beau. & Fl.

8. (Naut.) At right angles with the mast or the keel, and parallel to the horizon; -- said of the yards of a square-rigged vessel when they are so braced.

Square is often used in self-explaining compounds or combination, as in square-built, square-cornered, square-cut, square-nosed, etc.

Square foot, an area equal to that of a square the sides of which are twelwe inches; 144 square inches. - - Square knot, a knot in which the terminal and standing parts are parallel to each other; a reef knot. See Illust. under Knot. -- Square measure, the measure of a superficies or surface which depends on the length and breadth taken conjointly. The units of square measure are squares whose sides are the linear measures; as, square inches, square feet, square meters, etc. -- Square number. See square, n., 6. -- Square root of a number or quantity (Math.), that number or quantity which, multiplied by itself produces the given number or quantity. -- Square sail (Naut.), a four-sided sail extended upon a yard suspended by the middle; sometimes, the foresail of a schooner set upon a yard; also, a cutter's or sloop's sail boomed out. See Illust. of Sail. -- Square stern (Naut.), a stern having a transom and joining the counter timbers at an angle, as distinguished from a round stern, which has no transom. -- Three-square, Five- square, etc., having three, five, etc., equal sides; as, a three-square file. -- To get square with, to get even with; to pay off. [Colloq.]

Square, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Squared (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Squaring.] [Cf. OF. escarrer, esquarrer. See Square, n.] 1. To form with four sides and four right angles. Spenser.

2. To form with right angles and straight lines, or flat surfaces; as, to square mason's work.

3. To compare with, or reduce to, any given measure or standard. Shak.

4. To adjust; to regulate; to mold; to shape; to fit; as, to square our actions by the opinions of others.

> Square my trial
> To my proportioned strength.

Milton.

5. To make even, so as leave no remainder of difference; to balance; as, to square accounts.

6. (Math.) To multiply by itself; as, to square a number or a quantity.

7. (Astrol.) To hold a quartile position respecting.

> The icy Goat and Crab that square the Scales.

Creech.

8. (Naut.) To place at right angles with the keel; as, to square the yards.

To square one's shoulders, to raise the shoulders so as to give them a square appearance, -- a movement expressing contempt or dislike. Sir W. Scott. -- To square the circle (Math.), to determine the exact contents of a circle in square measure. The solution of this famous problem is now generally admitted to be impossible.

Square, v. i. 1. To accord or agree exactly; to be consistent with; to conform or agree; to suit; to fit.

> No works shall find acceptamce . . .
> That square not truly with the Scripture plan.

Cowper.

2. To go to opposite sides; to take an attitude of offense or defense, or of defiance; to quarrel. [Obs.]

> Are you such fools
> To square for this?

Shak.

3. To take a boxing attitude; -- often with up, sometimes with off. [Colloq.] Dickens.

Square"ly, adv. In a square form or manner.

Square"ness, n. The quality of being square; as, an instrument to try the squareness of work.

Squar"er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, squares.

2. One who squares, or quarrels; a hot-headed, contentious fellow. [Obs.] Shak.

<! p. 1397 !>

Square"-rigged` (skwâr"rgd`), a. (Naut.) Having the sails extended upon yards suspended horizontally by the middle, as distinguished from fore-and-aft sails; thus, a ship and a brig are square-rigged vessels.

Square"-toed` (-td`), n. Having the toe square.

> Obsolete as fardingales, ruffs, and square-toed shoes.

V. Knox.

Square"-toes` (?), n. A precise person; -- used contemptuously or jocularly. Thackeray.

Squar"ish, a. Nearly square. Pennant.

Squar*rose" (? or ?; 277), a. [L. squarrosus (perhaps) scurfy, scabby.] Ragged or full of lose scales or projecting parts; rough; jagged; as: (a) (Bot. & Zoöl.) Consisting of scales widely divaricating; having scales, small leaves, or other bodies, spreading widely from the axis on which they are crowded; -- said of a calyx or stem. (b) (Bot.) Divided into shreds or jags, raised above the plane of the leaf, and not parallel to it; said of a leaf. (c) (Zoöl.) Having scales spreading every way, or standing upright, or at right angles to the surface; -- said of a shell.

Squarrose-slashed (Bot.), doubly slashed, with the smaller divisions at right angles to the others, as a leaf. Landley.

Squar*ro`so-den"tate (?), a. (Bot.) Having the teeth bent out of the plane of the lamina; -- said of a leaf.

Squar"rous (? or ?), a. Squarrose.

Squar"ru*lose` (?), a. [Dim. of squarrose.] (Bot.) Somewhat squarrose; slightly squarrose. Gray.

Squash (?), n. [Cf. Musquash.] (Zoöl.) An American animal allied to the weasel. [Obs.] Goldsmith.

Squash, n. [Massachusetts Indian asq, pl. asquash, raw, green, immaturate, applied to fruit and vegetables which were used when green, or without cooking; askutasquash vine apple.] (Bot.) A plant and its fruit of the genus Cucurbita, or gourd kind.

The species are much confused. The long-neck squash is called Cucurbita verrucosa, the Barbary or China squash, C. moschata, and the great winter squash, C. maxima, but the distinctions are not clear.

Squash beetle (Zoöl.), a small American beetle (Diabrotica, or Galeruca vittata) which is often abundant and very injurious to the leaves of squash, cucumber, etc. It is striped with yellow and black. The name is applied also to other allied species. -- Squash bug (Zoöl.), a large black American hemipterous insect (Coreus, or Anasa, tristis) injurious to squash vines.

Squash, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Squashed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Squashing.] [OE. squashen, OF. escachier, esquachier, to squash, to crush, F. écacher, perhaps from (assumed) LL. excoacticare, fr. L. ex + coactare to constrain, from cogere, coactum, to compel. Cf. Cogent, Squat, v. i.] To beat or press into pulp or a flat mass; to crush.

Squash, n. 1. Something soft and easily crushed; especially, an unripe pod of pease.

> Not yet old enough for a man, nor young enough for a boy; as a squash is before 't is a peascod.

Shak.

2. Hence, something unripe or soft; -- used in contempt. "This squash, this gentleman." Shak.

3. A sudden fall of a heavy, soft body; also, a shock of soft bodies. Arbuthnot.

> My fall was stopped by a terrible squash.

Swift.

Squash"er (?), n. One who, or that which, squashes.

Squash"i*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being squashy, or soft.

Squash"y (?), a. Easily squashed; soft.

Squat (?), n. (Zoöl.) The angel fish (Squatina angelus).

Squat, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Squatted; p. pr. & vb. n. Squatting.] [OE. squatten to crush, OF. esquater, esquatir (cf. It. quatto squat, cowering), perhaps fr. L. ex + coactus, p. p. cogere to drive or urge together. See Cogent, Squash, v. t.] 1. To sit down upon the hams or heels; as, the savages squatted near the fire.

2. To sit close to the ground; to cower; to stoop, or lie close, to escape observation, as a partridge or rabbit.

3. To settle on another's land without title; also, to settle on common or public lands.

Squat, v. t. To bruise or make flat by a fall. [Obs.]

Squat, a. 1. Sitting on the hams or heels; sitting close to the ground; cowering; crouching.

> Him there they found,
> Squat like a toad, close at the ear of Eve.

Milton.

2. Short and thick, like the figure of an animal squatting. "The round, squat turret." R. Browning.

> The head [of the squill insect] is broad and squat.

Grew.

Squat, n. 1. The posture of one that sits on his heels or hams, or close to the ground.

2. A sudden or crushing fall. [Obs.] erbert.

3. (Mining) (a) A small vein of ore. (b) A mineral consisting of tin ore and spar. Halliwell. Woodward.

Squat snipe (Zoöl.), the jacksnipe; -- called also squatter. [Local, U.S.]

Squat"er*ole (?), n. (Zoöl.) The black-bellied plover.

Squat"ter (?), n. 1. One who squats; specifically, one who settles unlawfully upon land without a title. In the United States and Australia the term is sometimes applied also to a person who settles lawfully upon government land under permission and restrictions, before acquiring title.

> In such a tract, squatters and trespassers were tolerated to an extent now unknown.

Macaulay.

2. (Zoöl.) See Squat snipe, under Squat.

Squatter sovereignty, the right claimed by the squatters, or actual residents, of a Territory of the United States to make their own laws. [Local, U.S.] Bartlett.

Squat"ty (?), a. Squat; dumpy. J. Burroughs.

Squaw (?), n. [Massachusetts Indian squa, eshqua; Narragansett squâws; Delaware ochqueu, and khqueu; used also in compound words (as the names of animals) in the sense of female.] A female; a woman; -- in the language of Indian tribes of the Algonquin family, correlative of sannup.

Old squaw. (Zoöl.) See under Old.

Squaw"ber`ry (?), n. (Bot.) A local name for the partridge berry; also, for the deerberry. [U. S.]

Squawk (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Squawked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Squawking.] [See Squeak.] To utter a shrill, abrupt scream; to squeak harshly.

Squawking thrush (Zoöl.), the missel turush; -- so called from its note when alarmed. [Prov. Eng.]

Squawk, n. 1. Act of squawking; a harsh squeak.

2. (Zoöl.) The American night heron. See under Night.

Squawk duck (Zoöl.), the bimaculate duck (Anas glocitans). It has patches of reddish brown behind, and in front of, each eye. [Prov. Eng.]

Squawl (?), v. i. See Squall.

Squaw"root` (?), n. (Bot.) A scaly parasitic plant (Conopholis Americana) found in oak woods in the United States; -- called also cancer root.

Squaw"weed` (?), n. (Bot.) The golden ragwort. See under Ragwort.

Squeak (?), v. i. [imp.& p. p. Squaked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Squeaking.] [Probably of imitative origin; cf. Sw. sqväka to croak, Icel. skvakka to give a sound as of water shaken in a bottle.] 1. To utter a sharp, shrill cry, usually of short duration; to cry with an acute tone, as an animal; or, to make a sharp, disagreeable noise, as a pipe or quill, a wagon wheel, a door; to creak.

> Who can endure to hear one of the rough old Romans squeaking through the mouth of an eunuch?

Addison.

> Zoilus calls the companions of Ulysses the "squeaking pigs" of Homer.

Pope.

2. To break silence or secrecy for fear of pain or punishment; to speak; to confess. [Colloq.]

> If he be obstinate, put a civil question to him upon the rack, and he squeaks, I warrant him.

Dryden.

Squeak, n. A sharp, shrill, disagreeable sound suddenly utered, either of the human voice or of any animal or instrument, such as is made by carriage wheels when dry, by the soles of leather shoes, or by a pipe or reed.

Squeak"er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, squeaks.

2. (Zoöl.) The Australian gray crow shrile (Strepera anaphonesis); -- so called from its note.

Squeak"ing*ly, adv. In a squeaking manner.

Squeal (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Squealed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Squealing.] [Of Scand. origin; cf. Sw. sqväla, Norw. skvella. Cf. Squeak, Squall.] 1. To cry with a sharp, shrill, prolonged sound, as certain animals do, indicating want, displeasure, or pain.

2. To turn informer; to betray a secret. [Slang]

Squeal, n. A shrill, somewhat prolonged cry.

Squeal"er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, squeals.

2. (Zoöl.) (a) The European swift. (b) The harlequin duck. (c) The American golden plover.

Squeam"ish (?), a. [OE. squaimous, sweymous, probably from OE. sweem, swem, dizziness, a swimming in the head; cf. Icel. svemr a bustle, a stir, Norw. sveim a hovering about, a sickness that comes upon one, Icel. svimi a giddiness, AS. swmi. The word has been perhaps confused witrh qualmish. Cf. Swim to be dizzy.] Having a stomach that is easily or nauseated; hence, nice to excess in taste; fastidious; easily disgusted; apt to be offended at trifling improprieties.

> Quoth he, that honor's very squeamish
> That takes a basting for a blemish.

Hudibras.

> His muse is rustic, and perhaps too plain
> The men of squeamish taste to entertain.

Southern.

> So ye grow squeamish, Gods, and sniff at heaven.

M. Arnold.

Syn. -- Fastidious; dainty; overnice; scrupulous. See Fastidious.

-- Squeam"ish*ly, adv. -- Squeam"ish*ness, n.

Squeam"ous (?), a. Squeamish. [Obs.]

Squea"si*ness (?), n. Queasiness. [Obs.]

Squea"sy (?), a. Queasy; nice; squeamish; fastidious; scrupulous. [Obs.] Bp. Earle.

Squee"gee (?), n. Same as Squilgee.

Squeeze (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Squeezed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Squeezing.] [OE. queisen, AS. cwsan, cwsan, cwsan, of uncertain origin. The s- was probably prefixed through the influence of squash, v.t.] 1. To press between two bodies; to press together closely; to compress; often, to compress so as to expel juice, moisture, etc.; as, to squeeze an orange with the fingers; to squeeze the hand in friendship.

2. Fig.: To oppress with hardships, burdens, or taxes; to harass; to crush.

> In a civil war, people must expect to be crushed and squeezed toward the burden.

L'Estrange.

3. To force, or cause to pass, by compression; often with out, through, etc.; as, to squeeze water through felt.

Syn. -- To compress; hug; pinch; gripe; crowd.

Squeeze, v. i. To press; to urge one's way, or to pass, by pressing; to crowd; -- often with through, into, etc.; as, to squeeze hard to get through a crowd.

Squeeze, n. 1. The act of one who squeezes; compression between bodies; pressure.

2. A facsimile impression taken in some soft substance, as pulp, from an inscription on stone.

Squeez"er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, squeezes; as, a lemon squeezer.

2. (Forging) (a) A machine like a large pair of pliers, for shingling, or squeezing, the balls of metal when puddled; -- used only in the plural. (b) A machine of several forms for the same purpose; -- used in the singular.

Squeez"ing, n. 1. The act of pressing; compression; oppression.

2. pl. That which is forced out by pressure; dregs.

3. Same as Squeeze, n., 2.

Squelch (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Squelched (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Squelching.] [Cf. prov. E. quelch a blow, and quel to crush, to kill.] To quell; to crush; to silence or put down. [Colloq.]

> Oh 't was your luck and mine to be squelched.

Beau. & Fl.

> If you deceive us you will be squelched.

Carlyle.

Squelch, n. A heavy fall, as of something flat; hence, also, a crushing reply. [Colloq.] Hudibras.

Sque*teague" (skw*tg"), n. [from the North American Indian name.] (Zoöl.) An American sciænoid fish (Cynoscion regalis), abundant on the Atlantic coast of the United States, and much valued as a food fish. It is of a bright silvery color, with iridescent reflections. Called also weakfish, squitee, chickwit, and sea trout. The spotted squeteague (C. nebulosus) of the Southern United States is a similar fish, but the back and upper fins are spotted with black. It is called also spotted weakfish, and, locally, sea trout, and sea salmon.

Squib (skwb), n. [OE. squippen, swippen, to move swiftly, Icel. svipa to swoop, flash, dart, whip; akin to AS. swipian to whip, and E. swift, a. See Swift, a.] 1. A little pipe, or hollow cylinder of paper, filled with powder or combustible matter, to be thrown into the air while burning, so as to burst there with a crack.

> Lampoons, like squibs, may make a present blaze.

Waller.

> The making and selling of fireworks, and squibs . . . is punishable.

Blackstone.

2. (Mining) A kind of slow match or safety fuse.

3. A sarcastic speech or publication; a petty lampoon; a brief, witty essay.

> Who copied his squibs, and reëchoed his jokes.

Goldsmith.

4. A writer of lampoons. [Obs.]

> The squibs are those who in the common phrase of the world are called libelers, lampooners, and pamphleteers.

Tatler.

5. A paltry fellow. [Obs.] Spenser.

Squib, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Squibbed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Squibbing.] To throw squibs; to utter sarcastic or severe reflections; to contend in petty dispute; as, to squib a little debate. [Colloq.]

Squid (skwd), n. [Cf. Squirt.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of ten-armed cephalopods having a long, tapered body, and a caudal fin on each side; especially, any species of Loligo, Ommastrephes, and related genera. See Calamary, Decacerata, Dibranchiata.

Some of these squids are very abundant on the Atlantic coast of North America, and are used in large quantities for bait, especially in the cod fishery. The most abundant of the American squids are the northern squid (Ommastrephes illecebrosus), ranging from Southern New England to Newfoundland, and the southern squid (Loligo Pealii), ranging from Virginia to Massachusetts.

2. A fishhook with a piece of bright lead, bone, or other substance, fastened on its shank to imitate a squid.

Flying squid, Giant squid. (Zoöl.) See under Flying, and Giant. -- Squid hound (Zoöl.), the striped bass.

Squier (?), n. A square. See 1st Squire. [Obs.]

> Not the worst of the three but jumps twelve foot and a half by the squier.

Shak.

{ Squi"er*ie, Squi"er*y }, (&?;), n. [OF. escuiere. See Esquire.] A company of squires; the whole body of squires.

This word is found in Tyrwhitt's Chaucer, but is not in the modern editions.

Squig"gle (?), v. i. [Cf. Prov. E. swiggle to drink greedily, to shake liquor in a close vessel, and E. sqig.] To shake and wash a fluid about in the mouth with the lips closed. [Prov. Eng.] Forby.

Squig"gle, v. i. [Cf. Squirm, Wiggle.] To move about like an eel; to squirm. [Low, U.S.] Bartlett.

<! p. 1398 !>

Squil"gee (?), n. Formerly, a small swab for drying a vessel's deck; now, a kind of scraper having a blade or edge of rubber or of leather, -- used for removing superfluous, water or other liquids, as from a vessel's deck after washing, from window panes, photographer's plates, etc. [Written also squillgee, squillagee, squeegee.]

Squill (?), n. [F. squille (also scille a squill, in sense 1), L. squilla, scilla, Gr. &?;.] 1. (Bot.) (a) A European bulbous liliaceous plant (Urginea, formerly Scilla, maritima), of acrid, expectorant, diuretic, and emetic properties used in medicine. Called also sea onion. (b) Any bulbous plant of the genus Scilla; as, the bluebell squill (S. mutans).

2. (Zoöl.) (a) A squilla. (b) A mantis.

||Squil"la (?), n.; pl. E. Squillas (#), L. Squillæ (#). [L., a sea onion, also, a prawn or shrimp. See Squill.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous stomapod crustaceans of the genus Squilla and allied genera. They make burrows in mud or beneath stones on the seashore. Called also mantis shrimp. See Illust. under Stomapoda.

Squill*it"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to squills. [R.] "Squillitic vinegar." Holland.

{ Squin"ance (?), Squin"an*cy (?) }, n. [F. esquinancie, OF. squinance, esquinance. See Quinsy.] 1. (Med.) The quinsy. See Quinsy. [Obs.]

2. (Bot.) A European perennial herb (Asperula cynanchica) with narrowly linear whorled leaves; -- formerly thought to cure the quinsy. Also called quincewort.

Squinancy berries, black currants; -- so called because used to cure the quinsy. Dr. Prior.

Squinch (?), n. [Corrupted fr. sconce.] (Arch.) A small arch thrown across the corner of a square room to support a superimposed mass, as where an octagonal spire or drum rests upon a square tower; -- called also sconce, and sconcheon.

Squin"sy (?), n. (Med.) See Quinsy. [Obs.]

Squint (?), a. [Cf. D. schuinte a slope, schuin, schuinisch, sloping, oblique, schuins slopingly. Cf. Askant, Askance, Asquint.] 1. Looking obliquely. Specifically (Med.), not having the optic axes coincident; -- said of the eyes. See Squint, n., 2.

2. Fig.: Looking askance. "Squint suspicion." Milton.

Squint, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Squinted; p. pr. & vb. n. Squinting.] 1. To see or look obliquely, asquint, or awry, or with a furtive glance.

> Some can squint when they will.

Bacon.

2. (Med.) To have the axes of the eyes not coincident; -- to be cross-eyed.

3. To deviate from a true line; to run obliquely.

Squint, v. t. 1. To turn to an oblique position; to direct obliquely; as, to squint an eye.

2. To cause to look with noncoincident optic axes.

> He . . . squints the eye, and makes the harelid.

Shak.

Squint, n. 1. The act or habit of squinting.

2. (Med.) A want of coincidence of the axes of the eyes; strabismus.

3. (Arch.) Same as Hagioscope.

Squint"er (?), n. One who squints.

Squint"-eye` (?), n. An eye that squints. Spenser.

Squint"-eyed` (?), a. 1. Having eyes that quint; having eyes with axes not coincident; cross-eyed.

2. Looking obliquely, or asquint; malignant; as, squint-eyed praise; squint-eyed jealousy.

Squint`i*fe"go (?), a. Squinting. [Obs. & R.]

Squint"ing (?), a. & n. from Squint, v. -- Squint"ing*ly, adv.

Squin"y (?), v. i. To squint. [Obs.] Shak.

Squin"zey (?), n. (Med.) See Quinsy. [Obs.]

Squir (skwr), v. t. To throw with a jerk; to throw edge foremost. [Obs.] [Written also squirr.] Addison.

Squir"al*ty (?), n. Same as Squirarchy.

> That such weight and influence be put thereby into the hands of the squiralty of my kingdom.

Sterne.

Squir"arch (?), n. [Squire + - arch.] One who belongs to the squirarchy. -- Squir"arch*al (#), a.

Squir"arch*y (?), n. [Squire + -archy.] The gentlemen, or gentry, of a country, collectively. [Written also squirearchy.]

Squire (?), n. [OF. esquierre, F. équerre. See Square, n.] A square; a measure; a rule. [Obs.] "With golden squire." Spenser.

Squire, n. [Aphetic form of esquire.] 1. A shield-bearer or armor- bearer who attended a knight.

2. A title of dignity next in degree below knight, and above gentleman. See Esquire. [Eng.] "His privy knights and squires." Chaucer.

3. A male attendant on a great personage; also (Colloq.), a devoted attendant or follower of a lady; a beau.

4. A title of office and courtesy. See under Esquire.

Squire, v. t. [imp. & p. p. squired (?); p. pr. & vb. n. squiring.] 1. To attend as a squire. Chaucer.

2. To attend as a beau, or gallant, for aid and protection; as, to squire a lady. [Colloq.] Goldsmith.

Squir*een" (?), n. One who is half squire and half farmer; -- used humorously. [Eng.] C. Kingsley.

Squire"hood (?), n. The rank or state of a squire; squireship. Swift.

squire"ling (?), n. A petty squire. Tennyson.

Squire"ly, a. & adv. Becoming a squire; like a squire.

squire"ship, n. Squirehood.

Squirm (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Squirmed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Squirming.] [Cf. Swarm to climb a tree.] To twist about briskly with contor&?;ions like an eel or a worm; to wriggle; to writhe.

Squirr (?), v. t. See Squir.

Squir"rel (skwr"rl or skwr"-; 277), n. [OE. squirel, OF. esquirel, escurel, F. écureuil, LL. squirelus, squirolus, scuriolus, dim. of L. sciurus, Gr. si`oyros; skia` shade + o'yra` tail. Cf. Shine, v. i.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of small rodents belonging to the genus Sciurus and several allied genera of the family Sciuridæ. Squirrels generally have a bushy tail, large erect ears, and strong hind legs. They are commonly arboreal in their habits, but many species live in burrows.

Among the common North American squirrels are the gray squirrel (Scirius Carolinensis) and its black variety; the fox, or cat, sqirrel (S. cinereus, or S. niger) which is a large species, and variable in color, the southern variety being frequently black, while the northern and western varieties are usually gray or rusty brown; the red squirrel (see Chickaree); the striped, or chipping, squirrel (see Chipmunk); and the California gray squirrel (S. fossor). Several other species inhabit Mexico and Central America. The common European species (Sciurus vulgaris) has a long tuft of hair on each ear. the so- called Australian squirrels are marsupials. See Petaurist, and Phalanger.

2. One of the small rollers of a carding machine which work with the large cylinder.

Barking squirrel (Zoöl.), the prairie dog. -- Federation squirrel (Zoöl.), the striped gopher. See Gopher, 2. -- Flying squirrel (Zoöl.). See Flying squirrel, in the Vocabulary. -- Java squirrel (Zoöl.). See Jelerang. -- Squirrel corn (Bot.), a North American herb (Dicantra Canadensis) bearing little yellow tubers. -- Squirrel cup (Bot.), the blossom of the Hepatica triloba, a low perennial herb with cup-shaped flowers varying from purplish blue to pink or even white. It is one of the earliest flowers of spring. -- Squirrel fish (Zoöl.) (a) A sea bass (Serranus fascicularis) of the Southern United States. (b) The sailor's choice (Diplodus rhomboides). (c) The redmouth, or grunt. (d) A market fish of Bermuda (Holocentrum Ascensione). -- Squirrel grass (Bot.), a pestiferous grass (Hordeum murinum) related to barley. In California the stiffly awned spiklets work into the wool of sheep, and into the throat, flesh, and eyes of animals, sometimes even producing death. -- Squirrel hake (Zoöl.), a common American hake (Phycis tenuis); -- called also white hake. -- Squirrel hawk (Zoöl.), any rough-legged hawk; especially, the California species Archibuteo ferrugineus. -- Squirrel monkey. (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of several species of small, soft-haired South American monkeys of the genus Calithrix. They are noted for their graceful form and agility. See Teetee. (b) A marmoset. -- Squirrel petaurus (Zoöl.), a flying phalanger of Australia. See Phalanger, Petaurist, and Flying phalanger under Flying. -- Squirrel shrew (Zoöl.), any one of several species of East Indian and Asiatic insectivores of the genus Tupaia. They are allied to the shrews, but have a bushy tail, like that of a squirrel. -- Squirrel-tail grass (Bot.), a grass (Hordeum jubatum) found in salt marshes and along the Great Lakes, having a dense spike beset with long awns.

Squirt (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Squirted; p. pr. & vb. n. Squirting.] [Cf. LG. swirtjen to squirt, OSw. sqvätta, E. squander.] To drive or eject in a stream out of a narrow pipe or orifice; as, to squirt water.

> The hard-featured miscreant coolly rolled his tobacco in his cheek, and squirted the juice into the fire grate.

Sir W. Scott.

Squirting cucumber. (Bot.) See Ecballium.

Squirt, v. i. 1. To be thrown out, or ejected, in a rapid stream, from a narrow orifice; - - said of liquids.

2. Hence, to throw out or utter words rapidly; to prate. [Low] L'Estrange.

Squirt, n. 1. An instrument out of which a liquid is ejected in a small stream with force. Young.

2. A small, quick stream; a jet. Bacon.

Squirt"er (?), n. One who, or that which, squirts.

Squir"y (?), n. [See Squiery.] The body of squires, collectively considered; squirarchy. [Obs.]

> The flower of chivalry and squiry.

Ld. Berbers.

Squitch" grass` (?). (Bot.) Quitch grass.

Squi*tee" (?), n. [From the N. American Indian name.] (Zoöl.) The squeteague; -- called also squit.

Stab (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stabbed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stabbing.] [Cf. OD. staven to fix, fasten, fr. stave, staff, a staff, rod; akin to G. stab a staff, stick, E. staff; also Gael. stob to stab, as n., a stake, a stub. Cf. Staff.] 1. To pierce with a pointed weapon; to wound or kill by the thrust of a pointed instrument; as, to stab a man with a dagger; also, to thrust; as, to stab a dagger into a person.

2. Fig.: To injure secretly or by malicious falsehood or slander; as, to stab a person's reputation.

Stab, v. i. 1. To give a wound with a pointed weapon; to pierce; to thrust with a pointed weapon.

> None shall dare
> With shortened sword to stab in closer war.

Dryden.

2. To wound or pain, as if with a pointed weapon.

> She speaks poniards, and every word stabs.

Shak.

To stab at, to offer or threaten to stab; to thrust a pointed weapon at.

Stab, n. 1. The thrust of a pointed weapon.

2. A wound with a sharp-pointed weapon; as, to fall by the stab an assassin. Shak.

3. Fig.: An injury inflicted covertly or suddenly; as, a stab given to character.

||Sta"bat Ma"ter (?). [L., the mother was standing.] A celebrated Latin hymn, beginning with these words, commemorating the sorrows of the mother of our Lord at the foot of the cross. It is read in the Mass of the Sorrows of the Virgin Mary, and is sung by Catholics when making "the way of the cross" (Via Crucis). See Station, 7 (c).

Stab"ber (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, stabs; a privy murderer.

2. (Naut.) A small marline spike; a pricker.

Stab"bing*ly (?), adv. By stabbing; with intent to injure covertly. Bp. Parker.

Sta*bil"i*ment (?), n. [L. stabilimentum, fr. stabilire to make firm ir stable, fr. stabilis. See Stable, a.] The act of making firm; firm support; establishment. [R.] Jer. taylor.

> They serve for stabiliment, propagation, and shade.

Derham.

Sta*bil"i*tate (?), v. t. [LL. stabilitatus, p. p. of stabilitare to make stable.] To make stable; to establish. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Sta*bil"i*ty (?), n. [L. stabilitas; cf. F. stabilité. See Stable, a.] 1. The state or quality of being stable, or firm; steadiness; firmness; strength to stand without being moved or overthrown; as, the stability of a structure; the stability of a throne or a constitution.

2. Steadiness or firmness of character, firmness of resolution or purpose; the quality opposite to fickleness, irresolution, or inconstancy; constancy; steadfastness; as, a man of little stability, or of unusual stability.

3. Fixedness; -- as opposed to fluidity.

> Since fluidness and stability are contary qualities.

Boyle.

Syn. -- Steadiness; stableness; constancy; immovability; firmness.

Sta"ble (?), a. [OE. estable, F. stable, fr. L. stabilis, fr. stare to stand. See Stand, v. i. and cf. Establish.] 1. Firmly established; not easily moved, shaken, or overthrown; fixed; as, a stable government.

> In this region of chance, . . . where nothing is stable.

Rogers.

2. Steady in purpose; constant; firm in resolution; not easily diverted from a purpose; not fickle or wavering; as, a man of stable character.

> And to her husband ever meek and stable.

Chaucer.

3. Durable; not subject to overthrow or change; firm; as, a stable foundation; a stable position.

Stable equibrium (Mech.), the kind of equilibrium of a body so placed that if disturbed it returns to its former position, as in the case when the center of gravity is below the point or axis of support; -- opposed to unstable equilibrium, in which the body if disturbed does not tend to return to its former position, but to move farther away from it, as in the case of a body supported at a point below the center of gravity. Cf. Neutral equilibrium, under Neutral.

Syn. -- Fixed; steady; constant; abiding; strong; durable; firm.

Sta"ble, v. t. To fix; to establish. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Sta"ble, n. [OF. estable, F. étable, from L. stabulum, fr. stare to stand. See Stand, v. i.] A house, shed, or building, for beasts to lodge and feed in; esp., a building or apartment with stalls, for horses; as, a horse stable; a cow stable. Milton.

Stable fly (Zoöl.), a common dipterous fly (Stomoxys calcitrans) which is abundant about stables and often enters dwellings, especially in autumn. These files, unlike the common house files, which they resemble, bite severely, and are troublesome to horses and cattle.

Sta"ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stabled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stabling (?).] To put or keep in a stable.

Sta"ble, v. i. To dwell or lodge in a stable; to dwell in an inclosed place; to kennel. Milton.

{ Sta"ble*boy` (?), Sta"ble*man (?) }, n. A boy or man who attends in a stable; a groom; a hostler.

Sta"ble*ness, n. The quality or state of being stable, or firmly established; stability.

Sta"bler (?), n. A stable keeper. De Foe.

Sta"ble stand` (?). (O.Eng. Law) The position of a man who is found at his standing in the forest, with a crossbow or a longbow bent, ready to shoot at a deer, or close by a tree with greyhounds in a leash ready to slip; -- one of the four presumptions that a man intends stealing the king's deer. Wharton.

Sta"bling (?), n. 1. The act or practice of keeping horses and cattle in a stable.

2. A building, shed, or room for horses and cattle.

Stab"lish (?), v. t. [Aphetic form of establish.] To settle permanently in a state; to make firm; to establish; to fix. [Obs.] 2 Sam. vii. 13.

Stab"lish*ment (?), n. Establishment. [Obs.]

Sta"bly (?), adv. In a stable manner; firmly; fixedly; steadily; as, a government stably settled.

Stab`u*la"tion (?), n. [L. stabulatio, fr. stabulari to stable cattle, fr. stabulum. See Stable, n.] 1. The act of stabling or housing beasts.

2. A place for lodging beasts; a stable. [Obs.]

||Stac*ca"to (?), a. [It., p. p. of staccere, equivalent to distaccare. See Detach.] 1. (Mus.) Disconnected; separated; distinct; -- a direction to perform the notes of a passage in a short, distinct, and pointed manner. It is opposed to legato, and often indicated by heavy accents written over or under the notes, or by dots when the performance is to be less distinct and emphatic.

2. Expressed in a brief, pointed manner.

> Staccato and peremptory [literary criticism].

G. Eliot.

Stack (?), a. [Icel. stakkr; akin to Sw. stack, Dan. stak. Sf. Stake.] 1. A large pile of hay, grain, straw, or the like, usually of a nearly conical form, but sometimes rectangular or oblong, contracted at the top to a point or ridge, and sometimes covered with thatch.

> But corn was housed, and beans were in the stack.

Cowper.

2. A pile of poles or wood, indefinite in quantity.

> Against every pillar was a stack of billets above a man's height.

Bacon.

3. A pile of wood containing 108 cubic feet. [Eng.]

4. (Arch.) (a) A number of flues embodied in one structure, rising above the roof. Hence: (b) Any single insulated and prominent structure, or upright pipe, which affords a conduit for smoke; as, the brick smokestack of a factory; the smokestack of a steam vessel.

Stack of arms (Mil.), a number of muskets or rifles set up together, with the bayonets crossing one another, forming a sort of conical self-supporting pile.

Stack, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stacked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stacking.] [Cf. Sw. stacka, Dan. stakke. See Stack, n.] To lay in a conical or other pile; to make into a large pile; as, to stack hay, cornstalks, or grain; to stack or place wood.

To stack arms (Mil.), to set up a number of muskets or rifles together, with the bayonets crossing one another, and forming a sort of conical pile.

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Stack"age (?), n. 1. Hay, gray, or the like, in stacks; things stacked. [R.]

2. A tax on things stacked. [R.] Holinshed.

Stack"et (?), n. [Cf. F. estacade and E. stockade.] (Mil.) A stockade. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Stack"-guard` (?), n. A covering or protection, as a canvas, for a stack.

Stack"ing, a. & n. from Stack.

Stacking band, Stacking belt, a band or rope used in binding thatch or straw upon a stack. -- Stacking stage, a stage used in building stacks.

Stack"stand` (?), n. A staging for supporting a stack of hay or grain; a rickstand.

Stack"yard` (?), n. A yard or inclosure for stacks of hay or grain. A. Smith.

Stac"te (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;, strictly fem. of &?; cozing out in drops, fr. &?; to drop.] One of the sweet spices used by the ancient Jews in the preparation of incense. It was perhaps an oil or other form of myrrh or cinnamon, or a kind of storax. Ex. xxx. 34.

Stad"dle (?), n. [AS. staðol, sraðul, a foundation, firm seat; akin to E. stand. √163. See Stand, v. i.] [Formerly written stadle.] 1. Anything which serves for support; a staff; a prop; a crutch; a cane.

> His weak steps governing
> And aged limbs on cypress stadle stout.

Spenser.

2. The frame of a stack of hay or grain. [Eng.]

3. A row of dried or drying hay, etc. [Eng.]

4. A small tree of any kind, especially a forest tree.

In America, trees are called staddles from the time that they are three or four years old till they are six or eight inches in diameter, or more. This is also the sense in which the word is used by Bacon and Tusser.

Stad"dle, v. t. 1. To leave the staddles, or saplings, of, as a wood when it is cut. [R.] Tusser.

2. To form into staddles, as hay. [Eng.]

Stade (?), n. [Cf. F. stade.] A stadium. Donne.

Stade, n. [Cf. G. gestade shore.] A landing place or wharf. Knight.

Sta*dim"e*ter (?), n. [Stadium + -meter.] A horizontal graduated bar mounted on a staff, used as a stadium, or telemeter, for measuring distances.

||Sta"di*um (?), n.; pl. Stadia (#). [L., a stadium (in sense 1), from Gr. &?;.] 1. A Greek measure of length, being the chief one used for itinerary distances, also adopted by the Romans for nautical and astronomical measurements. It was equal to 600 Greek or 625 Roman feet, or 125 Roman paces, or to 606 feet 9 inches English. This was also called the Olympic stadium, as being the exact length of the foot-race course at Olympia. Dr. W. Smith.

2. Hence, a race course; especially, the Olympic course for foot races.

3. A kind of telemeter for measuring the distance of an object of known dimensions, by observing the angle it subtends; especially (Surveying), a graduated rod used to measure the distance of the place where it stands from an instrument having a telescope, by observing the number of the graduations of the rod that are seen between certain parallel wires (stadia wires) in the field of view of the telescope; -- also called stadia, and stadia rod.

Stadt"hold`er (?), n. [D. stadhouder; stad a city, a town + houder a holder.] Formerly, the chief magistrate of the United Provinces of Holland; also, the governor or lieutenant governor of a province.

{ Stadt"hold`er*ate (?), Stadt"hold`er*ship (?) }, n. The office or position of a stadtholder.

Sta*fette" (?), n. [Cf. G. stafette. See Estafet.] An estafet. [R.] arlyle.

Staff (?), n.; pl. Staves (&?; or &?;; 277) or Staffs (#) in senses 1-9, Staffs in senses 10, 11. [AS. stæf a staff; akin to LG. & D. staf, OFries stef, G. stab, Icel. stafr, Sw. staf, Dan. stav, Goth. stabs element, rudiment, Skr. sthpay to cause to stand, to place. See Stand, and cf. Stab, Stave, n.] 1. A long piece of wood; a stick; the long handle of an instrument or weapon; a pole or srick, used for many purposes; as, a surveyor's staff; the staff of a spear or pike.

> And he put the staves into the rings on the sides of the altar to bear it withal.

Ex. xxxviii. 7.

> With forks and staves the felon to pursue.

Dryden.

2. A stick carried in the hand for support or defense by a person walking; hence, a support; that which props or upholds. "Hooked staves." Piers Plowman.

> The boy was the very staff of my age.

Shak.

> He spoke of it [beer] in "The Earnest Cry," and likewise in the "Scotch Drink," as one of the staffs of life which had been struck from the poor man's hand.

Prof. Wilson.

3. A pole, stick, or wand borne as an ensign of authority; a badge of office; as, a constable's staff.

> Methought this staff, mine office badge in court,
> Was broke in twain.

Shak.

> All his officers brake their staves; but at their return new staves were delivered unto them.

Hayward.

4. A pole upon which a flag is supported and displayed.

5. The round of a ladder. [R.]

> I ascend at one [ladder] of six hundred and thirty-nine staves.

Dr. J. Campbell (E. Brown's Travels).

6. A series of verses so disposed that, when it is concluded, the same order begins again; a stanza; a stave.

> Cowley found out that no kind of staff is proper for an heroic poem, as being all too lyrical.

Dryden.

7. (Mus.) The five lines and the spaces on which music is written; -- formerly called stave.

8. (Mech.) An arbor, as of a wheel or a pinion of a watch.

9. (Surg.) The grooved director for the gorget, or knife, used in cutting for stone in the bladder.

10. [From Staff, 3, a badge of office.] (Mil.) An establishment of officers in various departments attached to an army, to a section of an army, or to the commander of an army. The general's staff consists of those officers about his person who are employed in carrying his commands into execution. See État Major.

11. Hence: A body of assistants serving to carry into effect the plans of a superintendant or manager; as, the staff of a newspaper.

Jacob's staff (Surv.), a single straight rod or staff, pointed and iron-shod at the bottom, for penetrating the ground, and having a socket joint at the top, used, instead of a tripod, for supporting a compass. -- Staff angle (Arch.), a square rod of wood standing flush with the wall on each of its sides, at the external angles of plastering, to prevent their being damaged. -- The staff of life, bread. "Bread is the staff of life." Swift. -- Staff tree (Bot.), any plant of the genus Celastrus, mostly climbing shrubs of the northern hemisphere. The American species (C. scandens) is commonly called bittersweet. See 2d Bittersweet, 3 (b). -- To set, or To put, up, or down, one's staff, to take up one's residence; to lodge. [Obs.]

Staf"fi*er (?), n. An attendant bearing a staff. [Obs.] "Staffiers on foot." Hudibras.

Staff"ish (?), a. Stiff; harsh. [Obs.] Ascham.

Staff"man (?), n.; pl. Staffmen (&?;). A workman employed in silk throwing.

Stag (?), n. [Icel. steggr the male of several animals; or a doubtful AS. stagga. Cf. Steg.] 1. (Zoöl.) (a) The adult male of the red deer (Cervus elaphus), a large European species closely related to the American elk, or wapiti. (b) The male of certain other species of large deer.

2. A colt, or filly; also, a romping girl. [Prov. Eng.]

3. A castrated bull; -- called also bull stag, and bull seg. See the Note under Ox.

4. (Stock Exchange) (a) An outside irregular dealer in stocks, who is not a member of the exchange. [Cant] (b) One who applies for the allotment of shares in new projects, with a view to sell immediately at a premium, and not to hold the stock. [Cant]

5. (Zoöl.) The European wren. [Prov. Eng.]

Stag beetle (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of lamellicorn beetles belonging to Lucanus and allied genera, especially L. cervus of Europe and L. dama of the United States. The mandibles are large and branched, or forked, whence the name. The lava feeds on the rotten wood of dead trees. Called also horned bug, and horse beetle. -- Stag dance, a dance by men only. [slang, U.S.] -- Stag hog (Zoöl.), the babiroussa. -- Stag-horn coral (Zoöl.), any one of several species of large branching corals of the genus Madrepora, which somewhat resemble the antlers of the stag, especially Madrepora cervicornis, and M. palmata, of Florida and the West Indies. -- Stag-horn fern (Bot.), an Australian and West African fern (Platycerium alcicorne) having the large fronds branched like a stag's horns; also, any species of the same genus. -- Stag-horn sumac (Bot.), a common American shrub (Rhus typhina) having densely velvety branchlets. See Sumac. -- Stag party, a party consisting of men only. [Slang, U. S.] -- Stag tick (Zoöl.), a parasitic dipterous insect of the family Hippoboscidæ, which lives upon the stag and in usually wingless. The same species lives also upon the European grouse, but in that case has wings.

Stag, v. i. (Com.) To act as a "stag", or irregular dealer in stocks. [Cant]

Stag, v. t. To watch; to dog, or keep track of. [Prov. Eng. or Slang] H. Kingsley.

Stage (?), n. [OF. estage, F. étage, (assumed) LL. staticum, from L. stare to stand. See Stand, and cf. Static.] 1. A floor or story of a house. [Obs.] Wyclif.

2. An elevated platform on which an orator may speak, a play be performed, an exhibition be presented, or the like.

3. A floor elevated for the convenience of mechanical work, or the like; a scaffold; a staging.

4. A platform, often floating, serving as a kind of wharf.

5. The floor for scenic performances; hence, the theater; the playhouse; hence, also, the profession of representing dramatic compositions; the drama, as acted or exhibited.

> Knights, squires, and steeds, must enter on the stage.

Pope.

> Lo! Where the stage, the poor, degraded stage,
> Holds its warped mirror to a gaping age.

C. Sprague.

6. A place where anything is publicly exhibited; the scene of any noted action or carrer; the spot where any remarkable affair occurs.

> When we are born, we cry that we are come
> To this stage of fools.

Shak.

> Music and ethereal mirth
> Wherewith the stage of air and earth did ring.

Miton.

7. The platform of a microscope, upon which an object is placed to be viewed. See Illust. of Microscope.

8. A place of rest on a regularly traveled road; a stage house; a station; a place appointed for a relay of horses.

9. A degree of advancement in a journey; one of several portions into which a road or course is marked off; the distance between two places of rest on a road; as, a stage of ten miles.

> A stage . . . signifies a certain distance on a road.

Jeffrey.

> He traveled by gig, with his wife, his favorite horse performing the journey by easy stages.

Smiles.

10. A degree of advancement in any pursuit, or of progress toward an end or result.

> Such a polity is suited only to a particular stage in the progress of society.

Macaulay.

11. A large vehicle running from station to station for the accomodation of the public; a stagecoach; an omnibus. "A parcel sent you by the stage." Cowper.

> I went in the sixpenny stage.

Swift.

12. (Biol.) One of several marked phases or periods in the development and growth of many animals and plants; as, the larval stage; pupa stage; zœa stage.

Stage box, a box close to the stage in a theater. -- Stage carriage, a stagecoach. -- Stage door, the actor's and workmen's entrance to a theater. -- Stage lights, the lights by which the stage in a theater is illuminated. -- Stage micrometer, a graduated device applied to the stage of a microscope for measuring the size of an object. -- Stage wagon, a wagon which runs between two places for conveying passengers or goods. -- Stage whisper, a loud whisper, as by an actor in a theater, supposed, for dramatic effect, to be unheard by one or more of his fellow actors, yet audible to the audience; an aside.

Stage (?), v. t. To exhibit upon a stage, or as upon a stage; to display publicly. Shak.

Stage"coach` (?), n. A coach that runs regularly from one stage, station, or place to another, for the conveyance of passengers.

Stage"coach`man (?), n.; pl. Stagecoachmen (&?;). One who drives a stagecoach.

Stage"house` (?), n. A house where a stage regularly stops for passengers or a relay of horses.

Stage"ly, a. Pertaining to a stage; becoming the theater; theatrical. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

Stage"play` (?), n. A dramatic or theatrical entertainment. Dryden.

Stage"play`er (?), n. An actor on the stage; one whose occupation is to represent characters on the stage; as, Garrick was a celebrated stageplayer.

Sta"ger (?), n. 1. A player. [R.] B. Jonson.

2. One who has long acted on the stage of life; a practitioner; a person of experience, or of skill derived from long experience. "You will find most of the old stagers still stationary there." Sir W. Scott.

3. A horse used in drawing a stage. [Colloq.]

Sta"ger*y (?), n. Exhibition on the stage. [Obs.]

Stage"-struck` (?), a. Fascinated by the stage; seized by a passionate desire to become an actor.

Stag"-e`vil (?), n. (Far.) A kind of palsy affecting the jaw of a horse. Crabb.

Stag"gard (?), n. [From Stag.] (Zoöl.) The male red deer when four years old.

Stag"ger (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Staggered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Staggering.] [OE. stakeren, Icel. stakra to push, to stagger, fr. staka to punt, push, stagger; cf. OD. staggeren to stagger. Cf. Stake, n.] 1. To move to one side and the other, as if about to fall, in standing or walking; not to stand or walk with steadiness; to sway; to reel or totter.

> Deep was the wound; he staggered with the blow.

Dryden.

2. To cease to stand firm; to begin to give way; to fail. "The enemy staggers." Addison.

3. To begin to doubt and waver in purposes; to become less confident or determined; to hesitate.

> He [Abraham] staggered not at the promise of God through unbelief.

Rom. iv. 20.

Stag"ger, v. t. 1. To cause to reel or totter.

> That hand shall burn in never-quenching fire
> That staggers thus my person.

Shak.

2. To cause to doubt and waver; to make to hesitate; to make less steady or confident; to shock.

> Whosoever will read the story of this war will find himself much stagered.

Howell.

> Grants to the house of Russell were so enormous, as not only to outrage economy, but even to stagger credibility.

Burke.

3. To arrange (a series of parts) on each side of a median line alternately, as the spokes of a wheel or the rivets of a boiler seam.

Stag"ger, n. 1. An unsteady movement of the body in walking or standing, as if one were about to fall; a reeling motion; vertigo; -- often in the plural; as, the stagger of a drunken man.

2. pl. (Far.) A disease of horses and other animals, attended by reeling, unsteady gait or sudden falling; as, parasitic staggers; appopletic or sleepy staggers.

3. pl. Bewilderment; perplexity. [R.] Shak.

Stomach staggers (Far.), distention of the stomach with food or gas, resulting in indigestion, frequently in death.

Stag"ger*bush` (?), n. (Bot.) An American shrub (Andromeda Mariana) having clusters of nodding white flowers. It grows in low, sandy places, and is said to poison lambs and calves. Gray.

Stag"ger*ing*ly, adv. In a staggering manner.

Stag"ger*wort` (?), n. (Bot.) A kind of ragwort (Senecio Jacobæa).

{ Stag"-horn` co"ral (?), Stag"-horn` fern` (?), etc.} See under Stag.

Stag"-horned` (?), a. (Zoöl.) Having the mandibles large and palmate, or branched somewhat like the antlers of a stag; -- said of certain beetles.

Stag"hound` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A large and powerful hound formerly used in hunting the stag, the wolf, and other large animals. The breed is nearly extinct.

Sta"ging (?), n. A structure of posts and boards for supporting workmen, etc., as in building.

2. The business of running stagecoaches; also, the act of journeying in stagecoaches.

Stag"i*rite (?), n. A native of, or resident in, Stagira, in ancient Macedonia; especially, Aristotle. [Written also Stagyrite.]

Stag"nan*cy (?), n. State of being stagnant.

Stag"nant (?), a. [L. stagnans, -antis, p. pr. of stagnare. See Stagnate.] 1. That stagnates; not flowing; not running in a current or steam; motionless; hence, impure or foul from want of motion; as, a stagnant lake or pond; stagnant blood in the veins.

2. Not active or brisk; dull; as, business in stagnant.

> That gloomy slumber of the stagnant soul.

Johnson.

> For him a stagnant life was not worth living.

Palfrey.

Stag"nant*ly, adv. In a stagnant manner.

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Stag"nate (stg"nt), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Stagnated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stagnating.] [L. stagnatus, p. p. of stagnare to stagnate, make stagnant, from stagnum a piece of standing water. See Stank a pool, and cf. Stanch, v. t.] 1. To cease to flow; to be motionless; as, blood stagnates in the veins of an animal; hence, to become impure or foul by want of motion; as, air stagnates in a close room.

2. To cease to be brisk or active; to become dull or inactive; as, commerce stagnates; business stagnates.

> Ready-witted tenderness . . . never stagnates in vain lamentations while there is any room for hope.

Sir W. Scott.

Stag"nate (?), a. Stagnant. [Obs.] "A stagnate mass of vapors." Young.

Stag*na"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. stagnation.] 1. The condition of being stagnant; cessation of flowing or circulation, as of a fluid; the state of being motionless; as, the stagnation of the blood; the stagnation of water or air; the stagnation of vapors.

2. The cessation of action, or of brisk action; the state of being dull; as, the stagnation of business.

Stag"worm (?), n. (Zoöl.) The larve of any species of botfly which is parasitic upon the stag, as Œstrus, or Hypoderma, actæon, which burrows beneath the skin, and Cephalomyia auribarbis, which lives in the nostrils.

Stahl"ian (?), a. Pertaining to, or taught by, Stahl, a German physician and chemist of the 17th century; as, the Stahlian theory of phlogiston.

Stahl"ian, n. A believer in, or advocate of, Stahlism.

{ Stahl"ism (?), Stahl"ian*ism (?) }, n. The Stahlian theory, that every vital action is function or operation of the soul.

Staid (std), imp. & p. p. of Stay.

Staid, a. [From Stay to stop.] Sober; grave; steady; sedate; composed; regular; not wild, volatile, or fanciful. "Sober and staid persons." Addison.

> O'erlaid with black, staid Wisdom's hue.

Milton.

Syn. -- Sober; grave; steady; steadfast; composed; regular; sedate.

Staid"ly, adv. In a staid manner, sedately.

Staid"ness, n. The quality or state of being staid; seriousness; steadiness; sedateness; regularity; -- the opposite of wildness, or levity.

> If sometimes he appears too gray, yet a secret gracefulness of youth accompanies his writings, though the staidness and sobriety of age wanting.

Dryden.

Syn. -- Sobriety; gravity; steadiness; regularity; constancy; firmness; stability; sedateness.

Stail (?), n. A handle, as of a mop; a stale. [Eng.]

Stain (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stained (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Staining.] [Abbrev. fr. distain.] 1. To discolor by the application of foreign matter; to make foul; to spot; as, to stain the hand with dye; armor stained with blood.

2. To color, as wood, glass, paper, cloth, or the like, by processess affecting, chemically or otherwise, the material itself; to tinge with a color or colors combining with, or penetrating, the substance; to dye; as, to stain wood with acids, colored washes, paint rubbed in, etc.; to stain glass.

3. To spot with guilt or infamy; to bring reproach on; to blot; to soil; to tarnish.

> Of honor void,
> Of innocence, of faith, of purity,
> Our wonted ornaments now soiled and stained.

Milton.

4. To cause to seem inferior or soiled by comparison.

> She stains the ripest virgins of her age.

Beau. & Fl.

> That did all other beasts in beauty stain.

Spenser.

Stained glass, glass colored or stained by certain metallic pigments fused into its substance, -- often used for making ornament windows.

Syn. -- To paint; dye; blot; soil; sully; discolor; disgrace; taint. -- Paint, Stain, Dye. These denote three different processes; the first mechanical, the other two, chiefly chemical. To paint a thing is so spread a coat of coloring matter over it; to stain or dye a thing is to impart color to its substance. To stain is said chiefly of solids, as wood, glass, paper; to dye, of fibrous substances, textile fabrics, etc.; the one, commonly, a simple process, as applying a wash; the other more complex, as fixing colors by mordants.

Stain, v. i. To give or receive a stain; to grow dim.

Stain, n. 1. A discoloration by foreign matter; a spot; as, a stain on a garment or cloth. Shak.

2. A natural spot of a color different from the gound.

> Swift trouts, diversified with crimson stains.

Pope.

3. Taint of guilt; tarnish; disgrace; reproach.

> Nor death itself can wholly wash their stains.

Dryden.

> Our opinion . . . is, I trust, without any blemish or stain of heresy.

Hooker.

4. Cause of reproach; shame. Sir P. Sidney.

5. A tincture; a tinge. [R.]

> You have some stain of soldier in you.

Shak.

Syn. -- Blot; spot; taint; pollution; blemish; tarnish; color; disgrace; infamy; shame.

Stain"er (?), n. 1. One who stains or tarnishes.

2. A workman who stains; as, a stainer of wood.

Stain"less, a. Free from stain; immaculate. Shak.

> The veery care he took to keep his name
> Stainless, with some was evidence of shame.

Crabbe.

Syn. -- Blameless; spotless; faultless. See Blameless.

Stain"less*ly, adv. In a stainless manner.

Stair (?), n. [OE. steir, steyer, AS. st&?;ger, from &?;igan to ascend, rise. √164. See Sty to ascend.] 1. One step of a series for ascending or descending to a different level; -- commonly applied to those within a building.

2. A series of steps, as for passing from one story of a house to another; -- commonly used in the plural; but originally used in the singular only. "I a winding stair found." Chaucer's Dream.

Below stairs, in the basement or lower part of a house, where the servants are. -- Flight of stairs, the stairs which make the whole ascent of a story. -- Pair of stairs, a set or flight of stairs. -- pair, in this phrase, having its old meaning of a set. See Pair, n., 1. -- Run of stars (Arch.), a single set of stairs, or section of a stairway, from one platform to the next. -- Stair rod, a rod, usually of metal, for holding a stair carpet to its place. -- Up stairs. See Upstairs in the Vocabulary.

Stair"case` (?), n. A flight of stairs with their supporting framework, casing, balusters, etc.

> To make a complete staircase is a curious piece of architecture.

Sir H. Wotton.

Staircase shell. (Zoöl.) (a) Any scalaria, or wentletrap. (b) Any species of Solarium, or perspective shell.

Stair"head` (?), n. The head or top of a staircase.

Stair"way` (?), n. A flight of stairs or steps; a staircase. "A rude and narrow stairway." Moore.

Staith (?), n. [AS. stæ&?; a bank, shore, from the root of E. stead.] A landing place; an elevated staging upon a wharf for discharging coal, etc., as from railway cars, into vessels.

Staith"man (?), n. A man employed in weighing and shipping at a staith. [Eng.]

Stake (?), n. [AS. staca, from the root of E. stick; akin to OFries. & LG. stake, D. staak, Sw. stake, Dan. stage. See Stick, v. t., and cf. Estacade, Stockade.] 1. A piece of wood, usually long and slender, pointed at one end so as to be easily driven into the ground as a support or stay; as, a stake to support vines, fences, hedges, etc.

> A sharpened stake strong Dryas found.

Dryden.

2. A stick inserted upright in a lop, eye, or mortise, at the side or end of a cart, a flat car, or the like, to prevent goods from falling off.

3. The piece of timber to which a martyr was affixed to be burned; hence, martyrdom by fire.

4. A small anvil usually furnished with a tang to enter a hole in a bench top, -- used by tinsmiths, blacksmiths, etc., for light work, punching upon, etc.

5. That which is laid down as a wager; that which is staked or hazarded; a pledge.

At stake, in danger; hazarded; pledged. "I see my reputation is at stake." Shak.

Stake, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Staked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Staking.] 1. To fasten, support, or defend with stakes; as, to stake vines or plants.

2. To mark the limits of by stakes; -- with out; as, to stake out land; to stake out a new road.

3. To put at hazard upon the issue of competition, or upon a future contingency; to wager; to pledge.

> I'll stake yon lamb, that near the fountain plays.

Pope.

4. To pierce or wound with a stake. Spectator.

Stake"-driv`er (?), n. (Zoöl.) The common American bittern (Botaurus lentiginosus); -- so called because one of its notes resembles the sound made in driving a stake into the mud. Called also meadow hen, and Indian hen.

Stake"head` (?), n. (Rope making) A horizontal bar on a stake, used for supporting the yarns which are kept apart by pins in the bar.

Stake"hold`er (?), n. The holder of a stake; one with whom the bets are deposited when a wager is laid.

Stak*tom"e*ter (?), n. [Gr. &?; falling by drops + -meter.] A drop measurer; a glass tube tapering to a small orifice at the point, and having a bulb in the middle, used for finding the number of drops in equal quantities of different liquids. See Pipette. Sir D. Brewster.

Stal (?), obs. imp. of Steal. Stole.

{ Sta*lac"tic (?), Sta*lac"tic*al (?) }, a. (Geol.) Stalactitic.

Sta*lac"ti*form (?), a. Like a stalactite; resembling a stalactite.

Sta*lac"tite (?), n.; pl. Stalactites (#). [Gr. &?; oozing out in drops, dropping, fr. &?; to drop: cf. F. stalactite.] (Geol.) (a) A pendent cone or cylinder of calcium carbonate resembling an icicle in form and mode of attachment. Stalactites are found depending from the roof or sides of caverns, and are produced by deposition from waters which have percolated through, and partially dissolved, the overlying limestone rocks. (b) In an extended sense, any mineral or rock of similar form and origin; as, a stalactite of lava.

||Stal`ac*ti"tes (?), n. [NL.] A stalactite. [Obs.] Woodward.

{ Stal`ac*tit"ic (?), Stal`ac*tit"ic*al (?) }, a. [Cf. F. stalactitique.] (Geol.) Of or pertaining to a stalactite; having the form or characters of a stalactite; stalactic.

Stal`ac*tit"i*form (?), a. Having the form of a stalactite; stalactiform.

Sta*lag"mite (?), n. [Gr. &?; that which drops, a drop, fr. &?; to drop; cf. F. stalagmite.] (Geol.) A deposit more or less resembling an inverted stalactite, formed by calcareous water dropping on the floors of caverns; hence, a similar deposit of other material.

{ Stal`ag*mit"ic (?), Stal`ag*mit"ic*al (?) }, a. Having the form or structure of stalagmites. -- Stal`ag*mit"ic*al*ly, adv.

Stal"der (?), n. [From the root of stall.] A wooden frame to set casks on. [Prov. Eng.]

Stale (?), n. [OE. stale, stele, AS. stæl, stel; akin to LG. & D. steel, G. stiel; cf. L. stilus stake, stalk, stem, Gr. &?; a handle, and E. stall, stalk, n.] The stock or handle of anything; as, the stale of a rake. [Written also steal, stele, etc.]

> But seeling the arrow's stale without, and that the head did go
> No further than it might be seen.

Chapman.

Stale, a. [Akin to stale urine, and to stall, n.; probably from Low German or Scandinavian. Cf. Stale, v. i.] 1. Vapid or tasteless from age; having lost its life, spirit, and flavor, from being long kept; as, stale beer.

2. Not new; not freshly made; as, stele bread.

3. Having lost the life or graces of youth; worn out; decayed. "A stale virgin." Spectator.

4. Worn out by use or familiarity; having lost its novelty and power of pleasing; trite; common. Swift.

> Wit itself, if stale is less pleasing.

Grew.

> How weary, stale flat, and unprofitable
> Seem to me all the uses of this world!

Shak.

Stale affidavit (Law), an affidavit held above a year. Craig. -- Stale demand (Law), a claim or demand which has not been pressed or demanded for a long time.

Stale, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Staled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Staling.] To make vapid or tasteless; to destroy the life, beauty, or use of; to wear out.

> Age can not wither her, nor custom stale
> Her infinite variety.

Shak.

Stale, v. i. [Akin to D. & G. stallen, Dan. stalle, Sw. stalla, and E. stall a stable. &?; 163. See Stall, n., and cf. Stale, a.] To make water; to discharge urine; -- said especially of horses and cattle. Hudibras.

Stale, n. [See Stale, a. & v. i.] 1. That which is stale or worn out by long keeping, or by use. [Obs.]

2. A prostitute. [Obs.] Shak.

3. Urine, esp. that of beasts. "Stale of horses." Shak.

Stale, n. [Cf. OF. estal place, position, abode, market, F. étal a butcher's stall, OHG. stal station, place, stable, G. stall (see Stall, n.); or from OE. stale theft, AS. stalu (see Steal, v. t.)] 1. Something set, or offered to view, as an allurement to draw others to any place or purpose; a decoy; a stool pigeon. [Obs.]

> Still, as he went, he crafty stales did lay.

Spenser.

2. A stalking-horse. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

3. (Chess) A stalemate. [Obs.] Bacon.

4. A laughingstock; a dupe. [Obs.] Shak.

Stale"ly, adv. 1. In a state stale manner.

2. Of old; long since. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Stale"mate` (?), n. (Chess) The position of the king when he can not move without being placed on check and there is no other piece which can be moved.

Stale"mate`, v. t. (Chess) To subject to a stalemate; hence, to bring to a stand.

Stale"ness, n. The quality or state of being stale.

Stalk (?), n. [OE. stalke, fr. AS. stæl, stel, a stalk. See Stale a handle, Stall.] 1. (Bot.) (a) The stem or main axis of a plant; as, a stalk of wheat, rye, or oats; the stalks of maize or hemp. (b) The petiole, pedicel, or peduncle, of a plant.

2. That which resembes the stalk of a plant, as the stem of a quill. Grew.

3. (Arch.) An ornament in the Corinthian capital resembling the stalk of a plant, from which the volutes and helices spring.

4. One of the two upright pieces of a ladder. [Obs.]

> To climd by the rungs and the stalks.

Chaucer.

5. (Zoöl.) (a) A stem or peduncle, as of certain barnacles and crinoids. (b) The narrow basal portion of the abdomen of a hymenopterous insect. (c) The peduncle of the eyes of decapod crustaceans.

6. (Founding) An iron bar with projections inserted in a core to strengthen it; a core arbor.

Stalk borer (Zoöl.), the larva of a noctuid moth (Gortyna nitela), which bores in the stalks of the raspberry, strawberry, tomato, asters, and many other garden plants, often doing much injury.

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Stalk, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Stalked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stalking.] [AS. stælcan, stealcian to go slowly; cf. stels high, elevated, Dan. stalke to stalk; probably akin to 1st stalk.] 1. To walk slowly and cautiously; to walk in a stealthy, noiseless manner; -- sometimes used with a reflexive pronoun. Shak.

> Into the chamber he stalked him full still.

Chaucer.

> [Bertran] stalks close behind her, like a witch's fiend,
> Pressing to be employed.

Dryden.

2. To walk behind something as a screen, for the purpose of approaching game; to proceed under clover.

> The king . . . crept under the shoulder of his led horse; . . . "I must stalk," said he.

Bacon.

> One underneath his horse, to get a shoot doth stalk.

Drayton.

3. To walk with high and proud steps; usually implying the affectation of dignity, and indicating dislike. The word is used, however, especially by the poets, to express dignity of step.

> With manly mien he stalked along the ground.

Dryden.

> Then stalking through the deep,
> He fords the ocean.

Addison.

> I forbear myself from entering the lists in which he has long stalked alone and unchallenged.

Mericale.

Stalk (?), v. t. To approach under cover of a screen, or by stealth, for the purpose of killing, as game.

> As for shooting a man from behind a wall, it is cruelly like to stalking a deer.

Sir W. Scott.

Stalk, n. A high, proud, stately step or walk.

> Thus twice before, . . .
> With martial stalk hath he gone by our watch.

Shak.

> The which with monstrous stalk behind him stepped.

Spenser.

Stalked (?), a. Having a stalk or stem; borne upon a stem.

Stalked barnacle (Zoöl.), a goose barnacle, or anatifer; -- called also stalk barnacle. -- Stalked crinoid (Zoöl.), any crinoid having a jointed stem.

Stalk"er (?), n. 1. One who stalks.

2. A kind of fishing net.

Stalk"-eyed` (?), a. (Zoöl.) Having the eyes raised on a stalk, or peduncle; -- opposed to sessile-eyed. Said especially of podophthalmous crustaceans.

Stalk-eyed crustaceans. (Zoöl.) See Podophthalmia.

Stalk"ing-horse (?), n. 1. A horse, or a figure resembling a horse, behind which a hunter conceals himself from the game he is aiming to kill.

2. Fig.: Something used to cover up a secret project; a mask; a pretense.

> Hypocrisy is the devil's stalking-horse under an affectation of simplicity and religion.

L'Estrange.

> How much more abominable is it to make of him [Christ] and religion a stalking-horse, to get and enjoy the world!

Bunyan.

Stalk"less, a. Having no stalk.

Stalk"y (?), a. Hard as a stalk; resembling a stalk.

> At the top [it] bears a great stalky head.

Mortimer.

Stall (stl), n. [OE. stal, AS. steall, stall, a place, seat, or station, a stable; akin to D. & OHG. stal, G. & Sw. stall, Icel. stallr, Dan. stald, originally, a standing place; akin to G. stelle a place, stellen to place, Gr. ste`llein to set, place, send, and E. stand. √163. See Stand, and cf. Apostle, Epistle, Forestall, Install, Stale, a. & v. i., 1st Stalk, Stallion, Still.] 1. A stand; a station; a fixed spot; hence, the stand or place where a horse or an ox is kept and fed; the division of a stable, or the compartment, for one horse, ox, or other animal. "In an oxes stall." Chaucer.

2. A stable; a place for cattle.

> At last he found a stall where oxen stood.

Dryden.

3. A small apartment or shed in which merchandise is exposed for sale; as, a butcher's stall; a bookstall.

4. A bench or table on which small articles of merchandise are exposed for sale.

> How peddlers' stalls with glittering toys are laid.

Gay.

5. A seat in the choir of a church, for one of the officiating clergy. It is inclosed, either wholly or partially, at the back and sides. The stalls are frequently very rich, with canopies and elaborate carving.

> The dignified clergy, out of humility, have called their thrones by the names of stalls.

Bp. Warburton.

> Loud the monks sang in their stalls.

Longfellow.

6. In the theater, a seat with arms or otherwise partly inclosed, as distinguished from the benches, sofas, etc.

7. (Mining) The space left by excavation between pillars. See Post and stall, under Post.

Stall reader, one who reads books at a stall where they are exposed for sale.

> Cries the stall reader, "Bless us! what a word on
> A titlepage is this!"

Milton.

Stall, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stalled (stld); p. pr. & vb. n. Stalling.] [Cf. Sw. stalla, Dan. stalde.] 1. To put into a stall or stable; to keep in a stall or stalls; as, to stall an ox.

> Where King Latinus then his oxen stalled.

Dryden.

2. To fatten; as, to stall cattle. [Prov. Eng.]

3. To place in an office with the customary formalities; to install. Shak.

4. To plunge into mire or snow so as not to be able to get on; to set; to fix; as, to stall a cart. Burton.

> His horses had been stalled in the snow.

E. E. Hale.

5. To forestall; to anticipitate. [Obs.]

> This not to be stall'd by my report.

Massinger.

6. To keep close; to keep secret. [Obs.]

> Stall this in your bosom.

Shak.

Stall, v. i. [AS. steallian to have room. See Stall, n.] 1. To live in, or as in, a stall; to dwell. [Obs.]

> We could not stall together
> In the whole world.

Shak.

2. To kennel, as dogs. Johnson.

3. To be set, as in mire or snow; to stick fast.

4. To be tired of eating, as cattle. [Prov. Eng.]

Stall"age (stl"j), n. [Cf. OF. estallage, of German origin. See Stall, n.] 1. (Eng. Law) The right of erecting a stalls in fairs; rent paid for a stall.

2. Dung of cattle or horses, mixed with straw. [Obs.]

Stal*la"tion (?), n. Installation. [Obs.]

Stalled (stld or stl"d), a. Put or kept in a stall; hence, fatted. "A stalled ox." Prov. xv. 17.

Stall"er (?), n. A standard bearer. Fuller.

Stall"-feed (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stall-fed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Stall-feeding.] To feed and fatten in a stall or on dry fodder; as, to stall-feed an ox.

Stall"ing (?), n. Stabling. Tennyson.

Stal"lion (?), n. [OE. stalon, OF. estalon, F. étalon, fr. OHG. stal a stable. See Stall, n.] A male horse not castrated; a male horse kept for breeding.

Stall"man (stl"man), n.; pl. Stallmen (-men). One who keeps a stall for the sale of merchandise, especially books. Sterne.

Stal"lon (?), n. A slip from a plant; a scion; a cutting. [R.] Holinshed.

{ Stal"wart (?), Stal"worth (?) }, a. [OE. stalworth, AS. stælwyrð serviceable, probably originally, good at stealing, or worth stealing or taking, and afterwards extended to other causes of estimation. See Steal, v. t., Worth, a.] Brave; bold; strong; redoubted; daring; vehement; violent. "A stalwart tiller of the soil." Prof. Wilson.

> Fair man be was and wise, stalworth and bold.

R. of Brunne.

Stalworth is now disused, or bur little used, stalwart having taken its place.

Stal"wart*ly (?), adv. In a stalwart manner.

Stal"wart*ness, n. The quality of being stalwart.

{ Stal"worth*hood (?), Stal"worth*ness (&?;)}, n. The quality or state of being stalworth; stalwartness; boldness; daring. [Obs.]

Sta"men (?), n.; pl. E. Stamens (#) (used only in the second sense); L. Stamina (#) (in the first sense). [L. stamen the warp, a thread, fiber, akin to Gr. &?; the warp, fr. &?; to stand, akin to E. stand. See Stand, and cf. Stamin, Stamina.] 1. A thread; especially, a warp thread.

2. (pl. Stamens, rarely Stamina.) (Bot.) The male organ of flowers for secreting and furnishing the pollen or fecundating dust. It consists of the anther and filament.

Sta"mened (?), a. Furnished with stamens.

Sta"min (?), n. [OF. estamine, F. étamine, LL. staminea, stamineum, fr. L. stamineus consisting of threads, fr. stamen a thread. See Stamen, and cf. Stamineous, 2d Stammel, Tamine.] A kind of woolen cloth. [Written also stamine.] [Obs.]

Stam"i*na (?), n. pl. See Stamen.

Stam"i*na, n. pl. 1. The fixed, firm part of a body, which supports it or gives it strength and solidity; as, the bones are the stamina of animal bodies; the ligneous parts of trees are the stamina which constitute their strength.

2. Whatever constitutes the principal strength or support of anything; power of endurance; backbone; vigor; as, the stamina of a constitution or of life; the stamina of a State.

> He succeeded to great captains who had sapped the whole stamina and resistance of the contest.

De Quincey.

Stam"i*nal (?), a. [Cf. F. staminal.] Of or pertaining to stamens or stamina; consisting in stamens.

Stam"i*nate (?), a. [L. staminatus consisting of threads, fr. stamen thread: cf. F. staminé.] (Bot.) (a) Furnished with stamens; producing stamens. (b) Having stamens, but lacking pistils.

Stam"i*nate (?), v. t. To indue with stamina. [R.]

{ Sta*min"e*al (?), Sta*min"e*ous (?) }, a. [L. stamineus, from stamen thread.] 1. Consisting of stamens or threads.

2. (Bot.) Of or pertaining to the stamens; possessing stamens; also, attached to the stamens; as, a stamineous nectary.

Stam`i*nif"er*ous (?), a. [Stamen + -ferous.] Bearing or having stamens.

Stam"i*node (?), n. (Bot.) A staminodium.

||Stam`i*no"di*um (?), n.; pl. Staminodia (#). [NL. See Stamen, and - oid.] (Bot.) An abortive stamen, or any organ modified from an abortive stamen.

Stam"mel (?), n. A large, clumsy horse. [Prov. Eng.] Wright.

Stam"mel, n. [OF. estamel; cf. OF. estamet a coarse woolen cloth, LL. stameta a kind of cloth, the same as staminea, and OF. estame a woolen stuff. See Stamin.] 1. A kind of woolen cloth formerly in use. It seems to have been often of a red color. [Obs.]

2. A red dye, used in England in the 15th and 16th centuries. B. Jonson.

Stam"mel, a. Of the color of stammel; having a red color, thought inferior to scarlet.

Stam"mer (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Stammered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stammering.] [OE. stameren, fr. AS. stamur, stamer, stammering; akin to D. & LG. stameren to stammer, G. stammeln, OHG. stammal&?;n, stamm&?;n, Dan. stamme, Sw. stamma, Icel. stama, stamma, OHG. & Dan. stam stammering, Icel. stamr, Goth. stamms, and to G. stemmen to bear against, stumm dumb, D. stom. Cf. Stem to resist, Stumble.] To make involuntary stops in uttering syllables or words; to hesitate or falter in speaking; to speak with stops and diffivulty; to stutter.

> I would thou couldst stammer, that thou mightest pour this conclead man out of thy mouth, as wine comes out of a narrow-mouthed bottle, either too much at once, or none at all.

Shak.

Stam"mer (?), v. t. To utter or pronounce with hesitation or imperfectly; -- sometimes with out.

Stam"mer, n. Defective utterance, or involuntary interruption of utterance; a stutter.

Stam"mer*er (?), n. One who stammers.

Stam"mer*ing, a. Apt to stammer; hesitating in speech; stuttering. -- Stam"mer*ing*ly, adv.

Stam"mer*ing, n. (Physiol.) A disturbance in the formation of sounds. It is due essentially to long-continued spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm, by which expiration is preented, and hence it may be considered as a spasmodic inspiration.

Stamp (?) v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stamped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stamping.] [OE. stampen; akin to LG. & D. stampen, G. stampfen, OHG. stanpf&?;n, Dan. stampe, Sw. stampa, Icel. stappa, G. stampf a pestle and E. step. See Step, v. i., and cf. Stampede.] 1. To strike beat, or press forcibly with the bottom of the foot, or by thrusting the foot downward. Shak.

> He frets, he fumes, he stares, he stamps the ground.

Dryden.

2. To bring down (the foot) forcibly on the ground or floor; as, he stamped his foot with rage.

3. To crush; to pulverize; specifically (Metal.), to crush by the blow of a heavy stamp, as ore in a mill.

> I took your sin, the calf which ye had made, and burnt it with fire, and stamped it, and ground it very small.

Deut. ix. 21.

4. To impress with some mark or figure; as, to stamp a plate with arms or initials.

5. Fig.: To impress; to imprint; to fix deeply; as, to stamp virtuous principles on the heart.

> God . . . has stamped no original characters on our minds wherein we may read his being.

Locke.

6. To cut out, bend, or indent, as paper, sheet metal, etc., into various forms, by a blow or suddenly applied pressure with a stamp or die, etc.; to mint; to coin.

7. To put a stamp on, as for postage; as, to stamp a letter; to stamp a legal document.

To stamp out, to put an end to by sudden and energetic action; to extinguish; as, to stamp out a rebellion.

Stamp, v. i. 1. To strike; to beat; to crush.

> These cooks how they stamp and strain and grind.

Chaucer.

2. To strike the foot forcibly downward.

> But starts, exclaims, and stamps, and raves, and dies.

dennis.

Stamp, n. 1. The act of stamping, as with the foot.

2. The which stamps; any instrument for making impressions on other bodies, as a die.

> 'T is gold so pure
> It can not bear the stamp without alloy.

Dryden.

3. The mark made by stamping; a mark imprinted; an impression.

> That sacred name gives ornament and grace,
> And, like his stamp, makes basest metals pass.

Dryden.

4. that which is marked; a thing stamped.

> hanging a golden stamp about their necks.

Shak.

5. [F. estampe, of german origin. See Stamp, v. t.] A picture cut in wood or metal, or made by impression; a cut; a plate. [Obs.]

> At Venice they put out very curious stamps of the several edifices which are most famous for their beauty and magnificence.

Addison.

6. An offical mark set upon things chargeable with a duty or tax to government, as evidence that the duty or tax is paid; as, the stamp on a bill of exchange.

7. Hence, a stamped or printed device, issued by the government at a fixed price, and required by law to be affixed to, or stamped on, certain papers, as evidence that the government dues are paid; as, a postage stamp; a receipt stamp, etc.

8. An instrument for cutting out, or shaping, materials, as paper, leather, etc., by a downward pressure.

9. A character or reputation, good or bad, fixed on anything as if by an imprinted mark; current value; authority; as, these persons have the stamp of dishonesty; the Scriptures bear the stamp of a divine origin.

> Of the same stamp is that which is obtruded on us, that an adamant suspends the attraction of the loadstone.

Sir T. Browne.

10. Make; cast; form; character; as, a man of the same stamp, or of a different stamp.

> A soldier of this season's stamp.

Shak.

11. A kind of heavy hammer, or pestle, raised by water or steam power, for beating ores to powder; anything like a pestle, used for pounding or bathing.

12. A half-penny. [Obs.] au. & Fl.

13. pl. Money, esp. paper money. [Slang, U.S.]

Stamp act, an act of the British Parliament [1765] imposing a duty on all paper, vellum, and parchment used in the American colonies, and declaring all writings on unstamped materials to be null an void. -- Stamp collector, an officer who receives or collects stamp duties; one who collects postage or other stamps. -- Stamp duty, a duty, or tax, imposed on paper and parchment used for certain writings, as deeds, conveyances, etc., the evidence of the payment of the duty or tax being a stamp. [Eng.] -- Stamp hammer, a hammer, worked by power, which rises and falls vertically, like a stamp in a stamp mill. -- Stamp head, a heavy mass of metal, forming the head or lower end of a bar, which is lifted and let fall, in a stamp mill. -- Stamp mill (Mining), a mill in which ore is crushed with stamps; also, a machine for stamping ore. -- Stamp note, a stamped certificate from a customhouse officer, which allows goods to be received by the captain of a ship as freight. [Eng.] -- Stamp office, an office for the issue of stamps and the reception of stamp duties.

Stam*pede" (?), n. [Sp. estampida (in America) a stampede, estampido a crackling, akin to estampar to stamp, of German origin. See Stamp, v. t.] A wild, headlong scamper, or running away, of a number of animals; usually caused by fright; hence, any sudden flight or dispersion, as of a crowd or an army in consequence of a panic.

> She and her husband would join in the general stampede.

W. Black.

<! p. 1402 !>

Stam*pede" (?), v. i. To run away in a panic; -- said droves of cattle, horses, etc., also of armies.

Stam*pede", v. t. To disperse by causing sudden fright, as a herd or drove of animals.

Stamp"er (?), n. 1. One who stamps.

2. An instrument for pounding or stamping.

Stamp"ing, a. & n. from Stamp, v.

Stamping ground, a place frequented, and much trodden, by animals, wild or domesticated; hence (Colloq.), the scene of one's labors or exploits; also, one's favorite resort. [U.S.] -- Stamping machine, a machine for forming metallic articles or impressions by stamping. -- Stamping mill (Mining), a stamp mill.

Stance (?), n. [OF. estance. See Stanza.] 1. A stanza. [Obs.] Chapman.

2. A station; a position; a site. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Stanch (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stanched (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stanching.] [OF. estanchier, F. étancher to stpo a liquid from flowing; akin to Pr., Sp., & Pg. estancar, It. stancare to weary, LL. stancare, stagnare, to stanch, fr. L. stagnare to be or make stagnant. See Stagnate.] 1. To stop the flowing of, as blood; to check; also, to stop the flowing of blood from; as, to stanch a wound. [Written also staunch.]

> Iron or a stone laid to the neck doth stanch the bleeding of the nose.

Bacon.

2. To extinguish; to quench, as fire or thirst. [Obs.]

Stanch, v. i. To cease, as the flowing of blood.

> Immediately her issue of blood stanched.

Luke viii. 44.

Stanch, n. 1. That which stanches or checks. [Obs.]

2. A flood gate by which water is accumulated, for floating a boat over a shallow part of a stream by its release. Knight.

Stanch, a. [Compar. Stancher (?); superl. Stanchest.] [From Stanch, v. t., and hence literally signifying, stopped or stayed; cf. Sp. estanco stopped, tight, not leaky, as a ship. See Stanch, v. t.] [Written also staunch.] 1. Strong and tight; sound; firm; as, a stanch ship.

> One of the closets is parqueted with plain deal, set in diamond, exceeding stanch and pretty.

Evelyn.

2. Firm in principle; constant and zealous; loyal; hearty; steady; steadfast; as, a stanch churchman; a stanch friend or adherent. V. Knox.

> In politics I hear you 're stanch.

Prior.

3. Close; secret; private. [Obs.]

> This to be kept stanch.

Locke.

Stanch, v. t. To prop; to make stanch, or strong.

> His gathered sticks to stanch the wall
> Of the snow tower when snow should fall.

Emerson.

Stan"chel (?), n. A stanchion.

Stanch"er (?), n. One who, or that which, stanches, or stops, the flowing, as of blood.

Stan"chion (?), n. [OF. estanson, estançon, F. étançon, from OF. estance a stay, a prop, from L. stans, stantis, standing, p. pr. of stare to stand. See Stand, and cf. Stanza.] [Written also stanchel.] 1. (Arch.) A prop or support; a piece of timber in the form of a stake or post, used for a support or stay.

2. (Naut.) Any upright post or beam used as a support, as for the deck, the quarter rails, awnings, etc.

3. A vertical bar for confining cattle in a stall.

Stanch"less (?), a. 1. Incapable of being stanched, or stopped.

2. Unquenchable; insatiable. [Obs.] Shak.

Stanch"ly, adv. In a stanch manner.

Stanch"ness, n. The quality or state of being stanch.

Stand (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Stood (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Standing.] [OE. standen; AS. standan; akin to OFries. stonda, stn, D. staan, OS. standan, stn, G. stehen, Icel. standa, Dan. staae, Sw. stå, Goth. standan, Russ. stoiate, L. stare, Gr. &?; to cause to stand, &?; to stand, Skr. sth. √163. Cf. Assist, Constant, Contrast, Desist, Destine, Ecstasy, Exist, Interstice, Obstacle, Obstinate, Prest, n., Rest remainder, Soltice, Stable, a. & n., State, n., Statute, Stead, Steed, Stool, Stud of horses, Substance, System.] 1. To be at rest in an erect position; to be fixed in an upright or firm position; as: (a) To be supported on the feet, in an erect or nearly erect position; -- opposed to lie, sit, kneel, etc. "I pray you all, stand up!" Shak. (b) To continue upright in a certain locality, as a tree fixed by the roots, or a building resting on its foundation.

> It stands as it were to the ground yglued.

Chaucer.

> The ruined wall
> Stands when its wind worn battlements are gone.

Byron.

2. To occupy or hold a place; to have a situation; to be situated or located; as, Paris stands on the Seine.

> Wite ye not where there stands a little town?

Chaucer.

3. To cease from progress; not to proceed; to stop; to pause; to halt; to remain stationary.

> I charge thee, stand,
> And tell thy name.

Dryden.

> The star, which they saw in the east, went before them, till it came and stood over where the young child was.

Matt. ii. 9.

4. To remain without ruin or injury; to hold good against tendencies to impair or injure; to be permanent; to endure; to last; hence, to find endurance, strength, or resources.

> My mind on its own center stands unmoved.

Dryden.

5. To maintain one's ground; to be acquitted; not to fail or yield; to be safe.

> Readers by whose judgment I would stand or fall.

Spectator.

6. To maintain an invincible or permanent attitude; to be fixed, steady, or firm; to take a position in resistance or opposition. "The standing pattern of their imitation." South.

> The king granted the Jews . . . to gather themselves together, and to stand for their life.

Esther viii. 11.

7. To adhere to fixed principles; to maintain moral rectitude; to keep from falling into error or vice.

> We must labor so as to stand with godliness, according to his appointment.

Latimer.

8. To have or maintain a position, order, or rank; to be in a particular relation; as, Christian charity, or love, stands first in the rank of gifts.

9. To be in some particular state; to have essence or being; to be; to consist. "Sacrifices . . . which stood only in meats and drinks." Heb. ix. 10.

> Accomplish what your signs foreshow;
> I stand resigned, and am prepared to go.

Dryden.

> Thou seest how it stands with me, and that I may not tarry.

Sir W. Scott.

10. To be consistent; to agree; to accord.

> Doubt me not; by heaven, I will do nothing
> But what may stand with honor.

Massinger.

11. (Naut.) To hold a course at sea; as, to stand from the shore; to stand for the harbor.

> From the same parts of heaven his navy stands.

Dryden.

12. To offer one's self, or to be offered, as a candidate.

> He stood to be elected one of the proctors of the university.

Walton.

13. To stagnate; not to flow; to be motionless.

> Or the black water of Pomptina stands.

Dryden.

14. To measure when erect on the feet.

> Six feet two, as I think, he stands.

Tennyson.

15. (Law) (a) To be or remain as it is; to continue in force; to have efficacy or validity; to abide. Bouvier. (b) To appear in court. Burrill.

Stand by (Naut.), a preparatory order, equivalent to Be ready. -- To stand against, to opposite; to resist. -- To stand by. (a) To be near; to be a spectator; to be present. (b) To be aside; to be aside with disregard. "In the interim [we] let the commands stand by neglected." Dr. H. More. (c) To maintain; to defend; to support; not to desert; as, to stand by one's principles or party. (d) To rest on for support; to be supported by. Whitgift. -- To stand corrected, to be set right, as after an error in a statement of fact. Wycherley. -- To stand fast, to be fixed; to be unshaken or immovable. -- To stand firmly on, to be satisfied or convinced of. "Though Page be a secure fool, and stands so firmly on his wife's frailty." Shak. -- To stand for. (a) To side with; to espouse the cause of; to support; to maintain, or to profess or attempt to maintain; to defend. "I stand wholly for you." Shak. (b) To be in the place of; to be the substitute or to represent; as, a cipher at the left hand of a figure stands for nothing. "I will not trouble myself, whether these names stand for the same thing, or really include one another." Locke. -- To stand in, to cost. "The same standeth them in much less cost." Robynson (More's Utopia).

> The Punic wars could not have stood the human race in less than three millions of the species.

Burke.

-- To stand in hand, to conduce to one's interest; to be serviceable or advantageous. -- To stand off. (a) To keep at a distance. (b) Not to comply. (c) To keep at a distance in friendship, social intercourse, or acquaintance. (d) To appear prominent; to have relief. "Picture is best when it standeth off, as if it were carved." Sir H. Wotton. -- To stand off and on (Naut.), to remain near a coast by sailing toward land and then from it. -- To stand on (Naut.), to continue on the same tack or course. -- To stand out. (a) To project; to be prominent. "Their eyes stand out with fatness." Psalm lxxiii. 7. (b) To persist in opposition or resistance; not to yield or comply; not to give way or recede.

> His spirit is come in,
> That so stood out against the holy church.

Shak.

-- To stand to. (a) To ply; to urge; to persevere in using. "Stand to your tackles, mates, and stretch your oars." Dryden. (b) To remain fixed in a purpose or opinion. "I will stand to it, that this is his sense." Bp. Stillingfleet. (c) To abide by; to adhere to; as to a contrast, assertion, promise, etc.; as, to stand to an award; to stand to one's word. (d) Not to yield; not to fly; to maintain, as one's ground. "Their lives and fortunes were put in safety, whether they stood to it or ran away." Bacon. (e) To be consistent with; to agree with; as, it stands to reason that he could not have done so. (f) To support; to uphold. "Stand to me in this cause." Shak. -- To stand together, to be consistent; to agree. -- To stand to sea (Naut.), to direct the course from land. -- To stand under, to undergo; to withstand. Shak. -- To stand up. (a) To rise from sitting; to be on the feet. (b) To arise in order to speak or act. "Against whom, when the accusers stood up, they brought none accusation of such things as I supposed." Acts xxv. 18. (c) To rise and stand on end, as the hair. (d) To put one's self in opposition; to contend. "Once we stood up about the corn." Shak. - - To stand up for, to defend; to justify; to support, or attempt to support; as, to stand up for the administration. -- To stand upon. (a) To concern; to interest. (b) To value; to esteem. "We highly esteem and stand much upon our birth." Ray. (c) To insist on; to attach much importance to; as, to stand upon security; to stand upon ceremony. (d) To attack; to assault. [A Hebraism] "So I stood upon him, and slew him." 2 Sam. i. 10. -- To stand with, to be consistent with. "It stands with reason that they should be rewarded liberally." Sir J. Davies.

Stand (?), v. t. 1. To endure; to sustain; to bear; as, I can not stand the cold or the heat.

2. To resist, without yielding or receding; to withstand. "Love stood the siege." Dryden.

> He stood the furious foe.

Pope.

3. To abide by; to submit to; to suffer.

> Bid him disband his legions, . . .
> And stand the judgment of a Roman senate.

Addison.

4. To set upright; to cause to stand; as, to stand a book on the shelf; to stand a man on his feet.

5. To be at the expense of; to pay for; as, to stand a treat. [Colloq.] Thackeray.

To stand fire, to receive the fire of arms from an enemy without giving way. -- To stand one's ground, to keep the ground or station one has taken; to maintain one's position. "Peasants and burghers, however brave, are unable to stand their ground against veteran soldiers." Macaulay. -- To stand trial, to sustain the trial or examination of a cause; not to give up without trial.

Stand (?), n. [As. stand. See Stand, v. i.] 1. The act of standing.

> I took my stand upon an eminence . . . to look into thier several ladings.

Spectator.

2. A halt or stop for the purpose of defense, resistance, or opposition; as, to come to, or to make, a stand.

> Vice is at stand, and at the highest flow.

Dryden.

3. A place or post where one stands; a place where one may stand while observing or waiting for something.

> I have found you out a stand most fit,
> Where you may have such vantage on the duke,
> He shall not pass you.

Shak.

4. A station in a city or town where carriages or wagons stand for hire; as, a cab stand. Dickens.

5. A raised platform or station where a race or other outdoor spectacle may be viewed; as, the judge's or the grand stand at a race course.

6. A small table; also, something on or in which anything may be laid, hung, or placed upright; as, a hat stand; an umbrella stand; a music stand.

7. A place where a witness stands to testify in court.

8. The situation of a shop, store, hotel, etc.; as, a good, bad, or convenient stand for business. [U. S.]

9. Rank; post; station; standing.

> Father, since your fortune did attain
> So high a stand, I mean not to descend.

Daniel.

10. A state of perplexity or embarrassment; as, to be at a stand what to do. L'Estrange.

11. A young tree, usually reserved when other trees are cut; also, a tree growing or standing upon its own root, in distinction from one produced from a scion set in a stock, either of the same or another kind of tree.

12. (Com.) A weight of from two hundred and fifty to three hundred pounds, -- used in weighing pitch.

Microscope stand, the instrument, excepting the eyepiece, objective, and other removable optical parts. -- Stand of ammunition, the projectile, cartridge, and sabot connected together. -- Stand of arms. (Mil.) See under Arms. -- Stand of colors (Mil.), a single color, or flag. Wilhelm (Mil. Dict.) -- To be at a stand, to be stationary or motionless; to be at a standstill; hence, to be perplexed; to be embarrassed. -- To make a stand, to halt for the purpose of offering resistance to a pursuing enemy.

Syn. -- Stop; halt; rest; interruption; obstruction; perplexity; difficulty; embarrassment; hesitation.

Stand"age (?), n. (Mining) A reservior in which water accumulates at the bottom of a mine.

Stand"ard (?), n. [OF. estendart, F. étendard, probably fr. L. extendere to spread out, extend, but influenced by E. stand. See Extend.] 1. A flag; colors; a banner; especially, a national or other ensign.

> His armies, in the following day,
> On those fair plains their standards proud display.

Fairfax.

2. That which is established by authority as a rule for the measure of quantity, extent, value, or quality; esp., the original specimen weight or measure sanctioned by government, as the standard pound, gallon, or yard.

3. That which is established as a rule or model by authority, custom, or general consent; criterion; test.

> The court, which used to be the standard of property and correctness of speech.

Swift.

> A disposition to preserve, and an ability to improve, taken together, would be my standard of a statesman.

Burke.

4. (Coinage) The proportion of weights of fine metal and alloy established by authority.

> By the present standard of the coinage, sixty- two shillings is coined out of one pound weight of silver.

Arbuthnot.

5. (Hort.) A tree of natural size supported by its own stem, and not dwarfed by grafting on the stock of a smaller species nor trained upon a wall or trellis.

> In France part of their gardens is laid out for flowers, others for fruits; some standards, some against walls.

Sir W. Temple.

6. (Bot.) The upper petal or banner of a papilionaceous corolla.

7. (Mech. & Carp.) An upright support, as one of the poles of a scaffold; any upright in framing.

8. (Shipbuilding) An inverted knee timber placed upon the deck instead of beneath it, with its vertical branch turned upward from that which lies horizontally.

9. The sheth of a plow.

10. A large drinking cup. Greene.

Standard bearer, an officer of an army, company, or troop, who bears a standard; -- commonly called color sergeantor color bearer; hence, the leader of any organization; as, the standard bearer of a political party.

Stand"ard, a. 1. Being, affording, or according with, a standard for comparison and judgment; as, standard time; standard weights and measures; a standard authority as to nautical terms; standard gold or silver.

2. Hence: Having a recognized and permanent value; as, standard works in history; standard authors.

3. (Hort.) (a) Not supported by, or fastened to, a wall; as, standard fruit trees. (b) Not of the dwarf kind; as, a standard pear tree.

Standard candle, Standard gauge. See under Candle, and Gauge. - - Standard solution. (Chem.) See Standardized solution, under Solution.

Stand"ard-bred`, a. Bred in conformity to a standard. Specif., applied to a registered trotting horse which comes up to the standard adopted by the National Association of Trotting-horse Breeders. [U. S.]

Stand"ard*ize (?), v. t. (Chem.) To reduce to a normal standard; to calculate or adjust the strength of, by means of, and for uses in, analysis.

Stand"ard-wing` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A curious paradise bird (Semioptera Wallacii) which has two long special feathers standing erect on each wing.

<! p. 1403 !>

Stand"-by` (?), n. One who, or that which, stands by one in need; something upon which one relies for constant use or in an emergency.

Stand"el (?), n. A young tree, especially one reserved when others are cut. [Obs.] Fuller.

Stand"er (?), n. 1. One who stands.

2. Same as Standel. [Obs.] Ascham.

Stand"er-by` (?), n. One who stands near; one who is present; a bystander.

Stand"er*grass` (?), n. (Bot.) A plant (Orchis mascula); -- called also standerwort, and long purple. See Long purple, under Long.

Stand"gale` (?), n. See Stannel. [Prov. Eng.]

Stand"ing, a. 1. Remaining erect; not cut down; as, standing corn.

2. Not flowing; stagnant; as, standing water.

3. Not transitory; not liable to fade or vanish; lasting; as, a standing color.

4. Established by law, custom, or the like; settled; continually existing; permanent; not temporary; as, a standing army; legislative bodies have standing rules of proceeding and standing committees.

5. Not movable; fixed; as, a standing bed (distinguished from a trundle-bed).

Standing army. See Standing army, under Army. -- Standing bolt. See Stud bolt, under Stud, a stem. -- Standing committee, in legislative bodies, etc., a committee appointed for the consideration of all subjects of a particular class which shall arise during the session or a stated period. -- Standing cup, a tall goblet, with a foot and a cover. -- Standing finish (Arch.), that part of the interior fittings, esp. of a dwelling house, which is permanent and fixed in its place, as distinguished from doors, sashes, etc. -- Standing order (Eccl.), the denomination (Congregiational) established by law; -- a term formerly used in Connecticut. See also under Order. -- Standing part. (Naut.) (a) That part of a tackle which is made fast to a block, point, or other object. (b) That part of a rope around which turns are taken with the running part in making a knot of the like. -- Standing rigging (Naut.), the cordage or rope which sustain the masts and remain fixed in their position, as the shrouds and stays, -- distinguished from running rigging.

Stand"ing, n. 1. The act of stopping, or coming to a stand; the state of being erect upon the feet; stand.

2. Maintenance of position; duration; duration or existence in the same place or condition; continuance; as, a custom of long standing; an officer of long standing.

> An ancient thing of long standing.

Bunyan.

3. Place to stand in; station; stand.

> I will provide you a good standing to see his entry.

Bacon.

> I think in deep mire, where there is no standing.

Ps. lxix. 2.

4. Condition in society; relative position; reputation; rank; as, a man of good standing, or of high standing.

Standing off (Naut.), sailing from the land. -- Standing on (Naut.), sailing toward land.

Stand"ish, n. [Stand + dish.] A stand, or case, for pen and ink.

> I bequeath to Dean Swift, Esq., my large silver standish.

Swift.

Stand"pipe` (?), n. 1. (Engin.) A vertical pipe, open at the top, between a hydrant and a reservoir, to equalize the flow of water; also, a large vertical pipe, near a pumping engine, into which water is forced up, so as to give it sufficient head to rise to the required level at a distance.

2. (Steam Boiler) A supply pipe of sufficient elevation to enable the water to flow into the boiler, notwithstanding the pressure of the steam. Knight.

Stand"point` (?), n. [Cf. G. standpunkt.] A fixed point or station; a basis or fundamental principle; a position from which objects or principles are viewed, and according to which they are compared and judged.

Stand"still` (?), n. A standing without moving forward or backward; a stop; a state or rest.

Stane (?), n. A stone. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.]

Stang (?), imp. of Sting. [Archaic]

Stang, n. [OE. stange, of Scand. or Dutch origin; cf. Icel. stöng, akin to Dan. stang, Sw. stång, D. stang, G. stange, OHG. stanga, AS. steng; from the root of E. sting.] 1. A long bar; a pole; a shaft; a stake.

2. In land measure, a pole, rod, or perch. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Swift.

Stang ball, a projectile consisting of two half balls united by a bar; a bar shot. See Illust. of Bar shot, under Bar. -- To ride the stang, to be carried on a pole on men's shoulders. This method of punishing wife beaters, etc., was once in vogue in some parts of England.

Stang, v. i. [Akin to sting; cf. Icel. stanga to prick, to goad.] To shoot with pain. [Prov. Eng.]

Stan"hope (?), n. A light two- wheeled, or sometimes four-wheeled, carriage, without a top; -- so called from Lord Stanhope, for whom it was contrived.

Stan"iel (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Stannel.

Stan"iel*ry (?), n. Hawking with staniels, -- a base kind of falconry. [Obs.]

Stank (?), a. [OF. estanc, or It. stanco. See Stanch, a.] Weak; worn out. [Obs.] Spenser.

Stank, v. i. [Cf. Sw. stånka to pant. √165.] To sigh. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Stank, imp. of Stink. Stunk.

Stank, n. [OF. estang, F. étang, from L. stagnum a pool. Cf. Stagnate, Tank a cistern.] 1. Water retained by an embankment; a pool water. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Robert of Brunne.

2. A dam or mound to stop water. [Prov. Eng.]

Stank hen (Zoöl.), the moor hen; -- called also stankie. [Prov. Eng.]

Stan"na*ry (?), a. [L. stannum tin, an alloy of silver and lead.] Of or pertaining to tin mines, or tin works.

> The stannary courts of Devonshire and Cornwall, for the administration of justice among the tinners therein, are also courts of record.

Blackstone.

Stan"na*ry, n.; pl. Stannaries (#). [LL. stannaria.] A tin mine; tin works. Bp. Hall.

Stan"nate (?), n. [Cf. F. stannate.] (Chem.) A salt of stannic acid.

Stan"nel (?), n. [AS. stngella, stangilla; properly, stone yeller, i. e., a bird that yells from the rocks. See Stone, and Yell, and cf. Stonegall.] (Zoöl.) The kestrel; -- called also standgale, standgall, stanchel, stand hawk, stannel hawk, steingale, stonegall. [Written also staniel, stannyel, and stanyel.]

> With what wing the staniel checks at it.

Shak.

Stan"nic (?), a. [L. stannum tin: cf. F. stannique.] (Chem.) Of or pertaining to tin; derived from or containing tin; specifically, designating those compounds in which the element has a higher valence as contrasted with stannous compounds.

Stannic acid. (a) A hypothetical substance, Sn(OH)4, analogous to silic acid, and called also normal stannic acid. (b) Metastannic acid. -- Stannic chloride, a thin, colorless, fuming liquid, SnCl4, used as a mordant in calico printing and dyeing; -- formerly called spirit of tin, or fuming liquor of Libavius. -- Stannic oxide, tin oxide, SnO2, produced artificially as a white amorphous powder, and occurring naturally in the mineral cassiterite. It is used in the manufacture of white enamels, and, under the name of putty powder, for polishing glass, etc.

Stan*nif"er*ous (?), a. [L. stannum tin + -ferous.] Containing or affording tin.

{ Stan"nine (?), Stan"nite (?), } n. (Min.) A mineral of a steel-gray or iron-black color; tin pyrites. It is a sulphide of tin, copper, and iron.

Stan"no- (?). [L. stannum tin.] (Chem.) A combining form (also used adjectively) denoting relation to, or connection with, tin, or including tin as an ingredient.

Stan`no*flu"or*ide (-fl"r*d or -d), n. (Chem.) Any one of a series of double fluorides of tin (stannum) and some other element.

Stan*no"so- (stn*n"s-), a. (Chem.) A combining form (also used adjectively) denoting relation to, or connection with, certain stannnous compounds.

Stan"no*type (stn"n*tp), n. [Stanno- + -type.] (Photog.) A photograph taken upon a tin plate; a tintype.

Stan"nous (-ns), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or containing, tin; specifically, designating those compounds in which the element has a lower valence as contrasted with stannic compounds.

Stannous chloride (Chem.), a white crystalline substance, SnCl2.(H2O)2, obtained by dissolving tin in hydrochloric acid. It is used as a mordant in dyeing.

||Stan"num (?), n. [L., alloy of silver and lead; later, tin.] (Chem.) The technical name of tin. See Tin.

{ Stann"yel, Stan"yel } (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Stannel.

{ Stant (?), Stont (?), } obs. 3d pers. sing. pres. of Stand, for standeth. Stands. Chaucer.

Stan"za (?), n.; pl. Stanzas (#). [It. stanza a room, habitation, a stanza, i. e., a stop, fr. L. stans, p. pr. of stare to stand. See Stand, and cf. Estancia, Stance, Stanchion.] 1. A number of lines or verses forming a division of a song or poem, and agreeing in meter, rhyme, number of lines, etc., with other divisions; a part of a poem, ordinarily containing every variation of measure in that poem; a combination or arrangement of lines usually recurring; whether like or unlike, in measure.

> Horace confines himself strictly to one sort of verse, or stanza, in every ode.

Dryden.

2. (Arch.) An apartment or division in a building; a room or chamber.

Stan*za"ic (?), a. Pertaining to, or consisting of, stanzas; as, a couplet in stanzaic form.

Sta*pe"di*al (?), a. [LL. stapes stirrup.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to stapes.

||Sta*pe"li*a (?), n. [NL. So named after John Bodæus a Stapel, a physician of Amsterdam.] (Bot.) An extensive and curious genus of African plants of the natural order Asclepiadaceæ (Milkweed family). They are succulent plants without leaves, frequently covered with dark tubercles giving them a very grotesque appearance. The odor of the blossoms is like that of carrion.

||Sta"pes (?), n. [LL., a stirrup.] (Anat.) The innermost of the ossicles of the ear; the stirrup, or stirrup bone; -- so called from its form. See Illust. of Ear.

Staph"y*line (?), a. [Gr. &?; botryodial, from &?; a bunch of grapes.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the uvula or the palate.

Staph`y*li"nid (?), n. [Gr. &?; a kind of insect.] (Zoöl.) Any rove beetle.

||Staph`y*lo"ma (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; a bunch of grapes.] (Med.) A protrusion of any part of the globe of the eye; as, a staphyloma of the cornea.

Staph`y*lo"ma*tous (?), a. (Med.) Of or pertaining to staphyloma; affected with staphyloma.

Staph"y*lo*plas`ty (?), n. [Gr. &?; a bunch of grapes, also, the uvula when swollen at the lower end + - plasty.] (Surg.) The operation for restoring or replacing the soft palate when it has been lost. Dunglison. -- Staph`y*lo*plas"tic (#), a.

{ Staph`y*lor"a*phy, Staph`y*lor"rha*phy } (?), n. [Gr. &?; the uvula when swollen + &?; to sew: cf. F. staphylorraphie.] The operation of uniting a cleft palate, consisting in paring and bringing together the edges of the cleft. -- Staph`y*lo*raph"ic (#), Staph`y*lor*rhaph"ic (#), a.

Staph`y*lot"o*my (?), n. [Gr. &?; the uvula when swollen + &?; to cut.] (Surg.) The operation of removing a staphyloma by cutting.

Sta"ple (?), n. [AS. stapul, stapol, stapel, a step, a prop, post, table, fr. stapan to step, go, raise; akin to D. stapel a pile, stocks, emporium, G. stapela heap, mart, stake, staffel step of a ladder, Sw. stapel, Dan. stabel, and E. step cf. OF. estaple a mart, F. étape. See Step.] 1. A settled mart; an emporium; a city or town to which merchants brought commodities for sale or exportation in bulk; a place for wholesale traffic.

> The customs of Alexandria were very great, it having been the staple of the Indian trade.

Arbuthnot.

> For the increase of trade and the encouragement of the worthy burgesses of Woodstock, her majesty was minded to erect the town into a staple for wool.

Sir W. Scott.

In England, formerly, the king's staple was established in certain ports or towns, and certain goods could not be exported without being first brought to these places to be rated and charged with the duty payable of the king or the public. The principal commodities on which customs were lived were wool, skins, and leather; and these were originally the staple commodities.

2. Hence: Place of supply; source; fountain head.

> Whitehall naturally became the chief staple of news. Whenever there was a rumor that any thing important had happened or was about to happen, people hastened thither to obtain intelligence from the fountain head.

Macaulay.

3. The principal commodity of traffic in a market; a principal commodity or production of a country or district; as, wheat, maize, and cotton are great staples of the United States.

> We should now say, Cotton is the great staple, that is, the established merchandize, of Manchester.

Trench.

4. The principal constituent in anything; chief item.

5. Unmanufactured material; raw material.

6. The fiber of wool, cotton, flax, or the like; as, a coarse staple; a fine staple; a long or short staple.

7. A loop of iron, or a bar or wire, bent and formed with two points to be driven into wood, to hold a hook, pin, or the like.

8. (Mining) (a) A shaft, smaller and shorter than the principal one, joining different levels. (b) A small pit.

9. A district granted to an abbey. [Obs.] Camden.

Sta"ple, a. 1. Pertaining to, or being market of staple for, commodities; as, a staple town. [R.]

2. Established in commerce; occupying the markets; settled; as, a staple trade. Dryden.

3. Fit to be sold; marketable. [R.] Swift.

4. Regularly produced or manufactured in large quantities; belonging to wholesale traffic; principal; chief.

> Wool, the great staple commodity of England.

H&?;&?;&?;om.

Sta"ple, v. t. [imp. & p. p. stapled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. stapling.] To sort according to its staple; as, to staple cotton.

Sta"pler (?), n. 1. A dealer in staple goods.

2. One employed to assort wool according to its staple.

Star (stär), n. [OE. sterre, AS. steorra; akin to OFries. stera, OS. sterro, D. ster, OHG. sterno, sterro, G. stern, Icel. stjarna, Sw. stjerna, Dan. stierne, Goth. staírn, Armor. & Corn. steren, L. stella, Gr. 'asth`r, 'a`stron, Skr. star; perhaps from a root meaning, to scatter, Skr. st, L. sternere (cf. Stratum), and originally applied to the stars as being strewn over the sky, or as being scatterers or spreaders of light. √296. Cf. Aster, Asteroid, Constellation, Disaster, Stellar.] 1. One of the innumerable luminous bodies seen in the heavens; any heavenly body other than the sun, moon, comets, and nebulæ.

> His eyen twinkled in his head aright,
> As do the stars in the frosty night.

Chaucer.

The stars are distinguished as planets, and fixed stars. See Planet, Fixed stars under Fixed, and Magnitude of a star under Magnitude.

2. The polestar; the north star. Shak.

3. (Astrol.) A planet supposed to influence one's destiny; (usually pl.) a configuration of the planets, supposed to influence fortune.

> O malignant and ill-brooding stars.

Shak.

> Blesses his stars, and thinks it luxury.

Addison.

4. That which resembles the figure of a star, as an ornament worn on the breast to indicate rank or honor.

> On whom . . .
> Lavish Honor showered all her stars.

Tennyson.

5. Specifically, a radiated mark in writing or printing; an asterisk [thus, *]; -- used as a reference to a note, or to fill a blank where something is omitted, etc.

6. (Pyrotechny) A composition of combustible matter used in the heading of rockets, in mines, etc., which, exploding in the air, presents a starlike appearance.

7. A person of brilliant and attractive qualities, especially on public occasions, as a distinguished orator, a leading theatrical performer, etc.

Star is used in the formation of compound words generally of obvious signification: as, star-aspiring, star-bespangled, star-bestudded, star-blasting, star-bright, star-crowned, star-directed, star-eyed, star-headed, star-paved, star- roofed; star-sprinkled, star-wreathed.

<! p. 1404 !>

Blazing star, Double star, Multiple star, Shooting star, etc. See under Blazing, Double, etc. -- Nebulous star (Astron.), a small well- defined circular nebula, having a bright nucleus at its center like a star. -- Star anise (Bot.), any plant of the genus Illicium; -- so called from its star-shaped capsules. -- Star apple (Bot.), a tropical American tree (Chrysophyllum Cainito), having a milky juice and oblong leaves with a silky-golden pubescence beneath. It bears an applelike fruit, the carpels of which present a starlike figure when cut across. The name is extended to the whole genus of about sixty species, and the natural order (Sapotaceæ) to which it belongs is called the Star-apple family. -- Star conner, one who cons, or studies, the stars; an astronomer or an astrologer. Gascoigne. -- Star coral (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of stony corals belonging to Astræa, Orbicella, and allied genera, in which the calicles are round or polygonal and contain conspicuous radiating septa. -- Star cucumber. (Bot.) See under Cucumber. -- Star flower. (Bot.) (a) A plant of the genus Ornithogalum; star-of-Bethlehem. (b) See Starwort (b). (c) An American plant of the genus Trientalis (Trientalis Americana). Gray. -- Star fort (Fort.), a fort surrounded on the exterior with projecting angles; -- whence the name. -- Star gauge (Ordnance), a long rod, with adjustable points projecting radially at its end, for measuring the size of different parts of the bore of a gun. -- Star grass. (Bot.) (a) A small grasslike plant (Hypoxis erecta) having star-shaped yellow flowers. (b) The colicroot. See Colicroot. -- Star hyacinth (Bot.), a bulbous plant of the genus Scilla (S. autumnalis); -- called also star-headed hyacinth. -- Star jelly (Bot.), any one of several gelatinous plants (Nostoc commune, N. edule, etc.). See Nostoc. -- Star lizard. (Zoöl.) Same as Stellion. -- Star- of-Bethlehem (Bot.), a bulbous liliaceous plant (Ornithogalum umbellatum) having a small white starlike flower. -- Star-of-the-earth (Bot.), a plant of the genus Plantago (P. coronopus), growing upon the seashore. -- Star polygon (Geom.), a polygon whose sides cut each other so as to form a star-shaped figure. -- Stars and Stripes, a popular name for the flag of the United States, which consists of thirteen horizontal stripes, alternately red and white, and a union having, in a blue field, white stars to represent the several States, one for each.

> With the old flag, the true American flag, the Eagle, and the Stars and Stripes, waving over the chamber in which we sit.

D. Webster.

-- Star showers. See Shooting star, under Shooting. -- Star thistle (Bot.), an annual composite plant (Centaurea solstitialis) having the involucre armed with radiating spines. -- Star wheel (Mach.), a star-shaped disk, used as a kind of ratchet wheel, in repeating watches and the feed motions of some machines. -- Star worm (Zoöl.), a gephyrean. -- Temporary star (Astron.), a star which appears suddenly, shines for a period, and then nearly or quite disappears. These stars are supposed by some astronometers to be variable stars of long and undetermined periods. -- Variable star (Astron.), a star whose brilliancy varies periodically, generally with regularity, but sometimes irregularly; -- called periodical star when its changes occur at fixed periods. -- Water star grass (Bot.), an aquatic plant (Schollera graminea) with small yellow starlike blossoms.

Star (stär), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Starred (stärd); p. pr. & vb. n. Starring.] To set or adorn with stars, or bright, radiating bodies; to bespangle; as, a robe starred with gems. "A sable curtain starred with gold." Young.

Star, v. i. To be bright, or attract attention, as a star; to shine like a star; to be brilliant or prominent; to play a part as a theatrical star. W. Irving.

Star"-blind` (?), a. Half blind.

Star"board` (?), n. [OE. sterbord, AS. steórbord, i.e., steer board. See Steer, v. t., Board of a vessel, and cf. Larboard.] (Naut.) That side of a vessel which is on the right hand of a person who stands on board facing the bow; - - opposed to larboard, or port.

Star"board`, a. (Naut.) Pertaining to the right-hand side of a ship; being or lying on the right side; as, the starboard quarter; starboard tack.

Star"board`, v. t. (Naut.) To put to the right, or starboard, side of a vessel; as, to starboard the helm.

Star"-bow`lines (?), n. pl. (Naut.) The men in the starboard watch. [Obs.] R. H. Dana, Jr.

Starch (stärch), a. [AS. stearc stark, strong, rough. See Stark.] Stiff; precise; rigid. [R.] Killingbeck.

Starch, n. [From starch stiff, cf. G. stärke, fr. stark strong.] 1. (Chem.) A widely diffused vegetable substance found especially in seeds, bulbs, and tubers, and extracted (as from potatoes, corn, rice, etc.) as a white, glistening, granular or powdery substance, without taste or smell, and giving a very peculiar creaking sound when rubbed between the fingers. It is used as a food, in the production of commercial grape sugar, for stiffening linen in laundries, in making paste, etc.

Starch is a carbohydrate, being the typical amylose, C6H10O5, and is detected by the fine blue color given to it by free iodine. It is not fermentable as such, but is changed by diastase into dextrin and maltose, and by heating with dilute acids into dextrose. Cf. Sugar, Inulin, and Lichenin.

2. Fig.: A stiff, formal manner; formality. Addison.

Starch hyacinth (Bot.), the grape hyacinth; -- so called because the flowers have the smell of boiled starch. See under Grape.

Starch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Starched (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Starching.] To stiffen with starch.

Star"-cham`ber (?), n. [So called (as conjectured by Blackstone) from being held in a room at the Exchequer where the chests containing certain Jewish comtracts and obligations called starrs (from the Heb. shetar, pron. shtar) were kept; or from the stars with which the ceiling is supposed to have been decorated.] (Eng. Hist.) An ancient high court exercising jurisdiction in certain cases, mainly criminal, which sat without the intervention of a jury. It consisted of the king's council, or of the privy council only with the addition of certain judges. It could proceed on mere rumor or examine witnesses; it could apply torture. It was abolished by the Long Parliament in 1641. Encyc. Brit.

Starched (?), a. 1. Stiffened with starch.

2. Stiff; precise; formal. Swift.

Starch"ed*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being starched; stiffness in manners; formality.

Starch"er (?), n. One who starches.

Starch"ly, adv. In a starched or starch manner.

Starch"ness, n. Of or pertaining to starched or starch; stiffness of manner; preciseness.

Starch"wort` (?), n. (Bot.) The cuckoopint, the tubers of which yield a fine quality of starch.

Starch"y (?), a. Consisting of starch; resembling starch; stiff; precise.

Star"craft (?), n. Astrology. [R.] Tennyson.

Star"-crossed` (?), a. Not favored by the stars; ill-fated. [Poetic] Shak.

> Such in my star-crossed destiny.

Massinger.

Stare (?), n. [AS. stær. See Starling.] (Zoöl.) The starling. [Obs.]

Stare, v. i. [imp. & p. p. stared (?); p. pr. & vb. n. staring.] [AS. starian; akin to LG. & D. staren, OHG. starn, G. starren, Icel. stara; cf. Icel. stira, Dan. stirre, Sw. stirra, and G. starr stiff, rigid, fixed, Gr. &?; solid (E. stereo-), Skr. sthira firm, strong. √166. Cf. Sterile.] 1. To look with fixed eyes wide open, as through fear, wonder, surprise, impudence, etc.; to fasten an earnest and prolonged gaze on some object.

> For ever upon the ground I see thee stare.

Chaucer.

> Look not big, nor stamp, nor stare, nor fret.

Shak.

2. To be very conspicuous on account of size, prominence, color, or brilliancy; as, staring windows or colors.

3. To stand out; to project; to bristle. [Obs.]

> Makest my blood cold, and my hair to stare.

Shak.

> Take off all the staring straws and jags in the hive.

Mortimer.

Syn. -- To gaze; to look earnestly. See Gaze.

Stare (?), v. t. To look earnestly at; to gaze at.

> I will stare him out of his wits.

Shak.

To stare in the face, to be before the eyes, or to be undeniably evident. "The law . . . stares them in the face whilst they are breaking it." Locke.

Stare, n. The act of staring; a fixed look with eyes wide open. "A dull and stupid stare." Churchill.

Star"er (?), n. One who stares, or gazes.

Starf (?), obs. imp. of Starve. Starved. Chaucer.

Star"finch` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The European redstart.

Star"fish (?), n. 1. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of echinoderms belonging to the class Asterioidea, in which the body is star-shaped and usually has five rays, though the number of rays varies from five to forty or more. The rays are often long, but are sometimes so short as to appear only as angles to the disklike body. Called also sea star, five-finger, and stellerid.

The ophiuroids are also sometimes called starfishes. See Brittle star, and Ophiuroidea.

2. (Zoöl.) The dollar fish, or butterfish.

Star"gas`er (?), n. 1. One who gazes at the stars; an astrologer; sometimes, in derision or contempt, an astronomer.

2. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of spiny-rayed marine fishes belonging to Uranoscopus, Astroscopus, and allied genera, of the family Uranoscopidæ. The common species of the Eastern United States are Astroscopus anoplus, and A. guttatus. So called from the position of the eyes, which look directly upward.

Star"gas`ing, n. 1. The act or practice of observing the stars with attention; contemplation of the stars as connected with astrology or astronomy. Swift.

2. Hence, absent-mindedness; abstraction.

Star"ing*ly (?), adv. With a staring look.

Stark (?), a. [Compar. Starker (?); superl. Starkest.] [OE. stark stiff, strong, AS. stearc; akin to OS. starc strong, D. sterk, OHG. starc, starah, G. & Sw. stark, Dan. stærk, Icel. sterkr, Goth. gastaúrknan to become dried up, Lith. strëgti to stiffen, to freeze. Cf. Starch, a. & n.] 1. Stiff; rigid. Chaucer.

> Whose senses all were straight benumbed and stark.

Spenser.

> His heart gan wax as stark as marble stone.

Spenser.

> Many a nobleman lies stark and stiff
> Under the hoofs of vaunting enemies.

Shak.

> The north is not so stark and cold.

B. Jonson.

2. Complete; absolute; full; perfect; entire. [Obs.]

> Consider the stark security
> The common wealth is in now.

B. Jonson.

3. Strong; vigorous; powerful.

> A stark, moss-trooping Scot.

Sir W. Scott.

> Stark beer, boy, stout and strong beer.

Beau. & Fl.

4. Severe; violent; fierce. [Obs.] "In starke stours." [i. e., in fierce combats]. Chaucer.

5. Mere; sheer; gross; entire; downright.

> He pronounces the citation stark nonsense.

Collier.

> Rhetoric is very good or stark naught; there's no medium in rhetoric.

Selden.

Stark (?), adv. Wholly; entirely; absolutely; quite; as, stark mind. Shak.

> Held him strangled in his arms till he was stark dead.

Fuller.

Stark naked, wholly naked; quite bare.

> Strip your sword stark naked.

Shak.

According to Professor Skeat, "stark-naked" is derived from steort-naked, or start-naked, literally tail-naked, and hence wholly naked. If this etymology be true the preferable form is stark-naked.

Stark, v. t. To stiffen. [R.]

> If horror have not starked your limbs.

H. Taylor.

Stark"ly, adv. In a stark manner; stiffly; strongly.

> Its onward force too starky pent
> In figure, bone, and lineament.

Emerson.

Stark"ness, n. The quality or state of being stark.

Star"less (?), a. Being without stars; having no stars visible; as, a starless night. Milton.

Star"light` (?), n. The light given by the stars.

> Nor walk by moon,
> Or glittering starlight, without thee is sweet.

Milton.

Star"light`, a. Lighted by the stars, or by the stars only; as, a starlight night.

> A starlight evening and a morning fair.

Dryden.

Star"like` (?), a. 1. Resembling a star; stellated; radiated like a star; as, starlike flowers.

2. Shining; bright; illustrious. Dryden.

> The having turned many to righteousness shall confer a starlike and immortal brightness.

Boyle.

Star"ling (?), n. [OE. sterlyng, a dim. of OE. stare, AS. stær; akin to AS. stearn, G. star, staar, OHG. stara, Icel. starri, stari, Sw. stare, Dan. stær, L. sturnus. Cf. Stare a starling.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any passerine bird belonging to Sturnus and allied genera. The European starling (Sturnus vulgaris) is dark brown or greenish black, with a metallic gloss, and spotted with yellowish white. It is a sociable bird, and builds about houses, old towers, etc. Called also stare, and starred. The pied starling of India is Sternopastor contra.

2. (Zoöl.) A California fish; the rock trout.

3. A structure of piles driven round the piers of a bridge for protection and support; -- called also sterling.

Rose-colored starling. (Zoöl.) See Pastor.

Star"lit` (?), a. Lighted by the stars; starlight.

Star"mon`ger (?), n. A fortune teller; an astrologer; -- used in contempt. B. Jonson.

Starn (?), n. (Zoöl.) The European starling. [Prov. Eng.]

Star"nose` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A curious American mole (Condylura cristata) having the nose expanded at the end into a stellate disk; -- called also star- nosed mole.

Star"ost (?), n. [Pol. starosta, from stary old.] A nobleman who possessed a starosty. [Poland]

Star"os*ty (?), n. A castle and domain conferred on a nobleman for life. [Poland] Brande & C.

Star"proof` (?), a. Impervious to the light of the stars; as, a starproof elm. [Poetic] Milton.

Star"-read` (?), n. Doctrine or knowledge of the stars; star lore; astrology; astronomy. [Obs.]

> Which in star-read were wont have best insight.

Spenser.

Starred (?), a. [From Star.] 1. Adorned or studded with stars; bespangled.

2. Influenced in fortune by the stars. [Obs.]

> My third comfort,
> Starred most unluckily.

Shak.

Star"ri*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being starry; as, the starriness of the heavens.

Star"ry (?), a. 1. Abounding with stars; adorned with stars. "Above the starry sky." Pope.

2. Consisting of, or proceeding from, the stars; stellar; stellary; as, starry light; starry flame.

> Do not Christians and Heathens, Jews and Gentiles, poets and philosophers, unite in allowing the starry influence?

Sir W. Scott.

3. Shining like stars; sparkling; as, starry eyes.

4. Arranged in rays like those of a star; stellate.

Starry ray (Zoöl.), a European skate (Raita radiata); -- so called from the stellate bases of the dorsal spines.

Star"shine` (?), n. The light of the stars. [R.]

> The starshine lights upon our heads.

R. L. Stevenson.

Star"shoot` (?), n. See Nostoc.

Star"-span`gled (?), a. Spangled or studded with stars.

Star-spangled banner, the popular name for the national ensign of the United States. F. S. Key.

Star"stone` (?), n. (Min.) Asteriated sapphire.

Start (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. started; p. pr. & vb. n. starting.] [OE. sterten; akin to D. storten 8hurl, rush, fall, G. stürzen, OHG. sturzen to turn over, to fall, Sw. störa to cast down, to fall, Dan. styrte, and probably also to E. start a tail; the original sense being, perhaps, to show the tail, to tumble over suddenly. √166. Cf. Start a tail.] 1. To leap; to jump. [Obs.]

2. To move suddenly, as with a spring or leap, from surprise, pain, or other sudden feeling or emotion, or by a voluntary act.

> And maketh him out of his sleep to start.

Chaucer.

> I start as from some dreadful dream.

Dryden.

> Keep your soul to the work when ready to start aside.

I. Watts.

> But if he start,
> It is the flesh of a corrupted heart.

Shak.

3. To set out; to commence a course, as a race or journey; to begin; as, to start business.

> At once they start, advancing in a line.

Dryden.

> At intervals some bird from out the brakes
> Starts into voice a moment, then is still.

Byron.

4. To become somewhat displaced or loosened; as, a rivet or a seam may start under strain or pressure.

To start after, to set out after; to follow; to pursue. -- To start against, to act as a rival candidate against. -- To start for, to be a candidate for, as an office. -- To start up, to rise suddenly, as from a seat or couch; to come suddenly into notice or importance.

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Start (?), v. t. 1. To cause to move suddenly; to disturb suddenly; to startle; to alarm; to rouse; to cause to flee or fly; as, the hounds started a fox.

> Upon malicious bravery dost thou come
> To start my quiet?

Shak.

> Brutus will start a spirit as soon as Cæsar.

Shak.

2. To bring onto being or into view; to originate; to invent.

> Sensual men agree in the pursuit of every pleasure they can start.

Sir W. Temple.

3. To cause to move or act; to set going, running, or flowing; as, to start a railway train; to start a mill; to start a stream of water; to start a rumor; to start a business.

> I was engaged in conversation upon a subject which the people love to start in discourse.

Addison.

4. To move suddenly from its place or position; to displace or loosen; to dislocate; as, to start a bone; the storm started the bolts in the vessel.

> One, by a fall in wrestling, started the end of the clavicle from the sternum.

Wiseman.

5. [Perh. from D. storten, which has this meaning also.] (Naut.) To pour out; to empty; to tap and begin drawing from; as, to start a water cask.

Start, n. 1. The act of starting; a sudden spring, leap, or motion, caused by surprise, fear, pain, or the like; any sudden motion, or beginning of motion.

> The fright awakened Arcite with a start.

Dryden.

2. A convulsive motion, twitch, or spasm; a spasmodic effort.

> For she did speak in starts distractedly.

Shak.

> Nature does nothing by starts and leaps, or in a hurry.

L'Estrange.

3. A sudden, unexpected movement; a sudden and capricious impulse; a sally; as, starts of fancy.

> To check the starts and sallies of the soul.

Addison.

4. The beginning, as of a journey or a course of action; first motion from a place; act of setting out; the outset; -- opposed to finish.

> The start of first performance is all.

Bacon.

> I see you stand like greyhounds in the slips,
> Straining upon the start.

Shak.

At a start, at once; in an instant. [Obs.]

> At a start he was betwixt them two.

Chaucer.

To get, or have, the start, to before another; to gain or have the advantage in a similar undertaking; -- usually with of. "Get the start of the majestic world." Shak. "She might have forsaken him if he had not got the start of her." Dryden.

Start, n. [OE. stert a tail, AS. steort; akin to LG. stert, steert, D. staart, G. sterz, Icel. stertr, Dan. stiert, Sw. stjert. √166. Cf. Stark naked, under Stark, Start, v. i.] 1. A tail, or anything projecting like a tail.

2. The handle, or tail, of a plow; also, any long handle. [Prov. Eng.]

3. The curved or inclined front and bottom of a water-wheel bucket.

4. (Mining) The arm, or level, of a gin, drawn around by a horse.

Start"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, starts; as, a starter on a journey; the starter of a race.

2. A dog that rouses game.

Start"ful (?), a. Apt to start; skittish. [R.]

Start"ful*ness, n. Aptness to start. [R.]

Star"throat` (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any humming bird of the genus Heliomaster. The feathers of the throat have a brilliant metallic luster.

Start"ing (?), a. & n. from Start, v.

Starting bar (Steam Eng.), a hand lever for working the values in starting an engine. -- Starting hole, a loophole; evasion. [Obs.] -- Starting point, the point from which motion begins, or from which anything starts. -- Starting post, a post, stake, barrier, or place from which competitors in a race start, or begin the race.

Start"ing*ly, adv. By sudden fits or starts; spasmodically. Shak.

Start"ish, a. Apt to start; skittish; shy; -- said especially of a horse. [Colloq.]

Star"tle (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Startled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Startling (?).] [Freq. of start.] To move suddenly, or be excited, on feeling alarm; to start.

> Why shrinks the soul
> Back on herself, and startles at destruction?

Addison.

Star"tle (?), v. t. 1. To excite by sudden alarm, surprise, or apprehension; to frighten suddenly and not seriously; to alarm; to surprise.

> The supposition, at least, that angels do sometimes assume bodies need not startle us.

Locke.

2. To deter; to cause to deviate. [R.] Clarendon.

Syn. -- To start; shock; fright; frighten; alarm.

Star"tle, n. A sudden motion or shock caused by an unexpected alarm, surprise, or apprehension of danger.

> After having recovered from my first startle, I was very well pleased with the accident.

Spectator.

Star"tling*ly (?), adv. In a startling manner.

Star"tlish (?), a. Easily startled; apt to start; startish; skittish; -- said especially of a hourse. [Colloq.]

Start"-up` (?), n. 1. One who comes suddenly into notice; an upstart. [Obs.] Shak.

2. A kind of high rustic shoe. [Obs.] Drayton.

> A startuppe, or clownish shoe.

Spenser.

Start"-up`, a. Upstart. [R.] Walpole.

Star*va"tion (?), n. The act of starving, or the state of being starved.

This word was first used, according to Horace Walpole, by Henry Dundas, the first Lord Melville, in a speech on American affairs in 1775, which obtained for him the nickname of Starvation Dundas. "Starvation, we are also told, belongs to the class of 'vile compounds' from being a mongrel; as if English were not full of mongrels, and if it would not be in distressing straits without them." Fitzed. Hall.

Starve (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Starved (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Starving.] [OE. sterven to die, AS. steorfan; akin to D. sterven, G. sterben, OHG. sterban, Icel. starf labor, toil.] 1. To die; to perish. [Obs., except in the sense of perishing with cold or hunger.] Lydgate.

> In hot coals he hath himself raked . . .
> Thus starved this worthy mighty Hercules.

Chaucer.

2. To perish with hunger; to suffer extreme hunger or want; to be very indigent.

> Sometimes virtue starves, while vice is fed.

Pope.

3. To perish or die with cold. Spenser.

> Have I seen the naked starve for cold?

Sandys.

> Starving with cold as well as hunger.

W. Irving.

In this sense, still common in England, but rarely used of the United States.

Starve, v. t. 1. To destroy with cold. [Eng.]

> From beds of raging fire, to starve in ice
> Their soft ethereal warmth.

Milton.

2. To kill with hunger; as, maliciously to starve a man is, in law, murder.

3. To distress or subdue by famine; as, to starvea garrison into a surrender.

> Attalus endeavored to starve Italy by stopping their convoy of provisions from Africa.

Arbuthnot.

4. To destroy by want of any kind; as, to starve plans by depriving them of proper light and air.

5. To deprive of force or vigor; to disable.

> The pens of historians, writing thereof, seemed starved for matter in an age so fruitful of memorable actions.

Fuller.

> The powers of their minds are starved by disuse.

Locke.

Starv"ed*ly (?), adv. In the condition of one starved or starving; parsimoniously.

> Some boasting housekeeper which keepth open doors for one day, . . . and lives starvedly all the year after.

Bp. Hall.

Starve"ling (?), n. [Starve + -ling.] One who, or that which, pines from lack or food, or nutriment.

> Old Sir John hangs with me, and thou knowest he is no starveling.

Shak.

Starve"ling, a. Hungry; lean; pining with want.

Star"wort` (?), n. (Bot.) (a) Any plant of the genus Aster. See Aster. (b) A small plant of the genus Stellaria, having star-shaped flowers; star flower; chickweed. Gray.

Water starwort, an aquatic plant (Callitriche verna) having some resemblance to chickweed. -- Yellow starwort, a plant of the genus Inula; elecampane.

||Stas"i*mon (?), n.; pl. Stasmia (#). [NL., from Gr. sta`simon, neut. of sta`simos stationary, steadfast.] In the Greek tragedy, a song of the chorus, continued without the interruption of dialogue or anapæstics. Liddell & Scott.

||Sta"sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a standing still.] (Physiol.) A slackening or arrest of the blood current in the vessels, due not to a lessening of the heart's beat, but presumably to some abnormal resistance of the capillary walls. It is one of the phenomena observed in the capillaries in inflammation.

Stat"a*ble (?), a. That can be stated; as, a statablegrievance; the question at issue is statable.

Sta"tal (?), a. Of, pertaining to, or existing with reference to, a State of the American Union, as distinguished from the general government. [R.]

> I have no knowledge of any other kind of political citizenship, higher or lower, statal or national.

Edward Bates.

Sta"tant (?), a. [L. stare to stand.] (Her.) In a standing position; as, a lion statant.

Sta*ta"ri*an (?), a. Fixed; settled; steady; statary. [Obs.]

Sta*ta"ri*an*ly, adv. Fixedly; steadly. [Obs.]

Sta"ta*ry (?), a. [L. statarius standing fast, fr. stare to stand.] Fixed; settled. [Obs.] "The set and statary times of paring of nails and cutting hair." Sir T. Browne.

State (?), n. [OE. stat, OF. estat, F. état, fr. L. status a standing, position, fr. stare, statum, to stand. See Stand, and cf. Estate, Status.] 1. The circumstances or condition of a being or thing at any given time.

> State is a term nearly synonymous with "mode," but of a meaning more extensive, and is not exclusively limited to the mutable and contingent.

Sir W. Hamilton.

> Declare the past and present state of things.

Dryden.

> Keep the state of the question in your eye.

Boyle.

2. Rank; condition; quality; as, the state of honor.

> Thy honor, state, and seat is due to me.

Shak.

3. Condition of prosperity or grandeur; wealthy or prosperous circumstances; social importance.

> She instructed him how he should keep state, and yet with a modest sense of his misfortunes.

