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Title: The Gutenberg Webster's Unabridged Dictionary: Section C

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Noah Webster

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    Begin file 2 of 11:  C.  (Version 0.50) of
              An electronic field-marked version of:

             Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary
                     Version published 1913
                   by the  C. & G. Merriam Co.
                       Springfield, Mass.
                     Under the direction of
                    Noah Porter, D.D., LL.D.

       This electronic version was prepared by MICRA, Inc. of Plainfield, NJ.
       Last edit February 11, 1999.

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<! p. 199 !>

C.

C. (s) 1. C is the third letter of the English alphabet. It is from the Latin letter C, which in old Latin represented the sounds of k, and g (in go); its original value being the latter. In Anglo-Saxon words, or Old English before the Norman Conquest, it always has the sound of k. The Latin C was the same letter as the Greek , γ, and came from the Greek alphabet. The Greeks got it from the Phœnicians. The English name of C is from the Latin name ce, and was derived, probably, through the French. Etymologically C is related to g, h, k, q, s (and other sibilant sounds). Examples of these relations are in L. acutus, E. acute, ague; E. acrid, eager, vinegar; L. cornu, E. horn; E. cat, kitten; E. coy, quiet; L. circare, OF. cerchier, E. search.

See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 221-228.

2. (Mus.) (a) The keynote of the normal or "natural" scale, which has neither flats nor sharps in its signature; also, the third note of the relative minor scale of the same. (b) C after the clef is the mark of common time, in which each measure is a semibreve (four fourths or crotchets); for alla breve time it is written &?;. (c) The "C clef," a modification of the letter C, placed on any line of the staff, shows that line to be middle C.

3. As a numeral, C stands for Latin centum or 100, CC for 200, etc.

C spring, a spring in the form of the letter C.

||Ca*a"ba (k*"b), n. [Ar. ka'bah, lit., a square building, fr. ka'b cube.] The small and nearly cubical stone building, toward which all Mohammedans must pray. [Written also kaaba.]

The Caaba is situated in Mecca, a city of Arabia, and contains a famous black stone said to have been brought from heaven. Before the time of Mohammed, the Caaba was an idolatrous temple, but it has since been the chief sanctuary and object of pilgrimage of the Mohammedan world.

Caas (käs), n. sing. & pl. Case. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Cab (kb), n. [Abbrev. fr. cabriolet.] 1. A kind of close carriage with two or four wheels, usually a public vehicle. "A cab came clattering up." Thackeray.

A cab may have two seats at right angles to the driver's seat, and a door behind; or one seat parallel to the driver's, with the entrance from the side or front.

Hansom cab. See Hansom.

2. The covered part of a locomotive, in which the engineer has his station. Knight.

Cab (kb), n. [Heb. qab, fr. qbab to hollow.] A Hebrew dry measure, containing a little over two (2.37) pints. W. H. Ward. 2 Kings vi. 25.

Ca*bal" (k*bl"), n. [F. cabale cabal, cabala, LL. cabala cabala, fr. Heb. qabblh reception, tradition, mysterious doctrine, fr. qbal to take or receive, in Piël qibbel to adopt (a doctrine).] 1. Tradition; occult doctrine. See Cabala [Obs.] Hakewill.

2. A secret. [Obs.] "The measuring of the temple, a cabal found out but lately." B. Jonson.

3. A number of persons united in some close design, usually to promote their private views and interests in church or state by intrigue; a secret association composed of a few designing persons; a junto.

It so happend, by a whimsical coincidence, that in 1671 the cabinet consisted of five persons, the initial letters of whose names made up the word cabal; Clifford, Arlington, Buckingham, Ashley, and Lauderdale. Macaulay.

4. The secret artifices or machinations of a few persons united in a close design; intrigue.

> By cursed cabals of women.
> Dryden.

Syn. -- Junto; intrigue; plot; combination; conspiracy. -- Cabal, Combination, Faction. An association for some purpose considered to be bad is the idea common to these terms. A combination is an organized union of individuals for mutual support, in urging their demands or resisting the claims of others, and may be good or bad according to circumstances; as, a combiniation of workmen or of employers to effect or to prevent a change in prices. A cabal is a secret association of a few individuals who seek by cunning practices to obtain office and power. A faction is a larger body than a cabal, employed for selfish purposes in agitating the community and working up an excitement with a view to change the existing order of things. "Selfishness, insubordination, and laxity of morals give rise to combinations, which belong particularly to the lower orders of society. Restless, jealous, ambitious, and little minds are ever forming cabals. Factions belong especially to free governments, and are raised by busy and turbulent spirits for selfish purposes". Crabb.

Ca*bal", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Caballed (-bld"); p. pr. & vb. n. Caballing]. [Cf. F. cabaler.] To unite in a small party to promote private views and interests by intrigue; to intrigue; to plot.

> Caballing still against it with the great.
> Dryden.

Cab"a*la (kb"*l), n. [LL. See Cabal, n.] 1. A kind of occult theosophy or traditional interpretation of the Scriptures among Jewish rabbis and certain mediæval Christians, which treats of the nature of god and the mystery of human existence. It assumes that every letter, word, number, and accent of Scripture contains a hidden sense; and it teaches the methods of interpretation for ascertaining these occult meanings. The cabalists pretend even to foretell events by this means.

2. Secret science in general; mystic art; mystery.

Cab"a*lism (kb"*lz'm), n. [Cf. F. cabalisme.]

1. The secret science of the cabalists.

2. A superstitious devotion to the mysteries of the religion which one professes. [R] Emerson.

Cab"a*list (-lst), n. [Cf. F. cabaliste.] One versed in the cabala, or the mysteries of Jewish traditions. "Studious cabalists." Swift.

{ Cab`a*lis"tic (kb`*ls"tk), Cab`a*lis"tic*al (-t*kal) } a. Of or pertaining to the cabala; containing or conveying an occult meaning; mystic.

> The Heptarchus is a cabalistic exposition of the first chapter of Genesis

. Hallam.

Cab`a*lis"tic*al*ly, adv. In a cabalistic manner.

Cab"a*lize (?), v. i. [Cf. F. cabaliser.] To use cabalistic language. [R] Dr. H. More.

Ca*bal"ler (k*bl"lr), n. One who cabals.

> A close caballer and tongue-valiant lord.
> Dryden.

Cab"al*line (kb"al*ln), a. [L. caballinus, fr. caballus a nag. Cf. Cavalier.] Of or pertaining to a horse. -- n. Caballine aloes.

Caballine aloes, an inferior and impure kind of aloes formerly used in veterinary practice; -- called also horse aloes. -- Caballine spring, the fountain of Hippocrene, on Mount Helicon; -- fabled to have been formed by a stroke from the foot of the winged horse Pegasus.

Cab"a*ret (kb"*rt; 277), n. [F.] A tavern; a house where liquors are retailed. [Obs. as an English word.]

||Ca*bas" (k*bä"), n. [F.] A flat basket or frail for figs, etc.; hence, a lady's flat workbasket, reticule, or hand bag; -- often written caba. C. Bronté.

||Ca*bas"sou (k*bs"s), n. (Zoöl.) A species of armadillo of the genus Xenurus (X. unicinctus and X. hispidus); the tatouay. [Written also kabassou.]

Cab"bage (kb"bj), n. [OE. cabage, fr. F. cabus headed (of cabbages), chou cabus headed cabbage, cabbage head; cf. It. capuccio a little head, cappuccio cowl, hood, cabbage, fr. capo head, L. caput, or fr. It. cappa cape. See Chief, Cape.] (Bot.) 1. An esculent vegetable of many varieties, derived from the wild Brassica oleracea of Europe. The common cabbage has a compact head of leaves. The cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, etc., are sometimes classed as cabbages.

2. The terminal bud of certain palm trees, used, like, cabbage, for food. See Cabbage tree, below.

3. The cabbage palmetto. See below.

Cabbage aphis (Zoöl.), a green plant-louse (Aphis brassicæ) which lives upon the leaves of the cabbage. -- Cabbage beetle (Zoöl.), a small, striped flea- beetle (Phyllotreta vittata) which lives, in the larval state, on the roots, and when adult, on the leaves, of cabbage and other cruciferous plants. -- Cabbage butterfly (Zoöl.), a white butterfly (Pieris rapæ of both Europe and America, and the allied P. oleracea, a native American species) which, in the larval state, devours the leaves of the cabbage and the turnip. See Cabbage worm, below. -- Cabbage fly (Zoöl.), a small two-winged fly (Anthomyia brassicæ), which feeds, in the larval or maggot state, on the roots of the cabbage, often doing much damage to the crop. -- Cabbage head, the compact head formed by the leaves of a cabbage; -- contemptuously or humorously, and colloquially, a very stupid and silly person; a numskull. -- Cabbage palmetto, a species of palm tree (Sabal Palmetto) found along the coast from North Carolina to Florida. -- Cabbage rose (Bot.), a species of rose (Rosa centifolia) having large and heavy blossoms. -- Cabbage tree, Cabbage palm, a name given to palms having a terminal bud called a cabbage, as the Sabal Palmetto of the United States, and the Euterpe oleracea and Oreodoxa oleracea of the West Indies. -- Cabbage worm (Zoöl.), the larva of several species of moths and butterflies, which attacks cabbages. The most common is usually the larva of a white butterfly. See Cabbage butterfly, above. The cabbage cutworms, which eat off the stalks of young plants during the night, are the larvæ of several species of moths, of the genus Agrotis. See Cutworm. -- Sea cabbage.(Bot.) (a) Sea kale (b). The original Plant (Brassica oleracea), from which the cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, etc., have been derived by cultivation. -- Thousand-headed cabbage. See Brussels sprouts.

Cab"bage, v. i. To form a head like that the cabbage; as, to make lettuce cabbage. Johnson.

Cab"bage, v. i. [imp. & p. p Cabbaged (-bjd); p. pr. & vb. n. Cabbaging (-b*jng).] [F. cabasser, fr. OF. cabas theft; cf. F. cabas basket, and OF. cabuser to cheat.] To purloin or embezzle, as the pieces of cloth remaining after cutting out a garment; to pilfer.

> Your tailor . . . cabbages whole yards of cloth.
> Arbuthnot.

Cab"bage, n. Cloth or clippings cabbaged or purloined by one who cuts out garments.

Cab"bler (kb"blr), n. One who works at cabbling.

Cab"bling (-blng), n. (Metal.) The process of breaking up the flat masses into which wrought iron is first hammered, in order that the pieces may be reheated and wrought into bar iron.

{ ||Ca*be"ça (k*b"s), ||Ca*besse" (k*bs"), } n. [Pg. cabeça, F. cabesse.] The finest kind of silk received from India.

||Ca"ber (k"br), n. [Gael] A pole or beam used in Scottish games for tossing as a trial of strength.

Cab`e*zon" (kb`*zn" or kä*b*thn"), n. [Sp., properly, big head. Cf. Cavesson.] (Zoöl.) A California fish (Hemilepidotus spinosus), allied to the sculpin.

Cab"i*ai (kb"*), n. [Native South American name.] (Zoöl.) The capybara. See Capybara.

Cab"in (kb"n), n. [OF. caban, fr. W. caban booth, cabin, dim. of cab cot, tent; or fr. F. cabane, cabine, LL. cabanna, perh. from the Celtic.] 1. A cottage or small house; a hut. Swift.

> A hunting cabin in the west.
> E. Everett.

2. A small room; an inclosed place.

> So long in secret cabin there he held
> Her captive.
> Spenser.

3. A room in ship for officers or passengers.

Cabin boy, a boy whose duty is to wait on the officers and passengers in the cabin of a ship.

Cab"in v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cabined (-nd); p. pr. & vb. n. Cabining.] To live in, or as in, a cabin; to lodge.

> I'll make you . . . cabin in a cave.
> Shak.

Cab"in, v. t. To confine in, or as in, a cabin.

> I am cabined, cribbed, confined, bound in
> To saucy doubts and fears.
> Shak.

Cab"i*net (kb"*nt), n. [F., dim. of cabine or cabane. See Cabin, n.] 1. A hut; a cottage; a small house. [Obs.]

> Hearken a while from thy green cabinet,
> The rural song of careful Colinet.
> Spenser.

2. A small room, or retired apartment; a closet.

3. A private room in which consultations are held.

> Philip passed some hours every day in his father's cabinet.
> Prescott.

4. The advisory council of the chief executive officer of a nation; a cabinet council.

In England, the cabinet or cabinet council consists of those privy councilors who actually transact the immediate business of the government. Mozley & W. -- In the United States, the cabinet is composed of the heads of the executive departments of the government, namely, the Secretary of State, of the Treasury, of War, of the Navy, of the Interior, and of Agiculture, the Postmaster-general, and the Attorney-general.

5. (a) A set of drawers or a cupboard intended to contain articles of value. Hence: (b) A decorative piece of furniture, whether open like an étagère or closed with doors. See Étagère.

6. Any building or room set apart for the safe keeping and exhibition of works of art, etc.; also, the collection itself.

Cabinet council. (a) Same as Cabinet, n., 4 (of which body it was formerly the full title). (b) A meeting of the cabinet. -- Cabinet councilor, a member of a cabinet council. -- Cabinet photograph, a photograph of a size smaller than an imperial, though larger than a carte de visite. -- Cabinet picture, a small and generally highly finished picture, suitable for a small room and for close inspection.

Cab"i*net, a. Suitable for a cabinet; small.

> He [Varnhagen von Ense] is a walking cabinet edition of Goethe.
> For. Quar. Rev.

Cab"i*net, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cabineted; p. pr. & vb. n. Cabineting.] To inclose [R.] Hewyt.

Cab"i*net*mak`er (-mk`r), n. One whose occupation is to make cabinets or other choice articles of household furniture, as tables, bedsteads, bureaus, etc.

Cab"i*net*mak`ing, n. The art or occupation of making the finer articles of household furniture.

Cab"i*net*work` (-wûrk`), n. The art or occupation of working upon wooden furniture requiring nice workmanship; also, such furniture.

Cab`i*re"an (kb`*r"an), n. One of the Cabiri.

||Ca*bi"ri (k*b"r), n. pl. [ NL., fr. Gr. Ka`beiroi.] (Myth.) Certain deities originally worshiped with mystical rites by the Pelasgians in Lemnos and Samothrace and afterwards throughout Greece; -- also called sons of Hephæstus (or Vulcan), as being masters of the art of working metals. [Written also Cabeiri.] Liddell & Scott.

Ca*bir"i*an (k*br"*an), a. Same as Cabiric.

Ca*bir"ic (k*br"k), a. [Cf. F. Cabirique] Of or pertaining to the Cabiri, or to their mystical worship. [Written also Cabiritic.]

Ca"ble (k"b'l), n. [F. câble, LL. capulum, caplum, a rope, fr. L. capere to take; cf. D., Dan., & G. kabel, from the French. See Capable.] 1. A large, strong rope or chain, of considerable length, used to retain a vessel at anchor, and for other purposes. It is made of hemp, of steel wire, or of iron links.

2. A rope of steel wire, or copper wire, usually covered with some protecting or insulating substance; as, the cable of a suspension bridge; a telegraphic cable.

3. (Arch) A molding, shaft of a column, or any other member of convex, rounded section, made to resemble the spiral twist of a rope; -- called also cable molding.

Bower cable, the cable belonging to the bower anchor. -- Cable road, a railway on which the cars are moved by a continuously running endless rope operated by a stationary motor. -- Cable's length, the length of a ship's cable. Cables in the merchant service vary in length from 100 to 140 fathoms or more; but as a maritime measure, a cable's length is either 120 fathoms (720 feet), or about 100 fathoms (600 feet, an approximation to one tenth of a nautical mile). -- Cable tier. (a) That part of a vessel where the cables are stowed. (b) A coil of a cable. -- Sheet cable, the cable belonging to the sheet anchor. -- Stream cable, a hawser or rope, smaller than the bower cables, to moor a ship in a place sheltered from wind and heavy seas. -- Submarine cable. See Telegraph. -- To pay out the cable, To veer out the cable, to slacken it, that it may run out of the ship; to let more cable run out of the hawse hole. -- To serve the cable, to bind it round with ropes, canvas, etc., to prevent its being, worn or galled in the hawse, et. -- To slip the cable, to let go the end on board and let it all run out and go overboard, as when there is not time to weigh anchor. Hence, in sailor's use, to die.

<! p. 200 !>

Ca"ble (k"b'l), v. t. 1. To fasten with a cable.

2. (Arch.) To ornament with cabling. See Cabling.

Ca"ble, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Cabled (-b'ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Cabling (-blng).] To telegraph by a submarine cable [Recent]

Ca"bled (-b'ld), a. 1. Fastened with, or attached to, a cable or rope. "The cabled stone." Dyer.

2. (Arch.) Adorned with cabling.

Ca"ble*gram` (k"b'l*grm`), n. [Cable, n. + Gr. gra`mma a writing, a letter.] A message sent by a submarine telegraphic cable. [A recent hybrid, sometimes found in the newspapers.]