Bacon.

> Can this imperious lord forget to reign,
> Quit all his state, descend, and serve again?

Pope.

4. Appearance of grandeur or dignity; pomp.

> Where least og state there most of love is shown.

Dryden.

5. A chair with a canopy above it, often standing on a dais; a seat of dignity; also, the canopy itself. [Obs.]

> His high throne, . . . under state
> Of richest texture spread.

Milton.

> When he went to court, he used to kick away the state, and sit down by his prince cheek by jowl.

Swift.

6. Estate, possession. [Obs.] Daniel.

> Your state, my lord, again in yours.

Massinger.

7. A person of high rank. [Obs.] Latimer.

8. Any body of men united by profession, or constituting a community of a particular character; as, the civil and ecclesiastical states, or the lords spiritual and temporal and the commons, in Great Britain. Cf. Estate, n., 6.

9. The principal persons in a government.

> The bold design
> Pleased highly those infernal states.

Milton.

10. The bodies that constitute the legislature of a country; as, the States-general of Holland.

11. A form of government which is not monarchial, as a republic. [Obs.]

> Well monarchies may own religion's name,
> But states are atheists in their very fame.

Dryden.

12. A political body, or body politic; the whole body of people who are united one government, whatever may be the form of the government; a nation.

> Municipal law is a rule of conduct prescribed by the supreme power in a state.

Blackstone.

> The Puritans in the reign of Mary, driven from their homes, sought an asylum in Geneva, where they found a state without a king, and a church without a bishop.

R. Choate.

13. In the United States, one of the commonwealth, or bodies politic, the people of which make up the body of the nation, and which, under the national constitution, stands in certain specified relations with the national government, and are invested, as commonwealth, with full power in their several spheres over all matters not expressly inhibited.

The term State, in its technical sense, is used in distinction from the federal system, i. e., the government of the United States.

14. Highest and stationary condition, as that of maturity between growth and decline, or as that of crisis between the increase and the abating of a disease; height; acme. [Obs.]

When state is joined with another word, or used adjectively, it denotes public, or what belongs to the community or body politic, or to the government; also, what belongs to the States severally in the American Union; as, state affairs; state policy; State laws of Iowa.

Nascent state. (Chem.) See under Nascent. -- Secretary of state. See Secretary, n., 3. -- State bargea royal barge, or a barge belonging to a government. -- State bed, an elaborately carved or decorated bed. -- State carriage, a highly decorated carriage for officials going in state, or taking part in public processions. -- State paper, an official paper relating to the interests or government of a state. Jay. -- State prison, a public prison or penitentiary; -- called also State's prison. -- State prisoner, one is confinement, or under arrest, for a political offense. -- State rights, or States' rights, the rights of the several independent States, as distinguished from the rights of the Federal government. It has been a question as to what rights have been vested in the general government. [U.S.] -- State's evidence. See Probator, 2, and under Evidence. -- State sword, a sword used on state occasions, being borne before a sovereign by an attendant of high rank. -- State trial, a trial of a person for a political offense. -- States of the Church. See under Ecclesiastical.

Syn. -- State, Situation, Condition. State is the generic term, and denotes in general the mode in which a thing stands or exists. The situation of a thing is its state in reference to external objects and influences; its condition is its internal state, or what it is in itself considered. Our situation is good or bad as outward things bear favorably or unfavorably upon us; our condition is good or bad according to the state we are actually in as respects our persons, families, property, and other things which comprise our sources of enjoyment.

> I do not, brother,
> Infer as if I thought my sister's state
> Secure without all doubt or controversy.

Milton.

> We hoped to enjoy with ease what, in our situation, might be called the luxuries of life.

Cock.

> And, O, what man's condition can be worse
> Than his whom plenty starves and blessings curse?

Cowley.

State (?), a. 1. Stately. [Obs.] Spenser.

2. Belonging to the state, or body politic; public.

State, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stated; p. pr. & vb. n. Stating.] 1. To set; to settle; to establish. [R.]

> I myself, though meanest stated,
> And in court now almost hated.

Wither.

> Who calls the council, states the certain day.

Pope.

2. To express the particulars of; to set down in detail or in gross; to represent fully in words; to narrate; to recite; as, to state the facts of a case, one's opinion, etc.

To state it. To assume state or dignity. [Obs.] "Rarely dressed up, and taught to state it." Beau. & Fl.

State, n. A statement; also, a document containing a statement. [R.] Sir W. Scott.

State"craft` (?), n. The art of conducting state affairs; state management; statesmanship.

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Stat"ed (?), a. 1. Settled; established; fixed.

> He is capable of corruption who receives more than what is the stated and unquestionable fee of his office.

Addison.

2. Recurring at regular time; not occasional; as, stated preaching; stated business hours.

Stat"ed*ly, adv. At stated times; regularly.

State"ful (?), a. Full of state; stately. [Obs.] "A stateful silence." Marston.

State"hood (?), n. The condition of being a State; as, a territory seeking Statehood.

State"house` (?), n. The building in which a State legislature holds its sessions; a State capitol. [U. S.]

State"less, a. Without state or pomp.

State"li*ly (?), adv. In a stately manner.

State"li*ness, n. The quality or state of being stately.

> For stateliness and majesty, what is comparable to a horse?

Dr. H. More.

State"ly, a. [Compar. Statelier (?); superl. Stateliest.] Evincing state or dignity; lofty; majestic; grand; as, statelymanners; a stately gait. "The stately homes of England!" Mrs. Hemans. "Filled with stately temples." Prescott.

> Here is a stately style indeed!

Shak.

Syn. -- Lofty; dignified; majestic; grand; august; magnificent.

State"ly, adv. Majestically; loftily. Milton.

State"ment (?), n. 1. The act of stating, reciting, or presenting, orally or in paper; as, to interrupt a speaker in the statement of his case.

2. That which is stated; a formal embodiment in language of facts or opinions; a narrative; a recital. "Admirable perspicuity of statement!" Brougham.

State"mon`ger (?), n. One versed in politics, or one who dabbles in state affairs.

State`pris"on (?). See under State, n.

Stat"er (?), n. One who states.

||Sta"ter (?), n. [L. stater, Gr. &?;.] (Gr. Antiq.) The principal gold coin of ancient Grece. It varied much in value, the stater best known at Athens being worth about £1 2s., or about $5.35. The Attic silver tetradrachm was in later times called stater.

State"room` (?), n. 1. A magnificent room in a place or great house.

2. A small apartment for lodging or sleeping in the cabin, or on the deck, of a vessel; also, a somewhat similar apartment in a railway sleeping car.

States"-gen"er*al (?), n. 1. In France, before the Revolution, the assembly of the three orders of the kingdom, namely, the clergy, the nobility, and the third estate, or commonalty.

2. In the Netherlands, the legislative body, composed of two chambers.

States"man (?), n.; pl. Statesmen (&?;). 1. A man versed in public affairs and in the principles and art of government; especially, one eminent for political abilities.

> The minds of some of our statesmen, like the pupil of the human eye, contract themselves the more, the stronger light there is shed upon them.

More.

2. One occupied with the affairs of government, and influental in shaping its policy.

3. A small landholder. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

States"man*like` (?), a. Having the manner or wisdom of statesmen; becoming a statesman.

States"man*ly, a. Becoming a statesman.

States"man*ship, n. The qualifications, duties, or employments of a statesman.

States"wom`an (?), n.; pl. Stateswomen (&?;). A woman concerned in public affairs.

> A rare stateswoman; I admire her bearing.

B. Jonson.

Stath"mo*graph (?), n. [Gr. &?; a measuring line + -graph.] A contrivance for recording the speed of a railway train. Knight.

{ Stat"ic (?), Stat"ic*al (?), } a. [Gr. &?; causing to stand, skilled in weighing, fr. &?; to cause to stand: cf. F. statique. See Stand, and cf. Stage.] 1. Resting; acting by mere weight without motion; as, statical pressure; static objects.

2. Pertaining to bodies at rest or in equilibrium.

Statical electricity. See Note under Electricity, 1. -- Statical moment. See under Moment.

Stat"ic*al*ly, adv. In a statical manner.

Stat"ics (?), n. [Cf. F. statique, Gr. &?; the art of weighing, fr. &?;. See Static.] That branch of mechanics which treats of the equilibrium of forces, or relates to bodies as held at rest by the forces acting on them; -- distinguished from dynamics.

Social statics, the study of the conditions which concern the existence and permanence of the social state.

Stat"ing (?), n. The act of one who states anything; statement; as, the statingof one's opinions.

Sta"tion (?), n. [F., fr. L. statio, from stare, statum, to stand. See Stand.] 1. The act of standing; also, attitude or pose in standing; posture. [R.]

> A station like the herald, Mercury.

Shak.

> Their manner was to stand at prayer, whereupon their meetings unto that purpose . . . had the names of stations given them.

Hooker.

2. A state of standing or rest; equilibrium. [Obs.]

> All progression is performed by drawing on or impelling forward some part which was before in station, or at quiet.

Sir T. Browne.

3. The spot or place where anything stands, especially where a person or thing habitually stands, or is appointed to remain for a time; as, the station of a sentinel. Specifically: (a) A regular stopping place in a stage road or route; a place where railroad trains regularly come to a stand, for the convenience of passengers, taking in fuel, moving freight, etc. (b) The headquarters of the police force of any precinct. (c) The place at which an instrument is planted, or observations are made, as in surveying. (d) (Biol.) The particular place, or kind of situation, in which a species naturally occurs; a habitat. (e) (Naut.) A place to which ships may resort, and where they may anchor safely. (f) A place or region to which a government ship or fleet is assigned for duty. (g) (Mil.) A place calculated for the rendezvous of troops, or for the distribution of them; also, a spot well adapted for offensive measures. Wilhelm (Mil. Dict.). (h) (Mining) An enlargement in a shaft or galley, used as a landing, or passing place, or for the accomodation of a pump, tank, etc.

4. Post assigned; office; the part or department of public duty which a person is appointed to perform; sphere of duty or occupation; employment.

> By spending this day [Sunday] in religious exercises, we acquire new strength and resolution to perform God's will in our several stations the week following.

R. Nelson.

5. Situation; position; location.

> The fig and date -- why love they to remain
> In middle station, and an even plain?

Prior.

6. State; rank; condition of life; social status.

> The greater part have kept, I see,
> Their station.

Milton.

> They in France of the best rank and station.

Shak.

7. (Eccl.) (a) The fast of the fourth and sixth days of the week, Wednesday and Friday, in memory of the council which condemned Christ, and of his passion. (b) (R. C. Ch.) A church in which the procession of the clergy halts on stated days to say stated prayers. Addis & Arnold. (c) One of the places at which ecclesiastical processions pause for the performance of an act of devotion; formerly, the tomb of a martyr, or some similarly consecrated spot; now, especially, one of those representations of the successive stages of our Lord's passion which are often placed round the naves of large churches and by the side of the way leading to sacred edifices or shrines, and which are visited in rotation, stated services being performed at each; -- called also Station of the cross. Fairholt.

Station bill. (Naut.) Same as Quarter bill, under Quarter. -- Station house. (a) The house serving for the headquarters of the police assigned to a certain district, and as a place of temporary confinement. (b) The house used as a shelter at a railway station. -- Station master, one who has charge of a station, esp. of a railway station. -- Station pointer (Surv.), an instrument for locating on a chart the position of a place from which the angles subtended by three distant objects, whose positions are known, have been observed. -- Station staff (Surv.), an instrument for taking angles in surveying. Craig.

Syn. -- Station, Depot. In the United States, a stopping place on a railway for passengers and freight is commonly called a depot: but to a considerable extent in official use, and in common speech, the more appropriate name, station, has been adopted.

Sta"tion (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stationed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stationing.] To place; to set; to appoint or assign to the occupation of a post, place, or office; as, to station troops on the right of an army; to station a sentinel on a rampart; to station ships on the coasts of Africa.

> He gained the brow of the hill, where the English phalanx was stationed.

Lyttelton.

Sta"tion*al (?), a. [L. stationalis: cf. F. stationnale (église).] Of or pertaining to a station. [R.]

Sta"tion*a*ri*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being stationary; fixity.

Sta"tion*a*ry (?), a. [L. stationarius: cf. F. stationnaire. Cf. Stationer.] 1. Not moving; not appearing to move; stable; fixed.

> Charles Wesley, who is a more stationary man, does not believe the story.

Southey.

2. Not improving or getting worse; not growing wiser, greater, better, more excellent, or the contrary.

3. Appearing to be at rest, because moving in the line of vision; not progressive or retrograde, as a planet.

Stationary air (Physiol.), the air which under ordinary circumstances does not leave the lungs in respiration. -- Stationary engine. (a) A steam engine thet is permanently placed, in distinction from a portable engine, locomotive, marine engine, etc. Specifically: (b) A factory engine, in distinction from a blowing, pumping, or other kind of engine which is also permanently placed.

Sta"tion*a*ry (?), n.; pl. -ries (&?;). One who, or that which, is stationary, as a planet when apparently it has neither progressive nor retrograde motion. Holland.

Sta"tion*er (?), n. [Cf. Stationary, a.] 1. A bookseller or publisher; -- formerly so called from his occupying a stand, or station, in the market place or elsewhere. [Obs.] Dryden.

2. One who sells paper, pens, quills, inkstands, pencils, blank books, and other articles used in writing.

Sta"tion*er*y (?), n. The articles usually sold by stationers, as paper, pens, ink, quills, blank books, etc.

Sta"tion*er*y, a. Belonging to, or sold by, a stationer.

Sta"tism (?), n. [From State.] The art of governing a state; statecraft; policy. [Obs.]

> The enemies of God . . . call our religion statism.

South.

Sta"tist (?), n. [From State.] 1. A statesman; a politician; one skilled in government. [Obs.]

> Statists indeed,
> And lovers of their country.

Milton.

2. A statistician. Fawcett.

{ Sta*tis"tic (?), Sta*tis"tic*al (?), } a. [Cf. F. statistique.] Of or pertaining to statistics; as, statistical knowledge, statistical tabulation.

Sta*tis"tic*al*ly, adv. In the way of statistics.

Stat`is*ti"cian (?), n. [Cf. F. statisticien.] One versed in statistics; one who collects and classifies facts for statistics.

Sta*tis"tics (?), n. [Cf. F. statistique, G. statistik. See State, n.] 1. The science which has to do with the collection and classification of certain facts respecting the condition of the people in a state. [In this sense gramatically singular.]

2. pl. Classified facts respecting the condition of the people in a state, their health, their longevity, domestic economy, arts, property, and political strength, their resources, the state of the country, etc., or respecting any particular class or interest; especially, those facts which can be stated in numbers, or in tables of numbers, or in any tabular and classified arrangement.

Stat`is*tol"o*gy (?), n. [Statistics + -logy.] See Statistics, 2.

Sta"tive (?), a. [L. stativus, fr. stare, statum, to stand.] (Mil.) Of or pertaining to a fixed camp, or military posts or quarters. [Obs. or R.]

Stat"o*blast (?), n. [Gr. &?; standing (i. e., remaining) + -blast.] (Zoöl.) One of a peculiar kind of internal buds, or germs, produced in the interior of certain Bryozoa and sponges, especially in the fresh- water species; -- also called winter buds.

They are protected by a firm covering, and are usually destined to perpetuate the species during the winter season. They burst open and develop in the spring. In some fresh-water sponges they serve to preserve the species during the dry season. See Illust. under Phylactolæmata.

Sta*toc"ra*cy (?), n. [State + -cracy, as in democracy.] Government by the state, or by political power, in distinction from government by ecclesiastical power. [R.] O. A. Brownson.

Stat"u*a (?), n. [L.] A statue. [Obs.]

> They spake not a word;
> But, like dumb statuas or breathing stones,
> Gazed each on other.

Shak.

Stat"u*a*ry (?), n.; pl. Statuaries (#). [L. statuarius, n., fr. statuarius, a., of or belonging to statues, fr. statua statue: cf. F. statuaire. See Statue.] 1. One who practices the art of making statues.

> On other occasions the statuaries took their subjects from the poets.

Addison.

2. [L. statuaria (sc. ars): cf. F. statuaire.] The art of carving statues or images as representatives of real persons or things; a branch of sculpture. Sir W. Temple.

3. A collection of statues; statues, collectively.

Stat"ue (?), n. [F., fr. L. statua (akin to stativus standing still), fr. stare, statum, to stand. See Stand.] 1. The likeness of a living being sculptured or modeled in some solid substance, as marble, bronze, or wax; an image; as, a statue of Hercules, or of a lion.

> I will raise her statue in pure gold.

Shak.

2. A portrait. [Obs.] Massinger.

Stat"ue, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Statued (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Statuing.] To place, as a statue; to form a statue of; to make into a statue. "The whole man becomes as if statued into stone and earth." Feltham.

Stat"ued (?), a. Adorned with statues. "The statued hall." Longfellow. "Statued niches." G. Eliot.

Stat"ue*less (?), a. Without a statue.

Stat"ue*like` (?), a. Like a statue; motionless.

Stat`u*esque" (?), a. Partaking of, or exemplifying, the characteristics of a statue; having the symmetry, or other excellence, of a statue artistically made; as, statuesquelimbs; a statuesque attitude.

> Their characters are mostly statuesque even in this respect, that they have no background.

Hare.

Stat`u*esque"ly, adv. In a statuesque manner; in a way suggestive of a statue; like a statue.

> A character statuesquely simple in its details.

Lowell.

Stat`u*ette" (?), n. [F., cf. It. statuetta.] A small statue; -- usually applied to a figure much less than life size, especially when of marble or bronze, or of plaster or clay as a preparation for the marble or bronze, as distinguished from a figure in terra cotta or the like. Cf. Figurine.

Sta*tu"mi*nate (?), v. t. [L. statuminatus, p. p. of statuminare to prop, fr. statumen a prop, fr. statuere to place.] To prop or support. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Stat"ure (?), n. [F. stature, OF. estature, from L. statura, originally, an upright posture, hence, height or size of the body, from stare, statum, to stand. See Stand.] The natural height of an animal body; -- generally used of the human body.

> Foreign men of mighty stature came.

Dryden.

Stat"ured (?), a. Arrived at full stature. [R.]

||Sta"tus (?), n. [L.] State; condition; position of affairs.

{ ||Sta"tus in` quo" (?), ||Sta"tus quo" }. [L., state in which.] The state in which anything is already. The phrase is also used retrospectively, as when, on a treaty of place, matters return to the status quo ante bellum, or are left in statu quo ante bellum, i.e., the state (or, in the state) before the war.

Stat"u*ta*ble (?), a. 1. Made or introduced by statute; proceeding from an act of the legistature; as, a statutable provision or remedy.

2. Made or being in conformity to statute; standard; as, statutable measures.

Stat"u*ta*bly, adv. Conformably to statute.

Stat"ute (?), n. [F. statut, LL. statutum, from L. statutus, p. p. of statuere to set, station, ordain, fr. status position, station, fr. stare, statum, to stand. See Stand, and cf. Constitute, Destitute.] 1. An act of the legislature of a state or country, declaring, commanding, or prohibiting something; a positive law; the written will of the legislature expressed with all the requisite forms of legislation; -- used in distinction fraom common law. See Common law, under Common, a. Bouvier.

Statute is commonly applied to the acts of a legislative body consisting of representatives. In monarchies, legislature laws of the sovereign are called edicts, decrees, ordinances, rescripts, etc. In works on international law and in the Roman law, the term is used as embracing all laws imposed by competent authority. Statutes in this sense are divided into statutes real, statutes personal, and statutes mixed; statutes real applying to immovables; statutes personal to movables; and statutes mixed to both classes of property.

2. An act of a corporation or of its founder, intended as a permanent rule or law; as, the statutes of a university.

3. An assemblage of farming servants (held possibly by statute) for the purpose of being hired; -- called also statute fair. [Eng.] Cf. 3d Mop, 2. Halliwell.

Statute book, a record of laws or legislative acts. Blackstone. -- Statute cap, a kind of woolen cap; -- so called because enjoined to be worn by a statute, dated in 1571, in behalf of the trade of cappers. [Obs.] Halliwell. -- Statute fair. See Statute, n., 3, above. -- Statute labor, a definite amount of labor required for the public service in making roads, bridges, etc., as in certain English colonies. -- Statute merchant (Eng. Law), a bond of record pursuant to the stat. 13 Edw. I., acknowledged in form prescribed, on which, if not paid at the day, an execution might be awarded against the body, lands, and goods of the debtor, and the obligee might hold the lands until out of the rents and profits of them the debt was satisfied; -- called also a pocket judgment. It is now fallen into disuse. Tomlins. Bouvier. -- Statute mile. See under Mile. -- Statute of limitations (Law), a statute assigned a certain time, after which rights can not be enforced by action. -- Statute staple, a bond of record acknowledged before the mayor of the staple, by virtue of which the creditor may, on nonpayment, forthwith have execution against the body, lands, and goods of the debtor, as in the statute merchant. It is now disused. Blackstone.

Syn. -- Act; regulation; edict; decree. See Law.

<! p. 1407 !>

Stat"u*to*ry (?), a. Enacted by statute; depending on statute for its authority; as, a statutory provision.

{ Staunch (?), Staunch"ly, Staunch"ness, etc. } See Stanch, Stanchly, etc.

Stau"ro*lite (?), n. [Gr. &?; a cross + -lite.] (Min.) A mineral of a brown to black color occurring in prismatic crystals, often twinned so as to form groups resembling a cross. It is a silicate of aluminia and iron, and is generally found imbedded in mica schist. Called also granatite, and grenatite.

Stau`ro*lit"ic (?), a. (Min.) Of or pertaining to staurolite; resembling or containing staurolite.

Stau"ro*scope (?), n. [Gr. &?; a cross + -scope.] (Crystallog.) An optical instrument used in determining the position of the planes of light-vibration in sections of crystals.

Stau"ro*tide (?), n. [F. staurotide, from Gr. &?; cruciform (from Gr. &?; a cross) + &?; form.] (Min.) Staurolite.

Stave (?), n. [From Staff, and corresponding to the pl. staves. See Staff.] 1. One of a number of narrow strips of wood, or narrow iron plates, placed edge to edge to form the sides, covering, or lining of a vessel or structure; esp., one of the strips which form the sides of a cask, a pail, etc.

2. One of the cylindrical bars of a lantern wheel; one of the bars or rounds of a rack, a ladder, etc.

3. A metrical portion; a stanza; a staff.

> Let us chant a passing stave
> In honor of that hero brave.

Wordsworth.

4. (Mus.) The five horizontal and parallel lines on and between which musical notes are written or pointed; the staff. [Obs.]

Stave jointer, a machine for dressing the edges of staves.

Stave, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Staved (?) or Stove (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Staving.] [From Stave, n., or Staff, n.] 1. To break in a stave or the staves of; to break a hole in; to burst; -- often with in; as, to stave a cask; to stave in a boat.

2. To push, as with a staff; -- with off.

> The condition of a servant staves him off to a distance.

South.

3. To delay by force or craft; to drive away; -- usually with off; as, to stave off the execution of a project.

> And answered with such craft as women use,
> Guilty or guilties, to stave off a chance
> That breaks upon them perilously.

Tennyson.

4. To suffer, or cause, to be lost by breaking the cask.

> All the wine in the city has been staved.

Sandys.

5. To furnish with staves or rundles. Knolles.

6. To render impervious or solid by driving with a calking iron; as, to stave lead, or the joints of pipes into which lead has been run.

To stave and tail, in bear baiting, (to stave) to interpose with the staff, doubtless to stop the bear; (to tail) to hold back the dog by the tail. Nares.

Stave, v. i. To burst in pieces by striking against something; to dash into fragments.

> Like a vessel of glass she stove and sank.

Longfellow.

Staves (?), n.; pl. of Staff. "Banners, scarves and staves." R. Browning. Also (stvz), pl. of Stave.

Staves"a`cre (?), n. [Corrupted from NL. staphis agria, Gr. &?; dried grape + &?; wild.] (Bot.) A kind of larkspur (Delphinium Staphysagria), and its seeds, which are violently purgative and emetic. They are used as a parasiticide, and in the East for poisoning fish.

Stave`wood` (?), n. (Bot.) A tall tree (Simaruba amara) growing in tropical America. It is one of the trees which yields quassia.

Stav"ing (?), n. A cassing or lining of staves; especially, one encircling a water wheel.

Staw (?), v. i. [Cf. Dan. staae to stand, Sw. stå. √163.] To be fixed or set; to stay. [Prov. Eng.]

Stay (?), n. [AS. stæg, akin to D., G., Icel., Sw., & Dan. stag; cf. OF. estai, F. étai, of Teutonic origin.] (Naut.) A large, strong rope, employed to support a mast, by being extended from the head of one mast down to some other, or to some part of the vessel. Those which lead forward are called fore-and-aft stays; those which lead to the vessel's side are called backstays. See Illust. of Ship.

In stays, or Hove in stays (Naut.), in the act or situation of staying, or going about from one tack to another. R. H. Dana, Jr. -- Stay holes (Naut.), openings in the edge of a staysail through which the hanks pass which join it to the stay. -- Stay tackle (Naut.), a tackle attached to a stay and used for hoisting or lowering heavy articles over the side. -- To miss stays (Naut.), to fail in the attempt to go about. Totten. -- Triatic stay (Naut.), a rope secured at the ends to the heads of the foremast and mainmast with thimbles spliced to its bight into which the stay tackles hook.

Stay (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stayed (?) or Staid (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Staying.] [OF. estayer, F. étayer to prop, fr. OF. estai, F. étai, a prop, probably fr. OD. stade, staeye, a prop, akin to E. stead; or cf. stay a rope to support a mast. Cf. Staid, a., Stay, v. i.] 1. To stop from motion or falling; to prop; to fix firmly; to hold up; to support.

> Aaron and Hur stayed up his hands, the one on the one side, and the other on the other side.

Ex. xvii. 12.

> Sallows and reeds . . . for vineyards useful found
> To stay thy vines.

Dryden.

2. To support from sinking; to sustain with strength; to satisfy in part or for the time.

> He has devoured a whole loaf of bread and butter, and it has not staid his stomach for a minute.

Sir W. Scott.

3. To bear up under; to endure; to support; to resist successfully.

> She will not stay the siege of loving terms,
> Nor bide the encounter of assailing eyes.

Shak.

4. To hold from proceeding; to withhold; to restrain; to stop; to hold.

> Him backward overthrew and down him stayed
> With their rude hands grisly grapplement.

Spenser.

> All that may stay their minds from thinking that true which they heartly wish were false.

Hooker.

5. To hinde&?;; to delay; to detain; to keep back.

> Your ships are stayed at Venice.

Shak.

> This business staid me in London almost a week.

Evelyn.

> I was willing to stay my reader on an argument that appeared to me new.

Locke.

6. To remain for the purpose of; to wait for. "I stay dinner there." Shak.

7. To cause to cease; to put an end to.

> Stay your strife.

Shak.

> For flattering planets seemed to say
> This child should ills of ages stay.

Emerson.

8. (Engin.) To fasten or secure with stays; as, to stay a flat sheet in a steam boiler.

9. (Naut.) To tack, as a vessel, so that the other side of the vessel shall be presented to the wind.

To stay a mast (Naut.), to incline it forward or aft, or to one side, by the stays and backstays.

Stay (?), v. i. [√163. See Stay to hold up, prop.] 1. To remain; to continue in a place; to abide fixed for a space of time; to stop; to stand still.

> She would command the hasty sun to stay.

Spenser.

> Stay, I command you; stay and hear me first.

Dryden.

> I stay a little longer, as one stays
> To cover up the embers that still burn.

Longfellow.

2. To continue in a state.

> The flames augment, and stay
> At their full height, then languish to decay.

Dryden.

3. To wait; to attend; to forbear to act.

> I'll tell thee all my whole device
> When I am in my coach, which stays for us.

Shak.

> The father can not stay any longer for the fortune.

Locke.

4. To dwell; to tarry; to linger.

> I must stay a little on one action.

Dryden.

5. To rest; to depend; to rely; to stand; to insist.

> I stay here on my bond.

Shak.

> Ye despise this word, and trust in oppression and perverseness, and stay thereon.

Isa. xxx. 12.

6. To come to an end; to cease; as, that day the storm stayed. [Archaic]

> Here my commission stays.

Shak.

7. To hold out in a race or other contest; as, a horse stays well. [Colloq.]

8. (Naut.) To change tack; as a ship.

Stay, n. [Cf. OF. estai, F. étai support, and E. stay a rope to support a mast.] 1. That which serves as a prop; a support. "My only strength and stay." Milton.

> Trees serve as so many stays for their vines.

Addison.

> Lord Liverpool is the single stay of this ministry.

Coleridge.

2. pl. A corset stiffened with whalebone or other material, worn by women, and rarely by men.

> How the strait stays the slender waist constrain.

Gay.

3. Continuance in a place; abode for a space of time; sojourn; as, you make a short stay in this city.

> Make haste, and leave thy business and thy care;
> No mortal interest can be worth thy stay.

Dryden.

> Embrace the hero and his stay implore.

Waller.

4. Cessation of motion or progression; stand; stop.

> Made of sphere metal, never to decay
> Until his revolution was at stay.

Milton.

> Affairs of state seemed rather to stand at a stay.

Hayward.

5. Hindrance; let; check. [Obs.]

> They were able to read good authors without any stay, if the book were not false.

Robynson (more's Utopia).

6. Restraint of passion; moderation; caution; steadiness; sobriety. [Obs.] "Not grudging that thy lust hath bounds and stays." Herbert.

> The wisdom, stay, and moderation of the king.

Bacon.

> With prudent stay he long deferred
> The rough contention.

Philips.

7. (Engin.) Strictly, a part in tension to hold the parts together, or stiffen them.

Stay bolt (Mech.), a bolt or short rod, connecting opposite plates, so as to prevent them from being bulged out when acted upon by a pressure which tends to force them apart, as in the leg of a steam boiler. -- Stay busk, a stiff piece of wood, steel, or whalebone, for the front support of a woman's stays. Cf. Busk. -- Stay rod, a rod which acts as a stay, particularly in a steam boiler.

Stayed (?), a. Staid; fixed; settled; sober; -- now written staid. See Staid. Bacon. Pope.

Stayed"ly, adv. Staidly. See Staidly. [R.]

Stayed"ness, n. 1. Staidness. [Archaic] W. Whately.

2. Solidity; weight. [R.] Camden.

Stay"er (?), n. One who upholds or supports that which props; one who, or that which, stays, stops, or restrains; also, colloquially, a horse, man, etc., that has endurance, an a race.

Stay"lace` (?), n. A lace for fastening stays.

Stay"less, a. Without stop or delay. Mir. for Mag.

Stay"mak`er (?), n. One whose occupation is to make stays.

Stay"nil (?), n. (Zoöl.) The European starling. [Prov. Eng.]

Stay"sail` (?), n. (Naut.) Any sail extended on a stay.

Stay"ship` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A remora, -- fabled to stop ships by attaching itself to them.

Stead (?), n. [OE. stede place, AS. stede; akin to LG. & D. stede, OS. stad, stedi, OHG. stat, G. statt, stätte, Icel. staðr, Dan. sted, Sw. stad, Goth. sta&?;s, and E. stand. √163. See Stand, and cf. Staith, Stithy.] 1. Place, or spot, in general. [Obs., except in composition.] Chaucer.

> Fly, therefore, fly this fearful stead anon.

Spenser.

2. Place or room which another had, has, or might have. "Stewards of your steads." Piers Plowman.

> In stead of bounds, he a pillar set.

Chaucer.

3. A frame on which a bed is laid; a bedstead. [R.]

> The genial bed,
> Sallow the feet, the borders, and the stead.

Dryden.

4. A farmhouse and offices. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

The word is now commonly used as the last part of a compound; as, farmstead, homestead, readstead, etc.

In stead of, in place of. See Instead. -- To stand in stead, or To do stead, to be of use or great advantage.

> The smallest act . . . shall stand us in great stead.

Atterbury.

> Here thy sword can do thee little stead.

Milton.

Stead, v. t. 1. To help; to support; to benefit; to assist.

> Perhaps my succour or advisement meet,
> Mote stead you much your purpose to subdue.

Spenser.

> It nothing steads us
> To chide him from our eaves.

Shak.

2. To fill place of. [Obs.] Shak.

Stead"fast (?), a. [Stead + fast, that is, fast in place.] [Written also stedfast.] 1. Firmly fixed or established; fast fixed; firm. "This steadfast globe of earth." Spenser.

2. Not fickle or wavering; constant; firm; resolute; unswerving; steady. "Steadfast eye." Shak.

> Abide steadfast unto him [thy neighbor] in the time of his trouble.

Ecclus. xxii. 23.

> Whom resist steadfast in the faith.

1 Pet. v. 9.

Stead"fast*ly, adv. In a steadfast manner; firmly.

> Steadfast believe that whatever God has revealed is infallibly true.

Wake.

Stead"fast*ness, n. The quality or state of being steadfast; firmness; fixedness; constancy. "The steadfastness of your faith." Col. ii. 5.

> To prove her wifehood and her steadfastness.

Chaucer.

Stead"i*ly (?), adv. In a steady manner.

Stead"i*ness, n. The quality or state of being steady.

> Steadiness is a point of prudence as well as of courage.

L'Estrange.

Syn. -- Constancy; resolution; unchangeableness.

Stead"ing (?), n. The brans, stables, cattle-yards, etc., of a farm; -- called also onstead, farmstead, farm offices, or farmery. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Stead"y (?), a. [Compar. Steadier (?); superl. Steadiest.] [Cf. AS. stedig sterile, barren, stæ&?;&?;ig, steady (in gestæ&?;&?;ig), D. stedig, stadig, steeg, G. stätig, stetig. See Stead, n.] 1. Firm in standing or position; not tottering or shaking; fixed; firm. "The softest, steadiest plume." Keble.

> Their feet steady, their hands diligent, their eyes watchful, and their hearts resolute.

Sir P. Sidney.

2. Constant in feeling, purpose, or pursuit; not fickle, changeable, or wavering; not easily moved or persuaded to alter a purpose; resolute; as, a man steady in his principles, in his purpose, or in the pursuit of an object.

3. Regular; constant; undeviating; uniform; as, the steady course of the sun; a steady breeze of wind.

Syn. -- Fixed; regular; uniform; undeviating; invariable; unremitted; stable.

Steady rest (Mach), a rest in a turning lathe, to keep a long piece of work from trembling.

Stead"y, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Steadied (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Steadying.] To make steady; to hold or keep from shaking, reeling, or falling; to make or keep firm; to support; to make constant, regular, or resolute.

Stead"y, v. i. To become steady; to regain a steady position or state; to move steadily.

> Without a breeze, without a tide,
> She steadies with upright keel.

Coleridge.

Steak (?), n. [OE. steike, Icel. steik, akin to Icel. steikja to roast, stikna to be roasted or scorched, and E. stick, the steak being broiled on a spit. See Stick, v. t.] A slice of beef, broiled, or cut for broiling; -- also extended to the meat of other large animals; as, venison steak; bear steak; pork steak; turtle steak.

Steal (?), n. [See Stale a handle.] A handle; a stale, or stele. [Archaic or Prov. Eng.]

> And in his hand a huge poleax did bear.
> Whose steale was iron-studded but not long.

Spenser.

Steal (?), v. t. [imp. Stole (?); p. p. Stolen (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stealing.] [OE. stelen, AS. stelan; akin to OFries. stela, D. stelen, OHG. stelan, G. stehlen, Icel. stela, SW. stjäla, Dan. stiæle, Goth. stilan.] 1. To take and carry away, feloniously; to take without right or leave, and with intent to keep wrongfully; as, to steal the personal goods of another.

> Maugre thy heed, thou must for indigence
> Or steal, or borrow, thy dispense.

Chaucer.

> The man who stole a goose and gave away the giblets in &?;lms.

G. Eliot.

2. To withdraw or convey clandestinely (reflexive); hence, to creep furtively, or to insinuate.

> They could insinuate and steal themselves under the same by their humble carriage and submission.

Spenser.

> He will steal himself into a man's favor.

Shak.

3. To gain by insinuating arts or covert means.

> So Absalom stole the hearts of the men of Israel.

2 Sam. xv. 6.

4. To get into one's power gradually and by imperceptible degrees; to take possession of by a gradual and imperceptible appropriation; -- with away.

> Variety of objects has a tendency to steal away the mind from its steady pursuit of any subject.

I. Watts.

5. To accomplish in a concealed or unobserved manner; to try to carry out secretly; as, to steal a look.

> Always, when thou changest thine opinion or course, profess it plainly, . . . and do not think to steal it.

Bacon.

To steal a march, to march in a covert way; to gain an advantage unobserved; -- formerly followed by of, but now by on or upon, and sometimes by over; as, to steal a march upon one's political rivals.

> She yesterday wanted to steal a march of poor Liddy.

Smollett.

> Fifty thousand men can not easily steal a march over the sea.

Walpole.

Syn. -- To filch; pilfer; purloin; thieve.

<! p. 1408 !>

Steal (?), v. i. 1. To practice, or be guilty of, theft; to commit larceny or theft.

> Thou shalt not steal.

Ex. xx. 15.

2. To withdraw, or pass privily; to slip in, along, or away, unperceived; to go or come furtively. Chaucer.

> Fixed of mind to avoid further entreaty, and to fly all company, one night she stole away.

Sir P. Sidney.

> From whom you now must steal, and take no leave.

Shak.

> A soft and solemn breathing sound
> Rose like a steam of rich, distilled perfumes,
> And stole upon the air.

Milton.

Steal"er (?), n. 1. One who steals; a thief.

2. (Shipbuilding) The endmost plank of a strake which stops short of the stem or stern.

Steal"ing, n. 1. The act of taking feloniously the personal property of another without his consent and knowledge; theft; larceny.

2. That which is stolen; stolen property; -- chiefly used in the plural.

Steal"ing*ly, adv. By stealing, or as by stealing, furtively, or by an invisible motion. Sir P. Sidney.

Stealth (?), n. [OE. staple. See Steal, v. t.] 1. The act of stealing; theft. [Obs.]

> The owner proveth the stealth to have been committed upon him by such an outlaw.

Spenser.

2. The thing stolen; stolen property. [Obs.] "Sluttish dens . . . serving to cover stealths." Sir W. Raleigh.

3. The bringing to pass anything in a secret or concealed manner; a secret procedure; a clandestine practice or action; -- in either a good or a bad sense.

> Do good by stealth, and blush to find it fame.

Pope.

> The monarch, blinded with desire of wealth,
> With steel invades the brother's life by stealth.

Dryden.

> I told him of your stealth unto this wood.

Shak.

Stealth"ful (?), a. Given to stealth; stealthy. [Obs.] -- Stealth"ful*ly, adv. [Obs.] -- Stealth"ful*ness, n. [Obs.]

Stealth"i*ly (?), adv. In a stealthy manner.

Stealth"i*ness, n. The state, quality, or character of being stealthy; stealth.

Stealth"like` (?), a. Stealthy; sly. Wordsworth.

Stealth"y (?), a. [Compar. Stealthier (?); superl. Stealthiest.] Done by stealth; accomplished clandestinely; unperceived; secret; furtive; sly.

> [Withered murder] with his stealthy pace, . . .
> Moves like a ghost.

Shak.

Steam (?), n. [OE. stem, steem, vapor, flame, AS. steám vapor, smoke, odor; akin to D. stoom steam, perhaps originally, a pillar, or something rising like a pillar; cf. Gr. &?; to erect, &?; a pillar, and E. stand.] 1. The elastic, aëriform fluid into which water is converted when heated to the boiling points; water in the state of vapor.

2. The mist formed by condensed vapor; visible vapor; -- so called in popular usage.

3. Any exhalation. "A steam og rich, distilled perfumes." Milton.

Dry steam, steam which does not contain water held in suspension mechanically; -- sometimes applied to superheated steam. -- Exhaust steam. See under Exhaust. -- High steam, or High- pressure steam, steam of which the pressure greatly exceeds that of the atmosphere. -- Low steam, or Low-pressure steam, steam of which the pressure is less than, equal to, or not greatly above, that of the atmosphere. -- Saturated steam, steam at the temperature of the boiling point which corresponds to its pressure; -- sometimes also applied to wet steam. -- Superheated steam, steam heated to a temperature higher than the boiling point corresponding to its pressure. It can not exist in contact with water, nor contain water, and resembles a perfect gas; -- called also surcharged steam, anhydrous steam, and steam gas. -- Wet steam, steam which contains water held in suspension mechanically; -- called also misty steam.

Steam is often used adjectively, and in combination, to denote, produced by heat, or operated by power, derived from steam, in distinction from other sources of power; as in steam boiler or steam-boiler, steam dredger or steam-dredger, steam engine or steam-engine, steam heat, steam plow or steam-plow, etc.

Steam blower. (a) A blower for producing a draught consisting of a jet or jets of steam in a chimney or under a fire. (b) A fan blower driven directly by a steam engine. -- Steam boiler, a boiler for producing steam. See Boiler, 3, and Note. In the illustration, the shell a of the boiler is partly in section, showing the tubes, or flues, which the hot gases, from the fire beneath the boiler, enter, after traversing the outside of the shell, and through which the gases are led to the smoke pipe d, which delivers them to the chimney; b is the manhole; c the dome; e the steam pipe; f the feed and blow-off pipe; g the safety value; hthe water gauge. -- Steam car, a car driven by steam power, or drawn by a locomotive. -- Steam carriage, a carriage upon wheels moved on common roads by steam. -- Steam casing. See Steam jacket, under Jacket. -- Steam chest, the box or chamber from which steam is distributed to the cylinder of a steam engine, steam pump, etc., and which usually contains one or more values; -- called also valve chest, and valve box. See Illust. of Slide valve, under Slide. -- Steam chimney, an annular chamber around the chimney of a boiler furnace, for drying steam. -- Steam coil, a coil of pipe, or collection of connected pipes, for containing steam; -- used for heating, drying, etc. -- Steam colors (Calico Printing), colors in which the chemical reaction fixed the coloring matter in the fiber is produced by steam. -- Steam cylinder, the cylinder of a steam engine, which contains the piston. See Illust. of Slide valve, under Slide. -- Steam dome (Steam Boilers), a chamber upon the top of the boiler, from which steam is conduced to the engine. See Illust. of Steam boiler, above. -- Steam fire engine, a fire engine consisting of a steam boiler and engine, and pump which is driven by the engine, combined and mounted on wheels. It is usually drawn by horses, but is sometimes made self-propelling. -- Steam fitter, a fitter of steam pipes. -- Steam fitting, the act or the occupation of a steam fitter; also, a pipe fitting for steam pipes. -- Steam gas. See Superheated steam, above. -- Steam gauge, an instrument for indicating the pressure of the steam in a boiler. The mercurial steam gauge is a bent tube partially filled with mercury, one end of which is connected with the boiler while the other is open to the air, so that the steam by its pressure raises the mercury in the long limb of the tume to a height proportioned to that pressure. A more common form, especially for high pressures, consists of a spring pressed upon by the steam, and connected with the pointer of a dial. The spring may be a flattened, bent tube, closed at one end, which the entering steam tends to straighten, or it may be a diaphragm of elastic metal, or a mass of confined air, etc. -- Steam gun, a machine or contrivance from which projectiles may be thrown by the elastic force of steam. -- Steam hammer, a hammer for forging, which is worked directly by steam; especially, a hammer which is guided vertically and operated by a vertical steam cylinder located directly over an anvil. In the variety known as Nasmyth's, the cylinder is fixed, and the hammer is attached to the piston rod. In that known as Condie's, the piston is fixed, and the hammer attached to the lower end of the cylinder. -- Steam heater. (a) A radiator heated by steam. (b) An apparatus consisting of a steam boiler, radiator, piping, and fixures for warming a house by steam. -- Steam jacket. See under Jacket. -- Steam packet, a packet or vessel propelled by steam, and running periodically between certain ports. -- Steam pipe, any pipe for conveying steam; specifically, a pipe through which steam is supplied to an engine. -- Steam plow or plough, a plow, or gang of plows, moved by a steam engine. -- Steam port, an opening for steam to pass through, as from the steam chest into the cylinder. -- Steam power, the force or energy of steam applied to produce results; power derived from a steam engine. -- Steam propeller. See Propeller. -- Steam pump, a small pumping engine operated by steam. It is usually direct-acting. -- Steam room (Steam Boilers), the space in the boiler above the water level, and in the dome, which contains steam. -- Steam table, a table on which are dishes heated by steam for keeping food warm in the carving room of a hotel, restaurant, etc. -- Steam trap, a self- acting device by means of which water that accumulates in a pipe or vessel containing steam will be discharged without permitting steam to escape. -- Steam tug, a steam vessel used in towing or propelling ships. -- Steam vessel, a vessel propelled by steam; a steamboat or steamship; -- a steamer. -- Steam whistle, an apparatus attached to a steam boiler, as of a locomotive, through which steam is rapidly discharged, producing a loud whistle which serves as a warning signal. The steam issues from a narrow annular orifice around the upper edge of the lower cup or hemisphere, striking the thin edge of the bell above it, and producing sound in the manner of an organ pipe or a common whistle.

Steam (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Steamed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Steaming.] 1. To emit steam or vapor.

> My brother's ghost hangs hovering there,
> O'er his warm blood, that steams into the air.

Dryden.

> Let the crude humors dance
> In heated brass, steaming with fire intence.

J. Philips.

2. To rise in vapor; to issue, or pass off, as vapor.

> The dissolved amber . . . steamed away into the air.

Boyle.

3. To move or travel by the agency of steam.

> The vessel steamed out of port.

N. P. Willis.

4. To generate steam; as, the boiler steams well.

Steam (?), v. t. 1. To exhale. [Obs.] Spenser.

2. To expose to the action of steam; to apply steam to for softening, dressing, or preparing; as, to steam wood; to steamcloth; to steam food, etc.

Steam"boat` (?), n. A boat or vessel propelled by steam power; -- generally used of river or coasting craft, as distinguished from ocean steamers.

Steam"boat`ing, n. 1. The occupation or business of running a steamboat, or of transporting merchandise, passengers, etc., by steamboats.

2. (Bookbinding) The shearing of a pile of books which are as yet uncovered, or out of boards. Knight.

Steam" en"gine (?). An engine moved by steam.

In its most common forms its essential parts are a piston, a cylinder, and a valve gear. The piston works in the cylinder, to which steam is admitted by the action of the valve gear, and communicates motion to the machinery to be actuated. Steam engines are thus classified: 1. According to the wat the steam is used or applied, as condencing, noncondencing, compound, double-acting, single-acting, triple-expansion, etc. 2. According to the motion of the piston, as reciprocating, rotary, etc. 3. According to the motion imparted by the engine, as rotative and nonrotative. 4. According to the arrangement of the engine, as stationary, portable, and semiportable engines, beam engine, oscillating engine, direct-acting and back-acting engines, etc. 5. According to their uses, as portable, marine, locomotive, pumping, blowing, winding, and stationary engines. Locomotive and portable engines are usually high- pressure, noncondencing, rotative, and direct-acting. Marine engines are high or low pressure, rotative, and generally condencing, double-acting, and compound. Paddle engines are generally beam, side&?;lever, oscillating, or direct-acting. Screw engines are generally direct-acting, back-acting, or oscillating. Stationary engines belong to various classes, but are generally rotative. A horizontal or inclined stationary steam engine is called a left-hand or a right-hand engine when the crank shaft and driving pulley are on the left-hand side, or the right-hand side, respectively, or the engine, to a person looking at them from the cylinder, and is said to run forward or backward when the crank traverses the upward half, or lower half, respectively, of its path, while the piston rod makes its stroke outward from the cylinder. A marine engine, or the engine of a locomotive, is said to run forward when its motion is such as would propel the vessel or the locomotive forward. Steam engines are further classified as double- cylinder, disk, semicylinder, trunk engines, etc. Machines, such as cranes, hammers, etc., of which the steam engine forms a part, are called steam cranes, steam hammers, etc. See Illustration in Appendix.

Back-acting, or Back-action, steam engine, a steam engine in which the motion is transmitted backward from the crosshead to a crank which is between the crosshead and the cylinder, or beyond the cylinder. -- Portable steam engine, a steam engine combined with, and attached to, a boiler which is mounted on wheels so as to admit of easy transportation; -- used for driving machinery in the field, as trashing machines, draining pumps, etc. -- Semiportable steam engine, a steam engine combined with, and attached to, a steam boiler, but not mounted on wheels.

Steam"er (?), n. 1. A vessel propelled by steam; a steamship or steamboat.

2. A steam fire engine. See under Steam.

3. A road locomotive for use on common roads, as in agricultural operations.

4. A vessel in which articles are subjected to the action of steam, as in washing, in cookery, and in various processes of manufacture.

5. (Zoöl.) The steamer duck.

Steamer duck (Zoöl.), a sea duck (Tachyeres cinereus), native of Patagonia and Terra del Fuego, which swims and dives with great agility, but which, when full grown, is incapable of flight, owing to its very small wings. Called also loggerhead, race horse, and side wheel duck.

Steam"i*ness (?), n. The quality or condition of being steamy; vaporousness; mistness.

Steam"ship` (?), n. A ship or seagoing vessel propelled by the power of steam; a steamer.

Steam"y (?), a. Consisting of, or resembling, steam; full of steam; vaporous; misty. Cowper.

Stean (?), n. & v. See Steen. Spenser.

Stean"ingp, n. See Steening.

Ste*ap"sin (?), n. (Physiol Chem.) An unorganized ferment or enzyme present in pancreatic juice. It decomposes neutral fats into glycerin and fatty acids.

Ste"a*rate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of stearic acid; as, ordinary soap consists largely of sodium or potassium stearates.

<! p. 1409 !>

Ste*ar"ic (?), a. [Cf. F. stéarique.] (Physiol. Chem.) Pertaining to, or obtained from, stearin or tallow; resembling tallow.

Stearic acid (Chem.), a monobasic fatty acid, obtained in the form of white crystalline scales, soluble in alcohol and ether. It melts to an oily liquid at 69°C.

Ste"a*rin (?), n. [Gr. &?; tallow, suet: cf. F. stéarine.] (Physiol. Chem.) One of the constituents of animal fats and also of some vegetable fats, as the butter of cacao. It is especially characterized by its solidity, so that when present in considerable quantity it materially increases the hardness, or raises the melting point, of the fat, as in mutton tallow. Chemically, it is a compound of glyceryl with three molecules of stearic acid, and hence is technically called tristearin, or glyceryl tristearate.

Ste`a*rol"ic (?), a. [Stearic + oleic + -ic.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, an acid of the acetylene series, isologous with stearis acid, and obtained, as a white crystalline substance, from oleïc acid.

Ste"a*rone (?), n. (Chem.) The ketone of stearic acid, obtained as a white crystalline substance, (C17H35)2.CO, by the distillation of calcium stearate.

Ste`a*rop"tene (?), n. [Stearic + -optene as in elæoptene.] (Chem.) The more solid ingredient of certain volatile oils; -- contrasted with elæoptene.

||Ste`ar*rhe"a (?), n. [NL., from Gr. &?; tallow + &?; to flow.] (Med.) seborrhea.

Ste"a*ryl (?), n. [Stearic + - yl.] (Chem.) The hypothetical radical characteristic of stearic acid.

Ste"a*tite (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, fat, tallow: cf. F. stéatite.] (Min.) A massive variety of talc, of a grayish green or brown color. It forms extensive beds, and is quarried for fireplaces and for coarse utensils. Called also potstone, lard stone, and soapstone.

Ste`a*tit"ic (?), n. (Min.) Pertaining to, or of the nature of, steatite; containing or resembling steatite.

||Ste`a*to"ma (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to turn into tallow or suet, fr. &?;, &?;, fat, suet.] (Med.) A cyst containing matter like suet.

Ste`a*tom"a*tous (?), a. (Med.) Of the nature of steatoma.

||Ste`a*top"y*ga (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, &?;, fat + &?; the buttocks.] A remarkable accretion of fat upon the buttocks of Africans of certain tribes, especially of Hottentot women.

Ste`a*top"y*gous (?), a. Having fat buttocks.

> Specimens of the steatopygous Abyssinian breed.

Burton.

Sted (?), n., Sted"fast (&?;), a., Sted"fast*ly, adv., etc. See Stead, Steadfast, etc.

Stee (?), n. [Cf. G. stiege. √164. See Stair.] A ladder. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] [Written also stey.]

Steed (?), n. [OE. stede, AS. stda a stud-horse, war horse, fr. std a stud of breeding steeds; akin to G. stute a mare, Icel. stedda, st&?;, a stud. √163. See Stud of horses.] A horse, especially a spirited horse for state of war; -- used chiefly in poetry or stately prose. "A knight upon a steed." Chaucer.

> Mounted upon a hot and fiery steed.

Shak.

Steed"less, a. Having no steed; without a horse.

{ Steek, Steik } (?), v. t. [Cf. Stick, v. t.] To pierce with a sharp instrument; hence, to stitch; to sew; also, to fix; to fasten. [Scot.]

Steel (?), n. [AS. stl, stl, stle; akin to D. staal, G. stahl, OHG. stahal, Icel. stl, Dan. staal, Sw. stål, Old Prussian stakla.] 1. (Metal) A variety of iron intermediate in composition and properties between wrought iron and cast iron (containing between one half of one per cent and one and a half per cent of carbon), and consisting of an alloy of iron with an iron carbide. Steel, unlike wrought iron, can be tempered, and retains magnetism. Its malleability decreases, and fusibility increases, with an increase in carbon.

2. An instrument or implement made of steel; as: --

(a) A weapon, as a sword, dagger, etc. "Brave Macbeth . . . with his brandished steel." Shak.

> While doubting thus he stood,
> Received the steel bathed in his brother's blood.

Dryden.

(b) An instrument of steel (usually a round rod) for sharpening knives.

(c) A piece of steel for striking sparks from flint.

3. Fig.: Anything of extreme hardness; that which is characterized by sternness or rigor. "Heads of steel." Johnson. "Manhood's heart of steel." Byron.

4. (Med.) A chalybeate medicine. Dunglison.

Steel is often used in the formation of compounds, generally of obvious meaning; as, steel-clad, steel- girt, steel-hearted, steel-plated, steel-pointed, etc.

Bessemer steel (Metal.) See in the Vocabulary. -- Blister steel. (Metal.) See under Blister. -- Cast steel (Metal.), a fine variety of steel, originally made by smelting blister or cementation steel; hence, ordinarily, steel of any process of production when remelted and cast. -- Cromium steel (Metal.), a hard, tenacious variety containing a little cromium, and somewhat resembling tungsten steel. -- Mild steel (Metal.), a kind of steel having a lower proportion of carbon than ordinary steel, rendering it softer and more malleable. -- Puddled steel (Metal.), a variety of steel produced from cast iron by the puddling process. -- Steel duck (Zoöl.), the goosander, or merganser. [Prov. Eng.] -- Steel mill. (a) (Firearms) See Wheel lock, under Wheel. (b) A mill which has steel grinding surfaces. (c) A mill where steel is manufactured. -- Steel trap, a trap for catching wild animals. It consists of two iron jaws, which close by means of a powerful steel spring when the animal disturbs the catch, or tongue, by which they are kept open. -- Steel wine, wine, usually sherry, in which steel filings have been placed for a considerable time, -- used as a medicine. -- Tincture of steel (Med.), an alcoholic solution of the chloride of iron. -- Tungsten steel (Metal.), a variety of steel containing a small amount of tungsten, and noted for its tenacity and hardness, as well as for its malleability and tempering qualities. It is also noted for its magnetic properties.

Steel (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Steeled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Steeling.] [AS. stlan: cf. Icel. stæla. See Steel, n.] 1. To overlay, point, or edge with steel; as, to steel a razor; to steel an ax.

2. To make hard or strong; hence, to make insensible or obdurate.

> Lies well steeled with weighty arguments.

Shak.

> O God of battles! steel my soldier's hearts.

Shak.

> Why will you fight against so sweet a passion,
> And steel your heart to such a world of charms?

Addison.

3. Fig.: To cause to resemble steel, as in smoothness, polish, or other qualities.

> These waters, steeled
> By breezeless air to smoothest polish.

Wordsworth.

4. (Elec.) To cover, as an electrotype plate, with a thin layer of iron by electrolysis. The iron thus deposited is very hard, like steel.

Steel"bow` goods" (?). (Scots Law) Those goods on a farm, such as corn, cattle, implements husbandry, etc., which may not be carried off by a removing tenant, as being the property of the landlord.

Steel"er (?), n. One who points, edges, or covers with steel.

Steel"er, n. (Shipbuilding) Same as Stealer.

Steel"head` (?), n. 1. (Zoöl.) A North Pacific salmon (Salmo Gairdneri) found from Northern California to Siberia; -- called also hardhead, and preesil.

2. (Zoöl.) The ruddy duck.

Steel"i*ness (?), n. The quality of being steely.

Steel"ing, n. The process of pointing, edging, or overlaying with steel; specifically, acierage. See Steel, v.

Steel"y (?), a. 1. Made of steel; consisting of steel. "The steely point of Clifford's lance." Shak.

> Around his shop the steely sparkles flew.

Gay.

2. Resembling steel; hard; firm; having the color of steel. "His hair was steely gray." The Century.

> She would unarm her noble heart of that steely resistance against the sweet blows of love.

Sir P. Sidney.

Steely iron, a compound of iron containing less than one half of one per cent of carbon.

Steel"yard (?), n. [So named from a place in London called the Steelyard, which was a yard in which steel was sold.] A form of balance in which the body to be weighed is suspended from the shorter arm of a lever, which turns on a fulcrum, and a counterpoise is caused to slide upon the longer arm to produce equilibrium, its place upon this arm (which is notched or graduated) indicating the weight; a Roman balance; -- very commonly used also in the plural form, steelyards.

Steem (?), n. & v. See Esteem. [Obs.] Spenser.

Steem, n. & v. See 1st and 2nd Stem. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Steen (?), n. [AS. st&?;na. See Stone.] [Written also stean.] 1. A vessel of clay or stone. "An huge great earth-pot steane." Spenser.

2. A wall of brick, stone, or cement, used as a lining, as of a well, cistern, etc.; a steening.

Steen, v. t. [AS. st&?;nan to adorn with stones or gems. See Stone.] To line, as a well, with brick, stone, or other hard material. [Written also stean, and stein.]

||Steen"bok` (?), n. [D. steen stone + bok buck.] (Zoöl.) Same as Steinbock.

Steen"ing, n. A lining made of brick, stone, or other hard material, as for a well. [Written also steaning.]

{ Steen"kirk` (?), Stein"kirk` (?) }, n. [So called from the battle of Steinkirk, in 1692, on which occasion the French nobles had no time to arrange their lace neckcloths.] A kind of neckcloth worn in a loose and disorderly fashion.

Steep (stp), a. Bright; glittering; fiery. [Obs.]

> His eyen steep, and rolling in his head.

Chaucer.

Steep, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Steeped (stpt); p. pr. & vb. n. Steeping.] [OE. stepen, probably fr. Icel. steypa to cause to stoop, cast down, pour out, to cast metals, causative of stpa to stoop; cf. Sw. stöpa to cast, to steep, Dan. stöbe, D. & G. stippen to steep, to dip. Cf. Stoop, v. t.] To soak in a liquid; to macerate; to extract the essence of by soaking; as, to soften seed by steeping it in water. Often used figuratively.

> Let fancy still my sense in Lethe steep.

Shak.

> In refreshing dew to steep
> The little, trembling flowers.

Wordsworth.

> The learned of the nation were steeped in Latin.

Earle.

Steep, v. i. To undergo the process of soaking in a liquid; as, the tea is steeping. [Colloq.]

Steep, n. 1. Something steeped, or used in steeping; a fertilizing liquid to hasten the germination of seeds.

2. A rennet bag. [Prov. Eng.]

Steep, a. [Comper. Steeper (?); superl. Steepest.] [OE. steep, step, AS. steáp; akin to Icel. steyp&?;r steep, and stpa to stoop, Sw. stupa to fall, to tilt; cf. OFries. stap high. Cf. Stoop, v. i., Steep, v. t., Steeple.] 1. Making a large angle with the plane of the horizon; ascending or descending rapidly with respect to a horizontal line or a level; precipitous; as, a steep hill or mountain; a steep roof; a steep ascent; a steep declivity; a steep barometric gradient.

2. Difficult of access; not easy reached; lofty; elevated; high. [Obs.] Chapman.

3. Excessive; as, a steep price. [Slang]

Steep, n. A precipitous place, hill, mountain, rock, or ascent; any elevated object sloping with a large angle to the plane of the horizon; a precipice. Dryden.

> We had on each side naked rocks and mountains broken into a thousand irregular steeps and precipices.

Addison.

> Bare steeps, where desolation stalks.

Wordsworth.

Steep"-down` (?), a. Deep and precipitous, having steep descent. [R.]

> Wash me in steep-down gulfs of liquid fire.

Shak.

Steep"en (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Steepened (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Steepening.] To become steep or steeper.

> As the way steepened . . . I could detect in the hollow of the hill some traces of the old path.

H. Miller.

Steep"er (?), n. A vessel, vat, or cistern, in which things are steeped.

Steep"i*ness (?), n. Steepness. Howell.

Steep"ish, a. Somewhat steep. Carlyle.

Stee"ple (?), n. [OE. stepel, AS. stpel, st&?;pel; akin to E. steep, a.] (Arch.) A spire; also, the tower and spire taken together; the whole of a structure if the roof is of spire form. See Spire. "A weathercock on a steeple." Shak.

Rood steeple. See Rood tower, under Rood. -- Steeple bush (Bot.), a low shrub (Spiræa tomentosa) having dense panicles of minute rose-colored flowers; hardhack. -- Steeple chase, a race across country between a number of horsemen, to see which can first reach some distant object, as a church steeple; hence, a race over a prescribed course obstructed by such obstacles as one meets in riding across country, as hedges, walls, etc. -- Steeple chaser, one who rides in a steeple chase; also, a horse trained to run in a steeple chase. -- Steeple engine, a vertical back- acting steam engine having the cylinder beneath the crosshead. -- Steeple house, a church. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

Stee"ple*chas`ing (?), n. The act of riding steeple chases.

Stee"ple-crowned` (?), a. 1. Bearing a steeple; as, a steeple- crowned building.

2. Having a crown shaped like a steeple; as, a steeple-crowned hat; also, wearing a hat with such a crown.

> This grave, beared, sable-cloaked, and steeple- crowned progenitor.

Hawthorne.

Stee"pled (?), a. Furnished with, or having the form of, a steeple; adorned with steeples. Fairfax.

Steep"ly (?), adv. In a steep manner; with steepness; with precipitous declivity.

Steep"ness, n. 1. Quality or state of being steep; precipitous declivity; as, the steepnessof a hill or a roof.

2. Height; loftiness. [Obs.] Chapman.

Steep"-up` (?), a. Lofty and precipitous. [R.]

> Her stand she takes upon a steep-up hill.

Shak.

Steep"y (?), a. Steep; precipitous. [Poetic]

> No more, my goats, shall I belong you climb
> The steepy cliffs, or crop the flow'ry thyme.

Dryden.

Steer (?), n. [OE. steer, AS. steór; akin to D. & G. stier a bull, OHG. stior, Icel. stjrr, &?;jrr, Sw. tjur, Dan. tyr, Goth. stiur, Russ. tur', Pol. tur, Ir. & Gael. tarbh, W. tarw, L. taurus, Gr. &?;, Skr. sth&?;ra strong, stout, AS. stor large, Icel. strr, OHG. st&?;ri, stiuri. √168. Cf. Stirk, Taurine, a.] A young male of the ox kind; especially, a common ox; a castrated taurine male from two to four years old. See the Note under Ox.

Steer, v. t. To castrate; -- said of male calves.

Steer, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Steered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Steering.] [OE. steeren, steren, AS. stiéran, st&?;ran, steóran; akin to OFries. stiora, stiura, D. sturen, OD. stieren, G. steuren, OHG. stiuren to direct, support, G. steuer contribution, tax, Icel. st&?;ra to steer, govern,Sw. styra, Dan. styre, Goth. stiurjan to establish, AS. steór a rudder, a helm, and probably to Icel. staurr a pale, stake, Gr. &?;, and perhaps ultimately to E. stand. √168. Cf. Starboard, Stern, n.] To direct the course of; to guide; to govern; -- applied especially to a vessel in the water.

> That with a staff his feeble steps did steer.

Spenser.

Steer, v. i. 1. To direct a vessel in its course; to direct one's course. "No helmsman steers." Tennyson.

2. To be directed and governed; to take a direction, or course; to obey the helm; as, the boat steers easily.

> Where the wind
> Veers oft, as oft [a ship] so steers, and shifts her sail.

Milton.

3. To conduct one's self; to take or pursue a course of action.

Steer, n. [AS. steór, stiór; akin to D. stuur, G. steuer, Icel. st&?;ri. √186. See Steer, v. t.] [Written also stere.] A rudder or helm. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Steer, n. [AS. steóra. See Steer a rudder.] A helmsman, a pilot. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Steer"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being steered; dirigible.

Steer"age (?), n. 1. The act or practice of steering, or directing; as, the steerage of a ship.

> He left the city, and, in a most tempestuous season, forsook the helm and steerage of the common wealth.

Milton.

2. (Naut.) (a) The effect of the helm on a ship; the manner in which an individual ship is affected by the helm. (b) The hinder part of a vessel; the stern. [R.] Swift. (c) Properly, the space in the after part of a vessel, under the cabin, but used generally to indicate any part of a vessel having the poorest accommodations and occupied by passengers paying the lowest rate of fare.

3. Direction; regulation; management; guidance.

> He that hath the steerage of my course.

Shak.

4. That by which a course is directed. [R.]

> Here he hung on high,
> The steerage of his wings.

Dryden.

Steerage passenger, a passenger who takes passage in the steerage of a vessel.

Steer"age*way` (?), n. (Naut.) A rate of motion through the water sufficient to render a vessel governable by the helm.

Steer"er (?), n. One who steers; as, a boat steerer.

Steer"ing, a. & n. from Steer, v.

Steering wheel (Naut.), the wheel by means of which the rudder of a vessel is turned and the vessel is steered.

Steer"less, a. Having no rudder. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Steer"ling (?), n. A young or small steer.

<! p. 1410 !>

Steers"man (strz"man), n.; pl. Steersmen (-men). [Steer a rudder + man: cf. AS. steórmann.] One who steers; the helmsman of a vessel. Milton.

Steers"mate (-mt`), n. [Steer a rudder + mate a companion.] One who steers; steersman. [Obs.] Milton.

Steeve (stv), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Steeved (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Steeving.] [Cf. OD. steve staff, E. stem, n.] (Shipbuilding) To project upward, or make an angle with the horizon or with the line of a vessel's keel; -- said of the bowsprit, etc.

Steeve, v. t. 1. (Shipbuilding) To elevate or fix at an angle with the horizon; -- said of the bowsprit, etc.

2. To stow, as bales in a vessel's hold, by means of a steeve. See Steeve, n. (b).

Steeve, n. (Naut.) (a) The angle which a bowsprit makes with the horizon, or with the line of the vessel's keel; -- called also steeving. (b) A spar, with a block at one end, used in stowing cotton bales, and similar kinds of cargo which need to be packed tightly.

Steev"ing, n. 1. The act or practice of one who steeves.

2. (Naut.) See Steeve, n. (a).

Steg (stg), n. [Icel. steggr the male of several animals. Cf. Stag.] (Zoöl.) A gander. [Written also stag.] [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Steg`a*nog"ra*phist (?), n. One skilled in steganography; a cryptographer.

Steg`a*nog"ra*phy (?), n. [Gr. &?; covered (fr. &?; to cover closely) + -graphy.] The art of writing in cipher, or in characters which are not intelligible except to persons who have the key; cryptography.

||Steg`a*noph*thal"ma*ta (?), n. pl. [NL., from Gr. &?; covered + &?; the eye.] (Zoöl.) The Discophora, or Phanerocarpæ. Called also Steganophthalmia.

Ste*gan"o*pod (?), n. (Zoöl.) One of the Steganopodes.

||Steg`a*nop"o*des (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, &?;, web-footed; &?; covered + &?; foot.] (Zoöl.) A division of swimming birds in which all four toes are united by a broad web. It includes the pelicans, cormorants, gannets, and others.

Steg`a*nop"o*dous (?), a. (Zoöl.) Having all four toes webbed together.

||Steg*no"sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;. See Stegnotic.] (Med.) Constipation; also, constriction of the vessels or ducts.

Steg*no"tic (?), a. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to cover, to make costive, fr. &?;, &?;, covered, closed.] (Med.) Tending to render costive, or to diminish excretions or discharges generally. -- n. A stegnotic medicine; an astringent.

||Steg`o*ceph"a*la (stg`*sf"*l), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ste`gh roof + kefalh` head.] (Paleon.) An extinct order of amphibians found fossil in the Mesozoic rocks; called also Stegocephali, and Labyrinthodonta.

Their teeth, in transverse sections, usually show a labyrinthiform arrangement of the cement and dentine. The under side of the body was covered with bony plates. Some of the Stegocephala were of very large size, and the form of the body varied from short, stout forms to others that were as slender as serpents.

||Steg`o*sau"ri*a (-s"r*), n. pl. [NL. See Stegosaurus.] (Paleon.) An extinct order of herbivorous dinosaurs, including the genera Stegosaurus, Omosaurus, and their allies.

||Steg`o*sau"rus (-rs), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ste`gh roof + say^ros a lizard.] (Paleon.) A genus of large Jurassic dinosaurs remarkable for a powerful dermal armature of plates and spines.

Steik (?), v. t. See Steek. [Scot.]

Stein (?), n. & v. See Steen.

Stein"bock` (?), n. [G. stein stone + bock buck, D. bok. Cf. Steenbok.] (Zoöl.) (a) The European ibex. (b) A small South African antelope (Nanotragus tragulus) which frequents dry, rocky districts; -- called also steenbok. [Written also steinboc, and steinbok; also called stonebock, and stonebuck.]

Stein"gale (?), n. The stannel. [Prov. Eng.]

Stein"ing (?), n. See Steening.

Stein"kirk` (?), n. Same as Steenkirk.

Stein"kle (?), n. The wheater. [Prov. Eng.]

||Ste"la (?), n.; pl. Stelæ (#). [L., from Gr. &?; a post, an upright stone.] (Gr. Antiq.) A small column or pillar, used as a monument, milestone, etc.

||Ste"le (st"l), n. [NL.] Same as Stela.

> One of these steles, containing the Greek version of the ordinance, has recently been discovered.

I. Taylor (The Alphabet).

Stele (stl), n. [See Stale a handle.] A stale, or handle; a stalk. [Obs.] Chaucer. Holland.

Ste"lene (?), a. [See Stela.] Resembling, or used as, a stela; columnar. [R.]

Stell (?), v. t. [AS. stellan. √163.] To place or fix firmly or permanently. [Obs.] Shak.

Stell, n. [See Stell, v. t.] 1. A prop; a support, as for the feet in standing or cilmbing. [Scot.]

2. A partial inclosure made by a wall or trees, to serve as a shelter for sheep or cattle. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

{ Stel"lar (?), Stel"la*ry (?), } a. [L. stellaris, fr. stella a star. See Star.] 1. Of or pertaining to stars; astral; as, a stellar figure; stellary orbs.

> [These soft fires] in part shed down
> Their stellar virtue.

Milton.

2. Full of stars; starry; as, stellar regions.

{ Stel"late (?), Stel"la*ted (?), } a. [L. stellatus, p. p. of stellare to set or cover with stars, from stella a star. See Stellar.] 1. Resembling a star; pointed or radiated, like the emblem of a star.

2. (Bot.) Starlike; having similar parts radiating from a common center; as, stellate flowers.

Stel*la"tion (?), n. Radiation of light. [Obs.]

Stelled (?), a. [See Stell to place.] Firmly placed or fixed. [Obs.] "The stelled fires" [the stars]. Shak. [In this passage by some defined as "starry," as if from stellatus.]

Stel"ler (?), n. [After Geo. W. Steller, a German naturalist.] (Zoöl) The rytina; -- called also stellerine.

Stel"ler*id (?), n. [L. stella a star.] (Zoöl.) A starfish.

||Stel*ler"i*da (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) An extensive group of echinoderms, comprising the starfishes and ophiurans.

{ Stel*ler"i*dan (?), Stel`ler*id"e*an (?), } n. (Zoöl.) A starfish, or brittle star.

Stel*lif"er*ous (?), a. [L. stellifer; stella star + ferre to bear.] Having, or abounding with, stars.

Stel"li*form (?), a. [L. stella a star + -form.] Like a star; star-shaped; radiated.

Stel"li*fy (?), v. t. [L. stella a star + -fy.] To turn into a star; to cause to appear like a star; to place among the stars, or in heaven. [Obs. or R.] B. Jonson.

Stel"lion (?), n. [L. stellio a newt having starlike spots on its back, fr. stella a star.] (Zoöl.) A lizard (Stellio vulgaris), common about the Eastern Mediterranean among ruins. In color it is olive- green, shaded with black, with small stellate spots. Called also hardim, and star lizard.

Stel"lion*ate (?), n. [L. stellionatus cozenage, trickery, fr. stellio a newt, a crafty, knavish person.] (Scots & Roman Law) Any fraud not distinguished by a more special name; -- chiefly applied to sales of the same property to two different persons, or selling that for one's own which belongs to another, etc. Erskine.

Stel"lu*lar (?), a. [L. stellula, dim. of stella a star.] 1. Having the shape or appearance of little stars; radiated.

2. Marked with starlike spots of color.

Stel"lu*late (?), a. (Bot.) Minutely stellate.

||Stel`ma*top"o*da (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a block, post + &?;, &?;, eye + &?;, &?;, foot.] (Zoöl.) Same as Gymnolæmata.

Ste*log"ra*phy (?), n. [Gr. &?; a post, slab, pillar + -graphy: cf. Gr. &?; an inscription on a tablet.] The art of writing or inscribing characters on pillars. [R.] Stackhouse.

{ Stem (?), Steem (?) }, v. i. To gleam. [Obs.]

> His head bald, that shone as any glass, . . .
> [And] stemed as a furnace of a leed [caldron].

Chaucer.

{ Stem, Steem }, n. A gleam of light; flame. [Obs.]

Stem (stm), n. [AS. stemn, stefn, stæfn; akin to OS. stamn the stem of a ship, D. stam stem, steven stem of a ship, G. stamm stem, steven stem of a ship, Icel. stafn, stamn, stem of a ship, stofn, stomn, stem, Sw. stam a tree trunk, Dan. stamme. Cf. Staff, Stand.] 1. The principal body of a tree, shrub, or plant, of any kind; the main stock; the part which supports the branches or the head or top.

> After they are shot up thirty feet in length, they spread a very large top, having no bough nor twig in the trunk or the stem.

Sir W. Raleigh.

> The lowering spring, with lavish rain,
> Beats down the slender stem and breaded grain.

Dryden.

2. A little branch which connects a fruit, flower, or leaf with a main branch; a peduncle, pedicel, or petiole; as, the stem of an apple or a cherry.

3. The stock of a family; a race or generation of progenitors. "All that are of noble stem." Milton.

> While I do pray, learn here thy stem
> And true descent.

Herbert.

4. A branch of a family.

> This is a stem
> Of that victorious stock.

Shak.

5. (Naut.) A curved piece of timber to which the two sides of a ship are united at the fore end. The lower end of it is scarfed to the keel, and the bowsprit rests upon its upper end. Hence, the forward part of a vessel; the bow.

6. Fig.: An advanced or leading position; the lookout.

> Wolsey sat at the stem more than twenty years.

Fuller.

7. Anything resembling a stem or stalk; as, the stem of a tobacco pipe; the stem of a watch case, or that part to which the ring, by which it is suspended, is attached.

8. (Bot.) That part of a plant which bears leaves, or rudiments of leaves, whether rising above ground or wholly subterranean.

9. (Zoöl.) (a) The entire central axis of a feather. (b) The basal portion of the body of one of the Pennatulacea, or of a gorgonian.

10. (Mus.) The short perpendicular line added to the body of a note; the tail of a crotchet, quaver, semiquaver, etc.

11. (Gram.) The part of an inflected word which remains unchanged (except by euphonic variations) throughout a given inflection; theme; base.

From stem to stern (Naut.), from one end of the ship to the other, or through the whole length. -- Stem leaf (Bot.), a leaf growing from the stem of a plant, as contrasted with a basal or radical leaf.

Stem, v. t. 1. To remove the stem or stems from; as, to stem cherries; to remove the stem and its appendages (ribs and veins) from; as, to stem tobacco leaves.

2. To ram, as clay, into a blasting hole.

Stem, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stemmed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stemming.] [Either from stem, n., or akin to stammer; cf. G. stemmen to press against.] To oppose or cut with, or as with, the stem of a vessel; to resist, or make progress against; to stop or check the flow of, as a current. "An argosy to stem the waves." Shak.

> [They] stem the flood with their erected breasts.

Denham.

> Stemmed the wild torrent of a barbarous age.

Pope.

Stem, v. i. To move forward against an obstacle, as a vessel against a current.

> Stemming nightly toward the pole.

Milton.

Stem"-clasp`ing (?), a. (Bot.) Embracing the stem with its base; amplexicaul, as a leaf or petiole.

Stem"less, a. Having no stem; (Bot.) acaulescent.

Stem"let (?), n. A small or young stem.

||Stem"ma (?), n.; pl. Stemmata (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, pl. &?;, a garland or chaplet.] (Zoöl.) (a) One of the ocelli of an insect. See Ocellus. (b) One of the facets of a compound eye of any arthropod.

Stem"mer (?), n. One who, or that which, stems (in any of the senses of the verbs).

Stem"mer*y (?), n. A large building in which tobacco is stemmed. [U. S.] Bartlett.

Stem"my (?), a. Abounding in stems, or mixed with stems; -- said of tea, dried currants, etc. [Colloq.]

Stem"ple (?), n. [G. stempel a stamp, a prop, akin to E. stamp.] (Mining) A crossbar of wood in a shaft, serving as a step.

Stem"son (?), n. [See Stem, n., and Keelson, and cf. Sternson.] (Shipbuilding) A piece of curved timber bolted to the stem, keelson, and apron in a ship's frame near the bow.

Stem"-wind`er (?), n. A stem- winding watch. [Colloq.]

Stem"-wind`ing, a. Wound by mechanism connected with the stem; as, a stem-winding watch.

Stench (?), v. t. To stanch. [Obs.] Harvey.

Stench, n. [AS. stenc a strong smell, fr. stincan. See Stink, v. i.] 1. A smell; an odor. [Obs.]

> Clouds of savory stench involve the sky.

Dryden.

2. An ill smell; an offensive odor; a stink. Cowper.

Stench trap, a contrivance to prevent stench or foul air from rising from the openings of sewers, drains, etc.

Stench, v. t. [AS. stencan to emit a smell, fr. stincan to smell. See Stench, n.] To cause to emit a disagreeable odor; to cause to stink. [Obs.] Young.

Stench"y (?), a. Having a stench. [Obs.] Dyer.

Sten"cil (?), n. [Probably from OF. estincelle spangle, spark, F. étincelle spark, L. scintilla. See Scintillate, and cf. Tinsel.] A thin plate of metal, leather, or other material, used in painting, marking, etc. The pattern is cut out of the plate, which is then laid flat on the surface to be marked, and the color brushed over it. Called also stencil plate.

Sten"cil, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stenciled (?) or Stencilled; p. pr. & vb. n. Stenciling or Stencilling.] To mark, paint, or color in figures with stencils; to form or print by means of a stencil.

Sten"cil*er (?), n. One who paints or colors in figures by means of stencil. [Written also stenciller.]

Sten"o*derm (?), n. [Gr. steno`s narrow, little + -derm.] (Zoöl.) Any species of bat belonging to the genus Stenoderma, native of the West Indies and South America. These bats have a short or rudimentary tail and a peculiarly shaped nose membrane.

Sten`o*der"mine (?), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the genus Stenoderma, which includes several West Indian and South American nose-leaf bats.

Sten"o*graph (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stenographed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stenographing (?).] To write or report in stenographic characters.

Sten"o*graph, n. A production of stenography; anything written in shorthand.

> I saw the reporters' room, in which they redact their hasty stenographs.

Emerson.

Ste*nog"ra*pher (?), n. One who is skilled in stenography; a writer of shorthand.

{ Sten`o*graph"ic (?), Sten`o*graph"ic*al (?), } a. [Cf. F. sténographique.] Of or pertaining to stenography.

Ste*nog"ra*phist (?), n. A stenographer.

Ste*nog"ra*phy (?), n. [Gr. steno`s narrow, close + graphy: cf. F. sténographie, G. stenographie.] The art of writing in shorthand, by using abbreviations or characters for whole words; shorthand.

Ste*noph"yl*lous (?), a. [Gr. steno`s narrow + fy`llon leaf.] (Bot.) Having narrow leaves.

||Ste*no"sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. steno`s narrow.] (Med.) A narrowing of the opening or hollow of any passage, tube, or orifice; as, stenosis of the pylorus. It differs from stricture in being applied especially to diffused rather than localized contractions, and in always indicating an origin organic and not spasmodic.

Sten"o*stome (?), a. [Gr. steno`s narrow, little + sto`ma mouth.] (Zoöl.) Having a small or narrow mouth; -- said of certain small ground snakes (Opoterodonta), which are unable to dilate their jaws.

Stent (?), v. t. [Obs. imp. Stente (?); obs. p. p. Stent.] [See Stint.] To keep within limits; to restrain; to cause to stop, or cease; to stint.

> Then would he weep, he might not be stent.

Chaucer.

> Yet n'ould she stent
> Her bitter railing and foul revilement.

Spenser.

Stent, v. i. To stint; to stop; to cease.

> And of this cry they would never stenten.

Chaucer.

Stent, n. An allotted portion; a stint. "Attain'd his journey's stent." Mir. for Mag.

Stent"ing, n. An opening in a wall in a coal mine. [Written also stenton.] [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Sten"tor (?), n. [L. Stentor, Gr. &?;.] 1. A herald, in the Iliad, who had a very loud voice; hence, any person having a powerful voice.

2. (Zoöl.) Any species of ciliated Infusoria belonging to the genus Stentor and allied genera, common in fresh water. The stentors have a bell-shaped, or cornucopia- like, body with a circle of cilia around the spiral terminal disk. See Illust. under Heterotricha.

3. (Zoöl.) A howling monkey, or howler.

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Sten*to"ri*an (?), a. [L. stentoreus; cf. Gr. &?;.] Of or pertaining to a stentor; extremely loud; powerful; as, a stentorian voice; stentorian lungs.

Sten"to*rin (?), n. (Chem.) A blue coloring matter found in some stentors. See Stentor, 2.

Sten*to"ri*ous (?), a. Stentorian. [R.]

Sten`to*ron"ic (?), a. Stentorian. [Obs.]

Sten`to*ro*phon"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?; Stentor + &?; a sound, voice. See Stentor.] Speaking or sounding very loud; stentorian. [Obs.]

> Of this stentorophonic horn of Alexander there is a preserved in the Vatican.

Derham.

Step (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Stepped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stepping.] [AS. stæppan; akin to OFries. steppa, D. stappen to step, stap a step, OHG. stepfen to step, G. stapfe a footstep, OHG. stapfo, G. stufe a step to step on; cf. Gr. &?; to shake about, handle roughly, stamp (?). Cf. Stamp, n. & a.] 1. To move the foot in walking; to advance or recede by raising and moving one of the feet to another resting place, or by moving both feet in succession.

2. To walk; to go on foot; esp., to walk a little distance; as, to step to one of the neighbors.

3. To walk slowly, gravely, or resolutely.

> Home the swain retreats,
> His flock before him stepping to the fold.

Thomson.

4. Fig.: To move mentally; to go in imagination.

> They are stepping almost three thousand years back into the remotest antiquity.

Pope.

To step aside, to walk a little distance from the rest; to retire from company. -- To step forth, to move or come forth. -- To step in or into. (a) To walk or advance into a place or state, or to advance suddenly in.

> Whosoever then first, after the troubling of the water, stepped in, was made whole of whatsoever disease he had.

John v. 4.

(b) To enter for a short time; as, I just stepped into the house. (c) To obtain possession without trouble; to enter upon easily or suddenly; as, to step into an estate. -- To step out. (a) (Mil.) To increase the length, but not the rapidity, of the step, extending it to thirty-tree inches. (b) To go out for a short distance or a short time. -- To step short (Mil.), to diminish the length or rapidity of the step according to the established rules.

Step, v. t. 1. To set, as the foot.

2. (Naut.) To fix the foot of (a mast) in its step; to erect.

To step off, to measure by steps, or paces; hence, to divide, as a space, or to form a series of marks, by successive measurements, as with dividers.

Step, n. [AS. stæpe. See Step, v. i.] 1. An advance or movement made by one removal of the foot; a pace.

2. A rest, or one of a set of rests, for the foot in ascending or descending, as a stair, or a round of a ladder.

> The breadth of every single step or stair should be never less than one foot.

Sir H. Wotton.

3. The space passed over by one movement of the foot in walking or running; as, one step is generally about three feet, but may be more or less. Used also figuratively of any kind of progress; as, he improved step by step, or by steps.

> To derive two or three general principles of motion from phenomena, and afterwards to tell us how the properties and actions of all corporeal things follow from those manifest principles, would be a very great step in philosophy.

Sir I. Newton.

4. A small space or distance; as, it is but a step.

5. A print of the foot; a footstep; a footprint; track.

6. Gait; manner of walking; as, the approach of a man is often known by his step.

7. Proceeding; measure; action; an act.

> The reputation of a man depends on the first steps he makes in the world.

Pope.

> Beware of desperate steps. The darkest day,
> Live till to-morrow, will have passed away.

Cowper.

> I have lately taken steps . . . to relieve the old gentleman's distresses.

G. W. Cable.

8. pl. Walk; passage.

> Conduct my steps to find the fatal tree.

Dryden.

9. pl. A portable framework of stairs, much used indoors in reaching to a high position.

10. (Naut.) In general, a framing in wood or iron which is intended to receive an upright shaft; specif., a block of wood, or a solid platform upon the keelson, supporting the heel of the mast.

11. (Mach.) (a) One of a series of offsets, or parts, resembling the steps of stairs, as one of the series of parts of a cone pulley on which the belt runs. (b) A bearing in which the lower extremity of a spindle or a vertical shaft revolves.

12. (Mus.) The intervak between two contiguous degrees of the csale.

The word tone is often used as the name of this interval; but there is evident incongruity in using tone for indicating the interval between tones. As the word scale is derived from the Italian scala, a ladder, the intervals may well be called steps.

13. (Kinematics) A change of position effected by a motion of translation. W. K. Clifford.

Back step, Half step, etc. See under Back, Half, etc. -- Step grate, a form of grate for holding fuel, in which the bars rise above one another in the manner of steps. -- To take steps, to take action; to move in a matter.

Step-. [AS. steóp-; akin to OFries. stiap-, stiep-, D. & G. stief-, OHG. stiuf- , Icel. stj&?;p-, Sw. styf-, and to AS. stpan, steópan, to deprive, bereave, as children of their parents, OHG. stiufen.] A prefix used before father, mother, brother, sister, son, daughter, child, etc., to indicate that the person thus spoken of is not a blood relative, but is a relative by the marriage of a parent; as, a stepmother to X is the wife of the father of X, married by him after the death of the mother of X. See Stepchild, Stepdaughter, Stepson, etc.

Step"broth`er (?), n. A brother by the marriage of one's father with the mother of another, or of one's mother with the father of another.

Step"child` (?), n. [AS. steópcild.] 1. A bereaved child; one who has lost father or mother. [Obs.]

2. A son or daughter of one's wife or husband by a former marriage.

Step"dame` (?), n. A stepmother. Spenser.

Step"daugh`ter (?), n. [AS. steópdohtor.] A daughter of one's wife or husband by a former marriage.

Step"fa`ther (?), n. [AS. steópfæder.] The husband of one's mother by a subsequent marriage.

Ste*pha"ni*on (?), n. [NL., from Gr. &?; a crown.] (Anat.) The point on the side of the skull where the temporal line, or upper edge of the temporal fossa, crosses the coronal suture.

Steph"an*ite (?), n. [So named after the Archduke Stephan, mining director of Austria.] (Min.) A sulphide of antimony and silver of an iron-black color and metallic luster; called also black silver, and brittle silver ore.

||Steph`a*no"tis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; fit for a crown, fr. &?; crown.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of climbing asclepiadaceous shrubs, of Madagascar, Malaya, etc. They have fleshy or coriaceous opposite leaves, and large white waxy flowers in cymes.

2. A perfume said to be prepared from the flowers of Stephanotis floribunda.

Step"lad`der (?), n. A portable set of steps.

Step"moth`er (?), n. [AS. steópmder.] The wife of one's father by a subsequent marriage.

Step"par`ent (?), n. Stepfather or stepmother.

Steppe (?), n. [From Russ. stepe, through G. or F. steppe.] One of the vast plains in Southeastern Europe and in Asia, generally elevated, and free from wood, analogous to many of the prairies in Western North America. See Savanna.

Steppe murrain. (Far.) See Rinderpest.

Stepped (?), a. Provided with a step or steps; having a series of offsets or parts resembling the steps of stairs; as, a stepped key.

Stepped gear, a cogwheel of which the teeth cross the face in a series of steps.

Step"per (?), n. One who, or that which, steps; as, a quick stepper.

Step"ping-stone` (?), n. 1. A stone to raise the feet above the surface of water or mud in walking.

2. Fig.: A means of progress or advancement.

> These obstacles his genius had turned into stepping- stones.

Macaulay.

> That men may rise on stepping-stones
> Of their dead selves to higher things.

Tennyson.

Step"sis`ter (?), n. A daughter of one's stepfather or stepmother by a former marriage.

Step"son` (?), n. [AS. steópsunu.] A son of one's husband or wife by a former marriage.

Step"stone` (?), n. A stone laid before a door as a stair to rise on in entering the house.

-ster (?). [OE. & AS. -estre, -istre.] A suffix denoting the agent (originally a woman), especially a person who does something with skill or as an occupation; as in spinster (originally, a woman who spins), songster, baxter (= bakester), youngster.

Brewing, baking, and weaving were formerly feminine labors, and consequently brewster, baxter, and webster meant, originally, the woman (not the man) who brews, bakes, or weaves. When men began to perform these duties the feminine appellations were retained.

Ster`co*bi"lin (?), n. [L. stercus dung + E. bilin.] (Physiol. Chem.) A coloring matter found in the fæces, a product of the alteration of the bile pigments in the intestinal canal, -- identical with hydrobilirubin.

Ster"co*lin (?), n. [L. stercus dung + oleum oil.] (Physiol. Chem.) Same as Serolin (b).

Ster`co*ra"ceous (?), a. [L. stercus, -oris, dung.] Of or pertaining to dung; partaking of the nature of, or containing, dung.

Ster"co*ra*nism (?), n. (Eccl. Hist.) The doctrine or belief of the Stercoranists.

Ster"co*ra*nist (?), n. [LL. stercoranista, fr. L. stercus, -oris, dung.] (Eccl. Hist.) A nickname formerly given to those who held, or were alleged to hold, that the consecrated elements in the eucharist undergo the process of digestion in the body of the recipient.

Ster`co*ra"ri*an (?), n. A Stercoranist.

Ster"co*ra*ry (?), n. [LL. stercorarium, from L. stercorarius belonging to dung.] A place, properly secured from the weather, for containing dung.

Ster"co*rate (?), n. Excrement; dung. [Obs.]

Ster`co*ra"tion (?), n. [L. stercoratio, from stercorare to dung.] Manuring with dung. [Obs.] Bacon.

Ster*co"ri*an*ism (?), n. (Eccl.) The doctrine or belief of the Stercoranists.

Ster"co*rin (?), n. [L. stercus, -oris, dung.] (Physiol. Chem.) Same as Serolin (b).

Ster"co*ry (?), n. Excrement; dung. [Obs.]

Ster*cu`li*a"ceous (?), a. [NL. Sterculia, the typical genus, fr. L. Sterculius the deity that presided over manuring, from stercus dung. So called because one of the original species is fetid.] (Bot.) Of or pertaining to a natural order (Sterculiaceæ) of polypetalous exogenous plants, mostly tropical. The cacao (Theobroma Cacao) is the most useful plant of the order.

Stere (?), n. [F. stère, fr. Gr. &?; solid.] A unit of cubic measure in the metric system, being a cubic meter, or kiloliter, and equal to 35.3 cubic feet, or nearly 1 cubic yards.

Stere (?), v. t. & i. To stir. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Stere, n. A rudder. See 5th Steer. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Stere, n. Helmsman. See 6th Steer. [Obs.] Chaucer.

||Ster`el*min"tha (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. stereo`s solid + &?; a worm.] (Zoöl.) Same as Platyelminthes.

Ste"re*o- (?). [Gr. stereo`s solid. See Stare to gaze.] A combining form meaning solid, hard, firm, as in stereo-chemistry, stereography.

Ste"re*o*bate (?), n. [Gr. stereo`s solid + &?; that treads or covers, akin to &?; base; cf. F. stéréobate.] (Arch.) The lower part or basement of a building or pedestal; -- used loosely for several different forms of basement.

{ Ste`re*o-chem"ic (?), Ste`re*o-chem"ic*al (?), } a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or illustrating, the hypothetical space relations of atoms in the molecule; as, a stereo-chemic formula.

Ste`re*o-chem"is*try (?), n. [Stereo- + chemistry.] (Chem.) Chemistry considered with reference to the space relations of atoms.

Ste"re*o*chrome (?), n. Stereochromic picture.

Ste`re*o*chro"mic (?), a. Pertaining to the art of stereochromy; produced by stereochromy. -- Ste`re*o*chro"mic*al*ly (#), adv.

Ste`re*och"ro*my (?), n. [Stereo- + Gr. chrw^ma color.] A style of painting on plastered walls or stone, in which the colors are rendered permanent by sprinklings of water, in which is mixed a proportion of soluble glass (a silicate of soda).

Ste`re*o*e*lec"tric (?), a. [Stereo- + electric.] (Physics) Of or pertaining to the generation of electricity by means of solid bodies alone; as, a stereoelectric current is one obtained by means of solids, without any liquid.

Ste"re*o*gram (?), n. [Stereo- + -gram.] A diagram or picture which represents objects in such a way as to give the impression of relief or solidity; also, a stereograph.

Ste"re*o*graph (?), n. [Stereo- + -graph.] Any picture, or pair of pictures, prepared for exhibition in the stereoscope. Stereographs are now commonly made by means of photography.

{ Ste`re*o*graph"ic (?), Ste`re*o*graph"ic*al (?), } a. [Cf. F. stéréographique.] Made or done according to the rules of stereography; delineated on a plane; as, a stereographic chart of the earth.

Stereographic projection (Geom.), a method of representing the sphere in which the center of projection is taken in the surface of the sphere, and the plane upon which the projection is made is at right andles to the diameter passing through the center of projection.

Ste`re*o*graph"ic*al*ly, adv. In a stereographical manner; by delineation on a plane.

Ste`re*og"ra*phy (?), n. [Stereo- + graphy: cf. F. stéréographie.] The art of delineating the forms of solid bodies on a plane; a branch of solid geometry which shows the construction of all solids which are regularly defined.

By cutting pieces of cardboard, or other suitable material, in the forms represented in the cut, folding them along the lines indicated, and joining their edges, the five regular solids may be formed.

Ste`re*om"e*ter (?), n. [Stereo- + meter.] (Physics) 1. An instrument for measuring the solid contents of a body, or the capacity of a vessel; a volumenometer.

2. An instrument for determining the specific gravity of liquid bodies, porous bodies, and powders, as well as solids.

{ Ste`re*o*met"ric (?), Ste`re*o*met"ric*al (?), } a. [Cf. F. stéréométrique.] Of or pertaining to stereometry; performed or obtained by stereometry. -- Ste`re*o*met"ric*al*ly, adv.

Ste`re*om"e*try (?), n. [Stereo- + -metry: cf. F. stéréométrie.] The art of measuring and computing the cubical contents of bodies and figures; -- distinguished from planimetry.

Ste`re*o*mon"o*scope (?), n. [Stereo- + mono- + -scope.] An instrument with two lenses, by which an image of a single picture projected upon a screen of ground glass is made to present an appearance of relief, and may be viewed by several persons at once.

Ste"re*o*plasm (?), n. [Stereo- + Gr. &?; anything formed or molded.] (Biol.) The solid or insoluble portion of the cell protoplasm. See Hygroplasm.

Ste`re*op"ti*con (?), n. [NL. See Stereo-, and Optic.] An instrument, consisting essentially of a magic lantern in which photographic pictures are used, by which the image of a landscape, or any object, may be thrown upon a screen in such a manner as to seem to stand out in relief, so as to form a striking and accurate representation of the object itself; also, a pair of magic lanterns for producing the effect of dissolving views.

Ste"re*o*scope (?), n. [Stereo- + -scope.] An optical instrument for giving to pictures the appearance of solid forms, as seen in nature. It combines in one, through a bending of the rays of light, two pictures, taken for the purpose from points of view a little way apart. It is furnished with two eyeglasses, and by refraction or reflection the pictures are superimposed, so as to appear as one to the observer.

In the reflecting stereoscope, the rays from the two pictures are turned into the proper direction for stereoscopic vision by two plane mirrors set at an angle with each other, and between the pictures. In the lenticular stereoscope, the form in general use, the eyeglasses are semilenses, or marginal portions of the same convex lenses, set with their edges toward each other, so that they deflect the rays coming from the picture so as to strike the eyes as if coming direct from an intermediate point, where the two pictures are seen apparently as one.

{ Ste`re*o*scop"ic (?), Ste`re*o*scop"ic*al (?), } a. Of or pertaining to the stereoscope; characteristic of, or adapted to, the stereoscope; as, a stereoscopic effect; the stereoscopic function of the eyeglasses; stereoscopic views. -- Ste`re*o*scop"ic*al*ly, adv.

Ste`re*os"co*pist (?), n. One skilled in the use or construction of stereoscopes.

<! p. 1412 !>

Ste`re*os"co*py (?), n. The art or science of using the stereoscope, or of constructing the instrument or the views used with it.

Ste`re*o*stat"ic (?), a. [Stereo- + static.] (Civil. Engin.) Geostatic.

{ Ste`re*o*tom"ic (?), Ste`re*o*tom"ic*al (?), } a. Of or pertaining to stereotomy; performed by stereotomy.

Ste`re*ot"o*my (?), n. [Stereo- + Gr. &?; to cut: cf. F. stéréotomie.] The science or art of cutting solids into certain figures or sections, as arches, and the like; especially, the art of stonecutting.

Ste"re*o*type (?), n. [Stereo- + -type: cf. F. stéréotype.] 1. A plate forming an exact faximile of a page of type or of an engraving, used in printing books, etc.; specifically, a plate with type-metal face, used for printing.

A stereotype, or stereotypr plate, is made by setting movable type as for ordinary printing; from these a cast is taken in plaster of Paris, paper pulp, or the like, and upon this cast melted type metal is poured, which, when hardened, makes a solid page or column, from which the impression is taken as from type.

2. The art or process of making such plates, or of executing work by means of them.

Stereotype block, a block, usually of wood, to which a stereotype plate is attached while being used in printing.

Ste"re*o*type, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stereotyped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stereotyping (?).] [Cf. F. stéréotyper.] 1. To prepare for printing in stereotype; to make the stereotype plates of; as, to stereotype the Bible.

2. Fig.: To make firm or permanent; to fix.

> Powerful causes tending to stereotype and aggravate the poverty of old conditions.

Duke of Argyll (1887).

Ste"re*o*typed (?), a. 1. Formed into, or printed from, stereotype plates.

2. Fig.: Formed in a fixed, unchangeable manner; as, stereotyped opinions.

> Our civilization, with its stereotyped ways and smooth conventionalities.

J. C. Shairp.

Ste"re*o*ty`per (?), n. One who stereotypes; one who makes stereotype plates, or works in a stereotype foundry.

Ste"re*o*ty`per*y (?), n. 1. The art, process, or employment of making stereotype plates.

2. A place where stereotype plates are made; a stereotype foundry.

Ste`re*o*typ"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to stereotype, or stereotype plates.

Ste"re*o*ty`pist (?), n. A stereotyper.

Ste`re*o*ty*pog"ra*pher (?), n. A stereotype printer.

Ste`re*o*ty*pog"ra*phy (?), n. [Stereo- + typography.] The act or art of printing from stereotype plates.

Ste"re*o*ty`py (?), n. [Cf. F. stéréotypie.] The art or process of making stereotype plates.

Ster`hy*drau"lic (?), a. [Stereo- + hydraulic.] Pertaining to, or designating, a kind of hydraulic press; resembling such a press in action or principle.

Sterhydraulic press, an hydraulic press producing pressure or motion by the introduction of a solid substance (as a long rod, or a cord wound on a roller) into a cylinder previously filled with a liquid.

Ster"ile (?), a. [F. stérile, L. sterilis, akin to Gr. stereo`s stiff, solid, stei^ros barren, stei^ra a cow that has not calved, Goth. stair, fem., barren. See Stare to gaze.] 1. Producing little or no crop; barren; unfruitful; unproductive; not fertile; as, sterile land; a sterile desert; a sterile year.

2. (Biol.) (a) Incapable of reproduction; unfitted for reproduction of offspring; not able to germinate or bear fruit; unfruitful; as, a sterile flower, which bears only stamens. (b) Free from reproductive spores or germs; as, a sterile fluid.

3. Fig.: Barren of ideas; destitute of sentiment; as, a sterile production or author.

Ste*ril"i*ty (?), n. [L. sterilitas: cf. F. stérilité.] 1. The quality or condition of being sterile.

2. (Biol.) Quality of being sterile; infecundity; also, the state of being free from germs or spores.

Ster`il*i*za"tion (?), n. (Biol.) The act or process of sterilizing, or rendering sterile; also, the state of being sterile.

Ster"il*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sterilized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sterilizing (?).] [Cf. F. stériliser.] 1. To make sterile or unproductive; to impoverish, as land; to exhaust of fertility. [R.] "Sterilizing the earth." Woodward.

2. (Biol.) (a) To deprive of the power of reproducing; to render incapable of germination or fecundation; to make sterile. (b) To destroy all spores or germs in (an organic fluid or mixture), as by heat, so as to prevent the development of bacterial or other organisms.

Ster"let (?), n. [Russ. sterliade.] (Zoöl.) A small sturgeon (Acipenser ruthenus) found in the Caspian Sea and its rivers, and highly esteemed for its flavor. The finest caviare is made from its roe.

Ster"ling (?), n. (Engin.) Same as Starling, 3.

Ster"ling, n. [OE. sterlynge, starling, for easterling, LL. esterlingus, probably from Easterling, once the popular name of German trades in England, whose money was of the purest quality: cf. MHG. sterlink a certain coin. Cf. East. "Certain merchants of Norwaie, Denmarke, and of others those parties, called Ostomanni, or (as in our vulgar language we tearme them), easterlings, because they lie east in respect of us." Holinshed. "In the time of . . . King Richard the First, monie coined in the east parts of Germanie began to be of especiall request in England for the puritie thereof, and was called Easterling monie, as all inhabitants of those parts were called Easterlings, and shortly after some of that countrie, skillful in mint matters and allaies, were sent for into this realme to bring the coine to perfection; which since that time was called of them sterling, for Easterling." Camden. "Four thousand pound of sterlings." R. of Gloucester.] 1. Any English coin of standard value; coined money.

> So that ye offer nobles or sterlings.

Chaucer.

> And Roman wealth in English sterling view.

Arbuthnot.

2. A certain standard of quality or value for money.

> Sterling was the known and approved standard in England, in all probability, from the beginning of King Henry the Second's reign.

S. M. Leake.

Ster"ling (?), a. 1. Belonging to, or relating to, the standard British money of account, or the British coinage; as, a pound sterling; a shilling sterling; a penny sterling; -- now chiefly applied to the lawful money of England; but sterling cost, sterling value, are used. "With sterling money." Shak.

2. Genuine; pure; of excellent quality; conforming to the highest standard; of full value; as, a work of sterling merit; a man of sterling good sense.

Stern (?), n. [AS. stearn a kind of bird. See Starling.] (Zoöl.) The black tern.

Stern, a. [Compar. Sterner (?); superl. Sternest.] [OE. sterne, sturne, AS. styrne; cf. D. stuurish stern, Sw. stursk refractory. √166.] Having a certain hardness or severity of nature, manner, or aspect; hard; severe; rigid; rigorous; austere; fixed; unchanging; unrelenting; hence, serious; resolute; harsh; as, a sternresolve; a stern necessity; a stern heart; a stern gaze; a stern decree.

> The sterne wind so loud gan to rout.

Chaucer.

> I would outstare the sternest eyes that look.

Shak.

> When that the poor have cried, Cæsar hath wept;
> Ambition should be made of sterner stuff.

Shak.

> Stern as tutors, and as uncles hard.

Dryden.

> These barren rocks, your stern inheritance.

Wordsworth.

Syn. -- Gloomy; sullen; forbidding; strict; unkind; hard- hearted; unfeeling; cruel; pitiless.

Stern, n. [Icel. stjrn a steering, or a doubtful AS. steórn. √166. See Steer, v. t.] 1. The helm or tiller of a vessel or boat; also, the rudder. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. (Naut.) The after or rear end of a ship or other vessel, or of a boat; the part opposite to the stem, or prow.

3. Fig.: The post of management or direction.

> And sit chiefest stern of public weal.

Shak.

4. The hinder part of anything. Spenser.

5. The tail of an animal; -- now used only of the tail of a dog.

By the stern. (Naut.) See By the head, under By.

Stern, a. Being in the stern, or being astern; as, the stern davits.

Stern board (Naut.), a going or falling astern; a loss of way in making a tack; as, to make a stern board. See Board, n., 8 (b). -- Stern chase. (Naut.) (a) See under Chase, n. (b) A stern chaser. -- Stern chaser (Naut.), a cannon placed in a ship's stern, pointing backward, and intended to annoy a ship that is in pursuit. -- Stern fast (Naut.), a rope used to confine the stern of a ship or other vessel, as to a wharf or buoy. -- Stern frame (Naut.), the framework of timber forms the stern of a ship. -- Stern knee. See Sternson. -- Stern port (Naut.), a port, or opening, in the stern of a ship. -- Stern sheets (Naut.), that part of an open boat which is between the stern and the aftmost seat of the rowers, -- usually furnished with seats for passengers. -- Stern wheel, a paddle wheel attached to the stern of the steamboat which it propels.

Stern"age (?), n. Stern. [R.] Shak.

Ster"nal (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the sternum; in the region of the sternum.

Sternal ribs. See the Note under Rib, n., 1.

Stern"berg*ite (?), n. [So named after Count Kaspar Sternberg of Prague.] (Min.) A sulphide of silver and iron, occurring in soft flexible laminæ varying in color from brown to black.

||Ster"ne*bra (?), n.; pl. Sternebræ (#). [NL., fr. sternum + - bra of vertebra.] (Anat.) One of the segments of the sternum. -- Ster"ne*bral (#), a.

Sterned (?), a. Having a stern of a particular shape; -- used in composition; as, square- sterned.

Stern"er (?), n. [See 3d Stern.] A director. [Obs. & R.] Dr. R. Clerke.

Stern`fore"most` (?), adv. With the stern, instead of the bow, in advance; hence, figuratively, in an awkward, blundering manner.

> A fatal genius for going sternforemost.

Lowell.

Ster"nite (?), n. [From Sternum.] (Zoöl.) The sternum of an arthropod somite.

Stern"ly (?), adv. In a stern manner.

Stern"most` (?), a. Farthest in the rear; farthest astern; as, the sternmost ship in a convoy.

Stern"ness, n. The quality or state of being stern.

Ster"no- (?). A combining form used in anatomy to indicate connection with, or relation to, the sternum; as, sternocostal, sternoscapular.

Ster`no*cor"a*coid (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the sternum and the coracoid.

Ster`no*cos"tal (?), a. [Sterno- + costal.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the sternum and the ribs; as, the sternocostal cartilages.

Ster`no*hy"oid (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the sternum and the hyoid bone or cartilage.

Ster`no*mas"toid (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the sternum and the mastoid process.

Ster`no*thy"roid (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the sternum and the thyroid cartilage.

Stern"post` (?), n. (Naut.) A straight piece of timber, or an iron bar or beam, erected on the extremity of the keel to support the rudder, and receive the ends of the planks or plates of the vessel.

Sterns"man (?), n. A steersman. [Obs.]

Stern"son (?), n. [See Stern, n., and cf. Stemson.] (Naut.) The end of a ship's keelson, to which the sternpost is bolted; -- called also stern knee.

Ster"num (?), n.; pl. L. Sterna (#), E. Sternums (#). [NL., from Gr. &?;, the breast, chest.] 1. (Anat.) A plate of cartilage, or a series of bony or cartilaginous plates or segments, in the median line of the pectoral skeleton of most vertebrates above fishes; the breastbone.

The sternum is connected with the ribs or the pectorial girdle, or with both. In man it is a flat bone, broad anteriorly, narrowed behind, and connected with the clavicles and the cartilages of the seven anterior pairs of ribs. In most birds it has a high median keel for the attachment of the muscles of the wings.

2. (Zoöl.) The ventral part of any one of the somites of an arthropod.

Ster`nu*ta"tion (?), n. [L. sternutatio, fr. sternutare to sneeze, intens. from sternuere.] The act of sneezing. Quincy.

Ster*nu"ta*tive (?), a. Having the quality of provoking to sneeze.

Ster*nu"ta*to*ry (?), a. Sternutative. -- n. A sternutatory substance or medicine.

Stern"way` (?), n. (Naut.) The movement of a ship backward, or with her stern foremost.

Stern"-wheel` (?), a. Having a paddle wheel at the stern; as, a stern-wheel steamer.

Stern"-wheel`er (?), n. A steamboat having a stern wheel instead of side wheels. [Colloq. U.S.]

Ster*quil"i*nous (?), a. [L. sterquilinium a dung pit, fr. stercus dung.] Pertaining to a dunghill; hence, mean; dirty; paltry. [Obs.] Howell.

Ster"re (?), n. A star. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ster"rink (?), n. (Zoöl.) The crab-eating seal (Lobodon carcinophaga) of the Antarctic Ocean.

Ster"ro*met`al (?), n. [Gr. &?; firm, solid + E. metal.] Any alloy of copper, zinc, tin, and iron, of which cannon are sometimes made.

Stert (?), obs. p. p. of Start. Started. Chaucer.

Ster"te (?), obs. p. p. of Start. Chaucer.

Ster*to"ri*ous (str*t"r*s), a. Stertorous. [R.]

Ster"to*rous (str"t*rs), a. [L. stertere to snore: cf. F. stertoreux.] Characterized by a deep snoring, which accompanies inspiration in some diseases, especially apoplexy; hence, hoarsely breathing; snoring.

> Burning, stertorous breath that hurt her cheek.

Mrs. Browning.

> The day has ebbed away, and it is night in his room, before his stertorous breathing lulls.

Dickens.

Sterve (strv), v. t. & i. To die, or cause to die; to perish. See Starve. [Obs.] Chaucer. Spenser.

Stet (stt), L., subj. 3d pers. sing. of stare to stand, remain. [See Stand.] (Print.) Let it stand; -- a word used by proof readers to signify that something once erased, or marked for omission, is to remain.

Stet, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stetted (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stetting.] (Print.) To cause or direct to remain after having been marked for omission; to mark with the word stet, or with a series of dots below or beside the matter; as, the proof reader stetted a deled footnote.

Steth"al (?), n. [Stearic + ethal.] (Chem.) One of the higher alcohols of the methane series, homologous with ethal, and found in small quantities as an ethereal salt of stearic acid in spermaceti.

Steth"o*graph (?), n. [Gr. &?; the breast + -graph.] (Physiol.) See Pneumatograph.

Ste*thom"e*ter (?), n. [Gr. &?; chest + -meter.] (Physiol.) An apparatus for measuring the external movements of a given point of the chest wall, during respiration; -- also called thoracometer.

Steth"o*scope (stth"*skp), n. [Gr. sth^qos the breast + - scope: cf. F. stéthoscope.] (Med.) An instrument used in auscultation for examining the organs of the chest, as the heart and lungs, by conveying to the ear of the examiner the sounds produced in the thorax.

Steth"o*scope, v. t. To auscultate, or examine, with a stethoscope. M. W. Savage.

{ Steth`o*scop"ic (?), Steth`o*scop"ic*al (?), } a. [Cf. F. stéthoscopique.] Of or pertaining to a stethoscope; obtained or made by means of a stethoscope. -- Steth`o*scop"ic*al*ly, adv.

Ste*thos"co*pist (?), n. One skilled in the use of the stethoscope.

Ste*thos"co*py (?), n. The art or process of examination by the stethoscope.

Steve (?), v. t. [See Stevedore.] To pack or stow, as cargo in a ship's hold. See Steeve.

Ste"ve*dore` (?), n. [Sp. estivador a packer, a stower, fr. estivar to pack, to stow, L. stipare to press, compress, probably akin to E. stiff. See Stiff, Stive to stuff.] One whose occupation is to load and unload vessels in port; one who stows a cargo in a hold.

Ste"ven (?), n. [AS. stefn, stemn, voice; akin to D. stem, G. stimme, Goth. stibna.] 1. Voice; speech; language. [Obs. or Scot.]

> Ye have as merry a steven
> As any angel hath that is in heaven.

Chaucer.

2. An outcry; a loud call; a clamor. [Obs.] Spenser.

To set steven, to make an appointment. [Obs.]

> They setten steven for to meet
> To playen at the dice.

Chaucer.

Stew (?), n. [Cf. Stow.] 1. A small pond or pool where fish are kept for the table; a vivarium. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Chaucer. Evelyn.

2. An artificial bed of oysters. [Local, U.S.]

Stew, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stewed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stewing.] [OE. stuven, OF. estuver, F. étuver, fr. OF. estuve, F. étuve, a sweating house, a room heated for a bath; probably of Teutonic origin, and akin to E. stove. See Stove, and cf. Stive to stew.] To boil slowly, or with the simmering or moderate heat; to seethe; to cook in a little liquid, over a gentle fire, without boiling; as, to stew meat; to stew oysters; to stew apples.

<! p. 1413 !>

Stew (?), v. i. To be seethed or cooked in a slow, gentle manner, or in heat and moisture.

Stew, n. [OE. stue, stuwe, OF. estuve. See Stew, v. t.] 1. A place of stewing or seething; a place where hot bathes are furnished; a hothouse. [Obs.]

> As burning Ætna from his boiling stew
> Doth belch out flames.

Spenser.

> The Lydians were inhibited by Cyrus to use any armor, and give themselves to baths and stews.

Abp. Abbot.

2. A brothel; -- usually in the plural. Bacon. South.

> There be that hate harlots, and never were at the stews.

Aschman.

3. A prostitute. [Obs.] Sir A. Weldon.

4. A dish prepared by stewing; as, a stewof pigeons.

5. A state of agitating excitement; a state of worry; confusion; as, to be in a stew. [Colloq.]

Stew"ard (?), n. [OE. stiward, AS. stweard, stigweard, literally, a sty ward; stigu sty + weard warden, guardian, -- his first duty having been probably to attend to the domestic animals. √164. See Sty pen for swine, Ward.] 1. A man employed in a large family, or on a large estate, to manage the domestic concerns, supervise other servants, collect the rents or income, keep accounts, and the like.

> Worthy to be stewards of rent and land.

Chaucer.

> They came near to the steward of Joseph's house.

Gen. xliii. 19.

> As good stewards of the manifold grace of God.

1 Pet. iv. 10.

2. A person employed in a hotel, or a club, or on board a ship, to provide for the table, superintend the culinary affairs, etc. In naval vessels, the captain's steward, wardroom steward, steerage steward, warrant officers steward, etc., are petty officers who provide for the messes under their charge.

3. A fiscal agent of certain bodies; as, a steward in a Methodist church.

4. In some colleges, an officer who provides food for the students and superintends the kitchen; also, an officer who attends to the accounts of the students.

5. In Scotland, a magistrate appointed by the crown to exercise jurisdiction over royal lands. Erskine.

Lord high steward, formerly, the first officer of the crown; afterward, an officer occasionally appointed, as for a coronation, or upon the trial of a peer. [Eng.]

Stew"ard, v. t. To manage as a steward. [Obs.]

Stew"ard*ess, n. A female steward; specifically, a woman employed in passenger vessels to attend to the wants of female passengers.

Stew"ard*ly, adv. In a manner, or with the care, of a steward. [R.]

> To be stewardly dispensed, not wastefully spent.

Tooker.

Stew"ard*ship, n. The office of a steward. Shak.

Stew"art*ry (?), n. 1. An overseer or superintendent. [R.] "The stewartry of provisions." Tooke.

2. The office of a steward; stewardship. [R.] Byron.

3. In Scotland, the jurisdiction of a steward; also, the lands under such jurisdiction.

Stew"ish, a. Suiting a stew, or brothel. Bp. Hall.

Stew"pan` (?), n. A pan used for stewing.

Stew"pot` (?), n. A pot used for stewing.

Stey (?), n. See Stee.

Sthen"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?; strength: cf. F. sthénique.] (Med.) Strong; active; -- said especially of morbid states attended with excessive action of the heart and blood vessels, and characterized by strength and activity of the muscular and nervous system; as, a sthenic fever.

Sthenic theory. See Stimulism (a).

||Sti*ac*cia"to (?), n. [It., crushed, flattened.] (Sculp.) The lowest relief, -- often used in Italian sculpture of the 15th and 16th centuries.

Sti"an (?), n. A sty on the eye. See Styan.

Stib"born (?), a. Stubborn. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Stib"i*al (?), a. [See Stibium.] Like, or having the qualities of, antimony; antimonial.

Stib"i*al*ism (?), n. (Med.) Antimonial intoxication or poisoning. Dunglison.

Stib"i*a`ted (?), a. [NL. stibiatus, from L. stibium antimony.] (Med. Chem.) Combined or impregnated with antimony (stibium).

Stibiated tartar. See Tartar emetic, under Tartar.

Stib"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Antimonic; -- used with reference to certain compounds of antimony.

Stib"i*co*nite (?), n. (Min.) A native oxide of antimony occurring in masses of a yellow color.

Stib"ine (?), n. (Chem.) Antimony hydride, or hydrogen antimonide, a colorless gas produced by the action of nascent hydrogen on antimony. It has a characteristic odor and burns with a characteristic greenish flame. Formerly called also antimoniureted hydrogen.

Stib"i*ous (?), a. (Chem.) Antimonious. [R.]

||Stib"i*um (?), n. [L. stibium, stibi, Gr. &?;, &?;.] 1. (Chem.) The technical name of antimony.

2. (Min.) Stibnite. [Obs.]

Stib"nite (?), n. (Min.) A mineral of a lead-gray color and brilliant metallic luster, occurring in prismatic crystals; sulphide of antimony; -- called also antimony glance, and gray antimony.

Sti*bo"ni*um (?), n. (Chem.) The hypothetical radical SbH4, analogous to ammonium; -- called also antimonium.

Stic*ca"do (?), n. [Cf. It. steccato a palisade.] (Mus.) An instrument consisting of small bars of wood, flat at the bottom and rounded at the top, and resting on the edges of a kind of open box. They are unequal in size, gradually increasing from the smallest to the largest, and are tuned to the diatonic scale. The tones are produced by striking the pieces of wood with hard balls attached to flexible sticks.

Stich (?), n. [Gr. sti`chos a row, line, akin to to go, march, E. sty, v.i.] 1. A verse, of whatever measure or number of feet.

2. A line in the Scriptures; specifically (Hebrew Scriptures), one of the rhythmic lines in the poetical books and passages of the Old Treatment, as written in the oldest Hebrew manuscripts and in the Revised Version of the English Bible.

3. A row, line, or rank of trees.

Stich"ic (?), a. [Gr. stichiko`s.] Of or pertaining to stichs, or lines; consisting of stichs, or lines. [R.]

||Sti*chid"i*um (?), n.; pl. Stichida (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, dim. of &?; a row.] (Bot.) A special podlike or fusiform branch containing tetraspores. It is found in certain red algæ.

Stich"o*man`cy (?), n. [Gr. &?; a line + -mancy.] Divination by lines, or passages of books, taken at hazard.

Stich`o*met"ric*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to stichometry; characterized by stichs, or lines.

Stich*om"e*try (?), n. [Gr. &?; a line + -metry.] 1. Measurement of books by the number of lines which they contain.

2. Division of the text of a book into lines; especially, the division of the text of books into lines accommodated to the sense, -- a method of writing manuscripts used before punctuation was adopted.

Stich"wort` (?), n. (Bot.) A kind of chickweed (Stellaria Holostea). [Written also stitchwort.]

Stick (?), n. [OE. sticke, AS. sticca; akin to stician to stab, prick, pierce, G. stecken a stick, staff, OHG. steccho, Icel. stik a stick. See Stick, v. t..] 1. A small shoot, or branch, separated, as by a cutting, from a tree or shrub; also, any stem or branch of a tree, of any size, cut for fuel or timber.

> Withered sticks to gather, which might serve
> Against a winter's day.

Milton.

2. Any long and comparatively slender piece of wood, whether in natural form or shaped with tools; a rod; a wand; a staff; as, the stick of a rocket; a walking stick.

3. Anything shaped like a stick; as, a stick of wax.

4. A derogatory expression for a person; one who is inert or stupid; as, an odd stick; a poor stick. [Colloq.]

5. (Print.) A composing stick. See under Composing. It is usually a frame of metal, but for posters, handbills, etc., one made of wood is used.

6. A thrust with a pointed instrument; a stab.

A stick of eels, twenty-five eels. [Prov. Eng.] -- Stick chimney, a chimney made of sticks laid crosswise, and cemented with clay or mud, as in some log houses. [U.S.] -- Stick insect, (Zoöl.), any one of various species of wingless orthopterous insects of the family Phasmidæ, which have a long round body, resembling a stick in form and color, and long legs, which are often held rigidly in such positions as to make them resemble small twigs. They thus imitate the branches and twigs of the trees on which they live. The common American species is Diapheromera femorata. Some of the Asiatic species are more than a foot long. -- To cut one's stick, or To cut stick, to run away. [Slang] De Quincey.

Stick, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stuck (?) (Obs. Sticked (&?;)); p. pr. & vb. n. Sticking.] [OE. stikien, v.t. & i., combined with steken, whence E. stuck), AS. stician, v.t. & i., and (assumed) stecan, v.t.; akin to OFries. steka, OS. stekan, OHG. stehhan, G. stechen, and to Gr. &?; to prick, Skr. tij to be sharp. Cf. Distinguish, Etiquette, Extinct, Instigate, Instinct, Prestige, Stake, Steak, Stick, n., Stigma, Stimulate, Sting, Stitch in sewing, Style for or in writing.] 1. To penetrate with a pointed instrument; to pierce; to stab; hence, to kill by piercing; as, to stick a beast.

> And sticked him with bodkins anon.

Chaucer.

> It was a shame . . . to stick him under the other gentleman's arm while he was redding the fray.

Sir W. Scott.

2. To cause to penetrate; to push, thrust, or drive, so as to pierce; as, to stick a needle into one's finger.

> Thou stickest a dagger in me.

Shak.

3. To fasten, attach, or cause to remain, by thrusting in; hence, also, to adorn or deck with things fastened on as by piercing; as, to stick a pin on the sleeve.

> My shroud of white, stuck all with yew.

Shak.

> The points of spears are stuck within the shield.

Dryden.

4. To set; to fix in; as, to stick card teeth.

5. To set with something pointed; as, to stick cards.

6. To fix on a pointed instrument; to impale; as, to stick an apple on a fork.

7. To attach by causing to adhere to the surface; as, to stick on a plaster; to stick a stamp on an envelope; also, to attach in any manner.

8. (Print.) To compose; to set, or arrange, in a composing stick; as, to stick type. [Cant]

9. (Joinery) To run or plane (moldings) in a machine, in contradistinction to working them by hand. Such moldings are said to be stuck.

10. To cause to stick; to bring to a stand; to pose; to puzzle; as, to stick one with a hard problem. [Colloq.]

11. To impose upon; to compel to pay; sometimes, to cheat. [Slang]

To stick out, to cause to project or protrude; to render prominent.

Stick (?), v. i. 1. To adhere; as, glue sticks to the fingers; paste sticks to the wall.

> The green caterpillar breedeth in the inward parts of roses not blown, where the dew sticketh.

Bacon.

2. To remain where placed; to be fixed; to hold fast to any position so as to be moved with difficulty; to cling; to abide; to cleave; to be united closely.

> A friend that sticketh closer than a brother.

Prov. xviii. 24.

> I am a kind of bur; I shall stick.

Shak.

> If on your fame our sex a bolt has thrown,
> 'T will ever stick through malice of your own.

Young.

3. To be prevented from going farther; to stop by reason of some obstacle; to be stayed.

> I had most need of blessing, and "Amen"
> Stuck in my throat.

Shak.

> The trembling weapon passed
> Through nine bull hides, . . . and stuck within the last.

Dryden.

4. To be embarrassed or puzzled; to hesitate; to be deterred, as by scruples; to scruple; -- often with at.

> They will stick long at part of a demonstration for want of perceiving the connection of two ideas.

Locke.

> Some stick not to say, that the parson and attorney forged a will.

Arbuthnot.

5. To cause difficulties, scruples, or hesitation.

> This is the difficulty that sticks with the most reasonable.

Swift.

To stick by. (a) To adhere closely to; to be firm in supporting. "We are your only friends; stick by us, and we will stick by you." Davenant. (b) To be troublesome by adhering. "I am satisfied to trifle away my time, rather than let it stick by me." Pope. -- To stick out. (a) To project; to be prominent. "His bones that were not seen stick out." Job xxxiii. 21. (b) To persevere in a purpose; to hold out; as, the garrison stuck out until relieved. [Colloq.] -- To stick to, to be persevering in holding to; as, to stick to a party or cause. "The advantage will be on our side if we stick to its essentials." Addison. -- To stick up, to stand erect; as, his hair sticks up. -- To stick up for, to assert and defend; as, to stick up for one's rights or for a friend. [Colloq.] -- To stick upon, to dwell upon; not to forsake. "If the matter be knotty, the mind must stop and buckle to it, and stick upon it with labor and thought." Locke.

Stick"ed (?), obs. imp. of Stick. Stuck.

> And in the sand her ship sticked so fast.

Chaucer.

> They sticked not to give their bodies to be burnt.

Sir T. Browne.

Stick"er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, sticks; as, a bill sticker.

2. That which causes one to stick; that which puzzles or poses. [Colloq.] Tackeray.

3. (Mus.) In the organ, a small wooden rod which connects (in part) a key and a pallet, so as to communicate motion by pushing.

4. Same as Paster, 2. [Political Cant, U.S.]

Stick"ful (?), n.; pl. Stickfuls (&?;). (Print.) As much set type as fills a composing stick.

Stick"i*ness (?), n. The quality of being sticky; as, the stickiness of glue or paste.

Stick"ing, a. & n. from Stick, v.

Sticking piece, a piece of beef cut from the neck. [Eng.] -- Sticking place, the place where a thing sticks, or remains fast; sticking point.

> But screw your courage to the sticking place,
> And we'll not fail.

Shak.

-- Sticking plaster, an adhesive plaster for closing wounds, and for similar uses. -- Sticking point. Same as Sticking place, above.

Stick"it (?), a. Stuck; spoiled in making. [Scot.]

Stickit minister, a candidate for the clerical office who fails, disqualified by incompetency or immorality.

Stick"-lac` (?), n. See the Note under Lac.

Stic"kle (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Stickled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stickling.] [Probably fr. OE. stightlen, sti&?;tlen, to dispose, arrange, govern, freq. of stihten, AS. stihtan: cf. G. stiften to found, to establish.] 1. To separate combatants by intervening. [Obs.]

> When he [the angel] sees half of the Christians killed, and the rest in a fair way of being routed, he stickles betwixt the remainder of God's host and the race of fiends.

Dryden.

2. To contend, contest, or altercate, esp. in a pertinacious manner on insufficient grounds.

> Fortune, as she 's wont, turned fickle,
> And for the foe began to stickle.

Hudibras.

> While for paltry punk they roar and stickle.

Dryden.

> The obstinacy with which he stickles for the wrong.

Hazlitt.

3. To play fast and loose; to pass from one side to the other; to trim.

Stic"kle, v. t. 1. To separate, as combatants; hence, to quiet, to appease, as disputants. [Obs.]

> Which [question] violently they pursue,
> Nor stickled would they be.

Drayton.

2. To intervene in; to stop, or put an end to, by intervening; hence, to arbitrate. [Obs.]

> They ran to him, and, pulling him back by force, stickled that unnatural fray.

Sir P. Sidney.

Stic"kle, n. [Cf. stick, v. t. & i.] A shallow rapid in a river; also, the current below a waterfall. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

> Patient anglers, standing all the day
> Near to some shallow stickle or deep bay.

W. Browne.

Stic"kle*back` (?), n. [OE. & Prov E. stickle a prickle, spine, sting (AS. sticel) + back. See Stick, v. t., and cf. Banstickle.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of small fishes of the genus Gasterosteus and allied genera. The back is armed with two or more sharp spines. They inhabit both salt and brackish water, and construct curious nests. Called also sticklebag, sharpling, and prickleback.

<! p. 1414 !>

Stic"kler (stk"klr), n. [See Stickle, v. t.] One who stickles. Specifically: --

(a) One who arbitrates a duel; a sidesman to a fencer; a second; an umpire. [Obs.]

> Basilius, the judge, appointed sticklers and trumpets whom the others should obey.

Sir P. Sidney.

> Our former chiefs, like sticklers of the war,
> First sought to inflame the parties, then to poise.

Dryden.

(b) One who pertinaciously contends for some trifling things, as a point of etiquette; an unreasonable, obstinate contender; as, a stickler for ceremony.

> The Tory or High-church were the greatest sticklers against the exorbitant proceedings of King James II.

Swift.

Stick"-seed` (?), n. (Bot.) A plant (Echinospermum Lappula) of the Borage family, with small blue flowers and prickly nutlets.

Stick"tail` (?), n. The ruddy duck. [Local, U.S.]

Stick"-tight` (?), n. (Bot.) Beggar's ticks.

Stick"y (?), a. [Compar. Stickier (?); superl. Stickiest.] Having the quality of sticking to a surface; adhesive; gluey; viscous; viscid; glutinous; tenacious.

> Herbs which last longest are those of strong smell, and with a sticky stalk.

Bacon.

Stid"dy (?), n. [See Stithy.] An anvil; also, a smith shop. See Stithy. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Stiff (?), a. [Compar. Stiffer (?); superl. Stiffest.] [OE. stif, AS. stf; akin to D. stijf, G. steif, Dan. stiv, Sw. styf, Icel. stfr, Lith. stipti to be stiff; cf. L. stipes a post, trunk of a tree, stipare to press, compress. Cf. Costive, Stifle, Stipulate, Stive to stuff.] 1. Not easily bent; not flexible or pliant; not limber or flaccid; rigid; firm; as, stiff wood, paper, joints.

> [They] rising on stiff pennons, tower
> The mid aërial sky.

Milton.

2. Not liquid or fluid; thick and tenacious; inspissated; neither soft nor hard; as, the paste is stiff.

3. Firm; strong; violent; difficult to oppose; as, a stiff gale or breeze.

4. Not easily subdued; unyielding; stubborn; obstinate; pertinacious; as, a stiff adversary.

> It is a shame to stand stiff in a foolish argument.

Jer. Taylor.

> A war ensues: the Cretans own their cause,
> Stiff to defend their hospitable laws.

Dryden.

5. Not natural and easy; formal; constrained; affected; starched; as, stiff behavior; a stiff style.

> The French are open, familiar, and talkative; the Italians stiff, ceremonious, and reserved.

Addison.

6. Harsh; disagreeable; severe; hard to bear. [Obs. or Colloq.] "This is stiff news." Shak.

7. (Naut.) Bearing a press of canvas without careening much; as, a stiff vessel; -- opposed to crank. Totten.

8. Very large, strong, or costly; powerful; as, a stiff charge; a stiff price. [Slang]

Stiff neck, a condition of the neck such that the head can not be moved without difficulty and pain.

Syn. -- Rigid; inflexible; strong; hardly; stubborn; obstinate; pertinacious; harsh; formal; constrained; affected; starched; rigorous.

Stiff"-backed` (?), a. Obstinate. J. H. Newman.

Stiff"en (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stiffened (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stiffening.] [See Stiff.] 1. To make stiff; to make less pliant or flexible; as, to stiffen cloth with starch.

> Stiffen the sinews, summon up the blood.

Shak.

2. To inspissate; to make more thick or viscous; as, to stiffen paste.

3. To make torpid; to benumb.

Stiff"en, v. i. To become stiff or stiffer, in any sense of the adjective.

> Like bristles rose my stiffening hair.

Dryden.

> The tender soil then stiffening by degrees.

Dryden.

> Some souls we see,
> Grow hard and stiffen with adversity.

Dryden.

Stiff"en*er (?), n. One who, or that which, stiffens anything, as a piece of stiff cloth in a cravat.

Stiff"en*ing, n. 1. Act or process of making stiff.

2. Something used to make anything stiff.

Stiffening order (Com.), a permission granted by the customs department to take cargo or ballast on board before the old cargo is out, in order to steady the ship.

Stiff"-heart`ed (?), a. [Stiff + heart.] Obstinate; stubborn; contumacious. Ezek. ii. 4.

Stiff"ish, a. Somewhat stiff.

Stiff"ly (?), adv. In a stiff manner.

Stiff"-necked` (?), a. Stubborn; inflexibly obstinate; contumacious; as, stiff-necked pride; a stiff-necked people. Ex. xxxii. 9.

Stiff"-neck`ed*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being stiff-necked; stubbornness.

Stiff"ness, n. The quality or state of being stiff; as, the stiffness of cloth or of paste; stiffness of manner; stiffness of character.

> The vices of old age have the stiffness of it too.

South.

Stiff"tail` (?), n. The ruddy duck. [Local, U.S.]

Stiff"-tailed` (?), a. (Zoöl.) Having the quill feathers of the tail somewhat rigid.

Sti"fle (?), n. [From Stiff.] (Far.) The joint next above the hock, and near the flank, in the hind leg of the horse and allied animals; the joint corresponding to the knee in man; -- called also stifle joint. See Illust. under Horse.

Stifle bone, a small bone at the stifle joint; the patella, or kneepan.

Sti"fle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stifled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stifling (?).] [Freq. of OE. stif stiff; cf. Icel. stfla to dam up.] 1. To stop the breath of by crowding something into the windpipe, or introducing an irrespirable substance into the lungs; to choke; to suffocate; to cause the death of by such means; as, to stifle one with smoke or dust.

> Stifled with kisses, a sweet death he dies.

Dryden.

> I took my leave, being half stifled with the closeness of the room.

Swift.