Ca"ble*laid` (-ld`), a. 1. (Naut.) Composed of three three- stranded ropes, or hawsers, twisted together to form a cable.

2. Twisted after the manner of a cable; as, a cable-laid gold chain. Simmonds.

Ca"blet (?), n. [Dim. of cable; cf. F. câblot.] A little cable less than ten inches in circumference.

Ca"bling (?), n. (Arch.) The decoration of a fluted shaft of a column or of a pilaster with reeds, or rounded moldings, which seem to be laid in the hollows of the fluting. These are limited in length to about one third of the height of the shaft.

Cab"man (?), n.; pl. Cabmen (&?;). The driver of a cab.

Ca*bob" (?), n. [Hindi kabb] 1. A small piece of mutton or other meat roasted on a skewer; -- so called in Turkey and Persia.

2. A leg of mutton roasted, stuffed with white herrings and sweet herbs. Wright.

Ca*bob", v. t. To roast, as a cabob. Sir. T. Herbert.

Ca*boched" (?), a. [F. caboche head. Cf. 1st Cabbage.] (Her.) Showing the full face, but nothing of the neck; -- said of the head of a beast in armorial bearing. [Written also caboshed.]

Ca*boo"dle (k*b"d'l), n. The whole collection; the entire quantity or number; -- usually in the phrase the whole caboodle. [Slang, U.S.] Bartlett.

Ca*boose" (k*bs"), n. [Cf. D. kabuis, kombuis, Dan. kabys, Sw. kabysa, G. kabuse a little room or hut. The First part of the word seems to be allied to W. cab cabin, booth. Cf. Cabin.] [Written also camboose.] 1. (Naut.) A house on deck, where the cooking is done; -- commonly called the galley.

2. (Railroad) A car used on freight or construction trains for brakemen, workmen, etc.; a tool car. [U. S.]

Cab"o*tage (?), n. [F. cabotage, fr. caboter to sail along the coast; cf. Sp. cabo cape.] (Naut.) Navigation along the coast; the details of coast pilotage.

||Ca*brée" (k*br"), n. [French Canadian.] (Zoöl.) The pronghorn antelope. [Also written cabrit, cabret.]

Ca*brer"ite (?), n. (Min.) An apple-green mineral, a hydrous arseniate of nickel, cobalt, and magnesia; -- so named from the Sierra Cabrera, Spain.

||Ca*bril"la (?), n. [Sp., prawn.] (Zoöl) A name applied to various species of edible fishes of the genus Serranus, and related genera, inhabiting the Meditarranean, the coast of California, etc. In California, some of them are also called rock bass and kelp salmon.

Cab"ri*ole (?), n. [F. See Cabriolet, and cf. Capriole.] (Man.) A curvet; a leap. See Capriole.

> The cabrioles which his charger exhibited.
> Sir W. Scott.

Cab`ri*o*let" (?), n.[F., dim. of cabriole a leap, caper, from It. capriola, fr. dim. of L. caper he-goat, capra she-goat. This carriage is so called from its skipping lightness. Cf. Cab, Caper a leap.] A one-horse carriage with two seats and a calash top.

Ca*brit" (?), n. Same as Cabrée.

Cab"urn (?), n. [Cf. Cable, n.] (Naut.) A small line made of spun yarn, to bind or worm cables, seize tackles, etc.

{||Ca*cæ"mi*a (k*s"m*), ||Ca*chæ"mi*a (k*k"m*),} n. [NL., fr. Gr. kako`s bad+ a"i^ma blood.] (Med.) A degenerated or poisoned condition of the blood.

Ca*ca"ine (?), n. (Chem.) The essential principle of cacao; -- now called theobromine.

||Ca*ca*jão" (?), n. [Pg.] (Zoöl) A South American short-tailed monkey (Pithecia melanocephala or Brachyurus melanocephala). [Written also cacajo.]

Ca*ca"o (?), n. [Sp., fr. Mex. kakahuatl. Cf. Cocoa, Chocolate] (Bot.) A small evergreen tree (Theobroma Cacao) of South America and the West Indies. Its fruit contains an edible pulp, inclosing seeds about the size of an almond, from which cocoa, chocolate, and broma are prepared.

Cach"a*lot (?), n. [F. cachalot.] (Zoöl.) The sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus). It has in the top of its head a large cavity, containing an oily fluid, which, after death, concretes into a whitish crystalline substance called spermaceti. See Sperm whale.

||Cache (?), n. [F., a hiding place, fr. cacher to conceal, to hide.] A hole in the ground, or hiding place, for concealing and preserving provisions which it is inconvenient to carry. Kane.

{ Ca*chec"tic (?), Ca*chec"tic*al (?), } a. [L. cachecticus, Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?;: cf. F. cachectique.] Having, or pertaining to, cachexia; as, cachectic remedies; cachectical blood. Arbuthnot.

||Cache`pot" (ksh`p"), n. [F., fr. cacher to hide + pot a pot.] An ornamental casing for a flowerpot, of porcelain, metal, paper, etc.

||Cach"et (?), n. [F. fr. cacher to hide.] A seal, as of a letter.

Lettre de cachet [F.], a sealed letter, especially a letter or missive emanating from the sovereign; -- much used in France before the Revolution as an arbitrary order of imprisonment.

{ ||Ca*chex"i*a (?), Ca*chex"y (?) }, n. [L. cachexia, Gr. kachexi`a; kako`s bad + "e`xis condition.] A condition of ill health and impairment of nutrition due to impoverishment of the blood, esp. when caused by a specific morbid process (as cancer or tubercle).

Cach`in*na"tion (kk`n*n"shn), n. [L. cachinnatio, fr. cachinnare to laugh aloud, cf. Gr. kacha`zein.] Loud or immoderate laughter; -- often a symptom of hysterical or maniacal affections.

> Hideous grimaces . . . attended this unusual cachinnation.
> Sir W. Scott.

Ca*chin"na*to*ry (?), a. Consisting of, or accompanied by, immoderate laughter.

> Cachinnatory buzzes of approval.
> Carlyle.

||Ca*chi"ri (?), n. A fermented liquor made in Cayenne from the grated root of the manioc, and resembling perry. Dunglison.

Cach"o*long (?), n. [F. cacholong, said to be from Cach, the name of a river in Bucharia + cholon, a Calmuck word for stone; or fr. a Calmuck word meaning "beautiful stone"] (Min.) An opaque or milk-white chalcedony, a variety of quartz; also, a similar variety of opal.

Ca`chou" (?), n. [F. See Cashoo.] A silvered aromatic pill, used to correct the odor of the breath.

||Ca*chu"cha (?), n. [Sp.] An Andalusian dance in three-four time, resembling the bolero. [Sometimes in English spelled cachuca (&?;).]

> The orchestra plays the cachucha.
> Longfellow.

||Ca*chun"de (?), n. [Sp.] (Med.) A pastil or troche, composed of various aromatic and other ingredients, highly celebrated in India as an antidote, and as a stomachic and antispasmodic.

||Ca*cique" (?), n. [Sp.] See Cazique.

Cack (kk), v. i. [OE. cakken, fr. L. cacare; akin to Gr. kakka^n, and to OIr. cacc dung; cf. AS. cac.] To ease the body by stool; to go to stool. Pope.

Cack"er*el (?), n. [OF. caquerel cagarel (Cotgr.), from the root of E. cack.] (Zoöl.) The mendole; a small worthless Mediterranean fish considered poisonous by the ancients. See Mendole.

Cac"kle (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cackled (-k'ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Cackling (?).] [OE. cakelen; cf. LG. kakeln, D. kakelen, G. gackeln, gackern; all of imitative origin. Cf. Gagle, Cake to cackle.] 1. To make a sharp, broken noise or cry, as a hen or goose does.

> When every goose is cackling.
> Shak.

2. To laugh with a broken noise, like the cackling of a hen or a goose; to giggle. Arbuthnot.

3. To talk in a silly manner; to prattle. Johnson.

Cac"kle (?), n. 1. The sharp broken noise made by a goose or by a hen that has laid an egg.

> By her cackle saved the state.
> Dryden.

2. Idle talk; silly prattle.

> There is a buzz and cackle all around regarding the sermon.
> Thackeray.

Cac"kler (?), n. 1. A fowl that cackles.

2. One who prattles, or tells tales; a tattler.

Cac"kling, n. The broken noise of a goose or a hen.

{ ||Cac`o*chym"i*a (?), Cac"o*chym`y (?), } n. [NL. cacochymia, fr. Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?;; kako`s bad + &?;&?;&?;&?;&?; juice: cf. F. cacochymie.] (Med.) A vitiated state of the humors, or fluids, of the body, especially of the blood. Dunglison.

{ Cac`o*chym"ic (?), Cac`o*chym"ic*al (?), } a. Having the fluids of the body vitiated, especially the blood. Wiseman.

Cac`o*de"mon (?), n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?;; kako`s bad + &?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?; demon: cf. F. cacodémon.] 1. An evil spirit; a devil or demon. Shak.

2. (Med.) The nightmare. Dunaglison.

Cac`o*dox"ic*al (?), a. Heretical.

Cac"o*dox`y (?), n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?; perverted opinion; kako`s bad + &?;&?;&?;&?;&?; opinion.] Erroneous doctrine; heresy; heterodoxy. [R.]

> Heterodoxy, or what Luther calls cacodoxy.
> R. Turnbull.

Cac"o*dyl (?), n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?; ill-smelling (kako`s bad + &?;&?;&?;&?;&?; to smell) + -yl.] (Chem.) Alkarsin; a colorless, poisonous, arsenical liquid, As2(CH3)4, spontaneously inflammable and possessing an intensely disagreeable odor. It is the type of a series of compounds analogous to the nitrogen compounds called hydrazines. [Written also cacodyle, and kakodyl.]

Cac`o*dyl"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or derived from, cacodyl.

Cacodylic acid, a white, crystalline, deliquescent substance, (CH3)2AsO.OH, obtained by the oxidation of cacodyl, and having the properties of an exceedingly stable acid; -- also called alkargen.

||Cac`o*ë"thes (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?; of ill habits, &?;&?; &?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?; an ill habit; kako`s bad + &?; habit] 1. A bad custom or habit; an insatiable desire; as, cacoëthes scribendi, "The itch for writing". Addison.

2. (Med.) A bad quality or disposition in a disease; an incurable ulcer.

Cac`o*gas"tric (?), a. [Gr. kako`s bad + &?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?; stomach.] Troubled with bad digestion. [R.] Carlyle.

Cac`o*graph`ic (?), a. Pertaining to, or characterized by, cacography; badly written or spelled.

Ca*cog`ra*phy (?), n. [Gr. kako`s bad + -graphy; cf. F. cacographie.] Incorrect or bad writing or spelling. Walpole.

||Ca`co*let" (?), n. [F.] A chair, litter, or other contrivance fitted to the back or pack saddle of a mule for carrying travelers in mountainous districts, or for the transportation of the sick and wounded of an army.

Ca*col"o*gy (?), n. [Gr. kako`s bad + -logy: cf. F. cacologie.] Bad speaking; bad choice or use of words. Buchanan.

{ ||Ca`co*mix"le (?), Ca`co*mix"tle (?), Ca"co*mix`l (?) }, n. [Mexican name.] A North American carnivore (Bassaris astuta), about the size of a cat, related to the raccoons. It inhabits Mexico, Texas, and California.

Ca*coon" (?), n. One of the seeds or large beans of a tropical vine (Entada scandens) used for making purses, scent bottles, etc.

{ Cac`o*phon"ic (?), Cac`o*phon"ic*al (?), Ca*coph"o*nous (?), Cac`o*pho"ni*ous (?) }, a. Harsh-sounding.

Ca*coph"o*ny (?), n.; pl. Cacophonies (#). [Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?;; kako`s bad + &?;&?;&?;&?; sound: cf. F. Cacophonie.] 1. (Rhet.) An uncouth or disagreable sound of words, owing to the concurrence of harsh letters or syllables. "Cacophonies of all kinds." Pope.

2. (Mus.) A combination of discordant sounds.

3. (Med.) An unhealthy state of the voice.

Cac"o*tech`ny (?), n. [Gr. &?;; kako`s bad + &?; art.] A corruption or corrupt state of art. [R.]

{ Ca*cox"ene (?), Ca*cox"e*nite (?) }, n. [Gr. kako`s bad + &?;&?;&?;&?;&?; guest.] (Min.) A hydrous phosphate of iron occurring in yellow radiated tufts. The phosphorus seriously injures it as an iron ore.

Cac*ta"ceous (?), a. (Bot.) Belonging to, or like, the family of plants of which the prickly pear is a common example.

Cac"tus (?), n. ; pl. E. Cactuses (#), Cacti (- t). [L., a kind of cactus, Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?;.] (Bot.) Any plant of the order Cactacæ, as the prickly pear and the night-blooming cereus. See Cereus. They usually have leafless stems and branches, often beset with clustered thorns, and are mostly natives of the warmer parts of America.

Cactus wren (Zoöl.), an American wren of the genus Campylorhynchus, of several species.

Ca*cu"mi*nal (?), a. [L. cacumen, cacuminis, the top, point.] (Philol.) Pertaining to the top of the palate; cerebral; -- applied to certain consonants; as, cacuminal (or cerebral) letters.

Ca*cu"mi*nate (?), v. i. [L. cacuminatus, p. p. of cacuminare to point, fr. cacumen point.] To make sharp or pointed. [Obs.]

Cad (?), n. [Abbrev. fr. cadet.] 1. A person who stands at the door of an omnibus to open and shut it, and to receive fares; an idle hanger-on about innyards. [Eng.] Dickens.

2. A lowbred, presuming person; a mean, vulgar fellow. [Cant] Thackeray.

Ca*das"tral (?), a. [F.] Of or pertaining to landed property.

Cadastral survey, or Cadastral map, a survey, map, or plan on a large scale (Usually of the linear measure of the ground, or twenty-five inches to the mile or about an inch to the acre) so as to represent the relative positions and dimensions of objects and estates exactly; -- distinguished from a topographical map, which exaggerates the dimensions of houses and the breadth of roads and streams, for the sake of distinctness. Brande & C.

{ ||Ca*das"tre, Ca*das"ter } (?), n. [f. cadastre.] (Law.) An official statement of the quantity and value of real estate for the purpose of apportioning the taxes payable on such property.

<! p. 201 !>

||Ca*da"ver (?), n. [L., fr cadere to fall.] A dead human body; a corpse.

Ca*dav"er*ic (?), a. Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a corpse, or the changes produced by death; cadaverous; as, cadaveric rigidity. Dunglison.

Cadaveric alkaloid, an alkaloid generated by the processes of decomposition in dead animal bodies, and thought by some to be the cause of the poisonous effects produced by the bodies. See Ptomaine.

Ca*dav"er*ous (?), a. [L. cadaverosus.] 1. Having the appearance or color of a dead human body; pale; ghastly; as, a cadaverous look.

2. Of or pertaining to, or having the qualities of, a dead body. "The scent cadaverous."

-- Ca*dav"er*ous*ly, adv. -- Ca*dav"er*ous*ness, n.

Cad"bait` (?), n. [Prov. E. codbait, cadbote fly.] (Zoöl.) See Caddice.

{ Cad"dice, Cad"dis } (?), n. [Prov. E. caddy, cadew; cf. G. köder bait.] (Zoöl.) The larva of a caddice fly. These larvæ generally live in cylindrical cases, open at each end, and covered externally with pieces of broken shells, gravel, bits of wood, etc. They are a favorite bait with anglers. Called also caddice worm, or caddis worm.

Caddice fly (Zoöl.), a species of trichopterous insect, whose larva is the caddice.

Cad"dis, n. [OE. caddas, Scot. caddis lint, caddes a kind of woolen cloth, cf. Gael. cada, cadadh, a kind of cloth, cotton, fustian, W. cadas, F. cadis.] A kind of worsted lace or ribbon. "Caddises, cambrics, lawns." Shak.

Cad"dish (?), a. Like a cad; lowbred and presuming.

Cad"dow (?), n. [OE. cadawe, prob. fr. ca chough + daw jackdaw; cf. Gael. cadhag, cathag. Cf. Chough, Daw, n.] (Zoöl.) A jackdaw. [Prov. Eng.]

Cad"dy (?), n.; pl. Caddies (#). [Earlier spelt catty, fr. Malay kat a weight of 1 pounds. Cf. Catty.] A small box, can, or chest to keep tea in.

Cade (?), a. [Cf. OE. cad, kod, lamb, also Cosset, Coddle.] Bred by hand; domesticated; petted.

> He brought his cade lamb with him.
> Sheldon.

Cade, v. t. To bring up or nourish by hand, or with tenderness; to coddle; to tame. [Obs.] Johnson.

Cade, n. [L. cadus jar, Gr. &?;.] A barrel or cask, as of fish. "A cade of herrings." Shak.

> A cade of herrings is 500, of sprats 1,000.
> Jacob, Law Dict.