2. To stop; to extinguish; to deaden; to quench; as, to stifle the breath; to stifle a fire or flame.

> Bodies . . . stifle in themselves the rays which they do not reflect or transmit.

Sir I. Newton.

3. To suppress the manifestation or report of; to smother; to conceal from public knowledge; as, to stifle a story; to stifle passion.

> I desire only to have things fairly represented as they really are; no evidence smothered or stifled.

Waterland.

Sti"fle (?), v. i. To die by reason of obstruction of the breath, or because some noxious substance prevents respiration.

> You shall stifle in your own report.

Shak.

Sti"fled (?), a. Stifling.

> The close and stifled study.

Hawthorne.

Sti"fler (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, stifles.

2. (Mil.) See Camouflet.

Stig"ma (?), n.; pl. E. Stigmas (#), L. Stigmata (#). [L., a mark, a brand, from Gr. &?;, &?;, the prick or mark of a pointed instrument, a spot, mark, from &?; to prick, to brand. See Stick, v. t.] 1. A mark made with a burning iron; a brand.

2. Any mark of infamy or disgrace; sign of moral blemish; stain or reproach caused by dishonorable conduct; reproachful characterization.

> The blackest stigma that can be fastened upon him.

Bp. Hall.

> All such slaughters were from thence called Bartelmies, simply in a perpetual stigma of that butchery.

Sir G. Buck.

3. (Bot.) That part of a pistil which has no epidermis, and is fitted to receive the pollen. It is usually the terminal portion, and is commonly somewhat glutinous or viscid. See Illust. of Stamen and of Flower.

4. (Anat.) A small spot, mark, scar, or a minute hole; -- applied especially to a spot on the outer surface of a Graafian follicle, and to spots of intercellular substance in scaly epithelium, or to minute holes in such spots.

5. (Pathol.) A red speck upon the skin, produced either by the extravasation of blood, as in the bloody sweat characteristic of certain varieties of religious ecstasy, or by capillary congestion, as in the case of drunkards.

6. (Zoöl.) (a) One of the external openings of the tracheæ of insects, myriapods, and other arthropods; a spiracle. (b) One of the apertures of the pulmonary sacs of arachnids. See Illust. of Scorpion. (c) One of the apertures of the gill of an ascidian, and of Amphioxus.

7. (Geom.) A point so connected by any law whatever with another point, called an index, that as the index moves in any manner in a plane the first point or stigma moves in a determinate way in the same plane.

8. pl. (R. C. Ch.) Marks believed to have been supernaturally impressed upon the bodies of certain persons in imitation of the wounds on the crucified body of Christ. See def. 5, above.

||Stig*ma"ri*a (?), n. [NL. See Stigma.] (Paleon.) The fossil root stem of a coal plant of the genus Sigillaria.

||Stig"ma*ta (?), n.; pl. of Stigma.

Stig*mat"ic (?), n. 1. A notorious profligate or criminal who has been branded; one who bears the marks of infamy or punishment. [R.] Bullokar.

2. A person who is marked or deformed by nature. Shak.

{ Stig*mat"ic (?), Stig*mat"ic*al (?), } a. [See Stigma.] 1. Marked with a stigma, or with something reproachful to character.

2. Impressing with infamy or reproach. [R.]

3. (Bot., Anat., etc) Of or pertaining to a stigma or stigmata.

Stigmatic geometry, or Stigmatics, that science in which the correspondence of index and stigma (see Stigma, 7) is made use of to establish geometrical proportions.

Stig*mat"ic*al*ly, adv. With a stigma, or mark of infamy or deformity.

Stig"ma*tist (?), n. One believed to be supernaturally impressed with the marks of Christ's wounds. See Stigma, 8.

Stig`ma*ti*za"tion (?), n. 1. The act of stigmatizing.

2. (R. C. Ch.) The production of stigmata upon the body. See Stigma, 8.

Stig"ma*tize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stigmatized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stigmatizing (?).] [F. stigmatiser, Gr. &?;.] 1. To mark with a stigma, or brand; as, the ancients stigmatized their slaves and soldiers.

> That . . . hold out both their ears with such delight and ravishment, to be stigmatized and bored through in witness of their own voluntary and beloved baseness.

Milton.

2. To set a mark of disgrace on; to brand with some mark of reproach or infamy.

> To find virtue extolled and vice stigmatized.

Addison.

Stig"ma*tose` (?), a. (Bot.) Same as Stigmatic.

Stig"o*no*man`cy (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, one who is marked, or one who marks (&?; to mark with a pointed instrument, to prick) + -mancy.] Divination by writing on the bark of a tree.

Stike (?), n. [See Stich.] Stanza. [Obs.] Sackville.

Sti"lar (?), a. [From Stile a style.] Of or pertaining to the style of a dial. [Written also stylar.]

Stil"bene (?), n. [See Stilbite.] (Chem.) A hydrocarbon, C14H12, produced artificially in large, fine crystals; -- called also diphenyl ethylene, toluylene, etc.

Stil"bite (?), n. [Gr. &?; to glitter, shine: cf. F. stilbite.] (Min.) A common mineral of the zeolite family, a hydrous silicate of alumina and lime, usually occurring in sheaflike aggregations of crystals, also in radiated masses. It is of a white or yellowish color, with pearly luster on the cleavage surface. Called also desmine.

Stile (?), n. [See Style.] 1. A pin set on the face of a dial, to cast a shadow; a style. See Style. Moxon.

2. Mode of composition. See Style. [Obs.]

> May I not write in such a stile as this?

Bunyan.

Stile, n. [OE. stile, AS. stigel a step, a ladder, from stgan to ascend; akin to OHG. stigila a stile. √164. See Sty, v. i., and cf. Stair.] 1. A step, or set of steps, for ascending and descending, in passing a fence or wall.

> There comes my master . . . over the stile, this way.

Shak.

> Over this stile in the way to Doubting Castle.

Bunyan.

2. (Arch.) One of the upright pieces in a frame; one of the primary members of a frame, into which the secondary members are mortised.

In an ordinary door the principal upright pieces are called stiles, the subordinate upright pieces mullions, and the crosspieces rails. In wainscoting the principal pieces are sometimes called stiles, even when horizontal.

Hanging stile, Pulley stile. See under Hanging, and Pulley.

Sti"let (?), n. [Written also stilette, and stylet.] 1. A stiletto. [R.]

2. (Surg.) See Stylet, 2.

Sti*let"to (?), n.; pl. Stilettos (#). [It., dim. of stilo a dagger, fr. L. stilus a pointed instrument. See Style for writing, and cf. Stylet.] 1. A kind of dagger with a slender, rounded, and pointed blade.

2. A pointed instrument for making eyelet holes in embroidery.

3. A beard trimmed into a pointed form. [Obs.]

> The very quack of fashions, the very he that
> Wears a stiletto on his chin.

Ford.

Sti*let"to, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stilettoed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stilettoing (?).] To stab or kill with a stiletto. Bacon.

Still (?), a. [Compar. Stiller (?); superl. Stillest.] [OE. stille, AS. stille; akin to D. stil, OS. & OHG. stilli, G. still, Dan. stille, Sw. stilla, and to E. stall; from the idea of coming to a stand, or halt. Cf. Still, adv.] 1. Motionless; at rest; quiet; as, to stand still; to lie or sit still. "Still as any stone." Chaucer.

2. Uttering no sound; silent; as, the audience is still; the animals are still.

> The sea that roared at thy command,
> At thy command was still.

Addison.

3. Not disturbed by noise or agitation; quiet; calm; as, a still evening; a still atmosphere. "When all the woods are still." Milton.

4. Comparatively quiet or silent; soft; gentle; low. "A still small voice." 1 Kings xix. 12.

5. Constant; continual. [Obs.]

> By still practice learn to know thy meaning.

Shak.

6. Not effervescing; not sparkling; as, still wines.

Still life. (Fine Arts) (a) Inanimate objects. (b) (Painting) The class or style of painting which represents inanimate objects, as fruit, flowers, dead game, etc.

Syn. -- Quiet; calm; noiseless; serene; motionless; inert; stagnant.

Still, n. [Cf. G. stille.] 1. Freedom from noise; calm; silence; as, the still of midnight. [Poetic]

2. A steep hill or ascent. [Obs.] W. Browne.

Still, adv. [AS. stille quietly. See Still, a. The modern senses come from the idea of stopping and staying still, or motionless.] 1. To this time; until and during the time now present; now no less than before; yet.

> It hath been anciently reported, and is still received.

Bacon.

2. In the future as now and before.

> Hourly joys be still upon you!

Shak.

3. In continuation by successive or repeated acts; always; ever; constantly; uniformly.

> The desire of fame betrays an ambitious man into indecencies that lessen his reputation; he is still afraid lest any of his actions should be thrown away in private.

Addison.

> Chemists would be rich if they could still do in great quantities what they have sometimes done in little.

Boyle.

4. In an increasing or additional degree; even more; -- much used with comparatives.

> The guilt being great, the fear doth still exceed.

Shak.

5. Notwithstanding what has been said or done; in spite of what has occured; nevertheless; -- sometimes used as a conjunction. See Synonym of But.

> As sunshine, broken in the rill,
> Though turned astray, is sunshine still.

Moore.

6. After that; after what is stated.

> In the primitive church, such as by fear being compelled to sacrifice to strange gods, after repented, and kept still the office of preaching the gospel.

Whitgift.

Still and anon, at intervals and repeatedly; continually; ever and anon; now and then.

> And like the watchful minutes to the hour,
> Still and anon cheered up the heavy time.

Shak.

Still, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stilled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stilling.] [AS. stillan, from stille still, quiet, firm. See Still, a.] 1. To stop, as motion or agitation; to cause to become quiet, or comparatively quiet; to check the agitation of; as, to still the raging sea.

> He having a full sway over the water, had power to still and compose it, as well as to move and disturb it.

Woodward.

2. To stop, as noise; to silence.

> With his name the mothers still their babies.

Shak.

3. To appease; to calm; to quiet, as tumult, agitation, or excitement; as, to still the passions. Shak.

> Toil that would, at least, have stilled an unquiet impulse in me.

Hawthorne.

Syn. -- To quiet; calm; allay; lull; pacify; appease; subdue; suppress; silence; stop; check; restrain.

<! p. 1415 !>

Still (?), n. [Cf. OE. stillatorie. See Still, v., to distill.] 1. A vessel, boiler, or copper used in the distillation of liquids; specifically, one used for the distillation of alcoholic liquors; a retort. The name is sometimes applied to the whole apparatus used in in vaporization and condensation.

2. A house where liquors are distilled; a distillery.

Still watcher, a device for indicating the progress of distillation by the density of the liquid given over. Knight.

Still, v. t. [Abbreviated fr. distill.] 1. To cause to fall by drops.

2. To expel spirit from by heat, or to evaporate and condense in a refrigeratory; to distill. Tusser.

Still, v. i. [L. stillare. Cf. Distill.] To drop, or flow in drops; to distill. [Obs.] Spenser.

Stil"lage (?), n. (Bleaching) A low stool to keep the goods from touching the floor. Knight.

Stil`la*ti"tious (?), a. [L. stillaticius, fr. stillare to drop, stilla a drop.] Falling in drops; drawn by a still.

Stil"la*to*ry (?), n.; pl. -ries (#). [From Still, for distill. Cf. Still, n., and Distillatory, a.] 1. An alembic; a vessel for distillation. [R.] Bacon.

2. A laboratory; a place or room in which distillation is performed. [R.] Dr. H. More. Sir H. Wotton.

Still"birth` (?), n. The birth of a dead fetus.

Still"born` (?), a. 1. Dead at the birth; as, a stillborn child.

2. Fig.: Abortive; as, a stillborn poem. Swift.

Still"-burn` (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. still-burnt (?) or Still-burned (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Still-burning.] To burn in the process of distillation; as, to still-burn brandy.

Still"-clos"ing (?), a. Ever closing. [Obs.] "Still-clothing waters." Shak.

Still"er (?), n. One who stills, or quiets.

Still"house` (?), n. A house in which distillation is carried on; a distillery.

Still"-hunt` (?), n. A hunting for game in a quiet and cautious manner, or under cover; stalking; hence, colloquially, the pursuit of any object quietly and cautiously. -- Still"-hunt`er (#), n. -- Still"- hunt`ing, n. [U.S.]

Stil"li*cide (?), n. [L. stillicidium; stilla a drop + cadere to fall.] A continual falling or succession of drops; rain water falling from the eaves. Bacon.

Stil`li*cid"i*ous (?), a. Falling in drops. [Obs.]

Stil"li*form (?), a. [L. stilla a drop + -form.] Having the form of a drop. Owen.

Still"ing (?), n. [Cf. LG. stelling, G. stellen to set, to place.] A stillion. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Stil"lion (?), n. [See Stilling.] A stand, as for casks or vats in a brewery, or for pottery while drying.

Still"ness (?), n. 1. The quality or state of being still; quietness; silence; calmness; inactivity.

> Painting, then, was the art demanded by the modern intellect upon its emergence from the stillness of the Middle Ages.

J. A. Symonds.

2. Habitual silence or quiet; taciturnity.

> The gravity and stillness of your youth
> The world hath noted.

Shak.

Still"room` (?), n. 1. A room for distilling.

2. An apartment in a house where liquors, preserves, and the like, are kept. [Eng.]

> Floors are rubbed bright, . . . stillroom and kitchen cleared for action.

Dickens.

Still"stand` (?), n. A standstill. [R.] Shak.

Still"y (?), a. Still; quiet; calm.

> The stilly hour when storms are gone.

Moore.

Stil"ly (?), adv. In a still manner; quietly; silently; softly. Dr. H. More.

> The hum of either army stilly sounds.

Shak.

Stilp*nom"e*lane (?), n. [Gr. stilpno`s shining + me`las, -anos, black.] (Min.) A black or greenish black mineral occurring in foliated flates, also in velvety bronze-colored incrustations. It is a hydrous silicate of iron and alumina.

Stilt (?), n. [OE. stilte; akin to Dan. stylte, Sw. stylta, LG. & D. stelt, OHG. stelza, G. stelze, and perh. to E. stout.] 1. A pole, or piece of wood, constructed with a step or loop to raise the foot above the ground in walking. It is sometimes lashed to the leg, and sometimes prolonged upward so as to be steadied by the hand or arm.

> Ambition is but avarice on stilts, and masked.

Landor.

2. A crutch; also, the handle of a plow. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

3. (Zoöl.) Any species of limicoline birds belonging to Himantopus and allied genera, in which the legs are remarkably long and slender. Called also longshanks, stiltbird, stilt plover, and lawyer.

The American species (Himantopus Mexicanus) is well known. The European and Asiatic stilt (H. candidus) is usually white, except the wings and interscapulars, which are greenish black. The white-headed stilt (H. leucocephalus) and the banded stilt (Cladorhynchus pectoralis) are found in Australia.

Stilt plover (Zoöl.), the stilt. -- Stilt sandpiper (Zoöl.), an American sandpiper (Micropalama himantopus) having long legs. The bill is somewhat expanded at the tip.

Stilt (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stilted (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stilting.] To raise on stilts, or as if on stilts.

Stilt"bird` (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Stilt, n., 3.

Stilt"ed, a. Elevated as if on stilts; hence, pompous; bombastic; as, a stilted style; stilted declamation.

Stilted arch (Arch.), an arch in which the springing line is some distance above the impost, the space between being occupied by a vertical member, molded or ornamented, as a continuation of the archivolt, intrados, etc.

Stilt"i*fy (?), v. t. [Stilt + -fy.] To raise upon stilts, or as upon stilts; to stilt.

Stilt"y (?), a. Unreasonably elevated; pompous; stilted; as, a stilty style.

Stime (?), n. [Etymology uncertain.] A slight gleam or glimmer; a glimpse. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Stim"u*lant (?), a. [L. stimulans, p. pr.; cf. F. stimulant. See Stimulate.] 1. Serving to stimulate.

2. (Physiol.) Produced increased vital action in the organism, or in any of its parts.

Stim"u*lant, n. [Cf. F. stimulant.] 1. That which stimulates, provokes, or excites.

> His feelings had been exasperated by the constant application of stimulants.

Macaulay.

2. (Physiol. & Med.) An agent which produces a temporary increase of vital activity in the organism, or in any of its parts; -- sometimes used without qualification to signify an alcoholic beverage used as a stimulant.

Stim"u*late (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stimulated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stimulating.] [L. stimulatus, p. p. of stimulare to prick or goad on, to incite, fr. stimulus a goad. See Stimulus.] 1. To excite as if with a goad; to excite, rouse, or animate, to action or more vigorous exertion by some pungent motive or by persuasion; as, to stimulate one by the hope of reward, or by the prospect of glory.

> To excite and stimulate us thereunto.

Dr. J. Scott.

2. (Physiol.) To excite; to irritate; especially, to excite the activity of (a nerve or an irritable muscle), as by electricity.

Syn. -- To animate; incite; encourage; impel; urge; instigate; irritate; exasperate; incense.

Stim`u*la"tion (?), n. [L. stimulatio: cf. F. stimulation.] 1. The act of stimulating, or the state of being stimulated.

2. (Physiol.) The irritating action of various agents (stimuli) on muscles, nerves, or a sensory end organ, by which activity is evoked; especially, the nervous impulse produced by various agents on nerves, or a sensory end organ, by which the part connected with the nerve is thrown into a state of activity; irritation.

Stim"u*la*tive (?), a. Having the quality of stimulating. -- n. That which stimulates.

Stim"u*la`tor (?), n. [L.: cf. F. stimulateur.] One who stimulates.

Stim"u*la`tress (?), n. A woman who stimulates.

Stim"u*lism (?), n. (Med.) (a) The theory of medical practice which regarded life as dependent upon stimulation, or excitation, and disease as caused by excess or deficiency in the amount of stimulation. (b) The practice of treating disease by alcoholic stimulants. Dr. H. Hartshorne.

Stim"u*lus (?), n.; pl. Stimuli (#). [L., for stigmulus, akin to L. instigare to stimulate. See Instigare, Stick, v. t.] 1. A goad; hence, something that rouses the mind or spirits; an incentive; as, the hope of gain is a powerful stimulus to labor and action.

2. That which excites or produces a temporary increase of vital action, either in the whole organism or in any of its parts; especially (Physiol.), any substance or agent capable of evoking the activity of a nerve or irritable muscle, or capable of producing an impression upon a sensory organ or more particularly upon its specific end organ.

Of the stimuli applied to the sensory apparatus, physiologists distinguish two kinds: (a) Homologous stimuli, which act only upon the end organ, and for whose action the sense organs are especially adapted, as the rods and cones of the retina for the vibrations of the either. (b) Heterologous stimuli, which are mechanical, chemical, electrical, etc., and act upon the nervous elements of the sensory apparatus along their entire course, producing, for example, the flash of light beheld when the eye is struck. Landois & Stirling.

Sting (?), n. [AS. sting a sting. See Sting, v. t.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any sharp organ of offense and defense, especially when connected with a poison gland, and adapted to inflict a wound by piercing; as the caudal sting of a scorpion. The sting of a bee or wasp is a modified ovipositor. The caudal sting, or spine, of a sting ray is a modified dorsal fin ray. The term is sometimes applied to the fang of a serpent. See Illust. of Scorpion.

2. (Bot.) A sharp-pointed hollow hair seated on a gland which secrets an acrid fluid, as in nettles. The points of these hairs usually break off in the wound, and the acrid fluid is pressed into it.

3. Anything that gives acute pain, bodily or mental; as, the stings of remorse; the stings of reproach.

> The sting of death is sin.

1 Cor. xv. 56.

4. The thrust of a sting into the flesh; the act of stinging; a wound inflicted by stinging. "The lurking serpent's mortal sting." Shak.

5. A goad; incitement. Shak.

6. The point of an epigram or other sarcastic saying.

Sting moth (Zoöl.), an Australian moth (Doratifera vulnerans) whose larva is armed, at each end of the body, with four tubercles bearing powerful stinging organs. -- Sting ray. (Zoöl.) See under 6th Ray. -- Sting winkle (Zoöl.), a spinose marine univalve shell of the genus Murex, as the European species (Murex erinaceus). See Illust. of Murex.

Sting, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stung (?) (Archaic Stang (&?;)); p. pr. & vb. n. Stinging.] [AS. stingan; akin to Icel. & Sw. stinga, Dan. stinge, and probably to E. stick, v.t.; cf. Goth. usstiggan to put out, pluck out. Cf. Stick, v. t.] 1. To pierce or wound with a sting; as, bees will sting an animal that irritates them; the nettles stung his hands.

2. To pain acutely; as, the conscience is stung with remorse; to bite. "Slander stings the brave." Pope.

3. To goad; to incite, as by taunts or reproaches.

Sting`a*ree" (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any sting ray. See under 6th Ray.

Sting"bull` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The European greater weever fish (Trachinus draco), which is capable of inflicting severe wounds with the spinous rays of its dorsal fin. See Weever.

Sting"er (?), n. One who, or that which, stings.

> Professor E. Forbes states that only a small minority of the medusæ of our seas are stingers.

Owen.

Sting"fish` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The weever.

Stin"gi*ly (?), adv. In a stingy manner.

Stin"gi*ness, n. The quality or state of being stingy.

Sting"ing (?), a. Piercing, or capable of piercing, with a sting; inflicting acute pain as if with a sting, goad, or pointed weapon; pungent; biting; as, stinging cold; a stinging rebuke. -- Sting"ing*ly, adv.

Stinging cell. (Zoöl.) Same as Lasso cell, under Lasso.

Sting"less, a. Having no sting.

Stin"go (?), n. [From Sting.] Old beer; sharp or strong liquor. [Old Slang]

> Shall I set a cup of old stingo at your elbow?

Addison.

Sting"tail` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A sting ray.

Sting"y (?), a. Stinging; able to sting.

Stin"gy (?), a. [Compar. Stingier (?); superl. Stingiest.] [Probably from sting, and meaning originally, stinging; hence, biting, nipping (of the wind), churlish, avaricious; or cf. E. skinch.] Extremely close and covetous; meanly avaricious; niggardly; miserly; penurious; as, a stingy churl.

> A stingy, narrow-hearted fellow that had a deal of choice fruit, had not the heart to touch it till it began to be rotten.

L'estrange.

Stink (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Stunk (?), Stank (&?;), p. pr. & vb. n. Stinking.] [AS. stinkan to have a smell (whether good or bad); akin to OHG. stinchan, G. & D. stinken to stink; of uncertain origin; cf. Icel. stökkva to leap, to spring, Goth. stigqan to push, strike, or Gr. &?; rancid. Cf. Stench.] To emit a strong, offensive smell; to send out a disgusting odor.

Stink, v. t. To cause to stink; to affect by a stink.

Stink, n. [AS. stinc.] A strong, offensive smell; a disgusting odor; a stench.

Fire stink. See under Fire. -- Stink-fire lance. See under Lance. - - Stink rat (Zoöl.), the musk turtle. [Local, U.S.] -- Stink shad (Zoöl.), the gizzard shad. [Local, U.S.] -- Stink trap, a stench trap. See under Stench.

Stink"ard (?), n. 1. A mean, stinking, paltry fellow. B. Jonson.

2. (Zoöl.) The teledu of the East Indies. It emits a disagreeable odor.

Stink"ball` (?), n. A composition of substances which in combustion emit a suffocating odor; -- used formerly in naval warfare.

Stink"er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, stinks.

2. (Zoöl.) Any one of the several species of large antarctic petrels which feed on blubber and carrion and have an offensive odor, as the giant fulmar.

Stink"horn` (?), n. (Bot.) A kind of fungus of the genus Phallus, which emits a fetid odor.

Stink"ing, a. & n. from Stink, v.

Stinking badger (Zoöl.), the teledu. -- Stinking cedar (Bot.), the California nutmeg tree; also, a related tree of Florida (Torreya taxifolia).

Stink"ing*ly, adv. In a stinking manner; with an offensive smell.

Stink"pot` (?), n. 1. An earthen jar charged with powder, grenades, and other materials of an offensive and suffocating smell, -- sometimes used in boarding an enemy's vessel.

2. A vessel in which disinfectants are burned.

3. (Zoöl.) The musk turtle, or musk tortoise. See under Musk.

Stink"stone` (?), n. (Min.) One of the varieties of calcite, barite, and feldspar, which emit a fetid odor on being struck; -- called also swinestone.

Stink"weed` (?), n. (Bot.) Stramonium. See Jamestown weed, and Datura.

<! p. 1416 !>

Stink"wood` (?), n. (Bot.) A name given to several kinds of wood with an unpleasant smell, as that of the Fœtidia Mauritiana of the Mauritius, and that of the South African Ocotea bullata.

Stint (?), n. (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of several species of small sandpipers, as the sanderling of Europe and America, the dunlin, the little stint of India (Tringa minuta), etc. Called also pume. (b) A phalarope.

Stint, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stinted; p. pr. & vb. n. Stinting.] [OE. stinten, stenten, stunten, to cause to cease, AS. styntan (in comp.) to blunt, dull, fr. stunt dull, stupid; akin to Icel. stytta to shorten, stuttr short, dial, Sw. stynta to shorten, stunt short. Cf. Stent, Stunt.] 1. To restrain within certain limits; to bound; to confine; to restrain; to restrict to a scant allowance.

> I shall not go about to extenuate the latitude of the curse upon the earth, or stint it only to the production of weeds.

Woodward.

> She stints them in their meals.

Law.

2. To put an end to; to stop. [Obs.] Shak.

3. To assign a certain (i. e., limited) task to (a person), upon the performance of which one is excused from further labor for the day or for a certain time; to stent.

4. To serve successfully; to get with foal; -- said of mares.

> The majority of maiden mares will become stinted while at work.

J. H. Walsh.

Stint, v. i. To stop; to cease. [Archaic]

> They can not stint till no thing be left.

Chaucer.

> And stint thou too, I pray thee.

Shak.

> The damsel stinted in her song.

Sir W. Scott.

Stint, n. [Also written stent. See Stint, v. t.] 1. Limit; bound; restraint; extent.

> God has wrote upon no created thing the utmost stint of his power.

South.

2. Quantity or task assigned; proportion allotted.

> His old stint -- three thousand pounds a year.

Cowper.

Stint"ance (?), n. Restraint; stoppage. [Obs.]

Stint"ed*ness, n. The state of being stinted.

Stint"er (?), n. One who, or that which, stints.

Stint"less, a. Without stint or restraint.

> The stintlesstears of old Heraclitus.

Marston.

Stipe (?), n. [L. stipes a stock, post, branch: cf. F. stipe.] (Bot.) (a) The stalk or petiole of a frond, as of a fern. (b) The stalk of a pistil. (c) The trunk of a tree. (d) The stem of a fungus or mushroom.

Sti"pel (?), n. [See Stipule.] (Bot.) The stipule of a leaflet. Gray.

Sti*pel"late (?), a. (Bot.) Having stipels.

Sti"pend (?), n. [L. stipendium; stips, gen. stipis, a gift, donation, given in small coin + pendere to weigh or pay out.] Settled pay or compensation for services, whether paid daily, monthly, or annually.

Sti"pend, v. t. To pay by settled wages. [R.]

Sti*pen`di*a"ri*an (?), a. Acting from mercenary considerations; stipendiary. A. Seward.

Sti*pen"di*a*ry (?), a. [L. stipendiarius: cf. F. stipendiaire.] Receiving wages, or salary; performing services for a stated price or compensation.

> His great stipendiary prelates came with troops of evil-appointed horseman not half full.

Knolles.

Sti*pen"di*a*ry, n.; pl. Stipendiaries (&?;). One who receives a stipend.

> If thou art become
> A tyrant's vile stipendiary.

Glover.

Sti*pen"di*ate (?), v. t. [L. stipendiatus, p. p. of stipendiari to receive pay.] To provide with a stipend, or salary; to support; to pay. Evelyn.

> It is good to endow colleges, and to found chairs, and to stipendiate professors.

I. Taylor.

Sti"pend*less (st"pnd*ls), a. Having no stipend.

||Sti"pes (-pz), n.; pl. Stipites (#). [L., a stock.] (Zoöl.) (a) The second joint of a maxilla of an insect or a crustacean. (b) An eyestalk.

Stip"i*tate (?), a. [NL. stipitatus, from L. stipes, gen. stipitis, a stock. See Stipe.] (Bot.) Supported by a stipe; elevated on a stipe, as the fronds of most ferns, or the pod of certain cruciferous plants.

Stip"i*ti*form (?), a. [Stipes + -form.] (Bot.) Having the shape of a stalk; stalklike.

Stip"ple (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stippled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stippling (?).] [D. stippelen to make points, to spot, dot, from stippel, dim. of stip a dot, spot.] 1. To engrave by means of dots, in distinction from engraving in lines.

> The interlaying of small pieces can not altogether avoid a broken, stippled, spotty effect.

Milman.

2. To paint, as in water colors, by small, short touches which together produce an even or softly graded surface.

{ Stip"ple (?), Stip"pling (?), } n. (Engraving) A mode of execution which produces the effect by dots or small points instead of lines.

2. (Paint.) A mode of execution in which a flat or even tint is produced by many small touches.

Stip"tic (?), a. & n. (Med.) See Styptic.

||Stip"u*la (?), n.; pl. E. Stipulas (#), L. Stipulæ (#). [L., a stalk, stem.] 1. (Bot.) A stipule.

2. (Zoöl.) A newly sprouted feather.

{ Stip`u*la"ceous (?), Stip"u*lar (?), } a. [Cf. F. stipulacé, stipulaire. See Stipula.] (Bot.) Of or pertaining to stipules; resembling stipules; furnished with stipules; growing on stipules, or close to them; occupying the position of stipules; as, stipular glands and stipular tendrils.

Stip"u*la*ry (?), a. (Bot.) Of or pertaining to stipules; stipular.

Stip"u*late (?), a. (Bot.) Furnished with stipules; as, a stipulate leaf.

Stip"u*late (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Stipulated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stipulating.] [L. stipulatus, p. p. of stipulari to stipulate, fr. OL. stipulus firm, fast; probably akin to L. stipes a post. Cf. Stiff.] To make an agreement or covenant with any person or company to do or forbear anything; to bargain; to contract; to settle terms; as, certain princes stipulated to assist each other in resisting the armies of France.

Stip`u*la"tion (?), n. [L. stipulatio: cf. F. stipulation.] 1. The act of stipulating; a contracting or bargaining; an agreement.

2. That which is stipulated, or agreed upon; that which is definitely arranged or contracted; an agreement; a covenant; a contract or bargain; also, any particular article, item, or condition, in a mutual agreement; as, the stipulations of the allied powers to furnish each his contingent of troops.

3. (Law) A material article of an agreement; an undertaking in the nature of bail taken in the admiralty courts; a bargain. Bouvier. Wharton.

Syn. -- Agreement; contract; engagement. See Covenant.

Stip`u*la"tion, n. [See Stipule.] (Bot.) The situation, arrangement, and structure of the stipules.

Stip"u*la`tor (?), n. [L.] One who stipulates, contracts, or covenants.

Stip"ule (?), n. [L. stipula a stalk, stem, straw: cf. F. stipule. Cf. Stubble.] (Bot.) An appendage at the base of petioles or leaves, usually somewhat resembling a small leaf in texture and appearance.

Stip"uled (?), a. (Bot.) Furnished with stipules, or leafy appendages.

Stir (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stirred (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stirring.] [OE. stiren, steren, sturen, AS. styrian; probably akin to D. storen to disturb, G. stören, OHG. stren to scatter, destroy. √166.] 1. To change the place of in any manner; to move.

> My foot I had never yet in five days been able to stir.

Sir W. Temple.

2. To disturb the relative position of the particles of, as of a liquid, by passing something through it; to agitate; as, to stir a pudding with a spoon.

> My mind is troubled, like a fountain stirred.

Shak.

3. To bring into debate; to agitate; to moot.

> Stir not questions of jurisdiction.

Bacon.

4. To incite to action; to arouse; to instigate; to prompt; to excite. "To stir men to devotion." Chaucer.

> An Ate, stirring him to blood and strife.

Shak.

> And for her sake some mutiny will stir.

Dryden.

In all senses except the first, stir is often followed by up with an intensive effect; as, to stir up fire; to stir up sedition.

Syn. -- To move; incite; awaken; rouse; animate; stimulate; excite; provoke.

Stir, v. i. 1. To move; to change one's position.

> I had not power to stir or strive,
> But felt that I was still alive.

Byron.

2. To be in motion; to be active or bustling; to exert or busy one's self.

> All are not fit with them to stir and toil.

Byron.

> The friends of the unfortunate exile, far from resenting his unjust suspicions, were stirring anxiously in his behalf.

Merivale.

3. To become the object of notice; to be on foot.

> They fancy they have a right to talk freely upon everything that stirs or appears.

I. Watts.

4. To rise, or be up, in the morning. [Colloq.] Shak.

Stir, n. 1. The act or result of stirring; agitation; tumult; bustle; noise or various movements.

> Why all these words, this clamor, and this stir?

Denham.

> Consider, after so much stir about genus and species, how few words we have yet settled definitions of.

Locke.

2. Public disturbance or commotion; tumultuous disorder; seditious uproar.

> Being advertised of some stirs raised by his unnatural sons in England.

Sir J. Davies.

3. Agitation of thoughts; conflicting passions.

Stir"a*bout` (?), n. A dish formed of oatmeal boiled in water to a certain consistency and frequently stirred, or of oatmeal and dripping mixed together and stirred about in a pan; a hasty pudding.

Stir"i*a`ted (?), a. [L. stiria an icicle.] Adorned with pendants like icicles.

Stir"i*ous (?), a. [L. stiria an icicle.] Resembling icicles. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Stirk (?), n. [AS. stric, from steór a steer. See Steer a young ox.] A young bullock or heifer. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Stir"less (?), a. Without stirring; very quiet; motionless. "Lying helpless and stirless." Hare.

Stirp (?), n. [L. stirps, stirpis.] Stock; race; family. [Obs.] Bacon.

Stir"pi*cul`ture (?), n. [L. stirps, stirpis, stem, stock, race + cultura culture.] The breeding of special stocks or races.

||Stirps (?), n.; pl. Stirpes (#). [L., stem, stock.] 1. (Law) Stock; race; family. Blackstone.

2. (Bot.) A race, or a fixed and permanent variety.

Stir"rage (?), n. The act of stirring; stir; commotion. [Obs.] T. Granger.

Stir"rer (?), n. One who, or that which, stirs something; also, one who moves about, especially after sleep; as, an early stirrer. Shak.

Stirrer up, an instigator or inciter. Atterbury.

Stir"ring (?), a. Putting in motion, or being in motion; active; active in business; habitually employed in some kind of business; accustomed to a busy life.

> A more stirring and intellectual age than any which had gone before it.

Southey.

Syn. -- Animating; arousing; awakening; stimulating; quickening; exciting.

Stir"rup (?), n. [OE. stirop, AS. stigrp; stgan to mount, ascend + rp a rope; akin to G. stegreif a stirrup. √164. See Sty, v. i., and Rope.] 1. A kind of ring, or bent piece of metal, wood, leather, or the like, horizontal in one part for receiving the foot of a rider, and attached by a strap to the saddle, -- used to assist a person in mounting a horse, and to enable him to sit steadily in riding, as well as to relieve him by supporting a part of the weight of the body.

> Our host upon his stirpoes stood anon.

Chaucer.

2. (Carp. & Mach.) Any piece resembling in shape the stirrup of a saddle, and used as a support, clamp, etc. See Bridle iron.

3. (Naut.) A rope secured to a yard, with a thimble in its lower end for supporting a footrope. Totten.

Stirrup bone (Anat.), the stapes. -- Stirrup cup, a parting cup taken after mounting. -- Stirrup iron, an iron stirrup. -- Stirrup leather, or Stirrup strap, the strap which attaches a stirrup to the saddle. See Stirrup, 1.

Stirt (?), obs. p. p. of Start, v. i. Started; leaped.

> They privily be stirt into a well.

Chaucer.

Stir"te (?), obs. imp. of Start, v. i. & t. Chaucer.

Stitch (?), n. [OE. stiche, AS. stice a pricking, akin to stician to prick. See Stick, v. i.] 1. A single pass of a needle in sewing; the loop or turn of the thread thus made.

2. A single turn of the thread round a needle in knitting; a link, or loop, of yarn; as, to let down, or drop, a stitch; to take up a stitch.

3. [Cf. OE. sticche, stecche, stucche, a piece, AS. stycce. Cf. Stock.] A space of work taken up, or gone over, in a single pass of the needle; hence, by extension, any space passed over; distance.

> You have gone a good stitch.

Bunyan.

> In Syria the husbandmen go lightly over with their plow, and take no deep stitch in making their furrows.

Holland.

4. A local sharp pain; an acute pain, like the piercing of a needle; as, a stitch in the side.

> He was taken with a cold and with stitches, which was, indeed, a pleurisy.

Bp. Burnet.

5. A contortion, or twist. [Obs.]

> If you talk,
> Or pull your face into a stitch again,
> I shall be angry.

Marston.

6. Any least part of a fabric or dress; as, to wet every stitch of clothes. [Colloq.]

7. A furrow. Chapman.

Chain stitch, Lock stitch. See in the Vocabulary. -- Pearl, or Purl stitch. See 2nd Purl, 2.

Stitch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stitched (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stitching.] 1. To form stitches in; especially, to sew in such a manner as to show on the surface a continuous line of stitches; as, to stitch a shirt bosom.

2. To sew, or unite together by stitches; as, to stitch printed sheets in making a book or a pamphlet.

3. (Agric.) To form land into ridges.

To stitch up, to mend or unite with a needle and thread; as, to stitch up a rent; to stitch up an artery.

Stitch, v. i. To practice stitching, or needlework.

Stitch"el (?), n. A kind of hairy wool. [Prov.]

Stitch"er (?), n. One who stitches; a seamstress.

Stitch"er*y (?), n. Needlework; -- in contempt. Shak.

Stitch"ing, n. 1. The act of one who stitches.

2. Work done by sewing, esp. when a continuous line of stitches is shown on the surface; stitches, collectively.

Stitch"wort` (?), n. (Bot.) See Stichwort.

Stith (?), a. [AS. stð.] Strong; stiff; rigid. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Stith, n. [Icel. steði an anvil, akin to staðr place. See Stead.] An anvil; a stithy. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

> He invented also pincers, hammers, iron crows, and the anvil, or stith.

Holland.

Stith"y (?), n. [See Stith, and cf. Stiddy.] 1. An anvil. Sir W. Scott.

2. A smith's shop; a smithy; a smithery; a forge. "As foul as Vulcan's stithy." Shak.

Stith"y, v. t. To forge on an anvil.

> The forge that stithied Mars his helm.

Shak.

Stive (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stived (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stiving.] [Probably fr. F. estiver to compress, stow, L. stipare: cf. It. stivare, Sp. estivar. Cf. Stevedore, Stiff.] To stuff; to crowd; to fill full; hence, to make hot and close; to render stifling. Sandys.

> His chamber was commonly stived with friends or suitors of one kind or other.

Sir H. Wotton.

Stive, v. i. To be stifled or suffocated.

Stive, n. The floating dust in flour mills caused by the operation or grinding. De Colange.

Sti"ver (?), n. [D. stuiver; akin to G. stüber, Dan. styver, Sw. styfver.] A Dutch coin, and money of account, of the value of two cents, or about one penny sterling; hence, figuratively, anything of little worth.

Stives (?), n. pl. [OE. See Stew.] Stews; a brothel. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Stoak (?), v. t. [Cf. G. stocken.] (Naut.) To stop; to choke.

Stoat (?), n. [OE. stot a stoat, horse, bullock; perhaps originally only of male animals, and akin to D. stooten to push, E. stutter; cf. Icel. st&?;tr a bull, Sw. stut a bullock. Cf. Stot.] (Zoöl.) The ermine in its summer pelage, when it is reddish brown, but with a black tip to the tail. The name is sometimes applied also to other brown weasels.

Sto"cah (?), n. [Ir. & Gael. stocach an idle fellow who lives on the industry of others, a lounger.] A menial attendant. [Obs.] Spenser.

Stoc*cade" (?), n. & v. See Stockade.

Stoc*ca"do (?), n. [F. estocade, fr. Sp. estocada, or It. stoccata, from Sp. estoque, or It. stocco, a rapier, fr. G. stock a stick. See Stock.] A stab; a thrust with a rapier. Shak.

<! p. 1417 !>

Sto*chas"tic (st*ks"tk), a. [Gr. stochastiko`s, from stocha`zesqai to aim, to guess, fr. sto`chos mark or aim.] 1. Conjectural; able to conjecture. [Obs.] Whitefoot.

Stock (stk), n. [AS. stocc a stock, trunk, stick; akin to D. stok, G. stock, OHG. stoc, Icel. stokkr, Sw. stock, Dan. stok, and AS. stycce a piece; cf. Skr. tuj to urge, thrust. Cf. Stokker, Stucco, and Tuck a rapier.] 1. The stem, or main body, of a tree or plant; the fixed, strong, firm part; the trunk.

> Though the root thereof wax old in the earth, and the stock thereof die in the ground, yet through the scent of water it will bud, and bring forth boughs like a plant.

Job xiv. 8,9.

2. The stem or branch in which a graft is inserted.

> The scion overruleth the stock quite.

Bacon.

3. A block of wood; something fixed and solid; a pillar; a firm support; a post.

> All our fathers worshiped stocks and stones.

Milton.

> Item, for a stock of brass for the holy water, seven shillings; which, by the canon, must be of marble or metal, and in no case of brick.

Fuller.

4. Hence, a person who is as dull and lifeless as a stock or post; one who has little sense.

> Let's be no stoics, nor no stocks.

Shak.

5. The principal supporting part; the part in which others are inserted, or to which they are attached. Specifically: --

(a) The wood to which the barrel, lock, etc., of a musket or like firearm are secured; also, a long, rectangular piece of wood, which is an important part of several forms of gun carriage.

(b) The handle or contrivance by which bits are held in boring; a bitstock; a brace.

(c) (Joinery) The block of wood or metal frame which constitutes the body of a plane, and in which the plane iron is fitted; a plane stock.

(d) (Naut.) The wooden or iron crosspiece to which the shank of an anchor is attached. See Illust. of Anchor.

(e) The support of the block in which an anvil is fixed, or of the anvil itself.

(f) A handle or wrench forming a holder for the dies for cutting screws; a diestock.

(g) The part of a tally formerly struck in the exchequer, which was delivered to the person who had lent the king money on account, as the evidence of indebtedness. See Counterfoil. [Eng.]

6. The original progenitor; also, the race or line of a family; the progenitor of a family and his direct descendants; lineage; family.

> And stand betwixt them made, when, severally,
> All told their stock.

Chapman.

> Thy mother was no goddess, nor thy stock
> From Dardanus.

Denham.

7. Money or capital which an individual or a firm employs in business; fund; in the United States, the capital of a bank or other company, in the form of transferable shares, each of a certain amount; money funded in government securities, called also the public funds; in the plural, property consisting of shares in joint-stock companies, or in the obligations of a government for its funded debt; -- so in the United States, but in England the latter only are called stocks, and the former shares.

8. (Bookkeeping) Same as Stock account, below.

9. Supply provided; store; accumulation; especially, a merchant's or manufacturer's store of goods; as, to lay in a stock of provisions.

> Add to that stock which justly we bestow.

Dryden.

10. (Agric.) Domestic animals or beasts collectively, used or raised on a farm; as, a stock of cattle or of sheep, etc.; -- called also live stock.

11. (Card Playing) That portion of a pack of cards not distributed to the players at the beginning of certain games, as gleek, etc., but which might be drawn from afterward as occasion required; a bank.

> I must buy the stock; send me good cardings.

Beau. & Fl.

12. A thrust with a rapier; a stoccado. [Obs.]

13. [Cf. Stocking.] A covering for the leg, or leg and foot; as, upper stocks (breeches); nether stocks (stockings). [Obs.]

> With a linen stock on one leg.

Shak.

14. A kind of stiff, wide band or cravat for the neck; as, a silk stock.

15. pl. A frame of timber, with holes in which the feet, or the feet and hands, of criminals were formerly confined by way of punishment.

> He shall rest in my stocks.

Piers Plowman.

16. pl. (Shipbuilding) The frame or timbers on which a ship rests while building.

17. pl. Red and gray bricks, used for the exterior of walls and the front of buildings. [Eng.]

18. (Bot.) Any cruciferous plant of the genus Matthiola; as, common stock (Matthiola incana) (see Gilly-flower); ten-weeks stock (M. annua).

19. (Geol.) An irregular metalliferous mass filling a large cavity in a rock formation, as a stock of lead ore deposited in limestone.

20. A race or variety in a species.

21. (Biol.) In tectology, an aggregate or colony of persons (see Person), as trees, chains of salpæ, etc.

22. The beater of a fulling mill. Knight.

23. (Cookery) A liquid or jelly containing the juices and soluble parts of meat, and certain vegetables, etc., extracted by cooking; -- used in making soup, gravy, etc.

Bit stock. See Bitstock. -- Dead stock (Agric.), the implements of husbandry, and produce stored up for use; -- in distinction from live stock, or the domestic animals on the farm. See def. 10, above. -- Head stock. See Headstock. -- Paper stock, rags and other material of which paper is made. -- Stock account (Bookkeeping), an account on a merchant's ledger, one side of which shows the original capital, or stock, and the additions thereto by accumulation or contribution, the other side showing the amounts withdrawn. -- Stock car, a railway car for carrying cattle. -- Stock company (Com.), an incorporated company the capital of which is represented by marketable shares having a certain equal par value. -- Stock duck (Zoöl.), the mallard. -- Stock exchange. (a) The building or place where stocks are bought and sold; stock market; hence, transactions of all kinds in stocks. (b) An association or body of stockbrokers who meet and transact business by certain recognized forms, regulations, and usages. Wharton. Brande & C. -- Stock farmer, a farmer who makes it his business to rear live stock. -- Stock gillyflower (Bot.), the common stock. See Stock, n., 18. -- Stock gold, gold laid up so as to form a stock, or hoard. -- Stock in trade, the goods kept for sale by a shopkeeper; the fittings and appliances of a workman. Simmonds. -- Stock list, a list of stocks, or shares, dealt in, of transactions, and of prices. -- Stock lock, a lock inclosed in a wooden case and attached to the face of a door. -- Stock market. (a) A place where stocks are bought and sold; the stock exchange. (b) A market for live stock. -- Stock pigeon. (Zoöl.) Same as Stockdove. -- Stock purse. (a) A common purse, as distinguished from a private purse. (b) (Mil.) Moneys saved out of the expenses of a company or regiment, and applied to objects of common interest. [Eng.] -- Stock shave, a tool used by blockmakers. -- Stock station, a place or district for rearing stock. [Australia] W. Howitt. -- Stock tackle (Naut.), a tackle used when the anchor is hoisted and secured, to keep its stock clear of the ship's sides. Totten. -- Stock taking, an examination and inventory made of goods or stock in a shop or warehouse; -- usually made periodically. -- Tail stock. See Tailstock. -- To have something on the stock, to be at work at something. -- To take stock, to take account of stock; to make an inventory of stock or goods on hand. Dickens. -- To take stock in. (a) To subscribe for, or purchase, shares in a stock company. (b) To put faith in; to accept as trustworthy; as, to take stock in a person's fidelity. [Slang] -- To take stock of, to take account of the stock of; to take an inventory of; hence, to ascertain the facts in regard to (something). [Eng.]

> At the outset of any inquiry it is proper to take stock of the results obtained by previous explorers of the same field.

Leslie Stephen.

Syn. -- Fund; capital; store; supply; accumulation; hoard; provision.

Stock (stk), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stocked (stkt); p. pr. & vb. n. Stocking.] 1. To lay up; to put aside for future use; to store, as merchandise, and the like.

2. To provide with material requisites; to store; to fill; to supply; as, to stock a warehouse, that is, to fill it with goods; to stock a farm, that is, to supply it with cattle and tools; to stock land, that is, to occupy it with a permanent growth, especially of grass.

3. To suffer to retain milk for twenty-four hours or more previous to sale, as cows.

4. To put in the stocks. [R.] Shak.

To stock an anchor (Naut.), to fit it with a stock, or to fasten the stock firmly in place. -- To stock cards (Card Playing), to arrange cards in a certain manner for cheating purposes. [Cant] -- To stock down (Agric.), to sow, as plowed land, with grass seed, in order that it may become swarded, and produce grass. -- To stock up, to extirpate; to dig up.

Stock, a. Used or employed for constant service or application, as if constituting a portion of a stock or supply; standard; permanent; standing; as, a stock actor; a stock play; a stock sermon. "A stock charge against Raleigh." C. Kingsley.

Stock company (Theater), a company of actors regularly employed at one theater, or permanently acting together in various plays under one management.

Stock*ade" (?), n. [F. estacade stockade, boom (confused in French with estocade; see 1st Stoccado); fr. It. steccata a palisade (influenced by OF. estach, estaque, a stake, post), or from Sp. estacada a palisade; both of German origin, and akin to E. stake, stick; cf. G. stecken stick, OHG. steccho. See Stake, n., Stick, n. & v. t., and cf. Estacade, Stacket.] 1. (Mil.) A line of stout posts or timbers set firmly in the earth in contact with each other (and usually with loopholes) to form a barrier, or defensive fortification. [Written also stoccade.]

2. An inclosure, or pen, made with posts and stakes.

Stock*ade", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stockaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Stockading.] To surround, fortify, or protect with a stockade.

Stock"-blind` (?), a. Blind as a stock; wholly blind.

Stock"bro`ker (?), n. A broker who deals in stocks.

Stock"dove` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A common European wild pigeon (Columba ænas), so called because at one time believed to be the stock of the domestic pigeon, or, according to some, from its breeding in the stocks, or trunks, of trees.

The name is applied, also, to other related species, as the Indian stockdove (Palumbæna Eversmanni).

Stock"er (?), n. One who makes or fits stocks, as of guns or gun carriages, etc.

Stock"fish` (?), n. [Cf. D. stokvisch.] 1. Salted and dried fish, especially codfish, hake, ling, and torsk; also, codfish dried without being salted.

2. (Zoöl.) Young fresh cod.

Stock"hold`er (?), n. One who is a holder or proprietor of stock in the public funds, or in the funds of a bank or other stock company.

Stock`i*net" (?), n. An elastic textile fabric imitating knitting, of which stockings, under-garments, etc., are made.

Stock"ing (?), n. [From Stock, which was formerly used of a covering for the legs and feet, combining breeches, or upper stocks, and stockings, or nether stocks.] A close-fitting covering for the foot and leg, usually knit or woven.

Blue stocking. See Bluestocking. -- Stocking frame, a machine for knitting stockings or other hosiery goods.

Stock"ing, v. t. To dress in GBs. Dryden.

Stock"ing*er (?), n. A stocking weaver.

Stock"ish, a. Like a stock; stupid; blockish.

> Since naught so stockish, hard, and full of rage,
> But music for the time doth change his nature.

Shak.

Stock"job`ber (?), n. [Stock + job.] One who speculates in stocks for gain; one whose occupation is to buy and sell stocks. In England a jobber acts as an intermediary between brokers.

Stock"job`bing (?), n. The act or art of dealing in stocks; the business of a stockjobber.

Stock"man (?), n.; pl. Stockmen (&?;). A herdsman; a ranchman; one owning, or having charge of, herds of live stock. [Australia & U.S.] W. Howitt.

Stock"-still` (?), a. [CF. G. stock- still.] Still as a stock, or fixed post; perfectly still.

> His whole work stands stock-still.

Sterne.

Stock"work` (?), n. [G. stockwerk.] 1. (Mining) A system of working in ore, etc., when it lies not in strata or veins, but in solid masses, so as to be worked in chambers or stories.

2. (Geol.) A metalliferous deposit characterized by the impregnation of the mass of rock with many small veins or nests irregularly grouped. This kind of deposit is especially common with tin ore. Such deposits are worked in floors or stories.

Stock"y (?), a. [From Stock.] 1. Short and thick; thick rather than tall or corpulent. Addison.

> Stocky, twisted, hunchback stems.

Mrs. H. H. Jackson.

2. Headstrong. [Prov. Eng.] G. Eliot.

Stodg"y (?), a. Wet. [Prov. Eng.] G. Eliot.

Stœch`i*ol"o*gy (?), n., Stœch`i*om"e*try (&?;), n., etc. See Stoichiology, Stoichiometry, etc.

Sto"ic (?), n. [L. stoicus, Gr. &?;, fr. &?;, adj., literally, of or pertaining to a colonnade, from &?; a roofed colonnade, a porch, especially, a porch in Athens where Zeno and his successors taught.] 1. A disciple of the philosopher Zeno; one of a Greek sect which held that men should be free from passion, unmoved by joy or grief, and should submit without complaint to unavoidable necessity, by which all things are governed.

2. Hence, a person not easily excited; an apathetic person; one who is apparently or professedly indifferent to pleasure or pain.

> A Stoic of the woods, a man without a tear.

Campbell.

School of Stoics. See The Porch, under Porch.

{ Sto"ic (?), Sto"ic*al (?), } a. [L. stoicus, Gr. &?;: cf. F. stoïque. See Stoic, n.] 1. Of or pertaining to the Stoics; resembling the Stoics or their doctrines.

2. Not affected by passion; manifesting indifference to pleasure or pain. -- Sto"ic*al*ly, adv. -- Sto"ic*al*ness, n.

Stoi`chi*o*log"ic*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to stoichiology.

Stoi`chi*ol"o*gy (?), n. [Gr. &?; a first element + -logy.] [Written also stœchiology.] 1. That part of the science of physiology which treats of the elements, or principles, composing animal tissues.

2. (Logic) The doctrine of the elementary requisites of mere thought. Sir W. Hamilton.

3. The statement or discussion of the first principles of any science or art.

{ Stoi`chi*o*met"ric (?), Stoi`chi*o*met"ric*al (?), } a. Of or pertaining to stoichiometry; employed in, or obtained by, stoichiometry.

Stoi`chi*om"e*try (?), n. [Gr. &?; a first principle, or element + -metry.] The art or process of calculating the atomic proportions, combining weights, and other numerical relations of chemical elements and their compounds.

Sto"i*cism (?), n. [Cf. F. stoïcisme.] 1. The opinions and maxims of the Stoics.

2. A real or pretended indifference to pleasure or pain; insensibility; impassiveness.

Sto*ic"i*ty (?), n. Stoicism. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Stoke (?), v. t. [OE. stoken, fr. D. stoken, fr. stok a stick (cf. OF. estoquier to thrust, stab; of Teutonic origin, and akin to D. stok). See Stock.] 1. To stick; to thrust; to stab. [Obs.]

> Nor short sword for to stoke, with point biting.

Chaucer.

2. To poke or stir up, as a fire; hence, to tend, as the fire of a furnace, boiler, etc.

Stoke, v. i. To poke or stir up a fire; hence, to tend the fires of furnaces, steamers, etc.

Stoke"hole` (?), n. The mouth to the grate of a furnace; also, the space in front of the furnace, where the stokers stand.

Stok"er (?), n. [D. See Stoke, v. t.] 1. One who is employed to tend a furnace and supply it with fuel, especially the furnace of a locomotive or of a marine steam boiler; also, a machine for feeding fuel to a fire.

2. A fire poker. [R.] C. Richardson (Dict.).

Sto"key (?), a. Close; sultry. [Prov. Eng.]

<! p. 1418 !>

||Sto"la (?), n.; pl. Stolæ (#). [L. See Stole a garment.] (Rom. Antiq.) A long garment, descending to the ankles, worn by Roman women.

> The stola was not allowed to be worn by courtesans, or by women who had been divorced from their husbands.

Fairholt.

Stole (?), imp. of Steal.

Stole, n. [L. stolo, - onis.] (Bot.) A stolon.

Stole, n. [AS. stole, L. stola, Gr. &?; a stole, garment, equipment, fr. &?; to set, place, equip, send, akin to E. stall. See Stall.] 1. A long, loose garment reaching to the feet. Spenser.

> But when mild morn, in saffron stole,
> First issues from her eastern goal.

T. Warton.

2. (Eccl.) A narrow band of silk or stuff, sometimes enriched with embroidery and jewels, worn on the left shoulder of deacons, and across both shoulders of bishops and priests, pendent on each side nearly to the ground. At Mass, it is worn crossed on the breast by priests. It is used in various sacred functions.

Groom of the stole, the first lord of the bedchamber in the royal household. [Eng.] Brande & C.

Stoled (?), a. Having or wearing a stole.

> After them flew the prophets, brightly stoled
> In shining lawn.

G. Fletcher.

Stol"en (?), p. p. of Steal.

Stol"id (?), a. [L. stolidus.] Hopelessly insensible or stupid; not easily aroused or excited; dull; impassive; foolish.

Sto*lid"i*ty (?), n. [L. stoliditas.] The state or quality of being stolid; dullness of intellect; obtuseness; stupidity.

> Indocile, intractable fools, whose stolidity can baffle all arguments, and be proof against demonstration itself.

Bentley.

Stol"id*ness (?), n. Same as Stolidity.

Sto"lon (?), n. [L. stolo, - onis: cf. F. stolon. Cf. Stole a stolon, 1st Stool.] 1. (Bot.) A trailing branch which is disposed to take root at the end or at the joints; a stole.

2. (Zoöl.) An extension of the integument of the body, or of the body wall, from which buds are developed, giving rise to new zooids, and thus forming a compound animal in which the zooids usually remain united by the stolons. Such stolons are often present in Anthozoa, Hydroidea, Bryozoa, and social ascidians. See Illust. under Scyphistoma.

Stol`o*nif"er*ous (?), a. [Stolon + -ferous: cf. F. stolonifère.] Producing stolons; putting forth suckers.

||Sto"ma (?), n.; pl. Stomata (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, &?;, a mouth.] 1. (Anat.) One of the minute apertures between the cells in many serous membranes.

2. (Bot.) (a) The minute breathing pores of leaves or other organs opening into the intercellular spaces, and usually bordered by two contractile cells. (b) The line of dehiscence of the sporangium of a fern. It is usually marked by two transversely elongated cells. See Illust. of Sporangium.

3. (Zoöl.) A stigma. See Stigma, n., 6 (a) & (b).

Stom"ach (?), n. [OE. stomak, F. estomac, L. stomachus, fr. Gr. sto`machos stomach, throat, gullet, fr. sto`ma a mouth, any outlet or entrance.] 1. (Anat.) An enlargement, or series of enlargements, in the anterior part of the alimentary canal, in which food is digested; any cavity in which digestion takes place in an animal; a digestive cavity. See Digestion, and Gastric juice, under Gastric.

2. The desire for food caused by hunger; appetite; as, a good stomach for roast beef. Shak.

3. Hence appetite in general; inclination; desire.

> He which hath no stomach to this fight,
> Let him depart.

Shak.

4. Violence of temper; anger; sullenness; resentment; willful obstinacy; stubbornness. [Obs.]

> Stern was his look, and full of stomach vain.

Spenser.

> This sort of crying proceeding from pride, obstinacy, and stomach, the will, where the fault lies, must be bent.

Locke.

5. Pride; haughtiness; arrogance. [Obs.]

> He was a man
> Of an unbounded stomach.

Shak.

Stomach pump (Med.), a small pump or syringe with a flexible tube, for drawing liquids from the stomach, or for injecting them into it. -- Stomach tube (Med.), a long flexible tube for introduction into the stomach. -- Stomach worm (Zoöl.), the common roundworm (Ascaris lumbricoides) found in the human intestine, and rarely in the stomach.

Stom"ach, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stomached (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stomaching.] [Cf. L. stomachari, v.t. & i., to be angry or vexed at a thing.] 1. To resent; to remember with anger; to dislike. Shak.

> The lion began to show his teeth, and to stomach the affront.

L'Estrange.

> The Parliament sit in that body . . . to be his counselors and dictators, though he stomach it.

Milton.

2. To bear without repugnance; to brook. [Colloq.]

Stom"ach, v. i. To be angry. [Obs.] Hooker.

Stom"ach*al (?), a. [Cf. F. stomacal.] 1. Of or pertaining to the stomach; gastric.

2. Helping the stomach; stomachic; cordial.

Stom"ach*al, n. A stomachic. Dunglison.

Stom"ach*er (?), n. 1. One who stomachs.

2. (&?; or &?;) An ornamental covering for the breast, worn originally both by men and women. Those worn by women were often richly decorated.

> A stately lady in a diamond stomacher.

Johnson.

Stom"ach*ful (?), a. Willfully obstinate; stubborn; perverse. [Obs.] -- Stom"ach*ful*ly, adv. [Obs.] -- Stom"ach*ful*ness, n. [Obs.]

{ Sto*mach"ic (?), Sto*mach"ic*al (?), } a. [L. stomachicus, Gr. &?;: cf. F. stomachique.] 1. Of or pertaining to the stomach; as, stomachic vessels.

2. Strengthening to the stomach; exciting the action of the stomach; stomachal; cordial.

Sto*mach"ic, n. (Med.) A medicine that strengthens the stomach and excites its action.

Stom"ach*ing (?), n. Resentment. [Obs.]

Stom"ach*less, a. 1. Being without a stomach.

2. Having no appetite. [R.] Bp. Hall.

Stom"ach*ous (?), a. [L. stomachosus angry, peexish. See Stomach.] Stout; sullen; obstinate. [Obs.]

> With stern looks and stomachous disdain.

Spenser.

Stom"ach*y (?), a. Obstinate; sullen; haughty.

> A little, bold, solemn, stomachy man, a great professor of piety.

R. L. Stevenson.

Sto"ma*pod (?), n. (Zoöl.) One of the Stomapoda.

||Sto*map"o*da (?), n. pl. [NL. See Stoma, and -poda.] (Zoöl.) An order of Crustacea including the squillas. The maxillipeds are leglike in form, and the large claws are comblike. They have a large and elongated abdomen, which contains a part of the stomach and heart; the abdominal appendages are large, and bear the gills. Called also Gastrula, Stomatopoda, and Squilloidea.

Sto"mate (?), n. (Bot.) A stoma.

Sto*mat"ic (?), a. (Bot.) Of or pertaining to a stoma; of the nature of a stoma.

Sto*mat"ic, n. [Gr. sto`ma, -atos, mouth.] (Med.) A medicine for diseases of the mouth. Dunglison.

Stom`a*tif"er*ous (?), a. [Gr. sto`ma, -atos mouth + -ferous.] Having or producing stomata.

||Stom`a*ti"tis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. sto`ma, -atos, mouth + -itis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the mouth.

||Stom`a*to"da (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, &?;, mouth.] (Zoöl.) A division of Protozoa in which a mouthlike opening exists.

||Stom`a*to*dæ"um (?), n. (Anat.) Same as Stomodæum.

Stom"a*tode (?), a. (Zoöl.) Having a mouth; -- applied to certain Protozoa. -- n. One of the Stomatoda.

Stom`a*to*gas"tric (?), a. [Gr. &?;, &?;, mouth + E. gastric.] Of or pertaining to the mouth and the stomach; as, the stomatogastric ganglion of certain Mollusca.

Stom`a*to*plas"tic (?), a. [Gr. &?;, &?;, mouth + -plastic.] (Med.) Of or pertaining to the operation of forming a mouth where the aperture has been contracted, or in any way deformed.

Stom"a*to*pod (?), n. (Zoöl.) One of the Stomatopoda.

||Stom`a*top"o*da (?), n. pl. [NL. See Stoma, and -pod.] (Zoöl.) Same as Stomapoda.

Stom`a*top"o*dous (?), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Stomatopoda.

Stom"a*to*scope (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, mouth + -scope.] (Med.) An apparatus for examining the interior of the mouth.

Stom"a*tous (?), a. Having a stoma.

||Stom`o*dæ"um (?), n. [NL., from Gr. &?;, &?;, mouth + &?; to divide.] 1. (Anat.) A part of the alimentary canal. See under Mesenteron.

2. (Zoöl.) The primitive mouth and esophagus of the embryo of annelids and arthropods.

Stomp (?), v. i. [See Stamp.] To stamp with the foot. [Colloq.] "In gallant procession, the priests mean to stomp." R. Browning.

Stond (?), n. [For stand.] 1. Stop; halt; hindrance. [Obs.] Bacon.

2. A stand; a post; a station. [Obs.] Spenser.

Stond, v. i. To stand. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Stone (?), n. [OE. ston, stan, AS. stn; akin to OS. & OFries. stn, D. steen, G. stein, Icel. steinn, Sw. sten, Dan. steen, Goth. stains, Russ. stiena a wall, Gr. &?;, &?;, a pebble. √167. Cf. Steen.] 1. Concreted earthy or mineral matter; also, any particular mass of such matter; as, a house built of stone; the boy threw a stone; pebbles are rounded stones. "Dumb as a stone." Chaucer.

> They had brick for stone, and slime . . . for mortar.

Gen. xi. 3.

In popular language, very large masses of stone are called rocks; small masses are called stones; and the finer kinds, gravel, or sand, or grains of sand. Stone is much and widely used in the construction of buildings of all kinds, for walls, fences, piers, abutments, arches, monuments, sculpture, and the like.

2. A precious stone; a gem. "Many a rich stone." Chaucer. "Inestimable stones, unvalued jewels." Shak.

3. Something made of stone. Specifically: -

(a) The glass of a mirror; a mirror. [Obs.]

> Lend me a looking-glass;
> If that her breath will mist or stain the stone,
> Why, then she lives.

Shak.

(b) A monument to the dead; a gravestone. Gray.

> Should some relenting eye
> Glance on the where our cold relics lie.

Pope.

4. (Med.) A calculous concretion, especially one in the kidneys or bladder; the disease arising from a calculus.

5. One of the testes; a testicle. Shak.

6. (Bot.) The hard endocarp of drupes; as, the stone of a cherry or peach. See Illust. of Endocarp.

7. A weight which legally is fourteen pounds, but in practice varies with the article weighed. [Eng.]

The stone of butchers' meat or fish is reckoned at 8 lbs.; of cheese, 16 lbs.; of hemp, 32 lbs.; of glass, 5 lbs.

8. Fig.: Symbol of hardness and insensibility; torpidness; insensibility; as, a heart of stone.

> I have not yet forgot myself to stone.

Pope.

9. (Print.) A stand or table with a smooth, flat top of stone, commonly marble, on which to arrange the pages of a book, newspaper, etc., before printing; -- called also imposing stone.

Stone is used adjectively or in composition with other words to denote made of stone, containing a stone or stones, employed on stone, or, more generally, of or pertaining to stone or stones; as, stone fruit, or stone-fruit; stone-hammer, or stone hammer; stone falcon, or stone-falcon. Compounded with some adjectives it denotes a degree of the quality expressed by the adjective equal to that possessed by a stone; as, stone-dead, stone-blind, stone-cold, stone-still, etc.

Atlantic stone, ivory. [Obs.] "Citron tables, or Atlantic stone." Milton. -- Bowing stone. Same as Cromlech. Encyc. Brit. -- Meteoric stones, stones which fall from the atmosphere, as after the explosion of a meteor. -- Philosopher's stone. See under Philosopher. -- Rocking stone. See Rocking-stone. -- Stone age, a supposed prehistoric age of the world when stone and bone were habitually used as the materials for weapons and tools; -- called also flint age. The bronze age succeeded to this. -- Stone bass (Zoöl.), any one of several species of marine food fishes of the genus Serranus and allied genera, as Serranus Couchii, and Polyprion cernium of Europe; -- called also sea perch. -- Stone biter (Zoöl.), the wolf fish. -- Stone boiling, a method of boiling water or milk by dropping hot stones into it, -- in use among savages. Tylor. -- Stone borer (Zoöl.), any animal that bores stones; especially, one of certain bivalve mollusks which burrow in limestone. See Lithodomus, and Saxicava. -- Stone bramble (Bot.), a European trailing species of bramble (Rubus saxatilis). -- Stone- break. [Cf. G. steinbrech.] (Bot.) Any plant of the genus Saxifraga; saxifrage. -- Stone bruise, a sore spot on the bottom of the foot, from a bruise by a stone. -- Stone canal. (Zoöl.) Same as Sand canal, under Sand. -- Stone cat (Zoöl.), any one of several species of small fresh-water North American catfishes of the genus Noturus. They have sharp pectoral spines with which they inflict painful wounds. -- Stone coal, hard coal; mineral coal; anthracite coal. -- Stone coral (Zoöl.), any hard calcareous coral. -- Stone crab. (Zoöl.) (a) A large crab (Menippe mercenaria) found on the southern coast of the United States and much used as food. (b) A European spider crab (Lithodes maia). Stone crawfish (Zoöl.), a European crawfish (Astacus torrentium), by many writers considered only a variety of the common species (A. fluviatilis). -- Stone curlew. (Zoöl.) (a) A large plover found in Europe (Edicnemus crepitans). It frequents stony places. Called also thick-kneed plover or bustard, and thick-knee. (b) The whimbrel. [Prov. Eng.] (c) The willet. [Local, U.S.] -- Stone crush. Same as Stone bruise, above. -- Stone eater. (Zoöl.) Same as Stone borer, above. -- Stone falcon (Zoöl.), the merlin. -- Stone fern (Bot.), a European fern (Asplenium Ceterach) which grows on rocks and walls. -- Stone fly (Zoöl.), any one of many species of pseudoneuropterous insects of the genus Perla and allied genera; a perlid. They are often used by anglers for bait. The larvæ are aquatic. -- Stone fruit (Bot.), any fruit with a stony endocarp; a drupe, as a peach, plum, or cherry. -- Stone grig (Zoöl.), the mud lamprey, or pride. -- Stone hammer, a hammer formed with a face at one end, and a thick, blunt edge, parallel with the handle, at the other, -- used for breaking stone. -- Stone hawk (Zoöl.), the merlin; -- so called from its habit of sitting on bare stones. -- Stone jar, a jar made of stoneware. -- Stone lily (Paleon.), a fossil crinoid. -- Stone lugger. (Zoöl.) See Stone roller, below. -- Stone marten (Zoöl.), a European marten (Mustela foina) allied to the pine marten, but having a white throat; -- called also beech marten. -- Stone mason, a mason who works or builds in stone. -- Stone-mortar (Mil.), a kind of large mortar formerly used in sieges for throwing a mass of small stones short distances. -- Stone oil, rock oil, petroleum. -- Stone parsley (Bot.), an umbelliferous plant (Seseli Labanotis). See under Parsley. -- Stone pine. (Bot.) A nut pine. See the Note under Pine, and Piñon. -- Stone pit, a quarry where stones are dug. -- Stone pitch, hard, inspissated pitch. -- Stone plover. (Zoöl.) (a) The European stone curlew. (b) Any one of several species of Asiatic plovers of the genus Esacus; as, the large stone plover (E. recurvirostris). (c) The gray or black- bellied plover. [Prov. Eng.] (d) The ringed plover. (e) The bar-tailed godwit. [Prov. Eng.] Also applied to other species of limicoline birds. -- Stone roller. (Zoöl.) (a) An American fresh-water fish (Catostomus nigricans) of the Sucker family. Its color is yellowish olive, often with dark blotches. Called also stone lugger, stone toter, hog sucker, hog mullet. (b) A common American cyprinoid fish (Campostoma anomalum); -- called also stone lugger. -- Stone's cast, or Stone's throw, the distance to which a stone may be thrown by the hand. -- Stone snipe (Zoöl.), the greater yellowlegs, or tattler. [Local, U.S.] -- Stone toter. (Zoöl.) (a) See Stone roller (a), above. (b) A cyprinoid fish (Exoglossum maxillingua) found in the rivers from Virginia to New York. It has a three-lobed lower lip; -- called also cutlips. -- To leave no stone unturned, to do everything that can be done; to use all practicable means to effect an object.

Stone (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stoned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stoning.] [From Stone, n.: cf. AS. st&?;nan, Goth. stainjan.] 1. To pelt, beat, or kill with stones.

> And they stoned Stephen, calling upon God, and saying, Lord Jesus, receive my spirit.

Acts vii. 59.

2. To make like stone; to harden.

> O perjured woman! thou dost stone my heart.

Shak.

3. To free from stones; also, to remove the seeds of; as, to stone a field; to stone cherries; to stone raisins.

4. To wall or face with stones; to line or fortify with stones; as, to stone a well; to stone a cellar.

5. To rub, scour, or sharpen with a stone.

<! p. 1419 !>

Stone"bird` (?), n. The yellowlegs; -- called also stone snipe. See Tattler, 2. [Local, U.S.]

Stone"-blind` (?), a. As blind as a stone; completely blind.

Stone"bow` (?), n. A kind of crossbow formerly used for shooting stones. Shak.

Stone"brash` (?), n. A subsoil made up of small stones or finely-broken rock; brash.

Stone"brear`er (?), n. A machine for crushing or hammering stone. Knight.

Stone"buck` (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Steinbock.

Stone"chat` (?), n. [Stone + chat.] [So called from the similarity of its alarm note to the clicking together of two pebbles.] (Zoöl.) (a) A small, active, and very common European singing bird (Pratincola rubicola); -- called also chickstone, stonechacker, stonechatter, stoneclink, stonesmith. (b) The wheatear. (c) The blue titmouse.

The name is sometimes applied to various species of Saxicola, Pratincola, and allied genera; as, the pied stonechat of India (Saxicola picata).

Stone"-cold` (?), a. Cold as a stone.

> Stone-cold without, within burnt with love's flame.

Fairfax.

Stone"cray` (?), n. [Stone + F. craie chalk, L. creta.] A distemper in hawks.

Stone"crop` (?), n. [AS. stncropp.] 1. A sort of tree. [Obs.] Mortimer.

2. (Bot.) Any low succulent plant of the genus Sedum, esp. Sedum acre, which is common on bare rocks in Europe, and is spreading in parts of America. See Orpine.

Virginian, or Ditch, stonecrop, an American plant (Penthorum sedoides).

Stone"cut`ter (?), n. One whose occupation is to cut stone; also, a machine for dressing stone.

Stone"cut`ting (?), n. Hewing or dressing stone.

Stone"-dead` (?), a. As dead as a stone.

Stone"-deaf` (?), a. As deaf as a stone; completely deaf.

Stone"gall` (?), n. [Cf. D. steengal, G. steingall. See Stannel.] (Zoöl.) See Stannel. [Prov. Eng.]

Stone"hatch` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The ring plover, or dotterel. [Prov. Eng.]

Stone"-heart`ed (?), a. Hard- hearted; cruel; pitiless; unfeeling.

Stone"henge (?), n. An assemblage of upright stones with others placed horizontally on their tops, on Salisbury Plain, England, -- generally supposed to be the remains of an ancient Druidical temple.

Stone"-horse` (?), n. Stallion. [Obs.] Mortimer.

Ston"er (?), n. 1. One who stones; one who makes an assault with stones.

2. One who walls with stones.

Stone"root` (?), n. (Bot.) A North American plant (Collinsonia Canadensis) having a very hard root; horse balm. See Horse balm, under Horse.

Stone"run`ner (?), n. (Zoöl.) (a) The ring plover, or the ringed dotterel. [Prov. Eng.] (b) The dotterel. [Prov. Eng.]

Stone"smic`kle (?), n. (Zoöl.) The stonechat; -- called also stonesmitch. [Prov. Eng.]

Stone"-still` (?), a. As still as a stone. Shak.

Stone"ware` (?), n. A species of coarse potter's ware, glazed and baked.

Stone"weed` (?), n. (Bot.) Any plant of the genus Lithospermum, herbs having a fruit composed of four stony nutlets.

Stone"work` (?), n. Work or wall consisting of stone; mason's work of stone. Mortimer.

Stone"wort` (?), n. (Bot.) Any plant of the genus Chara; -- so called because they are often incrusted with carbonate of lime. See Chara.

Ston"i*ly (?), adv. In a stony manner.

Ston"i*ness, n. The quality or state of being stony.

Ston"ish, a. Stony. [R.] "Possessed with stonish insensibility." Robynson (More's Utopia).

Stont (?), obs. 3d pers. sing. present of Stand.

Ston"y (?), a. [Compar. Stonier (?); superl. Stoniest.] [AS. stnig. See Stone.] 1. Of or pertaining to stone, consisting of, or abounding in, stone or stones; resembling stone; hard; as, a stony tower; a stony cave; stony ground; a stony crust.

2. Converting into stone; petrifying; petrific.

> The stony dart of senseless cold.

Spenser.

3. Inflexible; cruel; unrelenting; pitiless; obdurate; perverse; cold; morally hard; appearing as if petrified; as, a stony heart; a stony gaze.

Stony coral. (Zoöl.) Same as Stone coral, under Stone.

Stood (?), imp. & p. p. of Stand.

Stook (?), n. [Scot. stook, stouk; cf. LG. stuke a heap, bundle, G. stauche a truss, bundle of flax.] (Agric.) A small collection of sheaves set up in the field; a shock; in England, twelve sheaves.

Stook, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stooked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stooking.] (Agric.) To set up, as sheaves of grain, in stooks.

Stool (?), n. [L. stolo. See Stolon.] (Hort.) A plant from which layers are propagated by bending its branches into the soil. P. Henderson.

Stool, v. i. (Agric.) To ramfy; to tiller, as grain; to shoot out suckers. R. D. Blackmore.

Stool (?), n. [AS. stl a seat; akin to OFries. & OS. stl, D. stoel, G. stuhl, OHG. stuol, Icel. stll, Sw. & Dan. stol, Goth. stls, Lith. stalas a table, Russ. stol'; from the root of E. stand. √163. See Stand, and cf. Fauteuil.] 1. A single seat with three or four legs and without a back, made in various forms for various uses.

2. A seat used in evacuating the bowels; hence, an evacuation; a discharge from the bowels.

3. A stool pigeon, or decoy bird. [U. S.]

4. (Naut.) A small channel on the side of a vessel, for the dead-eyes of the backstays. Totten.

5. A bishop's seat or see; a bishop- stool. J. P. Peters.

6. A bench or form for resting the feet or the knees; a footstool; as, a kneeling stool.

7. Material, such as oyster shells, spread on the sea bottom for oyster spat to adhere to. [Local, U.S.]

Stool of a window, or Window stool (Arch.), the flat piece upon which the window shuts down, and which corresponds to the sill of a door; in the United States, the narrow shelf fitted on the inside against the actual sill upon which the sash descends. This is called a window seat when broad and low enough to be used as a seat. -- Stool of repentance, the cuttystool. [Scot.] -- Stool pigeon, a pigeon used as a decoy to draw others within a net; hence, a person used as a decoy for others.

Stool"ball` (?), n. A kind of game with balls, formerly common in England, esp. with young women.

> Nausicaa
> With other virgins did at stoolball play.

Chapman.

Stoom (?), v. t. [D. stommen to adulterate, to drug (wine). √163. Cf. Stum.] To stum. [R.]

Stoop (?), n. [D. stoep.] (Arch.) Originally, a covered porch with seats, at a house door; the Dutch stoep as introduced by the Dutch into New York. Afterward, an out-of-door flight of stairs of from seven to fourteen steps, with platform and parapets, leading to an entrance door some distance above the street; the French perron. Hence, any porch, platform, entrance stairway, or small veranda, at a house door. [U. S.]

Stoop, n. [OE. stope, Icel. staup; akin to AS. steáp, D. stoop, G. stauf, OHG. stouph.] A vessel of liquor; a flagon. [Written also stoup.]

> Fetch me a stoop of liquor.

Shak.

Stoop, n. [Cf. Icel. staup a knobby lump.] A post fixed in the earth. [Prov. Eng.]

Stoop, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Stooped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stooping.] [OE. stoupen; akin to AS. st&?;pian, OD. stuypen, Icel. stpa, Sw. stupa to fall, to tilt. Cf 5th Steep.] 1. To bend the upper part of the body downward and forward; to bend or lean forward; to incline forward in standing or walking; to assume habitually a bent position.

2. To yield; to submit; to bend, as by compulsion; to assume a position of humility or subjection.

> Mighty in her ships stood Carthage long, . . .
> Yet stooped to Rome, less wealthy, but more strong.

Dryden.

> These are arts, my prince,
> In which your Zama does not stoop to Rome.

Addison.

3. To descend from rank or dignity; to condescend. "She stoops to conquer." Goldsmith.

> Where men of great wealth stoop to husbandry, it multiplieth riches exceedingly.

Bacon.

4. To come down as a hawk does on its prey; to pounce; to souse; to swoop.

> The bird of Jove, stooped from his aëry tour,
> Two birds of gayest plume before him drove.

Milton.

5. To sink when on the wing; to alight.

> And stoop with closing pinions from above.

Dryden.

> Cowering low
> With blandishment, each bird stooped on his wing.

Milton.

Syn. -- To lean; yield; submit; condescend; descend; cower; shrink.

Stoop, v. t. 1. To bend forward and downward; to bow down; as, to stoop the body. "Have stooped my neck." Shak.

2. To cause to incline downward; to slant; as, to stoop a cask of liquor.

3. To cause to submit; to prostrate. [Obs.]

> Many of those whose states so tempt thine ears
> Are stooped by death; and many left alive.

Chapman.

4. To degrade. [Obs.] Shak.

Stoop, n. 1. The act of stooping, or bending the body forward; inclination forward; also, an habitual bend of the back and shoulders.

2. Descent, as from dignity or superiority; condescension; an act or position of humiliation.

> Can any loyal subject see
> With patience such a stoop from sovereignty?

Dryden.

3. The fall of a bird on its prey; a swoop. L'Estrange.

Stoop"er (?), n. One who stoops.

Stoop"ing, a. & n. from Stoop. -- Stoop"ing*ly, adv.

Stoor (?), v. i. [Cf. D. storen to disturb. Cf. Stir.] To rise in clouds, as dust. [Prov. Eng.]

{ Stoor (?), Stor (?) }, a. [AS. str; akin to LG. stur, Icel. strr.] Strong; powerful; hardy; bold; audacious. [Obs. or Scot.]

> O stronge lady stoor, what doest thou?

Chaucer.

Stop (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stopped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stopping.] [OE. stoppen, AS. stoppian (in comp.); akin to LG. & D. stoppen, G. stopfen, Icel. stoppa, Sw. stoppa, Dan. stoppe; all probably fr. LL. stopare, stupare, fr. L. stuppa the coarse part of flax, tow, oakum. Cf. Estop, Stuff, Stupe a fomentation.] 1. To close, as an aperture, by filling or by obstructing; as, to stop the ears; hence, to stanch, as a wound. Shak.

2. To obstruct; to render impassable; as, to stop a way, road, or passage.

3. To arrest the progress of; to hinder; to impede; to shut in; as, to stop a traveler; to stop the course of a stream, or a flow of blood.

4. To hinder from acting or moving; to prevent the effect or efficiency of; to cause to cease; to repress; to restrain; to suppress; to interrupt; to suspend; as, to stop the execution of a decree, the progress of vice, the approaches of old age or infirmity.

> Whose disposition all the world well knows
> Will not be rubbed nor stopped.

Shak.

5. (Mus.) To regulate the sounds of, as musical strings, by pressing them against the finger board with the finger, or by shortening in any way the vibrating part.

6. To point, as a composition; to punctuate. [R.]

> If his sentences were properly stopped.

Landor.

7. (Naut.) To make fast; to stopper.

Syn. -- To obstruct; hinder; impede; repress; suppress; restrain; discontinue; delay; interrupt.

To stop off (Founding), to fill (a part of a mold) with sand, where a part of the cavity left by the pattern is not wanted for the casting. -- To stop the mouth. See under Mouth.

Stop (?), v. i. 1. To cease to go on; to halt, or stand still; to come to a stop.

> He bites his lip, and starts;
> Stops on a sudden, looks upon the ground;
> Then lays his finger on his temple: strait
> Springs out into fast gait; then stops again.

Shak.

2. To cease from any motion, or course of action.

> Stop, while ye may, suspend your mad career!

Cowper.

3. To spend a short time; to reside temporarily; to stay; to tarry; as, to stop with a friend. [Colloq.]

> By stopping at home till the money was gone.

R. D. Blackmore.

To stop over, to stop at a station beyond the time of the departure of the train on which one came, with the purpose of continuing one's journey on a subsequent train; to break one's journey. [Railroad Cant, U.S.]

Stop, n. 1. The act of stopping, or the state of being stopped; hindrance of progress or of action; cessation; repression; interruption; check; obstruction.

> It is doubtful . . . whether it contributed anything to the stop of the infection.

De Foe.

> Occult qualities put a stop to the improvement of natural philosophy.

Sir I. Newton.

> It is a great step toward the mastery of our desires to give this stop to them.

Locke.

2. That which stops, impedes, or obstructs; as obstacle; an impediment; an obstruction.

> A fatal stop traversed their headlong course.

Daniel.

> So melancholy a prospect should inspire us with zeal to oppose some stop to the rising torrent.

Rogers.

3. (Mach.) A device, or piece, as a pin, block, pawl, etc., for arresting or limiting motion, or for determining the position to which another part shall be brought.

4. (Mus.) (a) The closing of an aperture in the air passage, or pressure of the finger upon the string, of an instrument of music, so as to modify the tone; hence, any contrivance by which the sounds of a musical instrument are regulated.

> The organ sound a time survives the stop.

Daniel.

(b) In the organ, one of the knobs or handles at each side of the organist, by which he can draw on or shut off any register or row of pipes; the register itself; as, the vox humana stop.

5. (Arch.) A member, plain or molded, formed of a separate piece and fixed to a jamb, against which a door or window shuts. This takes the place, or answers the purpose, of a rebate. Also, a pin or block to prevent a drawer from sliding too far.

6. A point or mark in writing or printing intended to distinguish the sentences, parts of a sentence, or clauses; a mark of punctuation. See Punctuation.

7. (Opt.) The diaphragm used in optical instruments to cut off the marginal portions of a beam of light passing through lenses.

8. (Zoöl.) The depression in the face of a dog between the skull and the nasal bones. It is conspicuous in the bulldog, pug, and some other breeds.

9. (Phonetics) Some part of the articulating organs, as the lips, or the tongue and palate, closed (a) so as to cut off the passage of breath or voice through the mouth and the nose (distinguished as a lip-stop, or a front-stop, etc., as in p, t, d, etc.), or (b) so as to obstruct, but not entirely cut off, the passage, as in l, n, etc.; also, any of the consonants so formed. H. Sweet.

Stop bead (Arch.), the molding screwed to the inner side of a window frame, on the face of the pulley stile, completing the groove in which the inner sash is to slide. -- Stop motion (Mach.), an automatic device for arresting the motion of a machine, as when a certain operation is completed, or when an imperfection occurs in its performance or product, or in the material which is supplied to it, etc. -- Stop plank, one of a set of planks employed to form a sort of dam in some hydraulic works. -- Stop valve, a valve that can be closed or opened at will, as by hand, for preventing or regulating flow, as of a liquid in a pipe; -- in distinction from a valve which is operated by the action of the fluid it restrains. -- Stop watch, a watch the hands of which can be stopped in order to tell exactly the time that has passed, as in timing a race. See Independent seconds watch, under Independent, a.

Syn. -- Cessation; check; obstruction; obstacle; hindrance; impediment; interruption.

Stop"cock` (?), n. 1. A bib, faucet, or short pipe, fitted with a turning stopper or plug for permitting or restraining the flow of a liquid or gas; a cock or valve for checking or regulating the flow of water, gas, etc., through or from a pipe, etc.

2. The turning plug, stopper, or spigot of a faucet. [R.]

Stope (?), n. [Cf. Step, n. & v. i.] (Mining) A horizontal working forming one of a series, the working faces of which present the appearance of a flight of steps.

Stope, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stoped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stoping.] (Mining) (a) To excavate in the form of stopes. (b) To fill in with rubbish, as a space from which the ore has been worked out.

<! p. 1420 !>

{ Stope (?), Sto"pen (?) }, p. p. of Step. Stepped; gone; advanced. [Obs.]

> A poor widow, somedeal stope in age.

Chaucer.

Stop"-gap` (?), n. That which closes or fills up an opening or gap; hence, a temporary expedient.

> Moral prejudices are the stop-gaps of virtue.

Hare.

Stop"ing (?), n. (Mining) The act of excavating in the form of stopes.

Stop"less (?), a. Not to be stopped. Davenant.

Stop"-o`ver (?), a. Permitting one to stop over; as, a stop-over check or ticket. See To stop over, under Stop, v. i. [Railroad Cant, U.S.]

Stop"page (?), n. The act of stopping, or arresting progress, motion, or action; also, the state of being stopped; as, the stoppage of the circulation of the blood; the stoppage of commerce.

Stopped (?), a. (Phonetics) Made by complete closure of the mouth organs; shut; -- said of certain consonants (p, b, t, d, etc.). H. Sweet.

Stop"per (?), n. 1. One who stops, closes, shuts, or hinders; that which stops or obstructs; that which closes or fills a vent or hole in a vessel.

2. (Naut.) A short piece of rope having a knot at one or both ends, with a lanyard under the knot, -- used to secure something. Totten.

3. (Bot.) A name to several trees of the genus Eugenia, found in Florida and the West Indies; as, the red stopper. See Eugenia. C. S. Sargent.

Ring stopper (Naut.), a short rope or chain passing through the anchor ring, to secure the anchor to the cathead. -- Stopper bolt (Naut.), a large ringbolt in a ship's deck, to which the deck stoppers are hooked.

Stop"per, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stoppered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stoppering.] To close or secure with a stopper.

Stop"ping (?), n. 1. Material for filling a cavity.

2. (Mining) A partition or door to direct or prevent a current of air.

3. (Far.) A pad or poultice of dung or other material applied to a horse's hoof to keep it moist. Youatt.

Stop"ping-out` (?), n. A method adopted in etching, to keep the acid from those parts which are already sufficiently corroded, by applying varnish or other covering matter with a brush, but allowing the acid to act on the other parts.

Stop"ple (?), n. [Cf. G. stöpfel, stöpsel. See Stop, n. & v. t.] That which stops or closes the mouth of a vessel; a stopper; as, a glass stopple; a cork stopple.

Stop"ple, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stoppled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stoppling.] To close the mouth of anything with a stopple, or as with a stopple. Cowper.

Stop"ship` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A remora. It was fabled to stop ships by attaching itself to them. Sylvester.

Stor (?), a. See Stoor. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Stor"age (?), n. 1. The act of depositing in a store or warehouse for safe keeping; also, the safe keeping of goods in a warehouse.

2. Space for the safe keeping of goods.

3. The price changed for keeping goods in a store.

Storage battery. (Physics) See the Note under Battery.

Sto"rax (?), n. [L. storax, styrax, Gr. &?;. Cf. Styrax.] Any one of a number of similar complex resins obtained from the bark of several trees and shrubs of the Styrax family. The most common of these is liquid storax, a brown or gray semifluid substance of an agreeable aromatic odor and balsamic taste, sometimes used in perfumery, and in medicine as an expectorant.

A yellow aromatic honeylike substance, resembling, and often confounded with, storax, is obtained from the American sweet gum tree (Liquidambar styraciflua), and is much used as a chewing gum, called sweet gum, and liquid storax. Cf. Liquidambar.

Store (?), n. [OE. stor, stoor, OF. estor, provisions, supplies, fr. estorer to store. See Store, v. t.] 1. That which is accumulated, or massed together; a source from which supplies may be drawn; hence, an abundance; a great quantity, or a great number.

> The ships are fraught with store of victuals.

Bacon.

> With store of ladies, whose bright eyes
> Rain influence, and give the prize.

Milton.

2. A place of deposit for goods, esp. for large quantities; a storehouse; a warehouse; a magazine.

3. Any place where goods are sold, whether by wholesale or retail; a shop. [U.S. & British Colonies]

4. pl. Articles, especially of food, accumulated for some specific object; supplies, as of provisions, arms, ammunition, and the like; as, the stores of an army, of a ship, of a family.

> His swine, his horse, his stoor, and his poultry.

Chaucer.

In store, in a state of accumulation; in keeping; hence, in a state of readiness. "I have better news in store for thee." Shak. -- Store clothes, clothing purchased at a shop or store; -- in distinction from that which is home-made. [Colloq. U.S.] -- Store pay, payment for goods or work in articles from a shop or store, instead of money. [U.S.] -- To set store by, to value greatly; to have a high appreciation of. -- To tell no store of, to make no account of; to consider of no importance.

Syn. -- Fund; supply; abundance; plenty; accumulation; provision. -- Store, Shop. The English call the place where goods are sold (however large or splendid it may be) a shop, and confine the word store to its original meaning; viz., a warehouse, or place where goods are stored. In America the word store is applied to all places, except the smallest, where goods are sold. In some British colonies the word store is used as in the United States.

> In his needy shop a tortoise hung,
> An alligator stuffed, and other skins
> Of ill-shaped fishes; and about his shelves
> A beggarly account of empty boxes.

Shak.

> Sulphurous and nitrous foam, . . .
> Concocted and adjusted, they reduced
> To blackest grain, and into store conveyed.

Milton.

Store, a. Accumulated; hoarded. Bacon.

Store (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stored (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Storing.] [OE. storen, OF. estorer to construct, restore, store, LL. staurare, for L. instaurare to renew, restore; in + staurare (in comp.) Cf. Instore, Instaurate, Restore, Story a floor.] 1. To collect as a reserved supply; to accumulate; to lay away.

> Dora stored what little she could save.

Tennyson.

2. To furnish; to supply; to replenish; esp., to stock or furnish against a future time.

> Her mind with thousand virtues stored.

Prior.

> Wise Plato said the world with men was stored.

Denham.

> Having stored a pond of four acres with carps, tench, and other fish.

Sir M. Hale.

3. To deposit in a store, warehouse, or other building, for preservation; to warehouse; as, to store goods.

Stored (?), a. Collected or accumulated as a reserve supply; as, stored electricity.

> It is charged with stored virtue.

Bagehot.

Store"house` (?), n. 1. A building for keeping goods of any kind, especially provisions; a magazine; a repository; a warehouse.

> Joseph opened all the storehouses, and sold unto Egyptians.

Gen. xli. 56.

> The Scripture of God is a storehouse abounding with estimable treasures of wisdom and knowledge.

Hooker.

2. A mass or quality laid up. [Obs.] Spenser.

Store"keep`er (?), n. 1. A man in charge of stores or goods of any kind; as, a naval storekeeper.

2. One who keeps a "store;" a shopkeeper. See 1st Store, 3. [U. S.]

Stor"er (?), n. One who lays up or forms a store.

Store"room` (?), n. Room in a storehouse or repository; a room in which articles are stored.

Store"ship` (?), n. A vessel used to carry naval stores for a fleet, garrison, or the like.

Sto"rey (?), n. See Story.

||Stor"ge (?), n. [NL., from Gr. &?;, &?;, to love.] Parental affection; the instinctive affection which animals have for their young.

Sto"ri*al (?), a. Historical. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Sto"ried (?), a. [From Story.] 1. Told in a story.

2. Having a history; interesting from the stories which pertain to it; venerable from the associations of the past.

> Some greedy minion, or imperious wife,
> The trophied arches, storied halls, invade.

Pope.

> Can storied urn, or animated bust,
> Back to its mansion call the fleeting breath?

Gray.

3. Having (such or so many) stories; -- chiefly in composition; as, a two-storied house.

Sto"ri*er (?), n. A relater of stories; an historian. [Obs.] Bp. Peacock.

Sto"ri*fy (?), v. t. [Story + -fy.] To form or tell stories of; to narrate or describe in a story. [Obs.]

Stork (?), n. [AS. storc; akin to G. storch, OHG. storah, Icel. storkr, Dan. & Sw. stork, and perhaps to Gr. &?; a vulture.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of large wading birds of the family Ciconidæ, having long legs and a long, pointed bill. They are found both in the Old World and in America, and belong to Ciconia and several allied genera. The European white stork (Ciconia alba) is the best known. It commonly makes its nests on the top of a building, a chimney, a church spire, or a pillar. The black stork (C. nigra) is native of Asia, Africa, and Europe.

Black-necked stork, the East Indian jabiru. -- Hair-crested stork, the smaller adjutant of India (Leptoptilos Javanica). -- Giant stork, the adjutant. -- Marabou stork. See Marabou. -- Saddle-billed stork, the African jabiru. See Jabiru. -- Stork's bill (Bot.), any plant of the genus Pelargonium; -- so called in allusion to the beaklike prolongation of the axis of the receptacle of its flower. See Pelargonium.

Stork"-billed` (?), a. Having a bill like that of the stork.

Storm (?), n. [AS. storm; akin to D. storm, G. sturm, Icel. stormr; and perhaps to Gr. &?; assault, onset, Skr. s&?; to flow, to hasten, or perhaps to L. sternere to strew, prostrate (cf. Stratum). √166.] 1. A violent disturbance of the atmosphere, attended by wind, rain, snow, hail, or thunder and lightning; hence, often, a heavy fall of rain, snow, or hail, whether accompanied with wind or not.

> We hear this fearful tempest sing,
> Yet seek no shelter to avoid the storm.

Shak.

2. A violent agitation of human society; a civil, political, or domestic commotion; sedition, insurrection, or war; violent outbreak; clamor; tumult.

> I will stir up in England some black storm.

Shak.

> Her sister
> Began to scold and raise up such a storm.

Shak.

3. A heavy shower or fall, any adverse outburst of tumultuous force; violence.

> A brave man struggling in the storms of fate.

Pope.

4. (Mil.) A violent assault on a fortified place; a furious attempt of troops to enter and take a fortified place by scaling the walls, forcing the gates, or the like.

Storm is often used in the formation of self- explained compounds; as, storm-presaging, stormproof, storm-tossed, and the like.

Magnetic storm. See under Magnetic. -- Storm-and-stress period [a translation of G. sturm und drang periode], a designation given to the literary agitation and revolutionary development in Germany under the lead of Goethe and Schiller in the latter part of the 18th century. -- Storm center (Meteorol.), the center of the area covered by a storm, especially by a storm of large extent. -- Storm door (Arch.), an extra outside door to prevent the entrance of wind, cold, rain, etc.; -- usually removed in summer. -- Storm path (Meteorol.), the course over which a storm, or storm center, travels. -- Storm petrel. (Zoöl.) See Stormy petrel, under Petrel. -- Storm sail (Naut.), any one of a number of strong, heavy sails that are bent and set in stormy weather. -- Storm scud. See the Note under Cloud.

Syn. -- Tempest; violence; agitation; calamity. -- Storm, Tempest. Storm is violent agitation, a commotion of the elements by wind, etc., but not necessarily implying the fall of anything from the clouds. Hence, to call a mere fall or rain without wind a storm is a departure from the true sense of the word. A tempest is a sudden and violent storm, such as those common on the coast of Italy, where the term originated, and is usually attended by a heavy rain, with lightning and thunder.

> Storms beat, and rolls the main;
> O! beat those storms, and roll the seas, in vain.

Pope.

> What at first was called a gust, the same
> Hath now a storm's, anon a tempest's name.

Donne.

Storm (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stormed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Storming.] (Mil.) To assault; to attack, and attempt to take, by scaling walls, forcing gates, breaches, or the like; as, to storm a fortified town.

Storm, v. i. [Cf. AS. styrman.] 1. To raise a tempest. Spenser.

2. To blow with violence; also, to rain, hail, snow, or the like, usually in a violent manner, or with high wind; -- used impersonally; as, it storms.

3. To rage; to be in a violent passion; to fume.

> The master storms, the lady scolds.

Swift.

Storm"-beat` (?), a. Beaten, injured, or impaired by storms. Spenser.

Storm"cock` (?), n. (Zoöl.) (a) The missel thrush. (b) The fieldfare. (c) The green woodpecker.

Storm"finch` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The storm petrel.

Storm"ful (?), a. Abounding with storms. "The stormful east." Carlyle. -- Storm"ful*ness, n.

Storm"glass` (?), n. A glass vessel, usually cylindrical, filled with a solution which is sensitive to atmospheric changes, indicating by a clouded appearance, rain, snow, etc., and by clearness, fair weather.

Storm"i*ly (?), adv. In a stormy manner.

Storm"i*ness, n. The state of being stormy; tempestuousness; biosteruousness; impetuousness.

Storm"ing, a. & n. from Storm, v.

Storming party (Mil.), a party assigned to the duty of making the first assault in storming a fortress.

Storm"less, a. Without storms. Tennyson.

Storm"wind` (?), n. A heavy wind; a wind that brings a storm; the blast of a storm. Longfellow.

Storm"y (?), a. [Compar. Stormier (?); superl. Stormiest.] 1. Characterized by, or proceeding from, a storm; subject to storms; agitated with furious winds; biosterous; tempestous; as, a stormy season; a stormy day or week. "Beyond the stormy Hebrides." Milton.

2. Proceeding from violent agitation or fury; as, a stormy sound; stormy shocks.

3. Violent; passionate; rough; as, stormy passions.

> Stormy chiefs of a desert but extensive domain.

Sir W. Scott.

||Stor"thing (?), n. [Norw. storting; stor great + ting court, court of justice; cf. Dan. ting, thing.] The Parliament of Norway, chosen by indirect election once in three years, but holding annual sessions.

Stor"ven (?), obs. p. p. of Starve. Chaucer.

Sto"ry (?), n.; pl. Stories (#). [OF. estoré, estorée, built, erected, p. p. of estorer to build, restore, to store. See Store, v. t.] A set of rooms on the same floor or level; a floor, or the space between two floors. Also, a horizontal division of a building's exterior considered architecturally, which need not correspond exactly with the stories within. [Written also storey.]

A story comprehends the distance from one floor to another; as, a story of nine or ten feet elevation. The spaces between floors are numbered in order, from below upward; as, the lower, second, or third story; a house of one story, of two stories, of five stories.

Story post (Arch.), a vertical post used to support a floor or superincumbent wall.

Sto"ry, n. [OE. storie, OF. estoire, F. histoire, fr. L. historia. See History.] 1. A narration or recital of that which has occurred; a description of past events; a history; a statement; a record.

> One malcontent who did indeed get a name in story.

Barrow.

> Venice, with its unique city and its Impressive story.

Ed. Rev.

> The four great monarchies make the subject of ancient story.

Sir W. Temple.

2. The relation of an incident or minor event; a short narrative; a tale; especially, a fictitious narrative less elaborate than a novel; a short romance. Addison.

3. A euphemism or child's word for "a lie;" a fib; as, to tell a story. [Colloq.]

Sto"ry, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Storied (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Storying.] To tell in historical relation; to make the subject of a story; to narrate or describe in story.

> How worthy he is I will leave to appear hereafter, rather than story him in his own hearing.

Shak.

> It is storied of the brazen colossus in Rhodes, that it was seventy cubits high.

Bp. Wilkins.

Sto"ry*book` (?), n. A book containing stories, or short narratives, either true or false.

Sto"ry-tell`er (?), n. 1. One who tells stories; a narrator of anecdotes,incidents, or fictitious tales; as, an amusing story- teller.

2. An historian; -- in contempt. Swift.

3. A euphemism or child's word for "a liar."

Sto"ry-tell`ing, a. Being accustomed to tell stories. -- n. The act or practice of telling stories.

Sto"ry-writ`er (?), n. 1. One who writes short stories, as for magazines.

2. An historian; a chronicler. [Obs.] "Rathums, the story-writer." 1 Esdr. ii. 17.

Stot (stt), n. [AS. stotte a hack, jade, or worthless horse; cf. Sw. stut a bull, Dan. stud an ox. Cf. Stoat.] 1. A horse. [Obs.] Chaucer. Thorold Rogers.

2. A young bull or ox, especially one three years old. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

<! p. 1421 !>

Stote (stt), n. (Zoöl.) See Stoat.

Stound (stound), v. i. [Cf. Astound, Stun.] To be in pain or sorrow. [Obs. or Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Stound a. [See Stound, v. i.] Stunned. [Obs.]

Stound, n. 1. A sudden, severe pain or grief; peril; alarm. [Obs.] Spenser.

2. Astonishment; amazement. [Obs.] Spenser. Gay.

Stound, n. [AS. stund; akin to D. stond, G. stunde, Icel. stund.] 1. Hour; time; season. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. A brief space of time; a moment. [Obs.] Chaucer.

In a stound, suddenly. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Stound, n. [Cf. Stand.] A vessel for holding small beer. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Stoup (stp), n. [See Stoop a vessel.] 1. A flagon; a vessel or measure for liquids. [Scot.] Jamieson.

2. (Eccl.) A basin at the entrance of Roman Catholic churches for containing the holy water with which those who enter, dipping their fingers in it, cross themselves; -- called also holy-water stoup.

Stour (?), n. [OF. estour, estor, tumult, combat, of Teutonic origin. See Storm.] A battle or tumult; encounter; combat; disturbance; passion. [Obs.] Fairfax. "That woeful stowre." Spenser.

> She that helmed was in starke stours [fierce conflicts].

Chaucer.

Stour, a. [See Stoor, a.] Tall; strong; stern. [Obs. or Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Stout (?), a. [Compar. Stouter (?); superl. Stoutest.] [D. stout bold (or OF. estout bold, proud, of Teutonic origin); akin to AS. stolt, G. stolz, and perh. to E. stilt.] 1. Strong; lusty; vigorous; robust; sinewy; muscular; hence, firm; resolute; dauntless.

> With hearts stern and stout.

Chaucer.

> A stouter champion never handled sword.

Shak.

> He lost the character of a bold, stout, magnanimous man.

Clarendon.

> The lords all stand
> To clear their cause, most resolutely stout.

Daniel.

2. Proud; haughty; arrogant; hard. [Archaic]

> Your words have been stout against me.

Mal. iii. 13.

> Commonly . . . they that be rich are lofty and stout.

Latimer.

3. Firm; tough; materially strong; enduring; as, a stout vessel, stick, string, or cloth.

4. Large; bulky; corpulent.

Syn. -- Stout, Corpulent, Portly. Corpulent has reference simply to a superabundance or excess of flesh. Portly implies a kind of stoutness or corpulence which gives a dignified or imposing appearance. Stout, in our early writers (as in the English Bible), was used chiefly or wholly in the sense of strong or bold; as, a stout champion; a stout heart; a stout resistance, etc. At a later period it was used for thickset or bulky, and more recently, especially in England, the idea has been carried still further, so that Taylor says in his Synonyms: "The stout man has the proportions of an ox; he is corpulent, fat, and fleshy in relation to his size." In America, stout is still commonly used in the original sense of strong as, a stout boy; a stout pole.

Stout, n. A strong malt liquor; strong porter. Swift.

Stout"-heart"ed (?), a. Having a brave heart; courageous. -- Stout"-heart"ed*ness, n.

Stout"ish, a. Somewhat stout; somewhat corpulent.

Stout"ly, adv. In a stout manner; lustily; boldly; obstinately; as, he stoutly defended himself.

Stout"ness, n. The state or quality of being stout.

Syn. -- Strength; bulk; courage; force; valor; lustiness; brawniness; boldness; fortitude; stubbornness.

Stove (?), imp. of Stave.

Stove, n. [D. stoof a foot stove, originally, a heated room, a room for a bath; akin to G. stube room, OHG. stuba a heated room, AS. stofe, Icel. stofa a room, bathing room, Sw. stufva, stuga, a room, Dan. stue; of unknown origin. Cf. Estufa, Stew, Stufa.] 1. A house or room artificially warmed or heated; a forcing house, or hothouse; a drying room; -- formerly, designating an artificially warmed dwelling or room, a parlor, or a bathroom, but now restricted, in this sense, to heated houses or rooms used for horticultural purposes or in the processes of the arts.

> When most of the waiters were commanded away to their supper, the parlor or stove being nearly emptied, in came a company of musketeers.

Earl of Strafford.

> How tedious is it to them that live in stoves and caves half a year together, as in Iceland, Muscovy, or under the pole!

Burton.

2. An apparatus, consisting essentially of a receptacle for fuel, made of iron, brick, stone, or tiles, and variously constructed, in which fire is made or kept for warming a room or a house, or for culinary or other purposes.

Cooking stove, a stove with an oven, opening for pots, kettles, and the like, -- used for cooking. -- Dry stove. See under Dry. -- Foot stove. See under Foot. -- Franklin stove. See in the Vocabulary. -- Stove plant (Bot.), a plant which requires artificial heat to make it grow in cold or cold temperate climates. -- Stove plate, thin iron castings for the parts of stoves.

Stove, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stoved (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stoving.] 1. To keep warm, in a house or room, by artificial heat; as, to stove orange trees. Bacon.

2. To heat or dry, as in a stove; as, to stove feathers.

Stove"house` (?), n. A hothouse.

Stove"pipe` (?), n. Pipe made of sheet iron in length and angular or curved pieces fitting together, -- used to connect a portable stove with a chimney flue.

Stovepipe hat, the common tall silk hat. [Slang, U.S.]

Sto"ver (?), n. [OE. estoveir, estovoir, necessity, provisions, properly an inf., "to be necessary." Cf. Estovers.] Fodder for cattle, especially straw or coarse hay.

> Where live nibbling sheep,
> And flat meads thatched with stover them to keep.

Shak.

> Thresh barley as yet but as need shall require,
> Fresh threshed for stover thy cattle desire.

Tusser.

Stow (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stowed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stowing.] [OE. stowen, fr. stowe a place, AS. stow; cf. Icel. eldsta fireplace, hearth, OFries. st, and E. stand. √163.] 1. To place or arrange in a compact mass; to put in its proper place, or in a suitable place; to pack; as, to stowbags, bales, or casks in a ship's hold; to stow hay in a mow; to stow sheaves.

> Some stow their oars, or stop the leaky sides.

Dryden.

2. To put away in some place; to hide; to lodge.

> Foul thief! where hast thou stowed my daughter?

Shak.

3. To arrange anything compactly in; to fill, by packing closely; as, to stow a box, car, or the hold of a ship.

Stow"age (?), n. 1. The act or method of stowing; as, the stowage of provisions in a vessel.

2. Room in which things may be stowed. Cook.

> In every vessel is stowage for immense treasures.

Addison.

3. The state of being stowed, or put away. "To have them in safe stowage." Shak.

4. Things stowed or packed. Beau. & Fl.

5. Money paid for stowing goods.

Stow"a*way` (?), n. One who conceals himself board of a vessel about to leave port, or on a railway train, in order to obtain a free passage.

Stow"board (?), n. A place into which rubbish is put. [Written also stowbord.]

Stowce (?), n. (Mining) (a) A windlass. (b) A wooden landmark, to indicate possession of mining land.

Stow"ing (?), n. (Mining) A method of working in which the waste is packed into the space formed by excavating the vein.

Stowre (?), a. See Stour, a. [Obs.]

Stowre, n. See Stour, n. [Obs.] Spenser.

Stra"bism (?), n. (Med.) Strabismus.

Stra`bis*mom"e*ter (?), n. [Strabismus + -meter.] (Med.) An instrument for measuring the amount of strabismus.

Stra*bis"mus (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to squint, fr. &?; distorted, squinting.] (Med.) An affection of one or both eyes, in which the optic axes can not be directed to the same object, -- a defect due either to undue contraction or to undue relaxation of one or more of the muscles which move the eyeball; squinting; cross-eye.

Stra*bot"o*my (?), n. [Gr. &?; squinting + &?; to cut.] (Surg.) The operation for the removal of squinting by the division of such muscles as distort the eyeball.

Strad"dle (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Straddled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Straddling (?).] [Freq. from the root of stride.] 1. To part the legs wide; to stand or to walk with the legs far apart.

2. To stand with the ends staggered; -- said of the spokes of a wagon wheel where they join the hub.

Strad"dle, v. t. To place one leg on one side and the other on the other side of; to stand or sit astride of; as, to straddle a fence or a horse.

Strad"dle, n. 1. The act of standing, sitting, or walking, with the feet far apart.

2. The position, or the distance between the feet, of one who straddles; as, a wide straddle.

3. A stock option giving the holder the double privilege of a "put" and a "call," i. e., securing to the buyer of the option the right either to demand of the seller at a certain price, within a certain time, certain securities, or to require him to take at the same price, and within the same time, the same securities. [Broker's Cant]

Strad"dling (?), a. Applied to spokes when they are arranged alternately in two circles in the hub. See Straddle, v. i., and Straddle, v. t., 3. Knight.

Strad`o*met"ric*al (?), a. [It. strada street or road + E. metrical.] Of, or relating to, the measuring of streets or roads. [R.]

Strag"gle (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Straggled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Straggling (?).] [Freq. of OE. straken to roam, to stroke. See Stroke, v. t.] 1. To wander from the direct course or way; to rove; to stray; to wander from the line of march or desert the line of battle; as, when troops are on the march, the men should not straggle. Dryden.

2. To wander at large; to roam idly about; to ramble.

> The wolf spied out a straggling kid.

L'Estrange.

3. To escape or stretch beyond proper limits, as the branches of a plant; to spread widely apart; to shoot too far or widely in growth.

> Trim off the small, superfluous branches on each side of the hedge that straggle too far out.

Mortimer.

4. To be dispersed or separated; to occur at intervals. "Straggling pistol shots." Sir W. Scott.

> They came between Scylla and Charybdis and the straggling rocks.

Sir W. Raleigh.

Strag"gle, n. The act of straggling. [R.] Carlyle.

Strag"gler (?), n. 1. One who straggles, or departs from the direct or proper course, or from the company to which he belongs; one who falls behind the rest; one who rambles without any settled direction.

2. A roving vagabond. Shak.

3. Something that shoots, or spreads out, beyond the rest, or too far; an exuberant growth.

> Let thy hand supply the pruning knife,
> And crop luxuriant stragglers.

Dryden.

4. Something that stands alone or by itself.

Strag"gling (?), a. & n. from Straggle, v.

Strag"gling*ly, adv. In a straggling manner.

||Strag"u*lum (?), n.; pl. Stragula (#). [L., a spread or covering, from sternere to spread out.] (Zoöl.) The mantle, or pallium, of a bird.

Straight (?), a. A variant of Strait, a. [Obs. or R.]

> Egypt is a long country, but it is straight, that is to say, narrow.

Sir J. Mandeville.

Straight, a. [Compar. Straighter (?); superl. Straightest.] [OE. strei&?;t, properly p. p. of strecchen to stretch, AS. streht, p. p. of streccan to stretch, to extend. See Stretch.] 1. Right, in a mathematical sense; passing from one point to another by the nearest course; direct; not deviating or crooked; as, a straight line or course; a straight piece of timber.

> And the crooked shall be made straight.

Isa. xl. 4.

> There are many several sorts of crooked lines, but there is only one which is straight.

Dryden.

2. (Bot.) Approximately straight; not much curved; as, straight ribs are such as pass from the base of a leaf to the apex, with a small curve.

3. (Card Playing) Composed of cards which constitute a regular sequence, as the ace, king, queen, jack, and ten-spot; as, a straight hand; a straight flush.

4. Conforming to justice and rectitude; not deviating from truth or fairness; upright; as, straight dealing.

5. Unmixed; undiluted; as, to take liquor straight. [Slang]

6. Making no exceptions or deviations in one's support of the organization and candidates of a political party; as, a straight Republican; a straight Democrat; also, containing the names of all the regularly nominated candidates of a party and no others; as, a straight ballot. [Political Cant, U.S.]

Straight arch (Arch.), a form of arch in which the intrados is straight, but with its joints drawn radially, as in a common arch. -- A straight face, one giving no evidence of merriment or other emotion. -- A straight line. "That which lies evenly between its extreme points." Euclid. "The shortest line between two points." Chauvenet. "A line which has the same direction through its whole length." Newcomb. -- Straight- way valve, a valve which, when opened widely, affords a straight passageway, as for water.

Straight (?), adv. In a straight manner; directly; rightly; forthwith; immediately; as, the arrow went straight to the mark. "Floating straight." Shak.

> I know thy generous temper well;
> Fling but the appearance of dishonor on it,
> It straight takes fire, and mounts into a blaze.

Addison.

> Everything was going on straight.

W. Black.

Straight, n. (Poker) A hand of five cards in consecutive order as to value; a sequence. When they are of one suit, it is calles straight flush.

Straight, v. t. To straighten. [R.] A Smith.

Straight"edge` (?), n. A board, or piece of wood or metal, having one edge perfectly straight, -- used to ascertain whether a line is straight or a surface even, and for drawing straight lines.

Straight"en (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Straighted (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Straighting.] 1. To make straight; to reduce from a crooked to a straight form.

2. To make right or correct; to reduce to order; as, to straighten one's affairs; to straighten an account.

To straighten one's face, to cease laughing or smiling, etc., and compose one's features.

Straight"en, v. t. A variant of Straiten. [Obs. or R.]

Straight"en*er (?), n. One who, or that which, straightens.

Straight"forth` (?), adv. Straightway. [Obs.]

Straight`for"ward (?), a. Proceeding in a straight course or manner; not deviating; honest; frank. -- adv. In a straightforward manner. -- Straight`for"ward*ly, adv. -- Straight`for"ward*ness, n.

Straight"horn` (?), n. (Paleon.) An orthoceras.

Straight"-joint` (?), a. (Arch.) Having straight joints. Specifically: (a) Applied to a floor the boards of which are so laid that the joints form a continued line transverse to the length of the boards themselves. Brandle & C. (b) In the United States, applied to planking or flooring put together without the tongue and groove, the pieces being laid edge to edge.

Straight"-lined` (?), a. Having straight lines.

Straight"ly, adv. In a right line; not crookedly.

Straight"ly, adv. A variant of Straitly. See 1st Straight.

Straight"ness, n. The quality, condition, or state, of being straight; as, the straightness of a path.

Straight"ness, n. A variant of Straitness.

Straight"-out` (?), a. Acting without concealment, obliquity, or compromise; hence, unqualified; thoroughgoing. [Colloq. U.S.]

> Straight-out and generous indignation.

Mrs. Stowe.

Straight"-pight` (?), a. Straight in form or upright in position; erect. [Obs.] Shak.

Straight"-spo`ken (?), a. Speaking with directness; plain-spoken. [Colloq. U.S.] Lowell.

Straight"way` (?), adv. Immediately; without loss of time; without delay.

> He took the damsel by the hand, and said unto her, Talitha cumi. . . . And straightway the damsel arose.

Mark v. 41,42.

Straight"ways` (?), adv. Straightway. [Obs.]

Straik (?), n. A strake.

Strain (?), n. [See Strene.] 1. Race; stock; generation; descent; family.

> He is of a noble strain.

Shak.

> With animals and plants a cross between different varieties, or between individuals of the same variety but of another strain, gives vigor and fertility to the offspring.

Darwin.

2. Hereditary character, quality, or disposition.

> Intemperance and lust breed diseases, which, propogated, spoil the strain of nation.

Tillotson.

3. Rank; a sort. "The common strain." Dryden.

Strain, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Strained (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Straining.] [OF. estraindre, estreindre, F. étreindre, L. stringere to draw or bind tight; probably akin to Gr. &?; a halter, &?; that which is squeezwd out, a drop, or perhaps to E. strike. Cf. Strangle, Strike, Constrain, District, Strait, a. Stress, Strict, Stringent.] 1. To draw with force; to extend with great effort; to stretch; as, to strain a rope; to strain the shrouds of a ship; to strain the cords of a musical instrument. "To strain his fetters with a stricter care." Dryden.

2. (Mech.) To act upon, in any way, so as to cause change of form or volume, as forces on a beam to bend it.

3. To exert to the utmost; to ply vigorously.

> He sweats,
> Strains his young nerves.

Shak.

> They strain their warbling throats
> To welcome in the spring.

Dryden.

4. To stretch beyond its proper limit; to do violence to, in the matter of intent or meaning; as, to strain the law in order to convict an accused person.

> There can be no other meaning in this expression, however some may pretend to strain it.

Swift.

5. To injure by drawing, stretching, or the exertion of force; as, the gale strained the timbers of the ship.

6. To injure in the muscles or joints by causing to make too strong an effort; to harm by overexertion; to sprain; as, to strain a horse by overloading; to strain the wrist; to strain a muscle.

> Prudes decayed about may track,
> Strain their necks with looking back.

Swift.

7. To squeeze; to press closely.

> Evander with a close embrace
> Strained his departing friend.

Dryden.

8. To make uneasy or unnatural; to produce with apparent effort; to force; to constrain.

> He talks and plays with Fatima, but his mirth
> Is forced and strained.

Denham.

> The quality of mercy is not strained.

Shak.

9. To urge with importunity; to press; as, to strain a petition or invitation.

> Note, if your lady strain his entertainment.

Shak.

10. To press, or cause to pass, through a strainer, as through a screen, a cloth, or some porous substance; to purify, or separate from extraneous or solid matter, by filtration; to filter; as, to strain milk through cloth.

To strain a point, to make a special effort; especially, to do a degree of violence to some principle or to one's own feelings. -- To strain courtesy, to go beyond what courtesy requires; to insist somewhat too much upon the precedence of others; -- often used ironically. Shak.

<! p. 1422 !>

Strain (strn), v. i. 1. To make violent efforts. "Straining with too weak a wing." Pope.

> To build his fortune I will strain a little.

Shak.

2. To percolate; to be filtered; as, water straining through a sandy soil.

Strain, n. 1. The act of straining, or the state of being strained. Specifically: --

(a) A violent effort; an excessive and hurtful exertion or tension, as of the muscles; as, he lifted the weight with a strain; the strain upon a ship's rigging in a gale; also, the hurt or injury resulting; a sprain.

> Whether any poet of our country since Shakespeare has exerted a greater variety of powers with less strain and less ostentation.

Landor.

> Credit is gained by custom, and seldom recovers a strain.

Sir W. Temple.

(b) (Mech. Physics) A change of form or dimensions of a solid or liquid mass, produced by a stress. Rankine.

2. (Mus.) A portion of music divided off by a double bar; a complete musical period or sentence; a movement, or any rounded subdivision of a movement.

> Their heavenly harps a lower strain began.

Dryden.

3. Any sustained note or movement; a song; a distinct portion of an ode or other poem; also, the pervading note, or burden, of a song, poem, oration, book, etc.; theme; motive; manner; style; also, a course of action or conduct; as, he spoke in a noble strain; there was a strain of woe in his story; a strain of trickery appears in his career. "A strain of gallantry." Sir W. Scott.

> Such take too high a strain at first.

Bacon.

> The genius and strain of the book of Proverbs.

Tillotson.

> It [Pilgrim's Progress] seems a novelty, and yet contains
> Nothing but sound and honest gospel strains.

Bunyan.

4. Turn; tendency; inborn disposition. Cf. 1st Strain.

> Because heretics have a strain of madness, he applied her with some corporal chastisements.

Hayward.

Strain"a*ble (-*b'l), a. 1. Capable of being strained.

2. Violent in action. Holinshed.

Strain"a*bly, adv. Violently. Holinshed.

Strained (?), a. 1. Subjected to great or excessive tension; wrenched; weakened; as, strained relations between old friends.

2. Done or produced with straining or excessive effort; as, his wit was strained.

Strain"er (?), n. 1. One who strains.

2. That through which any liquid is passed for purification or to separate it from solid matter; anything, as a screen or a cloth, used to strain a liquid; a device of the character of a sieve or of a filter; specifically, an openwork or perforated screen, as for the end of the suction pipe of a pump, to prevent large solid bodies from entering with a liquid.

Strain"ing, a. & n. from Strain.

Straining piece (Arch.), a short piece of timber in a truss, used to maintain the ends of struts or rafters, and keep them from slipping. See Illust. of Queen- post.

Straint (strnt), n. [OF. estrainte, estreinte, F. étrainte. See 2nd Strain.] Overexertion; excessive tension; strain. [Obs.] Spenser.

Strait (?), a. A variant of Straight. [Obs.]

Strait (?), a. [Compar. Straiter (?); superl. Straitest.] [OE. straight, streyt, streit, OF. estreit, estroit, F. étroit, from L. strictus drawn together, close, tight, p. p. of stringere to draw tight. See 2nd Strait, and cf. Strict.] 1. Narrow; not broad.

> Strait is the gate, and narrow is the way, which leadeth unto life, and few there be that find it.

Matt. vii. 14.

> Too strait and low our cottage doors.

Emerson.

2. Tight; close; closely fitting. Shak.

3. Close; intimate; near; familiar. [Obs.] "A strait degree of favor." Sir P. Sidney.

4. Strict; scrupulous; rigorous.

> Some certain edicts and some strait decrees.

Shak.

> The straitest sect of our religion.

Acts xxvi. 5 (Rev. Ver.).

5. Difficult; distressful; straited.

> To make your strait circumstances yet straiter.

Secker.

6. Parsimonious; niggargly; mean. [Obs.]

> I beg cold comfort, and you are so strait,
> And so ingrateful, you deny me that.

Shak.

Strait (?), adv. Strictly; rigorously. [Obs.] Shak.

Strait, n.; pl. Straits (#). [OE. straight, streit, OF. estreit, estroit. See Strait, a.] 1. A narrow pass or passage.

> He brought him through a darksome narrow strait
> To a broad gate all built of beaten gold.

Spenser.

> Honor travels in a strait so narrow
> Where one but goes abreast.

Shak.

2. Specifically: (Geog.) A (comparatively) narrow passageway connecting two large bodies of water; -- often in the plural; as, the strait, or straits, of Gibraltar; the straits of Magellan; the strait, or straits, of Mackinaw.

> We steered directly through a large outlet which they call a strait, though it be fifteen miles broad.

De Foe.

3. A neck of land; an isthmus. [R.]

> A dark strait of barren land.

Tennyson.

4. Fig.: A condition of narrowness or restriction; doubt; distress; difficulty; poverty; perplexity; -- sometimes in the plural; as, reduced to great straits.

> For I am in a strait betwixt two.

Phil. i. 23.

> Let no man, who owns a Providence, grow desperate under any calamity or strait whatsoever.

South.

> Ulysses made use of the pretense of natural infirmity to conceal the straits he was in at that time in his thoughts.

Broome.

Strait, v. t. To put to difficulties. [Obs.] Shak.

Strait"en (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Straitened (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Straitening.] 1. To make strait; to make narrow; hence, to contract; to confine.

> Waters, when straitened, as at the falls of bridges, give a roaring noise.

Bacon.

> In narrow circuit, straitened by a foe.

Milton.

2. To make tense, or tight; to tighten.

> They straiten at each end the cord.

Pope.

3. To restrict; to distress or embarrass in respect of means or conditions of life; -- used chiefly in the past participle; -- as, a man straitened in his circumstances.

Strait"-hand`ed (?), a. Parsimonious; sparing; niggardly. [R.] -- Strait"- hand`ed*ness, n. [R.]

Strait"-jack`et (?), n. A dress of strong materials for restraining maniacs or those who are violently delirious. It has long sleeves, which are closed at the ends, confining the hands, and may be tied behind the back.

Strait"-laced` (?), a. 1. Bound with stays.

> Let nature have scope to fashion the body as she thinks best; we have few well-shaped that are strait- laced.

Locke.

2. Restricted; stiff; constrained. [R.] Fuller.

3. Rigid in opinion; strict in manners or morals.

Strait"ly, adv. 1. In a strait manner; narrowly; strictly; rigorously. Mark i. 43.

2. Closely; intimately. [Obs.]

Strait"ness, n. The quality or condition of being strait; especially, a pinched condition or situation caused by poverty; as, the straitnessof their circumstances.

Strait"-waist`coat (?), n. Same as Strait-jacket.

Strake (?), obs. imp. of Strike. Spenser.

Strake, n. [See Streak.] 1. A streak. [Obs.] Spenser."White strake." Gen. xxx. 37.

2. An iron band by which the fellies of a wheel are secured to each other, being not continuous, as the tire is, but made up of separate pieces.

3. (Shipbuilding) One breadth of planks or plates forming a continuous range on the bottom or sides of a vessel, reaching from the stem to the stern; a streak.

The planks or plates next the keel are called the garboard strakes; the next, or the heavy strakes at the bilge, are the bilge strakes; the next, from the water line to the lower port sill, the wales; and the upper parts of the sides, the sheer strakes.

4. (Mining) A trough for washing broken ore, gravel, or sand; a launder.

Strale (?), n. Pupil of the eye. [Prov. Eng.]

Stram (?), v. t. [Cf. LG. strammen to strain, straiten, stretch, D. stram strained, tight, G. stramm.] To spring or recoil with violence. [Prov. Eng.]

Stram, v. t. To dash down; to beat. [Prov. Eng.]

Stram"ash (?), v. t. [Cf. Stramazoun.] To strike, beat, or bang; to break; to destroy. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.]

Stram"ash, n. A turmoil; a broil; a fray; a fight. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] Barham.

Stram"a*zoun (?), n. [F. estramaçon, It. stramazzone.] A direct descending blow with the edge of a sword. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Stra*min"e*ous (?), a. [L. stramineus, fr. stramen straw, fr. sternere, stratum, to spread out, to strew.] 1. Strawy; consisting of straw. Robinson.

2. Chaffy; like straw; straw-colored. Burton.

Stra*mo"ni*um (?), n. [NL.; Cf. F. stramoine.] (Bot.) A poisonous plant (Datura Stramonium); stinkweed. See Datura, and Jamestown weed.

Stram"o*ny (?), n. (Bot.) Stramonium.

Strand (?), n. [Probably fr. D. streen a skein; akin to G. strähne a skein, lock of hair, strand of a rope.] One of the twists, or strings, as of fibers, wires, etc., of which a rope is composed.

Strand, v. t. To break a strand of (a rope).

Strand, n. [AS. strand; akin to D., G., Sw., & Dan. strand, Icel. strönd.] The shore, especially the beach of a sea, ocean, or large lake; rarely, the margin of a navigable river. Chaucer.

Strand birds. (Zoöl.) See Shore birds, under Shore. -- Strand plover (Zoöl.), a black-bellied plover. See Illust. of Plover. -- Strand wolf (Zoöl.), the brown hyena.

Strand, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stranded; p. pr. & vb. n. Stranding.] To drive on a strand; hence, to run aground; as, to strand a ship.

Strand (?), v. i. To drift, or be driven, on shore to run aground; as, the ship stranded at high water.

Strang (?), a. [See Strong.] Strong. [Obs. or Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Halliwell.

Strange (?), a. [Compar. Stranger (?); superl. Strangest (?).] [OE. estrange, F. étrange, fr. L. extraneus that is without, external, foreign, fr. extra on the outside. See Extra, and cf. Estrange, Extraneous.] 1. Belonging to another country; foreign. "To seek strange strands." Chaucer.

> One of the strange queen's lords.

Shak.

> I do not contemn the knowledge of strange and divers tongues.

Ascham.

2. Of or pertaining to others; not one's own; not pertaining to one's self; not domestic.

> So she, impatient her own faults to see,
> Turns from herself, and in strange things delights.

Sir J. Davies.

3. Not before known, heard, or seen; new.

> Here is the hand and seal of the duke; you know the character, I doubt not; and the signet is not strange to you.

Shak.

4. Not according to the common way; novel; odd; unusual; irregular; extraordinary; unnatural; queer. "He is sick of a strange fever." Shak.

> Sated at length, erelong I might perceive
> Strange alteration in me.

Milton.

5. Reserved; distant in deportment. Shak.

> She may be strange and shy at first, but will soon learn to love thee.

Hawthorne.

6. Backward; slow. [Obs.]

> Who, loving the effect, would not be strange
> In favoring the cause.

Beau. & Fl.

7. Not familiar; unaccustomed; inexperienced.

> In thy fortunes am unlearned and strange.

Shak.

Strange is often used as an exclamation.

> Strange! what extremes should thus preserve the snow
> High on the Alps, or in deep caves below.

Waller.

Strange sail (Naut.), an unknown vessel. -- Strange woman (Script.), a harlot. Prov. v. 3. -- To make it strange. (a) To assume ignorance, suspicion, or alarm, concerning it. Shak. (b) To make it a matter of difficulty. [Obs.] Chaucer. -- To make strange, To make one's self strange. (a) To profess ignorance or astonishment. (b) To assume the character of a stranger. Gen. xlii. 7.

Syn. -- Foreign; new; outlandish; wonderful; astonishing; marvelous; unusual; odd; uncommon; irregular; queer; eccentric.

Strange, adv. Strangely. [Obs.]

> Most strange, but yet most truly, will I speak.

Shak.

Strange, v. t. To alienate; to estrange. [Obs.]

Strange, v. i. 1. To be estranged or alienated. [Obs.]

2. To wonder; to be astonished. [Obs.] Glanvill.

Strange"ly, adv. 1. As something foreign, or not one's own; in a manner adapted to something foreign and strange. [Obs.] Shak.

2. In the manner of one who does not know another; distantly; reservedly; coldly.

> You all look strangely on me.

Shak.

> I do in justice charge thee . . .
> That thou commend it strangely to some place
> Where chance may nurse or end it.

Shak.

3. In a strange manner; in a manner or degree to excite surprise or wonder; wonderfully.

> How strangely active are the arts of peace!

Dryden.

> It would strangely delight you to see with what spirit he converses.

Law.

Strange"ness, n. The state or quality of being strange (in any sense of the adjective).

Stran"ger (?), n. [OF. estrangier, F. étranger. See Strange.] 1. One who is strange, foreign, or unknown. Specifically: --

(a) One who comes from a foreign land; a foreigner.

> I am a most poor woman and a stranger,
> Born out of your dominions.

Shak.

(b) One whose home is at a distance from the place where he is, but in the same country.

(c) One who is unknown or unacquainted; as, the gentleman is a stranger to me; hence, one not admitted to communication, fellowship, or acquaintance.

> Melons on beds of ice are taught to bear,
> And strangers to the sun yet ripen here.

Granville.

> My child is yet a stranger in the world.

Shak.

> I was no stranger to the original.

Dryden.

2. One not belonging to the family or household; a guest; a visitor.

> To honor and receive
> Our heavenly stranger.

Milton.

3. (Law) One not privy or party an act, contract, or title; a mere intruder or intermeddler; one who interferes without right; as, actual possession of land gives a good title against a stranger having no title; as to strangers, a mortgage is considered merely as a pledge; a mere stranger to the levy.

Stran"ger, v. t. To estrange; to alienate. [Obs.] Shak.

Stran"gle (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Strangled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Strangling (?).] [OF. estrangler, F. étrangler, L. strangulare, Gr. &?;, &?;, fr. &?; a halter; and perhaps akin to E. string, n. Cf. Strain, String.] 1. To compress the windpipe of (a person or animal) until death results from stoppage of respiration; to choke to death by compressing the throat, as with the hand or a rope.

> Our Saxon ancestors compelled the adulteress to strangle herself.

Ayliffe.

2. To stifle, choke, or suffocate in any manner.

> Shall I not then be stifled in the vault, . . .
> And there die strangled ere my Romeo comes?

Shak.

3. To hinder from appearance; to stifle; to suppress. "Strangle such thoughts." Shak.

Stran"gle, v. i. To be strangled, or suffocated.

Stran"gle*a*ble (?), a. Capable of being strangled. [R.] Chesterfield.

Stran"gler (?), n. One who, or that which, strangles. "The very strangler of their amity." Shak.

<! p. 1423 !>

Stran"gles (?), n. A disease in horses and swine, in which the upper part of the throat, or groups of lymphatic glands elsewhere, swells.

Stran"gu*late (?), a. (Bot.) Strangulated.

Stran"gu*la`ted (?), a. 1. (Med.) Having the circulation stopped by compression; attended with arrest or obstruction of circulation, caused by constriction or compression; as, a strangulated hernia.