Cade, n. [F. & Pr.; LL. cada.] A species of juniper (Juniperus Oxycedrus) of Mediterranean countries.

Oil of cade, a thick, black, tarry liquid, obtained by destructive distillation of the inner wood of the cade. It is used as a local application in skin diseases.

Ca"dence (?), n. [OE. cadence, cadens, LL. cadentia a falling, fr. L. cadere to fall; cf. F. cadence, It. cadenza. See Chance.]

1. The act or state of declining or sinking. [Obs.]

> Now was the sun in western cadence low.
> Milton.

2. A fall of the voice in reading or speaking, especially at the end of a sentence.

3. A rhythmical modulation of the voice or of any sound; as, music of bells in cadence sweet.

> Blustering winds, which all night long
> Had roused the sea, now with hoarse cadence lull
> Seafaring men o'erwatched.
> Milton.

> The accents . . . were in passion's tenderest cadence.
> Sir W. Scott.

4. Rhythmical flow of language, in prose or verse.

> Golden cadence of poesy.
> Shak.

> If in any composition much attention was paid to the flow of the rhythm, it was said (at least in the 14th and 15th centuries) to be "prosed in faire cadence."
> Dr. Guest.

5. (Her.) See Cadency.

6. (Man.) Harmony and proportion in motions, as of a well-managed horse.

7. (Mil.) A uniform time and place in marching.

8. (Mus.) (a) The close or fall of a strain; the point of rest, commonly reached by the immediate succession of the tonic to the dominant chord. (b) A cadenza, or closing embellishment; a pause before the end of a strain, which the performer may fill with a flight of fancy.

Imperfect cadence. (Mus.) See under Imperfect.

Ca"dence, v. t. To regulate by musical measure.

> These parting numbers, cadenced by my grief.
> Philips.

Ca"den*cy (?), n. Descent of related families; distinction between the members of a family according to their ages.

Marks of cadency (Her.), bearings indicating the position of the bearer as older or younger son, or as a descendant of an older or younger son. See Difference (Her.).

Ca*dene" (?), n. [Cf. F. cadène.] A species of inferior carpet imported from the Levant. McElrath.

Ca"dent (?), a. [L. cadens, -entis, p. pr. of cadere to fall.] Falling. [R.] "Cadent tears." Shak.

Ca*den"za (?), n. [It.] (Mus.) A parenthetic flourish or flight of ornament in the course of a piece, commonly just before the final cadence.

Ca"der (?), n. See Cadre.

Ca*det" (?), n. [F. cadet a younger or the youngest son or brother, dim. fr. L. caput head; i. e., a smaller head of the family, after the first or eldest. See Chief, and cf. Cad.]

1. The younger of two brothers; a younger brother or son; the youngest son.

> The cadet of an ancient and noble family.
> Wood.

2. (Mil.) (a) A gentleman who carries arms in a regiment, as a volunteer, with a view of acquiring military skill and obtaining a commission. (b) A young man in training for military or naval service; esp. a pupil in a military or naval school, as at West Point, Annapolis, or Woolwich.

All the undergraduates at Annapolis are Naval cadets. The distinction between Cadet midshipmen and Cadet engineers was abolished by Act of Congress in 1882.

Ca*det"ship (?), n. The position, rank, or commission of a cadet; as, to get a cadetship.

{ Ca*dew" (?), Cade"worm` (?), } n. A caddice. See Caddice.

Cadge (?), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Cadged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Cadging.] [Cf. Scot. cache, caich, cadge, to toss, drive, OE. cachen to drive, catch, caggen to bind, or perh. E. cage. Cf. Cadger.]

1. To carry, as a burden. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Halliwell.

2. To hawk or peddle, as fish, poultry, etc. [Prov.]

3. To intrude or live on another meanly; to beg. [Prov. or Slang, Eng.] Wright.

Cadge, n. [Cf. 2d Cadger.] (Hawking) A circular frame on which cadgers carry hawks for sale.

Cadg"er (?), n. [From Cadge, v. t., cf. Codger.]

1. A packman or itinerant huckster.

2. One who gets his living by trickery or begging. [Prov. or Slang] "The gentleman cadger." Dickens.

Cadg"er, n. [OF. cagier one who catches hawks. Cf. Cage.] (Hawking) One who carries hawks on a cadge.

Cadg"y (?), a. Cheerful or mirthful, as after good eating or drinking; also, wanton. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.]

Ca"di (?), n. [Turk. See Alcalde.] An inferior magistrate or judge among the Mohammedans, usually the judge of a town or village.

{ Cad"ie, Cad"die (?), } n. A Scotch errand boy, porter, or messenger. [Written also cady.]

> Every Scotchman, from the peer to the cadie.
> Macaulay.

Ca`di*les"ker (?), n. [Ar. qd. judge + al'sker the army, Per. leshker.] A chief judge in the Turkish empire, so named originally because his jurisdiction extended to the cases of soldiers, who are now tried only by their own officers.

Ca*dil"lac (?), n. [Prob. from Cadillac, a French town.] A large pear, shaped like a flattened top, used chiefly for cooking. Johnson.

Cad"is (?), n. [F.] A kind of coarse serge.

Cad*me"an (kd*m>emac/"an), a. [L. Cadmeus, Gr. Kadmei^os, from Ka`dmos (L. Cadmus), which name perhaps means lit. a man from the East; cf. Heb. qedem east.] Of or pertaining to Cadmus, a fabulous prince of Thebes, who was said to have introduced into Greece the sixteen simple letters of the alphabet -- α, β, γ, δ, ε, ι, κ, λ, μ, ν, ο, π, ρ, σ, τ, υ. These are called Cadmean letters.

Cadmean victory, a victory that damages the victors as much as the vanquished; probably referring to the battle in which the soldiers who sprang from the dragon's teeth sown by Cadmus slew each other.

Cad"mi*a (?), n. [L. cadmia calamine, Gr. &?;. Cf. Calamine.] (Min.) An oxide of zinc which collects on the sides of furnaces where zinc is sublimed. Formerly applied to the mineral calamine.

Cad"mi*an (?), a. [R.] See Cadmean.

Cad"mic (?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, derived from, or containing, cadmium; as, cadmic sulphide.

Cad"mi*um (?), n. [NL. See Cadmia.] (Chem.) A comparatively rare element related to zinc, and occurring in some zinc ores. It is a white metal, both ductile and malleable. Symbol Cd. Atomic weight 111.8. It was discovered by Stromeyer in 1817, who named it from its association with zinc or zinc ore.

Cadmium yellow, a compound of cadmium and sulphur, of an intense yellow color, used as a pigment.

Cad"rans (?), n. [Cf. F. cadran. Cf. Quadrant.] An instrument with a graduated disk by means of which the angles of gems are measured in the process of cutting and polishing.

||Ca"dre (?), n. [F. cadre, It. quadro square, from L. quadrum, fr. quatuor four.] (Mil.) The framework or skeleton upon which a regiment is to be formed; the officers of a regiment forming the staff. [Written also cader.]

Ca*du"ca*ry (?), a. [See Caducous.] (Law) Relating to escheat, forfeiture, or confiscation.

Ca*du"ce*an (?), a. Of or belonging to Mercury's caduceus, or wand.

Ca*du"ce*us (?), n. [L. caduceum, caduceus; akin to Gr. &?; a herald's wand, fr. &?; herald.] (Myth.) The official staff or wand of Hermes or Mercury, the messenger of the gods. It was originally said to be a herald's staff of olive wood, but was afterwards fabled to have two serpents coiled about it, and two wings at the top.

Ca*du`ci*bran"chi*ate (?), a. [L. caducus falling (fr. cadere to fall) + E. branchiate.] (Zoöl.) With temporary gills: -- applied to those Amphibia in which the gills do not remain in adult life.

Ca*du"ci*ty (?), n. [LL. caducitas: cf. F. caducité. See Caducous.] Tendency to fall; the feebleness of old age; senility. [R.]

> [A] jumble of youth and caducity.
> Chesterfield.

Ca*du"cous (?), [L. caducus falling, inclined to fall, fr. cadere to fall. See Cadence.] (Bot. & Zoöl.) Dropping off or disappearing early, as the calyx of a poppy, or the gills of a tadpole.

Ca*duke" (?), a. [Cf. F. caduc. See Caducous.] Perishable; frail; transitory. [Obs.] Hickes.

> The caduke pleasures of his world.
> Bp. Fisher.

Cad"y (?), n. See Cadie.

||Cæ"ca (?), n. pl. See Cæcum.

Cæ"cal (?), a. (Anat.)

1. Of or pertaining to the cæcum, or blind gut.

2. Having the form of a cæcum, or bag with one opening; baglike; as, the cæcal extremity of a duct.

||Cæ"ci*as (?), n. [L. caecias, Gr. &?;.] A wind from the northeast. Milton.

Cæ*cil"i*an (?; 106), n. [L. caecus blind. So named from the supposed blindness of the species, the eyes being very minute.] (Zoöl.) A limbless amphibian belonging to the order Cæciliæ or Ophimorpha. See Ophiomorpha. [Written also cœcilian.]

||Cæ"cum (?), n.; pl. Cæcums, L. Cæca (#). [L. caecus blind, invisible, concealed.] (Anat.) (a) A cavity open at one end, as the blind end of a canal or duct. (b) The blind part of the large intestine beyond the entrance of the small intestine; -- called also the blind gut.

The cæcum is comparatively small in man, and ends in a slender portion, the vermiform appendix; but in herbivorous mammals it is often as large as the rest of the large intestine. In fishes there are often numerous intestinal cæca.

Cæ`no*zo"ic (?), a. (Geol.) See Cenozoic.

Ca"en stone" (?), A cream-colored limestone for building, found near Caen, France.

Cæ"sar (?), n. [L.] A Roman emperor, as being the successor of Augustus Cæsar. Hence, a kaiser, or emperor of Germany, or any emperor or powerful ruler. See Kaiser, Kesar.

> Malborough anticipated the day when he would be servilely flattered and courted by Cæsar on one side and by Louis the Great on the other.
> Macaulay.

{ Cæ*sa"re*an, Cæ*sa"ri*an (?), } a. [L. Caesareus, Caesarianus.] Of or pertaining to Cæsar or the Cæsars; imperial.

Cæsarean section (Surg.), the operation of taking a child from the womb by cutting through the walls of the abdomen and uterus; -- so called because Julius Cæsar is reported to have been brought into the world by such an operation.

Cæ"sar*ism (?), n. [Cf. F. Césarisme.] A system of government in which unrestricted power is exercised by a single person, to whom, as Cæsar or emperor, it has been committed by the popular will; imperialism; also, advocacy or support of such a system of government.

This word came into prominence in the time of Napoleon III., as an expression of the claims and political views of that emperor, and of the politicians of his court.

Cæ"si*ous (?), a. [L. caesius bluish gray.] (Nat. Hist.) Of the color of lavender; pale blue with a slight mixture of gray. Lindley.

Cæ"si*um (?), n. [NL., from L. caesius bluish gray.] (Chem.) A rare alkaline metal found in mineral water; -- so called from the two characteristic blue lines in its spectrum. It was the first element discovered by spectrum analysis, and is the most strongly basic and electro-positive substance known. Symbol Cs. Atomic weight 132.6.

Cæs"pi*tose` (?), a. Same as Cespitose.

Cæ*su"ra (?), n.; pl. E. Cæsuras (&?;), L. Cæsuræ (&?;) [L. caesura a cutting off, a division, stop, fr. caedere, caesum, to cut off. See Concise.] A metrical break in a verse, occurring in the middle of a foot and commonly near the middle of the verse; a sense pause in the middle of a foot. Also, a long syllable on which the cæsural accent rests, or which is used as a foot.

In the following line the cæsura is between study and of.

> The prop | er stud | y || of | mankind | is man.

Cæ*su"ral (?), a. Of or pertaining to a cæsura.

Cæsural pause, a pause made at a cæsura.

||Ca`fé" (?), n. [F. See Coffee.] A coffeehouse; a restaurant; also, a room in a hotel or restaurant where coffee and liquors are served.

{ Caf"e*net (?), Caf"e*neh (?), } n. [Turk. qahveh khneh coffeehouse.] A humble inn or house of rest for travelers, where coffee is sold. [Turkey]

Caf*fe"ic (?), a. [See Coffee.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or obtained from, coffee.

Caffeic acid, an acid obtained from coffee tannin, as a yellow crystalline substance, C9H8O4.

Caf*fe"ine (?), n. [Cf. F. caféine. See Coffee.] (Chem.) A white, bitter, crystallizable substance, obtained from coffee. It is identical with the alkaloid theine from tea leaves, and with guaranine from guarana.

Caf`fe*tan"nic (?), a. [Caffeic + tannic.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, the tannin of coffee.

Caffetannic acid, a variety of tannin obtained from coffee berries, regarded as a glucoside.

||Caf"fi*la (?), n. [Ar.] See Cafila.

Caf"fre (?), n. See Kaffir.

{ ||Ca"fi*la (?), ||Ca"fi*leh (?), } n. [Ar.] A caravan of travelers; a military supply train or government caravan; a string of pack horses.

Caf"tan (?), n. [Turk. qaftn: cf. F. cafetan.] A garment worn throughout the Levant, consisting of a long gown with sleeves reaching below the hands. It is generally fastened by a belt or sash.

Caf"tan (?), v. t. To clothe with a caftan. [R.]

> The turbaned and caftaned damsel.
> Sir W. Scott.

Cag (?), n. See Keg. [Obs.]

Cage (?), n. [F. cage, fr. L. cavea cavity, cage, fr. cavus hollow. Cf. Cave, n., Cajole, Gabion.]

1. A box or inclosure, wholly or partly of openwork, in wood or metal, used for confining birds or other animals.

> In his cage, like parrot fine and gay.
> Cowper.

<! p. 202 !>

2. A place of confinement for malefactors Shak.

> Stone walls do not a prison make,
> Nor iron bars a cage.
> Lovelace.

3. (Carp.) An outer framework of timber, inclosing something within it; as, the cage of a staircase. Gwilt.

4. (Mach.) (a) A skeleton frame to limit the motion of a loose piece, as a ball valve. (b) A wirework strainer, used in connection with pumps and pipes.

5. The box, bucket, or inclosed platform of a lift or elevator; a cagelike structure moving in a shaft.

6. (Mining) The drum on which the rope is wound in a hoisting whim.

7. (Baseball) The catcher's wire mask.

Cage (kj), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Caged (kjd); p. pr. & vb. n. Caging.] To confine in, or as in, a cage; to shut up or confine. "Caged and starved to death." Cowper.

Caged (kjd), a. Confined in, or as in, a cage; like a cage or prison. "The caged cloister." Shak.

Cage"ling (kj"lng), n. [Cage + -ling] A bird confined in a cage; esp. a young bird. [Poetic] Tennyson.

||Ca"git (k"jt), n. (Zoöl) A kind of parrot, of a beautiful green color, found in the Philippine Islands.

Cag"mag (kg"mg), n. A tough old goose; hence, coarse, bad food of any kind. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

||Ca`got" (k`g"), n. [F.] One of a race inhabiting the valleys of the Pyrenees, who until 1793 were political and social outcasts (Christian Pariahs). They are supposed to be a remnant of the Visigoths.

||Ca`hier" (k`y" or k`hr), n. [F., fr. OF. cayer, fr. LL. quaternum. See Quire of paper. The sheets of manuscript were folded into parts.] 1. A number of sheets of paper put loosely together; esp. one of the successive portions of a work printed in numbers.

2. A memorial of a body; a report of legislative proceedings, etc.

Ca*hin"cic (?), a. Pertaining to, or derived from, cahinca, the native name of a species of Brazilian Chiococca, perhaps C. racemosa; as, cahincic acid.

Ca*hoot" (?), n. [Perhaps fr. f. cohorte a company or band.] Partnership; as, to go in cahoot with a person. [Slang, southwestern U. S.] Bartlett.

||Cai`ma*cam" (?), n. [Turk.] The governor of a sanjak or district in Turkey.

Cai"man (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Cayman.

Cai`no*zo"ic (?), a. (Geol.) See Cenozic.

||Ca*ïque" (?), n. [F., fr. Turk. qq boat.] (Naut.) A light skiff or rowboat used on the Bosporus; also, a Levantine vessel of larger size.

||Ça" i*ra" (?). [F. ça ira, ça ira, les aristocrates à la lanterne, it shall go on, it shall go on, [hang]the arictocrats to the lantern (lamp-post).] The refrain of a famous song of the French Revolution.

Caird (?), n. [Ir. ceard a tinker.] A traveling tinker; also a tramp or sturdy beggar. [Prov. Eng.]

Cairn (?), n. [Gael. carn, gen. cairn, a heap: cf. Ir. & W. carn.] 1. A rounded or conical heap of stones erected by early inhabitants of the British Isles, apparently as a sepulchral monument.

> Now here let us place the gray stone of her cairn.
> Campbell.