2. (Bot.) Contracted at irregular intervals, if tied with a ligature; constricted.

Strangulated hernia. (Med.) See under Hernia.

Stran"gu*la`tion (?), n. [L. strangulatio: cf. F. strangulation. See Strangle.] 1. The act of strangling, or the state of being strangled.

2. (Med.) Inordinate compression or constriction of a tube or part, as of the throat; especially, such as causes a suspension of breathing, of the passage of contents, or of the circulation, as in cases of hernia.

Stran*gu"ri*ous (?), a. [L. stranguriosus.] (Med.) Of or pertaining to strangury. Cheyne.

Stran"gu*ry (?), n. [L. stranguria, Gr. &?;; &?;, &?;, a drop + &?; to make water, &?; urine: cf. F. strangurie. See Strangle, and Urine.] 1. (Med.) A painful discharge of urine, drop by drop, produced by spasmodic muscular contraction.

2. (Bot.) A swelling or other disease in a plant, occasioned by a ligature fastened tightly about it.

Stra"ny (?), n. (Zoöl.) The guillemot. [Prov. Eng.]

Strap (?), n. [OE. strope, AS. stropp, L. stroppus, struppus, perhaps fr. Gr. &?; a band or cord, fr. &?; to twist, to turn (cf. Strophe). Cf. Strop a strap, a piece of rope.] 1. A long, narrow, pliable strip of leather, cloth, or the like; specifically, a strip of thick leather used in flogging.

> A lively cobbler that . . . had scarce passed a day without giving her [his wife] the discipline of the strap.

Addison.

2. Something made of such a strip, or of a part of one, or a combination of two or more for a particular use; as, a boot strap, shawl strap, stirrup strap.

3. A piece of leather, or strip of wood covered with a suitable material, for sharpening a razor; a strop.

4. A narrow strip of anything, as of iron or brass. Specifically: --

(a) (Carp. & Mach.) A band, plate, or loop of metal for clasping and holding timbers or parts of a machine.

(b) (Naut.) A piece of rope or metal passing around a block and used for fastening it to anything.

5. (Bot.) (a) The flat part of the corolla in ligulate florets, as those of the white circle in the daisy. (b) The leaf, exclusive of its sheath, in some grasses.

6. A shoulder strap. See under Shoulder.

Strap bolt, a bolt of which one end is a flat bar of considerable length. -- Strap head (Mach.), a journal box, or pair of brasses, secured to the end of a connecting rod by a strap. See Illust. of Gib and key, under Gib. -- Strap hinge, a hinge with long flaps by which it is fastened, as to a door or wall. -- Strap rail (Railroads), a flat rail formerly used.

Strap, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Strapped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Strapping.] 1. To beat or chastise with a strap.

2. To fasten or bind with a strap. Cowper.

3. To sharpen by rubbing on a strap, or strop; as, to strap a razor.

Strap*pa"do (?), n.; pl. Strappadoes (#). [It. strappata a pull, the strappado, from strappare to pull, from Prov. G. strapfen: cf. G. straff tense, stretched.] A military punishment formerly practiced, which consisted in drawing an offender to the top of a beam and letting him fall to the length of the rope, by which means a limb was often dislocated. Shak.

Strap*pa"do, v. t. To punish or torture by the strappado. Milton.

Strap"per (?), n. 1. One who uses strap.

2. A person or thing of uncommon size. [Colloq.]

Strap"ping (?), a. Tall; strong; lusty; large; as, a strapping fellow. [Colloq.]

> There are five and thirty strapping officers gone.

Farquhar.

Strap"ple (?), v. t. To hold or bind with, or as with, a strap; to entangle. [Obs.] Chapman.

Strap"-shaped` (?), a. Shaped like a strap; ligulate; as, a strap-shaped corolla.

Strap"work` (?), n. (Arch.) A kind of ornament consisting of a narrow fillet or band folded, crossed, and interlaced.

Strass (?), n. [So called from its inventor, a German jeweler: cf. F. stras.] (Chem.) A brilliant glass, used in the manufacture of artificial paste gems, which consists essentially of a complex borosilicate of lead and potassium. Cf. Glass.

Stra"ta (?), n., pl. of Stratum.

Strat"a*gem (?), n. [F. stratagème (cf. Sp. estratagema, It. stratagemma), L. strategema, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to be leader of an army, fr. &?; a general; &?; an army (probably as being spread out; cf. Stratum) + &?; to lead. See Agent.] An artifice or trick in war for deceiving the enemy; hence, in general, artifice; deceptive device; secret plot; evil machination.

> Fit for treasons, stratagems, and spoils.

Shak.

> Those oft are stratagems which error seem,
> Nor is it Homer nods, but we that dream.

Pope.

Strat`a*gem"ic*al (?), a. Containing stratagem; as, a stratagemical epistle. [R.] Swift.

Strat`a*rith"me*try (?), n. [Gr. &?; army + &?; number + -metry.] (Mil.) The art of drawing up an army, or any given number of men, in any geometrical figure, or of estimating or expressing the number of men in such a figure.

{ Strat`e*get"ic (?), Strat`e*get"ic*al (?), } a. Strategic.

Strat`e*get"ics (?), n. Strategy.

{ Stra*te"gic (?), Stra*te"gic*al, } a. [Gr. &?; of or for a general: cf. F. stratégique.] Of or pertaining to strategy; effected by artifice. -- Stra*te"gic*al*ly, adv.

Strategic line (Mil.), a line joining strategic points. -- Strategic point (Mil.), any point or region in the theater or warlike operations which affords to its possessor an advantage over his opponent, as a mountain pass, a junction of rivers or roads, a fortress, etc.

Stra*te"gics (?), n. Strategy.

Strat"e*gist (?), n. [Cf. F. stratégiste.] One skilled in strategy, or the science of directing great military movements.

||Stra*te"gus (?), n.; pl. Strategi (#). [L., fr. Gr. &?;. See Stratagem.] (Gr. Antiq.) The leader or commander of an army; a general.

Strat"e*gy (?), n. [Gr. &?;: cf. F. stratégie. See Stratagem.] 1. The science of military command, or the science of projecting campaigns and directing great military movements; generalship.

2. The use of stratagem or artifice.

Strath (?), n. [Gael. srath.] A valley of considerable size, through which a river runs; a valley bottom; -- often used in composition with the name of the river; as, Strath Spey, Strathdon, Strathmore. [Scot.]

> The long green strath of Napa valley.

R. L. Stevenson.

Strath"spey` (?), n. [So called from the district of Strath Spey in Scotland.] A lively Scottish dance, resembling the reel, but slower; also, the tune.

Stra*tic"u*late (?), a. [Dim. Fr. stratum.] (Min.) Characterized by the presence of thin parallel strata, or layers, as in an agate.

Strat`i*fi*ca"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. stratification.] 1. The act or process of laying in strata, or the state of being laid in the form of strata, or layers.

2. (Physiol.) The deposition of material in successive layers in the growth of a cell wall, thus giving rise to a stratified appearance.

Strat"i*fied (?), a. Having its substance arranged in strata, or layers; as, stratified rock.

Strat"i*form (?), a. Having the form of strata.

Strat"i*fy (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stratified (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stratifying (?).] [Stratum + -fy: cf. F. stratifier.] To form or deposit in strata, or layers, as substances in the earth; to arrange in strata.

{ Strat`i*graph"ic (?), Strat`i*graph"ic*al (?), } a. (Geol.) Pertaining to, or depended upon, the order or arrangement of strata; as, stratigraphical evidence. -- Strat`i*graph"ic*al*ly, adv.

{ Strat`i*graph"ic, -ic*al }, a. (Mil.) See Stratographic.

Stra*tig"ra*phy (?), n. [Stratum + -graphy.] That branch of geology which treats of the arrangement and succession of strata.

Stra*toc"ra*cy (?), n. [Gr. &?; an army + -cracy, as in democracy: cf. F. stratocratie.] A military government; government by military chiefs and an army.

{ Strat`o*graph"ic (?), Strat`o*graph"ic*al (?), } a. Of or pertaining to stratography.

Stra*tog"ra*phy (?), n. [Gr. &?; an army + -graphy.] A description of an army, or of what belongs to an army.

Stra*ton"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?; an army.] Of or pertaining to an army. [R.]

Stra*tot"ic (?), a. Warlike; military. [R.]

Stra"tum (?), n.; pl. E. Stratums (#), L. Strata (#). The latter is more common. [L., from sternere, stratum, to spread; akin to Gr. &?; to spread, strew. See Strew, and cf. Consternation, Estrade, Prostrate, Stratus, Street.] 1. (Geol.) A bed of earth or rock of one kind, formed by natural causes, and consisting usually of a series of layers, which form a rock as it lies between beds of other kinds. Also used figuratively.

2. A bed or layer artificially made; a course.

Stra"tus (?), n. [L. stratus a spreading out, scattering, from sternere, stratum, to spread.] (Meteor.) A form of clouds in which they are arranged in a horizontal band or layer. See Cloud.

Straught (?), obs. imp. & p. p. of Stretch.

Straught, v. t. To stretch; to make straight. [Written also straucht.] [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Straw (?), v. t. To spread or scatter. See Strew, and Strow. Chaucer.

Straw, n. [OE. straw, stre, stree, AS. streáw, from the root of E. strew; akin to OFries. str, D. stroo, G. stroh, OHG. str, Icel. str, Dan. straa, Sw. strå. √166. See Strew.] 1. A stalk or stem of certain species of grain, pulse, etc., especially of wheat, rye, oats, barley, more rarely of buckwheat, beans, and pease.

2. The gathered and thrashed stalks of certain species of grain, etc.; as, a bundle, or a load, of rye straw.

3. Anything proverbially worthless; the least possible thing; a mere trifle.

> I set not a straw by thy dreamings.

Chaucer.

Straw is often used in the formation of self- explaining compounds; as, straw-built, straw-crowned, straw-roofed, straw-stuffed, and the like.

Man of straw, an effigy formed by stuffing the garments of a man with straw; hence, a fictitious person; an irresponsible person; a puppet. -- Straw bail, worthless bail, as being given by irresponsible persons. [Colloq. U.S.] -- Straw bid, a worthless bid; a bid for a contract which the bidder is unable or unwilling to fulfill. [Colloq. U.S.] -- Straw cat (Zoöl.), the pampas cat. -- Straw color, the color of dry straw, being a delicate yellow. -- Straw drain, a drain filled with straw. -- Straw plait, or Straw plat, a strip formed by plaiting straws, used for making hats, bonnets, etc. -- To be in the straw, to be brought to bed, as a pregnant woman. [Slang]

Straw"ber*ry (?), n. [AS. streáwberige; streáw straw + berie berry; perhaps from the resemblance of the runners of the plant to straws.] (Bot.) A fragrant edible berry, of a delicious taste and commonly of a red color, the fruit of a plant of the genus Fragaria, of which there are many varieties. Also, the plant bearing the fruit. The common American strawberry is Fragaria virginiana; the European, F. vesca. There are also other less common species.

Strawberry bass. (Zoöl.) See Calico bass, under Calico. -- Strawberry blite. (Bot.) See under Blite. -- Strawberry borer (Zoöl.), any one of several species of insects whose larvæ burrow in the crown or roots of the strawberry vine. Especially: (a) The root borer (Anarsia lineatella), a very small dark gray moth whose larvæ burrow both in the larger roots and crown, often doing great damage. (b) The crown borer (Tyloderma fragariæ), a small brown weevil whose larva burrows in the crown and kills the plant. -- Strawberry bush (Bot.), an American shrub (Euonymus Americanus), a kind of spindle tree having crimson pods and the seeds covered with a scarlet aril. -- Strawberry crab (Zoöl.), a small European spider crab (Eurynome aspera); -- so called because the back is covered with pink tubercles. -- Strawberry fish (Zoöl.), the amadavat. -- Strawberry geranium (Bot.), a kind of saxifrage (Saxifraga sarmentosa) having reniform leaves, and producing long runners like those of the strawberry. -- Strawberry leaf. (a) The leaf of the strawberry. (b) The symbol of the rank or estate of a duke, because the ducal coronet is twined with strawberry leaves. "The strawberry leaves on her chariot panels are engraved on her ladyship's heart." Thackeray. -- Strawberry-leaf roller (Zoöl.), any one of several species of moths whose larvæ roll up, and feed upon, the leaves of the strawberry vine; especially, Phoxopteris fragariæ, and Eccopsis permundana. -- Strawberry moth (Zoöl.), any one of several species of moth whose larvæ feed on the strawberry vines; as: (a) The smeared dagger (Apatela oblinita), whose large hairy larva is velvety black with two rows of bright yellow spots on each side. (b) A geometrid (Angerona crocataria) which is yellow with dusky spots on the wings. Called also currant moth. -- Strawberry pear (Bot.), the red ovoid fruit of a West Indian plant of the genus Cereus (C. triangularia). It has a sweetish flavor, and is slightly acid, pleasant, and cooling. Also, the plant bearing the fruit. -- Strawberry sawfly (Zoöl.), a small black sawfly (Emphytus maculatus) whose larva eats the leaves of the strawberry vine. -- Strawberry tomato. (Bot.) See Alkekengi. -- Strawberry tree. (Bot.) See Arbutus. -- Strawberry vine (Bot.), the plant which yields the strawberry. -- Strawberry worm (Zoöl.), the larva of any moth which feeds on the strawberry vine.

Straw"board` (?), n. Pasteboard made of pulp of straw.

Straw"-col`ored (?), a. Being of a straw color. See Straw color, under Straw, n.

Straw"-cut`ter (?), n. An instrument to cut straw for fodder.

Strawed (?), imp. & p. p. of Straw. [Obs.]

Straw"worm` (?), n. A caddice worm.

Straw"y (?), a. Of or pertaining to straw; made of, or resembling, straw. Shak.

Stray (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Strayed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Straying.] [OF. estraier, estraer, to stray, or as adj., stray, fr. (assumed) L. stratarius roving the streets, fr. L. strata (sc. via) a paved road. See Street, and Stray, a.] 1. To wander, as from a direct course; to deviate, or go out of the way.

> Thames among the wanton valleys strays.

Denham.

2. To wander from company, or from the proper limits; to rove at large; to roam; to go astray.

> Now, until the break of day,
> Through this house each fairy stray.

Shak.

> A sheep doth very often stray.

Shak.

3. Figuratively, to wander from the path of duty or rectitude; to err.

> We have erred and strayed from thy ways.

&?;&?;&?; of Com. Prayer.

> While meaner things, whom instinct leads,
> Are rarely known to stray.

Cowper.

Syn. -- To deviate; err; swerve; rove; roam; wander.

Stray, v. t. To cause to stray. [Obs.] Shak.

Stray, a. [Cf. OF. estraié, p. p. of estraier. See Stray, v. i., and cf. Astray, Estray.] Having gone astray; strayed; wandering; as, a strayhorse or sheep.

Stray line (Naut.), that portion of the log line which is veered from the reel to allow the chip to get clear of the stern eddies before the glass is turned. -- Stray mark (Naut.), the mark indicating the end of the stray line.

Stray, n. 1. Any domestic animal that has an inclosure, or its proper place and company, and wanders at large, or is lost; an estray. Used also figuratively.

> Seeing him wander about, I took him up for a stray.

Dryden.

2. The act of wandering or going astray. [R.] Shak.

<! p. 1424 !>

Stray"er (?), n. One who strays; a wanderer.

Stre (?), n. Straw. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Streak (?), v. t. [Cf. Stretch, Streek.] To stretch; to extend; hence, to lay out, as a dead body. [Obs. or Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Streak, n. [OE. streke; akin to D. streek a line, stroke, G. strich, AS. strica, Sw. strek, Dan. streg, Goth. stricks, and E. strike, stroke. See Strike, Stroke, n., and cf. Strake.] 1. A line or long mark of a different color from the ground; a stripe; a vein.

> What mean those colored streaks in heaven?

Milton.

2. (Shipbuilding) A strake.

3. (Min.) The fine powder or mark yielded by a mineral when scratched or rubbed against a harder surface, the color of which is sometimes a distinguishing character.

4. The rung or round of a ladder. [Obs.]

Streak, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Streaked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Streaking.] 1. To form streaks or stripes in or on; to stripe; to variegate with lines of a different color, or of different colors.

> A mule . . . streaked and dappled with white and black.

Sandys.

> Now streaked and glowing with the morning red.

Prior.

2. With it as an object: To run swiftly. [Colloq.]

Streaked (?), a. 1. Marked or variegated with stripes.

2. Uncomfortable; out of sorts. [Local, U.S.]

Streak"y (?), a. Same as Streaked, 1. "The streaky west." Cowper.

Stream (strm), n. [AS. streám; akin to OFries. strm, OS. strm, D. stroom, G. strom, OHG. stroum, strm, Dan. & Sw. ström, Icel. straumr, Ir. sroth, Lith. srove, Russ. struia, Gr. "ry`sis a flowing, "rei^n to flow, Skr. sru. √174. Cf. Catarrh, Diarrhea, Rheum, Rhythm.] 1. A current of water or other fluid; a liquid flowing continuously in a line or course, either on the earth, as a river, brook, etc., or from a vessel, reservoir, or fountain; specifically, any course of running water; as, many streams are blended in the Mississippi; gas and steam came from the earth in streams; a stream of molten lead from a furnace; a stream of lava from a volcano.

2. A beam or ray of light. "Sun streams." Chaucer.

3. Anything issuing or moving with continued succession of parts; as, a stream of words; a stream of sand. "The stream of beneficence." Atterbury. "The stream of emigration." Macaulay.

4. A continued current or course; as, a stream of weather. "The very stream of his life." Shak.

5. Current; drift; tendency; series of tending or moving causes; as, the stream of opinions or manners.

Gulf stream. See under Gulf. -- Stream anchor, Stream cable. (Naut.) See under Anchor, and Cable. -- Stream ice, blocks of ice floating in a mass together in some definite direction. -- Stream tin, particles or masses of tin ore found in alluvial ground; -- so called because a stream of water is the principal agent used in separating the ore from the sand and gravel. -- Stream works (Cornish Mining), a place where an alluvial deposit of tin ore is worked. Ure. -- To float with the stream, figuratively, to drift with the current of opinion, custom, etc., so as not to oppose or check it.

Syn. -- Current; flow; rush; tide; course. -- Stream, Current. These words are often properly interchangeable; but stream is the broader word, denoting a prevailing onward course. The stream of the Mississippi rolls steadily on to the Gulf of Mexico, but there are reflex currents in it which run for a while in a contrary direction.

Stream, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Streamed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Streaming.] 1. To issue or flow in a stream; to flow freely or in a current, as a fluid or whatever is likened to fluids; as, tears streamed from her eyes.

> Beneath those banks where rivers stream.

Milton.

2. To pour out, or emit, a stream or streams.

> A thousand suns will stream on thee.

Tennyson.

3. To issue in a stream of light; to radiate.

4. To extend; to stretch out with a wavy motion; to float in the wind; as, a flag streams in the wind.

Stream, v. t. To send forth in a current or stream; to cause to flow; to pour; as, his eyes streamed tears.

> It may so please that she at length will stream
> Some dew of grace into my withered heart.

Spenser.

2. To mark with colors or embroidery in long tracts.

> The herald's mantle is streamed with gold.

Bacon.

3. To unfurl. Shak.

To stream the buoy. (Naut.) See under Buoy.

Stream"er (?), n. 1. An ensign, flag, or pennant, which floats in the wind; specifically, a long, narrow, ribbonlike flag.

> Brave Rupert from afar appears,
> Whose waving streamers the glad general knows.

Dryden.

3. A stream or column of light shooting upward from the horizon, constituting one of the forms of the aurora borealis. Macaulay.

> While overhead the North's dumb streamers shoot.

Lowell.

3. (Mining) A searcher for stream tin.

Stream"ful (?), a. Abounding in streams, or in water. "The streamful tide." Drayton.

Stream"i*ness (?), n. The state of being streamy; a trailing. R. A. Proctor.

Stream"ing, a. Sending forth streams.

Stream"ing, n. 1. The act or operation of that which streams; the act of that which sends forth, or which runs in, streams.

2. (Mining) The reduction of stream tin; also, the search for stream tin.

Stream"less, a. Destitute of streams, or of a stream, as a region of country, or a dry channel.

Stream"let (?), n. A small stream; a rivulet; a rill.

Stream"y (?), a. 1. Abounding with streams, or with running water; streamful.

> Arcadia
> However streamy now, adust and dry,
> Denied the goddess water.

Prior.

2. Resembling a stream; issuing in a stream.

> His nodding helm emits a streamy ray.

Pope.

Stree (?), n. Straw. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Streek (?), v. t. To stretch; also, to lay out, as a dead body. See Streak. [Obs. or Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Streel (?), v. i. [Cf. Stroll.] To trail along; to saunter or be drawn along, carelessly, swaying in a kind of zigzag motion. [Colloq.] Thackeray.

Streen (?), n. See Strene. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Street (strt), n. [OE. strete, AS. strt, fr. L. strata (sc. via) a paved way, properly fem. p. p. of sternere, stratum, to spread; akin to E. strew. See Strew, and cf. Stratum, Stray, v. & a.] Originally, a paved way or road; a public highway; now commonly, a thoroughfare in a city or village, bordered by dwellings or business houses.

> He removed [the body of] Amasa from the street unto the field.

Coverdale.

> At home or through the high street passing.

Milton.

In an extended sense, street designates besides the roadway, the walks, houses, shops, etc., which border the thoroughfare.

> His deserted mansion in Duke Street.

Macaulay.

The street (Broker's Cant), that thoroughfare of a city where the leading bankers and brokers do business; also, figuratively, those who do business there; as, the street would not take the bonds. -- Street Arab, Street broker, etc. See under Arab, Broker, etc. -- Street door, a door which opens upon a street, or is nearest the street.

Syn. -- See Way.

Street"walk`er (?), n. A common prostitute who walks the streets to find customers.

Street"ward` (?), n. An officer, or ward, having the care of the streets. [Obs.] Cowell.

Street"ward (?), a. Facing toward the street.

> Their little streetward sitting room.

Tennyson.

Streight (?), a., n., & adv. See 2nd Strait. [Obs.]

Streight"en (?), v. t. See Straiten. [Obs.]

Strein (?), v. t. To strain. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Streit (?), a. [See Stretch.] Drawn. [Obs.]

> Pyrrhus with his streite sword.

Chaucer.

Streit, a. Close; narrow; strict. [Obs.] See Strait.

Streite, adv. Narrowly; strictly; straitly. [Obs.]

Strel"itz (?), n. sing. & pl. [Russ. strieliéts' a shooter, archer.] A soldier of the ancient Muscovite guard or Russian standing army; also, the guard itself.

||Stre*litz"i*a (?), n. [NL., named after Charlotte, Princess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, and queen of George III of Great Britain.] (Bot.) A genus of plants related to the banana, found at the Cape of Good Hope. They have rigid glaucous distichous leaves, and peculiar richly colored flowers.

Strene (?), n. [OE. stren, streen, streon, AS. gestriénan, gestr&?;nan, gestreónan, to beget, to obtain, gestreón gain, wealth; akin to OHG. striunan to gain. Cf. Strian race, family.] Race; offspring; stock; breed; strain. [Obs.] Chaucer.

{ Stren"ger (?), Stren"gest (?) }, the original compar. & superl. of Strong. [Obs.]

> Two of us shall strenger be than one.

Chaucer.

Strength (?), n. [OE. strengthe, AS. strengðu, fr. strang strong. See Strong.] 1. The quality or state of being strong; ability to do or to bear; capacity for exertion or endurance, whether physical, intellectual, or moral; force; vigor; power; as, strength of body or of the arm; strength of mind, of memory, or of judgment.

> All his [Samson's] strength in his hairs were.

Chaucer.

> Thou must outlive
> Thy youth, thy strength, thy beauty.

Milton.

2. Power to resist force; solidity or toughness; the quality of bodies by which they endure the application of force without breaking or yielding; -- in this sense opposed to frangibility; as, the strength of a bone, of a beam, of a wall, a rope, and the like. "The brittle strength of bones." Milton.

3. Power of resisting attacks; impregnability. "Our castle's strength will laugh a siege to scorn." Shak.

4. That quality which tends to secure results; effective power in an institution or enactment; security; validity; legal or moral force; logical conclusiveness; as, the strength of social or legal obligations; the strength of law; the strength of public opinion; strength of evidence; strength of argument.

5. One who, or that which, is regarded as embodying or affording force, strength, or firmness; that on which confidence or reliance is based; support; security.

> God is our refuge and strength.

Ps. xlvi. 1.

> What they boded would be a mischief to us, you are providing shall be one of our principal strengths.

Sprat.

> Certainly there is not a greater strength against temptation.

Jer. Taylor.

6. Force as measured; amount, numbers, or power of any body, as of an army, a navy, and the like; as, what is the strength of the enemy by land, or by sea?

7. Vigor or style; force of expression; nervous diction; -- said of literary work.

> And praise the easy vigor of a life
> Where Denham's strength and Waller's sweetness join.

Pope.

8. Intensity; -- said of light or color.

> Bright Phœbus in his strength.

Shak.

9. Intensity or degree of the distinguishing and essential element; spirit; virtue; excellence; -- said of liquors, solutions, etc.; as, the strength of wine or of acids.

10. A strong place; a stronghold. [Obs.] Shak.

On, or Upon, the strength of, in reliance upon. "The allies, after a successful summer, are too apt, upon the strength of it, to neglect their preparations for the ensuing campaign." Addison.

Syn. -- Force; robustness; toughness; hardness; stoutness; brawniness; lustiness; firmness; puissance; support; spirit; validity; authority. See Force.

Strength, v. t. To strengthen. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Strength"en (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Strengthened (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Strengthening.] 1. To make strong or stronger; to add strength to; as, to strengthen a limb, a bridge, an army; to strengthen an obligation; to strengthen authority.

> Let noble Warwick, Cobham, and the rest, . . .
> With powerful policy strengthen themselves.

Shak.

2. To animate; to encourage; to fix in resolution.

> Charge Joshua, and encourage him, and strengthen him.

Deut. iii. 28.

Syn. -- To invigorate; confirm; establish; fortify; animate; encourage.

Strength"en (?), v. i. To grow strong or stronger.

> The young disease, that must subdue at length,
> Grows with his growth, and strengthens with his strength.

Pope.

Strength"en*er (?), n. One who, or that which, gives or adds strength. Sir W. Temple.

Strength"en*ing, a. That strengthens; giving or increasing strength. -- Strength"en*ing*ly, adv.

Strengthening plaster (Med.), a plaster containing iron, and supposed to have tonic effects.

Strength"ful (?), a. Abounding in strength; full of strength; strong. -- Strength"ful*ness, n.

> Florence my friend, in court my faction
> Not meanly strengthful.

Marston.

Strength"ing, n. A stronghold. [Obs.]

Strength"less, a. Destitute of strength. Boyle.

Strength"ner (?), n. See Strengthener.

Strength"y (?), a. Having strength; strong. [Obs.]

Stre*nu"i*ty (?), n. [L. strenuatis.] Strenuousness; activity. [Obs.] Chapman.

Stren"u*ous (?), a. [L. strenuus; cf. Gr. &?; strong, hard, rough, harsh.] Eagerly pressing or urgent; zealous; ardent; earnest; bold; valiant; intrepid; as, a strenuous advocate for national rights; a strenuous reformer; a strenuous defender of his country.

> And spirit-stirring wine, that strenuous makes.

Chapman.

> Strenuous, continuous labor is pain.

I. Taylor.

-- Stren"u*ous*ly, adv. -- Stren"u*ous*ness, n.

Strep"ent (?), a. [L. strepens, p. pr. of strepere to make a noise.] Noisy; loud. [R.] Shenstone.

Strep"er*ous (?), a. [LL. streperus, fr. L. strepere. See Strepent, and cf. Obstreperous.] Loud; boisterous. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

||Strep`i*to"res (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. strepitus clamor.] (Zoöl.) A division of birds, including the clamatorial and picarian birds, which do not have well developed singing organs.

{ Strep*sip"ter (?), Strep*sip"ter*an (?) }, n. (Zoöl.) One of the Strepsiptera.

||Strep*sip"te*ra (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a turning (fr. &?; to twist) + &?; a wing.] (Zoöl.) A group of small insects having the anterior wings rudimentary, and in the form of short and slender twisted appendages, while the posterior ones are large and membranous. They are parasitic in the larval state on bees, wasps, and the like; -- called also Rhipiptera. See Illust. under Rhipipter.

Strep*sip"ter*ous (?), a. [See Strepsiptera.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to Strepsiptera.

||Strep`so*rhi"na (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a turning + &?;, &?;, the nose.] (Zoöl.) Same as Lemuroidea.

Strep"so*rhine (?), a. (Zoöl.) Having twisted nostrils; -- said of the lemurs. -- n. (Zoöl.) One of the Strepsorhina; a lemur. See Illust. under Monkey.

||Strep`to*bac*te"ri*a (?), n. pl.; sing. Streptobracterium (&?;). [NL., fr. Gr. &?; pliant, bent + E. & NL. bacteria.] (Biol.) A so- called variety of bacterium, consisting in reality of several bacteria linked together in the form of a chain.

||Strep`to*coc"cus (?), n.; pl. Streptococci (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?; pliant, curved + &?; a grain, seed.] (Biol.) A long or short chain of micrococci, more or less curved.

||Strep`to*neu"ra (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; curved + &?; a sinew.] (Zoöl.) An extensive division of gastropod Mollusca in which the loop or visceral nerves is twisted, and the sexes separate. It is nearly to equivalent to Prosobranchiata.

||Strep"to*thrix (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; pliant, bent + &?; a hair.] (Biol.) A genus of bacilli occurring of the form of long, smooth and apparently branched threads, either straight or twisted.

Stress (?), n. [Abbrev. fr. distress; or cf. OF. estrecier to press, pinch, (assumed) LL. strictiare, fr. L. strictus. See Distress.] 1. Distress. [Obs.]

> Sad hersal of his heavy stress.

Spenser.

2. Pressure, strain; -- used chiefly of immaterial things; except in mechanics; hence, urgency; importance; weight; significance.

> The faculties of the mind are improved by exercise, yet they must not be put to a stress beyond their strength.

Locke.

> A body may as well lay too little as too much stress upon a dream.

L'Estrange.

3. (Mech. & Physics) The force, or combination of forces, which produces a strain; force exerted in any direction or manner between contiguous bodies, or parts of bodies, and taking specific names according to its direction, or mode of action, as thrust or pressure, pull or tension, shear or tangential stress. Rankine.

> Stress is the mutual action between portions of matter.

Clerk Maxwell.

4. (Pron.) Force of utterance expended upon words or syllables. Stress is in English the chief element in accent and is one of the most important in emphasis. See Guide to pronunciation, §§ 31-35.

5. (Scots Law) Distress; the act of distraining; also, the thing distrained.

Stress of voice, unusual exertion of the voice. -- Stress of weather, constraint imposed by continued bad weather; as, to be driven back to port by stress of weather. -- To lay stress upon, to attach great importance to; to emphasize. "Consider how great a stress is laid upon this duty." Atterbury. -- To put stress upon, or To put to a stress, to strain.

<! p. 1425 !>

Stress (?), v. t. 1. To press; to urge; to distress; to put to difficulties. [R.] Spenser.

2. To subject to stress, pressure, or strain.

Stress"ful (?), a. Having much stress. Rush.

Stretch (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stretched (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stretching.] [OE. strecchen, AS. streccan; akin to D. strekken, G. strecken, OHG. strecchen, Sw. sträcka, Dan. strække; cf. AS. stræck, strec, strong, violent, G. strack straight; of uncertain origin, perhaps akin to E. strong. Cf. Straight.] 1. To reach out; to extend; to put forth.

> And stretch forth his neck long and small.

Chaucer.

> I in conquest stretched mine arm.

Shak.

2. To draw out to the full length; to cause to extend in a straight line; as, to stretch a cord or rope.

3. To cause to extend in breadth; to spread; to expand; as, to stretch cloth; to stretch the wings.

4. To make tense; to tighten; to distend forcibly.

> The ox hath therefore stretched his yoke in vain.

Shak.

5. To draw or pull out to greater length; to strain; as, to stretch a tendon or muscle.

> Awake, my soul, stretch every nerve.

Doddridge.

6. To exaggerate; to extend too far; as, to stretch the truth; to stretch one's credit.

> They take up, one day, the most violent and stretched prerogative.

Burke.

Stretch, v. i. 1. To be extended; to be drawn out in length or in breadth, or both; to spread; to reach; as, the iron road stretches across the continent; the lake stretches over fifty square miles.

> As far as stretcheth any ground.

Gower.

2. To extend or spread one's self, or one's limbs; as, the lazy man yawns and stretches.

3. To be extended, or to bear extension, without breaking, as elastic or ductile substances.

> The inner membrane . . . because it would stretch and yield, remained umbroken.

Boyle.

4. To strain the truth; to exaggerate; as, a man apt to stretch in his report of facts. [Obs. or Colloq.]

5. (Naut.) To sail by the wind under press of canvas; as, the ship stretched to the eastward. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

Stretch out, an order to rowers to extend themselves forward in dipping the oar.

Stretch, n. 1. Act of stretching, or state of being stretched; reach; effort; struggle; strain; as, a stretch of the limbs; a stretch of the imagination.

> By stretch of arms the distant shore to gain.

Dryden.

> Those put a lawful authority upon the stretch, to the abuse of yower, under the color of prerogative.

L'Estrange.

2. A continuous line or surface; a continuous space of time; as, grassy stretches of land.

> A great stretch of cultivated country.

W. Black.

> But all of them left me a week at a stretch.

E. Eggleston.

3. The extent to which anything may be stretched.

> Quotations, in their utmost stretch, can signify no more than that Luther lay under severe agonies of mind.

Atterbury.

> This is the utmost stretch that nature can.

Granville.

4. (Naut.) The reach or extent of a vessel's progress on one tack; a tack or board.

5. Course; direction; as, the stretch of seams of coal.

To be on the stretch, to be obliged to use one's utmost powers. -- Home stretch. See under Home, a.

Stretch"er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, stretches.

2. (Masonry) A brick or stone laid with its longer dimension in the line of direction of the wall. Gwilt.

3. (Arch.) A piece of timber used in building.

4. (Naut.) (a) A narrow crosspiece of the bottom of a boat against which a rower braces his feet. (b) A crosspiece placed between the sides of a boat to keep them apart when hoisted up and griped. Dana.

5. A litter, or frame, for carrying disabled, wounded, or dead persons.

6. An overstretching of the truth; a lie. [Slang]

7. One of the rods in an umbrella, attached at one end to one of the ribs, and at the other to the tube sliding upon the handle.

8. An instrument for stretching boots or gloves.

9. The frame upon which canvas is stretched for a painting.

Stretch"ing (?), a. & n. from Stretch, v.

Stretching course (Masonry), a course or series of stretchers. See Stretcher, 2. Britton.

||Stret"to (?), n. [It., close or contacted, pressed.] (Mus.) (a) The crowding of answer upon subject near the end of a fugue. (b) In an opera or oratorio, a coda, or winding up, in an accelerated time. [Written also stretta.]

Strew (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Strewed (?); p. p. strewn (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Strewing.] [OE. strewen, strawen, AS. strewian, streówian; akin to Ofries. strewa, OS. strewian, D. strooijen, G. streuen, OHG. strewen, Icel. str, Sw. strö, Dan. ströe, Goth. straujan, L. sternere, stratum, Gr. &?;, &?;, Skr. st&?;. √166. Cf. Stratum, Straw, Street.] 1. To scatter; to spread by scattering; to cast or to throw loosely apart; -- used of solids, separated or separable into parts or particles; as, to strew seed in beds; to strew sand on or over a floor; to strew flowers over a grave.

> And strewed his mangled limbs about the field.

Dryden.

> On a principal table a desk was open and many papers [were] strewn about.

Beaconsfield.

2. To cover more or less thickly by scattering something over or upon; to cover, or lie upon, by having been scattered; as, they strewed the ground with leaves; leaves strewed the ground.

> The snow which does the top of Pindus strew.

Spenser.

> Is thine alone the seed that strews the plain?

Pope.

3. To spread abroad; to disseminate.

> She may strew dangerous conjectures.

Shak.

Strew"ing (?), n. 1. The act of scattering or spreading.

2. Anything that is, or may be, strewed; -- used chiefly in the plural. Shak.

Strew"ment (?), n. Anything scattered, as flowers for decoration. [Obs.] Shak.

Strewn (?), p. p. of Strew.

Stri"a (?), n.; pl. Striæ (#). [L., a furrow, channel, hollow.] 1. A minute groove, or channel; a threadlike line, as of color; a narrow structural band or line; a striation; as, the striæ, or groovings, produced on a rock by a glacier passing over it; the striæ on the surface of a shell; a stria of nervous matter in the brain.

2. (Arch.) A fillet between the flutes of columns, pilasters, or the like. Oxf. Gloss.

Stri"ate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Striated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Striating.] [See Striate, a.] To mark with striaæ. "Striated longitudinally." Owen.

{ Stri"ate (?), Stri"a*ted (?), } a. [L. striatus, p. p. of striare to furnish with channels, from stria a channel.] Marked with striaæ, or fine grooves, or lines of color; showing narrow structural bands or lines; as, a striated crystal; striated muscular fiber.

Stri*a"tion (?), n. 1. The quality or condition of being striated.

2. A stria; as, the striations on a shell.

||Stri*a"tum (?), n. [NL.] (Anat.) The corpus striatum.

Stri"a*ture (?), n. [L. striatura.] A stria.

Strich (?), n. [Cf. L. strix, strigs, a streech owl.] (Zoöl.) An owl. [Obs.] Spenser.

Strick, n. A bunch of hackled flax prepared for drawing into slivers. Knight.

Strick"en (?), p. p. & a. from Strike. 1. Struck; smitten; wounded; as, the stricken deer. [See Strike, n.]

2. Worn out; far gone; advanced. See Strike, v. t., 21.

> Abraham was old and well stricken in age.

Gen. xxiv. 1.

3. Whole; entire; -- said of the hour as marked by the striking of a clock. [Scot.]

> He persevered for a stricken hour in such a torrent of unnecessary tattle.

Sir W. Scott.

> Speeches are spoken by the stricken hour, day after day, week, perhaps, after week.

Bayne.

Stric"kle (?), n. [See Strike.] 1. An instrument to strike grain to a level with the measure; a strike.

2. An instrument for whetting scythes; a rifle.

3. (Founding) An instrument used for smoothing the surface of a core.

4. (Carp. & Mason.) A templet; a pattern.

5. An instrument used in dressing flax. [Prov. Eng.]

Stric"kler (?), n. See Strickle.

Strick"less, n. See Strickle. [Prov. Eng.]

Strict (?), a. [Compar. Stricter (?); superl. Strictest.] [L. strictus, p. p. of stringere to draw or bind tight, to strain. See Strain, and cf. Strait, a.] 1. Strained; drawn close; tight; as, a strict embrace; a strict ligature. Dryden.

2. Tense; not relaxed; as, a strict fiber.

3. Exact; accurate; precise; rigorously nice; as, to keep strict watch; to pay strict attention. Shak.

> It shall be still in strictest measure.

Milton.

4. Governed or governing by exact rules; observing exact rules; severe; rigorous; as, very strict in observing the Sabbath. "Through the strict senteries." Milton.

5. Rigidly; interpreted; exactly limited; confined; restricted; as, to understand words in a strict sense.

6. (Bot.) Upright, or straight and narrow; -- said of the shape of the plants or their flower clusters.

Syn. -- Exact; accurate; nice; close; rigorous; severe. -- Strict, Severe. Strict, applied to a person, denotes that he conforms in his motives and acts to a principle or code by which he is bound; severe is strict with an implication often, but not always, of harshness. Strict is opposed to lax; severe is opposed to gentle.

> And rules as strict his labored work confine,
> As if the Stagirite o'erlooked each line.

Pope.

> Soon moved with touch of blame, thus Eve: -
> "What words have passed thy lips, Adam severe!"

Milton.

The Strict Observance, or Friars of the Strict Observance. (R. C. Ch.) See Observance.

Stric"tion (?), n. [L. strictio. See Stringent.] The act of constricting, or the state of being constricted.

Line of striction (Geom.), the line on a skew surface that cuts each generator in that point of it that is nearest to the succeeding generator.

Strict"ly, adv. In a strict manner; closely; precisely.

Strict"ness, n. Quality or state of being strict.

Stric"ture (?), n. [L. strictura a contraction, from stringere, strictum, to draw tight: cf. F. stricture. See Strict.] 1. Strictness. [Obs.]

> A man of stricture and firm abstinence.

Shak.

2. A stroke; a glance; a touch. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale.

3. A touch of adverse criticism; censure.

> [I have] given myself the liberty of these strictures by way of reflection on all and every passage.

Hammond.

4. (Med.) A localized morbid contraction of any passage of the body. Cf. Organic stricture, and Spasmodic stricture, under Organic, and Spasmodic. Arbuthnot.

Stric"tured (?), a. (Med.) Affected with a stricture; as, a strictured duct.

Strid (?), n. [See Stride.] A narrow passage between precipitous rocks or banks, which looks as if it might be crossed at a stride. [Prov. Eng.] Howitt.

> This striding place is called the Strid.

Wordsworth.

Stride (?), v. t. [imp. Strode (?) (Obs. Strid (&?;)); p. p. Stridden (?) (Obs. Strid); p. pr. & vb. n. Striding.] [AS. strdan to stride, to strive; akin to LG. striden, OFries. strda to strive, D. strijden to strive, to contend, G. streiten, OHG. strtan; of uncertain origin. Cf. Straddle.] 1. To walk with long steps, especially in a measured or pompous manner.

> Mars in the middle of the shining shield
> Is graved, and strides along the liquid field.

Dryden.

2. To stand with the legs wide apart; to straddle.

Stride, v. t. 1. To pass over at a step; to step over. "A debtor that not dares to stride a limit." Shak.

2. To straddle; to bestride.

> I mean to stride your steed.

Shak.

Stride, n. The act of stridding; a long step; the space measured by a long step; as, a masculine stride. Pope.

> God never meant that man should scale the heavens
> By strides of human wisdom.

Cowper.

Stri"dent (?), a. [L. stridens, -entis, p. pr. of stridere to make a grating or creaking noise.] Characterized by harshness; grating; shrill. "A strident voice." Thackeray.

||Stri"dor (?), n. [L., from stridere to make any harsh, grating, or creaking sound.] A harsh, shrill, or creaking noise. Dryden.

Strid"u*late (?), v. t. [See Stridulous.] To make a shrill, creaking noise; specifically (Zoöl.), to make a shrill or musical sound, such as is made by the males of many insects.

Strid`u*la"tion (?), n. The act of stridulating. Specifically: (Zoöl.) (a) The act of making shrill sounds or musical notes by rubbing together certain hard parts, as is done by the males of many insects, especially by Orthoptera, such as crickets, grasshoppers, and locusts. (b) The noise itself.

The crickets stridulate by rubbing together the strong nervures of the fore wings. Many grasshoppers stridulate by rubbing the hind legs across strong nervures on the fore wings. The green grasshoppers and katydids stridulate by means of special organs at the base of the fore wings.

Strid"u*la`tor (?), n. [NL.] That which stridulates. Darwin.

Strid"u*la*to*ry (?), a. Stridulous; able to stridulate; used in stridulating; adapted for stridulation. Darwin.

Strid"u*lous (?), a. [L. stridulus. See Strident.] Making a shrill, creaking sound. Sir T. Browne.

> The Sarmatian boor driving his stridulous cart.

Longfellow.

Stridulous laryngitis (Med.), a form of croup, or laryngitis, in children, associated with dyspnœa, occurring usually at night, and marked by crowing or stridulous breathing.

Strife (?), n. [OF. estrif. See Strive.] 1. The act of striving; earnest endeavor. [Archaic] Shak.

2. Exertion or contention for superiority; contest of emulation, either by intellectual or physical efforts.

> Doting about questions and strifes of words.

1 Tim. vi. 4.

> Thus gods contended -- noble strife -
> Who most should ease the wants of life.

Congreve.

3. Altercation; violent contention; fight; battle.

> Twenty of them fought in this black strife.

Shak.

> These vows, thus granted, raised a strife above
> Betwixt the god of war and queen of love.

Dryden.

4. That which is contended against; occasion of contest. [Obs.] "Lamenting her unlucky strife." Spenser.

Syn. -- Contest; struggle; quarrel. See Contention.

Strife"ful (?), a. Contentious; discordant.

> The ape was strifeful and ambitious.

Spenser.

Stri"gate (?), a. (Zoöl.) Having transverse bands of color.

||Stri"ges (?), n. pl. [L., pl. of strix a streech owl; cf. Gr. &?; a screaming night bird.] (Zoöl.) The tribe of birds which comprises the owls.

Strig"il (?), n. [L. strigilis, from stringere to graze, scrape.] (Gr. & Rom. Antiq.) An instrument of metal, ivory, etc., used for scraping the skin at the bath.

Strig"il*lose` (?), a. [Dim. fr. strigose.] (Bot.) Set with stiff, slender bristles.

Stri"gine (?), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to owls; owl-like.

Strig"ment (?), n. [L. strigmentum.] Scraping; that which is scraped off. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Stri*gose" (?), a. [Cf. F. strigueux. See Strigil.] (Bot.) Set with stiff, straight bristles; hispid; as, a strigose leaf.

Stri"gous (?), a. (Bot.) Strigose. [R.]

<! p. 1426 !>

Strike (?), v. t. [imp. Struck (?); p. p. Struck, Stricken (&?;) (Stroock (&?;), Strucken (&?;), Obs.); p. pr. & vb. n. Striking. Struck is more commonly used in the p. p. than stricken.] [OE. striken to strike, proceed, flow, AS. strcan to go, proceed, akin to D. strijken to rub, stroke, strike, to move, go, G. streichen, OHG. strhhan, L. stringere to touch lightly, to graze, to strip off (but perhaps not to L. stringere in sense to draw tight), striga a row, a furrow. Cf. Streak, Stroke.] 1. To touch or hit with some force, either with the hand or with an instrument; to smite; to give a blow to, either with the hand or with any instrument or missile.

> He at Philippi kept
> His sword e'en like a dancer; while I struck
> The lean and wrinkled Cassius.

Shak.

2. To come in collision with; to strike against; as, a bullet struck him; the wave struck the boat amidships; the ship struck a reef.

3. To give, as a blow; to impel, as with a blow; to give a force to; to dash; to cast.

> They shall take of the blood, and strike it on the two sideposts.

Ex. xii. 7.

> Who would be free, themselves must strike the blow.

Byron.

4. To stamp or impress with a stroke; to coin; as, to strike coin from metal: to strike dollars at the mint.

5. To thrust in; to cause to enter or penetrate; to set in the earth; as, a tree strikes its roots deep.

6. To punish; to afflict; to smite.

> To punish the just is not good, nor strike princes for equity.

Prov. xvii. 26.

7. To cause to sound by one or more beats; to indicate or notify by audible strokes; as, the clock strikes twelve; the drums strike up a march.

8. To lower; to let or take down; to remove; as, to strike sail; to strike a flag or an ensign, as in token of surrender; to strike a yard or a topmast in a gale; to strike a tent; to strike the centering of an arch.

9. To make a sudden impression upon, as by a blow; to affect sensibly with some strong emotion; as, to strike the mind, with surprise; to strike one with wonder, alarm, dread, or horror.

> Nice works of art strike and surprise us most on the first view.

Atterbury.

> They please as beauties, here as wonders strike.

Pope.

10. To affect in some particular manner by a sudden impression or impulse; as, the plan proposed strikes me favorably; to strike one dead or blind.

> How often has stricken you dumb with his irony!

Landor.

11. To cause or produce by a stroke, or suddenly, as by a stroke; as, to strike a light.

> Waving wide her myrtle wand,
> She strikes a universal peace through sea and land.

Milton.

12. To cause to ignite; as, to strike a match.

13. To make and ratify; as, to strike a bargain.

Probably borrowed from the L. fœdus ferrire, to strike a compact, so called because an animal was struck and killed as a sacrifice on such occasions.

14. To take forcibly or fraudulently; as, to strike money. [Old Slang]

15. To level, as a measure of grain, salt, or the like, by scraping off with a straight instrument what is above the level of the top.

16. (Masonry) To cut off, as a mortar joint, even with the face of the wall, or inward at a slight angle.

17. To hit upon, or light upon, suddenly; as, my eye struck a strange word; they soon struck the trail.

18. To borrow money of; to make a demand upon; as, he struck a friend for five dollars. [Slang]

19. To lade into a cooler, as a liquor. B. Edwards.

20. To stroke or pass lightly; to wave.

> Behold, I thought, He will . . . strike his hand over the place, and recover the leper.

2 Kings v. 11.

21. To advance; to cause to go forward; -- used only in past participle. "Well struck in years." Shak.

To strike an attitude, To strike a balance. See under Attitude, and Balance. -- To strike a jury (Law), to constitute a special jury ordered by a court, by each party striking out a certain number of names from a prepared list of jurors, so as to reduce it to the number of persons required by law. Burrill. -- To strike a lead. (a) (Mining) To find a vein of ore. (b) Fig.: To find a way to fortune. [Colloq.] -- To strike a ledger, or an account, to balance it. -- To strike hands with. (a) To shake hands with. Halliwell. (b) To make a compact or agreement with; to agree with. -- To strike off. (a) To erase from an account; to deduct; as, to strike off the interest of a debt. (b) (Print.) To impress; to print; as, to strike off a thousand copies of a book. (c) To separate by a blow or any sudden action; as, to strike off what is superfluous or corrupt. -- To strike oil, to find petroleum when boring for it; figuratively, to make a lucky hit financially. [Slang, U.S.] -- To strike one luck, to shake hands with one and wish good luck. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. -- To strike out. (a) To produce by collision; to force out, as, to strike out sparks with steel. (b) To blot out; to efface; to erase. "To methodize is as necessary as to strike out." Pope. (c) To form by a quick effort; to devise; to invent; to contrive, as, to strike out a new plan of finance. (d) (Baseball) To cause a player to strike out; -- said of the pitcher. See To strike out, under Strike, v. i. -- To strike sail. See under Sail. -- To strike up. (a) To cause to sound; to begin to beat. "Strike up the drums." Shak. (b) To begin to sing or play; as, to strike up a tune. (c) To raise (as sheet metal), in making diahes, pans, etc., by blows or pressure in a die. -- To strike work, to quit work; to go on a strike.

Strike (?), v. i. To move; to advance; to proceed; to take a course; as, to strike into the fields.

> A mouse . . . struck forth sternly [bodily].

Piers Plowman.

2. To deliver a quick blow or thrust; to give blows.

> And fiercely took his trenchant blade in hand,
> With which he stroke so furious and so fell.

Spenser.

> Strike now, or else the iron cools.

Shak.

3. To hit; to collide; to dush; to clash; as, a hammer strikes against the bell of a clock.

4. To sound by percussion, with blows, or as with blows; to be struck; as, the clock strikes.

> A deep sound strikes like a rising knell.

Byron.

5. To make an attack; to aim a blow.

> A puny subject strikes
> At thy great glory.

Shak.

> Struck for throne, and striking found his doom.

Tennyson.

6. To touch; to act by appulse.

> Hinder light but from striking on it [porphyry], and its colors vanish.

Locke.

7. To run upon a rock or bank; to be stranded; as, the ship struck in the night.

8. To pass with a quick or strong effect; to dart; to penetrate.

> Till a dart strike through his liver.

Prov. vii. 23.

> Now and then a glittering beam of wit or passion strikes through the obscurity of the poem.

Dryden.

9. To break forth; to commence suddenly; -- with into; as, to strike into reputation; to strike into a run.

10. To lower a flag, or colors, in token of respect, or to signify a surrender of a ship to an enemy.

> That the English ships of war should not strike in the Danish seas.

Bp. Burnet.

11. To quit work in order to compel an increase, or prevent a reduction, of wages.

12. To become attached to something; -- said of the spat of oysters.

13. To steal money. [Old Slang, Eng.] Nares.

To strike at, to aim a blow at. -- To strike for, to start suddenly on a course for. -- To strike home, to give a blow which reaches its object, to strike with effect. -- To strike in. (a) To enter suddenly. (b) To disappear from the surface, with internal effects, as an eruptive disease. (c) To come in suddenly; to interpose; to interrupt. "I proposed the embassy of Constantinople for Mr. Henshaw, but my Lord Winchelsea struck in." Evelyn. (d) To join in after another has begun,as in singing. -- To strike in with, to conform to; to suit itself to; to side with, to join with at once. "To assert this is to strike in with the known enemies of God's grace." South. -- To strike out. (a) To start; to wander; to make a sudden excursion; as, to strike out into an irregular course of life. (b) To strike with full force. (c) (Baseball) To be put out for not hitting the ball during one's turn at the bat. -- To strike up, to commence to play as a musician; to begin to sound, as an instrument. "Whilst any trump did sound, or drum struck up." Shak.

Strike (?), n. 1. The act of striking.

2. An instrument with a straight edge for leveling a measure of grain, salt, and the like, scraping off what is above the level of the top; a strickle.

3. A bushel; four pecks. [Prov. Eng.] Tusser.

4. An old measure of four bushels. [Prov. Eng.]

5. Fullness of measure; hence, excellence of quality.

> Three hogsheads of ale of the first strike.

Sir W. Scott.

6. An iron pale or standard in a gate or fence. [Obs.]

7. The act of quitting work; specifically, such an act by a body of workmen, done as a means of enforcing compliance with demands made on their employer.

> Strikes are the insurrections of labor.

F. A. Walker.

8. (Iron Working) A puddler's stirrer.

9. (Geol.) The horizontal direction of the outcropping edges of tilted rocks; or, the direction of a horizontal line supposed to be drawn on the surface of a tilted stratum. It is at right angles to the dip.

10. The extortion of money, or the attempt to extort money, by threat of injury; blackmailing.

Strike block (Carp.), a plane shorter than a jointer, used for fitting a short joint. Moxon. -- Strike of flax, a handful that may be hackled at once. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Chaucer. -- Strike of sugar. (Sugar Making) (a) The act of emptying the teache, or last boiler, in which the cane juice is exposed to heat, into the coolers. (b) The quantity of the sirup thus emptied at once.

Strik"er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, strikes; specifically, a blacksmith's helper who wields the sledge.

2. A harpoon; also, a harpooner.

> Wherever we come to an anchor, we always send out our strikers, and put out hooks and lines overboard, to try fish.

Dampier.

3. A wencher; a lewd man. [Obs.] Massinger.

4. A workman who is on a strike.

5. A blackmailer in politics; also, one whose political influence can be bought. [Political Cant]

Strik"ing, a. & n. from Strike, v.

Striking distance, the distance through which an object can be reached by striking; the distance at which a force is effective when directed to a particular object. -- Striking plate. (a) The plate against which the latch of a door lock strikes as the door is closed. (b) A part of the centering of an arch, which is driven back to loosen the centering in striking it.

Strik"ing, a. Affecting with strong emotions; surprising; forcible; impressive; very noticeable; as, a striking representation or image; a striking resemblance. "A striking fact." De Quincey. -- Strik"ing*ly, adv. -- Strik"ing*ness, n.

Strik"le (?), n. See Strickle.

String (strng), n. [OE. string, streng, AS. streng; akin to D. streng, G. strang, Icel. strengr, Sw. sträng, Dan. stræng; probably from the adj., E. strong (see Strong); or perhaps originally meaning, twisted, and akin to E. strangle.] 1. A small cord, a line, a twine, or a slender strip of leather, or other substance, used for binding together, fastening, or tying things; a cord, larger than a thread and smaller than a rope; as, a shoe string; a bonnet string; a silken string. Shak.

> Round Ormond's knee thou tiest the mystic string.

Prior.

2. A thread or cord on which a number of objects or parts are strung or arranged in close and orderly succession; hence, a line or series of things arranged on a thread, or as if so arranged; a succession; a concatenation; a chain; as, a string of shells or beads; a string of dried apples; a string of houses; a string of arguments. "A string of islands." Gibbon.

3. A strip, as of leather, by which the covers of a book are held together. Milton.

4. The cord of a musical instrument, as of a piano, harp, or violin; specifically (pl.), the stringed instruments of an orchestra, in distinction from the wind instruments; as, the strings took up the theme. "An instrument of ten strings." Ps. xxx. iii. 2.

> Me softer airs befit, and softer strings
> Of lute, or viol still.

Milton.

5. The line or cord of a bow. Ps. xi. 2.

> He twangs the grieving string.

Pope.

6. A fiber, as of a plant; a little, fibrous root.

> Duckweed putteth forth a little string into the water, from the bottom.

Bacon.

7. A nerve or tendon of an animal body.

> The string of his tongue was loosed.

Mark vii. 35.

8. (Shipbuilding) An inside range of ceiling planks, corresponding to the sheer strake on the outside and bolted to it.

9. (Bot.) The tough fibrous substance that unites the valves of the pericap of leguminous plants, and which is readily pulled off; as, the strings of beans.

10. (Mining) A small, filamentous ramification of a metallic vein. Ure.

11. (Arch.) Same as Stringcourse.

12. (Billiards) The points made in a game.

String band (Mus.), a band of musicians using only, or chiefly, stringed instruments. -- String beans. (a) A dish prepared from the unripe pods of several kinds of beans; -- so called because the strings are stripped off. (b) Any kind of beans in which the pods are used for cooking before the seeds are ripe; usually, the low bush bean. -- To have two strings to one's bow, to have a means or expedient in reserve in case the one employed fails.

String (strng), v. t. [imp. Strung (strng); p. p. Strung (R. Stringed (strngd)); p. pr. & vb. n. Stringing.] 1. To furnish with strings; as, to string a violin.

> Has not wise nature strung the legs and feet
> With firmest nerves, designed to walk the street?

Gay.

2. To put in tune the strings of, as a stringed instrument, in order to play upon it.

> For here the Muse so oft her harp has strung,
> That not a mountain rears its head unsung.

Addison.

3. To put on a string; to file; as, to string beads.

4. To make tense; to strengthen.

> Toil strung the nerves, and purified the blood.

Dryden.

5. To deprive of strings; to strip the strings from; as, to string beans. See String, n., 9.

String"board` (-brd`), n. Same as Stringpiece.

String"course` (-krs`), n. (Arch.) A horizontal band in a building, forming a part of the design, whether molded, projecting, or carved, or in any way distinguished from the rest of the work.

Stringed (strngd), a. 1. Having strings; as, a stringed instrument. Ps. cl. 4.

2. Produced by strings. "Answering the stringed noise." Milton.

Strin"gen*cy (strn"jen*s), n. The quality or state of being stringent.

||Strin"gen*do (?), a. [It.] (Mus.) Urging or hastening the time, as to a climax.

Strin"gent (strn"jent), a. [L. stringens, -entis, p. pr. of stringere to draw or bind tight. See Strain.] Binding strongly; making strict requirements; restrictive; rigid; severe; as, stringent rules.

> They must be subject to a sharper penal code, and to a more stringent code of procedure.

Macaulay.

-- Strin"gent*ly, adv. -- Strin"gent*ness, n.

String"er (strng"r), n. 1. One who strings; one who makes or provides strings, especially for bows.

> Be content to put your trust in honest stringers.

Ascham.

2. A libertine; a wencher. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

3. (Railroad) A longitudinal sleeper.

4. (Shipbuilding) A streak of planking carried round the inside of a vessel on the under side of the beams.

5. (Carp.) A long horizontal timber to connect uprights in a frame, or to support a floor or the like.

String"halt` (?), n. (Far.) An habitual sudden twitching of the hinder leg of a horse, or an involuntary or convulsive contraction of the muscles that raise the hock. [Written also springhalt.]

String"i*ness (?), n. Quality of being stringy.

String"less, a. Having no strings.

> His tongue is now a stringless instrument.

Shak.

String"piece` (?), n. (Arch.) (a) A long piece of timber, forming a margin or edge of any piece of construction; esp.: (b) One of the longitudinal pieces, supporting the treads and rises of a flight or run of stairs.

String"y (?), a. 1. Consisting of strings, or small threads; fibrous; filamentous; as, a stringy root.

2. Capable of being drawn into a string, as a glutinous substance; ropy; viscid; gluely.

Stringy bark (Bot.), a name given in Australia to several trees of the genus Eucalyptus (as E. amygdalina, obliqua, capitellata, macrorhyncha, piperita, pilularis, ∧ tetradonta), which have a fibrous bark used by the aborigines for making cordage and cloth.

Strip (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stripped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stripping.] [OE. stripen, strepen, AS. str&?;pan in bestr&?;pan to plunder; akin to D. stroopen, MHG. stroufen, G. streifen.] 1. To deprive; to bereave; to make destitute; to plunder; especially, to deprive of a covering; to skin; to peel; as, to strip a man of his possession, his rights, his privileges, his reputation; to strip one of his clothes; to strip a beast of his skin; to strip a tree of its bark.

> And strippen her out of her rude array.

Chaucer.

> They stripped Joseph out of his coat.

Gen. xxxvii. 23.

> Opinions which . . . no clergyman could have avowed without imminent risk of being stripped of his gown.

Macaulay.

2. To divest of clothing; to uncover.

> Before the folk herself strippeth she.

Chaucer.

> Strip your sword stark naked.

Shak.

3. (Naut.) To dismantle; as, to strip a ship of rigging, spars, etc.

4. (Agric.) To pare off the surface of, as land, in strips.

5. To deprive of all milk; to milk dry; to draw the last milk from; hence, to milk with a peculiar movement of the hand on the teats at the last of a milking; as, to strip a cow.

6. To pass; to get clear of; to outstrip. [Obs.]

> When first they stripped the Malean promontory.

Chapman.

> Before he reached it he was out of breath,
> And then the other stripped him.

Beau. & Fl.

7. To pull or tear off, as a covering; to remove; to wrest away; as, to strip the skin from a beast; to strip the bark from a tree; to strip the clothes from a man's back; to strip away all disguisses.

> To strip bad habits from a corrupted heart, is stripping off the skin.

Gilpin.

8. (Mach.) (a) To tear off (the thread) from a bolt or nut; as, the thread is stripped. (b) To tear off the thread from (a bolt or nut); as, the bolt is stripped.

9. To remove the metal coating from (a plated article), as by acids or electrolytic action.

10. (Carding) To remove fiber, flock, or lint from; -- said of the teeth of a card when it becomes partly clogged.

11. To pick the cured leaves from the stalks of (tobacco) and tie them into "hands"; to remove the midrib from (tobacco leaves).

<! p. 1427 !>

Strip (?), v. i. 1. To take off, or become divested of, clothes or covering; to undress.

2. (Mach.) To fail in the thread; to lose the thread, as a bolt, screw, or nut. See Strip, v. t., 8.

Strip, n. 1. A narrow piece, or one comparatively long; as, a strip of cloth; a strip of land.

2. (Mining) A trough for washing ore.

3. (Gunnery) The issuing of a projectile from a rifled gun without acquiring the spiral motion. Farrow.

Stripe (?), n. [OD. strijpe a stripe, streak; akin to LG. stripe, D. streep, Dan. stribe, G. strief, striefen, MHG. striefen to glide, march.] 1. A line, or long, narrow division of anything of a different color or structure from the ground; hence, any linear variation of color or structure; as, a stripe, or streak, of red on a green ground; a raised stripe.

2. (Weaving) A pattern produced by arranging the warp threads in sets of alternating colors, or in sets presenting some other contrast of appearance.

3. A strip, or long, narrow piece attached to something of a different color; as, a red or blue stripe sewed upon a garment.

4. A stroke or blow made with a whip, rod, scourge, or the like, such as usually leaves a mark.

> Forty stripes he may give him, and not exceed.

Deut. xxv. 3.

5. A long, narrow discoloration of the skin made by the blow of a lash, rod, or the like.

> Cruelty marked him with inglorious stripes.

Thomson.

6. Color indicating a party or faction; hence, distinguishing characteristic; sign; likeness; sort; as, persons of the same political stripe. [Colloq. U.S.]

7. pl. (Mil.) The chevron on the coat of a noncommissioned officer.

Stars and Stripes. See under Star, n.

Stripe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Striped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Striping.] 1. To make stripes upon; to form with lines of different colors or textures; to variegate with stripes.

2. To strike; to lash. [R.]

Striped (?), a. Having stripes of different colors; streaked.

Striped bass. (Zoöl.) See under Bass. -- Striped maple (Bot.), a slender American tree (Acer Pennsylvanicum) with finely striped bark. Called also striped dogwood, and moosewood. -- Striped mullet. (Zoöl.) See under Mullet, 2. -- Striped snake (Zoöl.), the garter snake. -- Striped squirrel (Zoöl.), the chipmunk.

Strip"-leaf` (?), n. Tobacco which has been stripped of its stalks before packing.

Strip"ling (?), n. [Dim. of strip; as if a small strip from the main stock or steam.] A youth in the state of adolescence, or just passing from boyhood to manhood; a lad.

> Inquire thou whose son the stripling is.

1 Sam. xvii. 56.

Strip"per (?), n. One who, or that which, strips; specifically, a machine for stripping cards.

Strip"pet (?), n. [Dim. of strip.] A small stream. [Obs.] "A little brook or strippet." Holinshed.

Strip"ping (?), n. 1. The act of one who strips.

> The mutual bows and courtesies . . . are remants of the original prostrations and strippings of the captive.

H. Spencer.

> Never were cows that required such stripping.

Mrs. Gaskell.

2. pl. The last milk drawn from a cow at a milking.

||Stri*so"res (?), n. pl. [NL.; cf. L. stridere to creak, whiz, buzz.] (Zoöl.) A division of passerine birds including the humming birds, swifts, and goatsuckers. It is now generally considered an artificial group.

Strive (?), v. i. [imp. Strove (?); p. p. Striven (?) (Rarely, Strove); p. pr. & vb. n. Striving.] [OF. estriver; of Teutonic origin, and akin to G. streben, D. streven, Dan. stræbe, Sw. sträfva. Cf. Strife.] 1. To make efforts; to use exertions; to endeavor with earnestness; to labor hard.

> Was for this his ambition strove
> To equal Cæsar first, and after, Jove?

Cowley.

2. To struggle in opposition; to be in contention or dispute; to contend; to contest; -- followed by against or with before the person or thing opposed; as, strive against temptation; strive for the truth. Chaucer.

> My Spirit shall not always strive with man.

Gen. vi. 3.

> Why dost thou strive against him?

Job xxxiii. 13.

> Now private pity strove with public hate,
> Reason with rage, and eloquence with fate.

Denham.

3. To vie; to compete; to be a rival. Chaucer.

> [Not] that sweet grove
> Of Daphne, by Orontes and the inspired
> Castalian spring, might with this paradise
> Of Eden strive.

Milton.

Syn. -- To contend; vie; struggle; endeavor; aim.

Strive, n. 1. An effort; a striving. [R.] Chapman.

2. Strife; contention. [Obs.] Wyclif (luke xxi. 9).

Strived (?), obs. p. p. of Strive. Striven.

> Yea, so have I strived to preach the gospel.

Rom. xv. 20.

Striv"en (?), p. p. of Strive.

Striv"er (?), n. One who strives.

Striv"ing (?), a. & n. from Strive. -- Striv"ing*ly, adv.

Strix (?), n. [L. strix, strigis.] (Arch.) One of the flutings of a column.

Stroam (?), v. i. [Prov. E. strome to walk with long strides.] 1. To wander about idly and vacantly. [Obs.]

2. To take long strides in walking. [Prov. Eng.]

||Stro*bi"la (?), n.; pl. Strobilæ (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?; anything twisted, a pine cone.] (Zoöl.) (a) A form of the larva of certain Discophora in a state of development succeeding the scyphistoma. The body of the strobila becomes elongated, and subdivides transversely into a series of lobate segments which eventually become ephyræ, or young medusæ. (b) A mature tapeworm.

Strob`i*la"ceous (?), a. [See Strobila.] (Bot.) (a) Of or pertaining to a strobile or cone. (b) Producing strobiles.

Strob`i*la"tion (?), n. (Zoöl.) The act or phenomenon of spontaneously dividing transversely, as do certain species of annelids and helminths; transverse fission. See Illust. under Syllidian.

Strob"ile (?), n. [L. strobilus a pine cone, Gr. &?;: cf. F. strobole.] [Written also strobil.] 1. (Bot.) A scaly multiple fruit resulting from the ripening of an ament in certain plants, as the hop or pine; a cone. See Cone, n., 3.

2. (Biol.) An individual asexually producing sexual individuals differing from itself also in other respects, as the tapeworm, -- one of the forms that occur in metagenesis.

3. (Zoöl.) Same as Strobila.

Stro*bil"i*form (?), a. Shaped like a strobile.

Strob"i*line (?), a. Of or pertaining to a strobile; strobilaceous; strobiliform; as, strobiline fruits.

Strob"o*scope (?), n. [Gr. &?; a whirling + -scope.] 1. An instrument for studying or observing the successive phases of a periodic or varying motion by means of light which is periodically interrupted.

2. An optical toy similar to the phenakistoscope. See Phenakistoscope.

Stroc"kle (?), n. (Glass Manuf.) A shovel with a turned-up edge, for frit, sand, etc. [Written also strocal, strocle, strokal.]

Strode (?), n. See Strude. [Obs.]

Strode, imp. of Stride.

Stroke (?), obs. imp. of Strike. Struck.

Stroke, n. [OE. strok, strook, strak, fr. striken. See Strike, v. t.] 1. The act of striking; a blow; a hit; a knock; esp., a violent or hostile attack made with the arm or hand, or with an instrument or weapon.

> His hand fetcheth a stroke with the ax to cut down the tree.

Deut. xix. 5.

> A fool's lips enter into contention and his mouth calleth for strokes.

Prov. xviii. 6.

> He entered and won the whole kingdom of Naples without striking a stroke.

Bacon.

2. The result of effect of a striking; injury or affliction; soreness.

> In the day that Lord bindeth up the breach of his people, and healeth the stroke of their wound.

Isa. xxx. 26.

3. The striking of the clock to tell the hour.

> Well, but what's o'clock?
> - Upon the stroke of ten. -- Well, let is strike.

Shak.

4. A gentle, caressing touch or movement upon something; a stroking. Dryden.

5. A mark or dash in writing or printing; a line; the touch of a pen or pencil; as, an up stroke; a firm stroke.

> O, lasting as those colors may they shine,
> Free as thy stroke, yet faultless as thy line.

Pope.

6. Hence, by extension, an addition or amandment to a written composition; a touch; as, to give some finishing strokes to an essay. Addison.

7. A sudden attack of disease; especially, a fatal attack; a severe disaster; any affliction or calamity, especially a sudden one; as, a stroke of apoplexy; the stroke of death.

> At this one stroke the man looked dead in law.

Harte.

8. A throb or beat, as of the heart. Tennyson.

9. One of a series of beats or movements against a resisting medium, by means of which movement through or upon it is accomplished; as, the stroke of a bird's wing in flying, or an oar in rowing, of a skater, swimmer, etc.; also: (Rowing) (a) The rate of succession of stroke; as, a quick stroke. (b) The oar nearest the stern of a boat, by which the other oars are guided; - - called also stroke oar. (c) The rower who pulls the stroke oar; the strokesman.

10. A powerful or sudden effort by which something is done, produced, or accomplished; also, something done or accomplished by such an effort; as, a stroke of genius; a stroke of business; a master stroke of policy.

11. (Mach.) The movement, in either direction, of the piston plunger, piston rod, crosshead, etc., as of a steam engine or a pump, in which these parts have a reciprocating motion; as, the forward stroke of a piston; also, the entire distance passed through, as by a piston, in such a movement; as, the piston is at half stroke.

The respective strokes are distinguished as up and down strokes, outward and inward strokes, forward and back strokes, the forward stroke in stationary steam engines being toward the crosshead, but in locomotives toward the front of the vehicle.

12. Power; influence. [Obs.] "Where money beareth [hath] all the stroke." Robynson (More's Utopia).

> He has a great stroke with the reader.

Dryden.

13. Appetite. [Obs.] Swift.

To keep stroke, to make strokes in unison.

> The oars where silver,
> Which to the tune of flutes kept stroke.

Shak.

Stroke (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Strokeed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Strokeing.] [OE. stroken, straken, AS. strcian, fr. strcan to go over, pass. See Strike, v. t., and cf. Straggle.] 1. To strike. [Obs.]

> Ye mote with the plat sword again
> Stroken him in the wound, and it will close.

Chaucer.

2. To rib gently in one direction; especially, to pass the hand gently over by way of expressing kindness or tenderness; to caress; to soothe.

> He dried the falling drops, and, yet more kind,
> He stroked her cheeks.

Dryden.

3. To make smooth by rubbing. Longfellow.

4. (Masonry) To give a finely fluted surface to.

5. To row the stroke oar of; as, to stroke a boat.

Strok"er (?), n. One who strokes; also, one who pretends to cure by stroking.

> Cures worked by Greatrix the stroker.

Bp. Warburton.

Strokes"man (?), n.; pl. Strokesman (&?;). (Rowing) The man who rows the aftermost oar, and whose stroke is to be followed by the rest. Totten.

Strok"ing (?), n. 1. The act of rubbing gently with the hand, or of smoothing; a stroke.

> I doubt not with one gentle stroking to wipe away ten thousand tears.

Milton.

2. (Needlework) The act of laying small gathers in cloth in regular order.

3. pl. See Stripping, 2. Smollett.

Stroll (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Strolled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Strolling.] [Cf. Dan. stryge to stroll, Sw. stryka to stroke, to ramble, dial. Sw. strykel one who strolls about, Icel. strj&?;ka to stroke, D. struikelen to stumble, G. straucheln. Cf. Struggle.] To wander on foot; to ramble idly or leisurely; to rove.

> These mothers stroll to beg sustenance for their helpless infants.

Swift.

Syn. -- To rove; roam; range; stray.

Stroll, n. A wandering on foot; an idle and leisurely walk; a ramble.

Stroll"er (?), n. One who strolls; a vagrant.

||Stro"ma (?), n.; pl. Stromata (#). [L., a bed covering, Gr. &?; a couch or bed.] 1. (Anat.) (a) The connective tissue or supporting framework of an organ; as, the stroma of the kidney. (b) The spongy, colorless framework of a red blood corpuscle or other cell.

2. (Bot.) A layer or mass of cellular tissue, especially that part of the thallus of certain fungi which incloses the perithecia.

Stro*mat"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?; coverlet of a bed, pl. &?; patchwork (for such a coverlet), also applied to several miscellaneous writings, fr. &?; anything spread out for resting upon, a bed, fr. &?; to spread out.] Miscellaneous; composed of different kinds.

Stro`ma*tol"o*gy (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, a bed + -logy.] (Geol.) The history of the formation of stratified rocks.

Stromb (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any marine univalve mollusk of the genus Strombus and allied genera. See Conch, and Strombus.

Strom"bite (?), n. (Paleon.) A fossil shell of the genus Strombus.

Strom"boid (?), a. [Strombus + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Of, pertaining to, or like, Strombus.

Strom*bu"li*form (?), a. [NL. strombulus, dim. of strombus + -form. See Strombus.] 1. (Geol.) Formed or shaped like a top.

2. (Bot.) Coiled into the shape of a screw or a helix.

||Strom"bus (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;.] (Zoöl.) A genus of marine gastropods in which the shell has the outer lip dilated into a broad wing. It includes many large and handsome species commonly called conch shells, or conchs. See Conch.

Stro"mey`er*ite (?), n. [So named from the German chemist Friedrich Stromeyer.] (Min.) A steel-gray mineral of metallic luster. It is a sulphide of silver and copper.

Strond (?), n. Strand; beach. [Obs.] Shak.

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Strong (?), a. [Compar. Stronger (?); superl. Strongest (?).] [AS. strang, strong; akin to D. & G. streng strict, rigorous, OHG. strengi strong, brave, harsh, Icel. strangr strong, severe, Dan. streng, Sw. sträng strict, severe. Cf. Strength, Stretch, String.] 1. Having active physical power, or great physical power to act; having a power of exerting great bodily force; vigorous.

> That our oxen may be strong to labor.

Ps. cxliv. 14.

> Orses the strong to greater strength must yield.

Dryden.

2. Having passive physical power; having ability to bear or endure; firm; hale; sound; robust; as, a strong constitution; strong health.

3. Solid; tough; not easily broken or injured; able to withstand violence; able to sustain attacks; not easily subdued or taken; as, a strong beam; a strong rock; a strong fortress or town.

4. Having great military or naval force; powerful; as, a strong army or fleet; a nation strong at sea.

5. Having great wealth, means, or resources; as, a strong house, or company of merchants.

6. Reaching a certain degree or limit in respect to strength or numbers; as, an army ten thousand strong.

7. Moving with rapidity or force; violent; forcible; impetuous; as, a strong current of water or wind; the wind was strong from the northeast; a strong tide.

8. Adapted to make a deep or effectual impression on the mind or imagination; striking or superior of the kind; powerful; forcible; cogent; as, a strong argument; strong reasons; strong evidence; a strong example; strong language.

9. Ardent; eager; zealous; earnestly engaged; as, a strong partisan; a strong Whig or Tory.

> Her mother, ever strong against that match.

Shak.

10. Having virtues of great efficacy; or, having a particular quality in a great degree; as, a strong powder or tincture; a strong decoction; strong tea or coffee.

11. Full of spirit; containing a large proportion of alcohol; intoxicating; as, strong liquors.

12. Affecting any sense powerfully; as, strong light, colors, etc.; a strong flavor of onions; a strong scent.

13. Solid; nourishing; as, strong meat. Heb. v. 12.

14. Well established; firm; not easily overthrown or altered; as, a strong custom; a strong belief.

15. Violent; vehement; earnest; ardent.

> He had offered up prayers and supplications with strong crying and tears.

Heb. v. 7.

16. Having great force, vigor, power, or the like, as the mind, intellect, or any faculty; as, a man of a strong mind, memory, judgment, or imagination.

> I was stronger in prophecy than in criticism.

Dryden.

17. Vigorous; effective; forcible; powerful.

> Like her sweet voice is thy harmonious song,
> As high, as sweet, as easy, and as strong.

E. Smith.

18. (Stock Exchange) Tending to higher prices; rising; as, a strong market.

19. (Gram.) (a) Pertaining to, or designating, a verb which forms its preterit (imperfect) by a variation in the root vowel, and the past participle (usually) by the addition of -en (with or without a change of the root vowel); as in the verbs strive, strove, striven; break, broke, broken; drink, drank, drunk. Opposed to weak, or regular. See Weak. (b) Applied to forms in Anglo-Saxon, etc., which retain the old declensional endings. In the Teutonic languages the vowel stems have held the original endings most firmly, and are called strong; the stems in -n are called weak other constant stems conform, or are irregular. F. A. March.

Strong conjugation (Gram.), the conjugation of a strong verb; -- called also old, or irregular, conjugation, and distinguished from the weak, or regular, conjugation.

Strong is often used in the formation of self- explaining compounds; as, strong-backed, strong-based, strong-bodied, strong-colored, strong-fisted, strong-handed, strong-ribbed, strong-smelling, strong-voiced, etc.

Syn. -- Vigorous; powerful; stout; solid; firm; hardy; muscular; forcible; cogent; valid. See Robust.

Strong"hand` (?), n. Violence; force; power.

> It was their meaning to take what they needed by stronghand.

Sir W. Raleigh.

Strong"hold` (?), n. A fastness; a fort or fortress; fortfield place; a place of security.

Strong"ish, a. Somewhat strong.

Strong"ly, adv. In a strong manner; so as to be strong in action or in resistance; with strength; with great force; forcibly; powerfully; firmly; vehemently; as, a town strongly fortified; he objected strongly.

Strong"-mind`ed (?), a. Having a vigorous mind; esp., having or affecting masculine qualities of mind; -- said of women. -- Strong"-mind`ed*ness, n.

Strong"-wa`ter (?), n. 1. An acid. [Obs.]

2. Distilled or ardent spirits; intoxicating liquor.

Stron"gy*lid (?), a. & n. (Zoöl.) Strongyloid.

Stron"gy*loid (?), a. [NL. Strongylus the genus (from Gr. &?; round) + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Like, or pertaining to, Strongylus, a genus of parasitic nematode worms of which many species infest domestic animals. Some of the species, especially those living in the kidneys, lungs, and bronchial tubes, are often very injurious. - - n. A strongyloid worm.

Stron"ti*a (?), n. [NL. strontia, fr. Strontian, in Argyleshire, Scotland, where strontianite was first found.] (Chem.) An earth of a white color resembling lime in appearance, and baryta in many of its properties. It is an oxide of the metal strontium.

Stron"ti*an (?), n. (Min.) Strontia.

Stron"ti*an*ite (?), n. (Min.) Strontium carbonate, a mineral of a white, greenish, or yellowish color, usually occurring in fibrous massive forms, but sometimes in prismatic crystals.

Stron"tic (?), a. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to strontium; containing, or designating the compounds of, strontium.

Stron*tit"ic (?), a. Strontic.

Stron"ti*um (?), n. [NL. See Strontia.] (Chem.) A metallic element of the calcium group, always naturally occurring combined, as in the minerals strontianite, celestite, etc. It is isolated as a yellowish metal, somewhat malleable but harder than calcium. It is chiefly employed (as in the nitrate) to color pyrotechnic flames red. Symbol Sr. Atomic weight 87.3.

Strook (?), obs. imp. of Strike. Dryden.

Strook, n. A stroke. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Stroot (?), v. t. [Cf. Strut, v. i.] To swell out; to strut. [Obs.] Chapman.

Strop (?), n. [See Strap.] A strap; specifically, same as Strap, 3.

Strop, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stropped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stropping.] To draw over, or rub upon, a strop with a view to sharpen; as, to strop a razor.

Strop, n. [Cf. F. estrope, étrope, fr. L. struppus. See Strop a strap.] (Naut.) A piece of rope spliced into a circular wreath, and put round a block for hanging it.

||Stro*phan"thus (?), n. [NL., from Gr. &?; a turning + &?; a flower.] (Bot.) A genus of tropical apocynaceous shrubs having singularly twisted flowers. One species (Strophanthus hispidus) is used medicinally as a cardiac sedative and stimulant.

Stro"phe (?), n.; pl. Strophes (#). [NL., from Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to twist, to turn; perh. akin to E. strap.] In Greek choruses and dances, the movement of the chorus while turning from the right to the left of the orchestra; hence, the strain, or part of the choral ode, sung during this movement. Also sometimes used of a stanza of modern verse. See the Note under Antistrophe.

Stroph"ic (?), a. Pertaining to, containing, or consisting of, strophes.

{ Stro"phi*o*late (?), Stro"phi*o*la`ted (?), } a. (Bot.) Furnished with a strophiole, or caruncle, or that which resembles it. Gray.

Stro"phi*ole (?), n. [L. strophiolum a little chaplet, dim. of strophium a band, Gr. &?;, dim. of &?; a twisted band: cf. F. strophiole.] (Bot.) A crestlike excrescence about the hilum of certain seeds; a caruncle.

||Stroph"u*lus (?), n. [NL.] (Med.) See Red-gum, 1.

Stroud (?), n. A kind of coarse blanket or garment used by the North American Indians.

Stroud"ing, n. Material for strouds; a kind of coarse cloth used in trade with the North American Indians.

Strout (?), v. i. [See Strut.] To swell; to puff out; to project. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Strout, v. t. To cause to project or swell out; to enlarge affectedly; to strut. [Obs.] Bacon.

Strove (?), imp. of Strive.

Strow (?), v. t. [imp. Strowed (?); p. p. Strown (?) or Strowed.] Same as Strew.

> Thick as autumnal leaves that strow the brooks
> In Vallombrosa.

Milton.

> A manner turbid . . . and strown with blemished.

M. Arnold.

Strowl (?), v. i. To stroll. [Obs.]

Strown (?), p. p. of Strow.

Stroy (?), v. i. To destroy. [Obs.] Tusser.

Struck (?), imp. & p. p. of Strike.

Struck jury (Law), a special jury, composed of persons having special knowledge or qualifications, selected by striking from the panel of jurors a certain number for each party, leaving the number required by law to try the cause.

Struck"en (?), obs. p. p. of Strike. Shak.

Struc"tur*al (?), a. 1. Of or pertaining to structure; affecting structure; as, a structural error.

2. (Biol.) Of or pertaining to organit structure; as, a structural element or cell; the structural peculiarities of an animal or a plant.

Structural formula. (Chem.) See Rational formula, under Formula.

Struc"ture (?), n. [L. structura, from struere, structum, to arrange, build, construct; perhaps akin to E. strew: cf. F. structure. Cf. Construe, Destroy, Instrument, Obstruct.] 1. The act of building; the practice of erecting buildings; construction. [R.]

> His son builds on, and never is content
> Till the last farthing is in structure spent.

J. Dryden, Jr.

2. Manner of building; form; make; construction.

> Want of insight into the structure and constitution of the terraqueous globe.

Woodward.

3. Arrangement of parts, of organs, or of constituent particles, in a substance or body; as, the structure of a rock or a mineral; the structure of a sentence.

> It [basalt] has often a prismatic structure.

Dana.

4. (Biol.) Manner of organization; the arrangement of the different tissues or parts of animal and vegetable organisms; as, organic structure, or the structure of animals and plants; cellular structure.

5. That which is built; a building; esp., a building of some size or magnificence; an edifice.

> There stands a structure of majestic frame.

Pope.

Columnar structure. See under Columnar.

Struc"tured (?), a. (Biol.) Having a definite organic structure; showing differentiation of parts.

> The passage from a structureless state to a structured state is itself a vital process.

H. Spencer.

Struc"ture*less (?), a. Without a definite structure, or arrangement of parts; without organization; devoid of cells; homogeneous; as, a structureless membrane.

Struc"tur*ist (?), n. One who forms structures; a builder; a constructor. [R.]

Strude (?), n. A stock of breeding mares. [Written also strode.] [Obs.] Bailey.

Strug"gle (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Struggled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Struggling (?).] [OE. strogelen; cf. Icel. strj&?;ka to stroke, to beat, to flog, Sw. stryka to stroke, to strike, Dan. stryge, G. straucheln to stumble. Cf. Stroll.] 1. To strive, or to make efforts, with a twisting, or with contortions of the body.

2. To use great efforts; to labor hard; to strive; to contend forcibly; as, to struggle to save one's life; to struggle with the waves; to struggle with adversity.

> The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it [Gettysburg] far above our power to add or detract.

Lincoln.

3. To labor in pain or anguish; to be in agony; to labor in any kind of difficulty or distress.

> 'T is wisdom to beware,
> And better shun the bait than struggle in the snare.

Dryden.

Syn. -- To strive; contend; labor; endeavor.

Strug"gle (?), n. 1. A violent effort or efforts with contortions of the body; agony; distress.

2. Great labor; forcible effort to obtain an object, or to avert an evil. Macaulay.

3. Contest; contention; strife.

> An honest might look upon the struggle with indifference.

Addison.

Syn. -- Endeavor; effort; contest; labor; difficulty.

Strug"gler (?), n. One who struggles.

Strull (?), n. A bar so placed as to resist weight.

Strum (?), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Strummed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Strumming.] [Probably of imitative origin. Cf. Thrum.] To play on an instrument of music, or as on an instrument, in an unskillful or noisy way; to thrum; as, to strum a piano.

||Stru"ma (?), n. [L., a scrofulous tumor.] 1. (Med.) Scrofula.

2. (Bot.) A cushionlike swelling on any organ; especially, that at the base of the capsule in many mosses.

Stru*mat"ic (?), a. Scrofulous; strumous.

Stru*mose" (?), a. [L. strumosus: cf. F. strumeux.] 1. (Med.) Strumous.

2. (Bot.) Having a struma.

Stru"mous (?), a. (Med.) Scrofulous; having struma.

Stru"mous*ness, n. The state of being strumous.

Strum"pet (?), n. [OE. strumpet, strompet; cf. OF. stupe debauchery, F. stupe, L. stuprare, stupratum, to debauch, stuprum debauchery, Gael. & Ir. striopach a prostitute.] A prostitute; a harlot. Shak.

Strum"pet, a. Of or pertaining to a strumpet; characteristic of a strumpet.

> Out on thy more than strumpet impudence.

B. Jonson.

Strum"pet, v. t. 1. To debauch. [Obs.] Shak.

2. To dishonor with the reputation of being a strumpet; hence, to belie; to slander.

> With his untrue reports, strumpet your fame.

Massinger.

Strum"strum (?), n. A rude musical instrument somewhat like a cittern. [R.] Dampier.

Strung (?), imp. & p. p. of String.

Strunt (?), n. Spirituous liquor. [Scot.] Burns.

Strun"tian (?), n. A kind of worsted braid, about an inch broad. [Scot.] Jamieson.

Struse (?), n. [Russ. strug'.] (Naut.) A Russian river craft used for transporting freight.

Strut (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Strutted (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Strutting.] [OE. struten, strouten, to swell; akin to G. strozen to be swelled, to be puffed up, to strut, Dan. strutte.] 1. To swell; to bulge out. [R.]

> The bellying canvas strutted with the gale.

Dryden.

2. To walk with a lofty, proud gait, and erect head; to walk with affected dignity.

> Does he not hold up his head, . . . and strut in his gait?

Shak.

Strut, n. [For senses 2 & 3 cf. LG. strutt rigid.] 1. The act of strutting; a pompous step or walk.

2. (Arch.) In general, any piece of a frame which resists thrust or pressure in the direction of its own length. See Brace, and Illust. of Frame, and Roof.

3. (Engin.) Any part of a machine or structure, of which the principal function is to hold things apart; a brace subjected to compressive stress; -- the opposite of stay, and tie.

Strut, v. t. To hold apart. Cf. Strut, n., 3.

Strut, a. Protuberant. [Obs.] Holland.

Stru"thi*an (?), a. (Zoöl.) Struthious.

||Stru"thi*o (?), n.; pl. Struthiones (#). [L., an ostrich, fr. Gr. &?;.] (Zoöl.) A genus of birds including the African ostriches.

||Stru`thi*oi"de*a (?), n. pl. [NL. See Struthio, and -oid.] (Zoöl.) Same as Struthiones.

||Stru`thi*o"nes (?), n. pl. [NL. See Struthio.] (Zoöl.) (a) A division, or order, of birds, including only the African ostriches. (b) In a wider sense, an extensive group of birds including the ostriches, cassowaries, emus, moas, and allied birds incapable of flight. In this sense it is equivalent to Ratitæ, or Dromæognathæ.

Stru`thi*o"nine (?), a. (Zoöl.) Struthious.

Stru"thi*ous (?), a. [L. struthius, strutheus.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Struthiones, or Ostrich tribe.

Strut"ter (?), n. One who struts.

Strut"ting, a. & n. from Strut, v. -- Strut"ting*ly, adv.

Struv"ite (?), n. [After the Russian minister Von Struve.] (Min.) A crystalline mineral found in guano. It is a hydrous phosphate of magnesia and ammonia.

Strych"ni*a (?), n. [NL. See Strychnine.] (Chem.) Strychnine.

Strych"nic (?), a. Of or pertaining to strychnine; produced by strychnine; as, strychnic compounds; strychnic poisoning; specifically (Chem.), used to designate an acid, called also igasuric acid.

Strych"nine (?), n. [L. strychnos a kind of nightshade, Gr. &?;: cf. F. strychnine.] (Chem.) A very poisonous alkaloid resembling brucine, obtained from various species of plants, especially from species of Loganiaceæ, as from the seeds of the St. Ignatius bean (Strychnos Ignatia) and from nux vomica. It is obtained as a white crystalline substance, having a very bitter acrid taste, and is employed in medicine (chiefly in the form of the sulphate) as a powerful neurotic stimulant. Called also strychnia, and formerly strychnina.

||Strych"nos (?), n. [L., a kind of nightshade, Gr. &?;.] (Bot.) A genus of tropical trees and shrubs of the order Loganiaceæ. See Nux vomica.

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Stryph"nic (?), a. [Gr. &?; astringent.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, a complex nitrogenous acid, obtained by the action of acetic acid and potassium nitrite on uric acid, as a yellow crystalline substance, with a bitter, astringent taste.

Stub (?), n. [OE. stubbe, AS. stub, styb; akin to D. stobbe, LG. stubbe, Dan. stub, Sw. stubbe, Icel. stubbr, stubbi; cf. Gr. &?;.] 1. The stump of a tree; that part of a tree or plant which remains fixed in the earth when the stem is cut down; -- applied especially to the stump of a small tree, or shrub.

> Stubs sharp and hideous to behold.

Chaucer.

> And prickly stubs instead of trees are found.

Dryden.

2. A log; a block; a blockhead. [Obs.] Milton.

3. The short blunt part of anything after larger part has been broken off or used up; hence, anything short and thick; as, the stub of a pencil, candle, or cigar.

4. A part of a leaf in a check book, after a check is torn out, on which the number, amount, and destination of the check are usually recorded.

5. A pen with a short, blunt nib.

6. A stub nail; an old horseshoe nail; also, stub iron.

Stub end (Mach.), the enlarged end of a connecting rod, to which the strap is fastened. -- Stub iron, iron made from stub nails, or old horseshoe nails, -- used in making gun barrels. -- Stub mortise (Carp.), a mortise passing only partly through the timber in which it is formed. -- Stub nail, an old horseshoe nail; a nail broken off; also, a short, thick nail. -- Stub short, or Stub shot (Lumber Manuf.), the part of the end of a sawn log or plank which is beyond the place where the saw kerf ends, and which retains the plank in connection with the log, until it is split off. -- Stub twist, material for a gun barrel, made of a spirally welded ribbon of steel and stub iron combined.

Stub, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stubbed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stubbing.] 1. To grub up by the roots; to extirpate; as, to stub up edible roots.

> What stubbing, plowing, digging, and harrowing is to a piece of land.

Berkley.

2. To remove stubs from; as, to stub land.

3. To strike as the toes, against a stub, stone, or other fixed object. [U. S.]

Stub"bed (?), a. 1. Reduced to a stub; short and thick, like something truncated; blunt; obtuse.

2. Abounding in stubs; stubby.

> A bit of stubbed ground, once a wood.

R. Browning.

3. Not nice or delicate; hardy; rugged. "Stubbed, vulgar constitutions." Berkley.

Stub"bed*ness, n. The quality or state of being stubbed.

Stub"bi*ness (?), n. The state of being stubby.

Stub"ble (?), n. [OE. stobil, stoble, OF. estouble, estuble, F. étuele, LL. stupla, stupula, L. stipula stubble, stalk; cf. D. & G. stopped, OHG. stupfila. Cf. Stipule.] The stumps of wheat, rye, barley, oats, or buckwheat, left in the ground; the part of the stalk left by the scythe or sickle. "After the first crop is off, they plow in the wheast stubble." Mortimer.

Stubble goose (Zoöl.), the graylag goose. [Prov. Eng.] Chaucer. -- Stubble rake, a rake with long teeth for gleaning in stubble.

Stub"bled (?), a. 1. Covered with stubble.

> A crow was strutting o'er the stubbled plain.

Gay.

2. Stubbed; as, stubbled legs. [Obs.] Skelton.

Stub"bly, a. Covered with stubble; stubbled.

Stub"born (?), a. [OE. stoburn, stiborn; probably fr. AS. styb a stub. See Stub.] Firm as a stub or stump; stiff; unbending; unyielding; persistent; hence, unreasonably obstinate in will or opinion; not yielding to reason or persuasion; refractory; harsh; -- said of persons and things; as, stubborn wills; stubborn ore; a stubborn oak; as stubborn as a mule. "Bow, stubborn knees." Shak. "Stubborn attention and more than common application." Locke. "Stubborn Stoics." Swift.

> And I was young and full of ragerie [wantonness]
> Stubborn and strong, and jolly as a pie.

Chaucer.

> These heretics be so stiff and stubborn.

Sir T. More.

> Your stubborn usage of the pope.

Shak.

Syn. -- Obstinate; inflexible; obdurate; headstrong; stiff; hardy; firm; refractory; intractable; rugged; contumacious; heady. -- Stubborn, Obstinate. Obstinate is used of either active or passive persistence in one's views or conduct, in spite of the wishes of others. Stubborn describes an extreme degree of passive obstinacy. -- Stub"born*ly, adv. -- Stub"born*ness, n.

Stub"by (?), a. 1. Abounding with stubs.

2. Short and thick; short and strong, as bristles.

Stuc"co (?), n.; pl. Stuccoes (#), Stuccos. [It., fr. OHG. stucchi a crust, piece, G. stück piece; akin to AS. stycce. See Stock.] 1. Plaster of any kind used as a coating for walls, especially, a fine plaster, composed of lime or gypsum with sand and pounded marble, used for internal decorations and fine work.

2. Work made of stucco; stuccowork.

Stuc"co, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stuccoed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stuccoing (?).] To overlay or decorate with stucco, or fine plaster.

Stuc"co*er (?), n. One who stuccoes.

Stuc"co*work` (?), n. Work done in stucco.

Stuck (?), imp. & p. p. of Stick.

Stuck, n. [Cf. 1st Stoccado.] A thrust. [Obs.] Shak.

Stuc"kle (?), n. [From Stook.] A number of sheaves set together in the field; a stook.

Stuck"-up` (?), a. Self-important and supercilious, &?;onceited; vain; arrogant. [Colloq.]

> The airs of small, stuck-up, men.

A. K. H. Boyd.

Stud (?), n. [OE. stod, stood, AS. std; akin to OHG. stuota, G. stute a mare, Icel. st&?; stud, Lith. stodas a herd, Russ. stado, and to E. stand. The sense is properly, a stand, an establishment. √163. See Stand, and cf. Steed.] A collection of breeding horses and mares, or the place where they are kept; also, a number of horses kept for a racing, riding, etc.

> In the studs of Ireland, where care is taken, we see horses bred of excellent shape, vigor, and size.

Sir W. Temple.

> He had the finest stud in England, and his delight was to win plates from Tories.

Macaulay.

Stud (?), n. [AS. studu a post; akin to Sw. stöd a prop, Icel. sto&?; a post, sty&?;ja to prop, and probably ultimately to E. stand; cf. D. stut a prop, G. stütze. See Stand.] 1. A stem; a trunk. [Obs.]

> Seest not this same hawthorn stud?

Spenser.

2. (Arch.) An upright scanting, esp. one of the small uprights in the framing for lath and plaster partitions, and furring, and upon which the laths are nailed.

3. A kind of nail with a large head, used chiefly for ornament; an ornamental knob; a boss.

> A belt of straw and ivy buds,
> With coral clasps and amber studs.

Marlowe.

> Crystal and myrrhine cups, embossed with gems
> And studs of pearl.

Milton.

4. An ornamental button of various forms, worn in a shirt front, collar, wristband, or the like, not sewed in place, but inserted through a buttonhole or eyelet, and transferable.

5. (Mach.) (a) A short rod or pin, fixed in and projecting from something, and sometimes forming a journal. (b) A stud bolt.

6. An iron brace across the shorter diameter of the link of a chain cable.

Stud bolt, a bolt with threads on both ends, to be screwed permanently into a fixed part at one end and receive a nut upon the other; -- called also standing bolt.

Stud, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Studded (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Studding.] 1. To adorn with shining studs, or knobs.

> Thy horses shall be trapped,
> Their harness studded all with gold and pearl.

Shak.

2. To set with detached ornaments or prominent objects; to set thickly, as with studs.

> The sloping sides and summits of our hills, and the extensive plains that stretch before our view, are studded with substantial, neat, and commodious dwellings of freemen.

Bp. Hobart.

Stud"book` (?), n. A genealogical register of a particular breed or stud of horses, esp. thoroughbreds.

Stud"der*y (?), n. A stud, or collection of breeding horses and mares; also, a place for keeping a stud. [Obs.]

> King Henry the Eighth erected a noble studdery.

Holinshed.

Stud"ding (?), n. Material for studs, or joists; studs, or joists, collectively; studs.

Stud"ding sail` (?). (Naut.) A light sail set at the side of a principal or square sail of a vessel in free winds, to increase her speed. Its head is bent to a small spar which is called the studding-sail boom. See Illust. of Sail. Toten.

Stu"dent (?), n. [L. studens, -entis, p. pr. of studere to study. See Study, n.] 1. A person engaged in study; one who is devoted to learning; a learner; a pupil; a scholar; especially, one who attends a school, or who seeks knowledge from professional teachers or from books; as, the students of an academy, a college, or a university; a medical student; a hard student.

> Keep a gamester from the dice, and a good student from his book.

Shak.

2. One who studies or examines in any manner; an attentive and systematic observer; as, a student of human nature, or of physical nature.

Stu"dent*ry (?), n. A body of students. [R.]

Stu"dent*ship, n. The state of being a student.

Stud"fish` (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of small American minnows of the genus Fundulus, as F. catenatus.

Stud"-horse` (?), n. [AS. std- hors.] A stallion, esp. one kept for breeding.

Stud"ied, a. 1. Closely examined; read with diligence and attention; made the subject of study; well considered; as, a studied lesson.

2. Well versed in any branch of learning; qualified by study; learned; as, a man well studied in geometry.

> I shrewdly suspect that he is little studied of a theory of moral proportions.

Burke.

3. Premeditated; planned; designed; as, a studied insult. "Studied magnificence." Hawthorne.

4. Intent; inclined. [Obs.] Shak.

Stud"ied*ly (?), adv. In a studied manner.

Stud"i*er (?), n. A student. [R.] W. Irving.

> Lipsius was a great studier of the stoical philosophy.

Tillotson.

Stu"di*o (?), n.; pl. Studios (#). [It. studio, properly, study. See Study.] The working room of an artist.

Stu"di*ous (?), a. [L. studious: cf. F. studieux. See Study.] 1. Given to study; devoted to the acquisition of knowledge from books; as, a studious scholar.

2. Given to thought, or to the examination of subjects by contemplation; contemplative. Locke.

3. Earnest in endeavors; aiming sedulously; attentive; observant; diligent; -- usually followed by an infinitive or by of; as, be studious to please; studious to find new friends and allies.

> You that are so studious
> Of my affairs, wholly neglect your own.

Massinger.

4. Planned with study; deliberate; studied.

> For the frigid villainy of studious lewdness, . . . with apology can be invented?

Rambler.

5. Favorable to study; suitable for thought and contemplation; as, the studious shade. [Poetic]

> But let my due feet never fail
> To walk the studious cloister's pale.

Milton.

-- Stu"di*ous*ly, adv. -- Stu"di*ous*ness, n.

Stud"y (?), n.; pl. Studies (#). [OE. studie, L. studium, akin to studere to study; possibly akin to Gr. &?; haste, zeal, &?; to hasten; cf. OF. estudie, estude, F. étude. Cf. Etude, Student, Studio, Study, v. i.] 1. A setting of the mind or thoughts upon a subject; hence, application of mind to books, arts, or science, or to any subject, for the purpose of acquiring knowledge.

> Hammond . . . spent thirteen hours of the day in study.

Bp. Fell.

> Study gives strength to the mind; conversation, grace.

Sir W. Temple.

2. Mental occupation; absorbed or thoughtful attention; meditation; contemplation.

> Just men they seemed, and all their study bent
> To worship God aright, and know his works.

Milton.

3. Any particular branch of learning that is studied; any object of attentive consideration.

> The Holy Scriptures, especially the New Testament, are her daily study.

Law.

> The proper study of mankind is man.

Pope.

4. A building or apartment devoted to study or to literary work. "His cheery little study." Hawthorne.

5. (Fine Arts) A representation or rendering of any object or scene intended, not for exhibition as an original work of art, but for the information, instruction, or assistance of the maker; as, a study of heads or of hands for a figure picture.

6. (Mus.) A piece for special practice. See Etude.

Stud"y (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Studied (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Studying (?).] [OE. studien, OF. estudier, F. étudier. See Study, n.] 1. To fix the mind closely upon a subject; to dwell upon anything in thought; to muse; to ponder. Chaucer.

> I found a moral first, and then studied for a fable.

Swift.

2. To apply the mind to books or learning. Shak.

3. To endeavor diligently; to be zealous. 1 Thes. iv. 11.

Stud"y, v. t. 1. To apply the mind to; to read and examine for the purpose of learning and understanding; as, to study law or theology; to study languages.

2. To consider attentively; to examine closely; as, to study the work of nature.

> Study thyself; what rank or what degree
> The wise Creator has ordained for thee.

Dryden.

3. To form or arrange by previous thought; to con over, as in committing to memory; as, to study a speech.

4. To make an object of study; to aim at sedulously; to devote one's thoughts to; as, to study the welfare of others; to study variety in composition.

> For their heart studieth destruction.

Prov. xxiv. 2.

||Stu"fa (?), n. [It. stufa a stove. See Stove.] A jet of steam issuing from a fissure in the earth.

Stuff (?), n. [OF. estoffe, F. étoffe; of uncertain origin, perhaps of Teutonic origin and akin to E. stop, v.t. Cf. Stuff, v. t.] 1. Material which is to be worked up in any process of manufacture.

> For the stuff they had was sufficient for all the work to make it, and too much.

Ex. xxxvi. 7.

> Ambitions should be made of sterner stuff.

Shak.

> The workman on his stuff his skill doth show,
> And yet the stuff gives not the man his skill.

Sir J. Davies.

2. The fundamental material of which anything is made up; elemental part; essence.

> Yet do I hold it very stuff o' the conscience
> To do no contrived murder.

Shak.

3. Woven material not made into garments; fabric of any kind; specifically, any one of various fabrics of wool or worsted; sometimes, worsted fiber.

> What stuff wilt have a kirtle of?

Shak.

> It [the arras] was of stuff and silk mixed, though, superior kinds were of silk exclusively.

F. G. Lee.

4. Furniture; goods; domestic vessels or utensils.

> He took away locks, and gave away the king's stuff.

Hayward.

5. A medicine or mixture; a potion. Shak.

6. Refuse or worthless matter; hence, also, foolish or irrational language; nonsense; trash.

> Anger would indite
> Such woeful stuff as I or Shadwell write.

Dryden.

7. (Naut.) A melted mass of turpentine, tallow, etc., with which the masts, sides, and bottom of a ship are smeared for lubrication. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

8. Paper stock ground ready for use.

When partly ground, called half stuff. Knight.

Clear stuff. See under Clear. -- Small stuff (Naut.), all kinds of small cordage. Ham. Nav. Encyc. -- Stuff gown, the distinctive garb of a junior barrister; hence, a junior barrister himself. See Silk gown, under Silk.

Stuff, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stuffed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stuffing.] [OE. stoffen; cf. OF. estoffer, F. étoffer, to put stuff in, to stuff, to line, also, OF. estouffer to stifle, F. étouffer; both perhaps of Teutonic origin, and akin to E. stop. Cf. Stop, v. t., Stuff, n.] 1. To fill by crowding something into; to cram with something; to load to excess; as, to stuff a bedtick.

> Sometimes this crook drew hazel bought adown,
> And stuffed her apron wide with nuts so brown.

Gay.

> Lest the gods, for sin,
> Should with a swelling dropsy stuff thy skin.

Dryden.

2. To thrust or crowd; to press; to pack.

> Put roses into a glass with a narrow mouth, stuffing them close together . . . and they retain smell and color.

Bacon.

3. To fill by being pressed or packed into.

> With inward arms the dire machine they load,
> And iron bowels stuff the dark abode.

Dryden.

4. (Cookery) To fill with a seasoning composition of bread, meat, condiments, etc.; as, to stuff a turkey.

5. To obstruct, as any of the organs; to affect with some obstruction in the organs of sense or respiration.

> I'm stuffed, cousin; I can not smell.

Shak.

6. To fill the skin of, for the purpose of preserving as a specimen; -- said of birds or other animals.

7. To form or fashion by packing with the necessary material.

> An Eastern king put a judge to death for an iniquitous sentence, and ordered his hide to be stuffed into a cushion, and placed upon the tribunal.

Swift.

8. To crowd with facts; to cram the mind of; sometimes, to crowd or fill with false or idle tales or fancies.

9. To put fraudulent votes into (a ballot box). [U. S.]

<! p. 1430 !>

Stuff (?), v. i. To feed gluttonously; to cram.

> Taught harmless man to cram and stuff.

Swift.

Stuff"er (?), n. One who, or that which, stuffs.

Stuff"i*ness (?), n. The quality of being stuffy.

Stuff"ing, n. 1. That which is used for filling anything; as, the stuffing of a saddle or cushion.

2. (Cookery) Any seasoning preparation used to stuff meat; especially, a composition of bread, condiments, spices, etc.; forcemeat; dressing.

3. A mixture of oil and tallow used in softening and dressing leather.

Stuffing box, a device for rendering a joint impervious where there is a hole through which a movable cylindrical body, as the paston rod of a steam engine, or the plunger of a pump, slides back and forth, or in which a shaft turns. It usually consists of a box or chamber, made by an enlargement of part of the hole, forming a space around the rod or shaft for containing packing which is compressed and made to fill the space closely by means of a sleeve, called the gland, which fits loosely around the rod, and is pressed upon the packing by bolts or other means.

Stuff"y (?), a. 1. Stout; mettlesome; resolute. [Scot.] Jamieson.

2. Angry and obstinate; sulky. [U. S.]

3. Ill-ventilated; close.

Stuke (?), n. Stucco. [Obs.]

Stull (?), n. [CF. Stum.] A framework of timber covered with boards to support rubbish; also, a framework of boards to protect miners from falling stones. [Prov. Eng.]

Stulm (?), n. [Cf. G. stollen a post, a stulm, E. stall, stand.] A shaft or gallery to drain a mine. [Local, Eng.] Bailey.

Stulp (?), n. [Cf. Icel. stlpi, Dan., Sw., & OD. stolpe.] A short, stout post used for any purpose, a to mark a boundary. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Stul`ti*fi*ca"tion (?), n. The act of stultifying, or the state of being stultified.

Stul"ti*fi`er (?), n. One who stultifies.

Stul"ti*fy (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stultified (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stultifying (?).] [L. stultus foolish + -fy.] 1. To make foolish; to make a fool of; as, to stultify one by imposition; to stultify one's self by silly reasoning or conduct. Burke.

2. To regard as a fool, or as foolish. [R.]

> The modern sciolist stultifies all understanding but his own, and that which he conceives like his own.

Hazlitt.

3. (Law) To allege or prove to be of unsound mind, so that the performance of some act may be avoided.

Stul*til"o*quence (?), n. [L. stultiloquentia; stultus foolish + loquentia a talking, fr. loquens, p. pr. of loqui to talk.] Silly talk; babbling.

Stul*til"o*quent (?), a. [Cf. L. stultiloquus. See Stultiloquence.] Given to, or characterized by, silly talk; babbling. -- Stul*til"o*quent*ly, adv.

Stul*til"o*quy (?), n. [L. stultiloquium.] Foolish talk; silly discource; babbling. Jer. Taylor.

Stul"ty (?), a. [L. stultus foolish.] Foolish; silly. [Obs.] Testament of Love.

Stum (?), n. [D. stom must, new wort, properly, dumb; cf. F. vin muet stum. Cf. Stammer, Stoom.] 1. Unfermented grape juice or wine, often used to raise fermentation in dead or vapid wines; must.

> Let our wines, without mixture of stum, be all fine.

B. Jonson.

> And with thy stum ferment their fainting cause.

Dryden.

2. Wine revived by new fermentation, reulting from the admixture of must. Hudibras.

Stum, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stummed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stumming.] To renew, as wine, by mixing must with it and raising a new fermentation.

> We stum our wines to renew their spirits.

Floyer.

Stum"ble (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Stumbled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stumbling (?).] [OE. stumblen, stomblen; freq. of a word akin to E. stammer. See Stammer.] 1. To trip in walking or in moving in any way with the legs; to strike the foot so as to fall, or to endanger a fall; to stagger because of a false step.

> There stumble steeds strong and down go all.

Chaucer.

> The way of the wicked is as darkness: they know at what they stumble.

Prov. iv. 19.

2. To walk in an unsteady or clumsy manner.

> He stumbled up the dark avenue.

Sir W. Scott.

3. To fall into a crime or an error; to err.

> He that loveth his brother abideth in the light, and there is none occasion og stumbling in him.

1 John ii. 10.

4. To strike or happen (upon a person or thing) without design; to fall or light by chance; -- with on, upon, or against.

> Ovid stumbled, by some inadvertency, upon Livia in a bath.

Dryden.

> Forth as she waddled in the brake,
> A gray goose stumbled on a snake.

C. Smart.

Stum"ble, v. t. 1. To cause to stumble or trip.

2. Fig.: To mislead; to confound; to perplex; to cause to err or to fall.

> False and dazzling fires to stumble men.

Milton.

> One thing more stumbles me in the very foundation of this hypothesis.

Locke.

Stum"ble, n. 1. A trip in walking or running.

2. A blunder; a failure; a fall from rectitude.

> One stumble is enough to deface the character of an honorable life.

L'Estrange.

Stum"bler (?), n. One who stumbles.

Stum"bling-block` (?), n. Any cause of stumbling, perplexity, or error.

> We preach Christ crucified, unto the Jews a stumbling-block, and unto the Greeks foolishness.

1 Cor. i. 23.

Stum"bling*ly (?), adv. In a stumbling manner.

Stum"bling-stone` (?), n. A stumbling-block.

> This stumbling-stone we hope to take away.

T. Burnet.

Stump (?), n. [OE. stumpe, stompe; akin to D. stomp, G. stumpf, Icel. stumpr, Dan. & Sw. stump, and perhaps also to E. stamp.] 1. The part of a tree or plant remaining in the earth after the stem or trunk is cut off; the stub.

2. The part of a limb or other body remaining after a part is amputated or destroyed; a fixed or rooted remnant; a stub; as, the stump of a leg, a finger, a tooth, or a broom.

3. pl. The legs; as, to stir one's stumps. [Slang]

4. (Cricket) One of the three pointed rods stuck in the ground to form a wicket and support the bails.

5. A short, thick roll of leather or paper, cut to a point, or any similar implement, used to rub down the lines of a crayon or pencil drawing, in shading it, or for shading drawings by producing tints and gradations from crayon, etc., in powder.

6. A pin in a tumbler lock which forms an obstruction to throwing the bolt, except when the gates of the tumblers are properly arranged, as by the key; a fence; also, a pin or projection in a lock to form a guide for a movable piece.

Leg stump (Cricket), the stump nearest to the batsman. -- Off stump (Cricket), the stump farthest from the batsman. -- Stump tracery (Arch.), a term used to describe late German Gothic tracery, in which the molded bar seems to pass through itself in its convolutions, and is then cut off short, so that a section of the molding is seen at the end of each similar stump. -- To go on the stump, or To take the stump, to engage in making public addresses for electioneering purposes; -- a phrase derived from the practice of using a stump for a speaker's platform in newly-settled districts. Hence also the phrases stump orator, stump speaker, stump speech, stump oratory, etc. [Colloq. U.S.]

Stump, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stumped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stumping.] 1. To cut off a part of; to reduce to a stump; to lop.

> Around the stumped top soft moss did grow.

Dr. H. More.

2. To strike, as the toes, against a stone or something fixed; to stub. [Colloq.]

3. To challenge; also, to nonplus. [Colloq.]

4. To travel over, delivering speeches for electioneering purposes; as, to stump a State, or a district. See To go on the stump, under Stump, n. [Colloq. U.S.]

5. (Cricket) (a) To put (a batsman) out of play by knocking off the bail, or knocking down the stumps of the wicket he is defending while he is off his allotted ground; -- sometimes with out. T. Hughes. (b) To bowl down the stumps of, as, of a wicket.

> A herd of boys with clamor bowled,
> And stumped the wicket.

Tennyson.

To stump it. (a) To go afoot; hence, to run away; to escape. [Slang] Ld. Lytton. (b) To make electioneering speeches. [Colloq. U.S.]

Stump, v. i. To walk clumsily, as if on stumps.

To stump up, to pay cash. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Stump"age (?), n. 1. Timber in standing trees, -- often sold without the land at a fixed price per tree or per stump, the stumps being counted when the land is cleared. [Local, U.S.]

> Only trees above a certain size are allowed to be cut by loggers buying stumpage from the owners of land.

C. S. Sargent.

2. A tax on the amount of timber cut, regulated by the price of lumber. [Local, U.S.] The Nation.

Stump"er (?), n. 1. One who stumps.

2. A boastful person. [Slang]

3. A puzzling or incredible story. [Slang, U.S.]

Stump"i*ness (?), n. The state of being stumpy.

Stump"-tailed` (?), a. Having a short, thick tail.

Stump-tailed lizard (Zoöl.), a singular Australian scincoid lizard (Trachydosaurus rugosus) having a short, thick tail resembling its head in form; -- called also sleeping lizard.

Stump"y (?), a. 1. Full of stumps; hard; strong.

2. Short and thick; stubby. [Colloq.] "A stumpy little man." J. C. Harris.

Stun (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stunned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stunning.] [OE. stonien, stownien; either fr. AS. stunian to resound (cf. D. stenen to groan, G. stöhnen, Icel. stynja, Gr. &?;, Skr. stan to thunder, and E. thunder), or from the same source as E. astonish. √168.] 1. To make senseless or dizzy by violence; to render senseless by a blow, as on the head.

> One hung a poleax at his saddlebow,
> And one a heavy mace to stun the foe.

Dryden.

2. To dull or deaden the sensibility of; to overcome; especially, to overpower one's sense of hearing.

> And stunned him with the music of the spheres.

Pope.

3. To astonish; to overpower; to bewilder.

> William was quite stunned at my discourse.

De Foe.

Stun, n. The condition of being stunned.

Stung (?), imp. & p. p. of Sting.

Stunk (?), imp. & p. p. of Stink.

Stun"ner (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, stuns.

2. Something striking or amazing in quality; something of extraordinary excellence. [Slang] Thackeray.

Stun"ning (?), a. 1. Overpowering consciousness; overpowering the senses; especially, overpowering the sense of hearing; confounding with noise.

2. Striking or overpowering with astonishment, especially on account of excellence; as, stunning poetry. [Slang] C. Kingsley. -- Stun"ning*ly, adv. [Slang]

Stun"sail (?), n. (Naut.) A contraction of Studding sail.

> With every rag set, stunsails, sky scrapers and all.

Lowell.

Stunt (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stunted (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stunting.] [See Stint.] To hinder from growing to the natural size; to prevent the growth of; to stint, to dwarf; as, to stunt a child; to stunt a plant.

> When, by a cold penury, I blast the abilities of a nation, and stunt the growth of its active energies, the ill or may do is beyond all calculation.

Burke.

Stunt (?), n. 1. A check in growth; also, that which has been checked in growth; a stunted animal or thing.

2. Specifically: A whale two years old, which, having been weaned, is lean, and yields but little blubber.

Stunt"ed, a. Dwarfed. -- Stunt"ed*ness, n.

Stunt"ness, n. Stuntedness; brevity. [R.] Earle.

||Stu"pa (st"p), n. [Skr. stpa.] A mound or monument commemorative of Buddha.

||Stu"pa (st"p), n. [L.] (Med.) See 1st Stupe.

Stupe (?), n. [L. stupa, or better stuppa, tow. Cf. Stop, v. t.] (Med.) Cloth or flax dipped in warm water or medicaments and applied to a hurt or sore.

Stupe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stuped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stuping.] To foment with a stupe. Wiseman.

Stupe, n. [See Stupid.] A stupid person. [Obs.]

Stu`pe*fa"cient (?), a. [L. stupefaciens, p. pr. of stupefacere to stupefy; stupere to be stupefied + facere to make. Cf. Stupefy.] [Written also stupifacient.] Producing stupefaction; stupefactive. -- n. (Med.) Anything promoting stupefaction; a narcotic.

Stu`pe*fac"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. stupéfaction. See Stupefacient.] The act of stupefying, or the state of being stupefied. [Written also stupifaction.]

> Resistance of the dictates of conscience brings a hardness and stupefaction upon it.

South.

Stu`pe*fac"tive (?), a. & n. [Cf. F. stupéfactif, LL. stupefactivus.] Same as Stupefacient. [Written also stupifactive.]

Stu"pe*fied (?), a. Having been made stupid.

Stu"pe*fied`ness, n. Quality of being stupid.

Stu"pe*fi`er (?), n. One who, or that which, stupefies; a stupefying agent.

Stu"pe*fy (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stupefied (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stupefying (?).] [F. stupéfier, fr. L. stupere to be stupefied + ficare (in comp.) to make, akin to facere. See Stupid, Fact, and cf. Stupefacient.] [Written also stupify, especially in England.] 1. To make stupid; to make dull; to blunt the faculty of perception or understanding in; to deprive of sensibility; to make torpid.

> The fumes of drink discompose and stupefy the brain.

South.

2. To deprive of material mobility. [Obs.]

> It is not malleable; but yet is not fluent, but stupefied.

Bacon.

Stu*pen"dous (?), a. [L. stupendus astonishing, p. future pass. of stupere to be astonished at. Cf. Stupid.] Astonishing; wonderful; amazing; especially, astonishing in magnitude or elevation; as, a stupendous pile. "A stupendous sum." Macaulay.

> All are but parts of one stupendous whole.

Pope.

-- Stu*pen"dous*ly, adv. -- Stu*pen"dous*ness, n.

Stu"pe*ous (?), a. [L. stupa, or better stuppa, tow; cf. L. stuppeus made of tow. Cf. Stupose.] Resembling tow; having long, loose scales, or matted filaments, like tow; stupose.

Stu"pid (?), a. [L. stupidus, fr. stupere to be stupefied: cf. F. stupide.] 1. Very dull; insensible; senseless; wanting in understanding; heavy; sluggish; in a state of stupor; -- said of persons.

> O that men . . . should be so stupid grown . . .
> As to forsake the living God!

Milton.

> With wild surprise,
> A moment stupid, motionless he stood.

Thomson.

2. Resulting from, or evincing, stupidity; formed without skill or genius; dull; heavy; -- said of things.

> Observe what loads of stupid rhymes
> Oppress us in corrupted times.

Swift.

Syn. -- Simple; insensible; sluggish; senseless; doltish; sottish; dull; heavy; clodpated. -- Stu"pid*ly (#), adv. -- Stu"pid*ness, n.

Stu*pid"i*ty (?), n. [L. stupiditas: cf. F. stupidité.] 1. The quality or state of being stupid; extreme dullness of perception or understanding; insensibility; sluggishness.

2. Stupor; astonishment; stupefaction. [R.]

> A stupidity
> Past admiration strikes me, joined with fear.

Chapman.

Stu"pi*fy (?), v. t. See Stupefy.

Stu"por (?), n. [L., from stupere to be struck senseless.] 1. Great diminution or suspension of sensibility; suppression of sense or feeling; lethargy.

2. Intellectual insensibility; moral stupidity; heedlessness or inattention to one's interests.

Stu*pose (?), a. [L. stupa, or better stuppa, tow. Cf. Stupeous.] (Bot.) Composed of, or having, tufted or matted filaments like tow; stupeous.

Stu"prate (?), v. t. [L. stupratus, p. p. of stuprare to ravish, fr. stuprum defilement.] To ravish; to debauch. [R.] Heywood.

Stu*pra"tion (?), n. Violation of chastity by force; rape. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

||Stu"prum (?), n. [L.] Stupration.

Sturb (?), v. t. To disturb. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Stur"di*ly (?), adv. In a sturdy manner.

Stur"di*ness, n. Quality of being sturdy.

Stur"dy (?), a. [Compar. Sturdier (?); superl. Sturdiest.] [OE. sturdi inconsiderable, OF. estourdi stunned, giddy, thoughtless, rash, F. étourdi, p. p. of OF. estourdir to stun, to render giddy, to amaze, F. étourdir; of uncertain origin. The sense has probably been influenced by E. stout.] 1. Foolishly obstinate or resolute; stubborn; unrelenting; unfeeling; stern.

> This sturdy marquis gan his hearte dress
> To rue upon her wifely steadfastness.

Chaucer.

> This must be done, and I would fain see
> Mortal so sturdy as to gainsay.

Hudibras.

> A sturdy, hardened sinner shall advance to the utmost pitch of impiety with less reluctance than he took the first steps.

Atterbury.

2. Resolute, in a good sense; or firm, unyielding quality; as, a man of sturdy piety or patriotism.

3. Characterized by physical strength or force; strong; lusty; violent; as, a sturdy lout.

> How bowed the woods beneath their sturdy stroke!

Gray.

4. Stiff; stout; strong; as, a sturdy oak. Milton.

> He was not of any delicate contexture; his limbs rather sturdy than dainty.

Sir H. Wotton.

Syn. -- Hardy; stout; strong; firm; robust; stiff.

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Stur"dy (?), n. [OF. estourdi giddiness, stupefaction.] (Vet.) A disease in sheep and cattle, marked by great nervousness, or by dullness and stupor.

Stur"geon (?), n. [F. esturgeon, LL. sturio, sturgio, OHG. sturjo, G. stör; akin to AS. styria, styriga.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of large cartilaginous ganoid fishes belonging to Acipenser and allied genera of the family Acipenseridæ. They run up rivers to spawn, and are common on the coasts and in the large rivers and lakes of North America, Europe, and Asia. Caviare is prepared from the roe, and isinglass from the air bladder.

The common North American species are Acipenser sturio of the Atlantic coast region, A. transmontanus of the Pacific coast, and A. rubicundus of the Mississippi River and its tributaries. In Europe, the common species is Acipenser sturio, and other well-known species are the sterlet and the huso. The sturgeons are included in the order Chondrostei. Their body is partially covered by five rows of large, carinated, bony plates, of which one row runs along the back. The tail is heterocercal. The toothless and protrusile mouth is beneath the head, and has four barbels in front.

Shovel-nosed sturgeon. (Zoöl.) See Shovelnose (d).

||Stu`ri*o"nes (?), n. pl. [NL., from LL. sturio. See Sturgeon.] (Zoöl.) An order of fishes including the sturgeons.

Stu`ri*o"ni*an (?), n. (Zoöl.) One of the family of fishes of which the sturgeon is the type.

Sturk (?), n. See Stirk. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Stur"noid (?), a. [L. sturnus a starling + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to the starlings.

Sturt (?), v. t. [Cf. Start, v. i.] To vex; to annoy; to startle. [Obs. or Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Sturt, n. 1. Disturbance; annoyance; care. [Obs. or Prov. Eng. & Scot.] "Sturt and care." J. Rolland.

2. (Mining) A bargain in tribute mining by which the tributor profits. Raymond.

Stur"tion (?), n. A corruption of Nasturtion.

Stut (?), v. i. To stutter. [Obs.] Skelton.

Stut"ter (?), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Stuttered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stuttering.] [Freq. of stut, OE. stoten; probably of Dutch or Low German origin; cf. D. & LG. stotteren, G. stottern, D. stooten to push, to strike; akin to G. stossen, Icel. stauta, Sw. stöta, Dan. stöde, Goth. stautan, L. tundere, Skr. tud to thrust. Cf. Contuse, Obtuse.] To hesitate or stumble in uttering words; to speak with spasmodic repetition or pauses; to stammer.

> Trembling, stuttering, calling for his confessor.

Macaulay.

Stut"ter, n. 1. The act of stuttering; a stammer. See Stammer, and Stuttering.

2. One who stutters; a stammerer. [Obs.] Bacon.

Stut"ter*er (?), n. One who stutters; a stammerer.

Stut"ter*ing, n. The act of one who stutters; -- restricted by some physiologists to defective speech due to inability to form the proper sounds, the breathing being normal, as distinguished from stammering.

Stut"ter*ing, a. Apt to stutter; hesitating; stammering. -- Stut"ter*ing*ly, adv.

Sty (?), n.; pl. Sties (&?;). [Written also stigh.] [AS. stigu, fr. stgan to rise; originally, probably, a place into which animals climbed or went up. √164. See Sty, v. i., and cf. Steward.] 1. A pen or inclosure for swine.

2. A place of bestial debauchery.

> To roll with pleasure in a sensual sty.

Milton.

Sty, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stied (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stying (?).] To shut up in, or as in, a sty. Shak.

Sty, v. i. [OE. stien, sti&?;en, AS. stgan to rise; akin to D. stijgen, OS. & OHG. stgan, G. steigen, Icel. stga, Sw. stiga, Dan. stige, Goth. steigan, L. vestigium footstep, Gr. &?; to walk, to go, Skr. stigh to mount. Cf. Distich, Stair steps, Stirrup, Sty a boil, a pen for swine, Vestige.] To soar; to ascend; to mount. See Stirrup. [Obs.]

> With bolder wing shall dare aloft to sty,
> To the last praises of this Faery Queene.

Spenser.

Sty, n. [For older styan, styanye, understood as sty on eye, AS. stgend (sc. eáge eye), properly, rising, or swelling (eye), p. p. of stgan to rise. See Sty, v. i.] (Med.) An inflamed swelling or boil on the edge of the eyelid. [Written also stye.]

Sty"an (?), n. See Sty, a boil. [R.] De quincey.

Sty"ca (?), n. [LL., fr. AS. stic, styc, stycge.] An anglo-Saxon copper coin of the lowest value, being worth half a farthing. S. M. Leake.

Sty"cer*in (?), n. [Styryl + glycerin.] (Chem.) A triacid alcohol, related to glycerin, and obtained from certain styryl derivatives as a yellow, gummy, amorphous substance; -- called also phenyl glycerin.

Stye, n. See Sty, a boil.

Styg"i*al (?), a. Stygian. [R.] Skelton.

Styg"i*an (?), a. [L. Stygius, fr. Styx, Stygis, Gr. &?;, &?;, the Styx.] Of or pertaining to the river Styx; hence, hellish; infernal. See Styx.

> At that so sudden blaze, the Stygian throng
> Bent their aspect.

Milton.

Sty`la*gal*ma"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?; a column + &?; an image.] (Arch.) Performing the office of columns; as, Atlantes and Caryatides are stylagalmaic figures or images. [Written also stylogalmaic.]

Sty"lar (?), a. See Stilar.

||Sty*las"ter (?), n. [NL., from Gr. &?; pillar + &?; star.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of delicate, usually pink, calcareous hydroid corals of the genus Stylaster.

Style (?), n. [OE. stile, F. style, Of. also stile, L. stilus a style or writing instrument, manner or writing, mode of expression; probably for stiglus, meaning, a pricking instrument, and akin to E. stick. See Stick, v. t., and cf. Stiletto. The spelling with y is due to a supposed connection with Gr. &?; a pillar.] 1. An instrument used by the ancients in writing on tablets covered with wax, having one of its ends sharp, and the other blunt, and somewhat expanded, for the purpose of making erasures by smoothing the wax.

2. Hence, anything resembling the ancient style in shape or use. Specifically: --

(a) A pen; an author's pen. Dryden.

(b) A sharp-pointed tool used in engraving; a graver.

(c) A kind of blunt-pointed surgical instrument.

(d) (Zoöl.) A long, slender, bristlelike process, as the anal styles of insects.

(e) [Perhaps fr. Gr. &?; a pillar.] The pin, or gnomon, of a dial, the shadow of which indicates the hour. See Gnomon.

(f) [Probably fr. Gr. &?; a pillar.] (Bot.) The elongated part of a pistil between the ovary and the stigma. See Illust. of Stamen, and of Pistil.

3. Mode of expressing thought in language, whether oral or written; especially, such use of language in the expression of thought as exhibits the spirit and faculty of an artist; choice or arrangement of words in discourse; rhetorical expression.

> High style, as when that men to kinges write.

Chaucer.

> Style is the dress of thoughts.

Chesterfield.

> Proper words in proper places make the true definition of style.

Swift.

> It is style alone by which posterity will judge of a great work.

I. Disraeli.

4. Mode of presentation, especially in music or any of the fine arts; a characteristic of peculiar mode of developing in idea or accomplishing a result.

> The ornamental style also possesses its own peculiar merit.

Sir J. Reynolds.

5. Conformity to a recognized standard; manner which is deemed elegant and appropriate, especially in social demeanor; fashion.

> According to the usual style of dedications.

C. Middleton.

6. Mode or phrase by which anything is formally designated; the title; the official designation of any important body; mode of address; as, the style of Majesty.

> One style to a gracious benefactor, another to a proud, insulting foe.

Burke.

7. (Chron.) A mode of reckoning time, with regard to the Julian and Gregorian calendars.

Style is Old or New. The Old Style follows the Julian manner of computing the months and days, or the calendar as established by Julius Cæsar, in which every fourth year consists of 366 days, and the other years of 365 days. This is about 11 minutes in a year too much. Pope Georgy XIII. reformed the calendar by retrenching 10 days in October, 1582, in order to bring back the vernal equinox to the same day as at the time of the Council of Nice, a. d. 325. This reformation was adopted by act of the British Parliament in 1751, by which act 11 days in September, 1752, were retrenched, and the third day was reckoned the fourteenth. This mode of reckoning is called New Style, according to which every year divisible by 4, unless it is divisible by 100 without being divisible by 400, has 366 days, and any other year 365 days.

Style of court, the practice or manner observed by a court in its proceedings. Ayliffe.

Syn. -- Diction; phraseology; manner; course; title. See Diction.

Style, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Styled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Styling.] To entitle; to term, name, or call; to denominate. "Styled great conquerors." Milton.

> How well his worth and brave adventures styled.

Dryden.

Syn. -- To call; name; denominate; designate; term; characterize.

Sty"let (?), n. [F., dim. of style; cf. It. stiletto. See Stiletto.] A small poniard; a stiletto.

2. (Surg.) (a) An instrument for examining wounds and fistulas, and for passing setons, and the like; a probe, -- called also specillum. (b) A stiff wire, inserted in catheters or other tubular instruments to maintain their shape and prevent clogging.

3. (Zoöl.) Any small, more or less rigid, bristlelike organ; as, the caudal stylets of certain insects; the ventral stylets of certain Infusoria.

Sty*lif"er*ous (?), a. [Style + -ferous.] (Bot.) Bearing one or more styles.

Sty"li*form (?), a. [Style + - form: cf. F. styliforme.] Having the form of, or resembling, a style, pin, or pen; styloid.

Styl"ish (?), a. Having style or artistic quality; given to, or fond of, the display of style; highly fashionable; modish; as, a stylish dress, house, manner. -- Styl"ish*ly, adv. -- Styl"ish*ness, n.

Styl"ist, n. One who is a master or a model of style, especially in writing or speaking; a critic of style.

> Distinguished as a stylist, for ease.

Fitzed. Hall.

Sty*lis"tic (?), a. Of or pertaining to style in language. [R.] "Stylistic trifles." J. A. Symonds.

> The great stylistic differences in the works ascribed to him [Wyclif].

G. P. Marsh.

Sty"lite (?), n. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; a pillar.] (Eccl. Hist.) One of a sect of anchorites in the early church, who lived on the tops of pillars for the exercise of their patience; -- called also pillarist and pillar saint.

Sty"lo- (?). A combining form used in anatomy to indicate connection with, or relation to, the styloid process of the temporal bone; as, stylohyal, stylomastoid, stylomaxillary.

Sty"lo*bate (?), n. [L. stylobates, stylobata, Gr. &?;; &?; a pillar + &?; one that treads, fr. &?; to go.] (Arch.) The uninterrupted and continuous flat band, coping, or pavement upon which the bases of a row of columns are supported. See Sub-base.

Sty`lo*glos"sal (?), a. [Stylo- + glossal.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to styloid process and the tongue.

Sty"lo*graph (?), n. A stylographic pen.

Sty`lo*graph"ic (?), a. 1. Of or pertaining to stylography; used in stylography; as, stylographic tablets.

2. Pertaining to, or used in, stylographic pen; as, stylographic ink.

Stylographic pen, a pen with a conical point like that of a style, combined with a reservoir for supplying it with ink. -- Stylographic pencil, a pencil used in stylography.

Sty`lo*graph"ic*al (?), a. Same as Stylographic, 1. -- Sty`lo*graph"ic*al*ly, adv.

Sty*log"ra*phy (?), n. [Style + -graphy.] A mode of writing or tracing lines by means of a style on cards or tablets.

Sty`lo*hy"al (?), n. [Stylo- + the Gr. letter &?;.] (Anat.) A segment in the hyoidean arch between the epihyal and tympanohyal.

Sty`lo*hy"oid (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the styloid process and the hyoid bone.

Sty"loid (?), a. [Style + - oid: cf. F. styloïde, Gr. &?;.] 1. Styliform; as, the styloid process.

2. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the styloid process.

Styloid process (Anat.), a long and slender process from the lower side of the temporal bone of man, corresponding to the tympanohyal and stylohyal of other animals.

Sty`lo*mas"toid (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the styloid and mastoid processes of the temporal bone.

Sty`lo*max"il*la*ry (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the styloid process and the maxilla.

Sty*lom"e*ter (?), n. [Gr. &?; column + -meter.] An instrument for measuring columns.

||Sty*lom"ma*ta (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a pillar + &?;, &?;, the eye.] Same as Stylommatophora.

||Sty*lom`ma*toph"o*ra (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; column + &?; eye + &?; to bear.] (Zoöl.) A division of Pulmonata in which the eyes are situated at the tips of the tentacles. It includes the common land snails and slugs. See Illust. under Snail.

Sty*lom`ma*toph"o*rous (?), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to Stylommatophora.

||Sty`lo*po"di*um (?), n.; pl. Stylopodia (#). [NL. See Style, and Podium.] (Bot.) An expansion at the base of the style, as in umbelliferous plants.

||Sty"lops (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a pillar + &?;, &?;, the eye.] (Zoöl.) A genus of minute insects parasitic, in their larval state, on bees and wasps. It is the typical genus of the group Strepsiptera, formerly considered a distinct order, but now generally referred to the Coleoptera. See Strepsiptera.

||Sty"lus (?), n. [L. stylus, or better stilus.] An instrument for writing. See Style, n., 1.

Styph"nate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of styphnic acid.

Styph"nic (?), a. [Gr. (spurious) sty`fein to contract.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, a yellow crystalline astringent acid, (NO2)3.C6H.(OH)2, obtained by the action of nitric acid on resorcin. Styphnic acid resembles picric acid, but is not bitter. It acts like a strong dibasic acid, having a series of well defined salts.

Styp"tic (?), a. [L. stypticus, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to contract.] Producing contraction; stopping bleeding; having the quality of restraining hemorrhage when applied to the bleeding part; astringent. [Written also stiptic.]

Styptic weed (Bot.), an American leguminous herb (Cassia occidentalis) closely related to the wild senna.

Styp"tic, n. (Med.) A styptic medicine.

Styp"tic*al (?), a. Styptic; astringent.

Styp*tic"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. stypticité.] The quality or state of being styptic; astringency.

Styr"a*cin (?), n. [See Styrax.] (Chem.) A white crystalline tasteless substance extracted from gum storax, and consisting of a salt of cinnamic acid with cinnamic alcohol.

Sty"rax (?), n. [L. styrax, storax, Gr. &?;. See Storax.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of shrubs and trees, mostly American or Asiatic, abounding in resinous and aromatic substances. Styrax officinalis yields storax, and S. Benzoin yields benzoin.

2. Same as Storax.

Sty"rol (?), n. [Styrax + L. oleum oil.] (Chem.) See Styrolene.

Sty"ro*lene (?), n. (Chem.) An unsaturated hydrocarbon, C8H8, obtained by the distillation of storax, by the decomposition of cinnamic acid, and by the condensation of acetylene, as a fragrant, aromatic, mobile liquid; -- called also phenyl ethylene, vinyl benzene, styrol, styrene, and cinnamene.

Sty"rone (?), n. (Chem.) A white crystalline substance having a sweet taste and a hyacinthlike odor, obtained by the decomposition of styracin; -- properly called cinnamic, or styryl, alcohol.

<! p. 1432 !>

Sty"ryl (?), n. [Styrax + - yl.] (Chem.) A hypothetical radical found in certain derivatives of styrolene and cinnamic acid; -- called also cinnyl, or cinnamyl.

Stythe (?), n. (Mining) Choke damp.

Styth"y (?), n. & v. See Stithy.

||Styx (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;.] (Class. Myth.) The principal river of the lower world, which had to be crossed in passing to the regions of the dead.

Su`a*bil"i*ty (?), n. (Law) Liability to be sued; the state of being subjected by law to civil process.

Su"a*ble (?), a. (Law) Capable of being sued; subject by law to be called to answer in court. Story.

Suade (?), v. t. [L. suadere.] To persuade. [Obs.]

Suad"i*ble (?), a. [L. suadibilis.] Suasible. [Obs.] Wyclif (James iii. 17).

Suage (?), v. t. To assuage. [Obs.] Dryden.

Su"ant (?), a. [Cf. Sue to pursue.] Spread equally over the surface; uniform; even. [Written also suent.] [Local, U.S. & Prov. Eng.] -- Su"ant*ly, adv. [Local, U.S. & Prov. Eng.]

Sua"si*ble (?), a. [L. suadere, suasum, to persuade.] Capable of being persuaded; easily persuaded.

Sua"sion (?), n. [L. suasio, fr. suadere, suasum, to advise, persuade, fr. suadus persuading, persuasive; akin to suavis sweet: cf. OF. suasion. See Suave, and cf. Dissuade, Persuade.] The act of persuading; persuasion; as, moral suasion.

Sua"sive (?), a. Having power to persuade; persuasive; suasory. South. "Genial and suasive satire." Earle. -- Sua"sive*ly, adv.

Sua"so*ry (?), a. [L. suasorius: cf. F. suasoire.] Tending to persuade; suasive.

Suave (?), a. [L. suavis sweet, pleasant: cf. F. suave. See Sweet, and cf. Suasion.] Sweet; pleasant; delightful; gracious or agreeable in manner; bland. -- Suave"ly, adv.

Suav"i*fy (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Suavified (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Suavifying (?).] [Suave + -fy.] To make affable or suave.

Sua*vil"o*quent (?), a. [L. suaviloquens; suavis sweet + loquens, p. pr. of loqui to speak.] Sweetly speaking; using agreeable speech. [R.]

Sua*vil"o*quy (?), n. [L. suaviloquium.] Sweetness of speech. [R.]

Suav"i*ty (?), n. [L. suavitas: cf. F. suavité.] 1. Sweetness to the taste. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

2. The quality of being sweet or pleasing to the mind; agreeableness; softness; pleasantness; gentleness; urbanity; as, suavity of manners; suavity of language, conversation, or address. Glanvill.

Sub- (?). [L. sub under, below; akin to Gr. &?;, Skr. upa to, on, under, over. Cf. Hypo-, Super- .] 1. A prefix signifying under, below, beneath, and hence often, in an inferior position or degree, in an imperfect or partial state, as in subscribe, substruct, subserve, subject, subordinate, subacid, subastringent, subgranular, suborn. Sub- in Latin compounds often becomes sum- before m, sur before r, and regularly becomes suc-, suf- , sug-, and sup- before c, f, g, and p respectively. Before c, p, and t it sometimes takes form sus- (by the dropping of b from a collateral form, subs-).

2. (Chem.) A prefix denoting that the ingredient (of a compound) signified by the term to which it is prefixed,is present in only a small proportion, or less than the normal amount; as, subsulphide, suboxide, etc. Prefixed to the name of a salt it is equivalent to basic; as, subacetate or basic acetate. [Obsoles.]

Sub, n. A subordinate; a subaltern. [Colloq.]

Sub*ac"id (?), a. [L. subacidus. See Sub-, Acid.] Moderately acid or sour; as, some plants have subacid juices. -- n. A substance moderately acid.

Sub*ac"rid (?), a. Moderalely acrid or harsh.

Sub`a*cro"mi*al (?), a. (Anat.) Situated beneath the acromial process of the scapula.

Sub*act" (?), v. t. [L. subactus, p. p. of subigere to subdue; sub under + agere to lead, bring.] To reduce; to subdue. [Obs.] Bacon.

Sub*ac"tion (?), n. [Cf. L. subactio a working up, discipline.] The act of reducing to any state, as of mixing two bodies combletely. [Obs.] Bacon.

Sub`a*cute" (?), a. Moderalely acute.

Sub`a*dun"cate (?), a. (Zoöl.) Somewhat hooked or curved.

Sub*ad"vo*cate (?), n. An under or subordinate advocate.

Sub`a*ë"ri*al (?), a. Beneath the sky; in the open air; specifically (Geol.), taking place on the earth's surface, as opposed to subaqueous.

Sub*a"gen*cy (?), n. A subordinate agency.

Sub*a"gent (?), n. (Law) A person employed by an agent to transact the whole, or a part, of the business intrusted to the latter. Bouvier. Chitty.

Sub*ag`i*ta"tion (?), n. [L. subagitatio, fr. subagitare to lie with illicity.] Unlawful sexual intercourse. [Obs.]

||Su"bah (s"b), n. [Per. & Hind. sbah.] A province; a government, as of a viceroy; also, a subahdar. [India]

Su"bah*dar (?), n. [Per. & Hind. sbah-dr, Per. sbah a province + dr holding, keeping.] A viceroy; a governor of a subah; also, a native captain in the British native army. [India]

{ Su"bah*dar`y (?), Su"bah*ship (?), } n. The office or jurisdiction of a subahdar.

Sub*aid" (?), v. t. To aid secretly; to assist in a private manner, or indirectly. [R.] Daniel.

Sub*al"mon*er (?), n. An under almoner.

Sub*al"pine (?), a. [L. subalpinus.] (Bot. & Zoöl.) Inhabiting the somewhat high slopes and summits of mountains, but considerably below the snow line.

Sub*al"tern (?), a. [F. subalterne, LL. subalternus, fr. L. sub under + alter the one, the other of two. See Alter.] 1. Ranked or ranged below; subordinate; inferior; specifically (Mil.), ranking as a junior officer; being below the rank of captain; as, a subaltern officer.

2. (Logic) Asserting only a part of what is asserted in a related proposition.

Subaltern genus. (Logic) See under Genus.

Sub*al"tern (?), n. 1. A person holding a subordinate position; specifically, a commissioned military officer below the rank of captain.

2. (Logic) A subaltern proposition. Whately.

Sub`al*ter"nant (?), n. (Logic) A universal proposition. See Subaltern, 2. Whately.

Sub`al*ter"nate (?), a. 1. Succeeding by turns; successive.

2. Subordinate; subaltern; inferior.

> All their subalternate and several kinds.

Evelyn.

Sub`al*ter"nate, n. (Logic) A particular proposition, as opposed to a universal one. See Subaltern, 2.

Sub*al"ter*na`ting (?), a. Subalternate; successive.

Sub*al"ter*na`tion (?), n. The state of being subalternate; succession of turns; subordination.

Sub*an"gu*lar (?), a. Slightly angular.

Sub*ap"en*nine (?), a. Under, or at the foot of, the Apennine mountains; -- applied, in geology, to a series of Tertiary strata of the older Pliocene period.

Sub*ap"ic*al (?), a. Being under the apex; of or pertaining to the part just below the apex.

Sub`a*qua"ne*ous (?), a. [L. subaquaneus; sub + aqua water.] Subaqueous. [Obs.]

{ Sub`a*quat"ic (?), Sub*a"que*ous (?), } a. 1. Being under water, or beneath the surface of water; adapted for use under water; submarine; as, a subaqueous helmet.

2. (Geol.) Formed in or under water; as, subaqueous deposits.

{ Sub`a*rach"noid (?), Sub*ar`ach*noid"al (?), } a. (Anat.) Situated under the arachnoid membrane.

Sub*arc"tic (?), a. Approximately arctic; belonging to a region just without the arctic circle.

{ Sub*ar"cu*ate (?), Sub*ar"cu*a`ted (?), } a. Having a figure resembling that of a bow; somewhat curved or arched.

Sub`ar*ra"tion (?), n. [Pref. sub- + L. arra, arrha, earnest money. See Earnest a pledge.] The ancient custom of betrothing by the bestowal, on the part of the man, of marriage gifts or tokens, as money, rings, or other presents, upon the woman.

Sub`a*ryt"e*noid (?), a. (Anat.) Situated under the arytenoid cartilage of the larynx.

Sub*as"tral (?), a. Beneath the stars or heavens; terrestrial. Bp. Warburton.

Sub`as*trin"gent (?), a. Somewhat astringent.

Sub*at"om (?), n. (Chem.) A hypothetical component of a chemical atom, on the theory that the elements themselves are complex substances; -- called also atomicule.

Sub*aud" (?), v. t. [L. subaudire, subauditum; sub under + audire to hear.] To understand or supply in an ellipsis. [R.]

Sub`au*di"tion (?), n. [L. subauditio.] The act of understanding, or supplying, something not expressed; also, that which is so understood or supplied. Trench.

Sub*ax"il*la*ry (?), a. 1. (Anat.) Situated under the axilla, or armpit.

2. (Bot.) Placed under the axil, or angle formed by the branch of a plant with the stem, or a leaf with the branch.

Sub*ba"sal (?), a. (Zoöl.) Near the base.

Sub"-base` (?), n. (Arch.) The lowest member of a base when divided horizontally, or of a baseboard, pedestal, or the like.

Sub"-bass`, n. (Mus.) The deepest pedal stop, or the lowest tones of an organ; the fundamental or ground bass. [Written also sub-base.] Ayliffe.

Sub*bea"dle (?), n. An under beadle.

Sub*brach"i*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to the subbrachians.

||Sub*brach`i*a"les (?), n. pl. [NL. See Sub-, and Brachial.] (Zoöl.) A division of soft-finned fishes in which the ventral fins are situated beneath the pectorial fins, or nearly so.

Sub*brach"i*an (?), n. [Pref. sub- + brachium.] (Zoöl.) One of the Subbrachiales.

Sub"breed` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A race or strain differing in certain characters from the parent breed; an incipient breed.

Sub*bron"chi*al (?), a. (Anat.) Situated under, or on the ventral side of, the bronchi; as, the subbronchial air sacs of birds.

Sub*cal"i*ber (?), a. Smaller than the caliber of a firearm. [Written also subcalibre.]

Subcaliber projectile, a projectile having a smaller diameter than the caliber of the arm from which it is fired, and to which it is fitted by means of a sabot. Knight.

Sub*car`bon*if"er*ous (?), a. (Geol.) Of or pertaining to the lowest division of the Carboniferous formations underlying the proper coal measures. It was a marine formation characterized in general by beds of limestone. -- n. The Subcarboniferous period or formation.

Sub*car"bu*ret`ed (?), a. (Chem.) United with, or containing, carbon in less than the normal proportion. [Written also subcarburetted.] [Obsoles.]

Sub*car`ti*lag"i*nous (?), a. (Anat.) (a) Situated under or beneath a cartilage or cartilages. (b) Partially cartilaginous.

Sub*cau"dal (?), a. (Anat.) Situated under, or on the ventral side of, the tail; as, the subcaudal, or chevron, bones.

Sub`ce*les"tial (?), a. Being beneath the heavens; as, subcelestial glories. Barrow.

Sub*cen"tral (?), a. 1. Under the center.

2. Nearly central; not quite central.

Sub*chant"er (?), n. (Eccl.) An underchanter; a precentor's deputy in a cathedral; a succentor.

Sub*cir"cu*lar (?), a. Nearly circular.

Sub"class` (?), n. One of the natural groups, more important than an order, into which some classes are divided; as, the angiospermous subclass of exogens.

Sub*cla"vi*an (?), a. [Pref. sub- + L. clavis a key. See Clavicle.] (Anat.) Situated under the clavicle, or collar bone; as, the subclavian arteries.

Sub`co*lum"nar (?), a. (Geol.) Having an imperfect or interrupted columnar structure.

Sub`com*mit"tee (?), n. An under committee; a part or division of a committee.

> Yet by their sequestrators and subcommittees abroad . . . those orders were commonly disobeyed.

Milton.

Sub`com*pressed" (?), a. Not fully compressed; partially or somewhat compressed.

Sub*con"cave (?), a. Slightly concave. Owen.

Sub`con*form"a*ble (?), a. Partially conformable.

Sub*con"ic*al (?), a. Slightly conical.

Sub*con`junc*ti"val (?), a. (Anat.) Situated under the conjunctiva.

Sub*con"scious (?), a. 1. Occurring without the possibility or the fact of an attendant consciousness; -- said of states of the soul.

2. Partially conscious; feebly conscious.

Sub*con`stel*la"tion (?), n. (Astron.) A subordinate constellation. Sir T. Browne.

Sub*con"tract (?), n. A contract under, or subordinate to, a previous contract.

Sub`con*tract"ed (?), a. 1. Contracted after a former contract.

2. Betrothed for the second time. [Obs.] Shak.

Sub`con*tract"or (?), n. One who takes a portion of a contract, as for work, from the principal contractor.

Sub*con"tra*ry (?), a. 1. Contrary in an inferior degree.

2. (Geom.) Having, or being in, a contrary order; -- said of a section of an oblique cone having a circular base made by a plane not parallel to the base, but so inclined to the axis that the section is a circle; applied also to two similar triangles when so placed as to have a common angle at the vertex, the opposite sides not being parallel. Brande & C.

3. (Logic) Denoting the relation of opposition between the particular affirmative and particular negative. Of these both may be true and only one can be false.

Sub*con"tra*ry, n.; pl. Subcontraries (&?;). (Logic) A subcontrary proposition; a proposition inferior or contrary in a lower degree.

Sub*cor"a*coid (?), a. (Anat.) Situated under the coracoid process of the scapula; as, the subcoracoid dislocation of the humerus.

Sub*cor"date (?), a. Somewhat cordate; somewhat like a heart in shape.

Sub*cor"ne*ous (?), a. (Anat.) (a) Situated under a horny part or layer. (b) Partially horny.

Sub*cos"tal (?), a. (Anat. & Zoöl.) Situated below the costas, or ribs; as, the subcostal muscles.

The subcostal muscles are distinct from, and within, the intercostal.

Sub*cos"tal, n. 1. (Anat.) A subcostal muscle.

2. (Zoöl.) One of the principal nervures of the wings of an insect. It is situated next beneath or behind the costal. See Nervure.

Sub*cra"ni*al (?), a. (Anat.) Situated under, or on the ventral side of, the cranium; facial.

Sub`crus*ta"ceous (?), a. Occurring beneath a crust or scab; as, a subcrustaceous cicatrization.

Sub*crys"tal*line (?), a. Imperfectly crystallized.

{ Sub*cul"trate (?), Sub*cul"tra*ted (?), } a. (Zoöl.) Having a form resembling that of a colter, or straight on one side and curved on the other.

Sub`cu*ta"ne*ous (?), a. Situated under the skin; hypodermic. -- Sub`cu*ta"ne*ous*ly, adv.

Subcutaneous operation (Surg.), an operation performed without opening that part of the skin opposite to, or over, the internal section.

Sub`cu*tic"u*lar (?), a. (Anat.) Situated under the cuticle, or scarfskin.

{ Sub`cy*lin"dric*al (?), Sub`cy*lin"dric (?) }, a. Imperfectly cylindrical; approximately cylindrical.

Sub*dea"con (?), n. [Pref. sub- + deacon: cf. L. subdiaconus.] (Eccl.) One belonging to an order in the Roman Catholic Church, next interior to the order of deacons; also, a member of a minor order in the Greek Church.

{ Sub*dea"con*ry (?), Sub*dea"con*ship, } n. (Eccl.) The order or office of subdeacon.

Sub"dean` (?), n. [Pref. sub- + dean: cf. F. sousdoyen.] An under dean; the deputy or substitute of a dean. Ayliffe.

Sub*dean"er*y (?), n. Office or rank of subdean.

Sub*dec"a*nal (?), a. Of or pertaining to a subdean or subdeanery.

Sub*dec"u*ple (?), a. Containing one part of ten.

Sub*del"e*gate (?), n. A subordinate delegate, or one with inferior powers.

Sub*del"e*gate (?), v. t. To appoint to act as subdelegate, or as a subordinate; to depete.

Sub*dent"ed (?), a. Indented beneath.

Sub`de*part"ment (?), n. A subordinate department; a bureau. See the Note under Bureau.

<! p. 1433 !>

Sub`de*pos"it (?), n. That which is deposited beneath something else.

Sub`der*i*so"ri*ous (?), a. [Pref. sub- + L. derisorius. See Derisory.] Ridiculing with moderation. [R.] Dr. H. More.

Sub`de*riv"a*tive (?), n. A word derived from a derivative, and not directly from the root; as, "friendliness" is a subderivative, being derived from "friendly", which is in turn a derivative from "friend."

Sub`di*ac"o*nate (?), a. Of or pertaining to a subdeacon, or to the office or rank of a subdeacon.

Sub`di*ac"o*nate, n. The office or rank of a subdeacon.

Sub*di"al (?), a. [L. subdialis in the open air.] Of or pertaining to the open air; being under the open sky. [R.] N. Bacon.

Sub*di"a*lect (?), n. A subordinate dialect.

Sub`di*chot"o*my (?), n. A subordinate, or inferior, division into parts; a subdivision. [R.]

> Many subdichatomies of petty schisms.

Milton.

Sub`di*lat"ed (?), a. Partially dilated.

Sub`di*ti"tious (?), a. [L. subdititius, subditicius, fr. subdere to substitute.] Put secretly in the place of something else; foisted in. [R.]

Sub`di*ver"si*fy (?), v. t. To diversify aggain what is already diversified. [R.] Sir M. Hale.

Sub`di*vide" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Subdivided (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Subdividing.] [L. subdividere, sub under + dividere to divide. See Divide.] To divide the parts of (anything) into more parts; to part into smaller divisions; to divide again, as what has already been divided.

> The progenies of Cham and Japhet swarmed into colonies, and those colonies were subdivided into many others.

Dryden.

Sub`di*vide", v. i. To be, or to become, subdivided.

Sub`di*vine" (?), a. Partaking of divinity; divine in a partial or lower degree. Bp. Hall.

Sub`di*vis"i*ble (?), a. Susceptible of subdivision.

Sub`di*vi"sion (?), n. [L. subdivisio: cf. F. subdivision.] 1. The act of subdividing, or separating a part into smaller parts.

2. A part of a thing made by subdividing.

> In the decimal table, the subdivision of the cubit, as span, palm, and digit, are deduced from the shorter cubit.

Arbuthnot.

Sub"do*lous (?), a. [L. subdolus, sub + dolus deceit.] Sly; crafty; cunning; artful. [R.]

Sub*dom"i*nant (?), n. (Mus.) The fourth tone above, or fifth below, the tonic; -- so called as being under the dominant.

Sub*du"a*ble (?), a. Able to be subdued.

Sub*du"al (?), n. Act of subduing. Bp. Warburton.

{ Sub*duce" (?), Sub*duct" (?), } v. t. [L. subducere, subductum; sub under + ducere to lead, to draw. See Duke, and cf. Subdue.] 1. To withdraw; to take away. Milton.

2. To subtract by arithmetical operation; to deduct.

> If, out of that infinite multitude of antecedent generations, we should subduce ten.

Sir M. Hale.

Sub*duc"tion (?), n. [L. subductio.] 1. The act of subducting or taking away. Bp. Hall.

2. Arithmetical subtraction. Sir M. Hale.

Sub*due" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Subdued (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Subduing.] [OE. soduen, OF. sosduire to seduce, L. subtus below (fr. sub under) + ducere to lead. See Duke, and cf. Subduct.] 1. To bring under; to conquer by force or the exertion of superior power, and bring into permanent subjection; to reduce under dominion; to vanquish.

> I will subdue all thine enemies.

1 Chron. xvii. 10.

2. To overpower so as to disable from further resistance; to crush.

> Nothing could have subdued nature
> To such a lowness, but his unkind daughters.

Shak.

> If aught . . . were worthy to subdue
> The soul of man.

Milton.

3. To destroy the force of; to overcome; as, medicines subdue a fever.

4. To render submissive; to bring under command; to reduce to mildness or obedience; to tame; as, to subdue a stubborn child; to subdue the temper or passions.

5. To overcome, as by persuasion or other mild means; as, to subdue opposition by argument or entreaties.

6. To reduce to tenderness; to melt; to soften; as, to subdue ferocity by tears.

7. To make mellow; to break, as land; also, to destroy, as weeds.

8. To reduce the intensity or degree of; to tone down; to soften; as, to subdue the brilliancy of colors.

Syn. -- To conquer; overpower; overcome; surmount; vanquish. See Conquer.

Sub*dued" (?), a. 1. Conquered; overpowered; crushed; submissive; mild.

2. Not glaring in color; soft in tone.

Sub*due"ment (?), n. Subdual. [Obs.] Shak.

Sub*du"er (?), n. One who, or that which, subdues; a conqueror. Spenser.

Sub*dul"cid (?), a. [Pref. sub + L. dulcis sweet.] Somewhat sweet; sweetish. [R.]

Sub"du*ple (?), a. (Math.) Indicating one part of two; in the ratio of one to two.

Subduple ratio, the ratio of 1 to 2: thus, 3:6 is a subduple ratio, as 6:3 is a duple ratio.

Sub*du"pli*cate (?), a. (Math.) Expressed by the square root; -- said of ratios.

Subduplicate ratio, the ratio of the square roots, or the square root of a ratio; thus, the subduplicate ratio of a to b is √a to √b, or √a/b.

Sub*du"ral (?), a. (Anat.) Situated under the dura mater, or between the dura mater and the arachnoid membrane.

Sub*ed"i*tor (?), n. An assistant editor, as of a periodical or journal.

Sub`e*lon"gate (?), a. Not fully elongated; somewhat elongated.

Sub*en`do*car"di*al (?), a. (Anat.) Situated under the endocardium.

Sub*en"dy*mal (?), a. [Pref. sub + endyma.] Situated under the endyma.

Sub*ep`i*der"mal (?), a. Situated immediately below the epidermis.

Sub*ep`i*glot"tic (?), a. (Anat.) Situated under the epiglottis.

Sub*ep`i*the"li*al (?), a. (Anat.) Situated under the epithelium.

Sub*e"qual (?), a. Nearly equal.

Su"ber*ate (?), n. [Cf. F. subérate.] (Chem.) A salt of suberic acid.

Su*be"re*ous (?), a. [L. subereus of the cork tree.] Of or pertaining to cork; of the nature of cork; suberose.

Su*ber"ic (?), a. [L. suber the cork tree: cf. F. subéreque.] (Chem.) Of or pertaining to cork; specifically, designating an acid, C6H12.(CO2H)2, homologous with oxalic acid, and obtained from cork and certain fatty oils, as a white crystalline substance.

Su"ber*in (?), n. [L. suber the cork tree: cf. F. subérine.] (Bot.) A material found in the cell walls of cork. It is a modification of lignin.

Su"ber*ite (?), n. [L. suber the cork tree.] (Zoöl.) Any sponge of the genus Suberites and allied genera. These sponges have a fine and compact texture, and contain minute siliceous spicules.

Su"ber*one (?), n. (Chem.) (a) The hypothetical ketone of suberic acid. (b) A colorless liquid, analogous suberone proper, having a pleasant peppermint odor. It is obtained by the distillation of calcium suberate.

{ Su"ber*ose` (?), Su"ber*ous (?), } a. [L. suber the cork tree: cf. F. subéreux.] (Bot.) Having a corky texture.

Sub*e`so*phag"e*al (?), a. (Zoöl.) Situated beneath the esophagus. [Written also subœsophageal.]

Subesophageal ganglion (Zoöl.), a large special ganglion situated beneath the esophagus of arthropods, annelids, and some other invertebrates.

Sub*fam"i*ly (?), n. (Biol.) One of the subdivisions, of more importance than genus, into which certain families are divided.

Sub*fi"brous (?), a. Somewhat fibrous.

Sub*fus"cous (?), a. [L. subfuscus, suffuscus. See Sub-, and Fuscous.] Duskish; moderately dark; brownish; tawny.

Sub*fusk" (?), a. Subfuscous. [Obs.] Tatler.

Sub`ge*lat"i*nous (?), a. Imperfectly or partially gelatinous.

Sub`ge*ner"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to a subgenus.

Sub*ge"nus (?), n.; pl. Subgenera (&?;). (Biol.) A subdivision of a genus, comprising one or more species which differ from other species of the genus in some important character or characters; as, the azaleas now constitute a subgenus of Rhododendron.

Sub*gla"cial (?), a. Pertaining or belonging to the under side of a glacier; being beneath a glacier; as, subglacial streams.

Sub`glo*bose" (?), a. Not quite globose.

Sub*glob"u*lar (?), a. Nearly globular.

Sub*glos"sal (?), a. (Anat.) Situated under the tongue; sublingual.

Sub*glot"tic (?), a. (Anat.) Situated below the glottis; -- applied to that part of the cavity of the larynx below the true vocal cords.

Sub`glu*ma"ceous (?), a. Somewhat glumaceous.

Sub*gov"ern*or (?), n. A subordinate or assistant governor.

Sub*gran"u*lar (?), a. Somewhat granular.

Sub"group` (?), n. (Biol.) A subdivision of a group, as of animals. Darwin.

Sub`has*ta"tion (?), n. [L. subhastatio.] A public sale or auction. [R.] Bp. Burnet.

Sub`he*pat"ic (?), a. (Anat.) Situated under, or on the ventral side of, the liver; -- applied to the interlobular branches of the portal vein.

Sub`horn*blend"ic (?), a. (Min.) Containing hornblende in a scattered state; of or relating to rocks containing disseminated hornblende.

Sub*hu"mer*ate (?), v. t. [See Sub- , Humerus.] To place the shoulders under; to bear. [Obs.]

> Nothing surer ties a friend than freely to subhumerate the burden which was his.

Feltham.

Sub*hy"a*loid (?), a. (Anat.) Situated under the hyaliod membrane.

Sub`hy*oid"e*an (?), a. (Anat. & Med.) Situated or performed beneath the hyoid bone; as, subhyoidean laryngotomy.

||Sub`i*ma"go (?), n. [NL. See Sub- , and Imago.] (Zoöl.) A stage in the development of certain insects, such as the May flies, intermediate between the pupa and imago. In this stage, the insect is able to fly, but subsequently sheds a skin before becoming mature. Called also pseudimago.

Sub*in`cu*sa"tion (?), n. [Pref. sub + L. incusatio accusation, fr. incusare to accuse.] A slight charge or accusation. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Sub*in"dex (?), n.; pl. Subindices (&?;). (Math.) A number or mark placed opposite the lower part of a letter or symbol to distinguish the symbol; thus, a0, b1, c2, xn, have 0, 1, 2, and n as subindices.

Sub*in"di*cate (?), v. t. [Pref. sub + indicate: cf. L. subindicare.] To indicate by signs or hints; to indicate imperfectly. [R.] Dr. H. More.

Sub*in`di*ca"tion (?), n. The act of indicating by signs; a slight indication. [R.] "The subindication and shadowing of heavenly things." Barrow.

Sub*in`di*vid"u*al (?), n. A division of that which is individual.

> An individual can not branch itself into subindividuals.

Milton.

Sub`in*duce" (?), v. t. To insinuate; to offer indirectly. [Obs.] Sir E. Dering.

Sub`in*fer" (?), v. t. & i. To infer from an inference already made. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Sub*in`feu*da"tion (?), n. (Law) (a) The granting of lands by inferior lords to their dependents, to be held by themselves by feudal tenure. Craig. (b) Subordinate tenancy; undertenancy.

> The widow is immediate tenant to the heir, by a kind of subinfeudation, or undertenancy.

Blackstone.

Sub`in*gres"sion (?), n. Secret entrance. [R.] Boyle.

Sub`in*tes"ti*nal (?), a. (Anat.) Situated under, or on the ventral side of, the intestine.

Sub*in`vo*lu"tion (?), n. Partial or incomplete involution; as, subinvolution of the uterus.

Sub`i*ta"ne*ous (?), a. [L. subitaneus. See Sudden.] Sudden; hasty. [Obs.] Bullokar. -- Sub`i*ta"ne*ous*ness, n. [Obs.]

Sub"i*ta*ny (?), a. Subitaneous; sudden; hasty. [Obs.] Hales.

||Su"bi*to (?), adv. [It. & L.] (Mus.) In haste; quickly; rapidly.

Sub*ja"cent (?), a. [L. subjacens, p. pr. of subjacere to lie under; sub under + jacere to lie.] 1. Lying under or below.

2. Being in a lower situation, though not directly beneath; as, hills and subjacent valleys.

Sub*ject" (?), a. [OE. suget, OF. souzget, sougit (in which the first part is L. subtus below, fr. sub under), subgiet, subject, F. sujet, from L. subjectus lying under, subjected, p. p. of subjicere, subicere, to throw, lay, place, or bring under; sub under + jacere to throw. See Jet a shooting forth.] 1. Placed or situated under; lying below, or in a lower situation. [Obs.] Spenser.

2. Placed under the power of another; specifically (International Law), owing allegiance to a particular sovereign or state; as, Jamaica is subject to Great Britain.

> Esau was never subject to Jacob.

Locke.

3. Exposed; liable; prone; disposed; as, a country subject to extreme heat; men subject to temptation.

> All human things are subject to decay.

Dryden.

4. Obedient; submissive.

> Put them in mind to be subject to principalities.

Titus iii. 1.

Syn. -- Liable; subordinate; inferior; obnoxious; exposed. See Liable.

Sub*ject", n. [From L. subjectus, through an old form of F. sujet. See Subject, a.] 1. That which is placed under the authority, dominion, control, or influence of something else.

2. Specifically: One who is under the authority of a ruler and is governed by his laws; one who owes allegiance to a sovereign or a sovereign state; as, a subject of Queen Victoria; a British subject; a subject of the United States.

> Was never subject longed to be a king,
> As I do long and wish to be a subject.

Shak.

> The subject must obey his prince, because God commands it, human laws require it.

Swift.

In international law, the term subject is convertible with citizen.

3. That which is subjected, or submitted to, any physical operation or process; specifically (Anat.), a dead body used for the purpose of dissection.

4. That which is brought under thought or examination; that which is taken up for discussion, or concerning which anything is said or done. "This subject for heroic song." Milton.

> Make choice of a subject, beautiful and noble, which . . . shall afford an ample field of matter wherein to expatiate.

Dryden.

> The unhappy subject of these quarrels.

Shak.

5. The person who is treated of; the hero of a piece; the chief character.

> Writers of particular lives . . . are apt to be prejudiced in favor of their subject.

C. Middleton.

6. (Logic & Gram.) That of which anything is affirmed or predicated; the theme of a proposition or discourse; that which is spoken of; as, the nominative case is the subject of the verb.

> The subject of a proposition is that concerning which anything is affirmed or denied.

I. Watts.

7. That in which any quality, attribute, or relation, whether spiritual or material, inheres, or to which any of these appertain; substance; substratum.

> That which manifests its qualities -- in other words, that in which the appearing causes inhere, that to which they belong - - is called their subject or substance, or substratum.

Sir W. Hamilton.

8. Hence, that substance or being which is conscious of its own operations; the mind; the thinking agent or principal; the ego. Cf. Object, n., 2.

> The philosophers of mind have, in a manner, usurped and appropriated this expression to themselves. Accordingly, in their hands, the phrases conscious or thinking subject, and subject, mean precisely the same thing.

Sir W. Hamilton.

9. (Mus.) The principal theme, or leading thought or phrase, on which a composition or a movement is based.

> The earliest known form of subject is the ecclesiastical cantus firmus, or plain song.

Rockstro.

10. (Fine Arts) The incident, scene, figure, group, etc., which it is the aim of the artist to represent.

Sub*ject" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Subjected (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Subjecting.] 1. To bring under control, power, or dominion; to make subject; to subordinate; to subdue.

> Firmness of mind that subjects every gratification of sense to the rule of right reason.

C. Middleton.

> In one short view subjected to our eye,
> Gods, emperors, heroes, sages, beauties, lie.

Pope.

> He is the most subjected, the most &?;nslaved, who is so in his understanding.

Locke.

2. To expose; to make obnoxious or liable; as, credulity subjects a person to impositions.

3. To submit; to make accountable.

> God is not bound to subject his ways of operation to the scrutiny of our thoughts.

Locke.

4. To make subservient.

> Subjected to his service angel wings.

Milton.

5. To cause to undergo; as, to subject a substance to a white heat; to subject a person to a rigid test.

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Sub*ject"ed (?), a. 1. Subjacent. "Led them direct . . . to the subjected plain." [Obs.] Milton.

2. Reduced to subjection; brought under the dominion of another.

3. Exposed; liable; subject; obnoxious.

Sub*jec"tion (?), n. [L. subjectio: cf. OF. subjection, F. subjétion. See Subject, a.] 1. The act of subjecting, or of bringing under the dominion of another; the act of subduing.

> The conquest of the kingdom, and subjection of the rebels.

Sir M. Hale.

2. The state of being subject, or under the power, control, and government of another; a state of obedience or submissiveness; as, the safety of life, liberty, and property depends on our subjection to the laws. "To be bound under subjection." Chaucer.

> Likewise, ye wives, be in subjection to your own husbands.

1 Peter iii. 1.

> Because the subjection of the body to the will is by natural necessity, the subjection of the will unto God voluntary, we stand in need of direction after what sort our wills and desires may be rightly conformed to His.

Hooker.

Sub"ject*ist (?), n. (Metaph.) One skilled in subjective philosophy; a subjectivist.

Sub*jec"tive (?), a. [L. subjectivus: cf. F. subjectif.] 1. Of or pertaining to a subject.

2. Especially, pertaining to, or derived from, one's own consciousness, in distinction from external observation; ralating to the mind, or intellectual world, in distinction from the outward or material excessively occupied with, or brooding over, one's own internal states.

In the philosophy of the mind, subjective denotes what is to be referred to the thinking subject, the ego; objective, what belongs to the object of thought, the non- ego. See Objective, a., 2. Sir W. Hamilton.

3. (Lit. & Art) Modified by, or making prominent, the individuality of a writer or an artist; as, a subjective drama or painting; a subjective writer.

Syn. -- See Objective.

Subjective sensation (Physiol.), one of the sensations occurring when stimuli due to internal causes excite the nervous apparatus of the sense organs, as when a person imagines he sees figures which have no objective reality.

-- Sub*jec"tive*ly, adv. -- Sub*jec"tive*ness, n.

Sub*jec"tiv*ism (?), n. (Metaph.) Any philosophical doctrine which refers all knowledge to, and founds it upon, any subjective states; egoism.

Sub*jec"tiv*ist, n. (Metaph.) One who holds to subjectivism; an egoist.

Sub`jec*tiv"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being subjective; character of the subject.

Sub"ject*less (?), a. Having no subject.

Sub"ject-mat`ter (?), n. The matter or thought presented for consideration in some statement or discussion; that which is made the object of thought or study.

> As to the subject-matter, words are always to be understood as having a regard thereto.

Blackstone.

> As science makes progress in any subject-matter, poetry recedes from it.

J. H. Newman.

Sub"ject*ness, n. Quality of being subject. [R.]

Sub*jic"i*ble (?), a. Capable of being subjected. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

Sub*join" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Subjoined (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Subjoining.] [Cf. OF. subjoindre, L. subjungere. See Sub-, and Join, and cf. Subjective.] To add after something else has been said or written; to ANNEX; as, to subjoin an argument or reason.

Syn. -- To add; annex; join; unite.

Sub*join"der (?), n. An additional remark. [R.]

||Sub ju"di*ce (?). [L.] Before the judge, or court; not yet decided; under judicial consideration.

Sub"ju*gate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Subjugated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Subjugating.] [L. subjugatus, p. p. of subjugare to subjugate; sub under + jugum a yoke. See Yoke.] To subdue, and bring under the yoke of power or dominion; to conquer by force, and compel to submit to the government or absolute control of another; to vanquish.

> He subjugated a king, and called him his "vassal."

Baker.

Syn. -- To conquer; subdue; overcome. See Conquer.

Sub`ju*ga"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. subjugation, LL. subjugatio.] The act of subjugating, or the state of being subjugated.

Sub"ju*ga`tor (?), n. [L.] One who subjugates; a conqueror.

Sub*junc"tion (?), n. [See Subjunctive.] 1. Act of subjoining, or state of being subjoined.

2. Something subjoined; as, a subjunction to a sentence.

Sub*junc"tive (?), a. [L. subjunctivus, fr. subjungere, subjunctum, to subjoin: cf. F. subjonctif. See Subjoin.] Subjoined or added to something before said or written.

Subjunctive mood (Gram.), that form of a verb which express the action or state not as a fact, but only as a conception of the mind still contingent and dependent. It is commonly subjoined, or added as subordinate, to some other verb, and in English is often connected with it by if, that, though, lest, unless, except, until, etc., as in the following sentence: "If there were no honey, they [bees] would have no object in visiting the flower." Lubbock. In some languages, as in Latin and Greek, the subjunctive is often independent of any other verb, being used in wishes, commands, exhortations, etc.

Sub*junc"tive, n. (Gram.) The subjunctive mood; also, a verb in the subjunctive mood.

Sub*king"dom (?), n. One of the several primary divisions of either the animal, or vegetable kingdom, as, in zoölogy, the Vertebrata, Tunicata, Mollusca, Articulata, Molluscoidea, Echinodermata, Cœlentera, and the Protozoa; in botany, the Phanerogamia, and the Cryptogamia.

Sub`lap*sa"ri*an (?), n. & a. [Pref. sub + lapse: cf. F. sublapsarien, sublapsarie.] (Eccl. Hist.) Same as Infralapsarian.

Sub`lap*sa"ri*an*ism (?), n. Infralapsarianism.

Sub*lap"sa*ry (?), a. Sublapsarian. Johnson.

Sub"late (?), v. t. [From sublatus, used as p. p. of tollere to take away. See Tolerate.] To take or carry away; to remove. [R.] E. Hall.

Sub*la"tion (?), n. [L. sublatio, fr. sublatus, used as p. p. of tollere to take away.] The act of taking or carrying away; removal. [R.] Bp. Hall.

Sub"la*tive (?), a. Having power, or tending, to take away. [R.] Harris.

Sub"lease` (?), n. (Law) A lease by a tenant or lessee to another person; an underlease. Bouvier.

Sub`les*see" (?), n. A holder of a sublease.

Sub*let" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sublet; p. pr. & vb. n. Subletting.] To underlet; to lease, as when a lessee leases to another person.

Sub`le*va"tion (?), n. [L. sublevare to lift up; sub under + levare to lift, raise: cf. L. sublevatio an allevation.] 1. The act of raising on high; elevation. Sir T. More.

2. An uprising; an insurrection. [R.] Sir W. Temple.

Sub`li*bra"ri*an (?), n. An under or assistant librarian.

Sub`lieu*ten"ant (?), n. [Pref. sub + lieutenant: cf. F. sous-lieutenant.] An inferior or second lieutenant; in the British service, a commissioned officer of the lowest rank.

Sub`li*ga"tion (?), n. [L. subligatio, from subligare to bind below; sub under + ligare to bind.] The act of binding underneath. [R.]

Sub*lim"a*ble (?), a. [Cf. F. sublimable. See Sublime., v. t.] Capable of being sublimed or sublimated. -- Sub*lim"a*ble*ness, n. Boyle.

Sub"li*mate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sublimated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sublimating.] [L. sublimatus, p. p. of sublimare to raise, elevate, fr. sublimis high: cf. F. sublimer. See Sublime, a., and cf. Surlime, v. t.] 1. To bring by heat into the state of vapor, which, on cooling, returns again to the solid state; as, to sublimate sulphur or camphor.

2. To refine and exalt; to heighten; to elevate.

> The precepts of Christianity are . . . so apt to cleanse and sublimate the more gross and corrupt.

Dr. H. More.

Sub"li*mate (?), n. [LL. sublimatum.] (Chem.) A product obtained by sublimation; hence, also, a purified product so obtained.

Corrosive sublimate. (Chem.) See under Corrosive.

Sub"li*mate, a. [LL. sublimatus.] Brought into a state of vapor by heat, and again condensed as a solid.

Sub"li*ma`ted (?), a. Refined by, or as by, sublimation; exalted; purified.

> [Words] whose weight best suits a sublimated strain.

Dryden.

Sub"li*ma`tion (?), n. [LL. sublimatio: cf. F. sublimation.] 1. (Chem.) The act or process of subliming, or the state or result of being sublimed.

2. The act of heightening or improving; exaltation; elevation; purification.

3. That which is sublimed; the product of a purifying process.

> Religion is the perfection, refinement, and sublimation of morality.

South.

Sub"li*ma*to*ry (?), a. Used for sublimation; as, sublimatory vessels. Boyle.

Sub"li*ma*to*ry, n. A vessel used for sublimation.

> Vials, crosslets, and sublimatories.

Chaucer.

Sub*lime" (?), a. [Compar. Sublimer (?); superl. Sublimest.] [L. sublimis; sub under + (perhaps) a word akin to limen lintel, sill, thus meaning, up to the lintel: cf. F. sublime. Cf. Eliminate.] 1. Lifted up; high in place; exalted aloft; uplifted; lofty.

> Sublime on these a tower of steel is reared.

Dryden.

2. Distinguished by lofty or noble traits; eminent; -- said of persons. "The sublime Julian leader." De Quincey.

3. Awakening or expressing the emotion of awe, adoration, veneration, heroic resolve, etc.; dignified; grand; solemn; stately; -- said of an impressive object in nature, of an action, of a discourse, of a work of art, of a spectacle, etc.; as, sublime scenery; a sublime deed.

> Easy in words thy style, in sense sublime.

Prior.

> Know how sublime a thing it is
> To suffer and be strong.

Longfellow.

4. Elevated by joy; elate. [Poetic]

> Their hearts were jocund and sublime,
> Drunk with idolatry, drunk with wine.

Milton.

5. Lofty of mien; haughty; proud. [Poetic] "Countenance sublime and insolent." Spenser.

> His fair, large front and eye sublime declared
> Absolute rule.

Milton.

Syn. -- Exalted; lofty; noble; majestic. See Grand.

Sub*lime", n. That which is sublime; -- with the definite article; as: (a) A grand or lofty style in speaking or writing; a style that expresses lofty conceptions.

> The sublime rises from the nobleness of thoughts, the magnificence of words, or the harmonious and lively turn of the phrase.

Addison.

(b) That which is grand in nature or art, as distinguished from the merely beautiful.

Sub*lime", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sublimed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Subliming.] [Cf. L. sublimare, F. sublimer to subject to sublimation. See Sublime, a., and cf. Sublimate, v. t.] 1. To raise on high. [Archaic]

> A soul sublimed by an idea above the region of vanity and conceit.

E. P. Whipple.

2. (Chem.) To subject to the process of sublimation; to heat, volatilize, and condense in crystals or powder; to distill off, and condense in solid form; hence, also, to purify.

3. To exalt; to heighten; to improve; to purify.

> The sun . . .
> Which not alone the southern wit sublimes,
> But ripens spirits in cold, northern climes.

Pope.

4. To dignify; to ennoble.

> An ordinary gift can not sublime a person to a supernatural employment.

Jer. Taylor.

Sub*lime" (?), v. i. (Chem.) To pass off in vapor, with immediate condensation; specifically, to evaporate or volatilize from the solid state without apparent melting; -- said of those substances, like arsenic, benzoic acid, etc., which do not exhibit a liquid form on heating, except under increased pressure.

Sub*limed" (?), a. (Chem.) Having been subjected to the process of sublimation; hence, also, purified. "Sublimed mercurie." Chaucer.

Sub*lime"ly (?), adv. In a sublime manner.

Sub*lime"ness, n. The quality or state of being sublime; sublimity.

Sub*lim`i*fi*ca"tion (?), n. [L. sublimis sublime + -ficare to make. See -ry.] The act of making sublime, or state of being made sublime.

Sub*lim"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Sublimities (#). [L. sublimitas: cf. F. sublimité.] 1. The quality or state of being sublime (in any sense of the adjective).

2. That which is sublime; as, the sublimities of nature.

Syn. -- Grandeur; magnificence. -- Sublimity, Grandeur. The mental state indicated by these two words is the same, namely, a mingled emotion of astonishment and awe. In speaking of the quality which produces this emotion, we call it grandeur when it springs from what is vast in space, power, etc.; we call it sublimity when it springs from what is elevated far above the ordinary incidents of humanity. An immense plain is grand. The heavens are not only grand, but sublime (as the predominating emotion), from their immense height. Exalted intellect, and especially exalted virtue under severe trials, give us the sense of moral sublimity, as in the case of our Savior in his prayer for his murderers. We do not speak of Satan, when standing by the fiery gulf, with his "unconquerable will and study of revenge," as a sublime object; but there is a melancholy grandeur thrown around him, as of an "archangel ruined."

Sub*lin`e*a"tion (?), n. A mark of a line or lines under a word in a sentence, or under another line; underlining.

||Sub*lin"gua (?), n.; pl. Sublinguæ (#). [NL.] (Anat.) A process or fold below the tongue in some animals.

Sub*lin"gual (?), a. [Pref. sub + lingual: cf. F. sublingual.] (Anat.) (a) Situated under the tongue; as, the sublingual gland. (b) Of or pertaining to the sublingual gland; as, sublingual salvia.

Sub*li"tion (?), n. [L. sublinere, sublitum, to smear, to lay on as a ground color.] (Paint.) The act or process of laying the ground in a painting. [R.]

Sub*lit"to*ral (?), a. Under the shore. Smart.

Sub*lob"u*lar (?), a. (Anat.) Situated under, or at the bases of, the lobules of the liver.

Sub*lum"bar (?), a. (Anat.) Situated under, or on the ventral side of, the lumbar region of the vertebral column.

{ Sub*lu"nar (?), Sub"lu*na*ry (?), } a. [Pref. sub + lunar, or lunary: cf. F. sublunaire.] Situated beneath the moon; hence, of or pertaining to this world; terrestrial; earthly.

> All things sublunary are subject to change.

Dryden.

> All sublunary comforts imitate the changeableness, as well as feel the influence, of the planet they are under.

South.

Sub"lu*na*ry, n. Any worldly thing. [Obs.]

Sub`lux*a"tion (?), n. [Pref. sub + luxation: cf. F. subluxation.] (Surg.) An incomplete or partial dislocation.

Sub*mam"ma*ry (?), a. Situated under the mammæ; as, submammary inflammation.

Sub`ma*rine" (?), a. Being, acting, or growing, under water in the sea; as, submarine navigators; submarine plants.

Submarine armor, a waterproof dress of strong material, having a helmet into which air for breathing is pumped through a tube leading from above the surface to enable a diver to remain under water. -- Submarine cable. See Telegraph cable, under Telegraph. -- Submarine mine. See Torpedo, 2 (a).

Sub*ma*rine", n. A submarine plant or animal.

Sub*mar"shal (?), n. An under or deputy marshal.

Sub*max"il*la*ry (?), a. (Anat.) (a) Situated under the maxilla, or lower jaw; inframaxillary; as, the submaxillary gland. (b) Of or pertaining to submaxillary gland; as, submaxillary salvia.

Sub*me"di*al (?), a. Lying under the middle.

Sub*me"di*an (?), a. (Zoöl.) Next to the median (on either side); as, the submedian teeth of mollusks.

Sub*me"di*ant (?), n. (Mus.) The sixth tone of the scale; the under mediant, or third below the keynote; the superdominant.

Sub*men"tal (?), a. (Anat.) Situated under the chin; as, the submental artery.

Sub*men"tum (?), n.; pl. Submenta (#). [NL. See Sub-, and Mentum.] (Zoöl.) The basal part of the labium of insects. It bears the mentum.

Sub*merge" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Submerged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Submerging (?).] [L. submergere, submersum; sub under + mergere to plunge: cf. F. submerger. See Merge.] 1. To put under water; to plunge.

2. To cover or overflow with water; to inundate; to flood; to drown.

> I would thou didst,
> So half my Egypt were submerged.

Shak.

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Sub*merge" (?), v. i. To plunge into water or other fluid; to be buried or covered, as by a fluid; to be merged; hence, to be completely included.

> Some say swallows submerge in ponds.

Gent. Mag.

Sub*mer"gence (?), n. [From L. submergens, p. pr.] The act of submerging, or the state of being submerged; submersion.

Sub*merse" (?), a. (Bot.) Submersed.

Sub*mersed" (?), a. [L. submersus, p. p. of submergere. See Submerge.] Being or growing under water, as the leaves of aquatic plants.

Sub*mer"sion (?), n. [L. submersio: cf. F. submersion.] 1. The act of submerging, or putting under water or other fluid, or of causing to be overflowed; the act of plunging under water, or of drowning.

2. The state of being put under water or other fluid, or of being overflowed or drowned.

Sub`me*tal"lic (?), a. Imperfectly metallic; as, a submetallic luster.

Sub*min"is*ter (?), v. t. [L. subministrare, subministratum. See Sub-, and Ministre, v. t.] To supply; to afford. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale.

Sub*min"is*ter, v. i. To be subservient; to be useful. [Obs.] "Our passions . . . subminister to the best and worst purposes." L'EStrange.

Sub*min"is*trant (?), a. [L. subministrans, p. pr.] Subordinate; subservient. [Obs.] Bacon.

Sub*min"is*trate (?), v. t. [See Subminister.] To supply; to afford; to subminister. [Obs.] Harvey.

Sub*min`is*tra"tion (?), n. [L. subministratio.] The act of subministering. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton.

Sub*miss" (?), a. [L. submissus, p. p. of submittere to let down, to lower. See Submit.] 1. Submissive; humble; obsequious. [Archaic] "Soft Silence and submiss Obedience." Spenser. "Stooping and submiss." R. L. Stevenson.

2. Gentle; soft; calm; as, submiss voices. [R.]

Sub*mis"sion (?), n. [L. submissio a letting down, lowering: cf. F. soumission.] 1. The act of submitting; the act of yielding to power or authority; surrender of the person and power to the control or government of another; obedience; compliance.

> Submission, dauphin! 't is a mere French word;
> We English warrious wot not what it means.

Shak.

2. The state of being submissive; acknowledgement of inferiority or dependence; humble or suppliant behavior; meekness; resignation.

> In all submission and humility
> York doth present himself unto your highness.

Shak.

> No duty in religion is more justly required by God . . . than a perfect submission to his will in all things.

Sir W. Temple.

3. Acknowledgement of a fault; confession of error.

> Be not as extreme in submission
> As in offense.

Shak.

4. (Law) An agreement by which parties engage to submit any matter of controversy between them to the decision of arbitrators. Wharton (Law Dict.). Bouvier.

Sub*mis"sive (?), a. 1. Inclined or ready to submit; acknowledging one's inferiority; yielding; obedient; humble.

> Not at his feet submissive in distress,
> Creature so fair his reconcilement seeking.

Milton.

2. Showing a readiness to submit; expressing submission; as, a submissive demeanor.

> With a submissive step I hasted down.

Prior.

Syn. -- Obedient; compliant; yielding; obsequious; subservient; humble; modest; passive.

-- Sub*mis"sive*ly, adv. -- Sub*mis"sive*ness, n.

Sub*miss"ly (?), adv. In a submissive manner; with a submission. [Archaic] Jer. Taylor.

Sub*miss"ness, n. Submissiveness. [Obs.]

Sub*mit" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Submitted (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Submitting.] [L. submittere; sub under + mittere to send: cf. F. soumettre. See Missile.] 1. To let down; to lower. [Obs.]

> Sometimes the hill submits itself a while.

Dryden.

2. To put or place under.

> The bristled throat
> Of the submitted sacrifice with ruthless steel he cut.

Chapman.

3. To yield, resign, or surrender to power, will, or authority; -- often with the reflexive pronoun.

> Ye ben submitted through your free assent.

Chaucer.

> The angel of the Lord said unto her, Return to thy mistress, and submit thyself under her hands.

Gen. xvi. 9.

> Wives, submit yourselves unto your own husbands.

Eph. v. 22.

4. To leave or commit to the discretion or judgment of another or others; to refer; as, to submit a controversy to arbitrators; to submit a question to the court; -- often followed by a dependent proposition as the object.

> Whether the condition of the clergy be able to bear a heavy burden, is submitted to the house.

Swift.

> We submit that a wooden spoon of our day would not be justified in calling Galileo and Napier blockheads because they never heard of the differential calculus.

Macaulay.

Sub*mit", v. i. 1. To yield one's person to the power of another; to give up resistance; to surrender.

> The revolted provinces presently submitted.

C. Middleton.

2. To yield one's opinion to the opinion of authority of another; to be subject; to acquiesce.

> To thy husband's will
> Thine shall submit.

Milton.

3. To be submissive or resigned; to yield without murmuring.

> Our religion requires from us . . . to submit to pain, disgrace, and even death.

Rogers.

Sub*mit"ter (?), n. One who submits. Whitlock.

Sub*mon"ish (?), v. t. [L. submonere. See Summon, and -ish.] To suggest; to prompt. [R.] "The submonishing inclinations of my senses." T. Granger.

Sub`mo*ni"tion (?), n. [LL. submonitio.] Suggestion; prompting. [R.] T. Granger.

Sub*mu"cous (?), a. (Anat.) Situated under a mucous membrane.

Sub*mul"ti*ple (?), n. (Math.) A number or quality which is contained in another an exact number of times, or is an aliquot part of it; thus, 7 is the submultiple of 56, being contained in it eight times.

Sub*mul"ti*ple, a. (Math.) Of or pertaining to a submultiple; being a submultiple; as, a submultiple number; submultiple ratio.

Sub*mus"cu*lar (?), a. Situated underneath a muscle or muscles.

Sub`nar*cot"ic (?), a. (Med.) Moderately narcotic.

Sub*na"sal (?), a. (Anat.) Situated under the nose; as, the subnasal point, or the middle point of the inferior border of the anterior nasal aperture.

Sub*nas"cent (?), a. [L. subnascens, p. pr. of subnasci to grow under; sub under + nasci to be born.] Growing underneath. [R.] Evelyn.

Sub*nect" (?), v. t. [L. subnectere, subnextum; sub under + nectere to tie.] To tie or fasten beneath; to join beneath. [R.] Pope.

Sub*nex" (?), v. t. [See Subnect.] To subjoin; to subnect. [Obs.] Holland.

Sub*nor"mal (?), n. (Geom.) That part of the axis of a curved line which is intercepted between the ordinate and the normal.

Sub`no*ta"tion (?), n. [L. subnotatio a signing underneath, fr. subnotare to subscribe; sub under + notare to note or mark.] A rescript. Bouvier.

Sub*no`to*chor"dal (?), a. (Anat.) Situated on the ventral side of the notochord; as, the subnotochordal rod.

Sub*nu"vo*lar (?), a. [Pref. sub + It. nuvola cloud: cf. L. subnubilus somewhat cloudy.] Under the clouds; attended or partly covered or obscured by clouds; somewhat cloudy. [R. & Poetic]

> Subnuvolar lights of evening sharply slant.

Milnes.

Sub`ob*scure"ly (?), adv. Somewhat obscurely or darkly. [R.] Donne.

Sub`ob*tuse" (?), a. Partially obtuse.

Sub`oc*cip"i*tal (?), a. (Anat.) Situated under, or posterior to, the occiput; as, the suboccipital, or first cervical, nerve.

{ Sub*oc"tave (?), Sub*oc"tu*ple (?), } a. Containing one part of eight; having the ratio of one to eight. Bp. Wilkins.

Sub*oc"u*lar (?), a. [Pref. sub + ocular: cf. L. subocularis.] (Anat.) Situated under, or on the ventral side of, the eye.

Sub*of"fi*cer (?), n. [Pref. sub + officer: cf. F. sous-officer.] An under or subordinate officer.

Sub`o*per"cu*lar (?), a. (Anat.) Situated below the operculum; pertaining to the suboperculum. -- n. The suboperculum.

Sub`o*per"cu*lum (?), n. [NL. See Sub-, Operculum.] (Anat.) The lower opercular bone in fishes.

{ Sub`or*bic"u*lar (?), Sub`or*bic"u*late (?), } a. Almost orbiculate or orbicular.

{ Sub*or"bit*al (?), Sub*or"bit*ar (?), } a. (Anat.) Situated under or below the orbit.

Sub*or"der (?), n. (Nat. Hist.) A division of an order; a group of genera of a little lower rank than an order and of greater importance than a tribe or family; as, cichoraceous plants form a suborder of Compositæ.

Sub*or"di*na*cy (?), n. [See Subordinate.] The quality or state of being subordinate, or subject to control; subordination, as, to bring the imagination to act in subordinacy to reason. Spectator.

{ Sub*or"di*nance (?), Sub*or"di*nan*cy (?) }, n. [Pref. sub + L. ordinans, p. pr. of ordinare. See Subordinate, a.] Subordinacy; subordination. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. Sir W. Temple.

Sub*or"di*na*ry (?), n. (Her.) One of several heraldic bearings somewhat less common than an ordinary. See Ordinary.

Different writers name different bearings as subordinaries, but the bar, bend, sinister, pile, inescutcheon bordure, gyron, and quarter, are always considered subordinaries by those who do not class them as ordinaries.

Sub*or"di*nate (?), a. [Pref. sub + L. ordinatus, p. p. of ordinare to set in order, to arrange. See Ordain.] 1. Placed in a lower order, class, or rank; holding a lower or inferior position.

> The several kinds and subordinate species of each are easily distinguished.

Woodward.

2. Inferior in order, nature, dignity, power, importance, or the like.

> It was subordinate, not enslaved, to the understanding.

South.

Sub*or"di*nate, n. One who stands in order or rank below another; -- distinguished from a principal. Milton.

Sub*or"di*nate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Subordinated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Subordinating.] 1. To place in a lower order or class; to make or consider as of less value or importance; as, to subordinate one creature to another.

2. To make subject; to subject or subdue; as, to subordinate the passions to reason.

-- Sub*or"di*nate*ly, adv. -- Sub*or"di*nate*ness, n.

Sub*or`di*na"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. subordination.] 1. The act of subordinating, placing in a lower order, or subjecting.

2. The quality or state of being subordinate or inferior to an other; inferiority of rank or dignity; subjection.

> Natural creature having a local subordination.

Holyday.

3. Place of inferior rank.

> Persons who in their several subordinations would be obliged to follow the example of their superiors.

Swift.

Sub*or"di*na*tive (?), a. Tending to subordinate; expressing subordination; used to introduce a subordinate sentence; as, a subordinative conjunction.

Sub*orn" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Suborned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Suborning.] [F. suborner, L. subornare; sub under, secretly + ornare to furnish, provide, equip, adorn. See Ornament.] 1. (Law) To procure or cause to take a false oath amounting to perjury, such oath being actually taken. Sir W. O. Russell.

2. To procure privately, or by collusion; to procure by indirect means; to incite secretly; to instigate.

> Thou art suborned against his honor.

Shak.

> Those who by despair suborn their death.

Dryden.

Sub`or*na"tion (?), n. [F. subornation.] 1. (Law) The act of suborning; the crime of procuring a person to take such a false oath as constitutes perjury. Blackstone.

2. The sin or offense of procuring one to do a criminal or bad action, as by bribes or persuasion.

> Foul subornation is predominant.

Shak.

> The sort of chicanery attending the subornation of managers in the Leibnitz controversy.

De Quinsey.

Sub*orn"er (?), n. One who suborns or procures another to take, a false oath; one who procures another to do a bad action.

Sub*o"val (?), a. Somewhat oval; nearly oval.

Sub*o"vate (?), a. Nearly in the form of an egg, or of the section of an egg, but having the inferior extremity broadest; nearly ovate.

Sub*o"va*ted (?), a. Subovate. [R.]

Sub*ox"ide (?), n. (Chem.) An oxide containing a relatively small amount of oxygen, and less than the normal proportion; as, potassium suboxide, K4O.

Sub`pe*dun"cu*lar (?), a. (Anat.) Situated beneath the peduncle; as, the subpeduncular lobe of the cerebellum.

Sub`pe*dun"cu*late (?), a. (Bot. & Zoöl.) Supported on, or growing from, a very short stem; having a short peduncle.

Sub`pel*lu"cid (?), a. Somewhat pellucid; nearly pellucid.

Sub*pe"na (?), n. & v. t. See Subpœna.

Sub`pen*tan"gu*lar (?), a. Nearly or approximately pentangular; almost pentangular.

Sub*per`i*car"di*al (?), a. (Anat.) Situated under the cardiac pericardium.

Sub*per`i*os"te*al (?), a. (Anat.) Situated under the periosteum.

Subperiosteal operation (Surg.), a removal of bone effected without taking away the periosteum.

Sub*per`i*to"ne*al (?), a. (Anat.) Situated under the peritoneal membrane.

Sub*pet"i*o*lar (?), a. (Bot.) Concealed within the base of the petiole, as the leaf buds of the plane tree.

Sub*pleu"ral (?), a. (Anat.) Situated under the pleural membrane.

Sub*pod`o*phyl"lous (?), a. (Anat.) Situated under the podophyllous tissue of the horse's foot.

Sub*pœ"na (?), n. [NL., fr. L. sub under + poena punishment. See Pain.] (Law) A writ commanding the attendance in court, as a witness, of the person on whom it is served, under a penalty; the process by which a defendant in equity is commanded to appear and answer the plaintiff's bill. [Written also subpena.]

||Subpœna ad testificandum (&?;). [NL.] A writ used to procure the attendance of a witness for the purpose of testifying. -- ||Subpœna duces tecum (&?;). [NL.] A writ which requires a witness to attend and bring certain documents.

Sub*pœ"na, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Subpœnaed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Subpœnaing.] (Law) To serve with a writ of subpœna; to command attendance in court by a legal writ, under a penalty in case of disobedience.

Sub*pœ"nal (?), a. Required or done under penalty. Gauden.

Sub*po"lar (?), a. Situated below the poles.

Sub`po*lyg"o*nal (?), a. Approximately polygonal; somewhat or almost polygonal.

Sub`pre*hen"sile (?), a. Somewhat prehensile; prehensile in an inferior degree.

Sub*pri"or (?), n. [Pref. sub + prior: cf. F. sous-prieur.] (Eccl.) The vicegerent of a prior; a claustral officer who assists the prior.

Sub*pu"bic (?), a. (Anat.) Situated under, or posterior to, the pubic bones.

Sub*pul"mo*na*ry (?), a. (Anat.) Situated under, or on the ventral side of, the lungs.

Sub*pur"chas*er (?), n. A purchaser who buys from a purchaser; one who buys at second hand.

Sub*pyr"i*form (?), a. Somewhat pyriform.

Sub*quad"rate (?), a. Nearly or approximately square; almost square.

Sub*quad"ru*ple (?), a. Containing one part of four; in the ratio of one to four; as, subquadruple proportion. Bp. Wilkins.

Sub*quin"que*fid (?), a. Almost quinquefid; nearly quinquefid.

Sub*quin"tu*ple (?), a. Having the ratio of one to five; as, subquintuple proportion. Bp. Wilkins.

Sub*read"er (?), n. (Law) An under reader in the inns of court, who reads the texts of law the reader is to discourse upon. [Eng.] Crabb.

Sub*rec"tor (?), n. An assistant restor. [Eng.]

Sub`re*li"gion (?), n. A secondary religion; a belief or principle held in a quasi religious veneration.

> Loyalty is in the English a subreligion.

Emerson.

Sub*rep"tion (?), n. [L. subreptio, fr. subripere, subreptum, to snatch or take away secretly: cf. F. subreption. See Surreptitious.] The act of obtaining a favor by surprise, or by unfair representation through suppression or fraudulent concealment of facts. Bp. Hall.

Sub`rep*ti"tious (?), a. [L. subreptitius. See Surreptitious.] Surreptitious. [Obs.] -- Sub`rep*ti"tious*ly (#), adv. [Obs.]

<! p. 1436 !>

Sub*rep"tive (?), a. [L. subreptivus.] Surreptitious. [Obs.]

Sub*rig"id (?), a. Somewhat rigid or stiff.

Sub*rig"u*ous (?), a. [L. subriguus; sub under + riguus watered, akin to rigare to water.] Watered or wet beneath; well- watered. [Obs.] Blount.

Sub"ro*gate (?), v. t. [L. subrogatus, p. p. of subrogare. See Surrogate.] To put in the place of another; to substitute. Barrow.

Sub`ro*ga"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. subrogation, LL. subrogatio.] The act of subrogating. Specifically: (Law) The substitution of one person in the place of another as a creditor, the new creditor succeeding to the rights of the former; the mode by which a third person who pays a creditor succeeds to his rights against the debtor. Bouvier. Burrill. Abbott.

Sub`ro*tund" (?), a. Somewhat rotund.

Sub*sa"cral (?), a. (Anat.) Situated under, or on the ventral side of, the sacrum.

Sub`sa*line" (?), a. Moderately saline or salt.

Sub"salt` (?), n. (Chem.) A basic salt. See the Note under Salt.

Sub`san*na"tion (?), n. [L. subsannatio, fr. subsannare to deride by mimicking gestures.] Derision; mockery. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

{ Sub*scap"u*lar (?), Sub*scap"u*la*ry (?), } a. (Anat.) Situated beneath the scapula; infrascapular; as, the subscapular muscle.

Sub*scrib"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being subscribed. [R.]

Sub*scribe" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Subscribed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Subscribing.] [L. subscribere, subscriptum; sub under + scribere to write: cf. F. souscrire. See Scribe.] 1. To write underneath, as one's name; to sign (one's name) to a document.

> [They] subscribed their names under them.

Sir T. More.

2. To sign with one's own hand; to give consent to, as something written, or to bind one's self to the terms of, by writing one's name beneath; as, parties subscribe a covenant or contract; a man subscribes a bond.

> All the bishops subscribed the sentence.

Milman.

3. To attest by writing one's name beneath; as, officers subscribe their official acts, and secretaries and clerks subscribe copies or records.

4. To promise to give, by writing one's name with the amount; as, each man subscribed ten dollars.

5. To sign away; to yield; to surrender. [Obs.] Shak.

6. To declare over one's signature; to publish. [Obs.]

> Either or must shortly hear from him, or I will subscribe him a coward.

Shak.

Sub*scribe", v. i. 1. To sign one's name to a letter or other document. Shak.

2. To give consent to something written, by signing one's name; hence, to assent; to agree.

> So spake, so wished, much humbled Eve; but Fate
> Subscribed not.

Milton.

3. To become surely; -- with for. [R.] Shak.

4. To yield; to admit one's self to be inferior or in the wrong. [Obs.]

> I will subscribe, and say I wronged the duke.

Shak.

5. To set one's name to a paper in token of promise to give a certain sum.

6. To enter one's name for a newspaper, a book, etc.

Sub*scrib"er (?), n. 1. One who subscribes; one who contributes to an undertaking by subscribing.

2. One who enters his name for a paper, book, map, or the like. Dryden.

Sub"script (?), a. [L. subscriptus, p. p. See Subscribe.] Written below or underneath; as, iota subscript. (See under Iota.) Specifically (Math.), said of marks, figures, or letters (suffixes), written below and usually to the right of other letters to distinguish them; as, a, n, 2, in the symbols Xa, An, Y2. See Suffix, n., 2, and Subindex.

Sub"script, n. Anything written below. Bentley.

Sub*scrip"tion (?), n. [L. subscriptio: cf. F. souscription.] 1. The act of subscribing.

2. That which is subscribed. Specifically: (a) A paper to which a signature is attached. (b) The signature attached to a paper. (c) Consent or attestation by underwriting the name. (d) Sum subscribed; amount of sums subscribed; as, an individual subscription to a fund.

3. (Eccl.) The acceptance of articles, or other tests tending to promote uniformity; esp. (Ch. of Eng.), formal assent to the Thirty-nine Articles and the Book of Common Prayer, required before ordination.

4. Submission; obedience. [Obs.]

> You owe me no subscription.

Shak.

5. (Pharm.) That part of a prescription which contains the direction to the apothecary.

Sub*scrip"tive (?), a. Of or pertaining to a subscription, or signature. "The subscriptive part." Richardson. -- Sub*scrip"tive*ly, adv.

Sub"se*cute (?), v. t. [L. subsecutus, p. p. of subsequi. See Subsequent.] To follow closely, or so as to overtake; to pursue. [Obs.]

> To follow and detain him, if by any possibility he could be subsecuted and overtaken.

E. Hall.

Sub*sec"u*tive (?), a. [Cf. F. subsécutif.] Following in a train or succession. [R.]

||Sub*sel"li*um (?), n.; pl. Subsellia (#). [L.] (Eccl. Arch.) One of the stalls of the lower range where there are two ranges. See Illust. of Stall.

Sub*sem"i*tone (?), n. (Mus.) The sensible or leading note, or sharp seventh, of any key; subtonic.

Sub*sen"si*ble (?), a. Deeper than the reach of the senses. "That subsensible world." Tyndall.

Sub*sep"tu*ple (?), a. Having the ratio of one to seven. Bp. Wilkins.

{ Sub"se*quence (?), Sub"se*quen*cy (?), } n. The act or state of following; -- opposed to precedence.

Sub"se*quent (?), a. [L. subsequens, -entis, p. pr. of subsequi to follow, succeed: cf. F. subséquent. See Sue to follow.] 1. Following in time; coming or being after something else at any time, indefinitely; as, subsequent events; subsequent ages or years; a period long subsequent to the foundation of Rome.

2. Following in order of place; succeeding; as, a subsequent clause in a treaty. "The subsequent words come on before the precedent vanish." Bacon.

Sub"se*quent*ly, adv. At a later time; afterwards.

Sub*se"rous (?), a. (Anat.) Situated under a serous membrane.

Sub*serve" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Subserved (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Subserving.] [L. subservire; sub under + servire to serve. See Serve.] To serve in subordination or instrumentally; to be subservient to; to help forward; to promote.

> It is a great credit to know the ways of captivating Nature, and making her subserve our purposes, than to have learned all the intrigues of policy.

Glanvill.

Sub*serve", v. i. To be subservient or subordinate; to serve in an inferior capacity.

> Not made to rule,
> But to subserve where wisdom bears command.

Milton.

{ Sub*serv"i*ence (?), Sub*serv"i*en*cy (?) }, n. The quality or state of being subservient; instrumental fitness or use; hence, willingness to serve another's purposes; in a derogatory sense, servility.

> The body wherein appears much fitness, use, and subserviency to infinite functions.

Bentley.

> There is a regular subordination and subserviency among all the parts to beneficial ends.

Cheyne.

Sub*serv"i*ent (?), a. [L. subserviens, -entis, p. pr. See Subserve.] Fitted or disposed to subserve; useful in an inferior capacity; serving to promote some end; subordinate; hence, servile, truckling.

> Scarce ever reading anything which he did not make subservient in one kind or other.

Bp. Fell.

> These ranks of creatures are subservient one to another.

Ray.

> Their temporal ambition was wholly subservient to their proselytizing spirit.

Burke.

Sub*serv"i*ent*ly, adv. In a subservient manner.

Sub*ses"qui- (?). [Pref. sub- + sesqui-.] (Chem.) A prefix (also used adjectively) denoting the combination of constituents (especially electro-negative and electro- positive bodies) in the proportion of two to three; as, a subsesqui acetate, i. e., a salt having two equivalents of acetic acid to three of the base.

Sub*sex"tu*ple (?), a. Having the ratio of one to six; as, a subsextuple proportion. Bp. Wilkins.

Sub*side" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Subsided; p. pr. & vb. n. Subsiding.] [L. subsidere; sub under, below + sidere to sit down, to settle; akin to sedere to sit, E. sit. See Sit.] 1. To sink or fall to the bottom; to settle, as lees.

2. To tend downward; to become lower; to descend; to sink. "Heaven's subsiding hill." Dryden.

3. To fall into a state of quiet; to cease to rage; to be calmed; to settle down; to become tranquil; to abate; as, the sea subsides; the tumults of war will subside; the fever has subsided. "In cases of danger, pride and envy naturally subside." C. Middleton.

Syn. -- See Abate.

{ Sub*sid"ence (?), Sub*sid"en*cy (?), } n. [L. subsidens, -entis, p. pr. of subsidere. See Subside.] The act or process of subsiding.

> The subdual or subsidence of the more violent passions.

Bp. Warburton.

Sub*sid"i*a*ri*ly (?), adv. In a subsidiary manner; so as to assist.

Sub*sid"i*a*ry (?), a. [L. subsidiarius: cf. F. subsidiaire. See Subsidy.] 1. Furnishing aid; assisting; auxiliary; helping; tributary; especially, aiding in an inferior position or capacity; as, a subsidiary stream.

> Chief ruler and principal head everywhere, not suffragant and subsidiary.

Florio.

> They constituted a useful subsidiary testimony of another state of existence.

Coleridge.

2. Of or pertaining to a subsidy; constituting a subsidy; being a part of, or of the nature of, a subsidy; as, subsidiary payments to an ally.

> George the Second relied on his subsidiary treaties.

Ld. Mahon.

Sub*sid"i*a*ry, n.; pl. Subsidiaries (&?;). One who, or that which, contributes aid or additional supplies; an assistant; an auxiliary. Hammond.

Sub"si*dize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Subsidized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Subsidizing (?).] [From Subsidy.] To furnish with a subsidy; to purchase the assistance of by the payment of a subsidy; to aid or promote, as a private enterprise, with public money; as, to subsidize a steamship line.

> He employed the remittances from Spain to subsidize a large body of German mercenaries.

Prescott.

Sub"si*dy (?), n.; pl. Subsidies (#). [L. subsidium the troops stationed in reserve in the third line of battlem reserve, support, help, fr. subsidere to sit down, lie in wait: cf. F. subside. See Subside.] 1. Support; aid; coöperation; esp., extraordinary aid in money rendered to the sovereign or to a friendly power.

> They advised the king to send speedy aids, and with much alacrity granted a great rate of subsidy.

Bacon.

Subsidies were taxes, not immediately on on property, but on persons in respect of their reputed estates, after the nominal rate of 4s. the pound for lands, and 2s. 8d. for goods. Blackstone.

2. Specifically: A sum of money paid by one sovereign or nation to another to purchase the coöperation or the neutrality of such sovereign or nation in war.

3. A grant from the government, from a municipal corporation, or the like, to a private person or company to assist the establishment or support of an enterprise deemed advantageous to the public; a subvention; as, a subsidy to the owners of a line of ocean steamships.

Syn. -- Tribute; grant. -- Subsidy, Tribute. A subsidy is voluntary; a tribute is exacted.

Sub*sign" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Subsigned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Subsigning.] [L. subsignare; sub under + signare to mark: cf. F. soussigner. See Sign.] To sign beneath; to subscribe. [R.] Camden.

Sub`sig*na"tion (?), n. [L. subsignatio.] The act of writing the name under something, as for attestation. [R.] Shelton.

Sub*sil"i*cate (?), n. A basic silicate.

Sub*sist" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Subsisted; p. pr. & vb. n. Subsisting.] [L. subsistere to stand still, stay, remain alive; sub under + sistere to stand, to cause to stand, from stare to stand: cf. F. subsister. See Stand.] 1. To be; to have existence; to inhere.

> And makes what happiness we justly call,
> Subsist not in the good of one, but all.

Pope.

2. To continue; to retain a certain state.

> Firm we subsist, yet possible to swerve.

Milton.

3. To be maintained with food and clothing; to be supported; to live. Milton.

> To subsist on other men's charity.

Atterbury.

Sub*sist", v. t. To support with provisions; to feed; to maintain; as, to subsist one's family.

> He laid waste the adjacent country in order to render it more difficult for the enemy to subsist their army.

Robertson.

Sub*sist"ence (?), n. [Cf. F. subsistance, L. subsistentia.] 1. Real being; existence.

> Not only the things had subsistence, but the very images were of some creatures existing.

Stillingfleet.

2. Inherency; as, the subsistence of qualities in bodies.

3. That which furnishes support to animal life; means of support; provisions, or that which produces provisions; livelihood; as, a meager subsistence.

> His viceroy could only propose to himself a comfortable subsistence out of the plunder of his province.

Addison.

4. (Theol.) Same as Hypostasis, 2. Hooker.

Sub*sist"en*cy (?), n. Subsistence. [R.]

Sub*sist"ent (?), a. [L. subsistens, p. pr. See Subsist.] 1. Having real being; as, a subsistent spirit.

2. Inherent; as, qualities subsistent in matter.

Sub*si"zar (?), n. An under sizar; a student of lower rank than a sizar. [Cambridge Univ. Eng.]

> Bid my subsizar carry my hackney to the buttery and give him his bever.

J. Fletcher.

Sub"soil` (?), n. The bed, or stratum, of earth which lies immediately beneath the surface soil.

Subsoil plow, a plow having a share and standard but no moldboard. It follows in the furrow made by an ordinary plow, and loosens the soil to an additional depth without bringing it to the surface. Knight.

Sub"soil`, v. t. To turn up the subsoil of.

Sub*so"la*ry (?), a. Being under the sun; hence, terrestrial; earthly; mundane. [R.]

Sub*spe"cies (?), n. A group somewhat lessdistinct than speciesusually are, but based on characters more important than those which characterize ordinary varieties; often, a geographical variety or race.

Sub`sphe*noid"al (?), a. (Anat.) Situated under, or on the ventral side of, the body of the sphenoid bone.

Sub*spher"ic*al (?), a. Nearly spherical; having a figure resembling that of a sphere.

Sub*spi"nous (?), a. (a) (Anat.) Subvertebral. (b) (Med.) Situated beneath a spinous process, as that of the scapula; as, subspinous dislocation of the humerus.

Sub"stance (?), n. [F., fr. L. substantia, fr. substare to be under or present, to stand firm; sub under + stare to stand. See Stand.] 1. That which underlies all outward manifestations; substratum; the permanent subject or cause of phenomena, whether material or spiritual; that in which properties inhere; that which is real, in distinction from that which is apparent; the abiding part of any existence, in distinction from any accident; that which constitutes anything what it is; real or existing essence.

> These cooks, how they stamp, and strain, and grind,
> And turn substance into accident!

Chaucer.

> Heroic virtue did his actions guide,
> And he the substance, not the appearance, chose.

Dryden.

2. The most important element in any existence; the characteristic and essential components of anything; the main part; essential import; purport.

> This edition is the same in substance with the Latin.

Bp. Burnet.

> It is insolent in words, in manner; but in substance it is not only insulting, but alarming.

Burke.

3. Body; matter; material of which a thing is made; hence, substantiality; solidity; firmness; as, the substance of which a garment is made; some textile fabrics have little substance.

4. Material possessions; estate; property; resources.

> And there wasted his substance with riotous living.

Luke xv. 13.

> Thy substance, valued at the highest rate,
> Can not amount unto a hundred marks.

Shak.

> We are destroying many thousand lives, and exhausting our substance, but not for our own interest.

Swift.

5. (Theol.) Same as Hypostasis, 2.

Sub"stance, v. t. To furnish or endow with substance; to supply property to; to make rich. [Obs.]

Sub"stance*less, a. Having no substance; unsubstantial. [R.] Coleridge.

Sub"stant (?), a. [L. substans, -antis, p. pr. of substare to be firm.] Substantial; firm. [R.] "[The glacier's] substant ice." The Century.

Sub*stan"tial (?), a. [F. substantiel, L. substantialis.] 1. Belonging to substance; actually existing; real; as, substantial life. Milton.

> If this atheist would have his chance to be real and substantial agent, he is more stupid than the vulgar.

Bentley.

2. Not seeming or imaginary; not illusive; real; solid; true; veritable.

> If happinessbe a substantial good.

Denham.

> The substantial ornaments of virtue.

L'Estrange.

3. Corporeal; material; firm. "Most ponderous and substantial things." Shak.

> The rainbow [appears to be] a large substantial arch.

I. Watts.

4. Having good substance; strong; stout; solid; firm; as, substantial cloth; a substantial fence or wall.

5. Possessed of goods or an estate; moderately wealthy; responsible; as, a substantial freeholder. "Substantial yeomen and burghers." Sir W. Scott.

<! p. 1437 !>

Sub*stan`ti*al"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being substantial; corporiety; materiality.

> The soul is a stranger to such gross substantiality.

Glanvill.

Sub*stan"tial*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Substantialized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Substantializing (?).] To make substantial.

Sub*stan"tial*ly, adv. In a substantial manner; in substance; essentially.

> In him all his Father shone,
> Substantially expressed.

Milton.

> The laws of this religion would make men, if they would truly observe them, substantially religious toward God, chastle, and temperate.

Tillotson.

Sub*stan"tial*ness, n. The quality or state of being substantial; as, the substantialness of a wall or column.

Sub*stan"tials (?), n. pl. Essential parts. Ayliffe.

Sub*stan"ti*ate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Substantiated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Substantiating.] 1. To make to exist; to make real. Ayliffe.

2. To establish the existence or truth of by proof or competent evidence; to verify; as, to substantiate a charge or allegation; to substantiate a declaration.

> Observation is, in turn, wanted to direct and substantiate the course of experiment.

Coleridge.

Sub*stan`ti*a"tion (?), n. The act of substantiating or proving; evidence; proof.

Sub`stan*ti"val (?), a. Of or pertaining to a substantive; of the nature of substantive. -- Sub`stan*ti"val*ly, adv.

Sub"stan*tive (?), a. [L. substantivus: cf. F. substantif.] 1. Betokening or expressing existence; as, the substantive verb, that is, the verb to be.

2. Depending on itself; independent.

> He considered how sufficient and substantive this land was to maintain itself without any aid of the foreigner.

Bacon.

3. Enduring; solid; firm; substantial.

> Strength and magnitude are qualities which impress the imagination in a powerful and substantive manner.

Hazlitt.

4. Pertaining to, or constituting, the essential part or principles; as, the law substantive.

Noun substantive (Gram.), a noun which designates an object, material or immaterial; a substantive. -- Substantive color, one which communicates its color without the aid of a mordant or base; -- opposed to adjective color.

Sub"stan*tive, n. [Cf. F. substantif.] (Gram.) A noun or name; the part of speech which designates something that exists, or some object of thought, either material or immaterial; as, the words man, horse, city, goodness, excellence, are substantives.

Sub"stan*tive, v. t. To substantivize. [R.] Cudworth.

Sub"stan*tive*ly, adv. 1. In a substantive manner; in substance; essentially.

2. (Gram.) As a substantive, name, or noun; as, an adjective may be used substantively.

Sub"stan*tive*ness, n. The quality or state of being substantive.

Sub"stan*tiv*ize (?), v. t. To convert into a substantive; as, to substantivize an adjective. Fitzed. Hall.

Sub"stile` (?), n. (Dialing) See Substyle.

Sub*stit"u*ent (?), n. [L. substituens, p. pr. See Substitute.] (Chem.) Any atom, group, or radical substituted for another, or entering a molecule in place of some other part which is removed.

Sub"stit"ute (?), n. [L. substitutus, p. p. of substituere to put under, put in the place of; sub under + statuere to put, place: cf. F. substitut. See Statute.] One who, or that which, is substituted or put in the place of another; one who acts for another; that which stands in lieu of something else; specifically (Mil.), a person who enlists for military service in the place of a conscript or drafted man.

> Hast thou not made me here thy substitute?

Milton.

> Ladies [in Shakespeare's age] . . . wore masks as the sole substitute known to our ancestors for the modern parasol.

De Quincey.

Sub"stit"ute (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Substituted (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Substituting (?).] [See Substitute, n.] To put in the place of another person or thing; to exchange.

> Some few verses are inserted or substituted in the room of others.

Congreve.

Sub"stit"uted (?), a. 1. Exchanged; put in the place of another.

2. (Chem.) Containing substitutions or replacements; having been subjected to the process of substitution, or having some of its parts replaced; as, alcohol is a substituted water; methyl amine is a substituted ammonia.

Substituted executor (Law), an executor appointed to act in place of one removed or resigned.

Sub`sti*tu"tion (?), n. [L. substitutio: cf. F. substitution.] 1. The act of substituting or putting one person or thing in the place of another; as, the substitution of an agent, attorney, or representative to act for one in his absense; the substitution of bank notes for gold and silver as a circulating medium.

2. The state of being substituted for another.

3. The office or authority of one acting for another; delegated authority. [R.] Shak.

4. (Civil Law) The designation of a person in a will to take a devise or legacy, either on failure of a former devisee or legatee by incapacity or unwillingness to accept, or after him. Burrill.

5. (Theol.) The doctrine that Christ suffered vicariously, being substituted for the sinner, and that his sufferings were expiatory.

6. (Chem.) The act or process of substituting an atom or radical for another atom or radical; metathesis; also, the state of being so substituted. See Metathesis.

Sub`sti*tu"tion*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to substitution; standing in the place of another; substituted. -- Sub`sti*tu"tion*al*ly, adv.

Sub`sti*tu"tion*a*ry (?), a. Of or pertaining to substitution; substitutional.

Sub"sti*tu`tive (?), a. [Cf. F. substitutif, L. substitutivus conditional.] Tending to afford or furnish a substitute; making substitution; capable of being substituted. Bp. Wilkins.

Sub*stract" (?), v. t. [F. suostraire; L. subtus below (from sub under) + trahere to draw. See Substract.] To subtract; to withdraw. [Obs.] Barrow.

Sub*strac"tion (?), n. [OF. substraction, F. soustraction. See Subtract.] 1. Subtraction; deduction. [Obs.]

2. (Law) See Subtraction, 3.

Sub*stract"or (?), n. 1. One who subtracts.

2. A detractor; a slanderer. [Obs.] Shak.

Sub"strate (?), n. A substratum. [R.]

Sub"strate, a. Having very slight furrows. [R.]

Sub*strate" (?), v. t. [L. substratus, p. p. of substrahere. See Substratum.] To strew or lay under anything. [Obs.]

> The melted glass being supported by the substrated sand.

Boyle.

Sub*stra"tum (?), n.; pl. Substrata (#). [L. substratus, p. p. of substernere to strew under; sub under + sternere to strew. See Stratum.] 1. That which is laid or spread under; that which underlies something, as a layer of earth lying under another; specifically (Agric.), the subsoil.

2. (Metaph.) The permanent subject of qualities or cause of phenomena; substance.

Sub*struct" (?), v. t. [See Substruction.] To build beneath something; to lay as the foundation. [R.]

> He substructs the religion of Asia as the base.

Emerson.

Sub*struc"tion (?), n. [L. substructio, fr. substruere, substructum, to build beneath; sub under + struere to build.] (Arch.) Underbuilding; the foundation, or any preliminary structure intended to raise the lower floor or basement of a building above the natural level of the ground.

> It is a magnificent strong building, with a substruction very remarkable.

Evelyn.

Sub*struc"ture (?), n. [Pref. sub- + structure.] 1. (Arch.) Same as Substruction.

2. An under structure; a foundation; groundwork.

Sub*sty"lar (?), a. Pertaining to the substyle.

Sub"style` (?), n. (Dialing) A right line on which the style, or gnomon, of a dial is erected; being the common section of the face of the dial and a plane perpendicular to it passing through the style. [Written also substile.] Hutton.

Sub*sul"phate (?), n. (Chem.) A sulphate with an excess of the base.

Sub*sul"phide (?), n. (Chem.) A nonacid compound consisting of one equivalent of sulphur and more than one equivalent of some other body, as a metal.

Sub*sul"tive (?), a. Subsultory. [R.] Berkley.

Sub*sul"to*ry (?), a. [L. subsilire, subsultum, to spring up; sub under + salire to leap.] Bounding; leaping; moving by sudden leaps or starts. [R.] -- Sub*sul"to*ri*ly, adv. [R.]

> Flippancy opposed to solemnity, the subsultory to the continuous, -- these are the two frequent extremities to which the French manner betrays men.

De Quincey.

||Sub*sul"tus (?), n. [NL. See Subsultory.] (Med.) A starting, twitching, or convulsive motion.

Sub*sum"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being subsumed. J. B. Stallo.

Sub*sume" (?), v. t. [Pref. sub- + L. sumere to take.] To take up into or under, as individual under species, species under genus, or particular under universal; to place (any one cognition) under another as belonging to it; to include under something else.

> To subsume one proposition under another.

De Quincey.

> A principle under which one might subsume men's most strenuous efforts after righteousness.

W. Pater.

Sub*sump"tion (?), n. 1. The act of subsuming, or of including under another.

> The first act of consciousness was a subsumption of that of which we were conscious under this notion.

Sir W. Hamilton.

2. That which is subsumed, as the minor clause or premise of a syllogism.

> But whether you see cause to go against the rule, or the subsumption under the rule.

De Quincey.

Sub*sump"tive (?), a. Relating to, or containing, a subsumption. Coleridge.

Sub*tan"gent (?), n. (Geom.) The part of the axis contained between the ordinate and tangent drawn to the same point in a curve.

Sub`tar*ta"re*an (?), a. Being or living under Tartarus; infernal. "Subtartarean powers." Pope.

Sub*tec"ta*cle (?), n. [Pref. sub- + L. tectum a roof.] A space under a roof; a tabernacle; a dwelling. [Obs.] Davies (Holy Roode).

Sub*teg`u*la"ne*ous (?), a. [L. subtegulaneus; sub under + tegulare tiles for a roof.] Under the roof or eaves; within doors. [R.]

Sub*ten"ant (?), n. (Law) One who rents a tenement, or land, etc., of one who is also a tenant; an undertenant.

Sub*tend" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Subtended; p. pr. & vb. n. Subtending.] [L. subtendere; sub under + tendere to stretch, extend. See Tend.] To extend under, or be opposed to; as, the line of a triangle which subtends the right angle; the chord subtends an arc.

Sub*tense" (?), n. [L. subtendere, subtentum. See Subtend, Tense, a.] (Geom.) A line subtending, or stretching across; a chord; as, the subtense of an arc.

Sub*tep"id (?), a. Slightly tepid.

Sub`te*rete" (?), a. Somewhat terete.

{ Sub*ter"flu*ent (?), Sub*ter"flu*ous (?), } a. [L. subterfluens, p. pr. of subterfluere to flow beneath; subter under + fluere to flow.] Running under or beneath. [R.]

Sub"ter*fuge (?), n. [F., from LL. subterfugium, fr. L. subterfugere to flee secretly, to escape; subter under + fugere to flee. See Fugitive.] That to which one resorts for escape or concealment; an artifice employed to escape censure or the force of an argument, or to justify opinions or conduct; a shift; an evasion.

> Affect not little shifts and subterfuges, to avoid the force of an argument.

I. Watts.

> By a miserable subterfuge, they hope to render this position safe by rendering it nugatory.

Burke.

Sub"ter*rane (?), n. [Cf. L. subterraneum, F. souterrain. See Subterranean.] A cave or room under ground. [R.] J. Bryant.

Sub`ter*ra"ne*al (?), a. Subterranean. [Obs.]

{ Sub`ter*ra"ne*an (?), Sub`ter*ra"ne*ous (?), } a. [L. subterraneus; sub under + terra earth. See Terrace.] Being or lying under the surface of the earth; situated within the earth, or under ground; as, subterranean springs; a subterraneous passage. -- Sub`ter*ra"ne*ous*ly, adv.

Sub`ter*ran"i*ty (?), n. A place under ground; a subterrany. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Sub"ter*ra*ny (?), a. Subterranean. [Obs.] Bacon. -- n. A subterranean place. [Obs.]

Sub`ter*rene" (?), a. [L. subterrenus, equiv. to subterraneus.] Subterraneous. [Obs.]

Sub`ter*res"tri*al (?), a. Subterranean.

Sub`tha*lam"ic (?), a. (Anat.) Situated under the optic thalamus.

Sub"tile (?), a. [L. subtilis. See Subtile.] 1. Thin; not dense or gross; rare; as, subtile air; subtile vapor; a subtile medium.

2. Delicately constituted or constructed; nice; fine; delicate; tenuous; finely woven. "A sotil [subtile] twine's thread." Chaucer.

> More subtile web Arachne can not spin.

Spenser.

> I do distinguish plain
> Each subtile line of her immortal face.

Sir J. Davies.

3. Acute; piercing; searching.

> The slow disease and subtile pain.

Prior.

5. Characterized by nicety of discrimination; discerning; delicate; refined; subtle. [In this sense now commonly written subtle.]

> The genius of the Spanish people is exquisitely subtile, without being at all acute; hence there is so much humor and so little wit in their literature. The genius of the Italians, on the contrary, is acute, profound, and sensual, but not subtile; hence what they think to be humorous, is merely witty.

Coleridge.

> The subtile influence of an intellect like Emerson's.

Hawthorne.

5. Sly; artful; cunning; crafty; subtle; as, a subtile person; a subtile adversary; a subtile scheme. [In this sense now commonly written subtle.]

Syn. -- Subtile, Acute. In acute the image is that of a needle's point; in subtile that of a thread spun out to fineness. The acute intellect pierces to its aim; the subtile (or subtle) intellect winds its way through obstacles.

-- Sub"tile*ly, adv. -- Sub"tile*ness, n.

Sub*til"i*ate (?), v. t. [LL. subtiliare.] To make thin or rare. [Obs.] Harvey. -- Sub`til*i*a"tion (#), n. [Obs.] Boyle.

Sub"til*ism (?), n. The quality or state of being subtile; subtility; subtlety.

> The high orthodox subtilism of Duns Scotus.

Milman.

Sub*til"i*ty (?), n. [L. subtilitas: cf. F. subtilité. See Subtle.] Subtilty. [R.]

Sub`til*i*za"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. subtilization.] 1. The act of making subtile.

2. (Old Chem.) The operation of making so volatile as to rise in steam or vapor.

3. Refinement; subtlety; extreme attenuation.

Sub"til*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Subtilized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Subtilizing (?).] [L. subtiliser.] 1. To make thin or fine; to make less gross or coarse.

2. To refine; to spin into niceties; as, to subtilize arguments.

> Nor as yet have we subtilized ourselves into savages.

Burke.

Sub"til*ize, v. i. To refine in argument; to make very nice distinctions. Milner.

Sub"til*i`zer (?), n. One who subtilizes.

Sub"til*ty (?), n. [Contr. fr. subtility.] 1. The quality or state of being subtile; thinness; fineness; as, the subtility of air or light.

2. Refinement; extreme acuteness; subtlety.

> Intelligible discourses are spoiled by too much subtility in nice divisions.

Locke.

3. Cunning; skill; craft. [Obs.]

> To learn a lewd man this subtility.

Chaucer.

4. Slyness in design; artifice; guile; a cunning design or artifice; a trick; subtlety.

> O full of all subtility and all mischief.

Acts xiii. 10.

In senses 2, 3, and 4 the word is more commonly written subtlety.

Sub"tle (?), a. [Compar. Subtler (?); superl. Subtlest (?).] [OE. sotil, subtil, OF. soutil, later subtil, F. subtil, L. subtilis; probably, originally, woven fine, and fr. sub under + tela a web, fr. texere to weave. See Text, and cf. Subtile.] 1. Sly in design; artful; cunning; insinuating; subtile; -- applied to persons; as, a subtle foe. "A subtle traitor." Shak.

2. Cunningly devised; crafty; treacherous; as, a subtle stratagem.

3. Characterized by refinement and niceness in drawing distinctions; nicely discriminating; -- said of persons; as, a subtle logician; refined; tenuous; sinuous; insinuating; hence, penetrative or pervasive; -- said of the mind; its faculties, or its operations; as, a subtle intellect; a subtle imagination; a subtle process of thought; also, difficult of apprehension; elusive.

> Things remote from use, obscure and subtle.

Milton.

4. Smooth and deceptive. [Obs.]

> Like to a bowl upon a subtle ground [bowling ground].

Shak.

Syn. -- Artful; crafty; cunning; shrewd; sly; wily. Subtle is the most comprehensive of these epithets and implies the finest intellectual quality. See Shrewd, and Cunning.

<! p. 1438 !>

Sub"tle*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being subtle; subtlety.

Sub"tle*ty (?), n.; pl. Subtleties (#). [OE. sotelte, sutilte, OF. sotillete, L. subtilitas. See Subtle, and cf. Subtility.] 1. The quality or state of being subtle, or sly; cunning; craftiness; artfulness.

> The fox which lives by subtlety.

Shak.

2. Nice discernment with delicacy of mental action; nicety of discrimination.

3. Something that is sly, crafty, or delusive.

> Unlearned in the world's false subtleties.

Shak.

Sub"tly (?), adv. In a subtle manner; slyly; artfully; cunningly.

> Thou seest how subtly to detain thee I devise.

Milton.

2. Nicely; delicately.

> In the nice bee what sense so subtly true.

Pope.

> Subtly communicating itself to my sensibilities, but evading the analysis of my mind.

Hawthorne.

3. Deceitfully; delusively. [Obs.] Shak.

Sub*ton"ic (?), a. (Phonetics) Applied to, or distinguishing, a speech element consisting of tone, or proper vocal sound, not pure as in the vowels, but dimmed and otherwise modified by some kind of obstruction in the oral or the nasal passage, and in some cases with a mixture of breath sound; -- a term introduced by Dr. James Rush in 1833. See Guide to Pronunciation, §§155, 199-202.

Sub*ton"ic, n. 1. (Phonetics) A subtonic sound or element; a vocal consonant, as b, d, g, n, etc.; a subvocal.

2. (Mus.) The seventh tone of the scale, or that immediately below the tonic; -- called also subsemitone.

Sub*tor"rid (?), a. Nearly torrid.

Sub*tract" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Subtracted; p. pr. & vb. n. Subtracting.] [L. subtractus, p. p. of subtrahere to draw from beneath, withdraw, remove; sub under + trahere to draw. See Trace, v. t., and cf. Substract.] To withdraw, or take away, as a part from the whole; to deduct; as, subtract 5 from 9, and the remainder is 4.

Sub*tract"er (?), n. 1. One who subtracts.

2. The subtrahend. [Obs.]

Sub*trac"tion (?), n. [L. subtractio a drawing back. See Subtract, and cf. Substraction.] 1. The act or operation of subtracting or taking away a part.

2. (Math.) The taking of a lesser number or quantity from a greater of the same kind or denomination; an operation for finding the difference between two numbers or quantities.

3. (Law) The withdrawing or withholding from a person of some right to which he is entitled by law.

Thus the subtraction of conjugal rights is when either the husband or wife withdraws from the other and lives separate without sufficient reason. The subtraction of a legacy is the withholding or detailing of it from the legatee by the executor. In like manner, the withholding of any service, rent, duty, or custom, is a subtraction, for which the law gives a remedy. Blackstone.

Sub*trac"tive (?), a. 1. Tending, or having power, to subtract.

2. (Math.) Having the negative sign, or sign minus.

Sub"tra*hend` (?), n. [L. subtrahendus that is to be subtracted, p.fut.pess. of subtrahere. See Subtract.] (Math.) The sum or number to be subtracted, or taken from another.

Sub`trans*lu"cent (?), a. Not perfectly translucent.

Sub`trans*pa"rent (?), a. Not perfectly transparent.

Sub*treas"ur*er (?), n. The public officer who has charge of a subtreasury. [U. S.]

Sub*treas"ur*y (?), n.; pl. Subtreasuries (&?;). A subordinate treasury, or place of deposit; as, the United States subtreasury at New York. [U. S.]

Sub`tri*an"gu*lar (?), a. Nearly, but not perfectly, triangular. Darwin.

Sub"tribe` (?), n. (Bot. & Zoöl.) A division of a tribe; a group of genera of a little lower rank than a tribe.

Sub`tri*he"dral (?), a. Approaching the form of a three-sided pyramid; as, the subtrihedral crown of a tooth. Owen.

Sub*tri"ple (?), a. (Math.) Containing a third, or one part to three. Bp. Wilkins.

Sub*trip"li*cate (?), a. (Math.) Expressed by the cube root; -- said especially of ratios.

Subtriplicate ratio, the ratio of the cube root; thus, the subtriplicate ratio of a to b is a to b, or a/b.

Sub*trop"ic*al (?), a. Nearly tropical.

Sub*trude" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Subtruded; p. pr. & vb. n. Subtruding.] [Pref. sub- + L. trudere to thrust.] To place under; to insert. [R.]

Sub`tur*ric"u*late (?), a. (Zoöl.) Somewhat turriculate.

Sub*tu"tor (?), n. An under tutor.

Sub*typ"ic*al (?), a. (Zoöl.) Deviating somewhat from the type of a species, genus, or other group; slightly aberrant.

{ Su"bu*late (?), Su"bu*la`ted (?), } a. [NL. subulatus, fr. L. subula an awl.] Very narrow, and tapering gradually to a fine point from a broadish base; awl-shaped; linear.

||Su`bu*li*cor"nes (?), n. pl. [NL., from L. subula an awl + cornu horn.] (Zoöl.) A division of insects having slender or subulate antennæ. The dragon flies and May flies are examples.

Su"bu*li*form (?), a. Subulate.

Su"bu*li*palp` (?), n. [L. subula an awl + E. palp.] (Zoöl.) One of a group of carabid beetles having slender palpi.

Sub`um*bo"nal (?), a. (Zoöl.) Beneath or forward of the umbos of a bivalve shell.

Sub`um*brel"la (?), n. (Zoöl.) The integument of the under surface of the bell, or disk-shaped body, of a jellyfish.

Sub`un*da"tion (?), n. [Pref. sub- + L. unda a wave.] A flood; a deluge. [Obs.] Huloet.

Sub*un"gual (?), a. Under the nail or hoof.

Sub"urb (?), n. [L. suburbium; sub under, below, near + urbs a city. See Urban.] 1. An outlying part of a city or town; a smaller place immediately adjacent to a city; in the plural, the region which is on the confines of any city or large town; as, a house stands in the suburbs; a garden situated in the suburbs of Paris. "In the suburbs of a town." Chaucer.

> [London] could hardly have contained less than thirty or forty thousand souls within its walls; and the suburbs were very populous.

Hallam.

2. Hence, the confines; the outer part; the environment. "The suburbs . . . of sorrow." Jer. Taylor.

> The suburb of their straw-built citadel.

Milton.

Suburb roister, a rowdy; a loafer. [Obs.] Milton.

Sub*ur"ban (?), a. [L. suburbanus.] Of or pertaining to suburbs; inhabiting, or being in, the suburbs of a city. "Suburban taverns." Longfellow.

> Suburban villas, highway-side retreats, . . .
> Delight the citizen.

Cowper.

Sub*ur"ban, n. One who dwells in the suburbs.

Sub"urbed (?), a. Having a suburb or suburbs on its outer part.

{ Sub*ur"bi*al (?), Sub*ur"bi*an (?), } a. Suburban. [Obs.] "Suburbial fields." Warton. "Suburbian muse." Dryden.

{ Sub*ur`bi*ca"ri*an (?), Sub*ur"bi*ca*ry (?) }, a. [LL. suburbicarius, equiv. to L. suburbanus: cf. F. suburbicaire. See Suburban.] Being in the suburbs; -- applied to the six dioceses in the suburbs of Rome subject to the pope as bishop of Rome.

> The pope having stretched his authority beyond the bounds of his suburbicarian precincts.

Barrow.

Sub`u*re"thral (?), a. (Anat.) Situated under the urethra, or under its orifice.

Sub*vag"i*nal (?), a. (Anat.) Situated under or inside a sheath or vaginal membrane; as, the subvaginal, or subdural, spaces about the optic nerve.

Sub`va*ri"e*ty (?), n.; pl. -ties (&?;). A subordinate variety, or a division of a variety.

Sub*vene" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Subvened (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Subvening.] [Pref. sub- + L. venire to come. See Subvention.] To come under, as a support or stay; to happen.

> A future state must needs subvene to prevent the whole edifice from falling into ruin.

Bp. Warburton.

Sub`ven*ta"ne*ous (?), a. [Pref. sub- + L. ventus wind.] Produced by the wind. [Obs.]

Sub*ven"tion (?), n. [F., fr. LL. subventio, fr. L. subvenire to come up to one's assistance, to assist. See Souvenir, and cf. Subvene.] 1. The act of coming under. "The subvention of a cloud." Stackhouse.

2. The act of relieving, as of a burden; support; aid; assistance; help.

3. A government aid or bounty.

Sub*ven"tion, v. t. To subventionize.

Sub*ven"tion*ize (?), v. t. To come to the aid of; to subsidize; to support.

Sub`ven*ti"tious (?), a. Helping; aiding; supporting. Urquhart.

Sub*verse" (?), v. t. [L. subversus, p. p. of subvertere. See Subvert.] To subvert. [Obs.] Spenser.

Sub*ver"sion (?), n. [L. subversio: cf. F. subversion. See Subvert.] The act of overturning, or the state of being overturned; entire overthrow; an overthrow from the foundation; utter ruin; destruction; as, the subversion of a government; the subversion of despotic power; the subversion of the constitution.

> The subversion [by a storm] of woods and timber . . . through my whole estate.

Evelyn.

> Laws have been often abused to the oppression and subversion of that order they were intended to preserve.

Rogers.

Sub*ver"sion*a*ry (?), a. Promoting destruction.

Sub*ver"sive (?), a. [Cf. F. subversif.] Tending to subvert; having a tendency to overthrow and ruin.

> Lying is a vice subversive of the very ends and design of conversation.

Rogers.

Sub*vert" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Subverted; p. pr. & vb. n. Subverting.] [L. subvertere, subversum; sub under + vertere to turn: cf. F. subvertir. See Verse.] 1. To overturn from the foundation; to overthrow; to ruin utterly.

> These are his substance, sinews, arms, and strength,
> With which he yoketh your rebellious necks,
> Razeth your cities, and subverts your towns.

Shak.

> This would subvert the principles of all knowledge.

Locke.

2. To pervert, as the mind, and turn it from the truth; to corrupt; to confound. 2 Tim. iii. 14.

Syn. -- To overturn; overthrow; destroy; invert; reverse; extinguish.

Sub*vert" (?), v. i. To overthrow anything from the foundation; to be subversive.

> They have a power given to them like that of the evil principle, to subvert and destroy.

Sub*vert"ant (?), a. (Her.) Reversed. [R.]

Sub*ver"te*bral (?), a. (Anat.) Situated beneath, or on the ventral side of, the vertebral column; situated beneath, or inside of, the endoskeleton; hypaxial; hyposkeletal.

Sub*vert"er (?), n. One who, or that which, subverts; an overthrower. Sir T. More.

Sub*vert"i*ble (?), a. That may be subverted.

Sub*vi"tal*ized (?), a. Imperfectly vitalized; having naturally but little vital power or energy.

Sub*vo"cal (?), a. & n. Same as Subtonic.

Sub"way` (?), n. An underground way or gallery; especially, a passage under a street, in which water mains, gas mains, telegraph wires, etc., are conducted.

Sub*work"er (?), n. A subordinate worker or helper. South.

Sub*zon"al (?), a. (Anat.) Situated under a zone, or zona; -- applied to a membrane between the zona radiata and the umbilical vesicle in the mammal embryo.

Sub*zyg`o*mat"ic (?), a. (Anat.) Situated under the zygoma or zygomatic process.

Suc"cade (?), n. [L. succus, sucus, juice: cf. F. succade a sugarbox. Cf. Sucket.] 1. A sweetmeat. [Obs.] Holland.

2. pl. (Com.) Sweetmeats, or preserves in sugar, whether fruit, vegetables, or confections. Blakely.

Succade gourd. (Bot.) Same as Vegetable marrow, under Vegetable.

Suc"ce*dane (?), n. A succedaneum. [Obs.]

Suc`ce*da"ne*ous (?), a. [L. succedaneus. See Succeed.] Pertaining to, or acting as, a succedaneum; supplying the place of something else; being, or employed as, a substitute for another. Sir T. Browne.

Suc`ce*da"ne*um (?), n.; pl. Succedanea (#). [NL. See Succedaneous.] One who, or that which, succeeds to the place of another; that which is used for something else; a substitute; specifically (Med.), a remedy used as a substitute for another.

> In lieu of me, you will have a very charming succedaneum, Lady Harriet Stanhope.

Walpole.

Suc*ceed" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Succeeded; p. pr. & vb. n. Succeeding.] [L. succedere, successum; sub under + cedere to go, to go along, approach, follow, succeed: cf. F. succéder. See Cede, and cf. Success.] 1. To follow in order; to come next after; hence, to take the place of; as, the king's eldest son succeeds his father on the throne; autumn succeeds summer.

> As he saw him nigh succeed.

Spenser.

2. To fall heir to; to inherit. [Obs. & R.] Shak.

3. To come after; to be subsequent or consequent to; to follow; to pursue.

> Destructive effects . . . succeeded the curse.

Sir T. Browne.

4. To support; to prosper; to promote. [R.]

> Succeed my wish and second my design.

Dryden.

Suc*ceed", v. i. 1. To come in the place of another person, thing, or event; to come next in the usual, natural, or prescribed course of things; to follow; hence, to come next in the possession of anything; -- often with to.

> If the father left only daughters, they equally succeeded to him in copartnership.

Sir M. Hale.

> Enjoy till I return
> Short pleasures; for long woes are to succeed!

Milton.

2. Specifically: To ascend the throne after the removal the death of the occupant.

> No woman shall succeed in Salique land.

Shak.

3. To descend, as an estate or an heirloom, in the same family; to devolve. Shak.

4. To obtain the object desired; to accomplish what is attempted or intended; to have a prosperous issue or termination; to be successful; as, he succeeded in his plans; his plans succeeded.

> It is almost impossible for poets to succeed without ambition.

Dryden.

> Spenser endeavored it in Shepherd's Kalendar; but neither will it succeed in English.

Dryden.

5. To go under cover. [A latinism. Obs.]

> Will you to the cooler cave succeed!

Dryden.

Syn. -- To follow; pursue. See Follow.

Suc*ceed"ant (?), a. (Her.) Succeeding one another; following.

Suc*ceed"er (?), n. A successor. Shak. Tennyson.

Suc*ceed"ing, n. The act of one who, or that which, succeeds; also, that which succeeds, or follows after; consequence. Shak.

Suc"cen*tor (?), n. [LL., an accompanier in singing, fr. succinere to sing, to accompany; sub under, after + canere to sing.] (Eccl.) A subchanter.

Suc*cess" (?), n. [L. successus: cf. F. succès. See Succeed.] 1. Act of succeeding; succession. [Obs.]

> Then all the sons of these five brethren reigned
> By due success.

Spenser.

2. That which comes after; hence, consequence, issue, or result, of an endeavor or undertaking, whether good or bad; the outcome of effort.

> Men . . . that are like to do that, that is committed to them, and to report back again faithfully the success.

Bacon.

> Perplexed and troubled at his bad success
> The tempter stood.

Milton.

3. The favorable or prosperous termination of anything attempted; the attainment of a proposed object; prosperous issue.

> Dream of success and happy victory!

Shak.

> Or teach with more success her son
> The vices of the time to shun.

Waller.

> Military successes, above all others, elevate the minds of a people.

Atterbury.

4. That which meets with, or one who accomplishes, favorable results, as a play or a player. [Colloq.]

<! p. 1439 !>

Suc"ces*sa*ry (?), n. Succession. [Obs.]

> My peculiar honors, not derived
> From successary, but purchased with my blood.

Beau. & Fl.

Suc*cess"ful (?), a. Resulting in success; assuring, or promotive of, success; accomplishing what was proposed; having the desired effect; hence, prosperous; fortunate; happy; as, a successful use of medicine; a successful experiment; a successful enterprise.

> Welcome, nephews, from successful wars.

Shak.

Syn. -- Happy; prosperous; fortunate; auspicious; lucky. See Fortunate.

-- Suc*cess"ful*ly, adv. -- Suc*cess"ful*ness, n.

Suc*ces"sion (?), n. [L. successio: cf. F. succession. See Succeed.] 1. The act of succeeding, or following after; a following of things in order of time or place, or a series of things so following; sequence; as, a succession of good crops; a succession of disasters.

2. A series of persons or things according to some established rule of precedence; as, a succession of kings, or of bishops; a succession of events in chronology.

> He was in the succession to an earldom.

Macaulay.

3. An order or series of descendants; lineage; race; descent. "A long succession must ensue." Milton.

4. The power or right of succeeding to the station or title of a father or other predecessor; the right to enter upon the office, rank, position, etc., held ny another; also, the entrance into the office, station, or rank of a predecessor; specifically, the succeeding, or right of succeeding, to a throne.

> You have the voice of the king himself for your succession in Denmark.

Shak.

> The animosity of these factions did not really arise from the dispute about the succession.

Macaulay.

5. The right to enter upon the possession of the property of an ancestor, or one near of kin, or one preceding in an established order.

6. The person succeeding to rank or office; a successor or heir. [R.] Milton.

Apostolical succession. (Theol.) See under Apostolical. -- Succession duty, a tax imposed on every succession to property, according to its value and the relation of the person who succeeds to the previous owner. [Eng.] -- Succession of crops. (Agric.) See Rotation of crops, under Rotation.

Suc*ces"sion*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to a succession; existing in a regular order; consecutive. "Successional teeth." Flower. -- Suc*ces"sion*al*ly, adv.

Suc*ces"sion*ist, n. A person who insists on the importance of a regular succession of events, offices, etc.; especially (Eccl.), one who insists that apostolic succession alone is valid.

Suc*ces"sive (?), a. [Cf. F. successif. See Succeed.] 1. Following in order or in uninterrupted course; coming after without interruption or interval; following one after another in a line or series; consecutive; as, the successive revolution of years; the successive kings of Egypt; successive strokes of a hammer.

> Send the successive ills through ages down.

Prior.

2. Having or giving the right of succeeding to an inheritance; inherited by succession; hereditary; as, a successive title; a successive empire. [Obs.] Shak.

Successive induction. (Math.) See Induction, 5.

Suc*ces"sive*ly, adv. In a successive manner.

> The whiteness, at length, changed successively into blue, indigo, and violet.

Sir I. Newton.

Suc*ces"sive*ness, n. The quality or state of being successive.

Suc*cess"less (?), a. Having no success.

> Successless all her soft caresses prove.

Pope.

-- Suc*cess"less*ly, adv. -- Suc*cess"less*ness, n.

Suc*ces"sor (?), n. [OE. successour, OF. successur, successor, F. successeur, L. successor. See Succeed.] One who succeeds or follows; one who takes the place which another has left, and sustains the like part or character; -- correlative to predecessor; as, the successor of a deceased king. Chaucer.

> A gift to a corporation, either of lands or of chattels, without naming their successors, vests an absolute property in them so lond as the corporation subsists.

Blackstone.

Suc*cid"u*ous (?), a. [L. succiduus, fr. succidere to fall under.] Ready to fall; falling. [R.]

Suc*cif"er*ous (?), a. [L. succus, sucus, juice, sap + -ferous.] Producing or conveying sap.

Suc`cin*am"ate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of succinamic acid.

Suc`cin*am"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, an acid amide derivative of succinic acid, obtained as a white crystalline substance, and forming a series of salts.

Suc"ci*nate (?), n. [L. succinum, sucinum, amber, from succus, sucus, juice, sap: cf. F. succinate.] (Chem.) A salt of succinic acid.

Suc*cinct" (?), a. [L. succinctus, p. p. of succingere to gird below or from below, to tuck up; sub + cingere to gird. Cf. Cincture.] 1. Girded or tucked up; bound; drawn tightly together.

> His habit fit for speed succinct.

Milton.

2. Compressed into a narrow compass; brief; concise.

> Let all your precepts be succinct and clear.

Roscommon.

> The shortest and most succinct model that ever grasped all the needs and necessities of mankind.

South.

Syn. -- Short; brief; concise; summary; compendious; laconic; terse.

-- Suc*cinct"ly, adv. -- Suc*cinct"ness, n.

Suc*cin"ic (?), a. [Cf. F. succinique. See Succinate.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, amber; specif., designating a dibasic acid, C&?;H&?;.(CO&?;H)&?;, first obtained by the dry distillation of amber. It is found in a number of plants, as in lettuce and wormwood, and is also produced artificially as a white crystalline substance having a slightly acid taste.

Suc`cin*im"ide (?), n. (Chem.) A white crystalline nitrogenous substance, C2H4.(CO)2.NH, obtained by treating succinic anhydride with ammonia gas. It is a typical imido acid, and forms a series of salts. See Imido acid, under Imido.

Suc"ci*nite (?), n. [Cf. F. succinite.] (Min.) (a) Amber. (b) A garnet of an amber color.

Suc"ci*nous (?), a. [From L. succinum amber.] Succinic. [R.]

Suc`cin*u"rate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of succinuric acid.

Suc`cin*u"ric (?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid amide, analogous to succinamic acid, which is obtained as a white crystalline substance by heating urea with succinic anhydride. It is known also in its salts.

Suc"cin*yl (?), n. [Succinic + -yl.] (Chem.) A hypothetical radical characteristic of succinic acid and certain of its derivatives.

Suc*cise" (?), a. [See Succision.] (Bot.) Appearing as if a part were cut off at the extremity.

Suc*ci"sion (?), n. [L. succisio, fr. succidere, succisum, to cut away below, sub under + caedere to cut.] The act of cutting down, as of trees; the act of cutting off. [R.]

Suc"cor (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Succored (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Succoring.] [OE. socouren, OF. sucurre, soucourre, secorre, F. secourir, L. succurrere, succursum, to run under, run to the aid of, help, succor; sub under + currere to run. See Current.] To run to, or run to support; hence, to help or relieve when in difficulty, want, or distress; to assist and deliver from suffering; to relieve; as, to succor a besieged city. [Written also succour.]

> He is able to succor them that are tempted.

Heb. ii. 18.

Syn. -- To aid; assist; relieve; deliver; help; comfort.

Suc"cor, n. [OE. socours, sucurs, OF. sucurs, socors, secors, F. secours, L. succursus, fr. L. succurrere. See Succor, v. t.] 1. Aid; help; assistance; esp., assistance that relieves and delivers from difficulty, want, or distress. "We beseech mercy and succor." Chaucer.

> My noble father . . .
> Flying for succor to his servant Bannister.

Shak.

2. The person or thing that brings relief.

> This mighty succor, which made glad the foe.

Dryden.

Suc"cor*a*ble (?), a. Capable of being succored or assisted; admitting of relief.

Suc"cor*er (?), n. One who affords succor; a helper.

Suc"cor*less, a. Destitute of succor. Thomson.

Suc"co*ry (?), n. [Corrupted from chicory.] (Bot.) A plant of the genus Cichorium. See Chicory.

Suc"co*tash (?), n. [Narragansett Indian m'sickquatash corn boiled whole.] Green maize and beans boiled together. The dish is borrowed from the native Indians. [Written also suckatash.]

Suc`co*teague" (?), n. (Zoöl.) The squeteague.

||Suc"cu*ba (?), n.; pl. Succubæ (#). [NL., fr. L. succubare to lie under; sub under + cubare to lie down; cf. L. succuba, succubo, one who lies under another.] A female demon or fiend. See Succubus.

> Though seeming in shape a woman natural
> Was a fiend of the kind that succubæ some call.

Mir. for Mag.

Suc"cu*bine (?), a. Of or pertaining to succuba.

Suc"cu*bous (?), a. [See Succuba.] (Bot.) Having the leaves so placed that the upper part of each one is covered by the base of the next higher leaf, as in hepatic mosses of the genus Plagiochila.

||Suc"cu*bus (?), n.; pl. Succubi (#). [See Succuba.] 1. A demon or fiend; especially, a lascivious spirit supposed to have sexual intercourse with the men by night; a succuba. Cf. Incubus.

2. (Med.) The nightmare. See Nightmare, 2.

Suc"cu*la (?), n. [L. sucula a winch, windlass, capstan.] (Mach.) A bare axis or cylinder with staves or levers in it to turn it round, but without any drum.

{ Suc"cu*lence (?), Suc"cu*len*cy (?), } n. [See Succulent.] The quality or condition of being succulent; juiciness; as, the succulence of a peach.

Suc"cu*lent (?), a. [L. succulentus, suculentus, fr. succus, sucus, juice; perhaps akin to E. suck: cf. F. succulent.] Full of juice; juicy.

Succulent plants (Bot.), plants which have soft and juicy leaves or stems, as the houseleek, the live forever, and the species of Mesembryanthemum.

Suc"cu*lent*ly, adv. In a succulent manner.

Suc"cu*lous (?), a. Succulent; juicy. [R.]

Suc*cumb" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Succumbed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Succumbing.] [L. succumbere; sub under + cumbere (in comp.), akin to cubare to lie down. See Incumbent, Cubit.] To yield; to submit; to give up unresistingly; as, to succumb under calamities; to succumb to disease.

Suc*cum"bent (?), a. [L. succumbens, p. pr.] Submissive; yielding. [R.] Howell.

Suc*cur"sal (?), a. [Cf. F. succursale. See Succor, n. & v. t.] Serving to aid or help; serving as a chapel of ease; tributary. [R.]

> Not a city was without its cathedral, surrounded by its succursal churches, its monasteries, and convents.

Milman.

||Suc"cus (?), n.; pl. Succi (&?;). (Med.) The expressed juice of a plant, for medicinal use.

||Succus entericus (&?;). [NL., literally, juice of the intestines.] (Physiol.) A fluid secreted in small by certain glands (probably the glands of Lieberkühn) of the small intestines. Its exact action is somewhat doubtful.

Suc`cus*sa"tion (?), n. [L. succussare to jolt, v. intens. fr. succutere, succussum, to fling up from below, to toss up; sub under + quatere to shake.] 1. A trot or trotting. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

2. A shaking; succussion.

Suc*cus"sion (?), n. [L. succussio, from succutere: cf. F. succussion. See Succussation.] The act of shaking; a shake; esp. (Med.), a shaking of the body to ascertain if there be a liquid in the thorax.

Suc*cus"sive (?), a. Characterized by a shaking motion, especially an up and down movement, and not merely tremulous oscillation; as, the succussive motion in earthquakes.

Such (?), a. [OE. such, sich, sech, sik, swich, swilch, swulch, swilc, swulc, AS. swelc, swilc, swylc; akin to OFries. selik, D. zulk, OS. sulic, OHG. sulih, solih, G. solch, Icel. slkr, OSw. salik, Sw. slik, Dan. slig, Goth. swaleiks; originally meaning, so shaped. √192. See So, Like, a., and cf. Which.] 1. Of that kind; of the like kind; like; resembling; similar; as, we never saw such a day; -- followed by that or as introducing the word or proposition which defines the similarity, or the standard of comparison; as, the books are not such that I can recommend them, or, not such as I can recommend; these apples are not such as those we saw yesterday; give your children such precepts as tend to make them better.

> And in his time such a conqueror
> That greater was there none under the sun.

Chaucer.

> His misery was such that none of the bystanders could refrain from weeping.

Macaulay.

The indefinite article a or an never precedes such, but is placed between it and the noun to which it refers; as, such a man; such an honor. The indefinite adjective some, several, one, few, many, all, etc., precede such; as, one such book is enough; all such people ought to be avoided; few such ideas were then held.

2. Having the particular quality or character specified.

> That thou art happy, owe to God;
> That thou continuest such, owe to thyself.

Milton.

3. The same that; -- with as; as, this was the state of the kingdom at such time as the enemy landed. "[It] hath such senses as we have." Shak.

4. Certain; -- representing the object as already particularized in terms which are not mentioned.

> In rushed one and tells him such a knight
> Is new arrived.

Daniel.

> To-day or to-morrow we will go into such a city, and continue there a year.

James iv. 13.

Such is used pronominally. "He was the father of such as dwell in tents." Gen. iv. 20. "Such as I are free in spirit when our limbs are chained." Sir W. Scott. Such is also used before adjectives joined to substantives; as, the fleet encountered such a terrible storm that it put back. "Everything was managed with so much care, and such excellent order was observed." De Foe.

> Temple sprung from a family which . . . long after his death produced so many eminent men, and formed such distinguished alliances, that, etc.

Macaulay.

Such is used emphatically, without the correlative.

> Now will he be mocking:
> I shall have such a life.

Shak.

Such was formerly used with numerals in the sense of times as much or as many; as, such ten, or ten times as many.

Such and such, or Such or such, certain; some; -- used to represent the object indefinitely, as already particularized in one way or another, or as being of one kind or another. "In such and such a place shall be my camp." 2 Kings vi. 8. "Sovereign authority may enact a law commanding such and such an action." South. -- Such like or character, of the like kind.

> And many other such like things ye do.

Mark vii. 8.

Su`cho*spon"dy*lous (?), a. [Gr. &?; a crocodile + &?; a vertebra.] (Zoöl.) Having dorsal vertebræ with long and divided transverse processes; -- applied to certain reptiles.

Such"wise` (?), adv. In a such a manner; so.

Suck (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sucked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sucking.] [OE. suken, souken, AS. s&?;can, s&?;gan; akin to D. zuigen, G. saugen, OHG. s&?;gan, Icel. s&?;ga, sj&?;ga, Sw. suga, Dan. suge, L. sugere. Cf. Honeysuckle, Soak, Succulent, Suction.] 1. To draw, as a liquid, by the action of the mouth and tongue, which tends to produce a vacuum, and causes the liquid to rush in by atmospheric pressure; to draw, or apply force to, by exhausting the air.

2. To draw liquid from by the action of the mouth; as, to suck an orange; specifically, to draw milk from (the mother, the breast, etc.) with the mouth; as, the young of an animal sucks the mother, or dam; an infant sucks the breast.

3. To draw in, or imbibe, by any process resembles sucking; to inhale; to absorb; as, to suck in air; the roots of plants suck water from the ground.

4. To draw or drain.

> Old ocean, sucked through the porous globe.

Thomson.

5. To draw in, as a whirlpool; to swallow up.

> As waters are by whirlpools sucked and drawn.

Dryden.

To suck in, to draw into the mouth; to imbibe; to absorb. -- To suck out, to draw out with the mouth; to empty by suction. -- To suck up, to draw into the mouth; to draw up by suction or absorption.

Suck, v. i. 1. To draw, or attempt to draw, something by suction, as with the mouth, or through a tube.

> Where the bee sucks, there suck I.

Shak.

2. To draw milk from the breast or udder; as, a child, or the young of an animal, is first nourished by sucking.

3. To draw in; to imbibe; to partake.

> The crown had sucked too hard, and now, being full, was like to draw less.

Bacon.

Suck, n. 1. The act of drawing with the mouth.

2. That which is drawn into the mouth by sucking; specifically, mikl drawn from the breast. Shak.

3. A small draught. [Colloq.] Massinger.

4. Juice; succulence. [Obs.]

Suck"an*hock (?), n. [Of American Indian origin.] A kind of seawan. See Note under Seawan.

Suck"a*tash (?), n. See Succotash. Bartlett.

Suck"en (?), n. [See Socome, Soc.] (Scots Law) The jurisdiction of a mill, or that extent of ground astricted to it, the tenants of which are bound to bring their grain thither to be ground.

<! p. 1440 !>

Suck"er (sk"r), n. 1. One who, or that which, sucks; esp., one of the organs by which certain animals, as the octopus and remora, adhere to other bodies.

2. A suckling; a sucking animal. Beau. & Fl.

3. The embolus, or bucket, of a pump; also, the valve of a pump basket. Boyle.

4. A pipe through which anything is drawn.

5. A small piece of leather, usually round, having a string attached to the center, which, when saturated with water and pressed upon a stone or other body having a smooth surface, adheres, by reason of the atmospheric pressure, with such force as to enable a considerable weight to be thus lifted by the string; -- used by children as a plaything.

6. (Bot.) A shoot from the roots or lower part of the stem of a plant; -- so called, perhaps, from diverting nourishment from the body of the plant.

7. (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of numerous species of North American fresh-water cyprinoid fishes of the family Catostomidæ; so called because the lips are protrusile. The flesh is coarse, and they are of little value as food. The most common species of the Eastern United States are the northern sucker (Catostomus Commersoni), the white sucker (C. teres), the hog sucker (C. nigricans), and the chub, or sweet sucker (Erimyzon sucetta). Some of the large Western species are called buffalo fish, red horse, black horse, and suckerel. (b) The remora. (c) The lumpfish. (d) The hagfish, or myxine. (e) A California food fish (Menticirrus undulatus) closely allied to the kingfish (a); -- called also bagre.

8. A parasite; a sponger. See def. 6, above.

> They who constantly converse with men far above their estates shall reap shame and loss thereby; if thou payest nothing, they will count thee a sucker, no branch.

Fuller.

9. A hard drinker; a soaker. [Slang]

10. A greenhorn; one easily gulled. [Slang, U.S.]

11. A nickname applied to a native of Illinois. [U. S.]

Carp sucker, Cherry sucker, etc. See under Carp, Cherry, etc. -- Sucker fish. See Sucking fish, under Sucking. -- Sucker rod, a pump rod. See under Pump. -- Sucker tube (Zoöl.), one of the external ambulacral tubes of an echinoderm, -- usually terminated by a sucker and used for locomotion. Called also sucker foot. See Spatangoid.

Suck"er (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Suckered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Suckering.] To strip off the suckers or shoots from; to deprive of suckers; as, to sucker maize.

Suck"er, v. i. To form suckers; as, corn suckers abundantly.

Suck"et (?), n. [Cf. Suck, v. t., Succades.] A sweetmeat; a dainty morsel. Jer. Taylor.

Suck"fish` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A sucker fish.

Suck"ing, a. Drawing milk from the mother or dam; hence, colloquially, young, inexperienced, as, a sucking infant; a sucking calf.

> I suppose you are a young barrister, sucking lawyer, or that sort of thing.

Thackeray.

Sucking bottle, a feeding bottle. See under Bottle. -- Sucking fish (Zoöl.), the remora. See Remora. Baird. -- Sucking pump, a suction pump. See under Suction. -- Sucking stomach (Zoöl.), the muscular first stomach of certain insects and other invertebrates which suck liquid food.

Suc"kle (?), n. A teat. [Obs.] Sir T. Herbert.

Suc"kle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Suckled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Suckling (?).] [Freq. of suck.] To give suck to; to nurse at the breast. Addison.

> The breasts of Hecuba
> When she did suckle Hector, looked not lovelier.

Shak.

> They are not weak, suckled by Wisdom.

Landor.

Suc"kle, v. i. To nurse; to suck. [R.]

Suc"kler (?), n. (Zoöl.) An animal that suckles its young; a mammal.

Suck"ling (?), n. [OE. sokeling. See Suck, v. t.] 1. A young child or animal nursed at the breast.

2. A small kind of yellow clover (Trifolium filiforme) common in Southern Europe.

Su"crate (?), n. (Chem.) A compound of sucrose (or of some related carbohydrate) with some base, after the analogy of a salt; as, sodium sucrate.

||Su"cre (?), n. A silver coin of Ecuador, worth 68 cents.