2. A pile of stones heaped up as a landmark, or to arrest attention, as in surveying, or in leaving traces of an exploring party, etc. C. Kingsley. Kane.

Cairn*gorm"stone` (?). [Gael. carn a cairn + gorm azure.] (Min.) A yellow or smoky brown variety of rock crystal, or crystallized quartz, found esp, in the mountain of Cairngorm, in Scotland.

Cais"son (?), n. [F., fr. caisse, case, chest. See 1st Case.] 1. (Mil.) (a) A chest to hold ammunition. (b) A four-wheeled carriage for conveying ammunition, consisting of two parts, a body and a limber. In light field batteries there is one caisson to each piece, having two ammunition boxes on the body, and one on the limber. Farrow. (c) A chest filled with explosive materials, to be laid in the way of an enemy and exploded on his approach.

2. (a) A water-tight box, of timber or iron within which work is carried on in building foundations or structures below the water level. (b) A hollow floating box, usually of iron, which serves to close the entrances of docks and basins. (c) A structure, usually with an air chamber, placed beneath a vessel to lift or float it.

3. (Arch.) A sunk panel of ceilings or soffits.

Pneumatic caisson (Engin.), a caisson, closed at the top but open at the bottom, and resting upon the ground under water. The pressure of air forced into the caisson keeps the water out. Men and materials are admitted to the interior through an air lock. See Lock.

Cai"tiff (?), a. [OE. caitif, cheitif, captive, miserable, OF. caitif, chaitif, captive, mean, wretched, F. chétif, fr. L. captivus captive, fr. capere to take, akin to E. heave. See Heave, and cf. Captive.] 1. Captive; wretched; unfortunate. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. Base; wicked and mean; cowardly; despicable.

> Arnold had sped his caitiff flight.
> W. Irving.

Cai"tiff, n. A captive; a prisoner. [Obs.]

> Avarice doth tyrannize over her caitiff and slave.
> Holland.

2. A wretched or unfortunate man. [Obs.] Chaucer.

3. A mean, despicable person; one whose character meanness and wickedness meet.

The deep-felt conviction of men that slavery breaks down the moral character . . . speaks out with . . . distinctness in the change of meaning which caitiff has undergone signifying as it now does, one of a base, abject disposition, while there was a time when it had nothing of this in it. Trench.

Caj"e*put (?), n. See Cajuput.

Ca*jole" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cajoled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Cajoling.] [F. cajoler, orig., to chatter like a bird in a cage, to sing; hence, to amuse with idle talk, to flatter, from the source of OF. goale, jaiole, F. geôle, dim. of cage a cage. See Cage, Jail.] To deceive with flattery or fair words; to wheedle.

> I am not about to cajole or flatter you into a reception of my views.
> F. W. Robertson.

Syn. -- To flatter; wheedle; delude; coax; entrap.

Ca*jole"ment (?), n. The act of cajoling; the state of being cajoled; cajolery. Coleridge.

Ca*jol"er (?), n. A flatterer; a wheedler.

Ca*jol"er*y (?), n.; pl. Cajoleries (&?;). A wheedling to delude; words used in cajoling; flattery. "Infamous cajoleries." Evelyn.

Caj"u*put (?), n. [Of Malayan origin; kyu tree + ptih white.] (Med.) A highly stimulating volatile inflammable oil, distilled from the leaves of an East Indian tree (Melaleuca cajuputi, etc.) It is greenish in color and has a camphoraceous odor and pungent taste.

Caj"u*put*ene` (?), n. (Chem.) A colorless or greenish oil extracted from cajuput.

Cake (kk), n. [OE. cake, kaak; akin to Dan. kage, Sw. & Icel. kaka, D. koek, G. kuchen, OHG. chuocho.]

1. A small mass of dough baked; especially, a thin loaf from unleavened dough; as, an oatmeal cake; johnnycake.

2. A sweetened composition of flour and other ingredients, leavened or unleavened, baked in a loaf or mass of any size or shape.

3. A thin wafer-shaped mass of fried batter; a griddlecake or pancake; as buckwheat cakes.

4. A mass of matter concreted, congealed, or molded into a solid mass of any form, esp. into a form rather flat than high; as, a cake of soap; an ague cake.

> Cakes of rusting ice come rolling down the flood.
> Dryden.

Cake urchin (Zoöl), any species of flat sea urchins belonging to the Clypeastroidea. -- Oil cake the refuse of flax seed, cotton seed, or other vegetable substance from which oil has been expressed, compacted into a solid mass, and used as food for cattle, for manure, or for other purposes. -- To have one's cake dough, to fail or be disappointed in what one has undertaken or expected. Shak.

Cake, v. i. To form into a cake, or mass.

Cake, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Caked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Caking.] To concrete or consolidate into a hard mass, as dough in an oven; to coagulate.

> Clotted blood that caked within.
> Addison.

Cake, v. i. To cackle as a goose. [Prov. Eng.]

Cak"ing coal` (?). See Coal.

Cal (?), n. (Cornish Mines) Wolfram, an ore of tungsten. Simmonds.

Cal"a*bar (?), n. A district on the west coast of Africa.

Calabar bean, The of a climbing legumious plant (Physostigma venenosum), a native of tropical Africa. It is highly poisonous. It is used to produce contraction of the pupil of the eye; also in tetanus, neuralgia, and rheumatic diseases; -- called also ordeal bean, being used by the negroes in trials for witchcraft.

Cal"a*bar*ine (?), n. (Chem.) An alkaloid resembling physostigmine and occurring with it in the calabar bean.

Cal"a*bash (kl"*bsh), n. [Sp. calabaza, or Pg. calabaça, cabaça (cf. F. Calebasse), lit., a dry gourd, fr. Ar. qar', fem., a kind of gourd + aibas dry.] 1. The common gourd (plant or fruit).

2. The fruit of the calabash tree.

3. A water dipper, bottle, bascket, or other utensil, made from the dry shell of a calabash or gourd.

Calabash tree. (Bot.), a tree of tropical America (Crescentia cujete), producing a large gourdlike fruit, containing a purgative pulp. Its hard shell, after the removal of the pulp, is used for cups, bottles, etc. The African calabash tree is the baobab.

Cal`a*boose" (?), n. [A corruption of Sp. calabozo dungeon.] A prison; a jail. [Local, U. S.]

||Ca*lade" (?), n. [F.] A slope or declivity in a manege ground down which a horse is made to gallop, to give suppleness to his haunches.

||Ca*la"di*um (?), n. [NL.] A genus of aroideous plants, of which some species are cultivated for their immense leaves (which are often curiously blotched with white and red), and others (in Polynesia) for food.

Cal"a*ite (kl`*t), n. [L. callaïs, Gr. ka`lai:s, ka`llai:s; cf. F. calaïte.] A mineral. See Turquoise.

Cal`a*man"co (kl`*m"k), n. [LL. calamancus, calamacus; cf. camelaucum; a head covering made of camel's hair, NGr. kamelay`kion, and F. calmande a woolen stuff.] A glossy woolen stuff, plain, striped, or checked. "A gay calamanco waistcoat." Tatler.

Cal"a*man`der wood (kl"*mn`dr wd`). A valuable furniture wood from India and Ceylon, of a hazel-brown color, with black stripes, very hard in texture. It is a species of ebony, and is obtained from the Diospyros quæsita. Called also Coromandel wood.

{ Cal"a*mar (kl"*mär), Cal"a*ma*ry, (-m*rr)} n. [LL. calamarium inkstand, fr. L. calamus a reed pen: cf. F. calmar, calemar, pen case, calamar.] (Zoöl.) A cephalopod, belonging to the genus Loligo and related genera. There are many species. They have a sack of inklike fluid which they discharge from the siphon tube, when pursued or alarmed, in order to confuse their enemies. Their shell is a thin horny plate, within the flesh of the back, shaped very much like a quill pen. In America they are called squids. See Squid.

Cal"am*bac (kl"m*bk), n. [F. calambac, calambour, from Malay Kalambaq a king of fragrant wood.] (Bot.) A fragrant wood; agalloch.

Cal"am*bour (kl"m*br), n. [See Calambac.] A species of agalloch, or aloes wood, of a dusky or mottled color, of a light, friable texture, and less fragrant than calambac; -- used by cabinetmakers.

Cal`a*mif"er*ous (?), a. [L. calamus reed + ferous.] Producing reeds; reedy.

Cal"a*mine (kl"*mn or - mn), n. [F. calamine, LL. calamina, fr. L. Cadmia. See Cadmia.] (min.) A mineral, the hydrous silicate of zinc.

The name was formerly applied to both the carbonate and silicate of zinc each of which is valuabic as an ore; but it is now usually restricted to the latter, the former being called smithsonite.