Su"crose` (?), n. [F. sucre sugar. See Sugar.] (Chem.) A common variety of sugar found in the juices of many plants, as the sugar cane, sorghum, sugar maple, beet root, etc. It is extracted as a sweet, white crystalline substance which is valuable as a food product, and, being antiputrescent, is largely used in the preservation of fruit. Called also saccharose, cane sugar, etc. By extension, any one of the class of isomeric substances (as lactose, maltose, etc.) of which sucrose proper is the type.

Sucrose proper is a dextrorotatory carbohydrate, C12H22O11. It does not reduce Fehling's solution, and though not directly fermentable, yet on standing with yeast it is changed by the diastase present to invert sugar (dextrose and levulose), which then breaks down to alcohol and carbon dioxide. It is also decomposed to invert sugar by heating with acids, whence it is also called a disaccharate. Sucrose possesses at once the properties of an alcohol and a ketone, and also forms compounds (called sucrates) analogous to salts. Cf. Sugar.

Suc"tion (?), n. [L. sugere, suctum, to suck; cf. OF. suction. See Suck, v. t.] The act or process of sucking; the act of drawing, as fluids, by exhausting the air.

Suction chamber, the chamber of a pump into which the suction pipe delivers. -- Suction pipe, Suction valve, the induction pipe, and induction valve, of a pump, respectively. -- Suction pump, the common pump, in which the water is raised into the barrel by atmospheric pressure. See Illust. of Pump.

||Suc*to"ri*a (?), n. pl. [NL. See Suction.] (Zoöl.) 1. An order of Infusoria having the body armed with somewhat stiff, tubular processes which they use as suckers in obtaining their food. They are usually stalked.

2. Same as Rhizocephala.

Suc*to"ri*al (?), a. [L. sugere, suctum, to suck.] 1. (Zoöl.) Adapted for sucking; living by sucking; as, the humming birds are suctorial birds.

2. (Zoöl.) Capable of adhering by suction; as, the suctorial fishes.

Suc*to"ri*an (?), n. 1. (Zoöl.) A cartilaginous fish with a mouth adapted for suction, as the lampery.

2. (Zoöl.) One of the Suctoria.

Suc*to"ri*ous (?), a. Suctorial. [R.]

||Su*dam"i*na (?), n. pl, sing. Sudamen (&?;). [NL. sudamen, - inis, fr. sudare to sweat. See Sweat.] (Med.) Minute vesicles surrounded by an area of reddened skin, produced by excessive sweating.

||Su*da"ri*um (?), n. [L., a handkerchief.] (Eccl.) The handkerchief upon which the Savior is said to have impressed his own portrait miraculously, when wiping his face with it, as he passed to the crucifixion.

Su"da*ry (?), n. [L. sudarium, fr. sudare to sweat. See Sweat.] A napkin or handkerchief. [Obs. or R.] Wyclif. R. Browning.

Su*da"tion (?), n. [L. sudatio, fr. sudare to sweat: cf. F. sudation.] A sweating. [Obs.]

||Su`da*to"ri*um (?), n.; pl. Sudatoria (#). [L.] A sudatory. Dunglison.

Su"da*to*ry (?), a. [L. sudatorius, fr. sudare to sweat: cf. F. sudatoire. See Sweat.] Sweating; perspiring.

Su"da*to*ry, n.; pl. Sudatories (#). [L. sudatorium.] A bagnio; a sweating bath; a vapor bath.

> These sudatories are much in request for many infirmities.

Evelyn.

Sud"den (?), a. [OE. sodian, sodein, OF. sodain, sudain, F. soudain, L. subitaneus, fr. subitus sudden, that has come unexpectedly, p. p. of subire to come on, to steal upon; sub under, secretly + ire to go. See Issue, and cf. Subitaneous.] 1. Happening without previous notice or with very brief notice; coming unexpectedly, or without the common preparation; immediate; instant; speedy. "O sudden wo!" Chaucer. "For fear of sudden death." Shak.

> Sudden fear troubleth thee.

Job xxii. 10.

2. Hastly prepared or employed; quick; rapid.

> Never was such a sudden scholar made.

Shak.

> The apples of Asphaltis, appearing goodly to the sudden eye.

Milton.

3. Hasty; violent; rash; precipitate. [Obs.] Shak.

Syn. -- Unexpected; unusual; abrupt; unlooked-for.

-- Sud"den*ly, adv. -- Sud"den*ness, n.

Sud"den, adv. Suddenly; unexpectedly. [R.]

> Herbs of every leaf that sudden flowered.

Milton.

Sud"den, n. An unexpected occurrence; a surprise.

All of a sudden, On a sudden, Of a sudden, sooner than was expected; without the usual preparation; suddenly.

> How art thou lost! how on a sudden lost!

Milton.

> He withdrew his opposition all of a sudden.

Thackeray.

Sud"den*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. soudaineté.] Suddenness; a sudden. [Scot.]

On a suddenty, on a sudden. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Su"dor*al (?), a. [L. sudor.] Of or pertaining to sweat; as, sudoral eruptions.

Su`dor*if"er*ous (?), a. [L. sudor sweat + -ferous.] (Physiol.) Producing, or secreting, sweat; sudoriparous.

Sudoriferous glands (Anat.), small convoluted tubular glands which are situated in the subcutaneous tissues and discharge by minute orifices in the surface of the skin; the sweat glands.

Su`dor*if"ic (?), a. [L. sudor sweat (akin to E. sweat) + facere to make.] Causing sweat; as, sudorific herbs. -- n. A sudorific medicine. Cf. Diaphoretic.

Su`dor*ip"a*rous (?), a. [L. sudor sweat + parere to produce.] (Physiol.) Same as Sudoriferous.

Su"dor*ous (?), a. [L. sudorus, fr. sudor sweat.] Consisting of sweat. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

||Su"dra (?), n. [Skr. ç&?;dra.] The lowest of the four great castes among the Hindoos. See Caste. [Written also Soorah, Soodra, and Sooder.]

Suds (?), n. pl. [Akin to sodden, seethe. See Seethe.] Water impregnated with soap, esp. when worked up into bubbles and froth.

In the suds, in turmoil or difficulty. [Colloq.] Beau. & Fl.

Sue (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sued (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Suing (?).] [OE. suen, sewen, siwen, OF. sivre (pres.ind. 3d sing. il siut, suit, he follows, nous sevons we follow), LL. sequere, for L. sequi, secutus; akin to Gr. &?;, Skr. sac to accompany, and probably to E. see, v.t. See See, v. t., and cf. Consequence, Ensue, Execute, Obsequious, Pursue, Second, Sect in religion, Sequence, Suit.] 1. To follow up; to chase; to seek after; to endeavor to win; to woo.

> For yet there was no man that haddle him sued.

Chaucer.

> I was beloved of many a gentle knight,
> And sued and sought with all the service due.

Spenser.

> Sue me, and woo me, and flatter me.

Tennyson.

2. (Law) (a) To seek justice or right from, by legal process; to institute process in law against; to bring an action against; to prosecute judicially. (b) To proceed with, as an action, and follow it up to its proper termination; to gain by legal process.

3. (Falconry) To clean, as the beak; -- said of a hawk.

4. (Naut.) To leave high and dry on shore; as, to sue a ship. R. H. Dana, Jr.

To sue out (Law), to petition for and take out, or to apply for and obtain; as, to sue out a writ in chancery; to sue out a pardon for a criminal.

Sue (?), v. i. 1. To seek by request; to make application; to petition; to entreat; to plead.

> By adverse destiny constrained to sue
> For counsel and redress, he sues to you.

Pope.

> Cæsar came to Rome to sue for the double honor of a triumph and the consulship.

C. Middleton.

> The Indians were defeated and sued for peace.

Jefferson.

2. (Law) To prosecute; to make legal claim; to seek (for something) in law; as, to sue for damages.

3. To woo; to pay addresses as a lover. Massinger.

4. (Naut.) To be left high and dry on the shore, as a ship. R. H. Dana, Jr.

Su"ent (?), a. Uniformly or evenly distributed or spread; even; smooth. See Suant. Thoreau.

Su"ent*ly, adv. Evenly; smoothly.

Su"er (?), n. One who sues; a suitor.

Su"et (?), n. [OE. suet, dim. fr. OF. seu, suif, F. suif, L. sebum. Cf. Soap, Sebaceous.] The fat and fatty tissues of an animal, especially the harder fat about the kidneys and loins in beef and mutton, which, when melted and freed from the membranes, forms tallow.

Su"et*y (?), a. Consisting of, or resembling, suet; as, a suety substance.

Suf- (?). A form of the prefix Sub-.

Suf"fer (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Suffered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Suffering.] [OE. suffren, soffren, OF. sufrir, sofrir, F. souffrir, (assumed) LL. sofferire, for L. sufferre; sub under + ferre to bear, akin to E. bear. See Bear to support.] 1. To feel, or endure, with pain, annoyance, etc.; to submit to with distress or grief; to undergo; as, to suffer pain of body, or grief of mind.

2. To endure or undergo without sinking; to support; to sustain; to bear up under.

> Our spirit and strength entire,
> Strongly to suffer and support our pains.

Milton.

3. To undergo; to be affected by; to sustain; to experience; as, most substances suffer a change when long exposed to air and moisture; to suffer loss or damage.

> If your more ponderous and settled project
> May suffer alteration.

Shak.

4. To allow; to permit; not to forbid or hinder; to tolerate.

> Thou shalt in any wise rebuke thy neighbour, and not suffer sin upon him.

Lev. xix. 17.

> I suffer them to enter and possess.

Milton.

Syn. -- To permit; bear; endure; support; sustain; allow; admit; tolerate. See Permit.

Suf"fer, v. i. 1. To feel or undergo pain of body or mind; to bear what is inconvenient; as, we suffer from pain, sickness, or sorrow; we suffer with anxiety.

> O well for him whose will is strong!
> He suffers, but he will not suffer long.

Tennyson.

2. To undergo punishment; specifically, to undergo the penalty of death.

> The father was first condemned to suffer upon a day appointed, and the son afterwards the day following.

Clarendon.

3. To be injured; to sustain loss or damage.

> Public business suffers by private infirmities.

Sir W. Temple.

Suf"fer*a*ble (?), a. [Cf. F. souffrable.] 1. Able to suffer or endure; patient. [Obs.] "Ye must be sufferable." Chaucer.

2. That may be suffered, tolerated, or permitted; allowable; tolerable.

-- Suf"fer*a*ble*ness, n. -- Suf"fer*a*bly, adv.

Suf"fer*ance (?), n. [OE. suffrance, OF. sufrance, soufrance, F. souffrance, L. sufferentia, from sufferens, - entis, p. pr. of sufferre. See Suffer.] 1. The state of suffering; the bearing of pain; endurance.

> He must not only die the death,
> But thy unkindness shall his death draw out
> To lingering sufferance.

Shak.

2. Pain endured; misery; suffering; distress.

> The seeming sufferances that you had borne.

Shak.

3. Loss; damage; injury. [Obs.]

> A grievous . . . sufferance on most part of their fleet.

Shak.

4. Submission under difficult or oppressive circumstances; patience; moderation. Chaucer.

> But hasty heat tempering with sufferance wise.

Spenser.

5. Negative consent by not forbidding or hindering; toleration; permission; allowance; leave. Shak.

> In their beginning they are weak and wan,
> But soon, through sufferance, grow to fearful end.

Spenser.

> Somewhiles by sufferance, and somewhiles by special leave and favor, they erected to themselves oratories.

Hooker.

6. A permission granted by the customs authorities for the shipment of goods. [Eng.]

Estate of sufferance (Law), the holding by a tenant who came in by a lawful title, but remains, after his right has expired, without positive leave of the owner. Blackstone. -- On sufferance, by mere toleration; as, to remain in a house on sufferance.

Syn. -- Endurance; pain; misery; inconvenience; patience; moderation; toleration; permission.

Suf"fer*er (?), n. 1. One who suffers; one who endures or undergoes suffering; one who sustains inconvenience or loss; as, sufferers by poverty or sickness; men are sufferers by fire or by losses at sea.

2. One who permits or allows.

Suf"fer*ing, n. The bearing of pain, inconvenience, or loss; pain endured; distress, loss, or injury incurred; as, sufferings by pain or sorrow; sufferings by want or by wrongs. "Souls in sufferings tried." Keble.

Suf"fer*ing, a. Being in pain or grief; having loss, injury, distress, etc. -- Suf"fer*ing*ly, adv.

<! p. 1441 !>

Suf*fice" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sufficed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sufficing (?).] [OE. suffisen, OF. soufire, F. suffire (cf. suffisant, p. pr.), L. sufficere to put under, to substitute, to avail for, to suffice; sub under + facere to make. See Fact.] To be enough, or sufficient; to meet the need (of anything); to be equal to the end proposed; to be adequate. Chaucer.

> To recount almighty works,
> What words or tongue of seraph can suffice?

Milton.

Suf*fice", v. t. 1. To satisfy; to content; to be equal to the wants or demands of. Spenser.

> Let it suffice thee; speak no more unto me of this matter.

Deut. iii. 26.

2. To furnish; to supply adequately. [Obs.]

> The power appeased, with winds sufficed the sail.

Dryden.

Suf*fi"cience (?), n. Sufficiently. [Obs.]

Suf*fi"cien*cy (?), n. [L. sufficientia: cf. F. suffisance. See Suffice.] 1. The quality or state of being sufficient, or adequate to the end proposed; adequacy.

> His sufficiency is such that he bestows and possesses, his plenty being unexhausted.

Boyle.

2. Qualification for any purpose; ability; capacity.

> A substitute or most allowed sufficiency.

Shak.

> I am not so confident of my own sufficiency as not willingly to admit the counsel of others.

Eikon Basilike.

3. Adequate substance or means; competence. "An elegant sufficiency." Thomson.

4. Supply equal to wants; ample stock or fund.

5. Conceit; self-confidence; self- sufficiency.

> Sufficiency is a compound of vanity and ignorance.

Sir W. Temple.

Suf*fi"cient (?), a. [L. sufficiens, -entis, p. pr. of sufficere: cf. F. suffisant. See Suffice.] 1. Equal to the end proposed; adequate to wants; enough; ample; competent; as, provision sufficient for the family; an army sufficient to defend the country.

> My grace is sufficient for thee.

2 Cor. xii. 9.

2. Possessing adequate talents or accomplishments; of competent power or ability; qualified; fit.

> Who is sufficient for these things?

2 Cor. ii. 16.

3. Capable of meeting obligations; responsible.

> The man is, notwithstanding, sufficient . . . I think I may take his bond.

Shak.

4. Self-sufficient; self-satisfied; content. [R.]

> Thou art the most sufficient (I'll say for thee),
> Not to believe a thing.

Beau. & Fl.

Syn. -- Enough; adequate; competent; full; satisfactory; ample.

Suf*fi"cient*ly, adv. To a sufficient degree; to a degree that answers the purpose, or gives content; enough; as, we are sufficiently supplied with food; a man sufficiently qualified for the discharge of his official duties.

Suf*fi"cing (?), a. Affording enough; satisfying. -- Suf*fi"cing*ly, adv. -- Suf*fi"cing*ness, n.

Suf*fi"sance (?), n. [F. See Sufficiency.] Sufficiency; plenty; abundance; contentment. [Obs.]

> He could in little thing have suffisaunce.

Chaucer.

Suf*fi"sant (?), a. Sufficient. [Obs.]

Suf"fix (?), n. [L. suffixus, p. p. of suffigere to fasten on, to affix; sub under + figere to fix: cf. F. suffixe. See Fix.] 1. A letter, letters, syllable, or syllables added or appended to the end of a word or a root to modify the meaning; a postfix.

2. (Math.) A subscript mark, number, or letter. See Subscript, a.

Suf*fix" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Suffixed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Suffixing.] To add or annex to the end, as a letter or syllable to a word; to append.

Suf*fix"ion (?), n. The act of suffixing, or the state of being suffixed.

Suf*fix"ment (?), n. Suffixion. [R.] Earle.

Suf*flam"i*nate (?), v. t. [L. sufflaminatus, p. p. of sufflaminare to hold back by a clog, from sufflamen a clog.] 1. To retard the motion of, as a carriage, by preventing one or more of its wheels from revolving, either by means of a chain or otherwise. [Obs.]

2. Hence, to stop; to impede. [Obs.] Barrow.

Suf*flate" (?), v. t. [L. sufflatus, p. p. of sufflare to blow up, inflate; sub under + flare to blow.] To blow up; to inflate; to inspire. [R.] T. Ward.

Suf*fla"tion (?), n. [L. sufflatio.] The act of blowing up or inflating. [R.] Coles.

Suf"fo*cate (?), a. [L. suffocatus, p. p. of suffocare to choke; sub under + fauces the throat. Cf. Faucal.] Suffocated; choked. Shak.

Suf"fo*cate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Suffocated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Suffocating.] 1. To choke or kill by stopping respiration; to stifle; to smother.

> Let not hemp his windpipe suffocate.

Shak.

2. To destroy; to extinguish; as, to suffocate fire.

Suf"fo*cate, v. i. To become choked, stifled, or smothered. "A swelling discontent is apt to suffocate and strangle without passage." collier.

Suf"fo*ca`ting, a. & n. from Suffocate, v. -- Suf"fo*ca`ting*ly, adv.

Suf`fo*ca"tion (?), n. [L. suffocatio: cf. F. suffocation.] The act of suffocating, or the state of being suffocated; death caused by smothering or choking.

The term suffocation is sometimes employed synonymously with asphyxia. In the strict medico-legal sense it signifies asphyxia induced by obstruction of the respiration otherwise than by direct pressure on the neck (hanging, strangulation) or submersion (drowning). Quain.

Suf"fo*ca*tive (?), a. Tending or able to choke or stifle. "Suffocative catarrhs." Arbuthnot.

Suf*fos"sion (?), n. [L. suffossio, from suffodere, suffossum, to dig under; sub under + fodere to dig.] A digging under; an undermining. [R.] Bp. Hall.

Suf"fra*gan (?), a. [F. suffragant, L. suffragans, p. pr. of suffragari to support with one's vote, to be favorable. See Suffrage.] Assisting; assistant; as, a suffragan bishop.

Suf"fra*gan (?), n. [F. suffragant: cf. LL. suffraganeus. See Suffragan, a.] 1. An assistant.

2. (Eccl.) A bishop considered as an assistant, or as subject, to his metropolitan; an assistant bishop.

Suf"fra*gan*ship, n. The office of a suffragan.

Suf"fra*gant (?), a. & n. Suffragan. [Obs.]

Suf"fra*gate (?), v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Suffragated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Suffragating.] [L. suffragatus, p. p. of suffragari. See Suffragan, a.] To vote or vote with. [Obs.] "Suffragating tribes." Dryden.

Suf"fra*ga`tor (?), n. [L.] One who assists or favors by his vote. [Obs.]

Suf"frage (?), n. [F., fr. L. suffragium; perhaps originally, a broken piece, a potsherd, used in voting, and fr. sub under + the root of frangere to break. See Break.] 1. A vote given in deciding a controverted question, or in the choice of a man for an office or trust; the formal expression of an opinion; assent; vote.

> I ask your voices and your suffrages.

Shak.

2. Testimony; attestation; witness; approval.

> Lactantius and St. Austin confirm by their suffrage the observation made by heathen writers.

Atterbury.

> Every miracle is the suffrage of Heaven to the truth of a doctrine.

South.

3. (Eccl.) (a) A short petition, as those after the creed in matins and evensong. (b) A prayer in general, as one offered for the faithful departed. Shipley.

> I firmly believe that there is a purgatory, and that the souls therein detained are helped by the suffrages of the faithful.

Creed of Pope Pius IV.

4. Aid; assistance. [A Latinism] [Obs.]

Suf"frage, v. t. To vote for; to elect. [Obs.] Milton.

Suf*frag"i*nous (?), a. [L. suffraginosus diseased in the hock, fr. suffrago the pastern, or hock.] Of or pertaining to the hock of a beast. [Obs.]

Suf"fra*gist (?), n. 1. One who possesses or exercises the political right of suffrage; a voter.

2. One who has certain opinions or desires about the political right of suffrage; as, a woman suffragist.

> It is curious that . . . Louisa Castelefort should be obliged after her marriage immediately to open her doors and turn ultra liberal, or an universal suffragist.

Miss Edgeworth.

||Suf*fra"go (?), n. [L., the hock, from sub under + frangere to break.] (Zoöl.) The heel joint.

Suf"france (?), n. Sufferance. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Suf`fru*tes"cent (?), a. [Pref. suf- + frutescent.] (Bot.) Slightly woody at the base.

Suf*fru"ti*cose` (?), a. [Pref. suf- + fruticose.] (Bot.) Woody in the lower part of the stem, but with the yearly branches herbaceous, as sage, thyme, hyssop, and the like.

Suf*fru"ti*cous (?), a. Suffruticose.

Suf*fu"mi*gate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Suffumigated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Suffumigating.] [L. suffumigatus, p. p. of suffumigare to fumigate from below. See Sub-, and Fumigate.] To apply fumes or smoke to the parts of, as to the body in medicine; to fumigate in part.

Suf*fu`mi*ga"tion (?), n. [L. suffumigatio: cf. F. suffumigation.] The operation of suffumigating.

Suf*fu"mige (?), n. [LL. suffumigium.] A medical fume. [Obs.] Harvey.

Suf*fuse" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Suffused (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Suffusing.] [L. suffusus, p. p. of suffundere to overspread; sub under + fundere to pour. See Fuse to melt.] To overspread, as with a fluid or tincture; to fill or cover, as with something fluid; as, eyes suffused with tears; cheeks suffused with blushes.

> When purple light shall next suffuse the skies.

Pope.

Suf*fu"sion (?), n. [L. suffusio: cf. F. suffusion.] 1. The act or process of suffusing, or state of being suffused; an overspreading.

> To those that have the jaundice, or like suffusion of eyes, objects appear of that color.

Ray.

2. That with which a thing is suffused.

3. (Zoöl.) A blending of one color into another; the spreading of one color over another, as on the feathers of birds.

Su"fi (?), n. [From the name of a dynasty of Persian kings, Saf, Safav; said to come from name Saf-ud-dn of an ancestor of the family, confused with s&?;f pious.] A title or surname of the king of Persia.

Su"fi, n. [Ar. & Per. s&?;f, wise, pious, devout.] One of a certain order of religious men in Persia. [Written also sofi.]

Su"fism (?), n. A refined mysticism among certain classes of Mohammedans, particularly in Persia, who hold to a kind of pantheism and practice extreme asceticism in their lives. [Written also sofism.]

Sug (?), n. A kind of worm or larva. Walton.

Sug"ar (?), n. [OE. sugre, F. sucre (cf. It. zucchero, Sp. azúcar), fr. Ar. sukkar, assukkar, fr. Skr. çarkar sugar, gravel; cf. Per. shakar. Cf. Saccharine, Sucrose.] 1. A sweet white (or brownish yellow) crystalline substance, of a sandy or granular consistency, obtained by crystallizing the evaporated juice of certain plants, as the sugar cane, sorghum, beet root, sugar maple, etc. It is used for seasoning and preserving many kinds of food and drink. Ordinary sugar is essentially sucrose. See the Note below.

The term sugar includes several commercial grades, as the white or refined, granulated, loaf or lump, and the raw brown or muscovado. In a more general sense, it includes several distinct chemical compounds, as the glucoses, or grape sugars (including glucose proper, dextrose, and levulose), and the sucroses, or true sugars (as cane sugar). All sugars are carbohydrates. See Carbohydrate. The glucoses, or grape sugars, are ketone alcohols of the formula C6H12O6, and they turn the plane of polarization to the right or the left. They are produced from the amyloses and sucroses, as by the action of heat and acids of ferments, and are themselves decomposed by fermentation into alcohol and carbon dioxide. The only sugar (called acrose) as yet produced artificially belongs to this class. The sucroses, or cane sugars, are doubled glucose anhydrides of the formula C12H22O11. They are usually not fermentable as such (cf. Sucrose), and they act on polarized light.

2. By extension, anything resembling sugar in taste or appearance; as, sugar of lead (lead acetate), a poisonous white crystalline substance having a sweet taste.

3. Compliment or flattery used to disguise or render acceptable something obnoxious; honeyed or soothing words. [Colloq.]

Acorn sugar. See Quercite. -- Cane sugar, sugar made from the sugar cane; sucrose, or an isomeric sugar. See Sucrose. -- Diabetes, or Diabetic, sugar (Med. Chem.), a variety of sugar (probably grape sugar or dextrose) excreted in the urine in diabetes mellitus. -- Fruit sugar. See under Fruit, and Fructose. -- Grape sugar, a sirupy or white crystalline sugar (dextrose or glucose) found as a characteristic ingredient of ripe grapes, and also produced from many other sources. See Dextrose, and Glucose. -- Invert sugar. See under Invert. -- Malt sugar, a variety of sugar isomeric with sucrose, found in malt. See Maltose. - - Manna sugar, a substance found in manna, resembling, but distinct from, the sugars. See Mannite. -- Milk sugar, a variety of sugar characteristic of fresh milk, and isomeric with sucrose. See Lactose. -- Muscle sugar, a sweet white crystalline substance isomeric with, and formerly regarded to, the glucoses. It is found in the tissue of muscle, the heart, liver, etc. Called also heart sugar. See Inosite. -- Pine sugar. See Pinite. -- Starch sugar (Com. Chem.), a variety of dextrose made by the action of heat and acids on starch from corn, potatoes, etc.; -- called also potato sugar, corn sugar, and, inaccurately, invert sugar. See Dextrose, and Glucose. -- Sugar barek, one who refines sugar. -- Sugar beet (Bot.), a variety of beet (Beta vulgaris) with very large white roots, extensively grown, esp. in Europe, for the sugar obtained from them. -- Sugar berry (Bot.), the hackberry. - - Sugar bird (Zoöl.), any one of several species of small South American singing birds of the genera Cœreba, Dacnis, and allied genera belonging to the family Cœrebidæ. They are allied to the honey eaters. -- Sugar bush. See Sugar orchard. -- Sugar camp, a place in or near a sugar orchard, where maple sugar is made. -- Sugar candian, sugar candy. [Obs.] -- Sugar candy, sugar clarified and concreted or crystallized; candy made from sugar. -- Sugar cane (Bot.), a tall perennial grass (Saccharum officinarium), with thick short-jointed stems. It has been cultivated for ages as the principal source of sugar. -- Sugar loaf. (a) A loaf or mass of refined sugar, usually in the form of a truncated cone. (b) A hat shaped like a sugar loaf.

> Why, do not or know you, grannam, and that sugar loaf?

J. Webster.

-- Sugar maple (Bot.), the rock maple (Acer saccharinum). See Maple. -- Sugar mill, a machine for pressing out the juice of the sugar cane, usually consisting of three or more rollers, between which the cane is passed. -- Sugar mite. (Zoöl.) (a) A small mite (Tyroglyphus sacchari), often found in great numbers in unrefined sugar. (b) The lepisma. -- Sugar of lead. See Sugar, 2, above. -- Sugar of milk. See under Milk. -- Sugar orchard, a collection of maple trees selected and preserved for purpose of obtaining sugar from them; -- called also, sometimes, sugar bush. [U.S.] Bartlett. -- Sugar pine (Bot.), an immense coniferous tree (Pinus Lambertiana) of California and Oregon, furnishing a soft and easily worked timber. The resinous exudation from the stumps, etc., has a sweetish taste, and has been used as a substitute for sugar. -- Sugar squirrel (Zoöl.), an Australian flying phalanger (Belideus sciureus), having a long bushy tail and a large parachute. It resembles a flying squirrel. See Illust. under Phlanger. -- Sugar tongs, small tongs, as of silver, used at table for taking lumps of sugar from a sugar bowl. -- Sugar tree. (Bot.) See Sugar maple, above.

Sug"ar (?), v. i. In making maple sugar, to complete the process of boiling down the sirup till it is thick enough to crystallize; to approach or reach the state of granulation; -- with the preposition off. [Local, U.S.]

Sug"ar, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sugared (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sugaring.] 1. To impregnate, season, cover, or sprinkle with sugar; to mix sugar with. "When I sugar my liquor." G. Eliot.

2. To cover with soft words; to disguise by flattery; to compliment; to sweeten; as, to sugar reproof.

> With devotion's visage
> And pious action we do sugar o'er
> The devil himself.

Shak.

Sug"ared (?), a. Sweetened. "The sugared liquor." Spenser. Also used figuratively; as, sugared kisses.

<! p. 1442 !>

Sug"ar-house` (?), n. A building in which sugar is made or refined; a sugar manufactory.

Sug"ar*i*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being sugary, or sweet.

Sug"ar*ing, n. 1. The act of covering or sweetening with sugar; also, the sugar thus used.

2. The act or process of making sugar.

Sug"ar*less, a. Without sugar; free from sugar.

Sug"ar*plum` (?), n. A kind of candy or sweetneat made up in small balls or disks.

Sug"ar*y (?), a. 1. Resembling or containing sugar; tasting of sugar; sweet. Spenser.

2. Fond of sugar or sweet things; as, a sugary palate.

Su*ges"cent (?), a. [L. sugere to suck.] Of or pertaining to sucking. [R.] Paley.

Sug*gest" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Suggested (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Suggesting.] [L. suggestus, p. p. of suggerere to put under, furnish, suggest; sub under + gerere to carry, to bring. See Jest.] 1. To introduce indirectly to the thoughts; to cause to be thought of, usually by the agency of other objects.

> Some ideas . . . are suggested to the mind by all the ways of sensation and reflection.

Locke.

2. To propose with difference or modesty; to hint; to intimate; as, to suggest a difficulty.

3. To seduce; to prompt to evil; to tempt. [Obs.]

> Knowing that tender youth is soon suggested.

Shak.

4. To inform secretly. [Obs.]

Syn. -- To hint; allude to; refer to; insinuate.

Sug*gest", v. i. To make suggestions; to tempt. [Obs.]

> And ever weaker grows through acted crime,
> Or seeming-genial, venial fault,
> Recurring and suggesting still.

Tennyson.

Sug*gest"er (?), n. One who suggests. Beau. & Fl.

Sug*ges"tion (?), n. [F. suggestion, L. suggestio.] 1. The act of suggesting; presentation of an idea.

2. That which is suggested; an intimation; an insinuation; a hint; a different proposal or mention; also, formerly, a secret incitement; temptation.

> Why do I yield to that suggestion?

Shak.

3. Charge; complaint; accusation. [Obs.] "A false suggestion." Chaucer.

4. (Law) Information without oath; an entry of a material fact or circumstance on the record for the information of the court, at the death or insolvency of a party.

5. (Physiol. & Metaph.) The act or power of originating or recalling ideas or relations, distinguished as original and relative; -- a term much used by Scottish metaphysicians from Hutcherson to Thomas Brown.

Syn. -- Hint; allusion; intimation; insinuation. -- Suggestion, Hint. A hint is the briefest or most indirect mode of calling one's attention to a subject. A suggestion is a putting of something before the mind for consideration, an indirect or guarded mode of presenting argument or advice. A hint is usually something slight or covert, and may by merely negative in its character. A suggestion is ordinarily intended to furnish us with some practical assistance or direction. "He gave me a hint of my danger, and added some suggestions as to the means of avoiding it."

> Willing to wound, and yet afraid to strike,
> Just hint a fault, and hesitate dislike.

Pope.

> Arthur, whom they say is killed to-night
> On your suggestion.

Shak.

Sug*gest"ive (?), a. Containing a suggestion, hint, or intimation. -- Sug*gest"ive*ly, adv. -- Sug*gest"ive*ness, n.

Sug*gest"ment (?), n. Suggestion. [R.]

> They fancy that every thought must needs have an immediate outward suggestment.

Hare.

Sug*gest"ress (?), n. A woman who suggests. "The suggestress of suicides." De Quincey.

Sug"gil (?), v. t. [L. suggillare, sugillare, suggillatum, sugillatum, literally, to beat black and blue.] To defame. [Obs.] Abp. Parker.

Sug"gil*late (?), v. t. [See Suggil.] To beat livid, or black and blue. Wiseman.

Sug`gil*la"tion (?), n. [L. suggillatio: cf. F. suggillation.] A livid, or black and blue, mark; a blow; a bruise.

Su"i*ci`dal (?), a. Partaking of, or of the nature of, the crime or suicide. -- Su"i*ci`dal*ly, adv.

Su"i*cide (?), n. [L. sui of one's self (akin to suus one's own) + caedere to slay, to kill. Cf. So, adv., Homicide.] 1. The act of taking one's own life voluntary and intentionally; self-murder; specifically (Law), the felonious killing of one's self; the deliberate and intentional destruction of one's own life by a person of years of discretion and of sound mind.

2. One guilty of self-murder; a felo-de- se.

3. Ruin of one's own interests. "Intestine war, which may be justly called political suicide." V. Knox.

Su`i*cid"i*cal (?), a. Suicidal. [Obs.]

Su"i*ci*dism (?), n. The quality or state of being suicidal, or self-murdering. [R.]

Su"i*cism (?), n. [L. suus one's own.] Selfishness; egoism. [R.] Whitlock.

||Su"i gen"e*ris (?). [L.] Of his or its own kind.

Su"il*lage (?), n. [OF. souillage, soillage, fr. souiller, soiller. See Soil to stain, and cf. Sullage.] A drain or collection of filth. [Obs.] [Written also sulliage, and sullage.] Sir H. Wotton.

Su"il*line (?), a. [L. sus hog.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to a hog or the Hog family (Suidæ).

Su"ine (?), n. [Cf. Suint.] A mixture of oleomargarine with lard or other fatty ingredients. It is used as a substitute for butter. See Butterine.

Su"ing (?), n. [Cf. F. suer to sweat, L. sudare.] The process of soaking through anything. [Obs.] Bacon.

Su"ing*ly, adv. [See Sue to follow.] In succession; afterwards. [Obs.] Sir T. More.

Su"int (s"nt), n. [F.] (Chem.) A peculiar substance obtained from the wool of sheep, consisting largely of potash mixed with fatty and earthy matters. It is used as a source of potash and also for the manufacture of gas.

Su`i*o*goths" (?), prop. n. pl. [L. Suiones (a Teutonic tribe in what is now Sweeden) + E. Goth.] The Scandinavian Goths. See the Note under Goths.

Su"ist, n. [L. suus belinging to himself or to one's self.] One who seeks for things which gratify merely himself; a selfish person; a selfist. [R.] Whitlock.

Suit (st), n. [OE. suite, F. suite, OF. suite, sieute, fr. suivre to follow, OF. sivre; perhaps influenced by L. secta. See Sue to follow, and cf. Sect, Suite.] 1. The act of following or pursuing, as game; pursuit. [Obs.]

2. The act of suing; the process by which one endeavors to gain an end or an object; an attempt to attain a certain result; pursuit; endeavor.

> Thenceforth the suit of earthly conquest shone.

Spenser.

3. The act of wooing in love; the solicitation of a woman in marriage; courtship.

> Rebate your loves, each rival suit suspend,
> Till this funereal web my labors end.

Pope.

4. (Law) The attempt to gain an end by legal process; an action or process for the recovery of a right or claim; legal application to a court for justice; prosecution of right before any tribunal; as, a civil suit; a criminal suit; a suit in chancery.

> I arrest thee at the suit of Count Orsino.

Shak.

> In England the several suits, or remedial instruments of justice, are distinguished into three kinds -- actions personal, real, and mixed.

Blackstone.

5. That which follows as a retinue; a company of attendants or followers; the assembly of persons who attend upon a prince, magistrate, or other person of distinction; -- often written suite, and pronounced swt.

6. Things that follow in a series or succession; the individual objects, collectively considered, which constitute a series, as of rooms, buildings, compositions, etc.; -- often written suite, and pronounced swt.

7. A number of things used together, and generally necessary to be united in order to answer their purpose; a number of things ordinarily classed or used together; a set; as, a suit of curtains; a suit of armor; a suit of clothes. "Two rogues in buckram suits." Shak.

8. (Playing Cards) One of the four sets of cards which constitute a pack; -- each set consisting of thirteen cards bearing a particular emblem, as hearts, spades, clubs, or diamonds.

> To deal and shuffle, to divide and sort
> Her mingled suits and sequences.

Cowper.

9. Regular order; succession. [Obs.]

> Every five and thirty years the same kind and suit of weather comes again.

Bacon.

Out of suits, having no correspondence. [Obs.] Shak. -- Suit and service (Feudal Law), the duty of feudatories to attend the courts of their lords or superiors in time of peace, and in war to follow them and do military service; -- called also suit service. Blackstone. -- Suit broker, one who made a trade of obtaining the suits of petitioners at court. [Obs.] -- Suit court (O. Eng. Law), the court in which tenants owe attendance to their lord. -- Suit covenant (O. Eng. Law), a covenant to sue at a certain court. -- Suit custom (Law), a service which is owed from time immemorial. -- Suit service. (Feudal Law) See Suit and service, above. -- To bring suit. (Law) (a) To bring secta, followers or witnesses, to prove the plaintiff's demand. [Obs.] (b) In modern usage, to institute an action. -- To follow suit. (Card Playing) See under Follow, v. t.

Suit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Suited; p. pr. & vb. n. Suiting.] 1. To fit; to adapt; to make proper or suitable; as, to suit the action to the word. Shak.

2. To be fitted to; to accord with; to become; to befit.

> Ill suits his cloth the praise of railing well.

Dryden.

> Raise her notes to that sublime degree
> Which suits song of piety and thee.

Prior.

3. To dress; to clothe. [Obs.]

> So went he suited to his watery tomb.

Shak.

4. To please; to make content; as, he is well suited with his place; to suit one's taste.

Suit, v. i. To agree; to accord; to be fitted; to correspond; -- usually followed by with or to.

> The place itself was suiting to his care.

Dryden.

> Give me not an office
> That suits with me so ill.

Addison.

Syn. -- To agree; accord; comport; tally; correspond; match; answer.

Suit`a*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being suitable; suitableness.

Suit"a*ble (?), a. Capable of suiting; fitting; accordant; proper; becoming; agreeable; adapted; as, ornaments suitable to one's station; language suitable for the subject. -- Suit"a*ble*ness, n. -- Suit"a*bly, adv.

Syn. -- Proper; fitting; becoming; accordant; agreeable; competent; correspondent; compatible; consonant; congruous; consistent.

Suite (?), n. [F. See Suit, n.] 1. A retinue or company of attendants, as of a distinguished personage; as, the suite of an ambassador. See Suit, n., 5.

2. A connected series or succession of objects; a number of things used or clessed together; a set; as, a suite of rooms; a suite of minerals. See Suit, n., 6.

> Mr. Barnard took one of the candles that stood upon the king's table, and lighted his majesty through a suite of rooms till they came to a private door into the library.

Boswell.

3. (Mus.) One of the old musical forms, before the time of the more compact sonata, consisting of a string or series of pieces all in the same key, mostly in various dance rhythms, with sometimes an elaborate prelude. Some composers of the present day affect the suite form.

Suit"ing (?), n. Among tailors, cloth suitable for making entire suits of clothes.

Suit"or (?), n. 1. One who sues, petitions, or entreats; a petitioner; an applicant.

> She hath been a suitor to me for her brother.

Shak.

2. Especially, one who solicits a woman in marriage; a wooer; a lover. Sir P. Sidney.

3. (a) (Law) One who sues or prosecutes a demand in court; a party to a suit, as a plaintiff, petitioner, etc. (b) (O. Eng. Law) One who attends a court as plaintiff, defendant, petitioner, appellant, witness, juror, or the like.

Suit"ress (?), n. A female supplicant. Rowe.

||Su"ji (?), n. [Hind. s&?;f.] Indian wheat, granulated but not pulverized; a kind of semolina. [Written also soojee.]

||Su"la (?), n. [NL., fr. Icel. s&?;la the gannet. See Solan goose.] (Zoöl.) A genus of sea birds including the booby and the common gannet.

{ Sul"cate (?), Sul"ca*ted (?), } a. [L. sulcatus, p. p. of sulcare to furrow, fr. sulcus a furrow.] Scored with deep and regular furrows; furrowed or grooved; as, a sulcated stem.

Sul*ca"tion (?), n. A channel or furrow.

Sul"ci*form (?), a. Having the form of a sulcus; as, sulciform markings.

||Sul"cus (?), n.; pl. Sulci (#). [L., a furrow.] A furrow; a groove; a fissure.

Su"le*ah fish` (?). (Zoöl.) A coarse fish of India, used in making a breakfast relish called burtah.

Sulk (?), n. [L. sulcus.] A furrow. [Obs.]

Sulk, v. i. [See Sulkiness.] To be silently sullen; to be morose or obstinate. T. Hook.

Sulk"er (?), n. One who sulks.

Sulk"i*ly (?), adv. In a sulky manner.

Sulk"i*ness, n. [For sulkenness, fr. AS. solcen slothful, remiss, in solcen, besolcen, properly p. p. of sealcan in sealcan to be weak or slothful; of uncertain origin.] The quality or state of being sulky; sullenness; moroseness; as, sulkiness of disposition.

Sulks (?), n. pl. The condition of being sulky; a sulky mood or humor; as, to be in the sulks.

Sulk"y (?), a. [Compar. Sulkier (?); superl. Sulkiest.] [See Sulkiness, and cf. Sulky, n.] Moodly silent; sullen; sour; obstinate; morose; splenetic.

Syn. -- See Sullen.

Sulk"y, n.; pl. Sulkies (#). [From Sulky, a.; -- so called from the owner's desire of riding alone.] A light two-wheeled carriage for a single person.

Sulky is used adjectively in the names of several agricultural machines drawn by horses to denote that the machine is provided with wheels and a seat for the driver; as, sulky plow; sulky harrow; sulky rake, etc.

Sull (?), n. [AS. suluh, sulh, a plow; cf. OHG. suohili a little plow.] A plow. [Obs.] Ainsworth.

Sul"lage (?), n. [Cf. Suillage, Sulliage.] 1. Drainage of filth; filth collected from the street or highway; sewage. [Obs.]

> The streets were exceedingly large, well paved, having many vaults and conveyances under them for sullage.

Evelyn.

2. That which sullies or defiles. [Obs.]

> It is the privilege of the celestial luminaries to receive no tincture, sullage, or difilement from the most noisome sinks and dunghills here below.

South.

3. (Founding) The scoria on the surface of molten metal in the ladle.

4. (Hydraul. Engin.) Silt; mud deposited by water.

Sullage piece (Founding), the sprue of a casting. See Sprue, n., 1 (b).

Sul"len (?), a. [OE. solein, solain, lonely, sullen; through Old French fr. (assumed) LL. solanus solitary, fr. L. solus alone. See Sole, a.] 1. Lonely; solitary; desolate. [Obs.] Wyclif (Job iii. 14).

2. Gloomy; dismal; foreboding. Milton.

> Solemn hymns so sullen dirges change.

Shak.

3. Mischievous; malignant; unpropitious.

> Such sullen planets at my birth did shine.

Dryden.

4. Gloomily angry and silent; cross; sour; affected with ill humor; morose.

> And sullen I forsook the imperfect feast.

Prior.

5. Obstinate; intractable.

> Things are as sullen as we are.

Tillotson.

6. Heavy; dull; sluggish. "The larger stream was placid, and even sullen, in its course." Sir W. Scott.

Syn. -- Sulky; sour; cross; ill-natured; morose; peevish; fretful; ill-humored; petulant; gloomy; malign; intractable. -- Sullen, Sulky. Both sullen and sulky show themselves in the demeanor. Sullenness seems to be an habitual sulkiness, and sulkiness a temporary sullenness. The former may be an innate disposition; the latter, a disposition occasioned by recent injury. Thus we are in a sullen mood, and in a sulky fit.

> No cheerful breeze this sullen region knows;
> The dreaded east is all the wind that blows.

Pope.

-- Sul"len*ly, adv. -- Sul"len*ness, n.

Sul"len, n. 1. One who is solitary, or lives alone; a hermit. [Obs.] Piers Plowman.

2. pl. Sullen feelings or manners; sulks; moroseness; as, to have the sullens. [Obs.] Shak.

Sul"len, v. t. To make sullen or sluggish. [Obs.]

> Sullens the whole body with . . . laziness.

Feltham.

Sul"le*vate (?), v. t. [L. sublevare to raise up. Cf. Sublevation.] To rouse; to excite. [Obs.] Daniel.

<! p. 1443 !>

Sul"li*age (?), n. [Cf. Sullage, Suillage, or Sully, v. t.] Foulness; filth. [Obs.]

> Though we wipe away with never so much care the dirt thrown at us, there will be left some sulliage behind.

Gov. of Tongue.

Sul"ly (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sullied (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sullying (?).] [OE. sulien, AS. sylian, fr. sol mire; akin to G. suhle mire, sich, sühlen to wallow, Sw. söla to bemire, Dan. söle, Goth. bisaulijan to defile.] To soil; to dirty; to spot; to tarnish; to stain; to darken; -- used literally and figuratively; as, to sully a sword; to sully a person's reputation.

> Statues sullied yet with sacrilegious smoke.

Roscommon.

> No spots to sully the brightness of this solemnity.

Atterbury.

Sul"ly, v. i. To become soiled or tarnished.

> Silvering will sully and canker more than gilding.

Bacon.

Sul"ly, n.; pl. Sullies (&?;). Soil; tarnish; stain.

> A noble and triumphant merit breaks through little spots and sullies in his reputation.

Spectator.

Sulph*ac"id (?), n. [Sulpho- + acid.] (Chem.) An acid in which, to a greater or less extent, sulphur plays a part analogous to that of oxygen in an oxyacid; thus, thiosulphuric and sulpharsenic acids are sulphacids; -- called also sulphoacid. See the Note under Acid, n., 2.

Sulph*am"ate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of sulphamic acid.

Sulph*am"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to a sulphamide; derived from, or related to, a sulphamide; specifically, designating an amido acid derivative, NH2.SO2.OH, of sulphuric acid (analogous to sulphonic acid) which is not known in the free state, but is known in its salts.

Sulph*am"ide (?), n. (Chem.) Any one of a series of amido compounds obtained by treating sulphuryl chloride with various amines.

Sulph`a*nil"ic (?), a. [From sulphuric + anilene.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, an anilene sulphonic acid which is obtained as a white crystalline substance.

Sulph*an`ti*mo"nate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of sulphantimonic acid.

Sulph*an`ti*mon"ic (?), a. [Sulpho- + antimonic.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, a hypothetical sulphacid of antimony (called also thioantimonic acid) analogous to sulpharsenic acid.

Sulph*an`ti*mo"ni*ous (?), a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, a hypothetical sulphacid of antimony (called also thioantimonious acid) analogous to sulpharsenious acid.

Sulph*an"ti*mo*nite` (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of sulphantimonious acid.

Sulph*ar"se*nate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of sulpharsenic acid.

Sulph`ar*sen"ic (?), a. [Sulpho- + arsenic.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, a hypothetical sulphacid (called also thioarsenic acid) analogous to arsenic acid, and known only in its salts.

Sulph`ar*se"ni*ous (?), a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, a hypothetical sulphacid (called also thioarsenious acid) analogous to arsenious acid, and known only in its salts.

Sulph*ar"se*nite (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of sulpharsenious acid.

Sul"phate (?), n. [NL. sulphas, sulphatis, fr. L. sulphur, sulfur, brimstone, sulphur: cf. F. sulfate.] (Chem.) A salt of sulphuric acid.

Sul*phat"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, resembling, or containing, a sulphate or sulphates.

Sul"pha*to- (?). (Chem.) A combining form (also used adjectively) denoting a sulphate as an ingredient in certain double salts; as, sulphato-carbonate. [R.]

Sulph*au"rate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of sulphauric acid.

Sulph*au"ric (?), a. [Sulpho- + aurum.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, a hypothetical sulphacid of gold (aurum), known only in its salts.

Sul"phide (?), n. (Chem.) A binary compound of sulphur, or one so regarded; -- formerly called sulphuret.

Double sulphide (Chem.), a compound of two sulphides. -- Hydrogen sulphide. (Chem.) See under Hydrogen. -- Metallic sulphide, a binary compound of sulphur with a metal.

Sul"phi*nate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of a sulphinic acid.

Sulph*in`di*got"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, a sulphonic acid obtained, as a blue solution, by dissolving indigo in sulphuric acid; -- formerly called also cerulic sulphuric acid, but properly called indigo-disulphonic acid.

Sul"phine (?), n. (Chem.) Any one of a series of basic compounds which consist essentially of sulphur united with hydrocarbon radicals. In general they are oily or crystalline deliquescent substances having a peculiar odor; as, trimethyl sulphine, (CH3)3S.OH. Cf. Sulphonium.

Sul*phin"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, any one of a series of acids regarded as acid ethereal salts of hyposulphurous acid; as, methyl sulphinic acid, CH3.SO.OH, a thick unstable liquid.

Sul"phi*nide (?), n. [Sulpho- + amine + anhydride.] (Chem.) A white or yellowish crystalline substance, C6H4.(SO2.CO).NH, produced artificially by the oxidation of a sulphamic derivative of toluene. It is the sweetest substance known, having over two hundred times the sweetening power of sugar, and is known in commerce under the name of saccharine. It has acid properties and forms salts (which are inaccurately called saccharinates). I. Remsen.

Sul"phi*on (?), n. [Sulpho- + ion.] (Chem.) A hypothetical radical, SO4, regarded as forming the acid or negative constituent of sulphuric acid and the sulphates in electrolytic decomposition; -- so called in accordance with the binary theory of salts. [Written also sulphione.]

Sulph*i"on*ide (?), n. (Chem.) A binary compound of sulphion, or one so regarded; thus, sulphuric acid, H&?;SO&?;, is a sulphionide.

Sul"phite (?), n. [Cf. F. sulfite. See Sulphur.] (Chem.) A salt of sulphurous acid.

Sul"pho- (?). (Chem.) A prefix (also used adjectively) designating sulphur as an ingredient in certain compounds. Cf. Thio-.

Sul`pho*ar*sen"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or containing, sulphur and arsenic; -- said of an acid which is the same as arsenic acid with the substitution of sulphur for oxygen.

Sul`pho*car"bon*ate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of sulphocarbonic acid; a thiocarbonate.

Sul`pho*car*bon"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, a sulphacid, H2CSO2 (called also thiocarbonic acid), or an acid, H2CS3, analogous to carbonic acid, obtained as a yellow oily liquid of a pungent odor, and forming salts.

Sul`pho*cy"a*nate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of sulphocyanic acid; -- also called thiocyanate, and formerly inaccurately sulphocyanide.

Ferric sulphocyanate (Chem.), a dark red crystalline substance usually obtained in a blood-red solution, and recognized as a test for ferric iron.

Sul`pho*cy*an"ic (?), a. [See Sulphur, Cyanic.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, derived from, or designating, a sulphacid, HSCN, analogous to cyanic acid, and obtained as a colorless deliquescent crystalline substance, having a bitter saline taste, and not poisonous.

Sul`pho*cy"a*nide (?), n. (Chem.) See Sulphocyanate.

Sul`pho*cy*an"o*gen (?), n. (Chem.) See Persulphocyanogen. [Obs.]

Sul"pho*nal (?), n. (Med.) A substance employed as a hypnotic, produced by the union of mercaptan and acetone.

Sul"pho*nate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of sulphonic acid.

Sul"phone (?), n. (Chem.) Any one of a series of compounds analogous to the ketones, and consisting of the sulphuryl group united with two hydrocarbon radicals; as, dimethyl sulphone, (CH&?;)&?;.SO&?;.

Sul*phon"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, a sulphone; -- used specifically to designate any one of a series of acids (regarded as acid ethereal salts of sulphurous acid) obtained by the oxidation of the mercaptans, or by treating sulphuric acid with certain aromatic bases (as benzene); as, phenyl sulphonic acid, C6H5.SO2.OH, a stable colorless crystalline substance.

Sulphonic group (Chem.), the hypothetical radical, SO2.OH, the characteristic residue of sulphonic acids.

Sul*pho"ni*um (?), n. [Sulphur + ammonium.] (Chem.) A hypothetical radical, SH3, regarded as the type and nucleus of the sulphines.

Sul`pho*phos"phate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of sulphophosphoric acid.

Sul`pho*phos"phite (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of sulphophosphorous acid.

Sul`pho*phos*phor"ic (?), a. Of, pertaining to, or designating, a hypothetical sulphacid of phosphorus, analogous to phosphoric acid, and known in its salts.

Sul`pho*phos"phor*ous (?), a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, a hypothetical acid of phosphorus, analogous to phosphorous acid, and known in its salts.

Sul"pho*salt` (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of a sulphacid.

Sul`pho*stan"nate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of sulphostannic acid.

Sul`pho*stan"nic (?), a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, a sulphacid of tin (more exactly called metasulphostannic acid), which is obtained as a dark brown amorphous substance, H&?;SnS&?;, forming a well-known series of salts.

Sul`pho*tung"state (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of sulphotungstic acid.

Sul`pho*tung"stic (?), a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, hypothetical sulphacid of tungsten (called also sulphowolframic acid), analogous to sulphuric acid, and known in its salts.

Sul`pho*vin"ic (?), a. [Sulpho- + vinum wine: cf. F. sulfovinique.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, and formerly designating, ethylsulphuric acid.

Sul"phur (?), n. [L., better sulfur: cf. F. soufre.] 1. (Chem.) A nonmetallic element occurring naturally in large quantities, either combined as in the sulphides (as pyrites) and sulphates (as gypsum), or native in volcanic regions, in vast beds mixed with gypsum and various earthy materials, from which it is melted out. Symbol S. Atomic weight 32. The specific gravity of ordinary octohedral sulphur is 2.05; of prismatic sulphur, 1.96.

It is purified by distillation, and is obtained as a lemon- yellow powder (by sublimation), called flour, or flowers, of sulphur, or in cast sticks called roll sulphur, or brimstone. It burns with a blue flame and a peculiar suffocating odor. It is an ingredient of gunpowder, is used on friction matches, and in medicine (as a laxative and insecticide), but its chief use is in the manufacture of sulphuric acid. Sulphur can be obtained in two crystalline modifications, in orthorhombic octahedra, or in monoclinic prisms, the former of which is the more stable at ordinary temperatures. Sulphur is the type, in its chemical relations, of a group of elements, including selenium and tellurium, called collectively the sulphur group, or family. In many respects sulphur resembles oxygen.

2. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of yellow or orange butterflies of the subfamily Pierinæ; as, the clouded sulphur (Eurymus, or Colias, philodice), which is the common yellow butterfly of the Eastern United States.

Amorphous sulphur (Chem.), an elastic variety of sulphur of a resinous appearance, obtained by pouring melted sulphur into water. On standing, it passes back into a brittle crystalline modification. -- Liver of sulphur. (Old Chem.) See Hepar. -- Sulphur acid. (Chem.) See Sulphacid. -- Sulphur alcohol. (Chem.) See Mercaptan. -- Sulphur auratum [L.] (Old Chem.), a golden yellow powder, consisting of antimonic sulphide, Sb2S5, -- formerly a famous nostrum. -- Sulphur base (Chem.), an alkaline sulphide capable of acting as a base in the formation of sulphur salts according to the old dual theory of salts. [Archaic] -- Sulphur dioxide (Chem.), a colorless gas, SO2, of a pungent, suffocating odor, produced by the burning of sulphur. It is employed chiefly in the production of sulphuric acid, and as a reagent in bleaching; -- called also sulphurous anhydride, and formerly sulphurous acid. -- Sulphur ether (Chem.), a sulphide of hydrocarbon radicals, formed like the ordinary ethers, which are oxides, but with sulphur in the place of oxygen. -- Sulphur salt (Chem.), a salt of a sulphacid; a sulphosalt. -- Sulphur showers, showers of yellow pollen, resembling sulphur in appearance, often carried from pine forests by the wind to a great distance. -- Sulphur trioxide (Chem.), a white crystalline solid, SO3, obtained by oxidation of sulphur dioxide. It dissolves in water with a hissing noise and the production of heat, forming sulphuric acid, and is employed as a dehydrating agent. Called also sulphuric anhydride, and formerly sulphuric acid. -- Sulphur whale. (Zoöl.) See Sulphur- bottom. -- Vegetable sulphur (Bot.), lycopodium powder. See under Lycopodium.

Sul"phu*rate (?), a. [L. sulphuratus, sulfuratus.] Sulphureous. [Poetic & R.] Dr. H. More.

Sul"phu*rate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sulphurated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sulphurating.] (Chem.) To sulphurize. [Archaic]

Sul`phu*ra"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. sulfuration, L. sulphuratio, sulfuratio, a vein of sulphur.] The act or process of combining or impregnating with sulphur or its compounds; also, the state of being so combined or impregnated.

Sul"phu*ra`tor (?), n. An apparatus for impregnating with, or exposing to the action of, sulphur; especially, an apparatus for fumigating or bleaching by means of the fumes of burning sulphur.

Sul`phur-bot"tom (?), n. (Zoöl.) A very large whalebone whale of the genus Sibbaldius, having a yellowish belly; especially, S. sulfureus of the North Pacific, and S. borealis of the North Atlantic; -- called also sulphur whale.

Sul`phu*re"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being sulphureous. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Sul*phu"re*ous (?), a. [L. sulphureus, sulfureus.] Consisting of sulphur; having the qualities of sulphur, or brimstone; impregnated with sulphur.

> Her snakes united, sulphureous waters drink.

Pope.

-- Sul*phu"re*ous*ly, adv. -- Sul*phu"re*ous*ness, n.

Sul"phu*ret (?), n. (Chem.) A sulphide; as, a sulphuret of potassium. [Obsoles.]

Sul"phu*ret`ed, a. (Chem.) Combined or impregnated with sulphur; sulphurized. [Written also sulphuretted.]

Sulphureted hydrogen. (Chem.) See Hydrogen sulphide, under Hydrogen.

Sul*phu"ric (?), a. [Cf. F. sulfurique.] 1. Of or pertaining to sulphur; as, a sulphuric smell.

2. (Chem.) Derived from, or containing, sulphur; specifically, designating those compounds in which the element has a higher valence as contrasted with the sulphurous compounds; as, sulphuric acid.

Sulphuric acid. (a) Sulphur trioxide (see under Sulphur); -- formerly so called on the dualistic theory of salts. [Obs.] (b) A heavy, corrosive, oily liquid, H2SO4, colorless when pure, but usually yellowish or brownish, produced by the combined action of sulphur dioxide, oxygen (from the air), steam, and nitric fumes. It attacks and dissolves many metals and other intractable substances, sets free most acids from their salts, and is used in the manufacture of hydrochloric and nitric acids, of soda, of bleaching powders, etc. It is also powerful dehydrating agent, having a strong affinity for water, and eating and corroding paper, wood, clothing, etc. It is thus used in the manufacture of ether, of imitation parchment, and of nitroglycerin. It is also used in etching iron, in removing iron scale from forgings, in petroleum refining, etc., and in general its manufacture is the most important and fundamental of all the chemical industries. Formerly called vitriolic acid, and now popularly vitriol, and oil of vitriol. -- Fuming sulphuric acid, or Nordhausen sulphuric acid. See Disulphuric acid, under Disulphuric. -- Sulphuric anhydride, sulphur trioxide. See under Sulphur. -- Sulphuric ether, common anæsthetic ether; -- so called because made by the catalytic action of sulphuric acid on alcohol. See Ether, 3 (a).

Sul"phur*ine (?), a. Sulphureous. [R.]

Sul"phur*ing, n. Exposure to the fumes of burning sulphur, as in bleaching; the process of bleaching by exposure to the fumes of sulphur.

Sul"phur*ize (?), v. t. (Chem.) To combine or impregnate with sulphur or any of its compounds; as, to sulphurize caoutchouc in vulcanizing.

<! p. 1444 !>

Sul"phur*ous (?), a. [L. sulphurosus, sulfurosus: cf. F. sulfureux.] 1. Of or pertaining to sulphur.

2. (Chem.) (a) Derived from, or containing, sulphur; specifically, designating those compounds in which the element has a lower valence as contrasted with the sulphuric compounds. (b) Having the characteristic odor of sulphur dioxide, or of hydrogen sulphide, or of other sulphur compounds.

Sulphurous acid. (a) Sulphur dioxide. See under Sulphur. [Obs.] (b) An acid, H2SO3, not known in the free state except as a solution of sulphur dioxide in water, but forming a well- known series of salts (the sulphites). -- Sulphurous anhydride (Chem.), sulphur dioxide. See under Sulphur.

Sul"phur*wort` (?), n. (Bot.) The hog's fennel. See under Fennel.

Sul"phur*y (?), a. Resembling, or partaking of the nature of, sulphur; having the qualities of sulphur.

Sul"phur*yl (?), n. [Sulphur + -yl.] (Chem.) The hypothetical radical SO2; -- called also sulphon.

Sulphuryl chloride, a chloride, pungent, fuming liquid, SO2.Cl2, obtained by the action of phosphorus pentachloride on sulphur trioxide. On treatment with water it decomposes into sulphuric and hydrochloric acids, and is hence called also sulphuric chloranhydride.

Sul*phy"drate (?), n. (Chem.) A compound, analogous to a hydrate, regarded as a salt of sulphydric acid, or as a derivative of hydrogen sulphide in which one half of the hydrogen is replaced by a base (as potassium sulphydrate, KSH), or as a hydrate in which the oxygen has been wholly or partially replaced by sulphur.

Sul*phy"dric (?), a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, hydrogen sulphide, which is regarded as an acid, especially when in solution.

Sul*pi"cian (?), n. [So called after the parish of St. Sulpice in Paris, of which the founder, Jean Jacques Olier, was pastor in 1643.] (R. C. Ch.) One of an order of priests established in France in 1642 to educate men for the ministry. The order was introduced soon afterwards into Canada, and in 1791 into the United States. [Written also Sulpitian.]

Sul"tan (?), n. [F. sultan (cf. Sp. soldan, It. sultano, soldano), Ar. sultn sultan, dominion. Cf. Soldan.] A ruler, or sovereign, of a Mohammedan state; specifically, the ruler of the Turks; the Padishah, or Grand Seignior; -- officially so called.

Sultan flower. (Bot.) See Sweet sultan, under Sweet.

Sul*ta"na (?), n. [It.] 1. The wife of a sultan; a sultaness.

2. pl. A kind of seedless raisin produced near Smyrna in Asiatic Turkey.

Sultana bird (Zoöl.), the hyacinthine, or purple, gallinule. See Illust. under Gallinule.

Sul"tan*ate (?), n. [Cf. F. sultanat.] The rule or dominion of a sultan; sultanship.

Sul"tan*ess (?), n. A sultana.

Sul*tan"ic (?), a. Pertaining to a sultan.

Sul"tan-red` (?), a. Having a deep red color.

Sul"tan*ry (?), n. The dominions of a sultan. Bacon.

Sul"tan*ship, n. The office or dignity of a sultan.

Sul"tan*y (?), n. Sultanry. [Obs.] Fuller.

Sul"tri*ly (?), adv. In a sultry manner.

Sul"tri*ness, n. The quality or state of being sultry.

Sul"try (-tr), a. [Compar. Sultrier (?); superl. Sultriest.] [From Sweltry.] 1. Very hot, burning, and oppressive; as, Libya's sultry deserts.

> Such as, born beneath the burning sky
> And sultry sun, betwixt the tropics lie.

Dryden.

2. Very hot and moist, or hot, close, stagnant, and oppressive, as air.

> When in the sultry glebe I faint,
> Or on the thirsty mountain plant.

Addison.

Sum (?), n. [OE. summe, somme, OF. sume, some, F. somme, L. summa, fr. summus highest, a superlative from sub under. See Sub-, and cf. Supreme.] 1. The aggregate of two or more numbers, magnitudes, quantities, or particulars; the amount or whole of any number of individuals or particulars added together; as, the sum of 5 and 7 is 12.

> Take ye the sum of all the congregation.

Num. i. 2.

Sum is now commonly applied to an aggregate of numbers, and number to an aggregate of persons or things.

2. A quantity of money or currency; any amount, indefinitely; as, a sum of money; a small sum, or a large sum. "The sum of forty pound." Chaucer.

> With a great sum obtained I this freedom.

Acts xxii. 28.

3. The principal points or thoughts when viewed together; the amount; the substance; compendium; as, this is the sum of all the evidence in the case; this is the sum and substance of his objections.

4. Height; completion; utmost degree.

> Thus have I told thee all my state, and brought
> My story to the sum of earthly bliss.

Milton.

5. (Arith.) A problem to be solved, or an example to be wrought out. Macaulay.

> A sum in arithmetic wherein a flaw discovered at a particular point is ipso facto fatal to the whole.

Gladstone.

> A large sheet of paper . . . covered with long sums.

Dickens.

Algebraic sum, as distinguished from arithmetical sum, the aggregate of two or more numbers or quantities taken with regard to their signs, as + or -, according to the rules of addition in algebra; thus, the algebraic sum of - 2, 8, and -1 is 5. -- In sum, in short; in brief. [Obs.] "In sum, the gospel . . . prescribes every virtue to our conduct, and forbids every sin." Rogers.

Sum, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Summed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Summing.] [Cf. F. sommer, LL. summare.] 1. To bring together into one whole; to collect into one amount; to cast up, as a column of figures; to ascertain the totality of; -- usually with up.

> The mind doth value every moment, and then the hour doth rather sum up the moments, than divide the day.

Bacon.

2. To bring or collect into a small compass; to comprise in a few words; to condense; -- usually with up.

> "Go to the ant, thou sluggard," in few words sums up the moral of this fable.

L'Estrange.

> He sums their virtues in himself alone.

Dryden.

3. (Falconry) To have (the feathers) full grown; to furnish with complete, or full-grown, plumage.

> But feathered soon and fledge
> They summed their pens [wings].

Milton.

Summing up, a compendium or abridgment; a recapitulation; a résumé; a summary.

Syn. -- To cast up; collect; comprise; condense; comprehend; compute.

{ Su"mac, Su"mach } (?), n. [F. sumac, formerly sumach (cf. Sp. zumaque), fr. Ar. summq.] [Written also shumac.] 1. (Bot.) Any plant of the genus Rhus, shrubs or small trees with usually compound leaves and clusters of small flowers. Some of the species are used in tanning, some in dyeing, and some in medicine. One, the Japanese Rhus vernicifera, yields the celebrated Japan varnish, or lacquer.

2. The powdered leaves, peduncles, and young branches of certain species of the sumac plant, used in tanning and dyeing.

Poison sumac. (Bot.) See under Poison.

Su*ma"tran (?), a. Of or pertaining to Sumatra or its inhabitants. -- n. A native of Sumatra.

Sum"bul (?), n. [Pers.] The musky root of an Asiatic umbelliferous plant, Ferula Sumbul. It is used in medicine as a stimulant. [Written also sumbal.] - - Sum*bul"ic, a.

Sum"less (?), a. Not to be summed up or computed; so great that the amount can not be ascertained; incalculable; inestimable. "Sumless treasure." Pope.

Sum"ma*ri*ly (?), adv. In a summary manner.

Sum"ma*rist (?), n. One who summarized.

Sum"ma*rize (?), v. t. To comprise in, or reduce to, a summary; to present briefly. Chambers.

Sum"ma*ry (?), a. [Cf. F. sommaire. See Sum.] 1. Formed into a sum; summed up; reduced into a narrow compass, or into few words; short; brief; concise; compendious; as, a summary statement of facts.

2. Hence, rapidly performed; quickly executed; as, a summary process; to take summary vengeance.

Syn. -- Short; brief; concise; compendious; succinct.

Sum"ma*ry, n.; pl. Summaries (#). [F. sommaire, or L. summarium. See Summary, a.] A general or comprehensive statement; an abridged account; an abstract, abridgment, or compendium, containing the sum or substance of a fuller account.

Sum*ma"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. sommation. See Sum, v. t.] The act of summing, or forming a sum, or total amount; also, an aggregate.

> Of this series no summation is possible to a finite intellect.

De Quincey.

Sum"mer (?), n. [From Sum, v.] One who sums; one who casts up an account.

Sum"mer, n. [F. sommier a rafter, the same word as sommier a beast of burden. See Sumpter.] (Arch.) A large stone or beam placed horizontally on columns, piers, posts, or the like, serving for various uses. Specifically: (a) The lintel of a door or window. (b) The commencement of a cross vault. (c) A central floor timber, as a girder, or a piece reaching from a wall to a girder. Called also summertree.

Sum"mer, n. [OE. sumer, somer, AS. sumor, sumer; akin to OFries. sumur, D. zomer, OS. sumar, G. sommer, OHG. & Icel. sumar, Dan. sommer, Sw. sommar, W. haf, Zend hama, Skr. sam year. √292.] The season of the year in which the sun shines most directly upon any region; the warmest period of the year.

North of the equator summer is popularly taken to include the months of June, July, and August. Astronomically it may be considered, in the northern hemisphere, to begin with the summer solstice, about June 21st, and to end with the autumnal equinox, about September 22d.

Indian summer, in North America, a period of warm weather late in autumn, usually characterized by a clear sky, and by a hazy or smoky appearance of the atmosphere, especially near the horizon. The name is derived probably from the custom of the Indians of using this time in preparation for winter by laying in stores of food. -- Saint Martin's summer. See under Saint. -- Summer bird (Zoöl.), the wryneck. [Prov. Eng.] -- Summer colt, the undulating state of the air near the surface of the ground when heated. [Eng.] -- Summer complaint (Med.), a popular term for any diarrheal disorder occurring in summer, especially when produced by heat and indigestion. -- Summer coot (Zoöl.), the American gallinule. [Local, U.S.] -- Summer cypress (Bot.), an annual plant (Kochia Scoparia) of the Goosefoot family. It has narrow, ciliate, crowded leaves, and is sometimes seen in gardens. -- Summer duck. (Zoöl.) (a) The wood duck. (b) The garganey, or summer teal. See Illust. of Wood duck, under Wood. -- Summer fallow, land uncropped and plowed, etc., during the summer, in order to pulverize the soil and kill the weeds. -- Summer rash (Med.), prickly heat. See under Prickly. -- Summer sheldrake (Zoöl.), the hooded merganser. [Local, U.S.] -- Summer snipe. (Zoöl.) (a) The dunlin. (b) The common European sandpiper. (c) The green sandpiper. -- Summer tanager (Zoöl.), a singing bird (Piranga rubra) native of the Middle and Southern United States. The male is deep red, the female is yellowish olive above and yellow beneath. Called also summer redbird. -- Summer teal (Zoöl.), the blue-winged teal. [Local, U.S.] -- Summer wheat, wheat that is sown in the spring, and matures during the summer following. See Spring wheat. -- Summer yellowbird. (Zoöl.) See Yellowbird.

Sum"mer, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Summered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Summering.] To pass the summer; to spend the warm season; as, to summer in Switzerland.

> The fowls shall summer upon them.

Isa. xviii. 6.

Sum"mer, v. t. To keep or carry through the summer; to feed during the summer; as, to summer stock.

Sum"mer-fal"low (?), v. t. To plow and work in summer, in order to prepare for wheat or other crop; to plow and let lie fallow.

Sum"mer*house` (?), n.; pl. Summerhouses (&?;). A rustic house or apartment in a garden or park, to be used as a pleasure resort in summer. Shak.

Sum"mer*li*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being like summer. [R.] Fuller.

{ Sum"mer*sault (?), Sum"mer*set (?), } n. See Somersault, Somerset.

Sum"mer*stir` (?), v. t. To summer- fallow.

Sum"mer*tide` (?), n. Summer time.

Sum"mer*tree` (?), n. [Summer a beam + tree.] (Arch.) A summer. See 2d Summer.

Sum"mer*y (?), a. Of or pertaining to summer; like summer; as, a summery day.

Sum"mist (?), n. One who sums up; one who forms an abridgment or summary. Sir E. Dering.

Sum"mit (?), n. [F. sommet, dim. of OF. som, sum, top, from L. summum, from summus highest. See Sum, n.] 1. The top; the highest point.

> Fixed on the summit of the highest mount.

Shak.

2. The highest degree; the utmost elevation; the acme; as, the summit of human fame.

3. (Zoöl.) The most elevated part of a bivalve shell, or the part in which the hinge is situated.

Summit level, the highest level of a canal, a railroad, or the like, in surmounting an ascent.

Sum"mit*less, a. Having no summit.

Sum"mit*y (?), n. [L. summitas, fr. summus highest: cf. F. sommité. See Sum, n.] 1. The height or top of anything. [Obs.] Swift.

2. The utmost degree; perfection. [Obs.] Hallywell.

Sum"mon (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Summoned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Summoning.] [OE. somonen, OF. sumundre, semondre, F. semondre, from (assumed) LL. summonre, for L. summonre to give a hint; sub under + monere to admonish, to warn. See Monition, and cf. Submonish.] 1. To call, bid, or cite; to notify to come to appear; -- often with up.

> Stiffen the sinews, summon up the blood.

Shak.

> Trumpets summon him to war.

Dryden.

2. To give notice to, or command to appear, as in court; to cite by authority; as, to summon witnesses.

3. (Mil.) To call upon to surrender, as a fort.

Syn. -- To call; cite; notify; convene; convoke; excite; invite; bid. See Call.

Sum"mon*er (?), n. [OE. somner, sompnour, OF. semoneor, F. semonneur. See Summon, v. t.] One who summons; one who cites by authority; specifically, a petty officer formerly employed to summon persons to appear in court; an apparitor.

Sum"mons (?), n.; pl. Summonses (#). [OE. somouns, OF. sumunse, semonse, semonce, F. semonce, semondre to summon, OF. p. p. semons. See Summon, v.] 1. The act of summoning; a call by authority, or by the command of a superior, to appear at a place named, or to attend to some duty.

> Special summonses by the king.

Hallam.

> This summons . . . unfit either to dispute or disobey.

Bp. Fell.

> He sent to summon the seditious, and to offer pardon; but neither summons nor pardon was regarded.

Sir J. Hayward.

2. (Law) A warning or citation to appear in court; a written notification signed by the proper officer, to be served on a person, warning him to appear in court at a day specified, to answer to the plaintiff, testify as a witness, or the like.

3. (Mil.) A demand to surrender.

Sum"mons, v. t. To summon. [R. or Colloq.] Swift.

Sum"ner (?), n. A summoner. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Su*moom" (?), n. See Simoom.

Sump (?), n. [Cf. G. sumpf a sump in a mine, a swamp, akin to LG. sump, D. somp a swamp, Dan. & Sw. sump, and perhaps to E. swamp.] 1. (Metal.) A round pit of stone, lined with clay, for receiving the metal on its first fusion. Ray.

2. The cistern or reservoir made at the lowest point of a mine, from which is pumped the water which accumulates there.

3. A pond of water for salt works. Knight.

4. A puddle or dirty pool. [Prov. Eng.]

Sump fuse, a fuse used in blasting under water. -- Sump men (Mining), the men who sink the sump in a mine.

Sumph (?), n. A dunce; a blockhead. [Scot.]

Sum"pi*tan (?), n. A kind of blowgun for discharging arrows, -- used by the savages of Borneo and adjacent islands.

Sump"ter (?), n. [OF. sommetier the driver of a pack horse; akin to OF. & F. sommier a pack horse, L. sagmarius, fr. sagma a pack saddle, in LL., a load, Gr. &?; a pack saddle, fr. &?; to pack, load; cf. Skr. saj, sañj, to hang on. Cf. Seam a weight, Summer a beam.] 1. The driver of a pack horse. [Obs.] Skeat.

2. A pack; a burden. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

3. An animal, especially a horse, that carries packs or burdens; a baggage horse. Holinshed.

Sump"ter, a. Carrying pack or burdens on the back; as, a sumpter horse; a sumpter mule. Bacon.

Sump"tion (?), n. [L. sumptio, fr. sumere, sumptum, to take.] 1. A taking. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

2. (Logic) The major premise of a syllogism.

Sump"tu*a*ry (?), a. [L. sumptuarius, fr. sumptus expense, cost, fr. sumere, sumptum, to take, use, spend; sub under + emere to take, buy: cf. F. somptuaire. See Redeem.] Relating to expense; regulating expense or expenditure. Bacon.

Sumptuary laws or regulations, laws intended to restrain or limit the expenditure of citizens in apparel, food, furniture, etc.; laws which regulate the prices of commodities and the wages of labor; laws which forbid or restrict the use of certain articles, as of luxurious apparel.

Sump`tu*os"i*ty (?), n. [L. sumptuositas: cf. F. somptuosité.] Expensiveness; costliness; sumptuousness. [R.] Sir W. Raleigh.

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Sump"tu*ous (?), a. [L. sumptuosus, fr. sumptus expanse, cost: cf. F. somptueux. See Sumptuary.] Involving large outlay or expense; costly; expensive; hence, luxurious; splendid; magnificient; as, a sumptuous house or table; sumptuous apparel.

> We are too magnificient and sumptuous in our tables and attendance.

Atterbury.

> She spoke, and turned her sumptuous head, with eyes
> Of shining expectation fixed on mine.

Tennyson.

-- Sump"tu*ous*ly, adv. -- Sump"tu*ous*ness, n.

Sun (?), n. (Bot.) See Sunn.

Sun (?), n. [OE. sunne, sonne, AS. sunne; akin to OFries. sunne, D. zon, OS. & OHG. sunna, G. sonne, Icel. sunna, Goth. sunna; perh. fr. same root as L. sol. √297. Cf. Solar, South.] 1. The luminous orb, the light of which constitutes day, and its absence night; the central body round which the earth and planets revolve, by which they are held in their orbits, and from which they receive light and heat. Its mean distance from the earth is about 92,500,000 miles, and its diameter about 860,000.

Its mean apparent diameter as seen from the earth is 32′ 4″, and it revolves on its own axis once in 25 days. Its mean density is about one fourth of that of the earth, or 1.41, that of water being unity. Its luminous surface is called the photosphere, above which is an envelope consisting partly of hydrogen, called the chromosphere, which can be seen only through the spectroscope, or at the time of a total solar eclipse. Above the chromosphere, and sometimes extending out millions of miles, are luminous rays or streams of light which are visible only at the time of a total eclipse, forming the solar corona.

2. Any heavenly body which forms the center of a system of orbs.

3. The direct light or warmth of the sun; sunshine.

> Lambs that did frisk in the sun.

Shak.

4. That which resembles the sun, as in splendor or importance; any source of light, warmth, or animation.

> For the Lord God is a sun and shield.

Ps. lxxiv. 11.

> I will never consent to put out the sun of sovereignity to posterity.

Eikon Basilike.

Sun and planet wheels (Mach.), an ingenious contrivance for converting reciprocating motion, as that of the working beam of a steam engine, into rotatory motion. It consists of a toothed wheel (called the sun wheel), firmly secured to the shaft it is desired to drive, and another wheel (called the planet wheel) secured to the end of a connecting rod. By the motion of the connecting rod, the planet wheel is made to circulate round the central wheel on the shaft, communicating to this latter a velocity of revolution the double of its own. G. Francis. -- Sun angel (Zoöl.), a South American humming bird of the genus Heliangelos, noted for its beautiful colors and the brilliant luster of the feathers of its throat. -- Sun animalcute. (Zoöl.) See Heliozoa. -- Sun bath (Med.), exposure of a patient to the sun's rays; insolation. -- Sun bear (Zoöl.), a species of bear (Helarctos Malayanus) native of Southern Asia and Borneo. It has a small head and short neck, and fine short glossy fur, mostly black, but brownish on the nose. It is easily tamed. Called also bruang, and Malayan bear. -- Sun beetle (Zoöl.), any small lustrous beetle of the genus Amara. -- Sun bittern (Zoöl.), a singular South American bird (Eurypyga helias), in some respects related both to the rails and herons. It is beautifully variegated with white, brown, and black. Called also sunbird, and tiger bittern. -- Sun fever (Med.), the condition of fever produced by sun stroke. -- Sun gem (Zoöl.), a Brazilian humming bird (Heliactin cornutus). Its head is ornamented by two tufts of bright colored feathers, fiery crimson at the base and greenish yellow at the tip. Called also Horned hummer. -- Sun grebe (Zoöl.), the finfoot. -- Sun picture, a picture taken by the agency of the sun's rays; a photograph. -- Sun spots (Astron.), dark spots that appear on the sun's disk, consisting commonly of a black central portion with a surrounding border of lighter shade, and usually seen only by the telescope, but sometimes by the naked eye. They are very changeable in their figure and dimensions, and vary in size from mere apparent points to spaces of 50,000 miles in diameter. The term sun spots is often used to include bright spaces (called faculæ) as well as dark spaces (called maculæ). Called also solar spots. See Illustration in Appendix. -- Sun star (Zoöl.), any one of several species of starfishes belonging to Solaster, Crossaster, and allied genera, having numerous rays. -- Sun trout (Zoöl.), the squeteague. -- Sun wheel. (Mach.) See Sun and planet wheels, above. -- Under the sun, in the world; on earth. "There is no new thing under the sun." Eccl. i. 9.

Sun is often used in the formation of compound adjectives of obvious meaning; as, sun-bright, sun- dried, sun-gilt, sunlike, sun-lit, sun- scorched, and the like.

Sun, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sunned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sunning.] To expose to the sun's rays; to warm or dry in the sun; as, to sun cloth; to sun grain.

> Then to sun thyself in open air.

Dryden.

Sun"beam` (?), n. [AS. sunnebeam.] A beam or ray of the sun. "Evening sunbeams." Keble.

> Thither came Uriel, gliding through the even
> On a sunbeam.

Milton.

Sun"bird` (?), n. (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of numerous species of small brilliantly colored birds of the family Nectariniidæ, native of Africa, Southern Asia, the East Indies, and Australia. In external appearance and habits they somewhat resemble humming birds, but they are true singing birds (Oscines). (b) The sun bittern.

Sun"blink` (?), n. A glimpse or flash of the sun. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Sun"bon"net (?), n. A bonnet, generally made of some thin or light fabric, projecting beyond the face, and commonly having a cape, -- worn by women as a protection against the sun.

Sun"bow` (?), n. A rainbow; an iris. Byron.

Sun"burn` (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sunburned (?) or Sunburnt (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Sunburning.] To burn or discolor by the sun; to tan.

> Sunburnt and swarthy though she be.

Dryden.

Sun"burn`, n. The burning or discoloration produced on the skin by the heat of the sun; tan.

Sun"-burn`er (?), n. A circle or cluster of gas-burners for lighting and ventilating public buildings.

Sun"burn`ing, n. Sunburn; tan. Boyle.

Sun"burst` (?), n. A burst of sunlight.

Sun"dart` (?), n. Sunbeam. [R.] Mrs. Hemans.

Sun"day (?), n. [AS. sunnandæg; sunne, gen. sunnan, the sun + dæg day; akin to D. zondag, G. sonntag; -- so called because this day was anciently dedicated to the sun, or to its worship. See Sun, and Day.] The first day of the week, -- consecrated among Christians to rest from secular employments, and to religious worship; the Christian Sabbath; the Lord's Day.

Advent Sunday, Low Sunday, Passion Sunday, etc. See under Advent, Low, etc.

Syn. -- See Sabbath.

Sun"day, a. Belonging to the Christian Sabbath.

Sunday letter. See Dominical letter, under Dominical. -- Sunday school. See under School.

Sun"der (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sundered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sundering.] [OE. sundren, AS. sundrain (in sundrain, gesundrain), from sundor asunder, separately, apart; akin to D. zonder, prep., without, G. sonder separate, as prep., without, sondern but, OHG. suntar separately, Icel. sundr asunder, Sw. & Dan. sönder, Goth. sundr alone, separately.] To disunite in almost any manner, either by rending, cutting, or breaking; to part; to put or keep apart; to separate; to divide; to sever; as, to sunder a rope; to sunder a limb; to sunder friends.

> It is sundered from the main land by a sandy plain.

Carew.

Sun"der, v. i. To part; to separate. [R.] Shak.

Sun"der, n. [See Sunder, v. t., and cf. Asunder.] A separation into parts; a division or severance.

In sunder, into parts. "He breaketh the bow, and cutteth the spear in sunder." Ps. xlvi. 9.

Sun"der, v. t. To expose to the sun and wind. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Sun"dew` (?), n. (Bot.) Any plant of the genus Drosera, low bog plants whose leaves are beset with pediceled glands which secrete a viscid fluid that glitters like dewdrops and attracts and detains insects. After an insect is caught, the glands curve inward like tentacles and the leaf digests it. Called also lustwort.

Sun"di`al (?), n. An instrument to show the time of day by means of the shadow of a gnomon, or style, on a plate.

Sundial shell (Zoöl.), any shell of the genus Solarium. See Solarium.

Sun"dog` (?), n. (Meteorol.) A luminous spot occasionally seen a few degrees from the sun, supposed to be formed by the intersection of two or more halos, or in a manner similar to that of halos.

Sun"down` (?), n. 1. The setting of the sun; sunset. "When sundown skirts the moor." Tennyson.

2. A kind of broad-brimmed sun hat worn by women.

Sun"-dried` (?), a. Dried by the heat of the sun. "Sun-dried brick." Sir T. Herbert.

Sun"dries (?), n. pl. Many different or small things; sundry things.

Sun"dri*ly (?), adv. In sundry ways; variously.

Sun"dry (?), a. [OE. sundry, sondry, AS. syndrig, fr. sundor asunder. See Sunder, v. t.] 1. Several; divers; more than one or two; various. "Sundry wines." Chaucer. "Sundry weighty reasons." Shak.

> With many a sound of sundry melody.

Chaucer.

> Sundry foes the rural realm surround.

Dryden.

2. Separate; diverse. [Obs.]

> Every church almost had the Bible of a sundry translation.

Coleridge.

All and sundry, all collectively, and each separately.

Sun"dry*man (?), n.; pl. Sundrymen (&?;). One who deals in sundries, or a variety of articles.

Sun"fish` (?), n. (Zoöl.) (a) A very large oceanic plectognath fish (Mola mola, Mola rotunda, or Orthagoriscus mola) having a broad body and a truncated tail. (b) Any one of numerous species of perch-like North American fresh- water fishes of the family Centrachidæ. They have a broad, compressed body, and strong dorsal spines. Among the common species of the Eastern United States are Lepomis gibbosus (called also bream, pondfish, pumpkin seed, and sunny), the blue sunfish, or dollardee (L. pallidus), and the long-eared sunfish (L. auritus). Several of the species are called also pondfish. (c) The moonfish, or bluntnosed shiner. (d) The opah. (e) The basking, or liver, shark. (f) Any large jellyfish.

Sun"flow`er (?), n. Any plant of the genus Helianthus; -- so called probably from the form and color of its flower, which is large disk with yellow rays. The commonly cultivated sunflower is Helianthus annuus, a native of America.

Sung (?), imp. & p. p. of Sing.

Sun"glass` (?), n.; pl. Sunglasses (&?;). A convex lens of glass for producing heat by converging the sun's rays into a focus. "Lighting a cigar with a sunglass." Hawthorne.

Sun"glow` (?), n. A rosy flush in the sky seen after sunset.

Sunk (?), imp. & p. p. of Sink.

Sunk fence, a ditch with a retaining wall, used to divide lands without defacing a landscape; a ha-ha.

Sunk"en (?), a. Lying on the bottom of a river or other water; sunk.

Sun"less (?), a. Destitute or deprived of the sun or its rays; shaded; shadowed.

> The sunken glen whose sunless shrubs must weep.

Byron.

Sun"light` (?), n. The light of the sun. Milton.

Sun"like` (?), a. Like or resembling the sun. "A spot of sunlike brilliancy." Tyndall.

Sun"lit` (?), a. Lighted by the sun.

Sunn (?), n. [Hind. san, fr. Skr. çana.] (Bot.) An East Indian leguminous plant (Crotalaria juncea) and its fiber, which is also called sunn hemp. [Written also sun.]

||Sun"na (?), n. [Ar. sunnah rule, law.] A collection of traditions received by the orthodox Mohammedans as of equal authority with the Koran.

Sun"ni*ah (?), n. One of the sect of Sunnites.

Sun"ni*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being sunny.

Sun"nite (?), n. One of the orthodox Mohammedans who receive the Sunna as of equal importance with the Koran.

Sun"nud (?), n. [Hind., fr. Ar. sanad.] A charter or warrant; also, a deed of gift. [India]

Sun"ny (?), a. [Compar. Sunnier (?); superl. Sunniest.] 1. Of or pertaining to the sun; proceeding from, or resembling the sun; hence, shining; bright; brilliant; radiant. "Sunny beams." Spenser. "Sunny locks." Shak.

2. Exposed to the rays of the sun; brightened or warmed by the direct rays of the sun; as, a sunny room; the sunny side of a hill.

> Her blooming mountains and her sunny shores.

Addison.

3. Cheerful; genial; as, a sunny disposition.

> My decayed fair
> A sunny look of his would soon repair.

Shak.

Sun"ny, n. (Zoöl.) See Sunfish (b).

Sun"proof` (?), a. Impervious to the rays of the sun. "Darksome yew, sunproof." Marston.

{ Sun"rise` (?), Sun"ris`ing, } n. 1. The first appearance of the sun above the horizon in the morning; more generally, the time of such appearance, whether in fair or cloudy weather; as, to begin work at sunrise. "The tide of sunrise swells." Keble.

2. Hence, the region where the sun rises; the east.

> Which were beyond Jordan toward the sunrising.

Deut. iv. 47 (Rev. Ver.)

> Full hot and fast the Saxon rides, with rein of travel slack,
> And, bending o'ev his saddle, leaves the sunrise at his back.

Whittier.

{ Sun"set" (?), Sun"set`ting, } n. 1. The descent of the sun below the horizon; also, the time when the sun sets; evening. Also used figuratively.

> 'T is the sunset of life gives me mystical lore.

Campbell.

2. Hence, the region where the sun sets; the west.

Sunset shell (Zoöl.), a West Indian marine bivalve (Tellina radiata) having a smooth shell marked with radiating bands of varied colors resembling those seen at sunset or before sunrise; -- called also rising sun.

Sun"shade` (?), n. Anything used as a protection from the sun's rays. Specifically: (a) A small parasol. (b) An awning.

Sun"shine` (?), n. 1. The light of the sun, or the place where it shines; the direct rays of the sun, the place where they fall, or the warmth and light which they give.

> But all sunshine, as when his beams at noon
> Culminate from the equator.

Milton.

2. Anything which has a warming and cheering influence like that of the rays of the sun; warmth; illumination; brightness.

> That man that sits within a monarch's heart,
> And ripens in the sunshine of his favor.

Shak.

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Sun"shine` (?), a. Sunshiny; bright. Shak. "Sunshine hours." Keble.

Sun"shin`y (?), a. 1. Bright with the rays of the sun; clear, warm, or pleasant; as, a sunshiny day.

2. Bright like the sun; resplendent.

> Flashing beams of that sunshiny shield.

Spenser.

3. Beaming with good spirits; cheerful. "Her sunshiny face." Spenser.

Sun"squall` (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any large jellyfish.

Sun" star` (?). (Zoöl.) See Sun star, under Sun.

Sun"sted (?), n. [Sun + stead a place.] Solstice. [Obs.] "The summer sunsted." Holland.

Sun"stone` (?), n. (Med.) Aventurine feldspar. See under Aventurine.

Sun"stroke` (?), n. (Med.) Any affection produced by the action of the sun on some part of the body; especially, a sudden prostration of the physical powers, with symptoms resembling those of apoplexy, occasioned by exposure to excessive heat, and often terminating fatally; coup de soleil.

Sun"-struck` (?), a. (Med.) Overcome by, or affected with, sunstroke; as, sun-struck soldiers.

Sun"up` (?), n. Sunrise. [Local, U.S.]

> Such a horse as that might get over a good deal of ground atwixt sunup and sundown.

Cooper.

Sun"ward (?), adv. Toward the sun.

Sun"wise` (?), adv. In the direction of the sun's apparent motion, or from the east southward and westward, and so around the circle; also, in the same direction as the movement of the hands of a watch lying face upward.

Sup (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Supped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Supping.] [OE. soupen to drink, AS. s&?;pan; akin to D. zuipen, G. saufen, OHG. s&?;fan, Icel. s&?;pa, Sw. supa, Dan. söbe. Cf. Sip, Sop, Soup, Supper.] To take into the mouth with the lips, as a liquid; to take or drink by a little at a time; to sip.

> There I'll sup
> Balm and nectar in my cup.

Crashaw.

Sup, n. A small mouthful, as of liquor or broth; a little taken with the lips; a sip.

> Tom Thumb had got a little sup.

Drayton.

Sup, v. i. [See Supper.] To eat the evening meal; to take supper.

> I do entreat that we may sup together.

&?;

Sup, v. t. To treat with supper. [Obs.]

> Sup them well and look unto them all.

Shak.

Su*pawn" (?), n. [Of American Indian origin.] Boiled Indian meal; hasty pudding; mush. [Written also sepawn, sepon, and suppawn.] [Local, U.S.]

Supe (?), n. A super. [Theatrical Cant]

Su"per- (?). [L. super over, above; akin to Gr. &?;, L. sub under, and E. over. See Over, and cf. Hyper-, Sub-, Supra-, Sur-.] 1. A prefix signifying above, over, beyond, and hence often denoting in a superior position, in excess, over and above, in addition, exceedingly; as in superimpose, supersede, supernatural, superabundance.

2. (Chem.) A prefix formerly much used to denote that the ingredient to the name of which it was prefixed was present in a large, or unusually large, proportion as compared with the other ingredients; as in calcium superphosphate. It has been superseded by per-, bi- , di-, acid, etc. (as peroxide, bicarbonate, disulphide, and acid sulphate), which retain the old meanings of super-, but with sharper definition. Cf. Acid, a., Bi-, Di- , and Per-.

Su"per, n. A contraction of Supernumerary, in sense 2. [Theatrical Cant]

Su"per*a*ble (?), a. [L. superabilis, from superare to go over, to surmount, fr. super above, over.] Capable of being overcome or conquered; surmountable.

> Antipathies are generally superable by a single effort.

Johnson.

-- Su"per*a*ble*ness, n. -- Su"per*a*bly, adv.

Su`per*a*bound" (?), v. i. [L. superabundare: cf. OF. superabonder. See Super-, and Abound.] To be very abundant or exuberant; to be more than sufficient; as, the country superabounds with corn.

Su`per*a*bun"dance (?), n. [L. superabundantia: cf. OF. superabondance.] The quality or state of being superabundant; a superabundant quantity; redundancy; excess.

Su`per*a*bun"dant (?), a. [L. superabundans, p. pr. of superabundare. See Superabound.] Abounding to excess; being more than is sufficient; redundant; as, superabundant zeal. -- Su`per*a*bun"dant*ly, adv.

Su`per*a*cid"u*la`ted (?), a. Acidulated to excess. [R.]

Su`per*add" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Superadded; p. pr. & vb. n. Superadding.] [L. superaddere. See Super-, and Add.] To add over and above; to add to what has been added; to annex, as something extrinsic.

> The strength of any living creature, in those external motion, is something distinct from, and superadded unto, its natural gravity.

Bp. Wilkins.

> The peacock laid it extremely to heart that he had not the nightingale's voice superadded to the beauty of his plumes.

L'Estrange.

Su`per*ad*di"tion (?), n. The act of adding something in excess or something extraneous; also, something which is added in excess or extraneously.

> This superaddition is nothing but fat.

Arbuthnot.

Su`per*ad*ven"ient (?), a. Coming upon; coming in addition to, or in assistance of, something. [R.]

> He has done bravely by the superadvenient assistance of his God.

Dr. H. More.

Su`per*al`i*men*ta"tion (?), n. The act of overfeeding, or making one take food in excess of the natural appetite for it.

Su"per*al`tar (?), n. (Arch.) A raised shelf or stand on the back of an altar, on which different objects can be placed; a predella or gradino.

Su`per*an*gel"ic (?), a. Superior to the angels in nature or rank. [R.] Milman.

Su`per*an"nu*ate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Superannuated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Superannuating.] [Pref. super- + L. annus a year.] 1. To impair or disquality on account of age or infirmity. Sir T. Browne.

2. To give a pension to, on account of old age or other infirmity; to cause to retire from service on a pension.

Su`per*an"nu*ate (?), v. i. To last beyond the year; -- said of annual plants. [Obs.] Bacon.

Su`per*an`nu*a"tion (?), n. The state of being superannuated, or too old for office or business; the state of being disqualified by old age; decrepitude.

> The world itself is in a state of superannuation.

Cowper.

> Slyness blinking through the watery eye of superannuation.

Coleridge.

Su*perb" (?), a. [F. superbe, L. superbus, fr. super over. See Super-.] 1. Grand; magnificent; august; stately; as, a superb edifice; a superb colonnade.

2. Rich; elegant; as, superb furniture or decorations.

3. Showy; excellent; grand; as, a superb exhibition.

Superb paradise bird (Zoöl.), a bird of paradise (Paradisæa, or Lophorina, superba) having the scapulars erectile, and forming a large ornamental tuft on each shoulder, and a large gorget of brilliant feathers on the breast. The color is deep violet, or nearly black, with brilliant green reflections. The gorget is bright metallic green. -- Superb warber. (Zoöl.) See Blue wren, under Wren.

-- Su*perb"ly, adv. -- Su*perb"ness, n.

Su*per"bi*ate (?), v. t. [Cf. L. superbiare.] To make (a person) haughty. [Obs. & R.] Feltham.

Su`per*car"bon*ate (?), n. (Chem.) A bicarbonate. [Obsoles.]

Su`per*car"bu*ret`ed (?), a. (Chem.) Bicarbureted. [Written also supercarburetted.] [Obsoles.]

Su`per*car"go (?), n. [Super- + cargo: cf. Sp. sobrecargo. Cf. Surcharge.] An officer or person in a merchant ship, whose duty is to manage the sales, and superintend the commercial concerns, of the voyage.

Su`per*car"pal (?), a. (Anat.) Situated above, or in the upper part of, the carpus.

Su`per*ce*les"tial (?), a. [Pref. super- + celestial: cf. L. supercaelestis.] 1. Situated above the firmament, or great vault of heaven. Waterland.

2. Higher than celestial; superangelic.

Su`per*charge" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Supercharged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Supercharging (?).] [Pref. super- + charge. Cf. Surcharge.] (Her.) To charge (a bearing) upon another bearing; as, to supercharge a rose upon a fess.

Su`per*charge" (?), n. (Her.) A bearing charged upon another bearing. [R.]

Su`per*chem"ic*al (?), a. Above or beyond chemistry; inexplicable by chemical laws. J. Le Conte.

Su*perch"er*y (?), n. [F. supercherie.] Deceit; fraud; imposition. [Obs. & R.]

Su`per*cil"i*a*ry (?), a. [L. supercilium an eyebrow. See Supercilious.] 1. Of or pertaining to the eyebrows; supraorbital.

2. (Zoöl.) Having a distinct streak of color above the eyes; as, the superciliary woodpecker.

Su`per*cil"i*ous (?), a. [L. superciliosus, fr. supercilium an eyebrow, pride; super over, + cilium an eyelid; probably akin to celare to conceal. Cf. Conceal.] Lofty with pride; haughty; dictatorial; overbearing; arrogant; as, a supercilious officer; asupercilious air; supercilious behavior. -- Su`per*cil"i*ous*ly, adv. -- Su`per*cil"i*ous*ness, n.

||Su`per*cil"i*um (?), n. [L.] (Zoöl.) The eyebrow, or the region of the eyebrows.

Su`per*co*lum`ni*a"tion (?), n. (Arch.) The putting of one order above another; also, an architectural work produced by this method; as, the putting of the Doric order in the ground story, Ionic above it, and Corinthian or Composite above this.

Su`per*con*cep"tion (?), n. (Physiol.) Superfetation. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Su`per*con"se*quence (?), n. Remote consequence. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Su`per*cres"cence (?), n. [See Supercrescent.] That which grows upon another growing thing; a parasite. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Su`per*cres"cent (?), a. [L. supercrescens, p. pr. of supercrescere; super above + crescere to grow.] Growing on some other growing thing. [R.] Johnson.

Su`per*cre*ta"ceous (?), a. (Geol.) Same as Supracretaceous.

Su`per*cu"ri*ous (?), a. Excessively curious or inquisitive. Evelyn.

Su`per*dom"i*nant (?), n. (Mus.) The sixth tone of the scale; that next above the dominant; -- called also submediant.

{ Su`per*em"i*nence (?), Su`per*em"i*nen*cy (?), } n. [L. supereminentia.] The quality or state of being supereminent; distinguished eminence; as, the supereminence of Cicero as an orator, or Lord Chatham as a statesman. Ayliffe.

> He was not forever beset with the consciousness of his own supereminence.

Prof. Wilson.

Su`per*em"i*nent (?), a. [L. supereminens, p. pr. of supereminere. See Super-, and Eminent.] Eminent in a superior degree; surpassing others in excellence; as, a supereminent divine; the supereminent glory of Christ. -- Su`per*em"i*nent*ly, adv.

Su`per*er"o*gant (?), a. [L. supererogans, p. pr. See Supererogate.] Supererogatory. [Obs.]

Su`per*er"o*gate (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Supererogated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Supererogating.] [L. supererogatus, p. p. of supererogare to spend or pay out over and above; super over, above + erogare to expend or pay out money from the public treasury after asking the consent of the people. See Super-, and Erogate, Rogation.] To do more than duty requires; to perform works of supererogation; to atone (for a dificiency in another) by means of a surplus action or quality.

> The fervency of one man in prayer can not supererogate for the coldness of another.

Milton.

Su`per*er`o*ga"tion (?), n. [L. supererogatio a payment in addition.] The act of supererogating; performance of more than duty or necessity requires.

Works of supererogation (R. C. Ch.), those good deeds believed to have been performed by saints, or capable of being performed by men, over and above what is required for their own salvation.

Su`per*e*rog"a*tive (?), a. Supererogatory.

Su`per*e*rog"a*to*ry (?), a. Performed to an extent not enjoined, or not required, by duty or necessity; as, supererogatory services. Howell.

Su`per*es*sen"tial (?), a. Essential above others, or above the constitution of a thing. J. Ellis.

Su`per*eth"ic*al (?), a. More than ethical; above ethics. Bolingbroke.

Su`per*ex*alt" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Superexalted; p. pr. & vb. n. Superexalting.] To exalt to a superior degree; to exalt above others. Barrow.

Su`per*ex`al*ta"tion (?), n. Elevation above the common degree. Holyday.

Su`per*ex"cel*lence (?), n. Superior excellence; extraordinary excellence.

Su`per*ex"cel*lent (?), a. [Pref. super- + excellent: cf. L. superexcellens.] Excellent in an uncommon degree; very excellent. Drayton.

Su`per*ex`ci*na"tion (?), n. Excessive, or more than normal, excitation.

Su`per*ex*cres"cence (?), n. Something growing superfluously.

Su"per*fam`i*ly (?), n. (Zoöl.) A group intermediate between a family and a suborder.

Su`per*fec`un*da"tion (?), n. (Physiol.) Fertilization of two ova, at the same menstruation, by two different acts of coition.

Su`per*fe*cun"di*ty (?), n. Superabundant fecundity or multiplication of the species.

Su`per*fe"tate (?), v. i. [L. superfetare; super above, over + fetare to bring forth.] To conceive after a prior conception, but before the birth of the offspring.

> The female . . . is said to superfetate.

Grew.

Su`per*fe*ta"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. superfétation.] (Physiol.) The formation of a fetus at the result of an impregnation occurring after another impregnation but before the birth of the offspring produced by it. This is possible only when there is a double uterus, or where menstruation persists up to the time of the second impregnation.

> In then became a superfetation upon, and not an ingredient in, the national character.

Coleridge.

Su`per*fete" (?), v. i. To superfetate. [Obs.]

Su`per*fete", v. t. To conceive (another fetus) after a former conception. [Obs.] Howell.

Su"per*fice (?), n. A superficies. [Obs.] Dryden.

Su`per*fi"cial (?), a. [L. superficialis: cf. F. superficiel. See Superficies.] 1. Of or pertaining to the superficies, or surface; lying on the surface; shallow; not deep; as, a superficial color; a superficial covering; superficial measure or contents; superficial tillage.

2. Reaching or comprehending only what is obvious or apparent; not deep or profound; shallow; -- said especially in respect to study, learning, and the like; as, a superficial scholar; superficial knowledge.

> This superficial tale
> Is but a preface of her worthy praise.

Shak.

> He is a presumptuous and superficial writer.

Burke.

> That superficial judgment, which happens to be right without deserving to be so.

J. H. Newman.

-- Su`per*fi"cial*ly, adv. -- Su`per*fi"cial*ness, n.

Su`per*fi"cial*ist, n. One who attends to anything superficially; a superficial or shallow person; a sciolist; a smatterer.

Su`per*fi`ci*al"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. superficialité.] The quality or state of being superficial; also, that which is superficial. Sir T. Browne.

Su`per*fi"cial*ize (?), v. t. To attend to, or to treat, superficially, or in a shallow or slighting way. [R.]

> It is a characteristic weakness of the day to superficialize evil.

E. P. Whipple.

Su`per*fi"ci*a*ry (?), n. (Rom. Law) One to whom a right of surface occupation is granted; one who pays quitrent for a house built upon another man's ground.

Su`per*fi"ci*a*ry, a. 1. Of or pertaining to the superficies, or surface; superficial.

2. (Rom. Law) Situated or built on another man's land, as a house.

Su`per*fi"cies (?), n. [L., fr. super above, over + facies make, figure, shape. See Surface.] 1. The surface; the exterior part, superficial area, or face of a thing.

2. (Civil Law) (a) Everything on the surface of a piece of ground, or of a building, so closely connected by art or nature as to constitute a part of it, as houses, or other superstructures, fences, trees, vines, etc. (b) A real right consisting of a grant by a landed proprietor of a piece of ground, bearing a strong resemblance to the long building leases granted by landholders in England, in consideration of a rent, and under reservation of the ownership of the soil. Bouvier. Wharton.

Su"per*fine (?), a. 1. Very fine, or most fine; being of surpassing fineness; of extra nice or fine quality; as, superfine cloth.

2. Excessively fine; too nice; over particular; as, superfine distinctions; superfine tastes.

Su"per*fine`ness, n. The state of being superfine.

Su`per*fin"i*cal (?), a. Extremely finical.

Su*per"flu*ence (?), n. [L. superfluens, p. pr. of superfluere to flow or run over. See Superfluous.] Superfluity. [Obs.] Hammond.

Su`per*flu"i*tant (?), a. [L. super above + fluitans, p. pr. of fluitare intensive fr. fluere to flow.] Floating above or on the surface. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. -- Su`per*flu"i*tance (#), n. [Obs.]

<! p. 1447 !>

Su`per*flu"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Superfluities (#). [L. superfluité, L. superfluitas. See Superfluous.] 1. A greater quantity than is wanted; superabundance; as, a superfluity of water; a superfluity of wealth.

> A quiet mediocrity is still to be preferred before a troubled superfluity.

Suckling.

2. The state or quality of being superfluous; excess. "By a superfluity abominable." Chaucer.

3. Something beyond what is needed; something which serves for show or luxury.

Syn. -- Superabundance; excess; redundancy.

Su*per"flu*ous (?), a. [L. superfluus overflowing; super over, above + fluere to flow. See Super-, and Fluent.] More than is wanted or is sufficient; rendered unnecessary by superabundance; unnecessary; useless; excessive; as, a superfluous price. Shak.

> An authority which makes all further argument or illustration superfluous.

E. Everett.

Superfluous interval (Mus.), an interval that exceeds a major or perfect interval by a semitone.

Syn. -- Unnecessary; useless; exuberant; excessive; redundant; needless.

-- Su*per"flu*ous*ly, adv. -- Su*per"flu*ous*ness, n.

Su"per*flux (?), n. Superabundance; superfluity; an overflowing. [R.] Shak.

Su`per*fœ*ta"tion (?), n. Superfetation.

Su`per*fo`li*a"tion (?), n. Excess of foliation. Sir T. Browne.

Su`per*fron"tal (?), n. (Eccl.) A cloth which is placed over the top of an altar, and often hangs down a few inches over the frontal.

Su`per*fuse" (?), a. To pour (something) over or on something else. [Obs.] Evelyn.

Su`per*heat" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Superheated; p. pr. & vb. n. Superheating.] 1. To heat too much, to overheat; as, to superheat an oven.

2. (Steam Engine) To heat, as steam, apart from contact with water, until it resembles a perfect gas.

Su"per*heat`, n. The increase of temperature communicated to steam by superheating it.

Su"per*heat`er (?), n. (Steam Engine) An apparatus for superheating steam.

Su"per*hive` (?), n. A removable upper part of a hive. The word is sometimes contracted to super.

Su`per*hu"man (?), a. Above or beyond what is human; sometimes, divine; as, superhuman strength; superhuman wisdom.

Su`per*im*pose" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Superimposed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Superimposing.] To lay or impose on something else; as, a stratum of earth superimposed on another stratum. -- Su`per*im`po*si"tion (#), n.

Su`per*im`preg*na"tion (?), n. The act of impregnating, or the state of being impregnated, in addition to a prior impregnation; superfetation.

{ Su`per*in*cum"bence (?), Su`per*in*cum"ben*cy (?), } n. The quality or state of being superincumbent.

Su`per*in*cum"bent (?), a. [L. superincumbens, p. pr. of superincumbere. See Super- , and Incumbent.] Lying or resting on something else.

Su`per*in*duce" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Superinduced (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Superinducing (?).] [Pref. super- + induce: cf. L. superinducere to draw over.] To bring in, or upon, as an addition to something.

> Long custom of sinning superinduces upon the soul new and absurd desires.

South.

Su`per*in*duce"ment (?), n. Superinduction.

Su`per*in*duc"tion (?), n. The act of superinducing, or the state of being superinduced. South.

Su`per*in*fuse" (?), v. t. [Pref. super- + infuse: cf. L. superinfundere, superinfusum, to pour over.] To infuse over. [R.]

Su`per*in*jec"tion (?), n. An injection succeeding another.

Su`per*in*spect" (?), v. t. [Pref. super- + inspect: cf. L. superinspicere, superinspectum.] To over see; to superintend by inspection. [R.] Maydman.

Su`per*in`sti*tu"tion (?), n. One institution upon another, as when A is instituted and admitted to a benefice upon a title, and B instituted and admitted upon the presentation of another. Bailey.

Su`per*in`tel*lec"tu*al (?), a. Being above intellect.

Su`per*in*tend" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Superintended; p. pr. & vb. n. Superintending.] [L. superintendere. See Super-, and Intend.] To have or exercise the charge and oversight of; to oversee with the power of direction; to take care of with authority; to supervise; as, an officer superintends the building of a ship or the construction of a fort.

> The king may appoint a council, who may superintend the works of this nature.

Bacon.

Syn. -- Superintend, Supervise. These words in general use are the synonymous. As sometimes used, supervise implies the more general, and superintend, the more particular and constant, inspection or direction. Among architects there is a disposition to use the word supervise in the sense of a general oversight of the main points of construction with reference to the design, etc., and to employ the word superintend to signify a constant, careful attention to all the details of construction. But this technical distinction is not firmly established.

Su`per*in*tend"ence (?), n. [Cf. F. superintendance.] The act of superintending; care and oversight for the purpose of direction; supervision. Barrow.

Syn. -- Inspection; oversight; care; direction; control; guidance.

Su`per*in*tend"en*cy (?), n.; pl. -cies (&?;). The act of superintending; superintendence. Boyle.

Su`per*in*tend"ent (?), a. [L. superintendens, p. pr. See Superintend.] Overseeing; superintending.

Su`per*in*tend"ent (?), n. [Cf. OF. superintendant, F. surintendant. Cf. Surintendant.] One who has the oversight and charge of some place, institution, or organization, affairs, etc., with the power of direction; as, the superintendent of an almshouse; the superintendent of public works.

Syn. -- Inspector; overseer; manager; director; curator; supervisor.

Su`per*in*tend"er (?), n. A superintendent. [R.]

Su`per*in*vest"i*ture (?), n. An outer vestment or garment. [R.] Bp. Horne.

Su*pe"ri*or (?), a. [L., compar. of superus being above, fr. super above, over: cf. F. supérieur. See Super-, and cf. Supreme.] 1. More elevated in place or position; higher; upper; as, the superior limb of the sun; the superior part of an image.

2. Higher in rank or office; more exalted in dignity; as, a superior officer; a superior degree of nobility.

3. Higher or greater in excellence; surpassing others in the greatness, or value of any quality; greater in quality or degree; as, a man of superior merit; or of superior bravery.

4. Beyond the power or influence of; too great or firm to be subdued or affected by; -- with to.

> There is not in earth a spectacle more worthy than a great man superior to his sufferings.

Spectator.

5. More comprehensive; as a term in classification; as, a genus is superior to a species.

6. (Bot.) (a) Above the ovary; -- said of parts of the flower which, although normally below the ovary, adhere to it, and so appear to originate from its upper part; also of an ovary when the other floral organs are plainly below it in position, and free from it. (b) Belonging to the part of an axillary flower which is toward the main stem; posterior. (c) Pointing toward the apex of the fruit; ascending; -- said of the radicle.

Superior conjunction, Superior planets, etc. See Conjunction, Planet, etc. -- Superior figure, Superior letter (Print.), a figure or letter printed above the line, as a reference to a note or an index of a power, etc; as, in x2 + yn, 2 is a superior figure, n a superior letter. Cf. Inferior figure, under Inferior.

Su*pe"ri*or, n. 1. One who is above, or surpasses, another in rank, station, office, age, ability, or merit; one who surpasses in what is desirable; as, Addison has no superior as a writer of pure English.

2. (Eccl.) The head of a monastery, convent, abbey, or the like.

Su*pe"ri*or*ess, n. (Eccl.) A woman who acts as chief in a convent, abbey, or nunnery; a lady superior.

Su*pe`ri*or"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. supériorité, LL. superioritas.] The quality, state, or condition of being superior; as, superiority of rank; superiority in merit.

Syn. -- Preëminence; excellence; predominancy; prevalence; ascendency; odds; advantage.

Su*pe"ri*or*ly (?), adv. In a superior position or manner.

Su`per*ja"cent (?), a. [L. superjacens, p. pr. of superjacere; super above + jacere to lie.] Situated immediately above; as, superjacent rocks.

Su`per*la"tion (?), n. [L. superlatio. See Superlative.] Exaltation of anything beyond truth or propriety. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Su`per*la"tive (?), a. [L. superlativus, fr. superlatus excessive, used as p. p. of superiorferre, but from a different root: cf. F. superlatif. See Elate, Tolerate.] 1. Lifted up to the highest degree; most eminent; surpassing all other; supreme; as, superlative wisdom or prudence; a woman of superlative beauty; the superlative glory of the divine character.

2. (Gram.) Expressing the highest or lowest degree of the quality, manner, etc., denoted by an adjective or an adverb. The superlative degree is formed from the positive by the use of -est, most, or least; as, highest, most pleasant, least bright.

-- Su`per*la"tive*ly, adv. -- Su`per*la"tive*ness, n.

Su`per*la"tive, n. 1. That which is highest or most eminent; the utmost degree.

2. (Gram.) (a) The superlative degree of adjectives and adverbs; also, a form or word by which the superlative degree is expressed; as, strongest, wisest, most stormy, least windy, are all superlatives.

Absolute superlative, a superlative in an absolute rather than in a comparative or exclusive sense. See Elative.

Su`per*lu*cra"tion (?), n. [Pref. super- + L. lucratio gain.] Excessive or extraordinary gain. [Obs.] Davenant.

{ Su`per*lu"nar (?), Su`per*lu"na*ry (?), } a. Being above the moon; not belonging to this world; -- opposed to sublunary.

> The head that turns at superlunar things.

Pope.

Su`per*ma*te"ri*al (?), a. Being above, or superior to, matter.

||Su`per*max*il"la (?), n. [NL. See Super-, and Maxilla.] (Anat.) The supermaxilla.

Su`per*max"il*la*ry (?), a. (Anat.) Supermaxillary.

Su`per*me"di*al (?), a. Above the middle.

Su`per*mun"dane (?), a. Being above the world; -- opposed to inframundane. Cudworth.

Su`per*mun"di*al (?), a. Supermundane. [Obs.]

Su`per*nac"u*lar (?), a. Like supernaculum; first-rate; as, a supernacular wine. [R.] Thackeray.

Su`per*nac"u*lum (?), adv. & n. [NL., from L. super over + G. nagel, a nail, as of the finger, or a corruption of L. super and ungulam claw.] 1. A kind of mock Latin term intended to mean, upon the nail; -- used formerly by topers. Nares.

> Drinking super nagulum [supernaculum], a device of drinking, new come out of France, which is, after a man hath turned up the bottom of the cup, to drop it on his nail and make a pearl with that is left; which if it slide, and he can not make it stand on by reason there is too much, he must drink again for his penance.

Nash.

2. Good liquor, of which not enough is left to wet one's nail. Grose.

Su*per"nal (?), a. [L. supernus, from super above: cf. F. supernel. See Super-.] 1. Being in a higher place or region; locally higher; as, the supernal orbs; supernal regions. "That supernal judge." Shak.

2. Relating or belonging to things above; celestial; heavenly; as, supernal grace.

> Not by the sufferance of supernal power.

Milton.

Su`per*na"tant (?), a. [L. supernatanus, p. pr. of supernatare to swim above; super above + natare to swim.] Swimming above; floating on the surface; as, oil supernatant on water.

Su`per*na*ta"tion (?), n. The act of floating on the surface of a fluid. Sir T. Browne.

Su`per*nat"u*ral (?), a. [Pref. super- + natural: cf. OF. supernaturel, F. surnaturel.] Being beyond, or exceeding, the power or laws of nature; miraculous.

Syn. -- Preternatural. -- Supernatural, Preternatural. Preternatural signifies beside nature, and supernatural, above or beyond nature. What is very greatly aside from the ordinary course of things is preternatural; what is above or beyond the established laws of the universe is supernatural. The dark day which terrified all Europe nearly a century ago was preternatural; the resurrection of the dead is supernatural. "That form which the earth is under at present is preternatural, like a statue made and broken again." T. Burnet. "Cures wrought by medicines are natural operations; but the miraculous ones wrought by Christ and his apostles were supernatural." Boyle.

> That is supernatural, whether it be, that is either not in the chain of natural cause and effect, or which acts on the chain of cause and effect in nature, from without the chain.

Bushnell.

> We must not view creation as supernatural, but we do look upon it as miraculous.

McCosh.

The supernatural, whatever is above and beyond the scope, or the established course, of the laws of nature. "Nature and the supernatural." H. Bushnell.

Su`per*nat"u*ral*ism (?), n. 1. The quality or state of being supernatural; supernaturalness.

2. (Theol.) The doctrine of a divine and supernatural agency in the production of the miracles and revelations recorded in the Bible, and in the grace which renews and sanctifies men, -- in opposition to the doctrine which denies the agency of any other than physical or natural causes in the case. [Written also supranaturalism.]

Su`per*nat"u*ral*ist, n. One who holds to the principles of supernaturalism.

Su`per*nat`u*ral*is"tic (?), a. Of or pertaining to supernaturalism.

Su`per*nat`u*ral"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being supernatural.

Su`per*nat"u*ral*ize (?), v. t. To treat or regard as supernatural.

Su`per*nat"u*ral*ly, adv. In a supernatural manner.

Su`per*nat"u*ral*ness, n. The quality or state of being supernatural.

Su`per*nu"mer*a*ry (?), a. [L. supernumerarius: cf. OF. supernuméraire, F. surnuméraire. See Super-, and Numerary, Number.] 1. Exceeding the number stated or prescribed; as, a supernumerary officer in a regiment.

2. Exceeding a necessary, usual, or required number or quality; superfluous; as, supernumerary addresses; supernumerary expense. Addison.

Su`per*nu"mer*a*ry, n.; pl. Supernumeraries (&?;). 1. A person or thing beyond the number stated.

2. A person or thing beyond what is necessary or usual; especially, a person employed not for regular service, but only to fill the place of another in case of need; specifically, in theaters, a person who is not a regular actor, but is employed to appear in a stage spectacle.

Su`per*oc*cip"i*tal (?), a. Supraoccipital.

Su`per*or"der (?), n. (Zoöl.) A group intermediate in importance between an order and a subclass.

Su`per*or`di*na"tion (?), n. [Pref. super- + ordination: cf. L. superordinatio.] The ordination of a person to fill a station already occupied; especially, the ordination by an ecclesiastical official, during his lifetime, of his successor. Fuller.

Su`per*ox"ide (?), n. (Chem.) See Peroxide. [Obs.]

Su`per*par*tic"u*lar (?), a. [L. superparticularis. See Super-, and Particular.] (Math.) Of or pertaining to a ratio when the excess of the greater term over the less is a unit, as the ratio of 1 to 2, or of 3 to 4. [Obs.] Hutton.

Su`per*par"tient (?), a. [L. superpartiens; super over + partiens, p. pr. of partire to divide.] (Math.) Of or pertaining to a ratio when the excess of the greater term over the less is more than a unit, as that of 3 to 5, or 7 to 10. [Obs.] Hutton.

Su`per*phos"phate (?), n. (Chem.) An acid phosphate.

Superphosphate of lime (Com. Chem.), a fertilizer obtained by trating bone dust, bone black, or phosphorite with sulphuric acid, whereby the insoluble neutral calcium phosphate, Ca3(PO4)2, is changed to the primary or acid calcium phosphate Ca(H2PO4)2, which is soluble and therefore available for the soil.

Su`per*phys"ic*al (?), a. Above or beyond physics; not explainable by physical laws.

> Something superphysical and superchemical.

J. Le Conte.

Su"per*plant` (?), n. A plant growing on another, as the mistletoe; an epiphyte. [Obs.] Bacon.

Su`per*please" (?), v. t. To please exceedingly. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Su"per*plus (?), n. [Pref. super- + L. plus more. See Surplus.] Surplus. [Obs.] Goldsmith.

Su"per*plus`age (?), n. Surplusage. [Obs.] "There yet remained a superplusage." Bp. Fell.

Su`per*pol"i*tic (?), a. More than politic; above or exceeding policy. Milton.

<! p. 1448 !>

Su`per*pon"der*ate (?), v. t. To wiegh over and above. [Obs.]

Su`per*pos"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being superposed, as one figure upon another.

Su`per*pose" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Superposed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Superposing.] [F. superposer. See Super- , and Pose.] 1. To lay upon, as one kind of rock on another.

2. (Geom.) To lay (a figure) upon another in such a manner that all the parts of the one coincide with the parts of the other; as, to superpose one plane figure on another.

Su`per*po*si"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. superposition. See Super-, and Position.] The act of superposing, or the state of being superposed; as, the superposition of rocks; the superposition of one plane figure on another, in geometry.

Su`per*praise" (?), v. t. To praise to excess.

> To vow, and swear, and superpraise my parts.

Shak.

Su`per*pro*por"tion (?), n. Overplus or excess of proportion. Sir K. Digby.

Su`per*pur*ga"tion (?), n. Excessive purgation. Wiseman.

Su`per*re*flec"tion (?), n. The reflection of a reflected image or sound. [R.] Bacon.

Su`per*re"gal (?), a. More than regal; worthy of one greater than a king. Waterland.

Su`per*re*ward" (?), v. t. To reward to an excessive degree. Bacon.

Su`per*roy"al (?), a. Larger than royal; -- said of a particular size of printing and writing paper. See the Note under Paper, n.

Su`per*sa"cral (?), a. (Anat.) Situated over, or on the dorsal side of, the sacrum.

Su`per*sa"li*en*cy (?), n. The act of leaping on anything. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Su`per*sa"li*ent (?), a. [Pref. super- + L. saliens p. pr. of salire to leap.] Leaping upon. [Obs.]

Su`per*salt" (?), n. (Chem.) An acid salt. See Acid salt (a), under Salt, n.

Su`per*sat"u*rate (?), v. t. To add to beyond saturation; as, to supersaturate a solution.

Su`per*sat`u*ra"tion (?), n. The operation of supersaturating, or the state of being supersaturated.

Su`per*scribe" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Superscribed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Superscribing.] [L. superscribere, superscriptum; super over + scribere to write. See Super-, and Scribe.] To write or engrave (a name, address, inscription, or the like) on the top or surface; to write a name, address, or the like, on the outside or cover of (anything); as, to superscribe a letter.

Su"per*script (?), n. Superscription. [Obs.] "I will overglance the superscript." Shak.

Su`per*scrip"tion (?), n. [L. superscriptio. See Superscribe.] 1. The act of superscribing.

2. That which is written or engraved on the surface, outside, or above something else; specifically, an address on a letter, envelope, or the like. Holland.

> The superscription of his accusation was written over, The King of the Jews.

Mark xv. 26.

3. (Pharm.) That part of a prescription which contains the Latin word recipe (Take) or the sign &?;.

Su`per*sec"u*lar (?), a. Being above the world, or secular things. Bp. Hall.

Su`per*sede" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Superseded (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Superseding.] [L. supersedere, supersessum, to sit above, be superior to, forbear, omit; super above + sedere to sit: cf. F. superséder. See Sit, and cf. Surcease.] 1. To come, or be placed, in the room of; to replace.

2. To displace, or set aside, and put another in place of; as, to supersede an officer.

3. To make void, inefficacious, or useless, by superior power, or by coming in the place of; to set aside; to render unnecessary; to suspend; to stay.

> Nothing is supposed that can supersede the known laws of natural motion.

Bentley.

4. (Old Law) To omit; to forbear.

||Su`per*se"de*as (?), n. [L., suspend, set aside, stay, 2d pers. sing. present subjunctive of supersedere. See Supersede.] (Law) A writ of command to suspend the powers of an officer in certain cases, or to stay proceedings under another writ. Blackstone.

Su*per*se"dure (?), n. The act of superseding, or setting aside; supersession; as, the supersedure of trial by jury. A. Hamilton.

Su`per*sem"i*nate (?), v. t. To sow, as seed, over something previously sown. [Obs.]

> That can not be done with joy, when it shall be indifferent to any man to superseminate what he please.

Jer. Taylor.

Su`per*sem`i*na"tion (?), n. The sowing of seed over seed previously sown. [Obs.] Abp. Bramhall.

Su`per*sen"si*ble (?), a. [Pref. super- + sensible: cf. F. supersensible.] Beyond the reach of the senses; above the natural powers of perception.

Su`per*sen"si*tive (?), a. Excessively sensitive; morbidly sensitive. -- Su`per*sen"si*tive*ness, n.

Su`per*sen"su*al (?), a. Supersensible.

Su`per*sen"su*ous (?), a. 1. Supersensible.

2. Excessively sensuous.

Su`per*serv"ice*a*ble (?), a. Overofficious; doing more than is required or desired. "A superserviceable, finical rogue." Shak.

Su`per*ses"sion (?), n. [Cf. OF. supersession. See Supersede.] The act of superseding, or the state of being superseded; supersedure.

> The general law of diminishing return from land would have undergone, to that extent, a temporary supersession.

J. S. Mill.

Su`per*so"lar (?), a. Above the sun. Emerson.

Su`per*sphe*noid"al (?), a. (Anat.) Situated above, or on the dorsal side of, the body of the sphenoid bone.

Su`per*spi"nous (?), a. (Anat.) Supraspinuos.

Su`per*sti"tion (?), n. [F. superstition, L. superstitio, originally, a standing still over or by a thing; hence, amazement, wonder, dread, especially of the divine or supernatural, fr. superstare to stand over; super over + stare to stand. See Super-, and Stand.] 1. An excessive reverence for, or fear of, that which is unknown or mysterious.

2. An ignorant or irrational worship of the Supreme Deity; excessive exactness or rigor in religious opinions or practice; extreme and unnecessary scruples in the observance of religious rites not commanded, or of points of minor importance; also, a rite or practice proceeding from excess of sculptures in religion.

> And the truth
> With superstitions and traditions taint.

Milton.

3. The worship of a false god or gods; false religion; religious veneration for objects.

> [The accusers] had certain questions against him of their own superstition.

Acts xxv. 19.

4. Belief in the direct agency of superior powers in certain extraordinary or singular events, or in magic, omens, prognostics, or the like.

5. Excessive nicety; scrupulous exactness.

Syn. -- Fanaticism. -- Superstition, Fanaticism. Superstition springs from religious feeling misdirected or unenlightened. Fanaticism arises from this same feeling in a state of high-wrought and self-confident excitement. The former leads in some cases to excessive rigor in religious opinions or practice; in others, to unfounded belief in extraordinary events or in charms, omens, and prognostics, hence producing weak fears, or excessive scrupulosity as to outward observances. The latter gives rise to an utter disregard of reason under the false assumption of enjoying a guidance directly inspired. Fanaticism has a secondary sense as applied to politics, etc., which corresponds to the primary.

Su`per*sti"tion*ist, n. One addicted to superstition. [Obs.] "Blind superstitionists." Dr. H. More.

Su`per*sti"tious (?), a. [F. superstitieux, L. superstitiosus.] 1. Of or pertaining to superstition; proceeding from, or manifesting, superstition; as, superstitious rites; superstitious observances.

2. Evincing superstition; overscrupulous and rigid in religious observances; addicted to superstition; full of idle fancies and scruples in regard to religion.

> Ye men of Athens, I perceive that in all things ye are too superstitious.

Acts xvii. 22.

3. Overexact; scrupulous beyond need.

Superstitious use (Law), the use of a gift or bequest, as of land, etc., for the maintenance of the rites of a religion not tolerated by the law. [Eng.] Mozley & W.

-- Su`per*sti"tious*ly, adv. -- Su`per*sti"tious*ness, n.

Su`per*strain" (?), v. t. To overstrain. Bacon.

Su`per*stra"tum (?), n.; pl. Superstrata (&?;). [NL.: cf. L. supersternere, superstratum, to spread upon. See Super-, and Stratum.] A stratum, or layer, above another.

Su`per*struct" (?), v. t. [L. superstructus, p. p. of superstruere to build upon; super over + struere to build. See Super-, and Structure.] To build over or upon another structure; to erect upon a foundation.

> This is the only proper basis on which to superstruct first innocency and then virtue.

Dr. H. More.

Su`per*struc"tion (?), n. 1. The act of superstructing, or building upon.

2. That which is superstructed, or built upon some foundation; an edifice; a superstructure.

> My own profession hath taught me not to erect new superstructions upon an old ruin.

Denham.

Su`per*struct"ive (?), a. Built or erected on something else. Hammond.

Su`per*struct"or (?), n. One who builds a superstructure. [R.] R. North.

Su`per*struc"ture (?), n. [Cf. F. superstructure.] 1. Any material structure or edifice built on something else; that which is raised on a foundation or basis; esp. (Arch.), all that part of a building above the basement. Also used figuratively.

> You have added to your natural endowments the superstructure of study.

Dryden.

2. (Railway Engin.) The sleepers, and fastenings, in distinction from the roadbed.

Su`per*sub*stan"tial (?), a. [Pref. super- + substantial: cf. F. supersubstantiel.] More than substantial; spiritual. "The heavenly supersubstantial bread." Jer. Taylor.

Su`per*sub"tle (?), a. Too subtle. Shak.

Su`per*sul"phate (?), n. (Chem.) An acid sulphate. [Obs.]

Su`per*sul"phu*ret`ed (?), a. (Chem.) Supersulphurized. [Obs.] [Written also - sulphuretted.]

Su`per*sul"phur*ize (?), v. t. (Chem.) To impregnate or combine with an excess of sulphur.

Su`per*tem"po*ral (?), n. That which is more than temporal; that which is eternal. [R.]

Su`per*ter*ra"ne*an (?), a. Being above ground. "Superterranean quarries." Mrs. Trollope.

Su`per*ter*rene" (?), a. [Pref. super- + terrene: cf. L. superterrenus.] Being above ground, or above the earth. [R.]

Su`per*ter*res"tri*al (?), a. Being above the earth, or above what belongs to the earth. Buckminster.

Su`per*ton"ic (?), n. (Mus.) The note next above the keynote; the second of the scale. Busby.

Su`per*trag"ic*al (?), a. Tragical to excess.

Su`per*tu`ber*a"tion (?), n. [Pref. super- + tuber.] (Bot.) The production of young tubers, as potatoes, from the old while still growing.

Su`per*va*ca"ne*ous (?), a. [L. supervacaneus, supervacuus; super over + vacuus empty.] Serving no purpose; superfluous; needless. [Obs.] Howell.

Su`per*vene" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Supervened (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Supervening.] [L. supervenire, superventum, to come over, to come upon; super over + venire to come. See Super-, and Come, and cf. Overcome.] To come as something additional or extraneous; to occur with reference or relation to something else; to happen upon or after something else; to be added; to take place; to happen.

> Such a mutual gravitation can never supervene to matter unless impressed by divine power.

Bentley.

> A tyrany immediately supervened.

Burke.

Su`per*ven"ient (?), a. [L. superveniens, p. pr.] Coming as something additional or extraneous; coming afterwards.

> That branch of belief was in him supervenient to Christian practice.

Hammond.

> Divorces can be granted, a mensa et toro, only for supervenient causes.

Z. Swift.

Su`per*ven"tion (?), n. [L. superventio.] The act of supervening. Bp. Hall.

Su`per*vis"al (?), n. Supervision. Walpole.

Su`per*vise" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Supervised (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Supervising.] [Pref. super- + L. visere to look at attentively, to view, surely, intens. from videre, visum, to see. Cf. Survise, and Survey.] 1. To oversee for direction; to superintend; to inspect with authority; as, to supervise the construction of a steam engine, or the printing of a book.

2. To look over so as to read; to peruse. [Obs.] Shak.

Syn. -- See Superintend.

Su`per*vise", n. Supervision; inspection. [Obs.]

Su`per*vi"sion (?), n. The act of overseeing; inspection; superintendence; oversight.

Su`per*vi"sive (?), a. Supervisory. [R.]

Su`per*vis"or (?), n. 1. One who supervises; an overseer; an inspector; a superintendent; as, a supervisor of schools.

2. A spectator; a looker-on. [Obs.] Shak.

Su`per*vi"so*ry (?), a. Of or pertaining to supervision; as, supervisory powers.

Su`per*vive" (?), v. t. [L. supervivere. See Survive.] To survive; to outlive. [Obs.]

Su`per*vo*lute" (?), a. [L. supervolutus, p. p. of supervolvere to roll over; super over + volvere to roll.] (Bot.) Having a plainted and convolute arrangement in the bud, as in the morning- glory.

Su`pi*na"tion (?), n. [L. supinare, supinatum, to bend or lay backward, fr. supinus supine: cf. F. supination. See Supine.] (Physiol.) (a) The act of turning the hand palm upward; also, position of the hand with the palm upward. (b) The act or state of lying with the face upward. Opposed to pronation.

Su`pi*na"tor (?), n. [NL.] (Anat.) A muscle which produces the motion of supination.

Su*pine" (?), a. [L. supinus, akin to sub under, super above. Cf. Sub-, Super-.] 1. Lying on the back, or with the face upward; -- opposed to prone.

2. Leaning backward, or inclining with exposure to the sun; sloping; inclined.

> If the vine
> On rising ground be placed, or hills supine.

Dryden.

3. Negligent; heedless; indolent; listless.

> He became pusillanimous and supine, and openly exposed to any temptation.

Woodward.

Syn. -- Negligent; heedless; indolent; thoughtless; inattentive; listless; careless; drowsy.

-- Su*pine"ly, adv. -- Su*pine"ness, n.

Su"pine (?), n. [L. supinum (sc. verbum), from supinus bent or thrown backward, perhaps so called because, although furnished with substantive case endings, it rests or falls back, as it were, on the verb: cf. F. supin.] (Lat. Gram.) A verbal noun; or (according to C.F.Becker), a case of the infinitive mood ending in -um and -u, that in -um being sometimes called the former supine, and that in -u the latter supine.

Su*pin"i*ty (?), n. [L. supinitas.] Supineness. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Sup"page (?), n. [From Sup.] What may be supped; pottage. [Obs.] Hooker.

Sup`pal*pa"tion (?), n. [L. suppalpari to caress a little; sub under, a little + palpare to caress.] The act of enticing by soft words; enticement. [Obs.]

Sup*par`a*si*ta"tion (?), n. [See Supparasite.] The act of flattering to gain favor; servile approbation. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Sup*par"a*site (?), v. t. [L. supparasitari; sub under, a little + parasitus a parasite.] To flatter; to cajole; to act the parasite. [Obs.] Dr. R. Clerke.

Sup*pawn" (?), n. See Supawn.

Sup`pe*da"ne*ous (?), a. [Pref. sub- + L. pes, pedis, a foot: cf. L. suppedaneum a footstool.] Being under the feet. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Sup*ped"i*tate (?), v. t. [L. suppeditatus, p. p. of suppeditare to supply.] To supply; to furnish. [Obs.] Hammond.

Sup*ped`i*ta"tion (?), n. [L. suppeditatio.] Supply; aid afforded. [Obs.] Bacon.

Sup"per (?), n. [OE. soper, super, OF. super, soper, F. souper; originally an infinitive, to sup, take a meal. See Soup, and cf. Sup to take supper.] A meal taken at the close of the day; the evening meal.

Supper is much used in an obvious sense, either adjectively or as the first part of a compound; as, supper time or supper-time, supper bell, supper hour, etc.

Sup"per, v. i. To take supper; to sup. [R.]

Sup"per, v. t. To supply with supper. [R.] "Kester was suppering the horses." Mrs. Gaskell.

Sup"per*less, a. Having no supper; deprived of supper; as, to go supperless to bed. Beau. & Fl.

Sup"ping (?), n. 1. The act of one who sups; the act of taking supper.

2. That which is supped; broth. [Obs.] Holland.

Sup*place" (?), v. t. To replace. [R.] J. Bascom.

Sup*plant" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Supplanted (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Supplanting.] [F. supplanter, L. supplantare to trip up one's heels, to throw down; sub under + planta the sole of the foot, also, a sucker, slip, sprout. Cf. Plant, n.] 1. To trip up. [Obs.] "Supplanted, down he fell." Milton.

2. To remove or displace by stratagem; to displace and take the place of; to supersede; as, a rival supplants another in the favor of a mistress or a prince.

> Suspecting that the courtier had supplanted the friend.

Bp. Fell.

3. To overthrow, undermine, or force away, in order to get a substitute in place of.

> You never will supplant the received ideas of God.

Landor.

Syn. -- To remove; displace; overpower; undermine; overthrow; supersede.

<! p. 1449 !>

Sup`plan*ta"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. supplantation, L. supplantatio hypocritical deceit.] The act of supplanting or displacing.

> Habitual supplantation of immediate selfishness.

Cloeridge.

Sup*plan"ter (?), n. One who supplants.

Sup"ple (?), a. [OE. souple, F. souple, from L. supplex suppliant, perhaps originally, being the knees. Cf. Supplicate.] 1. Pliant; flexible; easily bent; as, supple joints; supple fingers.

2. Yielding compliant; not obstinate; submissive to guidance; as, a supple horse.

> If punishment . . . makes not the will supple, it hardens the offender.

Locke.

3. Bending to the humor of others; flattering; fawning; obsequious. Addison.

Syn. -- Pliant; flexible; yielding; compliant; bending; flattering; fawning; soft.

Sup"ple, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Suppled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Suppling (?).] 1. To make soft and pliant; to render flexible; as, to supple leather.

> The flesh therewith she suppled and did steep.

Spenser.

2. To make compliant, submissive, or obedient.

> A mother persisting till she had bent her daughter's mind and suppled her will.

Locke.

> They should supple our stiff willfulness.

Barrow.

Sup"ple, v. i. To become soft and pliant.

> The stones . . .
> Suppled into softness as they fell.

Dryden.

Sup"ple-chapped` (?), a. Having a limber tongue. [R.] "A supple-chapped flatterer." Marston.

Sup"ple-jack` (?), n. (Bot.) (a) A climbing shrub (Berchemia volubilus) of the Southern United States, having a tough and pliable stem. (b) A somewhat similar tropical American plant (Paullinia Curassavica); also, a walking stick made from its stem.

> He was in form and spirit like a supple-jack, . . . yielding, but tough; though he bent, he never broke.

W. Irving.

This name is given to various plants of similar habit in different British colonies.

Sup"ple*ly, adv. In a supple manner; softly; pliantly; mildly. Cotgrave.

Sup"ple*ment (?), n. [F. supplément, L. supplementum, fr. supplere to fill up. See Supply, v. t.] 1. That which supplies a deficiency, or meets a want; a store; a supply. [Obs.] Chapman.

2. That which fills up, completes, or makes an addition to, something already organized, arranged, or set apart; specifically, a part added to, or issued as a continuation of, a book or paper, to make good its deficiencies or correct its errors.

3. (Trig.) The number of degrees which, if added to a specified arc, make it 180°; the quantity by which an arc or an angle falls short of 180 degrees, or an arc falls short of a semicircle.

Syn. -- Appendix. -- Appendix, Supplement. An appendix is that which is appended to something, but is not essential to its completeness; a supplement is that which supplements, or serves to complete or make perfect, that to which it is added.

Sup"ple*ment (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Supplemented; p. pr. & vb. n. Supplementing.] To fill up or supply by addition; to add something to.

> Causes of one kind must be supplemented by bringing to bear upon them a causation of another kind.

I. Taylor.

{ Sup`ple*men"tal (?), Sup`ple*men"ta*ry (?), } a. [Cf. F. supplémentaire.] Added to supply what is wanted; additional; being, or serving as, a supplement; as, a supplemental law; a supplementary sheet or volume.

Supplemental air (Physiol.), the air which in addition to the residual air remains in the lungs after ordinary expiration, but which, unlike the residual air, can be expelled; reserve air. -- Supplemental bill (Equity), a bill filed in aid of an original bill to supply some deffect in the latter, or to set forth new facts which can not be done by amendment. Burrill. Daniel. -- Supplementary chords (Math.), in an ellipse or hyperbola, any two chords drawn through the extremities of a diameter, and intersecting on the curve.

Sup`ple*men*ta"tion (?), n. The act of supplementing. C. Kingsley.

Sup"ple*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being supple; flexibility; pliableness; pliancy.

{ Sup"ple*tive (?), Sup"ple*to*ry (?), } a. [Cf. F. supplétif, LL. suppletivus, from L. supplere, suppletum, to fill up. See Supply.] Supplying deficiencies; supplementary; as, a suppletory oath.

Sup"ple*to*ry, n.; pl. Suppletories (&?;). That which is to supply what is wanted.

> Invent suppletories to excuse an evil man.

Jer. Taylor.

Sup*pli"al (?), n. The act of supplying; a supply. "The supplial of a preposition." Fitzed. Hall.

Sup*pli"ance (?), n. [From Supply.] That which supplies a want; assistance; a gratification; satisfaction. [R.]

> The perfume and suppliance of a minute.

Shak.

Sup*pli"ance (?), n. [See Suppliant.] Supplication; entreaty.

> When Greece her knee in suppliance bent.

Halleck.

Sup"pli*ant (?), a. [F., p. pr. of supplier to entreat, L. supplicare. See Supplicate, and cf. Supplicant.] 1. Asking earnestly and submissively; entreating; beseeching; supplicating.

> The rich grow suppliant, and the poor grow proud.

Dryden.

2. Manifesting entreaty; expressive of supplication.

> To bow and sue for grace
> With suppliant knee.

Milton.

Syn. -- Entreating; beseeching; suing; begging; supplicating; imploring.

-- Sup"pli*ant*ly, adv. -- Sup"pli*ant*ness, n.

Sup"pli*ant, n. One who supplicates; a humble petitioner; one who entreats submissively.

> Hear thy suppliant's prayer.

Dryden.

Sup"pli*can*cy (?), n. Supplication. [R.]

Sup"pli*cant (?), a. [L. supplicans, p. pr. See Supplicate, and cf. Suppliant.] Entreating; asking submissively. Shak. -- Sup"pli*cant*ly, adv.

Sup"pli*cant, n. One who supplicates; a suppliant.

> The wise supplicant . . . left the event to God.

Rogers.

||Sup"pli*cat (?), n. [L., he supplicates.] (Eng. Universities) A petition; esp., a written one, with a certificate that the conditions have been complied with.

Sup"pli*cate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Supplicated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Supplicating.] [L. supplicatus, p. p. of supplicare to supplicate; of uncertain origin, cf. supplex, supplicis, humbly begging or entreating; perhaps fr. sub under + a word akin to placare to reconcile, appease (cf. Placable), or fr. sub under + plicare to fold, whence the idea of bending the knees (cf. Ply, v. t.). Cf. Supple.] 1. To entreat for; to seek by earnest prayer; to ask for earnestly and humbly; as, to supplicate blessings on Christian efforts to spread the gospel.

2. To address in prayer; to entreat as a supplicant; as, to supplicate the Deity.

Syn. -- To beseech; entreat; beg; petition; implore; importune; solicit; crave. See Beseech.

Sup"pli*cate, v. i. To make petition with earnestness and submission; to implore.

> A man can not brook to supplicate or beg.

Bacon.

Sup"pli*ca`ting*ly, adv. In a supplicating manner.

Sup`pli*ca"tion (?), n. [F. supplication, L. supplicatio.] 1. The act of supplicating; humble and earnest prayer, as in worship.

2. A humble petition; an earnest request; an entreaty.

3. (Rom. Antiq.) A religious solemnity observed in consequence of some military success, and also, in times of distress and danger, to avert the anger of the gods.

Syn. -- Entreaty; petition; solicitation; craving.

Sup"pli*ca`tor (?), n. [L.] One who supplicates; a supplicant.

Sup"pli*ca*to*ry (?), a. [Cf. F. supplicatoire.] Containing supplication; humble; earnest.

Sup*pli"er (?), n. One who supplies.

Sup*ply" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Supplied (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Supplying (?).] [For older supploy, F. suppléer, OF. also supployer, (assumed) LL. suppletare, from L. supplere, suppletum; sub under + plere to fill, akin to plenus full. See Plenty.] 1. To fill up, or keep full; to furnish with what is wanted; to afford, or furnish with, a sufficiency; as, rivers are supplied by smaller streams; an aqueduct supplies an artificial lake; -- often followed by with before the thing furnished; as, to supply a furnace with fuel; to supply soldiers with ammunition.

2. To serve instead of; to take the place of.

> Burning ships the banished sun supply.

Waller.

> The sun was set, and Vesper, to supply
> His absent beams, had lighted up the sky.

Dryden.

3. To fill temporarily; to serve as substitute for another in, as a vacant place or office; to occupy; to have possession of; as, to supply a pulpit.

4. To give; to bring or furnish; to provide; as, to supply money for the war. Prior.

Syn. -- To furnish; provide; administer; minister; contribute; yield; accommodate.

Sup*ply", n.; pl. Supplies (&?;). 1. The act of supplying; supplial. A. Tucker.

2. That which supplies a want; sufficiency of things for use or want. Specifically: --

(a) Auxiliary troops or reënforcements. "My promised supply of horsemen." Shak.

(b) The food, and the like, which meets the daily necessities of an army or other large body of men; store; -- used chiefly in the plural; as, the army was discontented for lack of supplies.

(c) An amount of money provided, as by Parliament or Congress, to meet the annual national expenditures; generally in the plural; as, to vote supplies.

(d) A person who fills a place for a time; one who supplies the place of another; a substitute; esp., a clergyman who supplies a vacant pulpit.

Stated supply (Eccl.), a clergyman employed to supply a pulpit for a definite time, but not settled as a pastor. [U.S.] -- Supply and demand. (Polit. Econ.) "Demand means the quantity of a given article which would be taken at a given price. Supply means the quantity of that article which could be had at that price." F. A. Walker.

Sup*ply", a. Serving to contain, deliver, or regulate a supply of anything; as, a supply tank or valve.

Supply system (Zoöl.), the system of tubes and canals in sponges by means of which food and water are absorbed. See Illust. of Spongiæ.

Sup*ply"ant (?), a. Supplying or aiding; auxiliary; suppletory. [Obs.] Shak.

Sup*ply"ment (?), n. A supplying or furnishing; supply. [Obs.] Shak.

Sup*port" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Supported; p. pr. & vb. n. Supporting.] [F. supporter, L. supportare to carry on, to convey, in LL., to support, sustain; sub under + portare to carry. See Port demeanor.] 1. To bear by being under; to keep from falling; to uphold; to sustain, in a literal or physical sense; to prop up; to bear the weight of; as, a pillar supports a structure; an abutment supports an arch; the trunk of a tree supports the branches.

2. To endure without being overcome, exhausted, or changed in character; to sustain; as, to support pain, distress, or misfortunes.

> This fierce demeanor and his insolence
> The patience of a god could not support.

Dryden.

3. To keep from failing or sinking; to solace under affictive circumstances; to assist; to encourage; to defend; as, to support the courage or spirits.

4. To assume and carry successfully, as the part of an actor; to represent or act; to sustain; as, to support the character of King Lear.

5. To furnish with the means of sustenance or livelihood; to maintain; to provide for; as, to support a family; to support the ministers of the gospel.

6. To carry on; to enable to continue; to maintain; as, to support a war or a contest; to support an argument or a debate.

7. To verify; to make good; to substantiate; to establish; to sustain; as, the testimony is not sufficient to support the charges; the evidence will not support the statements or allegations.

> To urge such arguments, as though they were sufficient to support and demonstrate a whole scheme of moral philosophy.

J. Edwards.

8. To vindicate; to maintain; to defend successfully; as, to be able to support one's own cause.

9. To uphold by aid or countenance; to aid; to help; to back up; as, to support a friend or a party; to support the present administration.

> Wherefore, bold pleasant,
> Darest thou support a published traitor?

Shak.

10. A attend as an honorary assistant; as, a chairman supported by a vice chairman; O'Connell left the prison, supported by his two sons.

Support arms (Mil.), a command in the manual of arms in responce to which the piece is held vertically at the shoulder, with the hammer resting on the left forearm, which is passed horizontally across the body in front; also, the position assumed in response to this command.

Syn. -- To maintain; endure; verify; substantiate; countenance; patronize; help; back; second; succor; relieve; uphold; encourage; favor; nurture; nourish; cherish; shield; defend; protect; stay; assist; forward.

Sup*port" (?), n. [F.] 1. The act, state, or operation of supporting, upholding, or sustaining.

2. That which upholds, sustains, or keeps from falling, as a prop, a pillar, or a foundation of any kind.

3. That which maintains or preserves from being overcome, falling, yielding, sinking, giving way, or the like; subsistence; maintenance; assistance; reënforcement; as, he gave his family a good support, the support of national credit; the assaulting column had the support of a battery.

Points of support (Arch.), the horizontal area of the solids of a building, walls, piers, and the like, as compared with the open or vacant spaces. -- Right of support (Law), an easement or servitude by which the owner of a house has a right to rest his timber on the walls of his neighbor's house. Kent.

Syn. -- Stay; prop; maintenance; subsistence; assistance; favor; countenance; encouragement; patronage; aid; help; succor; nutriment; sustenance; food.

Sup*port"a*ble (?), a. [Cf. F. supportable.] Capable of being supported, maintained, or endured; endurable. -- Sup*port"a*ble*ness, n. -- Sup*port"a*bly, adv.

Sup*port"ance (?), n. Support. [Obs.] Shak.

Sup`por*ta"tion (?), n. Maintenance; support. [Obs.] Chaucer. Bacon.

Sup*port"er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, supports; as, oxygen is a supporter of life.

> The sockets and supporters of flowers are figured.

Bacon.

> The saints have a . . . supporter in all their miseries.

South.

2. Especially, an adherent; one who sustains, advocates, and defends; as, the supporter of a party, faction, or candidate.

3. (Shipbuilding) A knee placed under the cathead.

4. (Her.) A figure, sometimes of a man, but commonly of some animal, placed on either side of an escutcheon, and exterior to it. Usually, both supporters of an escutcheon are similar figures.

5. (Med.) A broad band or truss for supporting the abdomen or some other part or organ.

Sup*port"ful (?), a. Abounding with support. [Obs.] Chapman.

Sup*port"less, a. Having no support. Milton.

Sup*port"ment (?), n. Support. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton.

Sup*port"ress (?), n. A female supporter. [R.]

> You are my gracious patroness and supportress.

Massinger.

Sup*pos"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being supposed, or imagined to exist; as, that is not a supposable case. -- Sup*pos"a*ble*ness, n. -- Sup*pos"a*bly, adv.

Sup*pos"al (?), n. The act of supposing; also, that which is supposed; supposition; opinion. Shak.

> Interest, with a Jew, never proceeds but upon supposal, at least, of a firm and sufficient bottom.

South.

Sup*pose" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Supposed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Supposing.] [F. supposer; pref. sub- under + poser to place; -- corresponding in meaning to L. supponere, suppositum, to put under, to substitute, falsify, counterfeit. See Pose.] 1. To represent to one's self, or state to another, not as true or real, but as if so, and with a view to some consequence or application which the reality would involve or admit of; to imagine or admit to exist, for the sake of argument or illustration; to assume to be true; as, let us suppose the earth to be the center of the system, what would be the result?

> Suppose they take offence without a cause.

Shak.

> When we have as great assurance that a thing is, as we could possibly, supposing it were, we ought not to make any doubt of its existence.

Tillotson.

2. To imagine; to believe; to receive as true.

> How easy is a bush supposed a bear!

Shak.

> Let not my lord suppose that they have slain all the young men, the king's sons; for Amnon only is dead.

2 Sam. xiii. 32.

3. To require to exist or to be true; to imply by the laws of thought or of nature; as, purpose supposes foresight.

> One falsehood always supposes another, and renders all you can say suspected.

Female Quixote.

4. To put by fraud in the place of another. [Obs.]

Syn. -- To imagine; believe; conclude; judge; consider; view; regard; conjecture; assume.

<! p. 1450 !>

Sup*pose" (?), v. i. To make supposition; to think; to be of opinion. Acts ii. 15.

Sup*pose", n. Supposition. [Obs.] Shak. "A base suppose that he is honest." Dryden.

Sup*pose"er (?), n. One who supposes.

Sup`po*si"tion (?), n. [F. supposition, L. suppositio a placing under, a substitution, fr. supponere, suppositium, to put under, to substitute. The word has the meaning corresponding to suppose. See Sub-, and Position.] 1. The act of supposing, laying down, imagining, or considering as true or existing, what is known not to be true, or what is not proved.

2. That which is supposed; hypothesis; conjecture; surmise; opinion or belief without sufficient evidence.

> This is only an infallibility upon supposition that if a thing be true, it is imposible to be false.

Tillotson.

> He means are in supposition.

Shak.

Sup`po*si"tion*al (?), a. Resting on supposition; hypothetical; conjectural; supposed. South.

Sup*pos`i*ti"tious (?), a. [L. suppositicus. See Supposition.] 1. Fraudulently substituted for something else; not being what is purports to be; not genuine; spurious; counterfeit; as, a supposititious child; a supposititious writing. Bacon.

2. Suppositional; hypothetical. [R.] Woodward.

-- Sup*pos`i*ti"tious*ly, adv. -- Sup*pos`i*ti"tious*ness, n.

Sup*pos"i*tive (?), a. [Cf. F. suppositif.] Including or implying supposition, or hypothesis; supposed. -- Sup*pos"i*tive*ly, adv. Hammond.

Sup*pos"i*tive, n. A word denoting or implying supposition, as the words if, granting, provided, etc. Harris.

Sup*pos"i*tor (?), n. (Med.) An apparatus for the introduction of suppositories into the rectum.

Sup*pos"i*to*ry (?), n.; pl. Suppositories (#). [LL. suppositorium, fr. L. suppositorius that is placed underneath: cf. F. suppositoire. See Supposition.] (Med.) A pill or bolus for introduction into the rectum; esp., a cylinder or cone of medicated cacao butter.

Sup*po"sure (?), n. Supposition; hypothesis; conjecture. [Obs.] Hudibras.

Sup*press" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Suppressed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Suppressing.] [L. suppressus, p. p. of supprimere to suppress; sub under + premere, pressum, to press. See Sub-, and Press.] 1. To overpower and crush; to subdue; to put down; to quell.

> Every rebellion, when it is suppressed, doth make the subject weaker, and the prince stronger.

Sir J. Davies.

2. To keep in; to restrain from utterance or vent; as, to suppress the voice; to suppress a smile. Sir W. Scott.

3. To retain without disclosure; to conceal; not to reveal; to prevent publication of; as, to suppress evidence; to suppress a pamphlet; to suppress the truth.

> She suppresses the name, and this keeps him in a pleasing suspense.

Broome.

4. To stop; to restrain; to arrest the discharges of; as, to suppress a diarrhea, or a hemorrhage.

Syn. -- To repress; restrain; put down; overthrow; overpower; overwhelm; conceal; stifle; stop; smother.

Sup*press"i*ble (?), a. That may be suppressed.

Sup*pres"sion (?), n. [L. suppressio: cf. F. suppression.] 1. The act of suppressing, or the state of being suppressed; repression; as, the suppression of a riot, insurrection, or tumult; the suppression of truth, of reports, of evidence, and the like.

2. (Med.) Complete stoppage of a natural secretion or excretion; as, suppression of urine; -- used in contradiction to retention, which signifies that the secretion or excretion is retained without expulsion. Quain.

3. (Gram.) Omission; as, the suppression of a word.

Syn. -- Overthrow; destruction; concealment; repression; detention; retention; obstruction.

Sup*press"ive (?), a. Tending to suppress; subduing; concealing.

Sup*press"or (?), n. [L., hider.] One who suppresses.

Sup*prise" (?), v. t. To surprise. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Sup"pu*rant (?), n. (Med.) A suppurative.

Sup"pu*rate (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Suppurated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Suppurating.] [L. suppuratus, p. p. of suppurare to suppurate, cause to suppurate; sub under + pus, puris, matter. See Pus.] To generate pus; as, a boil or abscess suppurates.

Sup"pu*rate, v. t. To cause to generate pus; as, to suppurate a sore. Arbuthnot.

Sup`pu*ra"tion (?), n. [L. suppuratio: cf. F. suppuration.] 1. The act or process of suppurating.

2. The matter produced by suppuration; pus.

Sup"pu*ra*tive (?), a. [Cf. F. suppuratif.] Tending to suppurate; promoting suppuration.

Suppurative fever (Med.), pyæmia.

Sup"pu*ra*tive, n. (Med.) A suppurative medicine.

Sup"pu*tate (?), v. t. [L. supputatus, p. p. of supputare. See Suppute.] To suppute. [Obs.]

Sup`pu*ta"tion (?), n. [L. supputatio: cf. F. supputation.] Reckoning; account. [Obs.]

Sup*pute" (?), v. t. [F. supputer, or L. supputare; sub under + putare to reckon.] To reckon; to compute; to suppose; to impute. [Obs.] Drayton.

Su"pra (?), adv. [L.; akin to super. See Super-.] Over; above; before; also, beyond; besides; -- much used as a prefix.

Su`pra-a*cro"mi*al (?), a. (Anat.) Situated above the acromial process of the scapula.

Su`pra-an"gu*lar (?), a. (Anat.) See Surangular.

Su`pra-au*ric"u*lar (?), a. (Zoöl.) Situated above the ear coverts, or auriculars; -- said of certain feathers of birds. -- n. A supra-auricular feather.

Su"pra-ax"il*la*ry (?), a. (Bot.) Growing above the axil; inserted above the axil, as a peduncle. See Suprafoliaceous.

Su`pra*bran"chi*al (?), a. (Zoöl.) Situated above the branchiæ; -- applied especially to the upper division of the gill cavity of bivalve mollusks.

{ Su`pra*cho"roid (?), Su`pra*cho*roid"al (?), } a. (Anat.) Situated above the choroid; - - applied to the layer of the choroid coat of the eyeball next to the sclerotic.

Su`pra*cil"i*a*ry (?), a. (Anat.) Superciliary.

Su`pra*clav"i*cle (?), n. (Anat.) A bone which usually connects the clavicle with the post-temporal in the pectorial arch of fishes.

Su`pra*cla*vic"u*lar (?), a. (Anat.) (a) Situated above the clavicle. (b) Of or pertaining to the supraclavicle.

{ Su`pra*con"dy*lar (?), Su`pra*con"dy*loid (?), } a. (Anat.) Situated above a condyle or condyles.

Su`pra*cos"tal (?), a. (Anat.) Situated above, or on the outside of, the ribs.

Su`pra*cra"ni*al (?), a. (Anat.) Situated above, or in the roof of, the cranium.

Su`pra*cre*ta"ceous (?), a. (Geol.) Lying above the chalk; Supercretaceous.

Su`pra*de*com"pound (?), a. (Bot.) More than decompound; divided many times.

{ Su`pra-e*soph"a*gal (?), Su`pra-e`so*phag"e*al (?), } a. (Bot. & Zoöl.) Situated above, or on the dorsal side of, the esophagus; as, the supra- esophageal ganglion of Crustacea. [Written also supra- œsophagal, and supra-œsophageal.]

Su`pra-eth"moid (?), a. (Anat.) Above, or on the dorsal side of, the ethmoid bone or cartilage.

Su`pra*fo`li*a"ceous (?), a. (Bot.) Inserted into the stem above the leaf, petiole, or axil, as a peduncle or flower.

Su`pra*glot"ic (?), a. (Anat.) Situated above the glottis; -- applied to that part of the cavity of the larynx above the true vocal cords.

Su`pra*he*pat"ic (?), a. (Anat.) Situated over, or on the dorsal side of, the liver; -- applied to the branches of the hepatic veins.

Su`pra*hy"oid (?), a. (Anat.) Hyomental.

Su`pra-il"i*um (?), n. (Anat.) The cartilaginous cap at the sacral end of the ilium of some animals.

Su`pra*lap*sa"ri*an (?), n. [Supra- + lapse: cf. F. supralapsaire.] (Eccl. Hist.) One of that class of Calvinists who believed that God's decree of election determined that man should fall, in order that the opportunity might be furnished of securing the redemption of a part of the race, the decree of salvation being conceived of as formed before or beyond, and not after or following, the lapse, or fall. Cf. Infralapsarian.

Su`pra*lap*sa"ri*an, a. Of or pertaining to the Supralapsarians, or their doctrine.

Su`pra*lap*sa"ri*an*ism (?), n. The doctrine, belief, or principles of the Supralapsarians.

Su`pra*lap"sa*ry (?), a. Supralapsarian.

Su`pra*lap"sa*ry, n. A Supralapsarian.

Su`pra*lo"ral (?), a. (Zoöl.) Situated above the lores; as, the supraloral feathers of a bird. -- n. A supraloral feather.

{ Su`pra*lu"nar (?), Su`pra*lu"na*ry (?), } a. Beyond the moon; hence, very lofty.

Su`pra*max"il*la (?), n.; pl. Supramaxillæ (&?;). (Anat.) The upper jaw or maxilla.

Su`pra*max"il*la*ry (?), a. (Anat.) (a) Situated over the lower jaw; as, the supramaxillary nerve. (b) Of or pertaining to the upper jaw.

Su`pra*mun"dane (?), a. Being or situated above the world or above our system; celestial.

Su`pra*nat"u*ral*ism (?), n. The state of being supernatural; belief in supernatural agency or revelation; supernaturalism.

Su`pra*nat"u*ral*ist, n. A supernaturalist.

{ Su`pra*nat"u*ral*ist (?), Su`pra*nat`u*ral*is"tic (?), } a. Of or pertaining to supernaturalism; supernaturalistic.

Su`pra*oc*cip"i*tal (?), a. (Anat.) Situated over, or in the upper part of, the occiput; of or pertaining to the supraoccipital bone. -- n. The supraoccipital bone.

Supraoccipital bone (Anat.), a bone on the dorsal side of the great foramen of the skull, usually forming a part of the occipital in the adult, but distinct in the young.

Su`pra*oc"u*lar (?), a. (Zoöl.) Above the eyes; -- said of certain scales of fishes and reptiles.

Su`pra-œ*soph"a*gal (?), a. (Anat.) See Supra-esophagal.

{ Su`pra*or"bit*al (?), Su`pra*or"bit*ar (?), } a. (Anat.) Situated above the orbit of the eye.

Supraorbital point (Anat.), the middle point of the supraorbital line, which is a line drawn across the narrowest part of the forehead, separating the face from the cranium; the ophryon.

Su*prap"e*dal (?), a. (Zoöl.) Situated above the foot of a mollusk; as, the suprapedal gland.

Su`pra*pro"test (?), n. (Mercantile Law) An acceptance of a bill by a third person after protest for nonacceptance by the drawee. Burrill.

{ Su`pra*pu"bi*an (?), Su`pra*pu"bic (?), } a. (Anat.) Situated above, or anterior to, the pubic bone.

Su`pra*re"nal (?), a. (Anat.) Situated above, or anterior to, the kidneys. -- n. A suprarenal capsule.

Suprarenal capsules (Anat.), two small bodies of unknown function in front of, or near, the kidneys in most vertebrates. Also called renal capsules, and suprarenal bodies.

{ Su`pra*scalp"u*lar (?), Su`pra*scalp"u*la*ry (?), } a. (Anat.) Situated above, or on the anterior side of, the scapula.

Su`pra*sphe*noid"al (?), a. (Anat.) Situated above the sphenoidal bone; as, the suprasphenoidal appendage, or pituitary body.

Su`pra*spi"nal, a. (Anat.) (a) Situated above the vertebral column. (b) Situated above a spine or spines; supraspinate; supraspinous.

{ Su`pra*spi"nate (?), Su`pra*spi"nous (?), } a. (Anat.) Situated above a spine or spines; especially, situated above, or on the dorsal side of, the neural spines of the vertebral column, or above, or in front of, the spine of the scapula.

Su`pra*sta*pe"di*al (?), a. (Anat.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, that part of the columella of the ear which projects above the connection with the stapes, as in many animals. -- n. The suprastapedial part of the columella.

Su`pra*ster"nal (?), a. (Anat.) Situated above, or anterior to, the sternum.

Su`pra*tem"po*ral (?), a. (Anat.) Situated above the temporal bone or temporal fossa. -- n. A supratemporal bone.

Su`pra*troch"le*ar (?), a. (Anat.) Situated over or above a trochlea or trochlear surface; -- applied esp. to one of the subdivisions of the trigeminal nerve.

Su`pra*vag"i*nal (?), a. (Anat.) Situated above or outside a sheath or vaginal membrane.

Su`pra*vi"sion (?), n. Supervision. [Obs.]

Su`pra*vis"or (?), n. A supervisor. [Obs.]

Su`pra*vul"gar (?), a. Being above the vulgar or common people. [R.] Collier.

Su*prem"a*cy (?), n. [Cf. F. suprématie. See Supreme.] The state of being supreme, or in the highest station of power; highest or supreme authority or power; as, the supremacy of a king or a parliament.

> The usurped power of the pope being destroyed, the crown was restored to its supremacy over spiritual men and causes.

Blackstone.

Oath supremacy, an oath which acknowledges the supremacy of the sovereign in spiritual affairs, and renounced or abjures the supremacy of the pope in ecclesiastical or temporal affairs. [Eng.] Brande & C.

Su*preme" (?), a. [L. supremus, superlative of superus that is above, upper, fr. super above: cf. F. suprême. See Super-, and cf. Sum.] 1. Highest in authority; holding the highest place in authority, government, or power.

> He that is the supreme King of kings.

Shak.

2. Highest; greatest; most excellent or most extreme; utmost; greatist possible (sometimes in a bad sense); as, supreme love; supreme glory; supreme magnanimity; supreme folly.

> Each would be supreme within its own sphere, and those spheres could not but clash.

De Quincey.

3. (Bot.) Situated at the highest part or point.

The Supreme, the Almighty; God.

Su*preme"ly, adv. In a supreme manner.

Su*prem"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. LL. supremitas.] Supremacy. [Obs.] Fuller.

Sur-. [F. sur over, above, contr. fr. L. super, supra. See Super-.] A prefix signifying over, above, beyond, upon.

||Su"ra (?), n. [Ar., a step, a degree.] One of the sections or chapters of the Koran, which are one hundred and fourteen in number.

Su`ra*dan"ni (?), n. A valuable kind of wood obtained on the shores of the Demerara River in South America, much used for timbers, rails, naves and fellies of wheels, and the like.

Sur`ad*di"tion (?), n. [F.] Something added or appended, as to a name. [Obs.] Shak.

Su"rah (?), n. A soft twilled silk fabric much used for women's dresses; -- called also surah silk.

Su"ral (?), a. [L. sura the calf of the leg: cf. F. sural.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the calf of the leg; as, the sural arteries.

Sur"ance (?), n. Assurance. [Obs.] Shak.

Sur*an"gu*lar (?), a. [Pref. sur- + angular.] (Anat.) Above the angular bone; supra- angular; -- applied to a bone of the lower jaw in many reptiles and birds. -- n. The surangular bone.

Sur"base` (?), n. [Pref. sur- + base.] 1. (Arch.) A cornice, or series of moldings, on the top of the base of a pedestal, podium, etc. See Illust. of Column.

2. A board or group of moldings running round a room on a level with the tops of the chair backs. Knight.

Sur"based` (?), a. (Arch.) (a) Having a surbase, or molding above the base. (b) [F. surbaissé.] Having the vertical height from springing line to crown less than the half span; -- said of an arch; as, a segmental arch is surbased.

Sur*bate" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Surbated; p. pr. & vb. n. Surbating.] [F. solbatu, p. p., bruised (said of a horse's foot); sole a sole (of a horse's foot) + battu, p. p. of battre to beat.] 1. To make sore or bruise, as the feet by travel. [Obs.]

> Lest they their fins should bruise, and surbate sore
> Their tender feet upon the stony ground.

Spenser.

> Chalky land surbates and spoils oxen's feet.

Mortimer.

2. To harass; to fatigue. [Obs.] Clarendon.

<! p. 1451 !>

Sur*beat" (?), v. t. Same as Surbate. [Obs.]

Sur*bed" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Surbedded; p. pr. & vb. n. Surbedding.] [Pref. sur- + bed.] To set edgewise, as a stone; that is, to set it in a position different from that which it had in the quarry.

> It . . . has something of a grain parallel with the horizon, and therefore should not be surbedded.

Gilbert White.

Sur*bet" (?), v. t. Same as Surbate. [Obs.]

Sur*bet", a. Surbated; bruised. [Obs.] Spenser.

Sur*cease" (?), n. [F. sursis, from sursis, p. p. of surseoir to suspend, postpone, defer, in OF., to delay, refrain from, forbear, L. supersedere. Surcease is not connected with E. cease. See Supersede.] Cessation; stop; end. "Not desire, but its surcease." Longfellow.

> It is time that there were an end and surcease made of this immodest and deformed manner of writing.

Bacon.

Sur*cease", v. t. To cause to cease; to end. [Obs.] "The waves . . . their range surceast." Spenser.

> The nations, overawed, surceased the fight.

Dryden.

Sur*cease", v. i. To cease. [Obs.]

Sur*cease"ance (?), n. Cessation. [Obs.]

Sur*charge" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Surcharged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Surcharging (?).] [F. surcharger. See Sur-, and Charge, and cf. Overcharge, Supercharge, Supercargo.] 1. To overload; to overburden; to overmatch; to overcharge; as, to surcharge a beast or a ship; to surcharge a cannon.

> Four charged two, and two surcharged one.

Spenser.

> Your head reclined, as hiding grief from view,
> Droops like a rose surcharged with morning dew.

Dryden.

2. (Law) (a) To overstock; especially, to put more cattle into, as a common, than the person has a right to do, or more than the herbage will sustain. Blackstone. (b) (Equity) To show an omission in (an account) for which credit ought to have been given. Story. Daniel.

Sur*charge", n. [F.] 1. An overcharge; an excessive load or burden; a load greater than can well be borne.

> A numerous nobility causeth poverty and inconvenience in a state, for it is surcharge of expense.

Bacon.

2. (Law) (a) The putting, by a commoner, of more beasts on the common than he has a right to. (b) (Equity) The showing an omission, as in an account, for which credit ought to have been given. Burrill.

Sur*charge"ment (?), n. The act of surcharging; also, surcharge, surplus. [Obs.] Daniel.

Sur*char"ger (?), n. One who surcharges.

Sur"cin`gle (?), n. [OE. sursengle, OF. sursangle. See Sur-, and Cingle, Shingles.] 1. A belt, band, or girth which passes over a saddle, or over anything laid on a horse's back, to bind it fast.

2. (Eccl.) The girdle of a cassock, by which it is fastened round the waist.

Sur"cin`gled (?), a. Bound with the surcingle.

Sur"cle (?), n. [L. surculus.] A little shoot; a twig; a sucker. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Sur"cloy (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Surcloyed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Surcloying.] To surfeit. [Obs.]

Sur"coat` (?), n. [OE. surcote, OF. surcote. See Sur-, and Coat, and cf. Overcoat.] 1. A coat worn over the other garments; especially, the long and flowing garment of knights, worn over the armor, and frequently emblazoned with the arms of the wearer.

> A long surcoat of pers upon he had..

Chaucer.

> At night, or in the rain,
> He dons a surcoat which he doffs at morn.

Emerson.

2. A name given to the outer garment of either sex at different epochs of the Middle Ages.

Sur"crew` (?), n. [From F. surcroît increase, or surcrû, p. p. of surcroître to overgrow.] Increase; addition; surplus. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton.

Sur"cu*late (?), v. t. [L. surculatus, p. p. of surculare to purne, from surculus a shoot, sprout. See Surcle.] To purne; to trim. [Obs.] Cockeram.

Sur`cu*la"tion (?), n. Act of purning. [Obs.]

Sur"cu*lose` (?), a. [CF. L. sucrulosus woody. See Surcle.] (Bot.) Producing suckers, or shoots resembling suckers.

Surd (?), a. [L. surdus deaf (whence the meaning, deaf to reason, irrational), perhaps akin to E. swart. Cf. Sordine.] 1. Net having the sense of hearing; deaf. [Obs.] "A surd . . . generation." Sir T. Browne.

2. Unheard. [Obs.] Kenrick.

3. (Math.) Involving surds; not capable of being expressed in rational numbers; radical; irrational; as, a surd expression or quantity; a surd number.

4. (Phonetics) Uttered, as an element of speech, without tone, or proper vocal sound; voiceless; unintonated; nonvocal; atonic; whispered; aspirated; sharp; hard, as f, p, s, etc.; -- opposed to sonant. See Guide to Pronunciation, §§169, 179, 180.

Surd, n. (Math.) 1. A quantity which can not be expressed by rational numbers; thus, √2 is a surd.

2. (Phon.) A surd element of speech. See Surd, a., 4.

Surd"al (?), a. (Math.) Same as Surd, a., 3.

Surd"i*ny (?), n. A sardine. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Surd"i*ty (?), n. [L. surditas.] Deafness. [Obs.]

Sure (?), a. [Compar. Surer (?); superl. Surest.] [OE. sur, OF. seür, F. sûr, L. securus; se aside, without + cura care. See Secure, and cf. Assure, Insure, Sicker sure.] 1. Certainly knowing and believing; confident beyond doubt; implicity trusting; unquestioning; positive.

> We are sure that the judgment of God is according to truth against them which commit such things.

Rom. ii. 2.

> I'm sure care 's an enemy of life.

Shak.

2. Certain to find or retain; as, to be sure of game; to be sure of success; to be sure of life or health.

3. Fit or worthy to be depended on; certain not to fail or disappoint expectation; unfailing; strong; permanent; enduring. "His sure word." Keble.

> The Lord will certainly make my lord a sure house; because my lord fighteth the battles of the Lord.

1 Sam. xxv. 28.

> The testimony of the Lord is sure.

Ps. xix. 7.

> Which put in good sure leather sacks.

Chapman.

4. Betrothed; engaged to marry. [Obs.]

> The king was sure to Dame Elizabeth Lucy, and her husband before God.

Sir T. More.

> I presume . . . that you had been sure as fast as faith could bind you, man and wife.

Brome.

5. Free from danger; safe; secure.

> Fear not; the forest is not three leagues off;
> If we recover that we are sure enough.

Shak.

-- To be sure, or Be sure, certainly; without doubt; as, Shall you do? To be sure I shall. -- To make sure. (a) To make certain; to secure so that there can be no failure of the purpose or object. "Make Cato sure." Addison. "A peace can not fail, provided we make sure of Spain." Sir W. Temple. (b) To betroth. [Obs.]

> She that's made sure to him she loves not well.

Cotgrave.

Syn. -- Certain; unfailing; infallible; safe; firm; permanent; steady; stable; strong; secure; indisputable; confident; positive.

Sure (?), adv. In a sure manner; safely; certainly. "Great, sure, shall be thy meed." Spenser.

> 'T is pleasant, sure, to see one's name in print.

Byron.

Sure"-foot`ed (?), a. Not liable to stumble or fall; as, a sure-footed horse.

Sure"ly (?), adv. 1. In a sure or certain manner; certainly; infallibly; undoubtedly; assuredly.

> In the day that thou eatest thereof thou shalt surely die.

Gen. ii. 17.

> He that created something out of nothing, surely can raise great things out of small.

South.

2. Without danger; firmly; steadly; securely.

> He that walketh uprightly walketh surely.

Prov. x. 9.

Sure"ment (?), n. A making sure; surety. [Obs.]

> Every surement and every bond.

Chaucer.

Sure"ness, n. The state of being sure; certainty.

> For more sureness he repeats it.

Woodward.

> The law holds with equal sureness for all right action.

Emerson.

Sures"by (?), n. [Etymol. uncertain. See Rudesby.] One to be sure of, or to be relied on. [Obs.]

> There is one which is suresby, as they say, to serve, if anything will serve.

Bradford.

Sure"ti*ship (?), n. Suretyship. Prov. xi. 15.

Sure"ty (?), n.; pl. Sureties (#). [OE. seurte, OF. seürté, F. sûreté. See Sure, Security.] 1. The state of being sure; certainty; security.

> Know of a surety, that thy seed shall be a stranger in a land that is not theirs.

Gen. xv. 13.

> For the more surety they looked round about.

Sir P. Sidney.

2. That which makes sure; that which confirms; ground of confidence or security.

> [We] our happy state
> Hold, as you yours, while our obedience holds;
> On other surety none.

Milton.

3. Security against loss or damage; security for payment, or for the performance of some act.

> There remains unpaid
> A hundred thousand more; in surety of the which
> One part of Aquitaine is bound to us.

Shak.

4. (Law) One who is bound with and for another who is primarily liable, and who is called the principal; one who engages to answer for another's appearance in court, or for his payment of a debt, or for performance of some act; a bondsman; a bail.

> He that is surety for a stranger shall smart for it.

Prov. xi. 15.

5. Hence, a substitute; a hostage. Cowper.

6. Evidence; confirmation; warrant. [Obs.]

> She called the saints to surety,
> That she would never put it from her finger,
> Unless she gave it to yourself.

Shak.

Sure"ty, v. t. To act as surety for. [Obs.] Shak.

Sure"ty*ship, n. The state of being surety; the obligation of a person to answer for the debt, default, or miscarriage of another. Bouvier.

Surf (?), n. [Formerly spelled suffe, and probably the same word as E. sough.] The swell of the sea which breaks upon the shore, esp. upon a sloping beach.

Surf bird (Zoöl.), a ploverlike bird of the genus Aphriza, allied to the turnstone. -- Surf clam (Zoöl.), a large clam living on the open coast, especially Mactra, or Spisula, solidissima. See Mactra. -- Surf duck (Zoöl.), any one of several species of sea ducks of the genus Oidemia, especially O. percpicillata; -- called also surf scoter. See the Note under Scoter. -- Surf fish (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of California embiotocoid fishes. See Embiotocoid. -- Surf smelt. (Zoöl.) See Smelt. -- Surf whiting. (Zoöl.) See under Whiting.

Surf, n. The bottom of a drain. [Prov. Eng.]

Sur"face` (?), n. [F. See Sur-, and Face, and cf. Superficial.] 1. The exterior part of anything that has length and breadth; one of the limits that bound a solid, esp. the upper face; superficies; the outside; as, the surface of the earth; the surface of a diamond; the surface of the body.

> The bright surface of this ethereous mold.

Milton.

2. Hence, outward or external appearance.

> Vain and weak understandings, which penetrate no deeper than the surface.

V. Knox.

3. (Geom.) A magnitude that has length and breadth without thickness; superficies; as, a plane surface; a spherical surface.

4. (Fort.) That part of the side which is terminated by the flank prolonged, and the angle of the nearest bastion. Stocqueler.

Caustic surface, Heating surface, etc. See under Caustic, Heating, etc. -- Surface condensation, Surface condenser. See under Condensation, and Condenser. -- Surface gauge (Mach.), an instrument consisting of a standard having a flat base and carrying an adjustable pointer, for gauging the evenness of a surface or its height, or for marking a line parallel with a surface. -- Surface grub (Zoöl.), the larva of the great yellow underwing moth (Triphœna pronuba). It is often destructive to the roots of grasses and other plants. -- Surface plate (Mach.), a plate having an accurately dressed flat surface, used as a standard of flatness by which to test other surfaces. -- Surface printing, printing from a surface in relief, as from type, in distinction from plate printing, in which the ink is contained in engraved lines.

Sur"face (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Surfaced (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Surfacing (?).] 1. To give a surface to; especially, to cause to have a smooth or plain surface; to make smooth or plain.

2. To work over the surface or soil of, as ground, in hunting for gold.

Sur"fa*cer (?), n. A form of machine for dressing the surface of wood, metal, stone, etc.

Surf"boat` (?), n. (Naut.) A boat intended for use in heavy surf. It is built with a pronounced sheer, and with a view to resist the shock of waves and of contact with the beach.

Sur"feit (?), n. [OE. surfet, OF. surfait, sorfait, excess, arrogance, crime, fr. surfaire, sorfaire, to augment, exaggerate, F. surfaire to overcharge; sur over + faire to make, do, L. facere. See Sur-, and Fact.] 1. Excess in eating and drinking.

> Let not Sir Surfeit sit at thy board.

Piers Plowman.

> Now comes the sick hour that his surfeit made.

Shak.

2. Fullness and oppression of the system, occasioned often by excessive eating and drinking.

> To prevent surfeit and other diseases that are incident to those that heat their blood by travels.

Bunyan.

3. Disgust caused by excess; satiety. Sir P. Sidney.

> Matter and argument have been supplied abundantly, and even to surfeit.

Burke.

Sur"feit, v. i. 1. To load the stomach with food, so that sickness or uneasiness ensues; to eat to excess.

> They are as sick that surfeit with too much as they that starve with nothing.

Shak.

2. To indulge to satiety in any gratification.

Sur"feit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Surfeited; p. pr. & vb. n. Surfeiting.] 1. To feed so as to oppress the stomach and derange the function of the system; to overfeed, and produce satiety, sickness, or uneasiness; -- often reflexive; as, to surfeit one's self with sweets.

2. To fill to satiety and disgust; to cloy; as, he surfeits us with compliments. V. Knox.

Sur"feit*er (?), n. One who surfeits. Shak.

Sur"feit-wa`ter (?), n. Water for the cure of surfeits. [Obs.] Locke.

{ Sur"fel, Sur"fle } (?), v. t. [Cf. Sulphur.] To wash, as the face, with a cosmetic water, said by some to be prepared from the sulphur. [Obs.]

> She shall no oftener powder her hair, [or] surfel her cheeks, . . . but she shall as often gaze on my picture.

Ford.

Surf"er (?), n. (Zoöl.) The surf duck. [U. S.]

Surf"man (?), n.; pl. Surmen (&?;). One who serves in a surfboat in the life-saving service.

Sur"foot` (?), a. Tired or sore of foot from travel; lamed. [Obs.] Nares.

Surf"y (?), a. Consisting of, abounding in, or resembling, surf; as, a surfy shore.

> Scarce had they cleared the surfy waves
> That foam around those frightful caves.

Moore.

Surge (?), n. [L. surgere, surrectum, to raise, to rise; sub under + regere to direct: cf. OF. surgeon, sourgeon, fountain. See Regent, and cf. Insurrection, Sortie, Source.] 1. A spring; a fountain. [Obs.] "Divers surges and springs of water." Ld. Berners.

2. A large wave or billow; a great, rolling swell of water, produced generally by a high wind.

> He that doubteth is like the surge of the sea driven by the wind and tossed.

James i. 6 (Rev. Ver.)

> He flies aloft, and, with impetuous roar,
> Pursues the foaming surges to the shore.

Dryden.

3. The motion of, or produced by, a great wave.

4. The tapered part of a windlass barrel or a capstan, upon which the cable surges, or slips.

Surge, v. i. 1. To swell; to rise hifg and roll.

> The surging waters like a mountain rise.

Spenser.

2. (Naut.) To slip along a windlass.

Surge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Surged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Surging (?).] [Cf. F. surgir to cast anchor, to land. Cf. Surge, n.] (Naut.) To let go or slacken suddenly, as a rope; as, to surge a hawser or messenger; also, to slacken the rope about (a capstan).

Surge"ful (?), a. Abounding in surges; surgy. "Tossing the surgeful tides." Drayton.

Surge"less, a. Free from surges; smooth; calm.

Sur"gent (?), a. [L. surgens, p. pr.] Rising; swelling, as a flood. [R.] Robert Greene.

Sur"geon (?), n. [OE. surgien, OF. surgien, contr. fr. chirurgien. See Chirurgeon.] 1. One whose profession or occupation is to cure diseases or injuries of the body by manual operation; one whose occupation is to cure local injuries or disorders (such as wounds, dislocations, tumors, etc.), whether by manual operation, or by medication and constitutional treatment.

2. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of chætodont fishes of the family Teuthidæ, or Acanthuridæ, which have one or two sharp lancelike spines on each side of the base of the tail. Called also surgeon fish, doctor fish, lancet fish, and sea surgeon.

Surgeon apothecary, one who unites the practice of surgery with that of the apothecary. Dunglison. -- Surgeon dentist, a dental surgeon; a dentist. -- Surgeon fish. See def. 2, above. -- Surgeon general. (a) In the United States army, the chief of the medical department. (b) In the British army, a surgeon ranking next below the chief of the medical department.

<! p. 1452 !>

Sur"geon*cy (?), n. The office or employment of a surgeon, as in the naval or military service.

Sur"geon*ry (?), n. Surgery. [Obs.]

Sur"ge*ry (?), n. [OE. surgenrie, surgerie; cf. OF. cirurgie, F. chirurgie, L. chirurgia, Gr. &?;. See Surgeon.] 1. The art of healing by manual operation; that branch of medical science which treats of manual operations for the healing of diseases or injuries of the body; that branch of medical science which has for its object the cure of local injuries or diseases, as wounds or fractures, tumors, etc., whether by manual operation or by medicines and constitutional treatment.

2. A surgeon's operating room or laboratory.

Sur"gi*cal (?), a. Of or pertaining to surgeons or surgery; done by means of surgery; used in surgery; as, a surgical operation; surgical instruments.

Surgical fever. (Med.) (a) Pyæmia. (b) Traumatic fever, or the fever accompanying inflammation.

Sur"gi*cal*ly, adv. By means of surgery.

Sur"gy (?), a. Rising in surges or billows; full of surges; resembling surges in motion or appearance; swelling. "Over the surgy main." Pope.

Su"ri*cat (?), n. [F. surikate, from the native name in South Africa.] (Zoöl.) Same as Zenick. [Written also suricate, surikate.]

Su`ri*nam" toad" (?). (Zoöl.) A species of toad native of Surinam. See Pipa.

Sur`in*tend"ant (?), n. [F. See Superintendent.] Superintendent. [R.]

Sur"li*ly (?), adv. In a surly manner.

Sur"li*ness, n. The quality or state of being surly.

Sur"ling (?), n. [See Surly.] A sour, morose fellow. [Obs.] Camden.

Sur"loin` (?), n. [F. surlonge; sur upon + longe loin. See Sur-, and Loin.] A loin of beef, or the upper part of the loin. See Sirloin, the more usual, but not etymologically preferable, orthography.

Sur"ly (?), a. [Compar. Surlier (?); superl. Surliest.] [Probably from sir, and originally meaning, sirlike, i.e., proud. See Sir, and Like, a.] 1. Arrogant; haughty. [Obs.] Cotgrave.

2. Gloomily morose; ill-natured, abrupt, and rude; severe; sour; crabbed; rough; sullen; gloomy; as, a surly groom; a surly dog; surly language; a surly look. "That surly spirit, melancholy." Shak.

3. Rough; dark; tempestuous.

> Now softened into joy the surly storm.

Thomson.

Sur"mark` (?), n. (Shipbuilding) A mark made on the molds of a ship, when building, to show where the angles of the timbers are to be placed. [Written also sirmark.]

Sur*mis"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being surmised; as, a surmisable result.

Sur*mis"al (?), n. Surmise. [R.] Milton.

Sur*mise" (?), n. [OF. surmise accusation, fr. surmettre, p. p. surmis, to impose, accuse; sur (see Sur-) + mettre to put, set, L. mittere to send. See Mission.] 1. A thought, imagination, or conjecture, which is based upon feeble or scanty evidence; suspicion; guess; as, the surmisses of jealousy or of envy.

> [We] double honor gain
> From his surmise proved false.

Milton.

> No man ought to be charged with principles he actually disowns, unless his practicies contradict his profession; not upon small surmises.

Swift.

2. Reflection; thought. [Obs.] Shak.

Syn. -- Conjecture; supposition; suspicion; doubt.

Sur*mise", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Surmised (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Surmising.] To imagine without certain knowledge; to infer on slight grounds; to suppose, conjecture, or suspect; to guess.

> It wafted nearer yet, and then she knew
> That what before she but surmised, was true.

Dryden.

> This change was not wrought by altering the form or position of the earth, as was surmised by a very learned man, but by dissolving it.

Woodward.

Sur*mis"er (?), n. One who surmises.

Sur*mis"ing, a. & n. from Surmise, v.

Sur*mount" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Surmounted; p. pr. & vb. n. Surmounting.] [OE. sourmounten, OF. surmonter, sormonter, F. surmonter; sur over + monter to mount. See Sur-, and Mount, v. i.] 1. To rise above; to be higher than; to overtop.

> The mountains of Olympus, Athos, and Atlas, overreach and surmount all winds and clouds.

Sir W. Raleigh.

2. To conquer; to overcome; as, to surmount difficulties or obstacles. Macaulay.

3. To surpass; to exceed. Spenser.

> What surmounts the reach
> Of human sense I shall delineate.

Milton.

Syn. -- To conquer; overcome; vanquish; subdue; surpass; exceed.

Sur*mount"a*ble (?), a. [Cf. F. surmontable.] Capable of being surmounted or overcome; superable. -- Sur*mount"a*ble*ness, n.

Sur*mount"ed, a. 1. (Arch.) Having its vertical height greater than the half span; -- said of an arch.

2. (Her.) Partly covered by another charge; -- said of an ordinary or other bearing.

Sur*mount"er (?), n. One who, or that which, surmounts.

Sur*mul"let (?), n. [F. surmulet; saur, saure, brownish yellow, red + mulet a mullet. See Sorrel, a., and Mullet.] (Zoöl.) Any one of various species of mullets of the family Millidæ, esp. the European species (Millus surmulletus), which is highly prized as a food fish. See Mullet.

Sur"mu*lot (?), n. [F.] (Zoöl.) The brown, or Norway, rat.

Sur"name` (?), n. [Pref. sur + name; really a substitution for OE. sournoun, from F. surnom. See Sur-, and Noun, Name.] 1. A name or appellation which is added to, or over and above, the baptismal or Christian name, and becomes a family name.

Surnames originally designated occupation, estate, place of residence, or some particular thing or event that related to the person; thus, Edmund Ironsides; Robert Smith, or the smith; William Turner. Surnames are often also patronymics; as, John Johnson.

2. An appellation added to the original name; an agnomen. "My surname, Coriolanus." Shak.

This word has been sometimes written sirname, as if it signified sire-name, or the name derived from one's father.

Sur*name" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Surnamed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Surnaming.] [Cf. F. surnommer.] To name or call by an appellation added to the original name; to give a surname to.

> Another shall subscribe with his hand unto the Lord, and surname himself by the name of Israel.

Isa. xliv. 5.

> And Simon he surnamed Peter.

Mark iii. 16.

Sur*nom"i*nal (?), a. Of or pertaining to a surname or surnames.

Sur*ox"i*date (?), v. t. (Chem.) To combine with oxygen so as to form a suroxide or peroxide. [Obs.]

Sur*ox"ide (?), n. [Cf. F. suroxyde. See Sur-, and Oxide.] (Chem.) A peroxide. [Obs.]

Sur*pass" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Surpassed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Surpassing.] [F. surpasser; sur over + passer to pass. See Sur-, and Pass.] To go beyond in anything good or bad; to exceed; to excel.

> This would surpass
> Common revenge and interrupt his joy.

Milton.

Syn. -- To exceed; excel; outdo; outstrip.

Sur*pass"a*ble (?), a. That may be surpassed.

Sur*pass"ing, a. Eminently excellent; exceeding others. "With surpassing glory crowned." Milton. -- Sur*pass"ing*ly, adv. -- Sur*pass"ing*ness, n.

Sur"phul (?), v. t. To surfel. [Obs.] Marston.

Sur"plice (?), n. [F. surplis, OF. surpeiz, LL. superpellicium; super over + pellicium, pelliceum, a robe of fur, L. pellicius made of skins. See Pelisse.] (Eccl.) A white garment worn over another dress by the clergy of the Roman Catholic, Episcopal, and certain other churches, in some of their ministrations.

Surplice fees (Eccl.), fees paid to the English clergy for occasional duties.

Sur"pliced (?), a. Wearing a surplice.

Sur"plus (?), n. [F., fr. sur over + plus more. See Sur-, and Plus, and cf. Superplus.] 1. That which remains when use or need is satisfied, or when a limit is reached; excess; overplus.

2. Specifically, an amount in the public treasury at any time greater than is required for the ordinary purposes of the government.

Sur"plus, a. Being or constituting a surplus; more than sufficient; as, surplus revenues; surplus population; surplus words.

> When the price of corn falleth, men give over surplus tillage, and break no more ground.

Carew.

Sur"plus*age (?), n. [See Surplus, and cf. Superplusage.] 1. Surplus; excess; overplus; as, surplusage of grain or goods beyond what is wanted.

> Take what thou please of all this surplusage.

Spenser.

> A surplusage given to one part is paid out of a reduction from another part of the same creature.

Emerson.

2. (Law) Matter in pleading which is not necessary or relevant to the case, and which may be rejected.

3. (Accounts) A greater disbursement than the charge of the accountant amounts to. [Obs.] Rees.

Sur*pris"al (?), n. [See Surprise, n.] The act of surprising, or state of being surprised; surprise.

> How to secure the lady from surprisal.

Milton.

> Because death is uncertain, let us prevent its surprisal.

Barrow.

Sur*prise" (?), n. [F. surprise, fr. surprendre, surpris; sur over + prendre to take, L. prehendere. See Sur-, and Prehensile.] 1. The act of coming upon, or taking, unawares; the act of seizing unexpectedly; surprisal; as, the fort was taken by surprise.

2. The state of being surprised, or taken unawares, by some act or event which could not reasonably be foreseen; emotion excited by what is sudden and strange; a suddenly excited feeling of wonder or astonishment.

> Pure surprise and fear
> Made me to quit the house.

Shak.

3. Anything that causes such a state or emotion.

4. A dish covered with a crust of raised paste, but with no other contents. [Obs.] King.

Surprise party, a party of persons who assemble by mutual agreement, and without invitation, at the house of a common friend. [U.S.] Bartlett.

Syn. -- Wonder; astonishment; amazement.

Sur*prise" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Surprised (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Surprising.] [From Surprise, n.: cf. F. surprendre, p. p. surpris.] 1. To come or fall suddenly and unexpectedly; to take unawares; to seize or capture by unexpected attack.

> Fearfulness hath surprised the hypocrites.

Isa. xxxiii. 14.

> The castle of Macduff I will surprise.

Shak.

> Who can speak
> The mingled passions that surprised his heart?

Thomson.

2. To strike with wonder, astonishment, or confusion, by something sudden, unexpected, or remarkable; to confound; as, his conduct surprised me.

> I am surprised with an uncouth fear.

Shak.

> Up he starts,
> Discovered and surprised.

Milton.

3. To lead (one) to do suddenly and without forethought; to bring (one) into some unexpected state; -- with into; as, to be surprised into an indiscretion; to be surprised into generosity.

4. To hold possession of; to hold. [Obs.]

> Not with me,
> That in my hands surprise the sovereignity.

J. Webster.

Syn. -- See Astonish.

Sur*prise"ment (?), n. Surprisal. [Obs.] Daniel.

Sur*pris"er (?), n. One who surprises.

Sur*pris"ing, a. Exciting surprise; extraordinary; of a nature to excite wonder and astonishment; as, surprising bravery; a surprising escape from danger. -- Sur*pris"ing*ly, adv. -- Sur*pris"ing*ness, n.

Syn. -- Wonderful; extraordinary; unexpected; astonishing; striking.

{ Sur"que*dous (?), Sur"que*drous (?), } a. Having or exhibiting surquedry; arrogant; insolent. [Obs.] Gower. James II. of Scot.

{ Sur"que*dry (?), Sur"qui*dry }, n. [OF. surcuidier to presume; sur over + cuidier to think, L. cogitare. See Sur-, and Cogitate.] Overweening pride; arrogance; presumption; insolence. [Obs.] Chaucer.

> Then pay you the price of your surquedry.

Spenser.

Sur`re*bound" (?), v. i. To give back echoes; to reëcho. [Obs.] Chapman.

Sur`re*but" (?), v. i. [Pref. sur + rebut.] (Law) To reply, as a plaintiff to a defendant's rebutter.

Sur`re*but"er (?), n. (Law) The reply of a plaintiff to a defendant's rebutter.

Sur"rein` (?), v. t. [Pref. sur + rein.] To override; to exhaust by riding. [Obs.] Shak.

Sur`re*join" (?), v. i. [Pref. sur + rejoin.] (Law) To reply, as a plaintiff to a defendant's rejoinder.

Sur`re*join"der (?), n. (Law) The answer of a plaintiff to a defendant's rejoinder.

Sur*ren"der (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Surrendered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Surrendering.] [OF. surrendre to deliver; sur over + rendre to render. See Sur-, and Render.] 1. To yield to the power of another; to give or deliver up possession of (anything) upon compulsion or demand; as, to surrender one's person to an enemy or to an officer; to surrender a fort or a ship.

2. To give up possession of; to yield; to resign; as, to surrender a right, privilege, or advantage.

> To surrender up that right which otherwise their founders might have in them.

Hooker.

3. To yield to any influence, emotion, passion, or power; -- used reflexively; as, to surrender one's self to grief, to despair, to indolence, or to sleep.

4. (Law) To yield; to render or deliver up; to give up; as, a principal surrendered by his bail, a fugitive from justice by a foreign state, or a particular estate by the tenant thereof to him in remainder or reversion.

Sur*ren"der, v. i. To give up one's self into the power of another; to yield; as, the enemy, seeing no way of escape, surrendered at the first summons.

Sur*ren"der, n. 1. The act of surrendering; the act of yielding, or resigning one's person, or the possession of something, into the power of another; as, the surrender of a castle to an enemy; the surrender of a right.

> That he may secure some liberty he makes a surrender in trust of the whole of it.

Burke.

2. (Law) (a) The yielding of a particular estate to him who has an immediate estate in remainder or reversion. (b) The giving up of a principal into lawful custody by his bail. (c) The delivery up of fugitives from justice by one government to another, as by a foreign state. See Extradition. Wharton.

Sur*ren`der*ee" (?), n. (Law) The person to whom a surrender is made. Mozley & W.

Sur*ren"der*er (?), n. One who surrenders.

Sur*ren`der*or" (?), n. (Law) One who makes a surrender, as of an estate. Bouvier.

Sur*ren"dry (?), n. Surrender. [Obs.]

Sur*rep"tion (?), n. [L. surreptio, or subreptio. Cf. Subreption.] 1. The act or process of getting in a surreptitious manner, or by craft or stealth.

> Fame by surreption got
> May stead us for the time, but lasteth not.

B. Jonson.

2. A coming unperceived or suddenly.

Sur`rep*ti"tious (?), a. [L. surreptitius, or subreptitius, fr. surripere, subripere, to snatch away, to withdraw privily; sub- under + rapere to snatch. See Sub-, and Ravish.] Done or made by stealth, or without proper authority; made or introduced fraudulently; clandestine; stealthy; as, a surreptitious passage in an old manuscript; a surreptitious removal of goods. -- Sur`rep*ti"tious*ly, adv.

Sur"rey (?), n. A four-wheeled pleasure carriage, (commonly two-seated) somewhat like a phaeton, but having a straight bottom.

Sur"ro*gate (?), n. [L. surrogatus, p. p. of surrogare, subrogare, to put in another's place, to substitute; sub under + rogare to ask, ask for a vote, propose a law. See Rogation, and cf. Subrogate.] 1. A deputy; a delegate; a substitute.

2. The deputy of an ecclesiastical judge, most commonly of a bishop or his chancellor, especially a deputy who grants marriage licenses. [Eng.]

3. In some States of the United States, an officer who presides over the probate of wills and testaments and yield the settlement of estates.

<! p. 1453 !>

Sur"ro*gate (?), v. t. To put in the place of another; to substitute. [R.] Dr. H. More.

Sur"ro*gate*ship, n. The office of a surrogate.

Sur`ro*ga"tion (?), n. [See Surrogate, n., and cf. Subrogation.] The act of substituting one person in the place of another. [R.] Killingbeck.

Sur*round" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Surrounded; p. pr. & vb. n. Surrounding.] [OF. suronder to overflow, LL. superundare; fr. L. super over + undare to rise in waves, overflow, fr. unda wave. The English sense is due to the influence of E. round. See Super-, and Undulate, and cf. Abound.] 1. To inclose on all sides; to encompass; to environ.

2. To lie or be on all sides of; to encircle; as, a wall surrounds the city.

> But could instead, and ever-during dark
> Surrounds me.

Milton.

3. To pass around; to travel about; to circumnavigate; as, to surround the world. [Obs.] Fuller.

4. (Mil.) To inclose, as a body of troops, between hostile forces, so as to cut off means of communication or retreat; to invest, as a city.

Syn. -- To encompass; encircle; environ; invest; hem in; fence about.

Sur*round", n. A method of hunting some animals, as the buffalo, by surrounding a herd, and driving them over a precipice, into a ravine, etc. [U.S.] Baird.

Sur*round"ing, a. Inclosing; encircling.

Sur*round"ing, n. 1. An encompassing.

2. pl. The things which surround or environ; external or attending circumstances or conditions.

Sur*roy"al (?), n. [Pref. sur- + royal.] (Zoöl.) One of the terminal branches or divisions of the beam of the antler of the stag or other large deer.

Sur"sa*nure (?), n. [(Assumed) OF. sursaneüre. See Sur-, and Sane.] A wound healed or healing outwardly only. [Obs.]

> Of a sursanure
> In surgery is perilous the cure.

Chaucer.

Sur"se*ance (?), n. [OF., fr. OF. & F. surseoir. See Surcease.] Peace; quiet. [Obs.] Bacon.

Sur*sol"id (?), n. [F. sursolide. See Sur-, and Solid.] (Math.) The fifth power of a number; as, a&?; is the sursolid of a, or 32 that of 2. [R.] Hutton.

Sur*style" (?), v. t. To surname. [R.]

Sur"tax (?), n. An additional or extra tax.

Sur*tax" (?), v. t. To impose an additional tax on.

Sur*tout" (?), n. [F., fr. sur over + tout all.] A man's coat to be worn over his other garments; an overcoat, especially when long, and fitting closely like a body coat. Gay.

Sur"tur*brand (?), n. [Icel. surtarbrandr; svartr black + brandr a firebrand.] A fibrous brown coal or bituminous wood.

Su`ru*cu"cu (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Bush master, under Bush.

Sur*veil"lance (?), n. [F., fr. surveiller to watch over; sur over + veiller to watch, L. vigilare. See Sur-, and Vigil.] Oversight; watch; inspection; supervision.

> That sort of surveillance of which . . . the young have accused the old.

Sir W. Scott.

Sur*veil"lant (?), n.; pl. Surveillants (#). [F., fr. surveiller to watch over. See Surveillance.] One who watches over another; an overseer; a spy; a supervisor.

Sur*veil"lant, a. Overseeing; watchful.

Sur*vene" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Survened (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Survening.] [F. survenir. See Supervene.] To supervene upon; to come as an addition to. [Obs.]

> A suppuration that survenes lethargies.

Harvey.

Sur"ve*nue (?), n. [OF. See Survene.] A sudden or unexpected coming or stepping on. [Obs.]

Sur*vey" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Surveyed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Surveying.] [OF. surveoir, surveer; sur, sor, over, E. sur + veoir, veeir, to see, F. voir, L. videre. See Sur-, and Vision, and cf. Supervise.] 1. To inspect, or take a view of; to view with attention, as from a high place; to overlook; as, to stand on a hill, and survey the surrounding country.

> Round he surveys and well might, where he stood,
> So high above.

Milton.

2. To view with a scrutinizing eye; to examine.

> With such altered looks, . . .
> All pale and speechless, he surveyed me round.

Dryden.

3. To examine with reference to condition, situation, value, etc.; to examine and ascertain the state of; as, to survey a building in order to determine its value and exposure to loss by fire.

4. To determine the form, extent, position, etc., of, as a tract of land, a coast, harbor, or the like, by means of linear and angular measurments, and the application of the principles of geometry and trigonometry; as, to survey land or a coast.

5. To examine and ascertain, as the boundaries and royalties of a manor, the tenure of the tenants, and the rent and value of the same. [Eng.] Jacob (Law Dict.).

Sur"vey (?), n. [Formerly accentuated universally on the last syllable, and still so accented by many speakers.] 1. The act of surveying; a general view, as from above.

> Under his proud survey the city lies.

Sir J. Denham.

2. A particular view; an examination, especially an official examination, of all the parts or particulars of a thing, with a design to ascertain the condition, quantity, or quality; as, a survey of the stores of a ship; a survey of roads and bridges; a survey of buildings.

3. The operation of finding the contour, dimensions, position, or other particulars of, as any part of the earth's surface, whether land or water; also, a measured plan and description of any portion of country, or of a road or line through it.

Survey of dogs. See Court of regard, under Regard. -- Trigonometrical survey, a survey of a portion of country by measuring a single base, and connecting it with various points in the tract surveyed by a series of triangles, the angles of which are carefully measured, the relative positions and distances of all parts being computed from these data.

Syn. -- Review; retrospect; examination; prospect.

Sur*vey"al (?), n. Survey. [R.] Barrow.

Sur*vey"ance (?), n. Survey; inspection. [R.]

Sur*vey"ing, n. That branch of applied mathematics which teaches the art of determining the area of any portion of the earth's surface, the length and directions of the bounding lines, the contour of the surface, etc., with an accurate delineation of the whole on paper; the act or occupation of making surveys.

Geodetic surveying, geodesy. -- Maritime, or Nautical, surveying, that branch of surveying which determines the forms of coasts and harbors, the entrances of rivers, with the position of islands, rocks, and shoals, the depth of water, etc. -- Plane surveying. See under Plane, a. -- Topographical surveying, that branch of surveying which involves the process of ascertaining and representing upon a plane surface the contour, physical features, etc., of any portion of the surface of the earth.

Sur*vey"or (?), n. 1. One placed to superintend others; an overseer; an inspector.

> Were 't not madness then,
> To make the fox surveyor of the fold?

Shak.

2. One who views and examines for the purpose of ascertaining the condition, quantity, or quality of anything; as, a surveyor of highways, ordnance, etc.

3. One who surveys or measures land; one who practices the art of surveying.

4. (Customs) (a) An officer who ascertains the contents of casks, and the quantity of liquors subject to duty; a gauger. (b) In the United States, an officer whose duties include the various measures to be taken for ascertaining the quantity, condition, and value of merchandise brought into a port. Abbot.

Surveyor general. (a) A principal surveyor; as, the surveyor general of the king's manors, or of woods and parks. [Eng.] (b) An officer having charge of the survey of the public lands of a land district. [U.S.] Davies & Peck (Math. Dict.). -- Surveyor's compass. See Circumferentor. -- Surveyor's level. See under Level.

Sur*vey"or*ship, n. The office of a surveyor.

Sur*view" (?), v. t. [Pref. sur- + view. Cf. Survey.] To survey; to make a survey of. [Obs.] "To surview his ground." Spenser.

Sur*view", n. A survey. [Obs.] Bp. Sanderson.

Sur*vise" (?), v. t. [See Supervise, and Survey.] To look over; to supervise. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Sur*viv"al (?), n. [From Survive.] 1. A living or continuing longer than, or beyond the existence of, another person, thing, or event; an outliving.

2. (Arhæol. & Ethnol.) Any habit, usage, or belief, remaining from ancient times, the origin of which is often unknown, or imperfectly known.

> The close bearing of the doctrine of survival on the study of manners and customs.

Tylor.

Survival of the fittest. (Biol.) See Natural selection, under Natural.

{ Sur*viv"ance (?), Sur*viv"an*cy (?), } n. [F. survivance.] Survivorship. [R.]

> His son had the survivance of the stadtholdership.

Bp. Burnet.

Sur*vive" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Survived (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Surviving.] [F. survivre, L. supervivere; super over + vivere to live. See Super-, and Victuals.] To live beyond the life or existence of; to live longer than; to outlive; to outlast; as, to survive a person or an event. Cowper.

> I'll assure her of
> Her widowhood, be it that she survive me,
> In all my lands and leases whatsoever.

Shak.

Sur*vive", v. i. To remain alive; to continue to live.

> Thy pleasure,
> Which, when no other enemy survives,
> Still conquers all the conquerors.

Sir J. Denham.

> Alike are life and death,
> When life in death survives.

Longfellow.

Sur*viv"en*cy (?), n. Survivorship. [R.]

Sur*viv"er (?), n. One who survives; a survivor.

Sur*viv"ing, a. Remaining alive; yet living or existing; as, surviving friends; surviving customs.

Sur*viv"or (?), n. 1. One who survives or outlives another person, or any time, event, or thing.

> The survivor bound
> In filial obligation for some term
> To do obsequious sorrow.

Shak.

2. (Law) The longer liver of two joint tenants, or two persons having a joint interest in anything. Blackstone.

Sur*viv"or*ship, n. 1. The state of being a survivor.

1. (Law) The right of a joint tenant, or other person who has a joint interest in an estate, to take the whole estate upon the death of other. Blackstone.

Chance of survivorship, the chance that a person of a given age has of surviving another of a giving age; thus, by the Carlisle tables of mortality the chances of survivorship for two persons, aged 25 and 65, are 89 and 11 respectively, or about 8 to 1 that the elder die first.

Sus*cep`ti*bil"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Susceptibilities (#). [Cf. F. susceptibilité.] 1. The state or quality of being susceptible; the capability of receiving impressions, or of being affected.

2. Specifically, capacity for deep feeling or emotional excitement; sensibility, in its broadest acceptation; impressibility; sensitiveness.

Magnetic susceptibility (Physics), the intensity of magnetization of a body placed in a uniform megnetic field of unit strength. Sir W. Thomson.

Syn. -- Capability; sensibility; feeling; emotion.

Sus*cep"ti*ble (?), a. [F., from L. suscipere, susceptum, to take up, to support, undertake, recognize, admit; pref. sus (see Sub-) + capere to take. See Capable.] 1. Capable of admitting anything additional, or any change, affection, or influence; readily acted upon; as, a body susceptible of color or of alteration.

> It sheds on souls susceptible of light,
> The glorious dawn of our eternal day.

Young.

2. Capable of impression; having nice sensibility; impressible; tender; sensitive; as, children are more susceptible than adults; a man of a susceptible heart.

> Candidates are . . . not very susceptible of affronts.

Cowper.

> I am constitutionally susceptible of noises.

Lamb.

-- Sus*cep"ti*ble*ness, n. -- Sus*cep"ti*bly, adv.

Sus*cep"tion (?), n. [L. susceptio: cf. F. susception. See Susceptible.] The act of taking; reception.

Sus*cep"tive (?), a. Susceptible. I. Watts. -- Sus*cep"tive*ness, n.

Sus`cep*tiv"i*ty (?), n. Capacity for receiving; susceptibility. [R.] Wollaston.

Sus*cep"tor (?), n. [L. See Susceptible.] One who undertakes anything; specifically, a godfather; a sponsor; a guardian. Puller. Shipley.

Sus*cip"i*en*cy (?), n. Admission. [R.]

Sus*cip"i*ent (?), a. [L. suscipiens, p. pr. of suscipere. See Susceptible.] Receiving; admitting. [R.]

Sus*cip"i*ent, n. One who takes or admits; one who receives. [R.] Jer. Taylor.

Sus`ci*ta*bil"i*ty (?), n. Capability of being suscitated; excitability. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Sus"ci*tate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Suscitated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Suscitating.] [L. suscitatus, p. p. of suscitare to lift up, to rouse; pref. sus- (see Sub- ) + citare to rouse, excite. Cf. Excite, Incite.] To rouse; to excite; to call into life and action. [Obs.]

Sus`ci*ta"tion (?), n. [L. suscitatio: cf. F. suscitation.] The act of raising or exciting. [R.]

> A mere suscitation or production of a thing.

South.

Sus"lik (?), n. [Russ. súslik'.] (Zoöl.) A ground squirrel (Spermophilus citillus) of Europe and Asia. It has large cheek pouches. [Written also souslik.]

Sus*pect" (?), a. [L. suspectus, p. p. of suspicere to look up, admire, esteem, to look at secretly or askance, to mistrust; sub under + specere to look: cf. F. suspect suspected, suspicious. See Spy, and cf. Suspicion.] 1. Suspicious; inspiring distrust. [Obs.]

> Suspect [was] his face, suspect his word also.

Chaucer.

2. Suspected; distrusted. [Obs.]

> What I can do or offer is suspect.

Milton.

Sus*pect", n. [LL. suspectus. See Suspect, a.] 1. Suspicion. [Obs.] Chaucer.

> So with suspect, with fear and grief, dismayed.

Fairfax.

2. One who, or that which, is suspected; an object of suspicion; -- formerly applied to persons and things; now, only to persons suspected of crime. Bacon.

Sus*pect", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Suspected; p. pr. & vb. n. Suspecting.] 1. To imagine to exist; to have a slight or vague opinion of the existence of, without proof, and often upon weak evidence or no evidence; to mistrust; to surmise; -- commonly used regarding something unfavorable, hurtful, or wrong; as, to suspect the presence of disease.

> Nothing makes a man suspect much, more than to know little; and therefore men should remedy suspicion by procuring to know more.

Bacon.

> From her hand I could suspect no ill.

Milton.

2. To imagine to be guilty, upon slight evidence, or without proof; as, to suspect one of equivocation.

3. To hold to be uncertain; to doubt; to mistrust; to distruct; as, to suspect the truth of a story. Addison.

4. To look up to; to respect. [Obs.]

Syn. -- To mistrust; distrust; surmise; doubt.

Sus*pect", v. i. To imagine guilt; to have a suspicion or suspicions; to be suspicious.

> If I suspect without cause, why then make sport at me.

Shak.

Sus*pect"a*ble (?), a. That may be suspected.

Sus*pect"ed, a. Distrusted; doubted. -- Sus*pect"ed*ly, adv. -- Sus*pect"ed*ness, n.

Sus*pect"er (?), n. One who suspects.

Sus*pect"ful (?), a. Apt to suspect or mistrust; full of suspicion; suspicious; as, to be suspectful of the motives of others. Milton. -- Sus*pect"ful*ness, n.

Sus*pec"tion (?), n. Suspicion. [Obs.]

Sus*pec"tious*ness (?), n. Suspiciousness; cause for suspicion. [Obs. & R.] Ld. Berners.

Sus*pect"less (?), a. 1. Not suspecting; having no suspicion. [R.] Sir T. Herbert.

2. Not suspected; not mistrusted. [R.] Beau. & Fl.

Sus*pend" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Suspended; p. pr. & vb. n. Suspending.] [F. suspendre, or OF. souspendre (where the prefix is L. subtus below, from sub under), L. suspendere, suspensum; pref. sus- (see Sub- ) + pendere to hang. See Pedant, and cf. Suspense, n.] 1. To attach to something above; to hang; as, to suspend a ball by a thread; to suspend a needle by a loadstone.

2. To make to depend; as, God hath suspended the promise of eternal life on the condition of obedience and holiness of life. [Archaic] Tillotson.

3. To cause to cease for a time; to hinder from proceeding; to interrupt; to delay; to stay.

> Suspend your indignation against my brother.

Shak.

> The guard nor fights nor fies; their fate so near
> At once suspends their courage and their fear.

Denham.

4. To hold in an undetermined or undecided state; as, to suspend one's judgment or opinion. Locke.

5. To debar, or cause to withdraw temporarily, from any privilege, from the execution of an office, from the enjoyment of income, etc.; as, to suspend a student from college; to suspend a member of a club.

> Good men should not be suspended from the exercise of their ministry and deprived of their livelihood for ceremonies which are on all hands acknowledged indifferent.

Bp. Sanderson.

6. To cause to cease for a time from operation or effect; as, to suspend the habeas corpus act; to suspend the rules of a legislative body.

7. (Chem.) To support in a liquid, as an insoluble powder, by stirring, to facilitate chemical action.

To suspend payment (Com.), to cease paying debts or obligations; to fail; -- said of a merchant, a bank, etc.

Syn. -- To hang; interrupt; delay; intermit; stay; hinder; debar.

<! p. 1454 !>

Sus*pend" (?), v. i. To cease from operation or activity; esp., to stop payment, or be unable to meet obligations or engagements (said of a commercial firm or a bank).

Sus*pend"er (?), n. One who, or that which, suspends; esp., one of a pair of straps or braces worn over the shoulders, for holding up the trousers.

Sus`pen*sa"tion (?), n. [Cf. LL. suspensatio suspension from a charge or benefice.] The act of suspending, or the state of being suspended, especially for a short time; temporary suspension.

Sus*pense" (?), a. [F. suspens, L. suspensus, p. p. of suspendere. See Suspend.] 1. Held or lifted up; held or prevented from proceeding. [Obs.]

> [The great light of day] suspense in heaven.

Milton.

2. Expressing, or proceeding from, suspense or doubt. [Obs.] "Expectation held his look suspense." Milton.

Sus*pense", n. [From F. suspens, a. See Suspense, a.] 1. The state of being suspended; specifically, a state of uncertainty and expectation, with anxiety or apprehension; indetermination; indecision; as, the suspense of a person waiting for the verdict of a jury.

> Ten days the prophet in suspense remained.

Denham.

> Upon the ticklish balance of suspense.

Cowper.

2. Cessation for a time; stop; pause.

> A cool suspense from pleasure and from pain.

Pope.

3. [Cf. F. suspense.] (Law) A temporary cessation of one's right; suspension, as when the rent or other profits of land cease by unity of possession of land and rent.

Suspense account (Bookkeeping), an account in which receipts or disbursements are temporarily entered until their proper position in the books is determined.

Sus*pense"ly, adv. In suspense. [Obs.] Hales.

Sus*pen`si*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being suspensible.

Sus*pen"si*ble (?), a. Capable of being suspended; capable of being held from sinking.

Sus*pen"sion (?), n. [Cf. F. suspension, L. suspensio arched work, imperfect pronunciation. See Suspend.] 1. The act of suspending, or the state of being suspended; pendency; as, suspension from a hook.

2. Especially, temporary delay, interruption, or cessation; as: (a) Of labor, study, pain, etc. (b) Of decision, determination, judgment, etc.; as, to ask a suspension of judgment or opinion in view of evidence to be produced. (c) Of the payment of what is due; as, the suspension of a mercantile firm or of a bank. (d) Of punishment, or sentence of punishment. (e) Of a person in respect of the exercise of his office, powers, prerogative, etc.; as, the suspension of a student or of a clergyman. (f) Of the action or execution of law, etc.; as, the suspension of the habeas corpus act.

3. A conditional withholding, interruption, or delay; as, the suspension of a payment on the performance of a condition.

4. The state of a solid when its particles are mixed with, but undissolved in, a fluid, and are capable of separation by straining; also, any substance in this state.

5. (Rhet.) A keeping of the hearer in doubt and in attentive expectation of what is to follow, or of what is to be the inference or conclusion from the arguments or observations employed.

6. (Scots Law) A stay or postponement of execution of a sentence condemnatory by means of letters of suspension granted on application to the lord ordinary.

7. (Mus.) The prolongation of one or more tones of a chord into the chord which follows, thus producing a momentary discord, suspending the concord which the ear expects. Cf. Retardation.

Pleas in suspension (Law), pleas which temporarily abate or suspend a suit. -- Points of suspension (Mech.), the points, as in the axis or beam of a balance, at which the weights act, or from which they are suspended. -- Suspension bridge, a bridge supported by chains, ropes, or wires, which usually pass over high piers or columns at each end, and are secured in the ground beyond. -- Suspension of arms (Mil.), a short truce or cessation of operations agreed on by the commanders of contending armies, as for burying the dead, making proposal for surrender or for peace, etc. -- Suspension scale, a scale in which the platform hangs suspended from the weighing apparatus instead of resting upon it.

Syn. -- Delay; interruption; intermission; stop.

Sus*pen"sive (?), a. [Cf. F. suspensif. See Suspend.] Tending to suspend, or to keep in suspense; causing interruption or delay; uncertain; doubtful. "In suspensive thoughts." Beaumont. "A suspensive veto." Macaulay.

> The provisional and suspensive attitude.

J. Morley.

Suspensive condition (Scots Law), a condition precedent, or a condition without the performance of which the contract can not be completed.

Sus*pen"sor (?), n. [NL.] 1. A suspensory.

2. (Bot.) The cord which suspends the embryo; and which is attached to the radicle in the young state; the proembryo.

||Sus`pen*so"ri*um (?), n.; pl. Suspensoria (#). [NL.] (Anat.) Anything which suspends or holds up a part: especially, the mandibular suspensorium (a series of bones, or of cartilages representing them) which connects the base of the lower jaw with the skull in most vertebrates below mammals.

Sus*pen"so*ry (?), a. 1. Suspended; hanging; depending.

2. Fitted or serving to suspend; suspending; as, a suspensory muscle. Ray.

3. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to a suspensorium.

Sus*pen"so*ry, n. [Cf. F. suspensoir, suspensoire.] That which suspends, or holds up, as a truss; specifically (Med.), a bandage or bag for supporting the scrotum.

Sus"pi*ca*ble (?), a. [L. suspacabilis, fr. suspicari to suspect, akin to suspicere. See Suspect, v. t.] Liable to suspicion; suspicious. [Obs.]

> It is a very suspicable business.

Dr. H. more.

Sus*pi"cien*cy (?), n. [From L. suspiciens, p. pr. of suspicere. See Suspect, v. t.] Suspiciousness; suspicion. [Obs.] Hopkins.

Sus*pi"cion (?), n. [OE. suspecioun, OF. souspeçon, F. soupçon, L. suspectio a looking up to, an esteeming highly, suspicion, fr. suspicere to look up, to esteem, to mistrust. The modern form suspicion in English and French is in imitation of L. suspicio mistrust, suspicion. See Suspect, and cf. Suspicious.] 1. The act of suspecting; the imagination or apprehension of the existence of something (esp. something wrong or hurtful) without proof, or upon very slight evidence, or upon no evidence.

> Suspicions among thoughts are like bats among birds, they ever fly by twilight.

Bacon.

2. Slight degree; suggestion; hint. [Colloq.]

> The features are mild but expressive, with just a suspicion . . . of saturnine or sarcastic humor.

A. W. Ward.

Syn. -- Jealousy; distrust; mistrust; diffidence; doubt.

Sus*pi"cion, v. t. To view with suspicion; to suspect; to doubt. [Obs. or Low] South.

Sus*pi"cious (?), a. [OE. suspecious; cf. L. suspiciosus. See Suspicion.] 1. Inclined to suspect; given or prone to suspicion; apt to imagine without proof.

> Nature itself, after it has done an injury, will ever be suspicious; and no man can love the person he suspects.

South.

> Many mischievous insects are daily at work to make men of merit suspicious of each other.

Pope.

2. Indicating suspicion, mistrust, or fear.

> We have a suspicious, fearful, constrained countenance.

Swift.

3. Liable to suspicion; adapted to raise suspicion; giving reason to imagine ill; questionable; as, an author of suspicious innovations; suspicious circumstances.

> I spy a black, suspicious, threatening could.

Shak.

Syn. -- Jealous; distrustful; mistrustful; doubtful; questionable. See Jealous.

-- Sus*pi"cious*ly, adv. -- Sus*pi"cious*ness, n.

Sus*pir"al (?), n. [From Suspire.] 1. A breathing hole; a vent or ventiduct.

2. A spring of water passing under ground toward a cistern or conduit.

Sus`pi*ra"tion (?), n. [L. suspiratio. See Suspire.] The act of sighing, or fetching a long and deep breath; a deep respiration; a sigh.

> Windy suspiration of forced breath.

Shak.

Sus*pire" (?), v. i. [L. suspirare to breathe out, to sigh; sub under + spirare to breathe: cf. F. souspirer, OF. souspirer.] To fetch a long, deep breath; to sigh; to breathe. Shak.

> Fireflies that suspire
> In short, soft lapses of transported flame.

Mrs. Browning.

Sus*pire", n. [Cf. L. suspirium.] A long, deep breath; a sigh. [Obs.]

Sus*pired" (?), a. Ardently desired or longed for; earnestly coveted. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton.

Sus*tain" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sustained (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sustaining.] [OE. sustenen, susteinen, OF. sustenir, sostenir, F. soutenir (the French prefix is properly fr. L. subtus below, fr. sub under), L. sustinere; pref. sus- (see Sub-) + tenere to hold. See Tenable, and cf. Sustenance.] 1. To keep from falling; to bear; to uphold; to support; as, a foundation sustains the superstructure; a beast sustains a load; a rope sustains a weight.

> Every pillar the temple to sustain.

Chaucer.

2. Hence, to keep from sinking, as in despondence, or the like; to support.

> No comfortable expectations of another life to sustain him under the evils in this world.

Tillotson.

3. To maintain; to keep alive; to support; to subsist; to nourish; as, provisions to sustain an army.

4. To aid, comfort, or relieve; to vindicate. Shak.

> His sons, who seek the tyrant to sustain.

Dryden.

5. To endure without failing or yielding; to bear up under; as, to sustain defeat and disappointment.

6. To suffer; to bear; to undergo.

> Shall Turnus, then, such endless toil sustain?

Dryden.

> You shall sustain more new disgraces.

Shak.

7. To allow the prosecution of; to admit as valid; to sanction; to continue; not to dismiss or abate; as, the court sustained the action or suit.

8. To prove; to establish by evidence; to corroborate or confirm; to be conclusive of; as, to sustain a charge, an accusation, or a proposition.

Syn. -- To support; uphold; subsist; assist; relieve; suffer; undergo.

Sus*tain" (?), n. One who, or that which, upholds or sustains; a sustainer. [Obs.]

> I waked again, for my sustain was the Lord.

Milton.

Sus*tain"a*ble (?), a. [Cf. F. soutenable, OF. soustenable.] Capable of being sustained or maintained; as, the action is not sustainable.

Sus*tained" (?), a. Held up to a certain pitch, degree, or level; uniform; as, sustained pasion; a sustained style of writing; a sustained note in music.

Sus*tain"er (?), n. One who, or that which, sustains. Waterland.

Sus*tain"ment (?), n. The act of sustaining; maintenance; support. Milton. Lowell.

Sus*tal"tic (?), a. [Gr. &?; contractile, fr. &?; to draw together, to moderate; &?; together + &?; to place.] Mournful; -- said of a species of music among the ancient Greeks. Busby.

Sus"te*nance (?), n. [OF. sustenance, sostenance, soustenance: cf. L. sustenentia endurance. See Sustain.] 1. The act of sustaining; support; maintenance; subsistence; as, the sustenance of the body; the sustenance of life.

2. That which supports life; food; victuals; provisions; means of living; as, the city has ample sustenance. "A man of little sustenance." Chaucer.

> For lying is thy sustenance, thy food.

Milton.

Sus*ten"ta*cle (?), n. [L. sustentaculum. See Sustentation.] Sustenance. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Sus`ten*tac"u*lar (?), a. [See Sustenance.] (Anat.) Supporting; sustaining; as, a sustentacular tissue.

Sus"ten*tate (?), v. t. To sustain. [R.] C. Reade.

Sus`ten*ta"tion (?), n. [L. sustentatio sustenance, maintenance, fr. sustentare to support, maintain, v. intens. fr. sustinere to sustain: cf. F. sustentation. See Sustain.] 1. The act of sustaining, or the state of being sustained; preservation from falling; support; sustenance; maintenance.

2. (Physiol.) The aggregate of the functions by which a living organism is maintained in a normal condition of weight and growth.

Sustentation fund (Eccl.), a fund of a religious body for support of its ministers, chapels, etc.; as, the sustentation fund of the Free Church of Scotland.

Sus"ten*ta*tive (?), a. Adapted to sustain, strengthen, or corroborate; as, sustentative citations or quotations.

Sustentative functions (Physiol.), those functions of the body which affect its material composition and thus determine its mass.

Sus*ten"tion (?), n. Sustentation. [R. or Colloq.]

> In fine images, in sustention, in irony, they surpass anything that Burke ever wrote.

J. Morley.

{ Sus"ter, Sus"tre (?) }, n.; pl. Susters (&?;), Sustres, or Sustren (&?;). Sister. [Obs.] Chaucer.

> There are seven sustren, that serve truth ever.

Piers Plowman.

Su"su (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Soosoo.

Su*sur"rant (?), a. [L. susurrans, p. pr. from susurrare to whisper.] Whispering. [R.] "The soft susurrant sigh." Poetry of Anti-Jacobin.

Su`sur*ra"tion (?), n. [L. susurratio, fr. susurrare to whisper: cf. F. susurration.] A whispering; a soft murmur. "Soft susurrations of the trees." Howell.

Su*sur"ring*ly (?), adv. In the manner of a whisper. [Obs.]

Su*sur"rous (?), a. [L. susurrus.] Whispering; rustling; full of whispering sounds. [R.]

||Su*sur"rus (?), n. [L.] The act of whispering; a whisper; a murmur. De Quincey.

> The soft susurrus and sighs of the branches.

Longfellow.

Su"tile (?), a. [L. sutilis, fr. suere to sew: cf. F. sutile.] Done by stitching. [R.] Boswell.

Sut"ler (?), n. [D. zoetelaar, OD. soetelaar, a small trader, especially in camps, fr. soetelen to undertake low offices; cf. G. sudeln to do dirty work, to sully, soil, E. suds.] A person who follows an army, and sells to the troops provisions, liquors, and the like.

Sut"ler*ship, n. The condition or occupation of a sutler.

Sut"ling (?), a. Belonging to sutlers; engaged in the occupation of a sutler. Addison.

Su"tor (?), n. A kind of sirup made by the Indians of Arizona from the fruit of some cactaceous plant (probably the Cereus giganteus).

||Su"tra (?), n.; pl. Sutras (#). [Skr. s&?;tra a thread, a string of rules; an aphorism; fr. siv to sew.] 1. (a) A precept; an aphorism; a brief rule. (b) A collection of such aphorisms.

2. pl. A body of Hindoo literature containing aphorisms on grammar, meter, law, and philosophy, and forming a connecting link between the Vedic and later Sanscrit literature. Balfour (Cyc. of India).

Sut*tee" (?), n. [Skr. sat a faithful wife, fem. of sant existing, real, true, good, p. pr. of as to be. Cf. Sooth.] 1. A Hindoo widow who immolates herself, or is immolated, on the funeral pile of her husband; -- so called because this act of self-immolation is regarded as envincing excellence of wifely character. [India]

2. The act of burning a widow on the funeral pile of her husband. [India]

The practice, though abolished in British India law in 1829, is not wholly prevented.

Sut*tee"ism (?), n. The practice of self-immolation of widows in Hindostan.

<! p. 1455 !>

Sut"tle (?), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Com.) The weight when the tare has been deducted, and tret is yet to be allowed. M&?;Culloch.

Sut"tle, v. i. [See Sutler.] To act as sutler; to supply provisions and other articles to troops.

Su"tur*al (?), a. [Cf. F. sutural, NL. suturals.] 1. Of or pertaining to a suture, or seam.

2. (Bot.) Taking place at a suture; as, a sutural de&?;iscence.

Su"tur*al*ly, adv. In a sutural manner.

Su"tur*a`ted (?), a. Sewed or knit together; united by a suture; stitched.

Su"ture (?), n. [L. sutura, fr. suere, sutum, to sew or stitch: cf. F. suture. See Sew to unite with thread.] 1. The act of sewing; also, the line along which two things or parts are sewed together, or are united so as to form a seam, or that which resembles a seam.

2. (Surg.) (a) The uniting of the parts of a wound by stitching. (b) The stitch by which the parts are united.

3. (Anat.) The line of union, or seam, in an immovable articulation, like those between the bones of the skull; also, such an articulation itself; synarthrosis. See Harmonic suture, under Harmonic.

4. (Bot.) (a) The line, or seam, formed by the union of two margins in any part of a plant; as, the ventral suture of a legume. (b) A line resembling a seam; as, the dorsal suture of a legume, which really corresponds to a midrib.

5. (Zoöl.) (a) The line at which the elytra of a beetle meet and are sometimes confluent. (b) A seam, or impressed line, as between the segments of a crustacean, or between the whorls of a univalve shell.

Glover's suture, Harmonic suture, etc. See under Glover, Harmonic, etc.

Su"tured (?), a. Having a suture or sutures; knit or united together. Pennant.

Su*war"row (?), n. (Bot.) The giant cactus (Cereus giganteus); -- so named by the Indians of Arizona. Called also saguaro.

Su"ze*rain (?), n. [F., formed fr. sus above, L. susum, sursum (fr. sub under + versum, p. p. of vertere to turn), after the analogy of souverain, E. sovereign. See Sub-, and Verse.] A superior lord, to whom fealty is due; a feudal lord; a lord paramount.

Su"ze*rain*ty (?), n. [F. suzeraineté.] The dominion or authority of a suzerain; paramount authority.

Swa (swä), adv. [See So.] So. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Swab (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Swabbed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Swabbing.] [See Swabber, n.] To clean with a mop or swab; to wipe when very wet, as after washing; as, to swab the desk of a ship. [Spelt also swob.]

Swab, n. [Written also swob.] 1. A kind of mop for cleaning floors, the desks of vessels, etc., esp. one made of rope-yarns or threads.

2. A bit of sponge, cloth, or the like, fastened to a handle, for cleansing the mouth of a sick person, applying medicaments to deep-seated parts, etc.

3. (Naut.) An epaulet. [Sailor's Slang] Marryat.

4. A cod, or pod, as of beans or pease. [Obs.] Bailey.

5. A sponge, or other suitable substance, attached to a long rod or handle, for cleaning the bore of a firearm.

Swab"ber (?), v. t. To swab. [R.]

Swab"ber, n. [D. zwabber; cf.D. zwabberen to swab, G. schwabbern, Dan. svabre, Sw. svab a swab, svabla to swab.] 1. One who swabs a floor or desk. Shak.

2. (Naut.) Formerly, an interior officer on board of British ships of war, whose business it was to see that the ship was kept clean.

3. Same as Swobber, 2.

Swad (?), n. [Probably fr. AS. swe&?;ian to bind.] [Written also swod.] 1. A cod, or pod, as of beans or pease. [Prov. Eng.]

> Swad, in the north, is a peascod shell -- thence used for an empty, shallow-headed fellow.

Blount.

2. A clown; a country bumpkin. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] "Country swains, and silly swads." Greene.

> There was one busy fellow was their leader,
> A blunt, squat swad, but lower than yourself.

B. Jonson.

3. A lump of mass; also, a crowd. [Low, U.S.]

4. (Coal Mining) A thin layer of refuse at the bottom of a seam. Raymond.

Swad"dle (?), n. [AS. swe&?;il, swe&?;el, fr. swe&?;ain to bind. See Swathe.] Anything used to swaddle with, as a cloth or band; a swaddling band.

> They put me in bed in all my swaddles.

Addison.

Swad"dle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Swaddled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Swaddling (?).] 1. To bind as with a bandage; to bind or warp tightly with clothes; to swathe; -- used esp. of infants; as, to swaddle a baby.

> They swaddled me up in my nightgown with long pieces of linen.

Addison.

2. To beat; to cudgel. [Obs.] Hudibras.

Swad"dle*bill` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The shoveler. [Local, U.S.]

Swad"dler (?), n. A term of contempt for an Irish Methodist. Shipley.

Swad"dling (?), a. & n. from Swaddle, v.

Swaddling band, Swaddling cloth, or Swaddling clout, a band or cloth wrapped round an infant, especially round a newborn infant.

> Ye shall find the babe wrapped in swaddling clothes, lying in a manger.

Luke ii. 12.

Swag (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Swagged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Swagging (?).] [Cf. Icel. sveggja, sveigja to bend, to sway, Norw. svaga to sway. See Sway.] 1. To hang or move, as something loose and heavy; to sway; to swing. [Prov. Eng.]

2. To sink down by its weight; to sag. Sir H. Wotton.

> I swag as a fat person's belly swaggeth as he goeth.

Palsgrave.

Swag, n. 1. A swaying, irregular motion.

2. A burglar's or thief's booty; boodle. [Cant or Slang] Charles Reade.

Swag"-bel`lied (?), a. Having a prominent, overhanging belly. Shak.

Swag"bel`ly (?), n. 1. A prominent, overhanging belly. Smollett.

2. (Med.) Any large tumor developed in the abdomen, and neither fluctuating nor sonorous. Dunglison.

Swage (?), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Swaged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Swaging (?).] [Equiv. to suage, abbrev. fr. assuage.] See Assuage. [Obs.]

Swage, n. A tool, variously shaped or grooved on the end or face, used by blacksmiths and other workers in metals, for shaping their work, whether sheet metal or forging, by holding the swage upon the work, or the work upon the swage, and striking with a sledge.

Swage block, a perforated block of iron, having grooved sides and adapted for use in heading bolts and swaging objects of large size.

Swage, v. t. To shape by means of a swage; to fashion, as a piece of iron, by forcing it into a groove or mold having the required shape.

Swag"ger (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Swaggered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Swaggering.] [Freq. of swag.] 1. To walk with a swaying motion; hence, to walk and act in a pompous, consequential manner.

> A man who swaggers about London clubs.

Beaconsfield.

2. To boast or brag noisily; to be ostentatiously proud or vainglorious; to bluster; to bully.

> What a pleasant it is . . . to swagger at the bar!

Arbuthnot.

> To be great is not . . . to swagger at our footmen.

Colier.

Swag"ger, v. t. To bully. [R.] Swift.

Swag"ger, n. The act or manner of a swaggerer.

> He gave a half swagger, half leer, as he stepped forth to receive us.

W. Irving.

Swag"ger*er (?), n. One who swaggers; a blusterer; a bully; a boastful, noisy fellow. Shak.

Swag"gy (?), a. Inclined to swag; sinking, hanging, or leaning by its weight. Sir T. Browne.

Swain (?), n. [OE. swain, swein, Icel. sveinn a boy, servant; akin to Sw. sven, Dan. svend, AS. swn, OHG. swein.] 1. A servant. [Obs.]

> Him behoves serve himself that has no swain.

Chaucer.

2. A young man dwelling in the country; a rustic; esp., a cuntry gallant or lover; -- chiefly in poetry.

> It were a happy life
> To be no better than a homely swain.

Shak.

> Blest swains! whose nymphs in every grace excel.

Pope.

Swain"ish, a. Pertaining to, or resembling, a swain; rustic; ignorant. "An ungentle and swainish beast." Milton. -- Swain"ish*ness, n. Emerson.

Swain"ling (?), n. A little swain. [R.]

Swain"mote` (?), n. [Swain + mote meeting: cf. LL. swanimotum.] (Eng. Forest Law) A court held before the verders of the forest as judges, by the steward of the court, thrice every year, the swains, or freeholders, within the forest composing the jury. [Written also swanimote, and sweinmote.] Blackstone.

Swain"ship, n. The condition of a swain.

Swaip (?), v. i. [Cf. Sweep.] To walk proudly; to sweep along. [Prov. Eng.] Todd.

Swal (?), obs. imp. of Swell. Swelled. Chaucer.

Swale (?), n. [Cf. Icel. svalr cool, svala to cool.] A valley or low place; a tract of low, and usually wet, land; a moor; a fen. [Prov. Eng. & Local, U.S.]

Swale, v. i. & t. To melt and waste away; to singe. See Sweal, v.

Swale, n. A gutter in a candle. [Prov. Eng.]

Swal"let (?), n. [Cf. G. schwall a sea swell, from schwellen to swell, E. swell.] Water breaking in upon the miners at their work; -- so called among tin miners. [Prov. Eng.]

Swal"low (?), n. [OE. swalowe, AS. swalewe, swealwe; akin to D. zwaluw, OHG. swalawa, G. schwalbe, Icel. & Sw. svala, Dan. svale.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of passerine birds of the family Hirundinidæ, especially one of those species in which the tail is deeply forked. They have long, pointed wings, and are noted for the swiftness and gracefulness of their flight.

The most common North American species are the barn swallow (see under Barn), the cliff, or eaves, swallow (see under Cliff), the white-bellied, or tree, swallow (Tachycineta bicolor), and the bank swallow (see under Bank). The common European swallow (Chelidon rustica), and the window swallow, or martin (Chelidon urbica), are familiar species.

2. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of swifts which resemble the true swallows in form and habits, as the common American chimney swallow, or swift.

3. (Naut.) The aperture in a block through which the rope reeves. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

Swallow plover (Zoöl.), any one of several species of fork-tailed ploverlike birds of the genus Glareola, as G. orientalis of India; a pratincole. -- Swallow shrike (Zoöl.), any one of several species of East Indian and Asiatic birds of the family Artamiidæ, allied to the shrikes but similar to swallows in appearance and habits. The ashy swallow shrike (Artamus fuscus) is common in India. -- Swallow warbler (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of East Indian and Australian singing birds of the genus Dicæum. They are allied to the honeysuckers.

Swal"low (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Swallowed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Swallowing.] [OE. swolewen, swolwen, swolhen, AS. swelgan; akin to D. zwelgen, OHG. swelahan, swelgan, G. schwelgen to feast, to revel, Icel. svelgia to swallow, SW. svälja, Dan. svælge. Cf. Groundsel a plant.] 1. To take into the stomach; to receive through the gullet, or esophagus, into the stomach; as, to swallow food or drink.

> As if I had swallowed snowballs for pills.

Shak.

2. To draw into an abyss or gulf; to ingulf; to absorb -- usually followed by up. Milton.

> The earth opened her mouth, and swallowed them up, and their houses.

Num. xvi. 32.

3. To receive or embrace, as opinions or belief, without examination or scruple; to receive implicitly.

> Though that story . . . be not so readily swallowed.

Sir T. Browne.

4. To engross; to appropriate; -- usually with up.

> Homer excels . . . in this, that he swallowed up the honor of those who succeeded him.

Pope.

5. To occupy; to take up; to employ.

> The necessary provision of the life swallows the greatest part of their time.

Locke.

6. To seize and waste; to exhaust; to consume.

> Corruption swallowed what the liberal hand
> Of bounty scattered.

Thomson.

7. To retract; to recant; as, to swallow one's opinions. "Swallowed his vows whole." Shak.

8. To put up with; to bear patiently or without retaliation; as, to swallow an affront or insult.

Syn. -- To absorb; imbibe; ingulf; engross; consume. See Absorb.

Swal"low, v. i. To perform the act of swallowing; as, his cold is so severe he is unable to swallow.

Swal"low, n. 1. The act of swallowing.

2. The gullet, or esophagus; the throat.

3. Taste; relish; inclination; liking. [Colloq.]

> I have no swallow for it.

Massinger.

4. Capacity for swallowing; voracity.

> There being nothing too gross for the swallow of political rancor.

Prof. Wilson.

5. As much as is, or can be, swallowed at once; as, a swallow of water.

6. That which ingulfs; a whirlpool. [Obs.] Fabyan.

Swal"low*er (?), n. One who swallows; also, a glutton. Tatler.

Swal"low*fish` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The European sapphirine gurnard (Trigla hirundo). It has large pectoral fins.

Swal"low*tail` (?), n. 1. (Carp.) A kind of tenon or tongue used in making joints. See Dovetail.

2. (Bot.) A species of willow.

3. (Fort.) An outwork with converging sides, its head or front forming a reëntrant angle; -- so called from its form. Called also priestcap.

4. A swallow-tailed coat.

> This Stultz coat, a blue swallowtail, with yellow buttons.

Thackeray.

5. An arrow. Sir W. Scott.

6. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of large and handsome butterflies, belonging to Papilio and allied genera, in which the posterior border of each hind wing is prolongated in the form of a long lobe.

The black swallowtail, or asterias (see Papilio), the blue swallowtail, or philenor, the tiger swallowtail, or turnus (see Turnus), and the zebra swallowtail, or ajax (see under Zebra) are common American species. See also Troilus.

Swal"low-tailed` (?), a. 1. Having a tail like that of a swallow; hence, like a swallow's tail in form; having narrow and tapering or pointed skirts; as, a swallow-tailed coat.

2. (Carp.) United by dovetailing; dovetailed.

Swallow-tailed duck (Zoöl.), the old squaw. -- Swallow-tailed gull (Zoöl.), an Arctic gull (Xema furcata), which has a deeply forked tail. -- Swallow-tailed hawk or kite (Zoöl.), the fork- tailed kite. -- Swallow-tailed moth (Zoöl.), a European moth (Urapteryx sambucaria) having tail-like lobes on the hind wings.

Swal"low*wort` (?), n. (Bot.) (a) See Celandine. (b) A poisonous plant (Vincetoxicum officinale) of the Milkweed family, at one time used in medicine; -- also called white swallowwort.

African swallowwort, a plant of the genus Stapelia.

Swam (?), imp. of Swim.

Swamp (?), n. [Cf. AS. swam a fungus, OD. swam a sponge, D. zwam a fungus, G. schwamm a sponge, Icel. svöppr, Dan. & Sw. swamp, Goth. swamms, Gr. somfo`s porous, spongy.] Wet, spongy land; soft, low ground saturated with water, but not usually covered with it; marshy ground away from the seashore.

> Gray swamps and pools, waste places of the hern.

Tennyson.

> A swamp differs from a bog and a marsh in producing trees and shrubs, while the latter produce only herbage, plants, and mosses.

Farming Encyc. (E. Edwards, Words).

Swamp blackbird. (Zoöl.) See Redwing (b). -- Swamp cabbage (Bot.), skunk cabbage. -- Swamp deer (Zoöl.), an Asiatic deer (Rucervus Duvaucelli) of India. -- Swamp hen. (Zoöl.) (a) An Australian azure-breasted bird (Porphyrio bellus); -- called also goollema. (b) An Australian water crake, or rail (Porzana Tabuensis); -- called also little swamp hen. (c) The European purple gallinule. -- Swamp honeysuckle (Bot.), an American shrub (Azalea, or Rhododendron, viscosa) growing in swampy places, with fragrant flowers of a white color, or white tinged with rose; -- called also swamp pink. -- Swamp hook, a hook and chain used by lumbermen in handling logs. Cf. Cant hook. -- Swamp itch. (Med.) See Prairie itch, under Prairie. -- Swamp laurel (Bot.), a shrub (Kalmia glauca) having small leaves with the lower surface glaucous. -- Swamp maple (Bot.), red maple. See Maple. -- Swamp oak (Bot.), a name given to several kinds of oak which grow in swampy places, as swamp Spanish oak (Quercus palustris), swamp white oak (Q. bicolor), swamp post oak (Q. lyrata). -- Swamp ore (Min.), bog ore; limonite. -- Swamp partridge (Zoöl.), any one of several Australian game birds of the genera Synoicus and Excalfatoria, allied to the European partridges. -- Swamp robin (Zoöl.), the chewink. -- Swamp sassafras (Bot.), a small North American tree of the genus Magnolia (M. glauca) with aromatic leaves and fragrant creamy-white blossoms; -- called also sweet bay. -- Swamp sparrow (Zoöl.), a common North American sparrow (Melospiza Georgiana, or M. palustris), closely resembling the song sparrow. It lives in low, swampy places. -- Swamp willow. (Bot.) See Pussy willow, under Pussy.

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Swamp (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Swamped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Swamping.] 1. To plunge or sink into a swamp.

2. (Naut.) To cause (a boat) to become filled with water; to capsize or sink by whelming with water.

3. Fig.: To plunge into difficulties and perils; to overwhelm; to ruin; to wreck.

> The Whig majority of the house of Lords was swamped by the creation of twelve Tory peers.

J. R. Green.

> Having swamped himself in following the ignis fatuus of a theory.

Sir W. Hamilton.

Swamp, v. i. 1. To sink or stick in a swamp; figuratively, to become involved in insuperable difficulties.

2. To become filled with water, as a boat; to founder; to capsize or sink; figuratively, to be ruined; to be wrecked.

Swamp"y (?), a. Consisting of swamp; like a swamp; low, wet, and spongy; as, swampy land.

Swan (?), n. [AS. swan; akin to D. zwaan, OHG. swan, G. schwan, Icel. svanr, Sw. svan, Dan. svane; and perhaps to E. sound something audible.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of large aquatic birds belonging to Cygnus, Olor, and allied genera of the subfamily Cygninæ. They have a large and strong beak and a long neck, and are noted for their graceful movements when swimming. Most of the northern species are white. In literature the swan was fabled to sing a melodious song, especially at the time of its death.

The European white, or mute, swan (Cygnus gibbus), which is most commonly domesticated, bends its neck in an S-shaped curve. The whistling, or trumpeting, swans of the genus Olor do not bend the neck in an S-shaped curve, and are noted for their loud and sonorous cry, due to complex convolutions of the windpipe. To this genus belong the European whooper, or whistling swan (Olor cygnus), the American whistling swan (O. Columbianus), and the trumpeter swan (O. buccinator). The Australian black swan (Chenopis atrata) is dull black with white on the wings, and has the bill carmine, crossed with a white band. It is a very graceful species and is often domesticated. The South American black-necked swan (Sthenelides melancorypha) is a very beautiful and graceful species, entirely white, except the head and neck, which are dark velvety seal-brown. Its bill has a double bright rose-colored knob.

2. Fig.: An appellation for a sweet singer, or a poet noted for grace and melody; as Shakespeare is called the swan of Avon.

3. (Astron.) The constellation Cygnus.

Swan goose (Zoöl.), a bird of India (Cygnopsis cygnoides) resembling both the swan and the goose. -- Swan shot, a large size of shot used in fowling.

Swang (?), obs. imp. of Swing.

Swang, n. [Cf. Swamp.] A swamp. [Prov. Eng.]

Swan"herd` (?), n. One who tends or marks swans; as, the royal swanherd of England.

Swan"-hop`ping (?), n. A corruption of Swan-upping. [Eng.] Encyc. Brit.

Swan"i*mote (?), n. (Eng. Forest Law) See Swainmote.

{ Swank"ie, Swank"y } (?), n. [Cf. G. schwank flexible, pliant.] An active and clever young fellow. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Swan"like` (?), a. Resembling a swan.

Swan"mark` (?), n. A mark of ownership cut on the bill or swan. [Eng.] Encyc. Brit.

Swan"ner*y (?), n. A place where swans are bred. "The largest swannery in England." Encyc. Brit.

Swan"ny (?), a. Swanlike; as, a swanny glossiness of the neck. Richardson.

Swan"pan (?), n. [Cf. Schwanpan.] The Chinese abacus; a schwanpan. S. W. Williams.

{ Swan's"-down` (?), or Swans"-down` }, n. 1. The down, or fine, soft feathers, of the swan, used on various articles of dress.

2. A fine, soft, thick cloth of wool mixed with silk or cotton; a sort of twilled fustian, like moleskin.

Swan's-down cotton. See Cotton flannel, under Cotton.

Swan"skin` (?), n. 1. The act of a swan with the down or the feathers on.

2. A species of soft flannel, thick and warm.

Swan"-up`ping (?), n. A yearly expedition on the Thames to take up young swans and mark them, as by Companies of Dyers and Vintners; -- called also swan- hopping. [Eng.] Encyc. Brit.

Swap (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Swapped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Swapping.] [OE. swappen to strike; cf. E. to strike a bargain; perh. akin to E. sweep. Cf. Swap a blow, Swap, v. i.] [Written also swop.] 1. To strike; -- with off. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] "Swap off his head!" Chaucer.

2. To exchange (usually two things of the same kind); to swop. [Colloq.] Miss Edgeworth.

Swap, v. i. [Cf. Swap, v. t.] 1. To fall or descend; to rush hastily or violently. C. Richardson (Dict.).

> All suddenly she swapt adown to ground.

Chaucer.

2. To beat the air, or ply the wings, with a sweeping motion or noise; to flap.

Swap, n. [Cf. G. schwapp, n., a slap, swap, schwapp, schwapps, interj., slap! smack! and E. swap, v.t.] 1. A blow; a stroke. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

2. An exchange; a barter. [Colloq.] Sir W. Scott.

Swap, adv. [See Swap, n.] Hastily. [Prov. Eng.]

Swape (?), n. See Sweep, n., 12.

Sward (?), n. [AS. sweard skin, covering; akin to OFries. swarge, D. zwoord, G. schwarte, Icel. svör&?;r skin, sward of the earth.] 1. Skin; covering. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

2. The grassy surface of land; that part of the soil which is filled with the roots of grass; turf.

> The sward was trim as any garden lawn.

Tennyson.

Sward pork, bacon in large fitches. [Prov. Eng.]

Sward, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Swarded (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Swarding.] To produce sward upon; to cover, or be covered, with sward. Mortimer.

Sward"-cut`ter (?), n. (a) A plow for turning up grass land. (b) A lawn mower.

Sward"ed, a. Covered with sward. Mrs. Browning.

Sward"y (?), a. Covered with sward or grass.

Sware (?), imp. of Swear. [Obs. or Poetic]

> Cophetua sware a royal oath.

Tennyson.

Swarf (?), v. i. [Cf. Swerve.] To grow languid; to faint. [Scot.] "To swarf for very hunger." Sir W. Scott.

Swarf, n. [Cf. Swerve.] The grit worn away from grindstones in grinding cutlery wet. [Prov. Eng.]

Swarm (?), v. i. [Cf. Swerve.] To climb a tree, pole, or the like, by embracing it with the arms and legs alternately. See Shin. [Colloq.]

> At the top was placed a piece of money, as a prize for those who could swarm up and seize it.

W. Coxe.

Swarm, n. [OE. swarm, AS. swearm; akin to D. zwerm, G. schwarm, OHG. swaram, Icel. svarmr a tumult, Sw. svärm a swarm, Dan. sværm, and G. schwirren to whiz, to buzz, Skr. svar to sound, and perhaps to E. swear. √177. Cf. Swerve, Swirl.] 1. A large number or mass of small animals or insects, especially when in motion. "A deadly swarm of hornets." Milton.

2. Especially, a great number of honeybees which emigrate from a hive at once, and seek new lodgings under the direction of a queen; a like body of bees settled permanently in a hive. "A swarm of bees." Chaucer.

3. Hence, any great number or multitude, as of people in motion, or sometimes of inanimate objects; as, a swarm of meteorites.

> Those prodigious swarms that had settled themselves in every part of it [Italy].

Addison.

Syn. -- Multitude; crowd; throng.

Swarm, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Swarmed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Swarming.] 1. To collect, and depart from a hive by flight in a body; -- said of bees; as, bees swarm in warm, clear days in summer.

2. To appear or collect in a crowd; to throng together; to congregate in a multitude. Chaucer.

3. To be crowded; to be thronged with a multitude of beings in motion.

> Every place swarms with soldiers.

Spenser.

4. To abound; to be filled (with). Atterbury.

5. To breed multitudes.

> Not so thick swarmed once the soil
> Bedropped with blood of Gorgon.

Milton.

Swarm, v. t. To crowd or throng. Fanshawe.

Swarm"spore` (?), n. 1. (Bot.) One of innumerable minute, motile, reproductive bodies, produced asexually by certain algæ and fungi; a zoöspore.

2. (Zoöl.) One of the minute flagellate germs produced by the sporulation of a protozoan; -- called also zoöspore.

Swart (?), n. Sward. [Obs.] Holinshed.

Swart (?), a. [OE. swart, AS. sweart black; akin to OFries, OS. & LG. swart, D. zwart, G. schwartz, OHG. swarz, Icel. svarir, Sw. svart, Dan. sort, Goth. swarts; cf. L. sordes dirt, sordere to be dirty. Cf. Sordid, Surd.] 1. Of a dark hue; moderately black; swarthy; tawny. "Swart attendants." Trench. "Swart savage maids." Hawthorne.

> A nation strange, with visage swart.

Spenser.

2. Gloomy; malignant. [Obs.] Milton.

Swart star, the Dog Star; -- so called from its appearing during the hot weather of summer, which makes swart the countenance. [R.] Milton.

Swart, v. t. To make swart or tawny; as, to swart a living part. Sir T. Browne.

Swart"back` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The black-backed gull (Larus marinus); -- called also swarbie. [Prov. Eng.]

Swarth (?), a. Swart; swarthy. "A swarth complexion." Chapman.

Swarth (?), n. An apparition of a person about to die; a wraith. [Prov. Eng.] Grose.

Swarth, n. [See Sward.] Sward; short grass.

> Grassy swarth, close cropped by nibbling sheep.

Cowper.

Swarth, n. See Swath.

Swarth"i*ly (?), adv. In a swarthy manner; with a tawny hue; duskily.

Swarth"i*ness, n. The quality or state of being swarthy; a dusky or dark complexion; tawniness.

Swarth"ness, n. Swarthiness. [R.] Dr. R. Clerke.

Swarth"y (?), a. [Compar. Swarthier (?); superl. Swarthiest.] [See Swart, a.] Being of a dark hue or dusky complexion; tawny; swart; as, swarthy faces. "A swarthy Ethiope." Shak.

> Their swarthy hosts would darken all our plains.

Addison.

Swarth"y, v. t. To make swarthy. [Obs.] Cowley.

Swart"i*ness (?), n. Swarthiness. [Obs.]

Swart"ish, a. Somewhat swart, dark, or tawny.

Swart"ness, n. The quality or state of being swart.

Swart"y (?), a. Swarthy; tawny. [Obs.] Burton.

Swarve (?), v. i. [See Swerve.] 1. To swerve. [Obs. or Scot.] Spenser. Jamieson.

2. To climb. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Swash (?), n. [Cf. Swash, v. i., Squash, v. t.] (Arch.) An oval figure, whose moldings are oblique to the axis of the work. Moxon.

Swash plate (Mach.), a revolving circular plate, set obliquely on its shaft, and acting as a cam to give a reciprocating motion to a rod in a direction parallel to the shaft.

Swash, a. [Cf. Swash, v. i., Squash, v. t.] Soft, like fruit too ripe; swashy. [Prov. Eng.] Pegge.

Swash, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Swashed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Swashing.] [Probably of imitative origin; cf. Sw. svasska to splash, and, for sense 3, Sw. svassa to bully, to rodomontade.] 1. To dash or flow noisily, as water; to splash; as, water swashing on a shallow place.

2. To fall violently or noisily. [Obs.] Holinshed.

3. To bluster; to make a great noise; to vapor or brag.

Swash, n. 1. Impulse of water flowing with violence; a dashing or splashing of water.

2. A narrow sound or channel of water lying within a sand bank, or between a sand bank and the shore, or a bar over which the sea washes.

3. Liquid filth; wash; hog mash. [Obs.]

4. A blustering noise; a swaggering behavior. [Obs.]

5. A swaggering fellow; a swasher.

Swash"buc`kler (?), n. A bully or braggadocio; a swaggering, boastful fellow; a swaggerer. Milton.

Swash"er (?), n. One who makes a blustering show of valor or force of arms. Shak.

Swash"ing, a. 1. Swaggering; hectoring. "A swashing and martial outside." Shak.

2. Resounding; crushing. "Swashing blow." Shak.

Swash"way` (?), n. Same as 4th Swash, 2.

Swash"y (?), a. Soft, like fruit that is too ripe; quashy; swash. [Prov. Eng.]

Swat (swt), obs. imp. of Sweat. Chaucer.

Swatch (?), n. 1. A swath. [Obs.] Tusser.

2. A piece, pattern, or sample, generally of cloth. Halliwell. Jamieson.

Swate (swt), obs. imp. of Sweat. Thomson.

Swath (swth; 277), n. [AS. swaðu a track, trace; akin to D. zwaad, zwad, zwade, a swath of grass, G. schwad, schwaden; perhaps, originally, a shred. Cf. Swathe, v. t.] 1. A line of grass or grain cut and thrown together by the scythe in mowing or cradling.

2. The whole sweep of a scythe, or the whole breadth from which grass or grain is cut by a scythe or a machine, in mowing or cradling; as, to cut a wide swath.

3. A band or fillet; a swathe. Shak.

Swath bank, a row of new-mown grass. [Prov. Eng.]

Swathe (sw), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Swathed (swd); p. pr. & vb. n. Swathing.] [OE. swathen, AS. sweðain. See Swath, n., and cf. Swaddle.] To bind with a swathe, band, bandage, or rollers.

> Their children are never swathed or bound about with any thing when they are first born.

Abp. Abbot.

Swathe, n. A bandage; a band; a swath.

> Wrapped me in above an hundred yards of swathe.

Addison.

> Milk and a swathe, at first, his whole demand.

Young.

> The solemn glory of the afternoon, with its long swathes of light between the far off rows of limes.

G. Eliot.

Swath"er (?), n. [See Swath, n.] (Agric.) A device attached to a mowing machine for raising the uncut fallen grain and marking the limit of the swath.

Swat"te (?), obs. imp. of Sweat. Chaucer.

Sway (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Swayed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Swaying.] [OE. sweyen, Icel. sveigja, akin to E. swing; cf. D. zwaaijen to wield, swing. See Swing, and cf. Swag, v. i.] 1. To move or wield with the hand; to swing; to wield; as, to sway the scepter.

> As sparkles from the anvil rise,
> When heavy hammers on the wedge are swayed.

Spenser.

2. To influence or direct by power and authority; by persuasion, or by moral force; to rule; to govern; to guide.

> The will of man is by his reason swayed.

Shak.

> She could not sway her house.

Shak.

> This was the race
> To sway the world, and land and sea subdue.

Dryden.

3. To cause to incline or swing to one side, or backward and forward; to bias; to turn; to bend; warp; as, reeds swayed by wind; judgment swayed by passion.

> As bowls run true by being made
> On purpose false, and to be swayed.

Hudibras.

> Let not temporal and little advantages sway you against a more durable interest.

Tillotson.

4. (Naut.) To hoist; as, to sway up the yards.

Syn. -- To bias; rule; govern; direct; influence; swing; move; wave; wield.

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Sway (?), v. i. 1. To be drawn to one side by weight or influence; to lean; to incline.

> The balance sways on our part.

Bacon.

2. To move or swing from side to side; or backward and forward.

3. To have weight or influence.

> The example of sundry churches . . . doth sway much.

Hooker.

4. To bear sway; to rule; to govern.

> Hadst thou swayed as kings should do.

Shak.

Sway, n. 1. The act of swaying; a swaying motion; the swing or sweep of a weapon.

> With huge two-handed sway brandished aloft.

Milton.

2. Influence, weight, or authority that inclines to one side; as, the sway of desires. A. Tucker.

3. Preponderance; turn or cast of balance.

> Expert
> When to advance, or stand, or turn the sway
> Of battle.

Milton.

4. Rule; dominion; control. Cowper.

> When vice prevails, and impious men bear sway,
> The post of honor is a private station.

Addison.

5. A switch or rod used by thatchers to bind their work. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Syn. -- Rule; dominion; power; empire; control; influence; direction; preponderance; ascendency.

Sway"-backed` (?), a. Having the back hollow or sagged, whether naturally or as the result of injury or weakness; -- said of horses and other animals.

Sway"-bra`cing (?), n. (Engin.) The horizontal bracing of a bridge, which prevents its swaying.

Swayed (?), a. Bent down, and hollow in the back; sway-backed; -- said of a horse. Shak.

Sway"ful (?), a. Able to sway. [R.] Rush.

Sway"ing, n. An injury caused by violent strains or by overloading; -- said of the backs of horses. Crabb.

Sweal (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Swealed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Swealing.] [OE. swelen to burn, AS. swelan; akin to G. schwelen to burn slowly, schwül sultry, Icel. svæla a thick smoke.] To melt and run down, as the tallow of a candle; to waste away without feeding the flame. [Written also swale.] Sir W. Scott.

Sweal, v. t. To singe; to scorch; to swale; as, to sweal a pig by singeing off the hair.

Swear (?), v. i. [imp. Swore (?), formerly Sware (&?;); p. p. Sworn (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Swearing.] [OE. swerien, AS. swerian; akin to D. zweren, OS. swerian, OHG. swerien, G. schwören, Icel. sverja, Sw. svärja, Dan. sværge, Icel. & Sw. svara to answer, Dan. svare, Dan. & Sw. svar an answer, Goth. swaran to swear, and perhaps to E. swarm. √177. Cf. Answer.] 1. To affirm or utter a solemn declaration, with an appeal to God for the truth of what is affirmed; to make a promise, threat, or resolve on oath; also, to affirm solemnly by some sacred object, or one regarded as sacred, as the Bible, the Koran, etc.

> Ye shall swear by my name falsely.

Lev. xix. 12.

> I swear by all the Roman gods.

Shak.

2. (Law) To give evidence on oath; as, to swear to the truth of a statement; he swore against the prisoner.

3. To make an appeal to God in an irreverant manner; to use the name of God or sacred things profanely; to call upon God in imprecation; to curse.

> [I] swore little; diced not above seven times a week.

Shak.

To swear by, to place great confidence in a person or thing; to trust implicitly as an authority. "I simply meant to ask if you are one of those who swear by Lord Verulam." Miss Edgeworth. -- To swear off, to make a solemn vow, or a serious resolution, to abstain from something; as, to swear off smoking. [Slang]

Swear, v. t. 1. To utter or affirm with a solemn appeal to God for the truth of the declaration; to make (a promise, threat, or resolve) under oath.

> Swear unto me here by God, that thou wilt not deal falsely with me.

Gen. xxi. 23.

> He swore consent to your succession.

Shak.

2. (Law) To put to an oath; to cause to take an oath; to administer an oath to; -- ofetn followed by in or into; as, to swear witnesses; to swear a jury; to swear in an officer; he was sworn into office.

3. To declare or charge upon oath; as, he swore treason against his friend. Johnson.

4. To appeal to by an oath.

> Now, by Apollo, king,
> Thou swear'st thy gods in vain.

Shak.

To swear the peace against one, to make oath that one is under the actual fear of death or bodily harm from the person, in which case the person must find sureties that he will keep the peace.

Swear"er (?), n. 1. One who swears; one who calls God to witness for the truth of his declaration.

2. A profane person; one who uses profane language.

> Then the liars and swearers are fools.

Shak.

Swear"ing, a. & n. from Swear, v.

> Idle swearing is a cursedness.

Chaucer.

Sweat (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sweat or Sweated (Obs. Swat (&?;)); p. pr. & vb. n. Sweating.] [OE. sweten, AS. swætan, fr. swt, n., sweat; akin to OFries. & OS. swt, D. zweet, OHG. sweiz, G. schweiss, Icel. sviti, sveiti, Sw. svett, Dan. sved, L. sudor sweat, sudare to sweat, Gr. &?;, &?;, sweat, &?; to sweat, Skr. svda sweat, svid to sweat. √178. Cf. Exude, Sudary, Sudorific.] 1. To excrete sensible moisture from the pores of the skin; to perspire. Shak.

2. Fig.: To perspire in toil; to work hard; to drudge.

> He 'd have the poets sweat.

Waller.

3. To emit moisture, as green plants in a heap.

Sweat, v. t. 1. To cause to excrete moisture from the skin; to cause to perspire; as, his physicians attempted to sweat him by most powerful sudorifics.

2. To emit or suffer to flow from the pores; to exude.

> It made her not a drop for sweat.

Chaucer.

> With exercise she sweat ill humors out.

Dryden.

3. To unite by heating, after the application of soldier.

4. To get something advantageous, as money, property, or labor from (any one), by exaction or oppression; as, to sweat a spendthrift; to sweat laborers. [Colloq.]

To sweat coin, to remove a portion of a piece of coin, as by shaking it with others in a bag, so that the friction wears off a small quantity of the metal.

> The only use of it [money] which is interdicted is to put it in circulation again after having diminished its weight by "sweating", or otherwise, because the quantity of metal contains is no longer consistent with its impression.

R. Cobden.

Sweat (?), n. [Cf. OE. swot, AS. swt. See Sweat, v. i.] 1. (Physiol.) The fluid which is excreted from the skin of an animal; the fluid secreted by the sudoriferous glands; a transparent, colorless, acid liquid with a peculiar odor, containing some fatty acids and mineral matter; perspiration. See Perspiration.

> In the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread.

Gen. iii. 19.

2. The act of sweating; or the state of one who sweats; hence, labor; toil; drudgery. Shak.

3. Moisture issuing from any substance; as, the sweat of hay or grain in a mow or stack. Mortimer.

4. The sweating sickness. [Obs.] Holinshed.

5. (Man.) A short run by a race horse in exercise.

Sweat box (Naut.), a small closet in which refractory men are confined. -- Sweat glands (Anat.), sudoriferous glands. See under Sudoriferous.

Sweat"er (?), n. 1. One who sweats.

2. One who, or that which, causes to sweat; as: (a) A sudorific. (b) A woolen jacket or jersey worn by athletes. (c) An employer who oppresses his workmen by paying low wages. [Slang]

Sweat"i*ly (?), adv. In a sweaty manner.

Sweat"i*ness, n. Quality or state of being sweaty.

Sweat"ing, a. & n. from Sweat, v.

Sweating bath, a bath producing sensible sweat; a stove or sudatory. -- Sweating house, a house for sweating persons in sickness. -- Sweating iron, a kind of knife, or a piece of iron, used to scrape off sweat, especially from horses; a horse scraper. -- Sweating room. (a) A room for sweating persons. (b) (Dairying) A room for sweating cheese and carrying off the superfluous juices. -- Sweating sickness (Med.), a febrile epidemic disease which prevailed in some countries of Europe, but particularly in England, in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, characterized by profuse sweating. Death often occured in a few hours.

Sweat"y (?), a. [Compar. Sweatier (?); superl. Sweatiest.] 1. Moist with sweat; as, a sweaty skin; a sweaty garment.

2. Consisting of sweat; of the nature of sweat.

> No noisome whiffs or sweaty streams.

Swift.

3. Causing sweat; hence, laborious; toilsome; difficult. "The sweaty forge." Prior.

Swede (?), n. [Cf. G. Schwede.] 1. A native or inhabitant of Sweden.

2. (Bot.) A Swedish turnip. See under Turnip.

Swe`den*bor"gi*an (?), n. One who holds the doctrines of the New Jerusalem church, as taught by Emanuel Swedenborg, a Swedish philosopher and religious writer, who was born a. d. 1688 and died 1772. Swedenborg claimed to have intercourse with the spiritual world, through the opening of his spiritual senses in 1745. He taught that the Lord Jesus Christ, as comprehending in himself all the fullness of the Godhead, is the one only God, and that there is a spiritual sense to the Scriptures, which he (Swedenborg) was able to reveal, because he saw the correspondence between natural and spiritual things.

Swe`den*bor"gi*an, a. Of or pertaining to Swedenborg or his views.

Swe`den*bor"gi*an*ism (?), n. The doctrines of the Swedenborgians.

Swed"ish (?), a. [Cf. G. schwedisch, Sw. svensk.] Of or pertaining to Sweden or its inhabitants.

Swedish turnip. (Bot.) See under Turnip.

Swed"ish, n. The language of Swedes.

Swee"ny (?), n. (Far.) An atrophy of the muscles of the shoulder in horses; also, atrophy of any muscle in horses. [Written also swinney.]

Sweep (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Swept (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sweeping.] [OE. swepen; akin to AS. swpan. See Swoop, v. i.] 1. To pass a broom across (a surface) so as to remove loose dirt, dust, etc.; to brush, or rub over, with a broom for the purpose of cleaning; as, to sweep a floor, the street, or a chimney. Used also figuratively.

> I will sweep it with the besom of destruction.

Isa. xiv. 23.

2. To drive or carry along or off with a broom or a brush, or as if with a broom; to remove by, or as if by, brushing; as, to sweep dirt from a floor; the wind sweeps the snow from the hills; a freshet sweeps away a dam, timber, or rubbish; a pestilence sweeps off multitudes.

> The hail shall sweep away the refuge of lies.

Isa. xxviii. 17.

> I have already swept the stakes.

Dryden.

3. To brush against or over; to rub lightly along.

> Their long descending train,
> With rubies edged and sapphires, swept the plain.

Dryden.

4. To carry with a long, swinging, or dragging motion; hence, to carry in a stately or proud fashion.

> And like a peacock sweep along his tail.

Shak.

5. To strike with a long stroke.

> Wake into voice each silent string,
> And sweep the sounding lyre.

Pope.

6. (Naut.) To draw or drag something over; as, to sweep the bottom of a river with a net.

7. To pass over, or traverse, with the eye or with an instrument of observation; as, to sweep the heavens with a telescope.

To sweep, or sweep up, a mold (Founding), to form the sand into a mold by a templet, instead of compressing it around the pattern.

Sweep (?), v. i. 1. To clean rooms, yards, etc., or to clear away dust, dirt, litter, etc., with a broom, brush, or the like.

2. To brush swiftly over the surface of anything; to pass with switness and force, as if brushing the surface of anything; to move in a stately manner; as, the wind sweeps across the plain; a woman sweeps through a drawing- room.

3. To pass over anything comprehensively; to range through with rapidity; as, his eye sweeps through space.

Sweep, n. 1. The act of sweeping.

2. The compass or range of a stroke; as, a long sweep.

3. The compass of any turning body or of any motion; as, the sweep of a door; the sweep of the eye.

4. The compass of anything flowing or brushing; as, the flood carried away everything within its sweep.

5. Violent and general destruction; as, the sweep of an epidemic disease.

6. Direction and extent of any motion not rectlinear; as, the sweep of a compass.

7. Direction or departure of a curve, a road, an arch, or the like, away from a rectlinear line.

> The road which makes a small sweep.

Sir W. Scott.

8. One who sweeps; a sweeper; specifically, a chimney sweeper.

9. (Founding) A movable templet for making molds, in loam molding.

10. (Naut.) (a) The mold of a ship when she begins to curve in at the rungheads; any part of a ship shaped in a segment of a circle. (b) A large oar used in small vessels, partly to propel them and partly to steer them.

11. (Refining) The almond furnace. [Obs.]

12. A long pole, or piece of timber, moved on a horizontal fulcrum fixed to a tall post and used to raise and lower a bucket in a well for drawing water. [Variously written swape, sweep, swepe, and swipe.]

13. (Card Playing) In the game of casino, a pairing or combining of all the cards on the board, and so removing them all; in whist, the winning of all the tricks (thirteen) in a hand; a slam.

14. pl. The sweeping of workshops where precious metals are worked, containing filings, etc.

Sweep net, a net for drawing over a large compass. -- Sweep of the tiller (Naut.), a circular frame on which the tiller traverses.

Sweep"age (?), n. The crop of hay got in a meadow. [Prov. Eng.]

Sweep"er (?), n. One who, or that which, sweeps, or cleans by sweeping; a sweep; as, a carpet sweeper.

> It is oxygen which is the great sweeper of the economy.

Huxley.

Sweep"ing, a. Cleaning off surfaces, or cleaning away dust, dirt, or litter, as a broom does; moving with swiftness and force; carrying everything before it; including in its scope many persons or things; as, a sweeping flood; a sweeping majority; a sweeping accusation. -- Sweep"ing*ly, adv. - Sweep"ing*ness, n.

Sweep"ings (?), n. pl. Things collected by sweeping; rubbish; as, the sweepings of a street.

Sweep"-saw` (?), n. A bow- saw.

Sweep"stake` (?), n. 1. A winning of all the stakes or prizes. Heylin.

2. A complete removal or carrying away; a clean sweep. [Obs.] Bp. Hacket.

Sweep"stakes` (?), n. 1. A winning of all the stakes or prizes; a sweepstake.

2. sing. or pl. The whole money or other things staked at a horse race, a given sum being put up for each horse, all of which goes to the winner, or is divided among several, as may be previously agreed.

3. A race for all the sums staked or prizes offered.

Sweep"wash`er (?), n. One who extracts the residuum of precious metals from the sweepings, potsherds, etc., of refineries of gold and silver, or places where these metals are used.

Sweep"y (?), a. Moving with a sweeping motion.

> The branches bend before their sweepy away.

Dryden.

<! p. 1458 !>

Sweet (?), a. [Compar. Sweeter (?); superl. Sweetest.] [OE. swete, swote, sote, AS. swte; akin to OFries. swte, OS. swti, D. zoet, G. süss, OHG. suozi, Icel. sætr, sœtr, Sw. söt, Dan. söd, Goth. suts, L. suavis, for suadvis, Gr. &?;, Skr. svdu sweet, svad, svd, to sweeten. √175. Cf. Assuage, Suave, Suasion.] 1. Having an agreeable taste or flavor such as that of sugar; saccharine; -- opposed to sour and bitter; as, a sweet beverage; sweet fruits; sweet oranges.

2. Pleasing to the smell; fragrant; redolent; balmy; as, a sweet rose; sweet odor; sweet incense.

> The breath of these flowers is sweet to me.

Longfellow.

3. Pleasing to the ear; soft; melodious; harmonious; as, the sweet notes of a flute or an organ; sweet music; a sweet voice; a sweet singer.

> To make his English sweet upon his tongue.

Chaucer.

> A voice sweet, tremulous, but powerful.

Hawthorne.

4. Pleasing to the eye; beautiful; mild and attractive; fair; as, a sweet face; a sweet color or complexion.

> Sweet interchange
> Of hill and valley, rivers, woods, and plains.

Milton.

5. Fresh; not salt or brackish; as, sweet water. Bacon.

6. Not changed from a sound or wholesome state. Specifically: (a) Not sour; as, sweet milk or bread. (b) Not state; not putrescent or putrid; not rancid; as, sweet butter; sweet meat or fish.

7. Plaesing to the mind; mild; gentle; calm; amiable; winning; presuasive; as, sweet manners.

> Canst thou bind the sweet influence of Pleiades?

Job xxxviii. 31.

> Mildness and sweet reasonableness is the one established rule of Christian working.

M. Arnold.

Sweet is often used in the formation of self- explaining compounds; as, sweet-blossomed, sweet- featured, sweet-smelling, sweet-tempered, sweet- toned, etc.

Sweet alyssum. (Bot.) See Alyssum. -- Sweet apple. (Bot.) (a) Any apple of sweet flavor. (b) See Sweet-top. -- Sweet bay. (Bot.) (a) The laurel (laurus nobilis). (b) Swamp sassafras. -- Sweet calabash (Bot.), a plant of the genus Passiflora (P. maliformis) growing in the West Indies, and producing a roundish, edible fruit, the size of an apple. -- Sweet cicely. (Bot.) (a) Either of the North American plants of the umbelliferous genus Osmorrhiza having aromatic roots and seeds, and white flowers. Gray. (b) A plant of the genus Myrrhis (M. odorata) growing in England. -- Sweet calamus, or Sweet cane. (Bot.) Same as Sweet flag, below. -- Sweet Cistus (Bot.), an evergreen shrub (Cistus Ladanum) from which the gum ladanum is obtained. -- Sweet clover. (Bot.) See Melilot. -- Sweet coltsfoot (Bot.), a kind of butterbur (Petasites sagittata) found in Western North America. -- Sweet corn (Bot.), a variety of the maize of a sweet taste. See the Note under Corn. -- Sweet fern (Bot.), a small North American shrub (Comptonia, or Myrica, asplenifolia) having sweet-scented or aromatic leaves resembling fern leaves. -- Sweet flag (Bot.), an endogenous plant (Acorus Calamus) having long flaglike leaves and a rootstock of a pungent aromatic taste. It is found in wet places in Europe and America. See Calamus, 2. -- Sweet gale (Bot.), a shrub (Myrica Gale) having bitter fragrant leaves; -- also called sweet willow, and Dutch myrtle. See 5th Gale. -- Sweet grass (Bot.), holy, or Seneca, grass. -- Sweet gum (Bot.), an American tree (Liquidambar styraciflua). See Liquidambar. -- Sweet herbs, fragrant herbs cultivated for culinary purposes. -- Sweet John (Bot.), a variety of the sweet William. -- Sweet leaf (Bot.), horse sugar. See under Horse. -- Sweet marjoram. (Bot.) See Marjoram. -- Sweet marten (Zoöl.), the pine marten. -- Sweet maudlin (Bot.), a composite plant (Achillea Ageratum) allied to milfoil. -- Sweet oil, olive oil. -- Sweet pea. (Bot.) See under Pea. -- Sweet potato. (Bot.) See under Potato. -- Sweet rush (Bot.), sweet flag. -- Sweet spirits of niter (Med. Chem.) See Spirit of nitrous ether, under Spirit. -- Sweet sultan (Bot.), an annual composite plant (Centaurea moschata), also, the yellow-flowered (C. odorata); -- called also sultan flower. -- Sweet tooth, an especial fondness for sweet things or for sweetmeats. [Colloq.] -- Sweet William. (a) (Bot.) A species of pink (Dianthus barbatus) of many varieties. (b) (Zoöl.) The willow warbler. (c) (Zoöl.) The European goldfinch; -- called also sweet Billy. [Prov. Eng.] -- Sweet willow (Bot.), sweet gale. -- Sweet wine. See Dry wine, under Dry. -- To be sweet on, to have a particular fondness for, or special interest in, as a young man for a young woman. [Colloq.] Thackeray.

Syn. -- Sugary; saccharine; dulcet; luscious.

Sweet (?), n. 1. That which is sweet to the taste; -- used chiefly in the plural. Specifically: (a) Confectionery, sweetmeats, preserves, etc. (b) Home-made wines, cordials, metheglin, etc.

2. That which is sweet or pleasant in odor; a perfume. "A wilderness of sweets." Milton.

3. That which is pleasing or grateful to the mind; as, the sweets of domestic life.

> A little bitter mingled in our cup leaves no relish of the sweet.

Locke.

4. One who is dear to another; a darling; -- a term of endearment. "Wherefore frowns my sweet?" B. Jonson.

Sweet, adv. Sweetly. Shak.

Sweet, v. t. To sweeten. [Obs.] Udall.

Sweet"bread` (?), n. 1. Either the thymus gland or the pancreas, the former being called neck, or throat, sweetbread, the latter belly sweetbread. The sweetbreads of ruminants, esp. of the calf, are highly esteemed as food. See Pancreas, and Thymus.

2. (Anat.) The pancreas.

Sweet"-breast`ed (?), a. Having a sweet, musical voice, as the nightingale. Cf. Breast, n., 6. [Obs.]

Sweet"bri`er (?), n. (Bot.) A kind of rose (Rosa rubiginosa) with minutely glandular and fragrant foliage. The small-flowered sweetbrier is Rosa micrantha.

Sweet"en (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sweetened (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sweetening.] [See Sweet, a.] 1. To make sweet to the taste; as, to sweeten tea.

2. To make pleasing or grateful to the mind or feelings; as, to sweeten life; to sweeten friendship.

3. To make mild or kind; to soften; as, to sweeten the temper.

4. To make less painful or laborious; to relieve; as, to sweeten the cares of life. Dryden.

> And sweeten every secret tear.

Keble.

5. To soften to the eye; to make delicate.

> Correggio has made his memory immortal by the strength he has given to his figures, and by sweetening his lights and shadows, and melting them into each other.

Dryden.

6. To make pure and salubrious by destroying noxious matter; as, to sweeten rooms or apartments that have been infected; to sweeten the air.

7. To make warm and fertile; -- opposed to sour; as, to dry and sweeten soils.

8. To restore to purity; to free from taint; as, to sweeten water, butter, or meat.

Sweet"en, v. i. To become sweet. Bacon.

Sweet"en*er (?), n. One who, or that which, sweetens; one who palliates; that which moderates acrimony.

Sweet"en*ing, n. 1. The act of making sweet.

2. That which sweetens.

Sweet"heart` (?), n. A lover of mistress.

Sweet"heart`ing, n. Making love. "To play at sweethearting." W. Black.

Sweet"ing, n. 1. A sweet apple. Ascham.

2. A darling; -- a word of endearment. Shak.

Sweet"ish (?), a. Somewhat sweet. -- Sweet"ish*ness, n.

Sweet"ly, adv. [AS. swtlice.] In a sweet manner.

Sweet"meat` (?), n. 1. Fruit preserved with sugar, as peaches, pears, melons, nuts, orange peel, etc.; -- usually in the plural; a confect; a confection.

2. The paint used in making patent leather.

3. (Zoöl.) A boat shell (Crepidula fornicata) of the American coast. [Local, U.S.]

Sweet"ness, n. [AS. swtness.] The quality or state of being sweet (in any sense of the adjective); gratefulness to the taste or to the smell; agreeableness.

Sweet"root` (?), n. (Bot.) Licorice.

Sweet"-scent`ed (?), a. Having a sweet scent or smell; fragrant.

Sweet-scented shrub (Bot.), a shrub of the genus Calycanthus, the flowers of which, when crushed, have a fragrance resembling that of strawberries.

Sweet"-sop` (?), n. (Bot.) A kind of custard apple (Anona squamosa). See under Custard.

Sweet"wa`ter (?), n. (Bot.) A variety of white grape, having a sweet watery juice; -- also called white sweetwater, and white muscadine.

Sweet"weed` (?), n. (Bot.) A name for two tropical American weeds (Capraria biflora, and Scoparia dulcis) of the Figwort family.

Sweet"wood` (?), n. (Bot.) (a) The true laurel (Laurus nobilis.) (b) The timber of the tree Oreodaphne Leucoxylon, growing in Jamaica. The name is also applied to the timber of several other related trees.

Sweet"wort` (?), n. Any plant of a sweet taste.

Sweigh (?), n. Sway; movement. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Swein"mote` (?), n. See Swainmote. [Obs.]

Swell (?), v. i. [imp. Swelled (?); p. p. Swelled or Swollen (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Swelling.] [AS. swellan; akin to D. zwellen, OS. & OHG. swellan, G. schwellen, Icel. svella, Sw. svälla.] 1. To grow larger; to dilate or extend the exterior surface or dimensions, by matter added within, or by expansion of the inclosed substance; as, the legs swell in dropsy; a bruised part swells; a bladder swells by inflation.

2. To increase in size or extent by any addition; to increase in volume or force; as, a river swells, and overflows its banks; sounds swell or diminish.

3. To rise or be driven into waves or billows; to heave; as, in tempest, the ocean swells into waves.

4. To be puffed up or bloated; as, to swell with pride.

> You swell at the tartan, as the bull is said to do at scarlet.

Sir W. Scott.

5. To be inflated; to belly; as, the sails swell.

6. To be turgid, bombastic, or extravagant; as, swelling words; a swelling style.

7. To protuberate; to bulge out; as, a cask swells in the middle.

8. To be elated; to rise arrogantly.

> Your equal mind yet swells not into state.

Dryden.

9. To grow upon the view; to become larger; to expand. "Monarchs to behold the swelling scene!" Shak.

10. To become larger in amount; as, many little debts added, swell to a great amount.

11. To act in a pompous, ostentatious, or arrogant manner; to strut; to look big.

> Here he comes, swelling like a turkey cock.

Shak.

Swell, v. t. 1. To increase the size, bulk, or dimensions of; to cause to rise, dilate, or increase; as, rains and dissolving snow swell the rivers in spring; immigration swells the population.

> [The Church] swells her high, heart-cheering tone.

Keble.

2. To aggravate; to heighten.

> It is low ebb with his accuser when such peccadilloes are put to swell the charge.

Atterbury.

3. To raise to arrogance; to puff up; to inflate; as, to be swelled with pride or haughtiness.

4. (Mus.) To augment gradually in force or loudness, as the sound of a note.

Swell, n. 1. The act of swelling.

2. Gradual increase. Specifically: (a) Increase or augmentation in bulk; protuberance. (b) Increase in height; elevation; rise.

> Little River affords navigation during a swell to within three miles of the Miami.

Jefferson.

(c) Increase of force, intensity, or volume of sound.

> Music arose with its voluptuous swell.

Byron.

(d) Increase of power in style, or of rhetorical force.

> The swell and subsidence of his periods.

Landor.

3. A gradual ascent, or rounded elevation, of land; as, an extensive plain abounding with little swells.

4. A wave, or billow; especially, a succession of large waves; the roll of the sea after a storm; as, a heavy swell sets into the harbor.

> The swell
> Of the long waves that roll in yonder bay.

Tennyson.

> The gigantic swells and billows of the snow.

Hawthorne.

5. (Mus.) A gradual increase and decrease of the volume of sound; the crescendo and diminuendo combined; -- generally indicated by the sign.

6. A showy, dashing person; a dandy. [Slang]

Ground swell. See under Ground. - - Organ swell (Mus.), a certain number of pipes inclosed in a box, the uncovering of which by means of a pedal produces increased sound. -- Swell shark (Zoöl.), a small shark (Scyllium ventricosum) of the west coast of North America, which takes in air when caught, and swells up like a swellfish.

Swell, a. Having the characteristics of a person of rank and importance; showy; dandified; distinguished; as, a swell person; a swell neighborhood. [Slang]

Swell mob. See under Mob. [Slang]

Swell"dom (?), n. People of rank and fashion; the class of swells, collectively. [Jocose]

Swell"fish` (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any plectognath fish that dilates itself, as the bur fish, puffer, or diodon.

Swell"ing, n. 1. The act of that which swells; as, the swelling of rivers in spring; the swelling of the breast with pride.

> Rise to the swelling of the voiceless sea.

Coleridge.

2. A protuberance; a prominence; especially (Med.), an unnatural prominence or protuberance; as, a scrofulous swelling.

> The superficies of such plates are not even, but have many cavities and swellings.

Sir I. Newton.

Swell"ish, a. Dandified; stylish. [Slang]

Swell"toad` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A swellfish.

Swelt (?), obs. imp. of Swell.

Swelt, v. i. [OE. swelten to die, to swoon or faint, AS. sweltan to die; akin to OD. swelten to hunger, to fail, OS. sweltan to die, Icel. svelta to die, to hunger, Sw. svälta to hunger, Dan. sulte, Goth. sviltan to die. Cf. Swelter, Sweltry.] 1. To die; to perish. [Obs.]

2. To faint; to swoon. [Obs.] Chaucer.

> Night she swelt for passing joy.

Spenser.

Swelt, v. t. To overpower, as with heat; to cause to faint; to swelter. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Bp. Hall.

Swel"ter (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sweltered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sweltering.] [From Swelt, v. i.] 1. To be overcome and faint with heat; to be ready to perish with heat. "Sweltered cattle." Coleridge.

2. To welter; to soak. [Obs.] Drayton.

Swel"ter, v. t. 1. To oppress with heat. Bentley.

2. To exude, like sweat. [R.] Shak.

Swel"try (?), a. [See Swelter, Swelt, v. i., and cf. Sultry.] Suffocating with heat; oppressively hot; sultry. [R.] Evelyn.

Swel"ve (?), v. t. To swallow. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Swept (?), imp. & p. p. of Sweep.

Swerd (?), n. & v. See Sward, n. & v. [Obs.]

Swerd, n. Sword. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Swerve (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Swerved (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Swerving.] [OE. swerven, AS. sweorfan to wipe off, to file, to polish; akin to OFries. swerva to creep, D. zwerven to swerve, to rope, OS. swerban to wipe off, MHG. swerben to be whirled, OHG. swerban to wipe off, Icel. sverfa to file, Goth. swaírban (in comp.) to wipe, and perhaps to E. swarm. Cf. Swarm.] 1. To stray; to wander; to rope. [Obs.]

> A maid thitherward did run,
> To catch her sparrow which from her did swerve.

Sir P. Sidney.

2. To go out of a straight line; to deflect. "The point [of the sword] swerved." Sir P. Sidney.

3. To wander from any line prescribed, or from a rule or duty; to depart from what is established by law, duty, custom, or the like; to deviate.

> I swerve not from thy commandments.

Bk. of Com. Prayer.

> They swerve from the strict letter of the law.

Clarendon.

> Many who, through the contagion of evil example, swerve exceedingly from the rules of their holy religion.

Atterbury.

4. To bend; to incline. "The battle swerved." Milton.

5. To climb or move upward by winding or turning.

> The tree was high;
> Yet nimbly up from bough to bough I swerved.

Dryden.

Swerve, v. t. To turn aside. Gauden.

Swe"ven (?), n. [AS. swefen sleep, dream; akin to swebban, swefian, to put to sleep, to kill. √176. See Somnolent.] A vision seen in sleep; a dream. [Obs.] Wycliff (Acts ii. 17).

> I defy both sweven and dream.

Chaucer.

Swich (?), a. [See Such.] Such. [Obs.]

> Swich things as that I know I will declare.

Chaucer.

||Swie*te"ni*a (?), n. [NL. Named after Gerard Van Sweiten, physician to Maria Theresa of Austria.] (Bot.) A genus of meliaceous trees consisting of one species (Sweitenia Mahogoni), the mahogany tree.

Swift (?), a. [Compar. Swifter (?); superl. Swiftest.] [AS. swift; akin to swpan to sweep, swipu a whip; cf. swfan to move quickly, to revolve. See Swoop, v. i., and cf. Swivel, Squib.] 1. Moving a great distance in a short time; moving with celerity or velocity; fleet; rapid; quick; speedy; prompt.

> My beloved brethren, let every man be swift to hear, slow to speak, slow to wrath.

James i. 19.

> Swift of dispatch and easy of access.

Dryden.

> And bring upon themselves swift destruction.

2 Pet. ii. 1.

2. Of short continuance; passing away quickly. Shak.

Swift is often used in the formation of compounds which are generally self-explaining; as, swift-darting, swift-footed, swift-winged, etc.

Syn. -- Quick; fleet; speedy; rapid; expeditious.

Swift, adv. Swiftly. [Obs. or Poetic] Shak.

> Ply swift and strong the oar.

Southey.

Swift, n. 1. The current of a stream. [R.] Walton.

2. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of small, long-winged, insectivorous birds of the family Micropodidæ. In form and habits the swifts resemble swallows, but they are destitute of complex vocal muscles and are not singing birds, but belong to a widely different group allied to the humming birds.

The common European swift (Cypselus, or Micropus, apus) nests in church steeples and under the tiles of roofs, and is noted for its rapid flight and shrill screams. It is called also black martin, black swift, hawk swallow, devil bird, swingdevil, screech martin, and shreik owl. The common American, or chimney, swift (Chætura pelagica) has sharp rigid tips to the tail feathers. It attaches its nest to the inner walls of chimneys, and is called also chimney swallow. The Australian swift (Chætura caudacuta) also has sharp naked tips to the tail quills. The European Alpine swift (Cypselus melba) is whitish beneath, with a white band across the breast. The common Indian swift is Cypselus affinis. See also Palm swift, under Palm, and Tree swift, under Tree.

3. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of lizards, as the pine lizard.

4. (Zoöl.) The ghost moth. See under Ghost.

5. [Cf. Swivel.] A reel, or turning instrument, for winding yarn, thread, etc.; -- used chiefly in the plural.

6. The main card cylinder of a flax-carding machine.

<! p. 1459 !>

Swift"er (?), n. [Cf. Swivel.] (Naut.) (a) A rope used to retain the bars of the capstan in their sockets while men are turning it. (b) A rope used to encircle a boat longitudinally, to strengthen and defend her sides. (c) The forward shroud of a lower mast.

Swift"er, v. t. (Naut.) To tighten, as slack standing rigging, by bringing the opposite shrouds nearer.

Swift"foot` (?), a. Nimble; fleet. Mir. for Mag.

Swift"foot`, n. (Zoöl.) The courser.

Swift"let (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of small East Indian and Asiatic swifts of the genus Collocalia. Some of the species are noted for furnishing the edible bird's nest. See Illust. under Edible.

Swift"ly, adv. In a swift manner; with quick motion or velocity; fleetly. Wyclif.

Swift"ness, n. The quality or state of being swift; speed; quickness; celerity; velocity; rapidity; as, the swiftness of a bird; the swiftness of a stream; swiftness of descent in a falling body; swiftness of thought, etc.

Swig (?), v. t. [Cf. D. zwelgen to swallow, E. swallow, v.t.] 1. To drink in long draughts; to gulp; as, to swig cider. [Colloq.]

2. To suck. [Obs. or Archaic]

> The lambkins swig the teat.

Creech.

Swig, n. 1. A long draught. [Colloq.] Marryat.

2. (Naut.) A tackle with ropes which are not parallel.

3. A beverage consisting of warm beer flavored with spices, lemon, etc. [Prov. Eng.]

Swig, v. t. [Cf. Prov. E. swig to leak out, AS. swjian to be silent, swcan to evade, escape.] 1. To castrate, as a ram, by binding the testicles tightly with a string, so that they mortify and slough off. [Prov. Eng.]

2. (Naut.) To pull upon (a tackle) by throwing the weight of the body upon the fall between the block and a cleat.

Swill (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Swilled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Swilling.] [OE. swilen to wash, AS. swilian.] 1. To wash; to drench. [Obs.]

> As fearfully as doth a galled rock
> O'erhang and jutty his confounded base,
> Swilled with the wild and wasteful ocean.

Shak.

2. [Properly, to drink like a pig. See Swill, n.] To drink in great draughts; to swallow greedily.

> Well-dressed people, of both sexes, . . . devouring sliced beef, and swilling pork, and punch, and cider.

Smollett.

3. To inebriate; to fill with drink.

> I should be loth
> To meet the rudeness and swilled insolence
> Of such late wassailers.

Milton.

Swill, v. i. To drink greedily or swinishly; to drink to excess. South.

Swill, n. 1. The wash, or mixture of liquid substances, given to swine; hogwash; -- called also swillings.

2. Large draughts of liquor; drink taken in excessive quantities.

Swill"er (?), n. One who swills.

Swill"ings (?), n. pl. See Swill, n., 1.

Swim (?), v. i. [imp. Swam (?) or Swum (&?;); p. p. Swum; p. pr. & vb. n. Swimming.] [AS. swimman; akin to D. zwemmen, OHG. swimman, G. schwimmen, Icel. svimma, Dan. swömme, Sw. simma. Cf. Sound an air bladder, a strait.] 1. To be supported by water or other fluid; not to sink; to float; as, any substance will swim, whose specific gravity is less than that of the fluid in which it is immersed.

2. To move progressively in water by means of strokes with the hands and feet, or the fins or the tail.

> Leap in with me into this angry flood,
> And swim to yonder point.

Shak.

3. To be overflowed or drenched. Ps. vi. 6.

> Sudden the ditches swell, the meadows swim.

Thomson.

4. Fig.: To be as if borne or floating in a fluid.

> [They] now swim in joy.

Milton.

5. To be filled with swimming animals. [Obs.]

> [Streams] that swim full of small fishes.

Chaucer.

Swim, v. t. 1. To pass or move over or on by swimming; as, to swim a stream.

> Sometimes he thought to swim the stormy main.

Dryden.

2. To cause or compel to swim; to make to float; as, to swim a horse across a river.

3. To immerse in water that the lighter parts may float; as, to swim wheat in order to select seed.

Swim, n. 1. The act of swimming; a gliding motion, like that of one swimming. B. Jonson.

2. The sound, or air bladder, of a fish.

3. A part of a stream much frequented by fish. [Eng.]

Swim bladder, an air bladder of a fish. -- To be in the swim, to be in a favored position; to be associated with others in active affairs. [Colloq.]

Swim, v. i. [OE. swime dizziness, vertigo, AS. swma; akin to D. zwijm, Icel. svimi dizziness, svina to subside, sva to abate, G. schwindel dizziness, schwinden to disappear, to dwindle, OHG. swnan to dwindle. Cf. Squemish, Swindler.] To be dizzy; to have an unsteady or reeling sensation; as, the head swims.

Swim"bel (?), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] A moaning or sighing sound or noise; a sough. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Swim"mer (?), n. 1. One who swims.

2. (Far.) A protuberance on the leg of a horse.

3. (Zoöl.) A swimming bird; one of the natatores.

Little swimmer (Zoöl.), a phalarope.

Swim"mer*et (?), n. (Zoöl.) One of a series of flat, fringed, and usually bilobed, appendages, of which several pairs occur on the abdominal somites of many crustaceans. They are used as fins in swimming.

Swim"ming (?), a. 1. That swims; capable of swimming; adapted to, or used in, swimming; as, a swimming bird; a swimming motion.

2. Suffused with moisture; as, swimming eyes.

Swimming bell (Zoöl.), a nectocalyx. See Illust. under Siphonophora. -- Swimming crab (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of marine crabs, as those of the family Protunidæ, which have some of the joints of one or more pairs of legs flattened so as to serve as fins.

Swim"ming, n. The act of one who swims.

Swim"ming, a. [From Swim to be dizzy.] Being in a state of vertigo or dizziness; as, a swimming brain.

Swim"ming, n. Vertigo; dizziness; as, a swimming in the head. Dryden.

Swim"ming*ly, adv. In an easy, gliding manner, as if swimming; smoothly; successfully; prosperously.

Swim"ming*ness, n. Act or state of swimming; suffusion. "A swimmingness in the eye." Congreve.

Swinck (?), v. & n. See Swink. [Obs.]

Swin"dle (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Swindled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Swindling (?).] [See Swindler.] To cheat defraud grossly, or with deliberate artifice; as, to swindle a man out of his property.

> Lammote . . . has swindled one of them out of three hundred livres.

Carlyle.

Swin"dle, n. The act or process of swindling; a cheat.

Swin"dler (?), n. [G. schwindler, fr. schwindlen to be dizzy, to act thoughtlessly, to cheat, fr. schwindel dizziness, fr. schwinden to vanish, to disappear, to dwindle. See Swim to be dizzy.] One who swindles, or defrauds grossly; one who makes a practice of defrauding others by imposition or deliberate artifice; a cheat.

Syn. -- Sharper; rogue. -- Swindler, Sharper. These words agree in describing persons who take unfair advantages. A swindler is one who obtains money or goods under false pretenses. A sharper is one who cheats by sharp practice, as in playing at cards or staking what he can not pay.

> Fraud and injustice soon follow, and the dignity of the British merchant is sunk in the scandalous appellation of a swindler.

V. Knox.

> Perhaps you 'll think I act the same
> As a sly sharper plays his game.

Cotton.

Swin"dler*y (?), n. Swindling; rougery. [R.] "Swindlery and blackguardism." Carlyle.

Swine (?), n.sing. & pl. [OE. swin, AS. swn; akin to OFries. & OS. swin, D. zwijn, G. schwein, OHG. swn, Icel. svn, Sw. svin, Dan. sviin, Goth. swein; originally a diminutive corresponding to E. sow. See Sow, n.] (Zoöl.) Any animal of the hog kind, especially one of the domestical species. Swine secrete a large amount of subcutaneous fat, which, when extracted, is known as lard. The male is specifically called boar, the female, sow, and the young, pig. See Hog. "A great herd of swine." Mark v. 11.

Swine grass (Bot.), knotgrass (Polygonum aviculare); -- so called because eaten by swine. -- Swine oat (Bot.), a kind of oat sometimes grown for swine. -- Swine's cress (Bot.), a species of cress of the genus Senebiera (S. Coronopus). -- Swine's head, a dolt; a blockhead. [Obs.] Chaucer. - - Swine thistle (Bot.), the sow thistle.

Swine"bread` (?), n. (Bot.) The truffle.

Swine"case` (?), n. A hogsty. [Prov. Eng.]

Swine"cote` (?), n. A hogsty. [Prov. Eng.]

Swine"crue` (?), n. [Swine + Prov. E. crue a coop.] A hogsty. [Prov. Eng.]

Swine"fish` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The wolf fish.

Swine"herd` (?), n. A keeper of swine.

Swine"pipe` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The European redwing. [Prov. Eng.]

Swine"-pox` (?), n. (Med.) A variety of the chicken pox, with acuminated vesicles containing a watery fluid; the water pox. Pepys.

Swin"er*y (swn"r*), n. Same as Piggery. [R.]

Swine"stone` (?), n. (Min.) See Stinkstone.

Swine"sty` (?), n. A sty, or pen, for swine.

Swing (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Swung (?); Archaic imp. Swang (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Swinging.] [OE. swingen, AS. swingan to scourge, to fly, to flutter; akin to G. schwingen to winnow, to swingle, oscillate, sich schwingen to leap, to soar, OHG. swingan to throw, to scourge, to soar, Sw. svinga to swing, to whirl, Dan. svinge. Cf. Swagger, Sway, Swinge, Swink.] 1. To move to and fro, as a body suspended in the air; to wave; to vibrate; to oscillate.

> I tried if a pendulum would swing faster, or continue swinging longer, in case of exsuction of the air.

Boyle.

2. To sway or move from one side or direction to another; as, the door swung open.

3. To use a swing; as, a boy swings for exercise or pleasure. See Swing, n., 3.

4. (Naut.) To turn round by action of wind or tide when at anchor; as, a ship swings with the tide.

5. To be hanged. [Colloq.] D. Webster.

To swing round the circle, to make a complete circuit. [Colloq.]

> He had swung round the circle of theories and systems in which his age abounded, without finding relief.

A. V. G. Allen.

Swing, v. t. 1. To cause to swing or vibrate; to cause to move backward and forward, or from one side to the other.

> He swings his tail, and swiftly turns his round.

Dryden.

> They get on ropes, as you must have seen the children, and are swung by their men visitants.

Spectator.

2. To give a circular movement to; to whirl; to brandish; as, to swing a sword; to swing a club; hence, colloquially, to manage; as, to swing a business.

3. (Mach.) To admit or turn (anything) for the purpose of shaping it; -- said of a lathe; as, the lathe can swing a pulley of 12 inches diameter.

To swing a door, gate, etc. (Carp.), to put it on hinges so that it can swing or turn.

Swing (?), n. 1. The act of swinging; a waving, oscillating, or vibratory motion of a hanging or pivoted object; oscillation; as, the swing of a pendulum.

2. Swaying motion from one side or direction to the other; as, some men walk with a swing.

3. A line, cord, or other thing suspended and hanging loose, upon which anything may swing; especially, an apparatus for recreation by swinging, commonly consisting of a rope, the two ends of which are attached overhead, as to the bough of a tree, a seat being placed in the loop at the bottom; also, any contrivance by which a similar motion is produced for amusement or exercise.

4. Influence of power of a body put in swaying motion.

> The ram that batters down the wall,
> For the great swing and rudeness of his poise,
> They place before his hand that made the engine.

Shak.

5. Capacity of a turning lathe, as determined by the diameter of the largest object that can be turned in it.

6. Free course; unrestrained liberty or license; tendency. "Take thy swing." Dryden.

> To prevent anything which may prove an obstacle to the full swing of his genius.

Burke.

Full swing. See under Full. -- Swing beam (Railway Mach.), a crosspiece sustaining the car body, and so suspended from the framing of a truck that it may have an independent lateral motion. -- Swing bridge, a form of drawbridge which swings horizontally, as on a vertical pivot. -- Swing plow, or Swing plough. (a) A plow without a fore wheel under the beam. (b) A reversible or sidehill plow. -- Swing wheel. (a) The scape-wheel in a clock, which drives the pendulum. (b) The balance of a watch.

Swing"dev`il (?), n. (Zoöl.) [So named from its swift flight and dark color, which give it an uncanny appearance.] The European swift. [Prov. Eng.]

Swinge (swnj), v. & n. See Singe. [Obs.] Spenser.

Swinge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Swinged (swnjd); p. pr. & vb. n. Swingeing (swnj"ng).] [OE. swengen, AS. swengan to shake, causative of swingan. See Swing.] 1. To beat soundly; to whip; to chastise; to punish.

> I had swinged him soundly.

Shak.

> And swinges his own vices in his son.

C. Dryden.

2. To move as a lash; to lash. [Obs.]

> Swinges the scaly horror of his folded tail.

Milton.

Swinge, n. 1. The sweep of anything in motion; a swinging blow; a swing. [Obs.] Waller.

2. Power; sway; influence. [Obs.]

Swinge"buc`kler (?), n. A swashbuckler; a bully; a roisterer. [Obs.] Shak.

Swinge"ing, a. Huge; very large. [Colloq.] Arbuthnot. Byron. -- Swinge"ing*ly, adv. Dryden.

Swin"gel (?), n. [AS. swingele whip, scourge. See Swing.] The swinging part of a flail which falls on the grain in thrashing; the swiple.

Swing"er (?), n. One who swings or whirls.

Swin"ger (?), n. 1. One who swinges.

2. Anything very large, forcible, or astonishing. [Obs. or Colloq.] Herrick.

Swin"gle (?), v. i. [Freq. of swing.] 1. To dangle; to wave hanging. [Obs.] Johnson.

2. To swing for pleasure. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Swin"gle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Swingled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Swingling (?).] [See Swingel.] 1. To clean, as flax, by beating it with a swingle, so as to separate the coarse parts and the woody substance from it; to scutch.

2. To beat off the tops of without pulling up the roots; -- said of weeds. [Prov. Eng.] Forby.

Swin"gle, n. A wooden instrument like a large knife, about two feet long, with one thin edge, used for beating and cleaning flax; a scutcher; -- called also swingling knife, swingling staff, and swingling wand.

Swin"gle*bar` (?), n. A swingletree. De Quincey.

Swin"gle*tail` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The thrasher, or fox shark. See Thrasher.

Swin"gle*tree` (?), n. [So named in allusion to its swinging. See Swingle, v. i., and cf. Swingtree.] A whiffletree, or whippletree. See Singletree.

Swin"gling (?), a. & n. from Swingle, v. t.

Swingling tow, the coarse part of flax, separated from the finer by swingling and hatcheling.

Swing"tree` (?), n. The bar of a carriage to which the traces are fastened; the whiffletree.

Swin"ish (?), a. Of or pertaining to swine; befitting swine; like swine; hoggish; gross; beasty; as, a swinish drunkard or sot. "Swinish gluttony." Milton. -- Swin"ish*ly, adv. -- Swin"ish*ness, n.

Swink (?), v. i. [imp. Swank (?), Swonk (&?;); p. p. Swonken (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Swinking.] [AS. swincan, akin to swingan. See Swing.] To labor; to toil; to salve. [Obs. or Archaic]

> Or swink with his hands and labor.

Chaucer.

> For which men swink and sweat incessantly.

Spenser.

> The swinking crowd at every stroke pant "Ho."

Sir Samuel Freguson.

Swink, v. t. 1. To cause to toil or drudge; to tire or exhaust with labor. [Obs.]

> And the swinked hedger at his supper sat.

Milton.

2. To acquire by labor. [Obs.] Piers Plowman.

> To devour all that others swink.

Chaucer.

Swink, n. [As. swinc, geswinc.] Labor; toil; drudgery. [Obs.] Chaucer. Spenser.

Swink"er (?), n. A laborer. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Swin"ney (?), n. (Far.) See Sweeny.

Swipe (?), n. [Cf. Sweep, Swiple.] 1. A swape or sweep. See Sweep.

2. A strong blow given with a sweeping motion, as with a bat or club.

> Swipes [in cricket] over the blower's head, and over either of the long fields.

R. A. Proctor.

3. pl. Poor, weak beer; small beer. [Slang, Eng.] [Written also swypes.] Craig.

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Swipe (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Swiped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Swiping.] 1. To give a swipe to; to strike forcibly with a sweeping motion, as a ball.

> Loose balls may be swiped almost ad libitum.

R. A. Proctor.

2. To pluck; to snatch; to steal. [Slang, U.S.]

Swi"ple (?), n. [See Swipe.] That part of a flail which strikes the grain in thrashing; a swingel. [Written also swipel, and swipple.]

Swip"per (?), a. [From AS. swipian to whip, shake, whirl; akin to swpan to sweep. See Swoop.] Nimble; quick. [Obs. or Prov. Eng. & Slang]

Swirl (?), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Swirled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Swirling.] [Akin to Norw. svirla to whirl, freq. of sverra to whirl, Dan. svirre, G. schwirren to whiz, to buzz. √177. See Swarm, n.] To whirl, or cause to whirl, as in an eddy. "The river swirled along." C. Kingsley.

Swirl, n. A whirling motion; an eddy, as of water; a whirl. "The silent swirl of bats." Mrs. Browning.

Swish (?), v. t. [From the sound. Cf. Swash.] 1. To flourish, so as to make the sound swish. Coleridge.

2. To flog; to lash. [Slang] Thackeray.

Swish, v. i. To dash; to swash.

Swish, n. 1. A sound of quick movement, as of something whirled through the air. [Colloq.]

2. (Naut.) Light driven spray. [Eng.]

Swiss (?), n.sing. & pl. [F. Suisse, of German origin. Cf. Switzer.] A native or inhabitant of Switzerland; a Switzer; the people of Switzerland.

Swiss, a. Of or pertaining to Switzerland, or the people of Switzerland.

Switch (?), n. [Cf. OD. swick a scourage, a whip. Cf. Swink, Swing.] 1. A small, flexible twig or rod.

> Mauritania, on the fifth medal, leads a horse with something like a thread; in her other hand she holds a switch.

Addison.

2. (Railways) A movable part of a rail; or of opposite rails, for transferring cars from one track to another.

3. A separate mass or trees of hair, or of some substance (at jute) made to resemble hair, worn on the head by women.

4. (Elec.) A mechanical device for shifting an electric current to another circuit.

Safety switch (Railways), a form of switch contrived to prevent or lessen the danger of derailment of trains. -- Switch back (Railways), an arrangement of tracks whereby elevations otherwise insurmountable are passed. The track ascends by a series of zigzags, the engine running alternately forward and back, until the summit is reached. -- Switch board (Elec.), a collection of switches in one piece of apparatus, so arranged that a number of circuits may be connected or combined in any desired manner. -- Switch grass. (Bot.) See under Grass.

Switch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Switched (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Switching.] 1. To strike with a switch or small flexible rod; to whip. Chapman.

2. To swing or whisk; as, to switch a cane.

3. To trim, as, a hedge. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

4. To turn from one railway track to another; to transfer by a switch; -- generally with off, from, etc.; as, to switch off a train; to switch a car from one track to another.

5. (Eccl.) To shift to another circuit.

Switch, v. i. To walk with a jerk. [Prov. Eng.]

Switch"el (?), n. [See Sweet.] A beverage of molasses and water, seasoned with vinegar and ginger. [U. S.]

Switch"ing, a. & n. from Switch, v.

Switching engine, a locomotive for switching cars from one track to another, and making up trains; -- called also switch engine. [U.S.]

Switch"man (?), n.; pl. Switchmen (&?;). One who tends a switch on a railway.

Switch"y (?), a. Whisking. [Colloq.] Coombe.

Swithe (?), adv. [AS. sw&?;e strongly, violently.] Instantly; quickly; speedily; rapidly. [Obs.]

> That thou doest, do thou swithe.

Wyclif (John xiii. 27).

Switz"er (?), n. [Cf. G. schweizer. Cf. Swiss.] A native or inhabitant of Switzerland; a Swiss.

Swive (?), v. t. [OE. swiven, fr. AS. swfan. See Swivel.] To copulate with (a woman). [Obs.] Chaucer.

Swiv"el (?), n. [AS. swfan to move quickly, to remove; akin to Icel. sveifla to whirl, shake, svfa to ramble, to turn. See Swoop, and cf. Swift a reel, Swift, a.] 1. (Mech.) A piece, as a ring or hook, attached to another piece by a pin, in such a manner as to permit rotation about the pin as an axis.

2. (Mil.) A small piece of ordnance, turning on a point or swivel; -- called also swivel gun. Wilhelm.

Swivel bridge, a kind of drawbridge that turns round on a vertical axis; a swing bridge. -- Swivel hook, a hook connected with the iron strap of a pulley block by a swivel joint, for readily taking the turns out of a tackle. -- Swivel joint, a joint, the two pieces composing which turn round, with respect to each other, on a longitudinal pin or axis, as in a chain, to prevent twisting.

Swiv"el, v. i. To swing or turn, as on a pin or pivot.

Swiv"el-eyed` (?), a. Squint- eyed. [Prov. Eng.]

Swiz"zle (?), v. t. To drink; to swill. Halliwell.

Swiz"zle, n. Ale and beer mixed; also, drink generally. [Prov. Eng.]

Swob (?), n. & v. See Swab.

Swob"ber (?), n. 1. See Swabber.

2. pl. Four privileged cards, formerly used in betting at the game of whist. [Written also swabber.] Swift.

Swoll"en (?), p. p. of Swell.

Swoll"en, a. Enlarged by swelling; immoderately increased; as, swollen eyes; swollen streams.

Swoln (?). Contraction of Swollen, p. p. Milton.

Swom (?), obs. imp. of Swim. Shak.

Swoon (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Swooned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Swooning.] [OE. swounen, swoghenen, for swo&?;nien, fr. swo&?;en to sigh deeply, to droop, AS. swgan to sough, sigh; cf. geswgen senseless, swooned, geswwung a swooning. Cf. Sough.] To sink into a fainting fit, in which there is an apparent suspension of the vital functions and mental powers; to faint; -- often with away.

> The sucklings swoon in the streets of the city.

Lam. ii. 11.

> The most in years . . . swooned first away for pain.

Dryden.

> He seemed ready to swoon away in the surprise of joy.

Tatler.

Swoon, n. A fainting fit; syncope.

Swoon"ing, a. & n. from Swoon, v. -- Swoon"ing*ly, adv.

Swoop (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Swooped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Swooping.] [OE. swopen, usually, to sweep, As. swpan to sweep, to rush; akin to G. schweifen to rove, to ramble, to curve, OHG. sweifan to whirl, Icel. sveipa to sweep; also to AS. swfan to move quickly. Cf. Sweep, Swift, a. & n., Swipe, Swivel.] 1. To fall on at once and seize; to catch while on the wing; as, a hawk swoops a chicken.

2. To seize; to catch up; to take with a sweep.

> And now at last you came to swoop it all.

Dryden.

> The grazing ox which swoops it [the medicinal herb] in with the common grass.

Glanvill.

Swoop, v. i. 1. To descend with closed wings from a height upon prey, as a hawk; to stoop.

2. To pass with pomp; to sweep. [Obs.] Drayton.

Swoop, n. A falling on and seizing, as the prey of a rapacious bird; the act of swooping.

> The eagle fell, . . . and carried away a whole litter of cubs at a swoop.

L'Estrange.

Swoop"stake` (?), n. See Sweepstake. [Obs.]

Swoop"stake`, adv. Altogether; indiscriminately. [R.] Shak.

Swop (?), v. & n. Same as Swap. Dryden.

Sword (srd), n. [OE. swerd, AS. sweord; akin to OFries. swerd, swird, D. zwaard, OS. swerd, OHG. swert, G. schwert, Icel. sverð, Sw. svärd, Dan. sværd; of uncertain origin.] 1. An offensive weapon, having a long and usually sharp-pointed blade with a cutting edge or edges. It is the general term, including the small sword, rapier, saber, scimiter, and many other varieties.

2. Hence, the emblem of judicial vengeance or punishment, or of authority and power.

> He [the ruler] beareth not the sword in vain.

Rom. xiii. 4.

> She quits the balance, and resigns the sword.

Dryden.

3. Destruction by the sword, or in battle; war; dissension.

> I came not to send peace, but a sword.

Matt. x. 34.

4. The military power of a country.

> He hath no more authority over the sword than over the law.

Milton.

5. (Weaving) One of the end bars by which the lay of a hand loom is suspended.

Sword arm, the right arm. -- Sword bayonet, a bayonet shaped somewhat like a sword, and which can be used as a sword. -- Sword bearer, one who carries his master's sword; an officer in London who carries a sword before the lord mayor when he goes abroad. -- Sword belt, a belt by which a sword is suspended, and borne at the side. -- Sword blade, the blade, or cutting part, of a sword. -- Sword cane, a cane which conceals the blade of a sword or dagger, as in a sheath. -- Sword dance. (a) A dance in which swords are brandished and clashed together by the male dancers. Sir W. Scott. (b) A dance performed over swords laid on the ground, but without touching them. -- Sword fight, fencing; a combat or trial of skill with swords; swordplay. -- Sword grass. (Bot.) See Gladen. -- Sword knot, a ribbon tied to the hilt of a sword. -- Sword law, government by the sword, or by force; violence. Milton. -- Sword lily. (Bot.) See Gladiolus. -- Sword mat (Naut.), a mat closely woven of yarns; -- so called from a wooden implement used in its manufacture. -- Sword shrimp (Zoöl.), a European shrimp (Pasiphæa sivado) having a very thin, compressed body. -- Sword stick, a sword cane. -- To measure swords with one. See under Measure, v. t. -- To put to the sword. See under Put.

Sword"bill` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A humming bird (Docimastes ensiferus) having a very long, slender bill, exceeding the length of the body of the bird.

Sword"ed, a. [Cf. AS. geswurdod.] Girded with a sword. Milton.

Sword"er (?), n. One who uses, or fights with, a sword; a swordsman; a soldier; a cutthroat. [Obs.] Shak.

Sword"fish` (?), n. 1. (Zoöl.) (a) A very large oceanic fish (Xiphias gladius), the only representative of the family Xiphiidæ. It is highly valued as a food fish. The bones of the upper jaw are consolidated, and form a long, rigid, swordlike beak; the dorsal fin is high and without distinct spines; the ventral fins are absent. The adult is destitute of teeth. It becomes sixteen feet or more long. (b) The gar pike. (c) The cutlass fish.

2. (Astron.) A southern constellation. See Dorado, 1.

Swordfish sucker (Zoöl.), a remora (Remora brachyptera) which attaches itself to the swordfish.

Sword"ick (?), n. (Zoöl.) The spotted gunnel (Murænoides gunnellus). [Prov. Eng.]

Sword"ing (?), n. Slashing with a sword. Tennyson.

Sword"less (?), a. Destitute of a sword.

Sword"man (?), n.; pl. Swordmen (&?;). A swordsman. "Sinewy swordmen." Shak.

Sword"play` (?), n. Fencing; a sword fight.

Sword"play`er (?), n. A fencer; a gladiator; one who exhibits his skill in the use of the sword.

Sword"-shaped` (?), a. (Bot.) Shaped like a sword; ensiform, as the long, flat leaves of the Iris, cattail, and the like.

Swords"man (?), n.; pl. Swordsmen (&?;). 1. A soldier; a fighting man.

2. One skilled of a use of the sword; a professor of the science of fencing; a fencer.

Swords"man*ship, n. The state of being a swordsman; skill in the use of the sword. Cowper.

Sword"tail` (?), n. (Zoöl.) (a) The limulus. (b) Any hemipterous insect of the genus Uroxiphus, found upon forest trees.

Swore (?), imp. of Swear.

Sworn (?), p. p. of Swear.

Sworn brothers, originally, companions in arms who took an oath to share together good and bad fortune; hence, faithful friends. -- Sworn enemies, determined or irreconcilable enemies. -- Sworn friends, close friends.

Swough (?), n. [See Swoon.] 1. A sound; a groan; a moan; a sough. [Obs.]

> He sigheth with full many a sorry swough.

Chaucer.

2. A swoon. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Swound (?), v. & n. See Swoon, v. & n. [Prov. Eng. or Archaic] Shak. Dryden.

> The landlord stirred
> As one awaking from a swound.

Longfellow.

'Swounds (?), interj. [Cf. Zounds.] An exclamation contracted from God's wounds; -- used as an oath. [Obs. or Archaic] Shak.

Swown (?), v. & n. Swoon. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Swum (?), imp. & p. p. of Swim.

Swung (?), imp. & p. p. of Swing.

Swythe (?), adv. Quickly. See Swithe. [Obs.]

Sy (?), obs. imp. of See. Saw. Chaucer.

Syb (?), a. See Sib. [Obs. or Scot.]

Syb"a*rite (?), n. [L. Sybarita, Gr. &?;, fr. &?;, a city in Italy, noted for the effeminacy and voluptuousness of its inhabitants; cf. F. Sybarite.] A person devoted to luxury and pleasure; a voluptuary.

{ Syb`a*rit"ic (?), Syb`a*rit"ic*al (?), } a. [L. Sybariticus, Gr. &?;.] Of or pertaining to the Sybarites; resembling the Sybarites; luxurious; wanton; effeminate. "Sybaritic dinners." Bp. Warburton. "Sybaritical cloistres." Bp. Hall.

Syb"a*rit*ism (?), n. Luxuriousness; effeminacy; wantonness; voluptuousness.

Syc"a*mine (?), n. [L. sycaminus, Gr. &?;; perhaps of Semitic origin.] See Sycamore.

Syc"a*more (?), n. [L. sycomorus, Gr. &?; the fig mulberry; &?; a fig + &?; the black mulberry; or perhaps of Semitic origin: cf. F. sycomore. Cf. Mulberry.] (Bot.) (a) A large tree (Ficus Sycomorus) allied to the common fig. It is found in Egypt and Syria, and is the sycamore, or sycamine, of Scripture. (b) The American plane tree, or buttonwood. (c) A large European species of maple (Acer Pseudo-Platanus). [Written sometimes sycomore.]

Syce (?), n. [Ar. sïs.] A groom. [India]

Sy*cee" (?), n. [Said to be from a Chinese word, se-tze or se-sze, meaning, fine silk, and to be so called because if pure it may be drawn out into fine threads.] Silver, pounded into ingots of the shape of a shoe, and used as currency. The most common weight is about one pound troy. [China] McElrath.

Sych`no*car"pous (?), a. [Gr. &?; much or frequent + &?; fruit.] (Bot.) Having the capacity of bearing several successive crops of fruit without perishing; as, sychnocarpous plants.

Sy"cite (?), n. [Gr. &?; figlike, fr. &?; a fig.] (Min.) A nodule of flint, or a pebble, which resembles a fig. [Obs.]

Syc`o*cer"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, an acid obtained by the oxidation of sycoceryl alcohol.

Syc`o*ce"ryl (?), n. [Gr. &?; a fig + &?; wax + -yl.] (Chem.) A radical, of the aromatic series, regarded as an essential ingredient of certain compounds found in the waxy resin of an Australian species of fig.

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Sy"cock (?), n. (Zoöl.) The missel thrush. [Prov. Eng.]

||Sy*co"nes (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a fig.] (Zoöl.) A division of calcareous sponges.

They usually resemble a fig, being vase-shaped with a fringed opening at the summit. The feeding cells are in ampullæ connected with radial tubes in the thickened walls of the body.

{ ||Sy*co"ni*um (?), ||Sy*co"nus (?), } n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; the fig.] (Bot.) A collective fleshy fruit, in which the ovaries are hidden within a hollow receptacle, as in the fig.

Syc"o*phan*cy (?), n. [Cf. L. sycophantia deceit, Gr. &?; false accusation.] The character or characteristic of a sycophant. Hence: -

(a) False accusation; calumniation; talebearing. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

(b) Obsequious flattery; servility.

> The sycophancy of A.Philips had prejudiced Mr. Addison against Pope.

Bp. Warburton.

Syc"o*phant (?), n. [L. sycophanta a slanderer, deceiver, parasite, Gr. &?; a false accuser, false adviser, literally, a fig shower; &?; a fig + &?; to show: cf. F. sycophante. The reason for the name is not certainly known. See Phenomenon.] 1. An informer; a talebearer. [Obs.] "Accusing sycophants, of all men, did best sort to his nature." Sir P. Sidney.

2. A base parasite; a mean or servile flatterer; especially, a flatterer of princes and great men.

> A sycophant will everything admire:
> Each verse, each sentence, sets his soul on fire.

Dryden.

Syc"o*phant (?), v. t. [CF. L. sycophantari to deceive, to trick, Gr. &?;.] 1. To inform against; hence, to calumniate. [Obs.]

> Sycophanting and misnaming the work of his adversary.

Milton.

2. To play the sycophant toward; to flatter obsequiously.

Syc"o*phant, v. i. To play the sycophant.

Syc"o*phant*cy (?), n. Sycophancy. [Obs.]

{ Syc`o*phan"tic (?), Syc`o*phan"tic*al (?), } a. [Cf. Gr. &?; slanderous.] Of or pertaining to a sycophant; characteristic of a sycophant; meanly or obsequiously flattering; courting favor by mean adulation; parasitic.

> To be cheated and ruined by a sycophantical parasite.

South.

> Sycophantic servants to the King of Spain.

De Quincey.

Syc"o*phant`ish (?), a. Like a sycophant; obsequiously flattering. -- Syc"o*phant`ish*ly, adv.

> Sycophantish satirists that forever humor the prevailing folly.

De Quincey.

Syc"o*phant*ism (?), n. Sycophancy.

Syc"o*phant*ize (?), v. i. To play the sycophant.

Syc"o*phant*ry (?), n. Sycophancy. [Obs.]

||Sy*co"sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; a fig.] (Med.) A pustular eruption upon the scalp, or the beared part of the face, whether due to ringworm, acne, or impetigo.

Syd"er*o*lite (?), n. A kind of Bohemian earthenware resembling the Wedgwood ware.

Sye (?), obs. imp. of See. Saw. Chaucer.

Sy"e*nite (?), n. [L. Syenites (sc. lapis), from Syene, Gr. &?;.] (Min.) (a) Orig., a rock composed of quartz, hornblende, and feldspar, anciently quarried at Syene, in Upper Egypt, and now called granite. (b) A granular, crystalline, ingeous rock composed of orthoclase and hornblende, the latter often replaced or accompanied by pyroxene or mica. Syenite sometimes contains nephelite (elæolite) or leucite, and is then called nephelite (elæolite) syenite or leucite syenite.

Sy`e*nit"ic (?), a. [Written also sienitic.] 1. Relating to Syene; as, Syenitic inscriptions.

2. Relating to, or like, syenite; as, syenitic granite.

Syke (?), n. & v. See Sike. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Syk"er (?), a. & adv. See Sicker. [Obs.]

Syle (?), n. [See Sile a young herring.] (Zoöl.) A young herring (Clupea harengus). [Also written sile.]

> But our folk call them syle, and nought but syle,
> And when they're grown, why then we call them herring.

J. Ingelow.

||Syl`la*ba"ri*um (?), n.; pl. Syllabaria (#). [NL.] A syllabary.

Syl"la*ba*ry (?), n. A table of syllables; more especially, a table of the indivisible syllabic symbols used in certain languages, as the Japanese and Cherokee, instead of letters. S. W. Williams.

Syl"labe (?), n. [F.] Syllable. [R.] B. Jonson.

{ Syl*lab"ic (?), Syl*lab"ic*al (?), } a. [Gr. &?;: cf. F. syllabique.] 1. Of or pertaining to a syllable or syllables; as, syllabic accent.

2. Consisting of a syllable or syllables; as, a syllabic augment. "The syllabic stage of writing." Earle.

Syl*lab"ic*al*ly, adv. In a syllabic manner.

Syl*lab"i*cate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Syllabicated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Syllabicating.] To form or divide into syllables; to syllabify.

Syl*lab`i*ca"tion (?), n. The act of forming syllables; the act or method of dividing words into syllables. See Guide to Pron., §275.

Syl*lab`i*fi*ca"tion (?), n. [See Syllabify.] Same as Syllabication. Rush.

> Syllabification depends not on mere force, but on discontinuity of force.

H. Sweet.

Syl*lab"i*fy (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Syllabified (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Syllabifying (?).] [L. syllaba syllable + -fy.] To form or divide into syllables.

Syl"la*bism (?), n. The expressing of the sounds of a language by syllables, rather than by an alphabet or by signs for words. I. Taylor (The Alphabet).

Syl"la*bist (?), n. One who forms or divides words into syllables, or is skilled in doing this.

Syl"la*bize (?), v. t. To syllabify. Howell.

Syl"la*ble (?), n. [OE. sillable, OF. sillabe, F. syllabe, L. syllaba, Gr. &?; that which is held together, several letters taken together so as to form one sound, a syllable, fr. &?; to take together; &?; with + &?; to take; cf. Skr. labh, rabh. Cf. Lemma, Dilemma.] 1. An elementary sound, or a combination of elementary sounds, uttered together, or with a single effort or impulse of the voice, and constituting a word or a part of a word. In other terms, it is a vowel or a diphtong, either by itself or flanked by one or more consonants, the whole produced by a single impulse or utterance. One of the liquids, l, m, n, may fill the place of a vowel in a syllable. Adjoining syllables in a word or phrase need not to be marked off by a pause, but only by such an abatement and renewal, or reënforcement, of the stress as to give the feeling of separate impulses. See Guide to Pronunciation, §275.

2. In writing and printing, a part of a word, separated from the rest, and capable of being pronounced by a single impulse of the voice. It may or may not correspond to a syllable in the spoken language.

> Withouten vice [i. e. mistake] of syllable or letter.

Chaucer.

3. A small part of a sentence or discourse; anything concise or short; a particle.

> Before any syllable of the law of God was written.

Hooker.

> Who dare speak
> One syllable against him?

Shak.

Syl"la*ble, v. t. To pronounce the syllables of; to utter; to articulate. Milton.

Syl"la*bub (?), n. Same as Syllabub.

Syl"la*bus (?), n.; pl. E. Syllabuses (#), L. Syllabi (#). [L., fr. the same source as E. syllable.] A compendium containing the heads of a discourse, and the like; an abstract.

||Syl*lep"sis (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. sy`llhpsis a taking together, from &?;. See syllable, n.] 1. (Rhet.) A figure of speech by which a word is used in a literal and metaphorical sense at the same time.

2. (Gram.) The agreement of a verb or adjective with one, rather than another, of two nouns, with either of which it might agree in gender, number, etc.; as, rex et regina beati.

{ Syl*lep"tic (?), Syl*lep"tic*al (?), } a. [Gr. &?; collective.] Of or pertaining to a syllepsis; containing syllepsis. -- Syl*lep"tic*al*ly, adv.

Syl*lid"i*an (?), n. [From NL. Syllis, the typical genus.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of marine annelids of the family Syllidæ.

Many of the species are phosphorescent; others are remarkable for undergoing strobilation or fission and for their polymorphism. The egg, in such species, develops into an asexual individual. When mature, a number of its posterior segments gradually develop into one or more sexual individuals which finally break away and swim free in the sea. The males, females, and neuters usually differ greatly in form and structure.

Syl"lo*gism (?), n. [OE. silogisme, OF. silogime, sillogisme, F. syllogisme, L. syllogismus, Gr. syllogismo`s a reckoning all together, a reasoning, syllogism, fr. syllogi`zesqai to reckon all together, to bring at once before the mind, to infer, conclude; sy`n with, together + logi`zesqai to reckon, to conclude by reasoning. See Syn-, and Logistic, Logic.] (Logic) The regular logical form of every argument, consisting of three propositions, of which the first two are called the premises, and the last, the conclusion. The conclusion necessarily follows from the premises; so that, if these are true, the conclusion must be true, and the argument amounts to demonstration; as in the following example:

Every virtue is laudable; Kindness is a virtue; Therefore kindness is laudable.

These propositions are denominated respectively the major premise, the minor premise, and the conclusion.

If the premises are not true and the syllogism is regular, the reasoning is valid, and the conclusion, whether true or false, is correctly derived.

{ Syl`lo*gis"tic (?), Syl`lo*gis"tic*al (?), } a. [L. syllogisticus, Gr. &?;: cf. F. syllogistique.] Of or pertaining to a syllogism; consisting of a syllogism, or of the form of reasoning by syllogisms; as, syllogistic arguments or reasoning.

Syl`lo*gis"tic*al*ly, adv. In a syllogistic manner.

Syl`lo*gi*za"tion (?), n. A reasoning by syllogisms. [Obs. or R.] Harris.

Syl"lo*gize (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Syllogized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Syllogizing (?).] [Gr. &?;: cf. F. syllogiser.] To reason by means of syllogisms.

> Men have endeavored . . . to teach boys to syllogize, or frame arguments and refute them, without any real inward knowledge of the question.

I. Watts.

Syl"lo*gi`zer (?), n. One who syllogizes.

Sylph (?), n. [F. sylphe, m., fr. Gr. &?; a kind of grub, beetle, or moth; -- so called by Paracelsus.] 1. An imaginary being inhabiting the air; a fairy.

2. Fig.: A slender, graceful woman.

3. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of very brilliant South American humming birds, having a very long and deeply-forked tail; as, the blue-tailed sylph (Cynanthus cyanurus).

Sylph"id (?), n. [F. sylphide, fem. See Sylph.] A little sylph; a young or diminutive sylph. "The place of the sylphid queen." J. R. Drake.

> Ye sylphs and sylphids, to your chief give ear,
> Fays, fairies, genii, elves, and demons, hear.

Pope.

Sylph"ine (?), a. Like a sylph.

Sylph"ish (?), a. Sylphlike. Carlyle.

Sylph"like` (?), a. Like a sylph; airy; graceful.

> Sometimes a dance . . .
> Displayed some sylphlike figures in its maze.

Byron.

||Syl"va (?), n.; pl. Sylvæ (#). [L. sylva, better silva, a wood. See Silva.] (Bot.) Same as Silva.

Syl"van (?), a. [See Silvan, a.] 1. Of or pertaining to a sylva; forestlike; hence, rural; rustic.

> The traditional memory of a rural and a sylvan region . . . is usually exact as well as tenacious.

De Quincey.

2. Abounding in forests or in trees; woody.

Syl"van, n. [L. Sylvanus, better Silvanus. See Silvan, a.] A fabled deity of the wood; a satyr; a faun; sometimes, a rustic.

> Her private orchards, walled on every side,
> To lawless sylvans all access denied.

Pope.

Syl"van, n. [Sylva + furfuran.] (Chem.) A liquid hydrocarbon obtained together with furfuran (tetrol) by the distillation of pine wood; -- called also methyl tetrol, or methyl furfuran.

Syl"van*ite (?), n. [So called from Transylvania, where it was first found.] (Min.) A mineral, a telluride of gold and silver, of a steel-gray, silver- white, or brass-yellow color. It often occurs in implanted crystals resembling written characters, and hence is called graphic tellurium. [Written also silvanite.]

Syl*va"ni*um (?), n. [NL., so called from Transylvania, where it was first found.] (Chem.) An old name for tellurium. [Written also silvanium.]

Syl"vate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of sylvic acid.

Syl*vat"ic (?), a. [L. sylvaticus, better silvaticus. See Silvan, a.] Sylvan. [R.]

Syl*ves"tri*an (?), a. [L. sylvestris, better silvestris.] Sylvan. [R.]

Syl"vic (?), a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or resembling, pine or its products; specifically, designating an acid called also abeitic acid, which is the chief ingredient of common resin (obtained from Pinus sylvestris, and other species).

Syl*vic"o*line (?), a. [L. sylva, silva, forest + colere to inhabit.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the family of warblers (Sylvicolidæ). See Warbler.

Syl"vi*cul`ture (?), n. [L. sylva, silva, forest + E. culture.] The cultivation of forest trees for timber or other purposes; forestry; arboriculture.

Syl`vi*cul"tur*ist (?), n. One who cultivates forest trees, especially as a business.

{ Syl"vine (?), Syl"vite (?), } n. [So called from NL. sal digestivus sylvii potassium chloride.] (Min.) Native potassium chloride.

Sym- (?). See Syn-.

{ Sy*mar" (?), Sy"marr }, n. See Simar.

Sym"bal (?), n. See Cimbal. [Obs.]

Sym"bol (?), n. [L. symbolus, symbolum, Gr. sy`mbolon a sign by which one knows or infers a thing, from &?; to throw or put together, to compare; sy`n with + &?; to throw: cf. F. symbole. Cf. Emblem, Parable.] 1. A visible sign or representation of an idea; anything which suggests an idea or quality, or another thing, as by resemblance or by convention; an emblem; a representation; a type; a figure; as, the lion is the symbol of courage; the lamb is the symbol of meekness or patience.

> A symbol is a sign included in the idea which it represents, e. g., an actual part chosen to represent the whole, or a lower form or species used as the representative of a higher in the same kind.

Coleridge.

2. (Math.) Any character used to represent a quantity, an operation, a relation, or an abbreviation.

In crystallography, the symbol of a plane is the numerical expression which defines its position relatively to the assumed axes.

3. (Theol.) An abstract or compendium of faith or doctrine; a creed, or a summary of the articles of religion.

4. [Gr. &?; contributions.] That which is thrown into a common fund; hence, an appointed or accustomed duty. [Obs.]

> They do their work in the days of peace . . . and come to pay their symbol in a war or in a plague.

Jer. Taylor.

5. Share; allotment. [Obs.]

> The persons who are to be judged . . . shall all appear to receive their symbol.

Jer. Taylor.

6. (Chem.) An abbreviation standing for the name of an element and consisting of the initial letter of the Latin or New Latin name, or sometimes of the initial letter with a following one; as, C for carbon, Na for sodium (Natrium), Fe for iron (Ferrum), Sn for tin (Stannum), Sb for antimony (Stibium), etc. See the list of names and symbols under Element.

In pure and organic chemistry there are symbols not only for the elements, but also for their grouping in formulas, radicals, or residues, as evidenced by their composition, reactions, synthesis, etc. See the diagram of Benzene nucleus, under Benzene.

Syn. -- Emblem; figure; type. See Emblem.

Sym"bol, v. t. To symbolize. [R.] Tennyson.

Sym*bol"ic (?), n. [Cf. F. symbolique. See Symbolic, a.] (Theol.) See Symbolics.

{ Sym*bol"ic (?), Sym*bol"ic*al (?), } a. [L. symbolicus, Gr. symboliko`s: cf. F. symbolique.] Of or pertaining to a symbol or symbols; of the nature of a symbol; exhibiting or expressing by resemblance or signs; representative; as, the figure of an eye is symbolic of sight and knowledge. -- Sym*bol"ic*al*ly, adv. -- Sym*bol"ic*al*ness, n.

> The sacrament is a representation of Christ's death by such symbolical actions as he himself appointed.

Jer. Taylor.

Symbolical delivery (Law), the delivery of property sold by delivering something else as a symbol, token, or representative of it. Bouvier. Chitty. -- Symbolical philosophy, the philosophy expressed by hieroglyphics.

<! p. 1462 !>

Sym*bol"ics (?), n. The study of ancient symbols; esp. (Theol.), that branch of historic theology which treats of creeds and confessions of faith; symbolism; -- called also symbolic.

Sym"bol*ism (?), n. 1. The act of symbolizing, or the state of being symbolized; as, symbolism in Christian art is the representation of truth, virtues, vices, etc., by emblematic colors, signs, and forms.

2. A system of symbols or representations.

3. (Chem.) (a) The practice of using symbols, or the system of notation developed thereby. (b) A combining together of parts or ingredients. [Obs.]

4. (Theol.) The science of creeds; symbolics.

Sym"bol*ist, n. One who employs symbols.

{ Sym`bol*is"tic (?), Sym`bol*is"tic*al (?), } a. Characterized by the use of symbols; as, symbolistic poetry.

Sym`bol*i*za"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. symbolisation.] The act of symbolizing; symbolical representation. Sir T. Browne.

Sym"bol*ize (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Symbolized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Symbolizing (?).] [Cf. F. symboliser.] 1. To have a resemblance of qualities or properties; to correspond; to harmonize.

> The pleasing of color symbolizeth with the pleasing of any single tone to the ear; but the pleasing of order doth symbolize with harmony.

Bacon.

> They both symbolize in this, that they love to look upon themselves through multiplying glasses.

Howell.

2. To hold the same faith; to agree. [R.]

> The believers in pretended miracles have always previously symbolized with the performers of them.

G. S. Faber.

3. To use symbols; to represent ideas symbolically.

Sym"bol*ize, v. t. 1. To make to agree in properties or qualities.

2. To make representative of something; to regard or treat as symbolic. "Some symbolize the same from the mystery of its colors." Sir T. Browne.

3. To represent by a symbol or symbols.

Sym"bol*i`zer (?), n. One who symbolizes.

Sym`bo*log"i*cal (?), a. Pertaining to a symbology; versed in, or characterized by, symbology.

Sym*bol"o*gist (?), n. One who practices, or who is versed in, symbology.

Sym*bol"o*gy (?), n. [Symbol + -logy.] The art of expressing by symbols.

||Sym*bran"chi*i (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. sy`n with + &?; a gill.] (Zoöl.) An order of slender eel-like fishes having the gill openings confluent beneath the neck. The pectoral arch is generally attached to the skull, and the entire margin of the upper jaw is formed by the premaxillary. Called also Symbranchia.

Sym"me*tral (?), a. Commensurable; symmetrical. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Sym*me"tri*an (?), n. One eminently studious of symmetry of parts. [R.] Sir P. Sidney.

Sym*met"ric (?), a. Symmetrical.

Sym*met"ric*al (?), a. [Cf. F. symétrique. See Symmetry.] 1. Involving or exhibiting symmetry; proportional in parts; having its parts in due proportion as to dimensions; as, a symmetrical body or building.

2. (Biol.) Having the organs or parts of one side corresponding with those of the other; having the parts in two or more series of organs the same in number; exhibiting a symmetry. See Symmetry, 2.

3. (Bot.) (a) Having an equal number of parts in the successive circles of floral organs; -- said of flowers. (b) Having a likeness in the form and size of floral organs of the same kind; regular.

4. (Math.) Having a common measure; commensurable. (b) Having corresponding parts or relations.

A curve or a plane figure is symmetrical with respect to a given line, and a line, surface, or solid with respect to a plane, when for each point on one side of the line or plane there is a corresponding point on the other side, so situated that the line joining the two corresponding points is perpendicular to the line or plane and is bisected by it. Two solids are symmetrical when they are so situated with respect to an intervening plane that the several points of their surfaces thus correspond to each other in position and distance. In analysis, an expression is symmetrical with respect to several letters when any two of them may change places without affecting the expression; as, the expression a2b + ab2 + a2c + ac2 + b2c + bc2, is symmetrical with respect to the letters a, b, c.

-- Sym*met"ric*al*ly, adv. -- Sym*met"ric*al*ness, n.

Sym`me*tri"cian (?), n. Same as Symmetrian. [R.] Holinshed.

Sym"me*trist (?), n. One eminently studious of symmetry of parts. Sir H. Wotton.

Sym"me*trize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Symmetrized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Symmetrizing (?).] [Cf. F. symétriser.] To make proportional in its parts; to reduce to symmetry. Burke.

Sym"me*try (?), n. [L. symmetria, Gr. &?;; sy`n with, together + &?; a measure: cf. F. symétrie. See Syn-, and Meter rhythm.] 1. A due proportion of the several parts of a body to each other; adaptation of the form or dimensions of the several parts of a thing to each other; the union and conformity of the members of a work to the whole.

2. (Biol.) The law of likeness; similarity of structure; regularity in form and arrangement; orderly and similar distribution of parts, such that an animal may be divided into parts which are structurally symmetrical.

Bilateral symmetry, or two-sidedness, in vertebrates, etc., is that in which the body can be divided into symmetrical halves by a vertical plane passing through the middle; radial symmetry, as in echinoderms, is that in which the individual parts are arranged symmetrically around a central axis; serial symmetry, or zonal symmetry, as in earthworms, is that in which the segments or metameres of the body are disposed in a zonal manner one after the other in a longitudinal axis. This last is sometimes called metamerism.

3. (Bot.) (a) Equality in the number of parts of the successive circles in a flower. (b) Likeness in the form and size of floral organs of the same kind; regularity.

Axis of symmetry. (Geom.) See under Axis. -- Respective symmetry, that disposition of parts in which only the opposite sides are equal to each other.

Sym`pa*thet"ic (?), a. [See Sympathy, and cf. Pathetic.] 1. Inclined to sympathy; sympathizing.

> Far wiser he, whose sympathetic mind
> Exults in all the good of all mankind.

Goldsmith.

2. Produced by, or expressive of, sympathy.

> Ope the sacred source of sympathetic tears.

Gray.

3. (Physiol.) (a) Produced by sympathy; -- applied particularly to symptoms or affections. See Sympathy. (b) Of or relating to the sympathetic nervous system or some of its branches; produced by stimulation on the sympathetic nervious system or some part of it; as, the sympathetic saliva, a modified form of saliva, produced from some of the salivary glands by stimulation of a sympathetic nerve fiber.

Sympathetic ink. (Chem.) See under Ink. -- Sympathetic nerve (Anat.), any nerve of the sympathetic system; especially, the axial chain of ganglions and nerves belonging to the sympathetic system. -- Sympathetic powder (Alchemy), a kind of powder long supposed to be able to cure a wound if applied to the weapon that inflicted it, or even to a portion of the bloody clothes. Dunglison. -- Sympathetic sounds (Physics), sounds produced from solid bodies by means of vibrations which have been communicated to them from some other sounding body, by means of the air or an intervening solid. -- Sympathetic system (Anat.), a system of nerves and nerve ganglions connected with the alimentary canal, the vascular system, and the glandular organs of most vertebrates, and controlling more or less their actions. The axial part of the system and its principal ganglions and nerves are situated in the body cavity and form a chain of ganglions on each side of the vertebral column connected with numerous other ganglions and nerve plexuses.

Sym`pa*thet"ic*al (?), a. Sympathetic.

Sym`pa*thet"ic*al*ly, adv. In a sympathetic manner.

Sym"pa*thist (?), n. One who sympathizes; a sympathizer. [R.] Coleridge.

Sym"pa*thize (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sympathized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sympathizing (?).] [F. sympathiser. See Sympathy.] 1. To have a common feeling, as of bodily pleasure or pain.

> The mind will sympathize so much with the anguish and debility of the body, that it will be too distracted to fix itself in meditation.

Buckminster.

2. To feel in consequence of what another feels; to be affected by feelings similar to those of another, in consequence of knowing the person to be thus affected.

> Their countrymen . . . sympathized with their heroes in all their adventures.

Addison.

3. To agree; to be in accord; to harmonize. Dryden.

Sym"pa*thize, v. t. 1. To experience together. [Obs.] "This sympathized . . . error." Shak.

2. To ansew to; to correspond to. [Obs.] Shak.

Sym"pa*thi`zer (?), n. One who sympathizes.

Sym"pa*thy (?), n.; pl. Sympathies (#). [F. sympathie, L. sympathia, Gr. &?;; sy`n with + &?; suffering, passion, fr. &?;, &?;, to suffer. See Syn-, and Pathos.] 1. Feeling corresponding to that which another feels; the quality of being affected by the affection of another, with feelings correspondent in kind, if not in degree; fellow- feeling.

> They saw, but other sight instead -- a crowd
> Of ugly serpents! Horror on them fell,
> And horrid sympathy.

Milton.

2. An agreement of affections or inclinations, or a conformity of natural temperament, which causes persons to be pleased, or in accord, with one another; as, there is perfect sympathy between them.

3. Kindness of feeling toward one who suffers; pity; commiseration; compassion.

> I value myself upon sympathy, I hate and despise myself for envy.

Kames.

4. (Physiol.) (a) The reciprocal influence exercised by the various organs or parts of the body on one another, as manifested in the transmission of a disease by unknown means from one organ to another quite remote, or in the influence exerted by a diseased condition of one part on another part or organ, as in the vomiting produced by a tumor of the brain. (b) That relation which exists between different persons by which one of them produces in the others a state or condition like that of himself. This is shown in the tendency to yawn which a person often feels on seeing another yawn, or the strong inclination to become hysteric experienced by many women on seeing another person suffering with hysteria.

5. A tendency of inanimate things to unite, or to act on each other; as, the sympathy between the loadstone and iron. [R.]

6. Similarity of function, use office, or the like.

> The adverb has most sympathy with the verb.

Earle.

Syn. -- Pity; fellow-feeling; compassion; commiseration; tenderness; condolence; agreement. -- Sympathy, Commiseration. Sympathy is literally a fellow-feeling with others in their varied conditions of joy or of grief. This term, however, is now more commonly applied to a fellow-feeling with others under affliction, and then coincides very nearly with commiseration. In this case it is commonly followed by for; as, to feel sympathy for a friend when we see him distressed. The verb sympathize is followed by with; as, to sympathize with a friend in his distresses or enjoyments. "Every man would be a distinct species to himself, were there no sympathy among individuals." South. See Pity.

> Fault,
> Acknowledged and deplored, in Adam wrought
> Commiseration.

Milton.

Sym*pet"al*ous (?), a. [Pref. sym- + petal.] (Bot.) Having the petals united; gamopetalous.

Sym*phon"ic (?), a. 1. Symphonious.

2. (Mus.) Relating to, or in the manner of, symphony; as, the symphonic form or style of composition.

Sym*pho"ni*ous (?), a. [From Symphony.] 1. Agreeing in sound; accordant; harmonious.

> Followed with acclamation and the sound
> Symphonious of ten thousand harps.

Milton.

2. (Mus.) Symphonic.

Sym"pho*nist (?), n. [Cf. F. symphoniste.] A composer of symphonies.

Sym"pho*nize (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Symphonized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Symphonizing (?).] To agree; to be in harmony. [R.] Boyle.

Sym"pho*ny (?), n.; pl. Symphonies (#). [F. symphonie (cf. It. sinfonia), L. symphonia, Gr. &?;; sy`n with + &?; a sound, the voice. See Phonetic.] 1. A consonance or harmony of sounds, agreeable to the ear, whether the sounds are vocal or instrumental, or both.

> The trumpets sound,
> And warlike symphony in heard around.

Dryden.

2. A stringed instrument formerly in use, somewhat resembling the virginal.

> With harp and pipe and symphony.

Chaucer.

3. (Mus.) (a) An elaborate instrumental composition for a full orchestra, consisting usually, like the sonata, of three or four contrasted yet inwardly related movements, as the allegro, the adagio, the minuet and trio, or scherzo, and the finale in quick time. The term has recently been applied to large orchestral works in freer form, with arguments or programmes to explain their meaning, such as the "symphonic poems" of Liszt. The term was formerly applied to any composition for an orchestra, as overtures, etc., and still earlier, to certain compositions partly vocal, partly instrumental. (b) An instrumental passage at the beginning or end, or in the course of, a vocal composition; a prelude, interlude, or postude; a ritornello.

||Sym*phy"la (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. sy`n with + &?; a clan.] (Zoöl.) An order of small apterous insects having an elongated body, with three pairs of thoracic and about nine pairs of abdominal legs. They are, in many respects, intermediate between myriapods and true insects.

Sym*phys"e*al (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to to symphysis.

Sym`phy*se*ot"o*my (?), n. [NL. symphysis pubis + Gr. &?; to cut.] (Surg.) The operation of dividing the symphysis pubis for the purpose of facilitating labor; -- formerly called the Sigualtian section. [Written also symphysotomy.] Dunglison.

||Sym"phy*sis (?), n.; pl. Symphyses (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to make to grow together; sy`n with + &?; to cause to grow; to grow.] (Anat.) (a) An articulation formed by intervening cartilage; as, the pubic symphysis. (b) The union or coalescence of bones; also, the place of union or coalescence; as, the symphysis of the lower jaw. Cf. Articulation.

Sym`phy*sot"o*my (?), n. Symphyseotomy.

Sym"phy*tism (?), n. [Gr. &?; grown together.] Coalescence; a growing into one with another word. [R.]

> Some of the phrasal adverbs have assumed the form of single words, by that symphytism which naturally attaches these light elements to each other.

Earle.

Sym`pi*e*som"e*ter (?), n. [Gr. &?; compression (fr. &?; to press together; sy`n with + &?; to press, squeeze) + -meter.] A sensitive kind of barometer, in which the pressure of the atmosphere, acting upon a liquid, as oil, in the lower portion of the instrument, compresses an elastic gas in the upper part.

The column of oil of a lower part BC of a glass tube compresses hydrogen gas in the upper part AB, and is thus measured on the scale pq by the position of a surface of the oil in the tube. The scale pq is adjustable, and its index must be set to the division on the scale rs corresponding to the temperature indicated by the termometer t, in order to correct for the effects of temperature on the gas. It is sensitive, and convenient for use at sea, but inferior in accuracy to the mercurial barometer.

Sym*plec"tic (?), a. [Gr. &?; plaiting together, fr. &?; to plait together.] (Anat.) Plaiting or joining together; -- said of a bone next above the quadrate in the mandibular suspensorium of many fishes, which unites together the other bones of the suspensorium. -- n. The symplectic bone.

||Sym"plo*ce (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?; an interweaving, fr. &?; to twine together; &?; + &?; to twine.] (Rhet.) The repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning and another at the end of successive clauses; as, Justice came down from heaven to view the earth; Justice returned to heaven, and left the earth.

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Sym"pode (?), n. (Bot.) A sympodium.

Sym*po"di*al (?), a. (Bot.) Composed of superposed branches in such a way as to imitate a simple axis; as, a sympodial stem.

||Sym*po"di*um (?), n.; pl. Sympodia (#). [NL., fr. Gr. sy`n with + &?;, dim. of &?;, &?;, foot.] (Bot.) An axis or stem produced by dichotomous branching in which one of the branches is regularly developed at the expense of the other, as in the grapevine.

Sym*po"si*ac (?), a. [L. symposiacus, Gr. &?;.] Of or pertaining to compotations and merrymaking; happening where company is drinking together; as, symposiac meetings.

> Symposiac disputations amongst my acquaintance.

Arbuthnot.

Sym*po"si*ac, n. A conference or conversation of philosophers at a banquet; hence, any similar gathering.

Sym*po"si*arch (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;; &?; a symposium + &?; to be first, to rule.] (Gr. Antiq.) The master of a feast.

Sym*po"si*ast (?), n. One engaged with others at a banquet or merrymaking. Sydney Smith.

||Sym*po"si*on (?), n. [NL.] A drinking together; a symposium. "Our symposion last night." Sir W. Scott.

Sym*po"si*um (?), n.; pl. Symposia (#). [L., fr. Gr. sympo`sion a drinking party, feast; sy`n with + po`sis a drinking. See Syn-, and cf. Potable.] 1. A drinking together; a merry feast. T. Warton.

2. A collection of short essays by different authors on a common topic; -- so called from the appellation given to the philosophical dialogue by the Greeks.

Symp"tom (?), n. [F. symptôme, Gr. &?; anything that has befallen one, a chance, causality, symptom, fr. &?; to fall together; sy`n with + &?; to fall; akin to Skr. pat to fly, to fall. See Syn-, and cf. Asymptote, Feather.] 1. (Med.) Any affection which accompanies disease; a perceptible change in the body or its functions, which indicates disease, or the kind or phases of disease; as, the causes of disease often lie beyond our sight, but we learn their nature by the symptoms exhibited.

> Like the sick man, we are expiring with all sorts of good symptoms.

Swift.

2. A sign or token; that which indicates the existence of something else; as, corruption in elections is a symptom of the decay of public virtue.

Syn. -- Mark; note; sign; token; indication.

{ Symp`tom*at"ic (?), Symp`tom*at"ic*al (?), } a. [Cf. F. symptomatique, Gr. &?; causal.] 1. Of or pertaining to symptoms; happening in concurrence with something; being a symptom; indicating the existence of something else.

> Symptomatic of a shallow understanding and an unamiable temper.

Macaulay.

2. According to symptoms; as, a symptomatical classification of diseases.

-- Symp`tom*at"ic*al*ly, adv.

Symp`tom*a*tol"o*gy (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, symptom + -logy: cf. F. symptomatologie.] (Med.) The doctrine of symptoms; that part of the science of medicine which treats of the symptoms of diseases; semeiology.

It includes diagnosis, or the determination of the disease from its symptoms; and prognosis, or the determination of its probable course and event.

Syn- (?). [Gr. sy`n with.] A prefix meaning with, along with, together, at the same time. Syn- becomes sym- before p, b, and m, and syl- before l.

{ Syn*ac"me (?), Syn*ac"my (?), } n. [NL. synacme. See Syn-, and Acme.] (Bot.) Same as Synanthesis.

{ Syn*ær"e*sis, Syn*er"e*sis } (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a taking or drawing together, fr. &?; to take together; sy`n with + &?; to take, to grasp. See Syn-, and Heresy.] (Gram.) The union, or drawing together into one syllable, of two vowels that are ordinarily separated in syllabification; synecphonesis; -- the opposite of diæresis.

Syn`a*gog"ic*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to a synagogue.

Syn"a*gogue (?), n. [F., from L. synagoga, Gr. &?; a bringing together, an assembly, a synagogue, fr. &?; to bring together; sy`n with + &?; to lead. See Syn-, and Agent.] 1. A congregation or assembly of Jews met for the purpose of worship, or the performance of religious rites.

2. The building or place appropriated to the religious worship of the Jews.

3. The council of, probably, 120 members among the Jews, first appointed after the return from the Babylonish captivity; -- called also the Great Synagogue, and sometimes, though erroneously, the Sanhedrin.

4. A congregation in the early Christian church.

> My brethren, . . . if there come into your synagogue a man with a gold ring.

James ii. 1,2 (Rev. Ver.).

5. Any assembly of men. [Obs. or R.] Milton.

Syn`a*le"pha (?), n. [NL., fr. L. synaloepha, Gr. &?;, from &?; to melt together; sy`n with + &?; to besmear.] (Gram.) A contraction of syllables by suppressing some vowel or diphthong at the end of a word, before another vowel or diphthong; as, th' army, for the army. [Written also synalœpha.]

Syn`al*lag*mat"ic, a. [Gr. &?;, from &?; a mutual agreement, contract, fr. &?; to exchange, negotiate with; sy`n with + &?; to change.] (Law) Imposing reciprocal obligations upon the parties; as, a synallagmatic contract. Bouvier.

Syn`al*lax"ine (?), a. [From Gr. &?; to associate with.] (Zoöl.) Having the outer and middle toes partially united; -- said of certain birds related to the creepers.

||Syn`a*lœ"pha (?), n. [L.] Same as Synalepha.

||Syn*an"gi*um (?), n.; pl. Synangia (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?; + &?; a hollow vessel.] (Anat.) The divided part beyond the pylangium in the aortic trunk of the amphibian heart. -- Syn*an"gi*al (#), a.

Syn*an"ther*ous (?), a. [Pref. syn- + anther.] (Bot.) Having the stamens united by their anthers; as, synantherous flowers.

||Syn`an*the"sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. sy`n with + Gr. &?; bloom.] (Bot.) The simultaneous maturity of the anthers and stigmas of a blossom. Gray.

Syn*an"thous (?), a. [Pref. syn- + Gr. &?; flower.] (Bot.) Having flowers and leaves which appear at the same time; -- said of certain plants.

Syn*an"throse" (?), n. [From NL. Synantheræ the Compositæ; Gr. sy`n with + &?; blooming.] (Chem.) A variety of sugar, isomeric with sucrose, found in the tubers of the Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus), in the dahlia, and other Compositæ.

||Syn*ap"ta (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; fastened together; sy`n with + &?; to fasten.] (Zoöl.) A genus of slender, transparent holothurians which have delicate calcareous anchors attached to the dermal plates. See Illustration in Appendix.

Syn*ap"tase (?), n. [Gr. &?; fastened together + diastase.] (Chem.) A ferment resembling diastase, found in bitter almonds. Cf. Amygdalin, and Emulsin.

||Syn`ap*tic"u*la (?), n.; pl. Synapticulæ (#). [NL., dim. from Gr. &?; fastened together.] (Zoöl.) One of numerous calcareous processes which extend between, and unite, the adjacent septa of certain corals, especially of the fungian corals.

Syn"ar*chy (?), n. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to rule jointly with; sy`n with + &?; to rule.] Joint rule or sovereignity. [R.] Stackhouse.

Syn`ar*te"sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a fastening together, fr. &?; to fasten together.] A fastening or knitting together; the state of being closely jointed; close union. [R.] Coleridge.

||Syn`ar*thro"di*a (?), n. [NL.] (Anat.) Synarthrosis. -- Syn`ar*thro"di*al (#), a. Dunglison.

||Syn`ar*thro"sis (?), n.; pl. Synarthroses (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a being jointed together, fr. &?; to link or joint together; sy`n with + &?; a joint.] (Anat.) Immovable articulation by close union, as in sutures. It sometimes includes symphysial articulations also. See the Note under Articulation, n., 1.

Syn"as*try (?), n. [Pref. syn- + Gr. &?; a star.] Concurrence of starry position or influence; hence, similarity of condition, fortune, etc., as prefigured by astrological calculation. [R.] Motley.

Syn*ax"is (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to bring together. See Synagogue.] A congregation; also, formerly, the Lord's Supper. Jer. Taylor.

Syn"carp (?), n. [NL. syncarpium. See Syncarpous.] (Bot.) A kind of aggregate fruit in which the ovaries cohere in a solid mass, with a slender receptacle, as in the magnolia; also, a similar multiple fruit, as a mulberry.

||Syn*car"pi*um (?), n.; pl. Syncarpia (#). [NL.] (Bot.) Same as Syncarp.

Syn*car"pous (?), a. [Pref. syn- + Gr. &?; a fruit.] (Bot.) Composed of several carpels consolidated into one ovary.

Syn*cat`e*gor`e*mat"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?;; sy`n with + &?; a predicate. See Syn-, and Categorematic.] (Logic) Not capable of being used as a term by itself; -- said of words, as an adverb or preposition.

||Syn`chon*dro"sis (?), n.; pl. Synchondroses (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?;; sy`n with + &?; cartilage.] (Anat.) An immovable articulation in which the union is formed by cartilage. -- Syn`chon*dro"si*al, a.

Syn`chon*drot"o*my (?), n. [Gr. &?; union by cartilage + &?; to cut.] (Surg.) Symphyseotomy.

Syn`cho*re"sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;; sy`n with + &?; a going.] (Rhet.) A concession made for the purpose of retorting with greater force.

Syn"chro*nal (?), a. [See Synchronous.] Happening at, or belonging to, the same time; synchronous; simultaneous. Dr. H. More.

Syn"chro*nal, n. A synchronal thing or event.

Syn*chron"ic*al (?), a. [Cf. F. synchronique.] Happening at the same time; synchronous. Boyle. -- Syn*chron"ic*al*ly, adv.

Syn"chro*nism (?), n. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to be contemporary with, from &?; synchronous. See Synchronous.] 1. The concurrence of events in time; simultaneousness.

2. The tabular arrangement of historical events and personages, according to their dates.

3. (Paint.) A representation, in the same picture, of two or events which occured at different times.

Syn`chro*nis"tic (?), a. Of or pertaining to synchronism; arranged according to correspondence in time; as, synchronistic tables.

Syn`chro*ni*za"tion (?), n. The act of synchronizing; concurrence of events in respect to time.

Syn"chro*nize (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Synchronized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Synchronizing (?).] [Gr. &?;.] To agree in time; to be simultaneous.

> The path of this great empire, through its arch of progress, synchronized with that of Christianity.

De Quincey.

Syn"chro*nize, v. t. 1. To assign to the same date or period of time; as, to synchronize two events of Greek and Roman history. "Josephus synchronizes Nisan with the Egyptian Pharmus." W. L. Bevan.

2. To cause to agree in time; as, to synchronize the movements of different machines; to synchronize clocks.

Syn`chro*nol"o*gy (?), n. [Pref. syn- + Gr. &?; time + -logy.] Contemporaneous chronology.

Syn"chro*nous (?), a. [Gr. &?;; sy`n with + &?; time. Cf. Chronicle.] Happening at the same time; simultaneous. -- Syn"chro*nous*ly, adv.

Syn"chro*ny (?), n. The concurrence of events in time; synchronism. [R.]

> Geological contemporaneity is the same as chronological synchrony.

Huxley.

||Syn"chy*sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to confound; sy`n with + &?; to pour.] A derangement or confusion of any kind, as of words in a sentence, or of humors in the eye.

Sparkling synchysis (Med.), a condition in which the vitreous humor is softened and contains sparkling scales of cholesterin.

Syn*clas"tic (?), a. [Pref. syn- + Gr. kla^n to break.] (Math. Physics) Curved toward the same side in all directions; -- said of surfaces which in all directions around any point bend away from a tangent plane toward the same side, as the surface of a sphere; -- opposed to anticlastic. Sir W. Thomson.

Syn*cli"nal (?), a. [Gr. &?; to incline together; sy`n with + &?; to incline.] 1. Inclined downward from opposite directions, so as to meet in a common point or line.

2. (Geol.) Formed by strata dipping toward a common line or plane; as, a synclinal trough or valley; a synclinal fold; -- opposed to anticlinal.

A downward flexure in the case of folded rocks makes a synclinal axis, and the alternating upward flexure an anticlinal axis.

Syn*cli"nal, n. (Geol.) A synclinal fold.

Syn*cline" (?), n. (Geol.) A synclinal fold.

Syn*clin"ic*al (?), a. Synclinal. [R.]

||Syn`cli*no"ri*um (?), n.; pl. Synclinoria (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?; to lay together + &?; mountain.] (Geol.) A mountain range owing its origin to the progress of a geosynclinal, and ending in a catastrophe of displacement and upturning. Dana.

Syn"co*pal (?), a. Of or pertaining to syncope; resembling syncope.

Syn"co*pate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Syncopated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Syncopating.] [LL. syncopatus, p. p. of syncopare to syncopate, to swoon. See Syncope.] 1. (Gram.) To contract, as a word, by taking one or more letters or syllables from the middle; as, "Gloster" is a syncopated form of "Gloucester."

2. (Mus.) To commence, as a tone, on an unaccented part of a measure, and continue it into the following accented part, so that the accent is driven back upon the weak part and the rhythm drags.

Syn`co*pa"tion (?), n. 1. (Gram.) The act of syncopating; the contraction of a word by taking one or more letters or syllables from the middle; syncope.

2. (Mus.) The act of syncopating; a peculiar figure of rhythm, or rhythmical alteration, which consists in welding into one tone the second half of one beat with the first half of the beat which follows.

Syn"co*pe (?), n. [L. syncope, syncopa, Gr. &?; a cutting up, a syncope; akin to &?; to beat together, to cut up, cut short, weavy; sy`n with + &?; to strike, cut.] 1. (Gram.) An elision or retrenchment of one or more letters or syllables from the middle of a word; as, ne'er for never, ev'ry for every.

2. (Mus.) Same as Syncopation.

3. (Med.) A fainting, or swooning. See Fainting.

4. A pause or cessation; suspension. [R.]

> Revely, and dance, and show,
> Suffer a syncope and solemn pause.

Cowper.

Syn"co*pist (?), n. One who syncopates. Addison.

Syn"co*pize (?), v. t. To syncopate.

Syn*cot`y*led"on*ous (?), a. [Pref. syn- + cotyledonous.] (Bot.) Having united cotyledonous.

Syn*cret"ic (?), a. Uniting and blending together different systems, as of philosophy, morals, or religion. Smart.

Syn"cre*tism (?), n. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to make two parties join against a third: cf. F. syncrétisme.] Attempted union of principles or parties irreconcilably at variance with each other.

> He is plotting a carnal syncretism, and attempting the reconcilement of Christ and Belial.

Baxter.

> Syncretism is opposed to eclecticism in philosophy.

Krauth-Fleming.

Syn"cre*tist (?), n. [Cf. F. syncrétiste.] One who attempts to unite principles or parties which are irreconcilably at variance; specifically (Eccl. Hist.), an adherent of George Calixtus and other Germans of the seventeenth century, who sought to unite or reconcile the Protestant sects with each other and with the Roman Catholics, and thus occasioned a long and violent controversy in the Lutheran church.

Syn`cre*tis"tic (?), a. 1. Pertaining to, or characterized by, syncretism; as, a syncretistic mixture of the service of Jehovah and the worship of idols.

2. Of or pertaining to Syncretists.

||Syn"cri*sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a comparison; &?; together + &?; to judge.] (Rhet.) A figure of speech in which opposite things or persons are compared. Crabb.

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||Syn*cy"ti*um (?), n.; pl. Syncitia (#). [NL., from Gr. &?; together + &?; a hollow vessel.] 1. (Biol.) Tissue in which the cell or partition walls are wholly wanting and the cell bodies fused together, so that the tissue consists of a continuous mass of protoplasm in which nuclei are imbedded, as in ordinary striped muscle.

2. (Zoöl.) The ectoderm of a sponge.

Syn*dac"tyle (?), n. [Pref. syn- + Gr. &?; finger, toe: cf. F. syndactyle.] (Zoöl.) Any bird having syndactilous feet.

Syn*dac*tyl"ic (?), a. (Zoöl.) Syndactilous.

Syn*dac"tyl*ous (?), a. (Zoöl.) Having the toes firmly united together for some distance, and without an intermediate web, as the kingfishers; gressorial.

Syn`des*mog"ra*phy (?), n. [Gr. &?; band, bond + -graphy.] A description of the ligaments; syndesmology.

Syn`des*mol"o*gy (?), n. [Gr. &?; band, bond + -logy.] That part of anatomy which treats of ligaments.

||Syn`des*mo"sis (?), n.; pl. Syndesmoses (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a bond; &?; together + &?; a bond, fr. &?; to bind.] (Anat.) An articulation formed by means of ligaments.

{ Syn*det"ic (?), Syn*det"ic*al (?), } a. [Gr. &?;, from &?; to bind together; sy`n with + &?; to bind; cf. Asyndetic.] Connecting; conjunctive; as, syndetic words or connectives; syndetic references in a dictionary. -- Syn*det"ic*al*ly, adv.

> With the syndetic juxtaposition of distinct members, the article is not often repeated.

C. J. Grece (Trans. Maetzner's Gram.).

Syn"dic (?), n. [L. syndictus, Gr. &?; helping in a court of justice, advocate; sy`n with + &?; justice, akin to &?; to show: cf. F. syndic. See Teach.] 1. An officer of government, invested with different powers in different countries; a magistrate.

2. (Law) An agent of a corporation, or of any body of men engaged in a business enterprise; an advocate or patron; an assignee.

In France, syndics are appointed by the creditors of a bankrupt to manage the property. Almost all the companies in Paris, the university, and the like, have their syndics. The university of Cambridge, Eng., has its syndics, who are chosen from the senate to transact special business, such as the regulation of fees, the framing of laws, etc.

Syn"di*cate (?), n. [Cf. F. syndicat, LL. syndicatus.] 1. The office or jurisdiction of a syndic; a council, or body of syndics. Bp. Burnet.

2. An association of persons officially authorized to undertake some duty or to negotiate some business; also, an association of persons who combine to carry out, on their own account, a financial or industrial project; as, a syndicate of bankers formed to take up and dispose of an entire issue of government bonds.

Syn"di*cate (?), v. t. [LL. syndicatus, p. p. of syndicare to censure.] To judge; to censure. [Obs.]

||Syn"dro*me (?), n. [NL., from Gr. &?;; sy`n with + &?; a course, a running.] Concurrence. [R.] Glanvill.

Syn`dy*as"mi*an (?), a. [Gr. syndyasmo`s a pairing, fr. syndya`zein to pair.] Pertaining to the state of pairing together sexually; -- said of animals during periods of procreation and while rearing their offspring. Morgan.

Syne (?), adv. [See Since.] 1. Afterwards; since; ago. [Obs. or Scot.] R. of Brunne.

2. Late, -- as opposed to soon.

> [Each rogue] shall be discovered either soon or syne.

W. Hamilton (Life of Wallace).

Syne, conj. Since; seeing. [Scot.]

Syn*ec"do*che (sn*k"d*k), n. [L. synecdoche, Gr. synekdochh`, fr. to receive jointly; sy`n with + &?; to receive; &?; out + &?; to receive.] (Rhet.) A figure or trope by which a part of a thing is put for the whole (as, fifty sail for fifty ships), or the whole for a part (as, the smiling year for spring), the species for the genus (as, cutthroat for assassin), the genus for the species (as, a creature for a man), the name of the material for the thing made, etc. Bain.

Syn`ec*doch"ic*al (?), a. Expressed by synecdoche; implying a synecdoche.

> Isis is used for Themesis by a synecdochical kind of speech, or by a poetical liberty, in using one for another.

Drayton.

Syn`ec*doch"ic*al*ly, adv. By synecdoche.

||Syn*e"chi*a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to hold together; sy`n with + &?; to hold.] (Med.) A disease of the eye, in which the iris adheres to the cornea or to the capsule of the crystalline lens.

||Syn*ec`pho*ne"sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to utter together.] (Gram.) A contraction of two syllables into one; synizesis.

Syn*e"dral (?), a. [Gr. &?; sitting with; sy`n with + "e`dra seat.] (Bot.) Growing on the angles of a stem, as the leaves in some species of Selaginella.

||Syn`en*tog"na*thi (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. sy`n with + 'ento`s within + gna`qos jaw.] (Zoöl.) An order of fishes, resembling the Physoclisti, without spines in the dorsal, anal, and ventral fins. It includes the true flying fishes.

Syn"e*py (?), n. [Gr. &?;; sy`n with + &?; a word.] (Rhet.) The interjunction, or joining, of words in uttering the clauses of sentences.

Syn*er"e*sis (?), n. Same as Synæresis.

Syn`er*get"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to work together; sy`n with + 'e`rgon work.] Working together; coöperating; as, synergetic muscles.

Syn"er*gism (?), n. [See Synergetic.] (Theol.) The doctrine or theory, attributed to Melanchthon, that in the regeneration of a human soul there is a coöperation, or joint agency, on the part both of God and of man.

Syn"er*gist (?), n. [Cf. F. synergiste.] 1. One who holds the doctrine of synergism.

2. (Med.) A remedy which has an action similar to that of another remedy, and hence increases the efficiency of that remedy when combined with it.

Syn`er*gis"tic (?), a. 1. Of or pertaining to synergism. "A synergistic view of regeneration." Shedd.

2. Coöperating; synergetic.

Syn"er*gy (?), n. [Gr. &?;. See Synergetic.] Combined action; especially (Med.), the combined healthy action of every organ of a particular system; as, the digestive synergy.

||Syn`ge*ne"si*a (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. sy`n with, together + &?; generation, birth.] (Bot.) A Linnæan class of plants in which the stamens are united by the anthers.

{ Syn`ge*ne"sian (?), Syn`ge*ne"sious (?), } a. (Bot.) Having the stamens united by the anthers; of or pertaining to the Syngenesia.

Syn*gen"e*sis (?), n. [Pref. syn- + genesis.] (Biol.) A theory of generation in which each germ is supposed to contain the germs of all subsequent generations; -- the opposite of epigenesis.

||Syng"na*thi (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. sy`n with + &?; jaw.] (Zoöl.) A suborder of lophobranch fishes which have an elongated snout and lack the ventral and first dorsal fins. The pipefishes and sea horses are examples. -- Syng"na*thous (#), a.

Syn"graph (?), n. [L. syngrapha, Gr. &?;; sy`n with + &?; to write.] (Law) A writing signed by both or all the parties to a contract or bond.

||Syn`i*ze"sis (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to sit together; sy`n with + &?; to sit.] 1. (Med.) An obliteration of the pupil of the eye.

2. (Gram.) A contraction of two syllables into one; synecphonesis.

||Syn`neo*ro"sis (?), n.; pl. Synneuroses (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?;; sy`n with + &?; a sinew, ligament.] (Anat.) Syndesmosis.

||Syn"o*cha (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a holding together. See Synechia.] (Med.) See Synochus. [Obs.]

Syn"o*chal (?), a. (Med.) Of or pertaining to synocha; like synocha. [Obs.]

||Syn"o*chus (?), n. [NL., from Gr. &?; joined together.] (Med.) A continuous fever. [Obs.]

Synocha and synochus were used as epithets of two distinct types of fever, but in different senses at different periods. The same disease is placed under synocha by one author, under synochus by another. Quain.

Syn"o*cil (?), n. [Pref. syn- + cilium.] (Zoöl.) A sense organ found in certain sponges. It consists of several filaments, each of which arises from a single cell.

Syn"od (sn"d), n. [L. synodus, Gr. sy`nodos a meeting; sy`n with + "odo`s a way; cf. AS. sinoð, senoð, F. synode, both from the Latin.] 1. (Eccl. Hist.) An ecclesiastic council or meeting to consult on church matters.

Synods are of four kinds: 1. General, or ecumenical, which are composed of bishops from different nations; -- commonly called general council. 2. National, composed of bishops of one nation only. 3. Provincial, in which the bishops of only one province meet; -- called also convocations. 4. Diocesan, a synod in which the bishop of the diocese or his representative presides. Among Presbyterians, a synod is composed of several adjoining presbyteries. The members are the ministers and a ruling elder from each parish.

2. An assembly or council having civil authority; a legislative body.

> It hath in solemn synods been decreed,
> Both by the Syracusians and ourselves,
> To admit no traffic to our adverse towns.

Shak.

> Parent of gods and men, propitious Jove!
> And you, bright synod of the powers above.

Dryden.

3. (Astron.) A conjunction of two or more of the heavenly bodies. [R.] Milton.

Syn"od*al (?), a. [L. synodalis: cf. F. synodal.] Synodical. Milton.

Syn"od*al, n. 1. (Ch. of Eng.) A tribute in money formerly paid to the bishop or archdeacon, at the time of his Easter visitation, by every parish priest, now made to the ecclesiastical commissioners; a procuration.

> Synodals are due, of common right, to the bishop only.

Gibson.

2. A constitution made in a provincial or diocesan synod.

{ Syn*od"ic (?), Syn*od"ic*al (?), } a. [L. synodicus, Gr. &?;: cf. F. synodique.] 1. (Eccl.) Of or pertaining to a synod; transacted in, or authorized by, a synod; as, synodical proceedings or forms. "A synodical epistle." Bp. Stillingfleet.

2. (Astron.) Pertaining to conjunction, especially to the period between two successive conjunctions; extending from one conjunction, as of the moon or a planet with the sun, to the next; as, a synodical month (see Lunar month, under Month); the synodical revolution of the moon or a planet.

Syn*od"ic*al*ly, adv. In a synodical manner; in a synod; by the authority of a synod. "Synodically agreed upon." R. Nelson.

Syn"od*ist (?), n. An adherent to a synod.

> These synodists thought fit in Latin as yet to veil their decrees from vulgar eyes.

Fuller.

Syn*œ"cious (?), a. [Pref. syn- + Gr. &?; house.] (Bot.) Having stamens and pistil in the same head, or, in mosses, having antheridia and archegonia on the same receptacle.

Syn*om"o*cy (?), n. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to swear with or together; sy`n with + &?; to swear.] Sworn brotherhood; a society in ancient Greece nearly resembling a modern political club.

Syn"o*nym (sn"*nm), n.; pl. Synonyms (- nmz). [F. synonyme, L. synonyma, pl. of synonymum, Gr. synw`nymon. See Synonymous.] One of two or more words (commonly words of the same language) which are equivalents of each other; one of two or more words which have very nearly the same signification, and therefore may often be used interchangeably. See under Synonymous. [Written also synonyme.]

> All languages tend to clear themselves of synonyms as intellectual culture advances, the superfluous words being taken up and appropriated by new shades and combinations of thought evolved in the progress of society.

De Quincey.

> His name has thus become, throughout all civilized countries, a synonym for probity and philanthropy.

Macaulay.

> In popular literary acceptation, and as employed in special dictionaries of such words, synonyms are words sufficiently alike in general signification to be liable to be confounded, but yet so different in special definition as to require to be distinguished.

G. P. Marsh.

||Syn*on"y*ma (sn*n"*m), n. pl. [L.] Synonyms. [Obs.] Fuller.

Syn*on"y*mal (?), a. Synonymous. [Obs.]

Syn*on"y*mal*ly, adv. Synonymously. [Obs.]

Syn"o*nyme (?), n. Same as Synonym.

Syn`o*nym"ic (?), n. [Cf. G. synonymik. See Synonymous.] (Gram.) The science, or the scientific treatment, of synonymous words.

{ Syn`o*nym"ic (?), Syn`o*nym"ic*al (?), } a. Of or pertaining to synonyms, or synonymic; synonymous.

||Syn`o*nym"i*con (?), n. [NL.] A dictionary of synonyms. C. J. Smith.

Syn*on"y*mist (?), n. [Cf. F. synonymiste.] One who collects or explains synonyms.

Syn*on"y*mize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Synonymized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Synonymizing (?).] To express by a synonym or synonyms; to give the synonym or synonyms corresponding to.

> This word "fortis" we may synonymize after all these fashions: stout, hardy, valiant, doughty, courageous, adventurous, brave, bold, daring, intrepid.

Camden.

Syn*on"y*mous (?), a. [Gr. &?;; sy`n with, together + &?;, &?;, name. See Syn-, and Name.] Having the character of a synonym; expressing the same thing; conveying the same, or approximately the same, idea. -- Syn*on"y*mous*ly, adv.

> These words consist of two propositions, which are not distinct in sense, but one and the same thing variously expressed; for wisdom and understanding are synonymous words here.

Tillotson.

Syn. -- Identical; interchangeable. -- Synonymous, Identical. If no words are synonymous except those which are identical in use and meaning, so that the one can in all cases be substituted for the other, we have scarcely ten such words in our language. But the term more properly denotes that the words in question approach so near to each other, that, in many or most cases, they can be used interchangeably. 1. Words may thus coincide in certain connections, and so be interchanged, when they can not be interchanged in other connections; thus we may speak either strength of mind or of force of mind, but we say the force (not strength) of gravitation. 2. Two words may differ slightly, but this difference may be unimportant to the speaker's object, so that he may freely interchange them; thus it makes but little difference, in most cases, whether we speak of a man's having secured his object or having attained his object. For these and other causes we have numerous words which may, in many cases or connections, be used interchangeably, and these are properly called synonyms. Synonymous words "are words which, with great and essential resemblances of meaning, have, at the same time, small, subordinate, and partial differences, -- these differences being such as either originally and on the ground of their etymology inhered in them; or differences which they have by usage acquired in the eyes of all; or such as, though nearly latent now, they are capable of receiving at the hands of wise and discreet masters of the tongue. Synonyms are words of like significance in the main, but with a certain unlikeness as well." Trench.

Syn*on"y*my (?), n. [L. synonymia, Gr. &?; a synonym: cf. F. synonymie.] 1. The quality of being synonymous; sameness of meaning.

2. A system of synonyms.

3. (Rhet.) A figure by which synonymous words are used to amplify a discourse.

Syn*op"sis (?), n.; pl. Synopses (#). [L., from Gr. &?;; sy`n with, together + &?; a sight, view, from the root seen in E. optic.] A general view, or a collection of heads or parts so arranged as to exhibit a general view of the whole; an abstract or summary of a discourse; a syllabus; a conspectus.

> That the reader may see in one view the exactness of the method, as well as force of the argument, I shall here draw up a short synopsis of this epistle.

Bp. Warburton.

Syn. -- Abridgment; compendium; epitome; abstract; summary; syllabus; conspectus. See Abridgment.

{ Syn*op"tic (?), Syn*op"tic*al (?), } a. [Gr. &?;: cf. F. synoptique. See Synopsis.] Affording a general view of the whole, or of the principal parts of a thing; as, a synoptic table; a synoptical statement of an argument. "The synoptic Gospels." Alford. -- Syn*op"tic*al*ly, adv.

Syn*op"tic, n. One of the first three Gospels of the New Testament. See Synoptist.

Syn*op"tist (?), n. Any one of the authors of the three synoptic Gospels, which give a history of our Lord's life and ministry, in distinction from the writer of John's Gospel, which gives a fuller record of his teachings.

Syn*os`te*ol"o*gy (?), n. [Pref. syn- + Gr. &?; bone + -logy.] That part of anatomy which treats of joints; arthrology.

||Syn*os`te*o"sis (?), n.; pl. Synosteoses (#). [NL., fr. Gr. sy`n with + &?; bone.] (Anat.) Union by means of bone; the complete closing up and obliteration of sutures.

||Syn`os*to"sis (?), n. [NL.] Same as Synosteosis.

||Syn*o"vi*a (?), n. [NL., perhaps fr. Gr. sy`n with + L. ovum egg: cf. F. synovie.] (Anat.) A transparent, viscid, lubricating fluid which contains mucin and secreted by synovial membranes; synovial fluid.

<! p. 1465 !>

Syn*o"vi*al (?), a. [Cf. F. synovial.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to synovia; secreting synovia.

Synovial capsule, a closed sac of synovial membrane situated between the articular surfaces at diarthrodial joints. -- Synovial fluid, synovia. -- Synovial membrane, the dense and very smooth connective tissue membrane which secretes synovia and surrounds synovial capsules and other synovial cavities.

||Syn`o*vi"tis (?), n. [NL. See Synovia, -itis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the synovial membrane.

Syn*pel"mous (?), a. [Pref. syn- + &?; the sole of the foot.] (Zoöl.) Having the two main flexor tendons of the toes blended together.

Syn*sep"al*ous (?), a. [Pref. syn- + sepal.] (Bot.) Having united sepals; gamosepalous.

{ Syn*tac"tic (?), Syn*tac"tic*al (?), } a. [Cf. G. &?; putting together. See Syntax.] Of or pertaining to syntax; according to the rules of syntax, or construction. -- Syn*tac"tic*al*ly, adv.

Syn"tax (?), n. [L. syntaxis, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to put together in order; sy`n with + &?; to put in order; cf. F. syntaxe. See Syn-, and Tactics.] 1. Connected system or order; union of things; a number of things jointed together; organism. [Obs.]

> They owe no other dependence to the first than what is common to the whole syntax of beings.

Glanvill.

2. That part of grammar which treats of the construction of sentences; the due arrangement of words in sentences in their necessary relations, according to established usage in any language.

||Syn*tax"is (?), n. Syntax. [R.] B. Jonson.

Syn`te*re"sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; preservation, fr. &?; to preserve; sy`n with + &?; to guard.] 1. (Med.) Prophylaxis. [Obs.]

2. (Metaph.) Conscience viewed as the internal repository of the laws of duty. Whewell.

Syn`te*ret"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?;.] (Med.) Preserving health; prophylactic. [Obs.]

Syn`te*ret"ics (?), n. (Med.) That department of medicine which relates to the preservation of health; prophylaxis. [Obs.]

Syn*ther"mal (?), a. [Pref. syn- + thermal.] Having the same degree of heat.

Syn"the*sis (?), n.; pl. Syntheses (#). [L., a mixture, properly, a putting together, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to place or put together; sy`n with + &?; to place. See Thesis.] 1. Composition, or the putting of two or more things together, as in compounding medicines.

2. (Chem.) The art or process of making a compound by putting the ingredients together, as contrasted with analysis; thus, water is made by synthesis from hydrogen and oxygen; hence, specifically, the building up of complex compounds by special reactions, whereby their component radicals are so grouped that the resulting substances are identical in every respect with the natural articles when such occur; thus, artificial alcohol, urea, indigo blue, alizarin, etc., are made by synthesis.

3. (Logic) The combination of separate elements of thought into a whole, as of simple into complex conceptions, species into genera, individual propositions into systems; -- the opposite of analysis.

> Analysis and synthesis, though commonly treated as two different methods, are, if properly understood, only the two necessary parts of the same method. Each is the relative and correlative of the other.

Sir W. Hamilton.

Syn"the*sist (?), n. One who employs synthesis, or who follows synthetic methods.

Syn"the*size (?), v. t. 1. To combine by synthesis; to unite.

2. To produce by synthesis; as, to synthesize albumin.

{ Syn*thet"ic (?), Syn*thet"ic*al (?), } a. [Gr. &?;: cf. F. synthétique.] 1. Of or pertaining to synthesis; consisting in synthesis or composition; as, the synthetic method of reasoning, as opposed to analytical.

> Philosophers hasten too much from the analytic to the synthetic method; that is, they draw general conclusions from too small a number of particular observations and experiments.

Bolingbroke.

2. (Chem.) Artificial. Cf. Synthesis, 2.

3. (Zoöl.) Comprising within itself structural or other characters which are usually found only in two or more diverse groups; -- said of species, genera, and higher groups. See the Note under Comprehensive, 3.

Synthetic, or Synthetical language, an inflectional language, or one characterized by grammatical endings; -- opposed to analytic language. R. Morris.

Syn*thet"ic*al*ly, adv. In a synthetic manner.

Syn"the*tize (?), v. t. [Cf. Gr. &?;.] To combine; to unite in regular structure. [R.]

Syn"to*my (?), n. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to cut short; sy`n with + &?; to cut.] Brevity; conciseness. [R.]

Syn"to*nin (?), n. [Cf. Gr. &?; stretched tight, intense.] (Physiol. Chem.) A proteid substance (acid albumin) formed from the albuminous matter of muscle by the action of dilute acids; -- formerly called musculin. See Acid albumin, under Albumin.

Sy"pher*ing (?), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Carp.) The lapping of chamfered edges of planks to make a smooth surface, as for a bulkhead.

Syph"i*lide (?), n. [F.] (Med.) A cutaneous eruption due to syphilis.

Syph"i*lis (?), n. [NL., fr. Syphilus, the name of a shepherd in the Latin poem of Fracastoro, "Syphilus, sive Morbus Gallicus," which was published in 1530; Gr. &?; hog, swine + &?; dear, loving. The term was introduced into nosology by Sauvages.] (Med.) The pox, or venereal disease; a chronic, specific, infectious disease, usually communicated by sexual intercourse or by hereditary transmission, and occurring in three stages known as primary, secondary, and tertiary syphilis. See under Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary.

Syph`i*lit"ic (?), a. [Cf. F. syphilitique.] (Med.) Of or pertaining to syphilis; of the nature of syphilis; affected with syphilis. -- n. A syphilitic patient.

Syph`i*lit"ic*al*ly (?), adv. (Med.) In a syphilitic manner; with venereal disease.

Syph`i*li*za"tion (?), n. (Med.) Inoculation with the syphilitic virus, especially when employed as a preventive measure, like vaccination.

Syph"i*lize (?), v. t. (Med.) To inoculate with syphilis.

Syph"i*lo*derm (?), n. [See Syphilis, and Derm.] (Med.) A cutaneous affection due to syphilis.

Syph`i*lo*der"ma*tous (?), a. (Med.) Of or pertaining to the cutaneous manifestations of syphilis.

Syph"i*loid (?), a. [Syphilis + -oid.] (Med.) Resembling syphilis.

Syph`i*lol"o*gist (?), n. One skilled in syphilology.

Syph`i*lol"o*gy (?), n. [Syphilis + -logy.] That branch of medicine which treats of syphilis.

Sy"phon (?), n. See Syphon.

Syr"a*cuse (?), n. A red wine of Italy.

Sy"ren (?), n. See Siren. [R.]

Syr"i*ac (?), a. [L. Syriacus, from Syria: cf. F. syriaque.] Of or pertaining to Syria, or its language; as, the Syriac version of the Pentateuch. -- n. The language of Syria; especially, the ancient language of that country.

Syr"i*a*cism (?), n. A Syrian idiom; a Syrianism.

Syr"i*an (?), a. [L. Syrius: cf. F. Syrien.] Of or pertaining to Syria; Syriac. -- n. A native of Syria.

Syr"i*an*ism (?), n. A Syrian idiom, or a peculiarity of the Syrian language; a Syriacism. Paley.

Syr"i*asm (?), n. A Syrian idiom; a Syrianism; a Syriacism. M. Stuart.

> The Scripture Greek is observed to be full of Syriasms and Hebraisms.

Bp. Warburton.

Sy*rin"ga (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, &?;, a shepherd's pipe, tube. Cf. Syringe.] (Bot.) (a) A genus of plants; the lilac. (b) The mock orange; -- popularly so called because its stems were formerly used as pipestems.

Syr"inge (?), n. [F. seringue (cf. Pr. siringua, Sp. jeringa, It. sciringa, scilinga), fg. Gr. &?;, &?;, a pipe or tube; cf. Skr. svar to sound, and E. swarum. Cf. Syringa.] A kind of small hand-pump for throwing a stream of liquid, or for purposes of aspiration. It consists of a small cylindrical barrel and piston, or a bulb of soft elastic material, with or without valves, and with a nozzle which is sometimes at the end of a flexible tube; -- used for injecting animal bodies, cleansing wounds, etc.

Garden syringe. See Garden.

Syr"inge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Syringed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Syringing (?).] 1. To inject by means of a syringe; as, to syringe warm water into a vein.

2. To wash and clean by injection from a syringe.

Sy*rin"ge*al (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the syrinx; as, the syringeal muscle.

Sy*rin"gin (?), n. (Chem.) A glucoside found in the bark of the lilac (Syringa) and extracted as a white crystalline substance; -- formerly called also lilacin.

||Sy*rin"go*cœle (?), n. [Syrinx + Gr. &?; hollow.] (Anat.) The central canal of the spinal cord. B. G. Wilder.

Sy*rin"go*tome (?), n. [Cf. F. syringotome. See Syringotomy.] (Surg. & Anat.) A small blunt-pointed bistoury, -- used in syringotomy.

Syr`in*got"o*my (?), n. [Gr. &?; a tube, a hollow sore + &?; to cut: cf. F. syringotomie.] (Surg.) The operation of cutting for anal fistula.

Syr"inx (?), n.; pl. Syringes (#). [NL., from Gr. &?; a pipe.] 1. (Mus.) A wind instrument made of reeds tied together; -- called also pandean pipes.

2. (Anat.) The lower larynx in birds.

In birds there are two laringes, an upper or true, but voiceless, larynx in the usual position behind the tongue, and a lower one, at or near the junction of the trachea and bronchi, which is the true organ of the voice.

||Syr"ma (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to drag.] (Class. Antiq.) A long dress, trailing on the floor, worn by tragic actors in Greek and Roman theaters.

Syr"phi*an (?), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the syrphus flies. -- n. (Zoöl.) A syrphus fly.

Syr"phus fly` (?). [NL. Syrphus, the generic name, fr. Gr. &?;, &?;, a kind of winged insect.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of dipterous flies of the genus Syrphus and allied genera. They are usually bright-colored, with yellow bands, and hover around plants. The larvæ feed upon plant lice, and are, therefore, very beneficial to agriculture.

Syrt (?), n. [L. syrtis a sand bank in the sea, Gr. &?;: cf. F. syrte.] A quicksand; a bog. [R.] Young.

Syr"tic (?), a. Of or pertaining to a syrt; resembling syrt, or quicksand. [R.] Ed. Rev.

||Syr"tis (?), n.; pl. Syrtes (#). [See Syrt.] A quicksand.

> Quenched in a boggy syrtis, neither sea
> Nor good dry land.

Milton.

{ Syr"up (?), n., Syr"up*y (?) }, a. [See Sirup.] Same as Sirup, Sirupy.

||Sys`sar*co"sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to unite by flesh, to cover over with flesh; sy`n with + &?;, &?;, flesh.] (Anat.) The junction of bones by intervening muscles.

Sys*tal"tic (?), a. [L. systalticus drawing together, Gr. &?;, from &?; to draw together. Cf. Sustaltic, Systole.] (Physiol.) Capable of, or taking place by, alternate contraction and dilatation; as, the systaltic action of the heart.

||Sys"ta*sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to stand together. See under System.] A political union, confederation, or league. [R.] Burke.

Sys"tem (?), n. [L. systema, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to place together; sy`n with + &?; to place: cf. F. système. See Stand.] 1. An assemblage of objects arranged in regular subordination, or after some distinct method, usually logical or scientific; a complete whole of objects related by some common law, principle, or end; a complete exhibition of essential principles or facts, arranged in a rational dependence or connection; a regular union of principles or parts forming one entire thing; as, a system of philosophy; a system of government; a system of divinity; a system of botany or chemistry; a military system; the solar system.

> The best way to learn any science, is to begin with a regular system, or a short and plain scheme of that science well drawn up into a narrow compass.

I. Watts.

2. Hence, the whole scheme of created things regarded as forming one complete plan of whole; the universe. "The great system of the world." Boyle.

3. Regular method or order; formal arrangement; plan; as, to have a system in one's business.

4. (Mus.) The collection of staves which form a full score. See Score, n.

5. (Biol.) An assemblage of parts or organs, either in animal or plant, essential to the performance of some particular function or functions which as a rule are of greater complexity than those manifested by a single organ; as, the capillary system, the muscular system, the digestive system, etc.; hence, the whole body as a functional unity.

6. (Zoöl.) One of the stellate or irregular clusters of intimately united zooids which are imbedded in, or scattered over, the surface of the common tissue of many compound ascidians.

Block system, Conservative system, etc. See under Block, Conservative, etc.

{ Sys`tem*at"ic (?), Sys`tem*at"ic*al (?), } a. [Gr. &?;: cf. F. systématique.] 1. Of or pertaining to system; consisting in system; methodical; formed with regular connection and adaptation or subordination of parts to each other, and to the design of the whole; as, a systematic arrangement of plants or animals; a systematic course of study.

> Now we deal much in essays, and unreasonably despise systematical learning; whereas our fathers had a just value for regularity and systems.

I. Watts.

> A representation of phenomena, in order to answer the purposes of science, must be systematic.

Whewell.

2. Proceeding according to system, or regular method; as, a systematic writer; systematic benevolence.

3. Pertaining to the system of the world; cosmical.

> These ends may be called cosmical, or systematical.

Boyle.

4. (Med.) Affecting successively the different parts of the system or set of nervous fibres; as, systematic degeneration.

Systematic theology. See under Theology.

Sys`tem*at"ic*al*ly, adv. In a systematic manner; methodically.

Sys"tem*a*tism (?), n. The reduction of facts or principles to a system. Dunglison.

Sys"tem*a*tist (?), n. [Cf. F. systématiste.] 1. One who forms a system, or reduces to system.

2. One who adheres to a system.

Sys`tem*a*ti*za"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. systématization.] The act or operation of systematizing.

Sys"tem*a*tize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Systematized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Systematizing (?).] [Cf. F. systématiser. Cf. Systemize.] To reduce to system or regular method; to arrange methodically; to methodize; as, to systematize a collection of plants or minerals; to systematize one's work; to systematize one's ideas.

> Diseases were healed, and buildings erected, before medicine and architecture were systematized into arts.

Harris.

Sys"tem*a*ti`zer (?), n. One who systematizes.

> Aristotle may be called the systematizer of his master's doctrines.

Harris.

Sys`tem*a*tol"o*gy (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, system + -logy.] The doctrine of, or a treatise upon, systems. Dunglison.

Sys*tem"ic (?), a. 1. Of or relating to a system; common to a system; as, the systemic circulation of the blood.

2. (Anat. & Physiol.) Of or pertaining to the general system, or the body as a whole; as, systemic death, in distinction from local death; systemic circulation, in distinction from pulmonic circulation; systemic diseases.

Systemic death. See the Note under Death, n., 1.

Sys`tem*i*za"tion (?), n. The act or process of systematizing; systematization.

Sys"tem*ize (ss"tm*z), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Systemized (- zd); p. pr. & vb. n. Systemizing (- `zng).] [Cf. Systematize.] To reduce to system; to systematize.

<! p. 1466 !>

Sys"tem*i`zer (ss"tm*`zr), n. One who systemizes, or reduces to system; a systematizer.

Sys"tem*less, a. 1. Being without system.

2. (Nat. Hist.) Not agreeing with some artificial system of classification.

3. (Biol.) Not having any of the distinct systems or types of structure, as the radiate, articulate, etc., characteristic of organic nature; as, all unicellular organisms are systemless.

Sys"to*le (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to contract; sy`n with + &?; to set, place.] 1. (Gram.) The shortening of the long syllable.

2. (Physiol.) The contraction of the heart and arteries by which the blood is forced onward and the circulation kept up; -- correlative to diastole.

Sys*tol"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to systole, or contraction; contracting; esp., relating to the systole of the heart; as, systolic murmur. Dunglison.

Sys"tyle (?), a. [L. systylos, Gr. sy`n with columns standing close; sy`n with + &?; a column: cf. F. systyle.] (Arch.) Having a space equal to two diameters or four modules between two columns; -- said of a portico or building. See Intercolumniation. -- n. A systyle temple or other edifice.

{ Syth (?), Sythe (?) }, prep., adv., conj. & n. See Sith, Sithe. [Obs.] Chaucer. Piers Plowman.

Sythe (?), n. Scythe. [Obs. or R.]

Sy*zyg"i*al (?), a. Pertaining to a syzygy.

Syz"y*gy (sz"*j), n.; pl. Syzygies (- jz). [L. syzygia a joining together, conjunction, Gr. syzygi`a; sy`n with + zeygny`nai to join, zygo`n yoke: cf. F. syzygie. See Yoke, n.] 1. (Astron.) The point of an orbit, as of the moon or a planet, at which it is in conjunction or opposition; -- commonly used in the plural.

2. (Gr. & L. Pros.) The coupling together of different feet; as, in Greek verse, an iambic syzygy.

3. (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of the segments of an arm of a crinoid composed of two joints so closely united that the line of union is obliterated on the outer, though visible on the inner, side. (b) The immovable union of two joints of a crinoidal arm.

Line of syzygies (Astron.), the straight line connecting the earth, the sun, and the moon or a planet, when the latter is in conjunction or opposition; -- used chiefly of the moon.

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