Cal"a*mint (-mnt), n. [OE. calamint, calemente (cf. F. calament) fr. L. calamintha, Gr. kalami`nqh, kala`minqos. See 1st Mint.] (Bot.) A genus of perennial plants (Calamintha) of the Mint family, esp. the C. Nepeta and C. Acinos, which are called also basil thyme.

Cal"a*mist (-mst), n. [L. calamus a reed.] One who plays upon a reed or pipe. [Obs.] Blount.

Cal`a*mis"trate (-ms"trt), v. i. [L. calamistratus, curled with the curling iron, fr. calamistrum curling iron, fr. calamus a reed.] To curl or friz, as the hair. [Obs.] Cotgrave.

Cal`a*mis*tra"tion (kl`*ms*tr"shn), n. The act or process of curling the hair. [Obs.] Burton.

||Cal`a*mis"trum (?), n. [L., a curling iron.] (Zoöl.) A comblike structure on the metatarsus of the hind legs of certain spiders (Ciniflonidæ), used to curl certain fibers in the construction of their webs.

Cal"a*mite (?), n. [L. calamus a reed: cf. F. calamite.] (Paleon.) A fossil plant of the coal formation, having the general form of plants of the modern Equiseta (the Horsetail or Scouring Rush family) but sometimes attaining the height of trees, and having the stem more or less woody within. See Acrogen, and Asterophyllite.

Ca*lam"i*tous (?), a. [L. Calamitosus; cf. F. calamiteux.]

1. Suffering calamity; wretched; miserable. [Obs.]

> Ten thousands of calamitous persons.
> South.

2. Producing, or attended with distress and misery; making wretched; wretched; unhappy. "This sad and calamitous condition." South. "A calamitous prison" Milton.

Syn. -- Miserable; deplorable; distressful; afflictive; wretched; grievous; baleful; disastrous; adverse; unhappy; severe; sad; unfortunate.

-- Ca*lam"i*tous*ly, adv. -- Ca*lam"i*tous*ness, n.

Ca*lam"i*ty (?) n.; pl. Calamities (#). [L. calamitas, akin to in-columis unharmed: cf. F. calamité] 1. Any great misfortune or cause of misery; -- generally applied to events or disasters which produce extensive evil, either to communities or individuals.

The word calamity was first derived from calamus when the corn could not get out of the stalk. Bacon.

> Strokes of calamity that scathe and scorch the soul.
> W. Irving.

2. A state or time of distress or misfortune; misery.

> The deliberations of calamity are rarely wise.
> Burke.

> Where'er I came I brought calamity.
> Tennyson.

Syn. -- Disaster; distress; affliction; adversity; misfortune; unhappiness; infelicity; mishap; mischance; misery; evil; extremity; exigency; downfall. -- Calamity, Disaster, Misfortune, Mishap, Mischance. Of these words, calamity is the strongest. It supposes a somewhat continuous state, produced not usually by the direct agency of man, but by natural causes, such as fire, flood, tempest, disease, etc, Disaster denotes literally ill-starred, and is some unforeseen and distressing event which comes suddenly upon us, as if from hostile planet. Misfortune is often due to no specific cause; it is simply the bad fortune of an individual; a link in the chain of events; an evil independent of his own conduct, and not to be charged as a fault. Mischance and mishap are misfortunes of a trivial nature, occurring usually to individuals. "A calamity is either public or private, but more frequently the former; a disaster is rather particular than private; it affects things rather than persons; journey, expedition, and military movements are often attended with disasters; misfortunes are usually personal; they immediately affect the interests of the individual." Crabb.

Cal"a*mus (?), n.; pl. Calami (#). [L., a reed. See Halm.] 1. (Bot.) The indian cane, a plant of the Palm family. It furnishes the common rattan. See Rattan, and Dragon's blood.

2. (Bot.) A species of Acorus (A. calamus), commonly called calamus, or sweet flag. The root has a pungent, aromatic taste, and is used in medicine as a stomachic; the leaves have an aromatic odor, and were formerly used instead of rushes to strew on floors.

3. (Zoöl.) The horny basal portion of a feather; the barrel or quill.

||Ca*lan"do (?), a. [It.] (Mus.) Gradually diminishing in rapidity and loudness.

Ca*lash" (?), n. [F. calèche; of Slavonic origin; cf. Bohem. kolesa, Russ. koliaska calash, koleso, kolo, wheel.] 1. A light carriage with low wheels, having a top or hood that can be raised or lowered, seats for inside, a separate seat for the driver, and often a movable front, so that it can be used as either an open or a close carriage.

> The baroness in a calash capable of holding herself, her two children, and her servants.
> W. Irving.

2. In Canada, a two-wheeled, one-seated vehicle, with a calash top, and the driver's seat elevated in front.

3. A hood or top of a carriage which can be thrown back at pleasure.

4. A hood, formerly worn by ladies, which could be drawn forward or thrown back like the top of a carriage.

<! p. 203 !>

Ca`la*ve"rite (&?;), n. (Min.) A bronze-yellow massive mineral with metallic luster; a telluride of gold; -- first found in Calaveras County California.

Cal*ca"ne*al (?), a. (Anal.) Pertaining to the calcaneum; as, calcaneal arteries.

||Cal*ca"ne*um (?) n.; pl. E. -neums, L. -nea. [L. the heel, fr. calx, calcis, the heel.] (Anal.) One of the bones of the tarsus which in man, forms the great bone of the heel; -- called also fibulare.

Cal"car (?), n. [L. calcaria lime kiln, fr. calx, calcis, lime. See Calx.] (Glass manuf.) A kind of oven, or reverberatory furnace, used for the calcination of sand and potash, and converting them into frit. Ure.

||Cal"car, n.; L. pl. Calcaria (#). [L., a spur, as worn on the heel, also the spur of a cock, fr. calx, calcis, the heel.] 1. (Bot.) A hollow tube or spur at the base of a petal or corolla.

2. (Zoöl.) A slender bony process from the ankle joint of bats, which helps to support the posterior part of the web, in flight.

3. (Anat.) (a) A spur, or spurlike prominence. (b) A curved ridge in the floor of the leteral ventricle of the brain; the calcar avis, hippocampus minor, or ergot.

{ Cal"ca*rate (?), Cal"ca*ra`ted (?), } a. [LL. calcaratus, fr. L. calcar. See 2d Calcar.]

1. (Bot.) Having a spur, as the flower of the toadflax and larkspur; spurred. Gray.

2. (Zoöl.) Armed with a spur.

Cal*ca"re*o-ar`gil*la"ceous (?), a. consisting of, or containing, calcareous and argillaceous earths.

Cal*ca"re*o-bi*tu"mi*nous (?), a. Consisting of, or containing, lime and bitumen. Lyell.

Cal*ca"re*o-si*li"ceous (?), a.Consisting of, or containing calcareous and siliceous earths.

Cal*ca"re*ous (?), a. [L. calcarius pertaining to lime. See Calx.] Partaking of the nature of calcite or calcium carbonate; consisting of, or containing, calcium carbonate or carbonate of lime.

Calcareous spar. See as Calcite.

Cal*ca"re*ous*ness, n. Quality of being calcareous.

Cal`ca*rif"er*ous (?), a. [L. calcarius of lime + ferous.] Lime-yielding; calciferous

Cal"ca*rine (?), a. (Anat.) Pertaining to, or situated near, the calcar of the brain.

Cal`ca*vel"la (?), n. A sweet wine from Portugal; -- so called from the district of Carcavelhos. [Written also Calcavellos or Carcavelhos.]

Cal"ce*a`ted (?), a. [L. calceatus, p. p. of pelceare to ahoe, fr. catceus shoe, fr. calx, calcic, heel.] Fitted with, or wearing, shoes. Johnson.

Calced (?), a. [See Calceated.] Wearing shoes; calceated; -- in distintion from discalced or barefooted; as the calced Carmelites.

Cal"ce*don (?), n. [See Chalcedony.] A foul vein, like chalcedony, in some precious stones.

{ Cal`ce*don"ic (?), Cal`ce*do"ni*an, } a. See Chalcedonic.

Cal"ce*i*form` (kl"s**fôrm`), a. [L. calceus shoe + -form.] (Bot.) Shaped like a slipper, as one petal of the lady's-slipper; calceolate.

||cal`ce*o*la"ri*a (kl`s**l"r*), n. [NL., fr. L. calceolarius shoemaker, fr. calceolus, a dim. of calceus shoe.] (Bot.) A genus of showy herbaceous or shrubby plants, brought from South America; slipperwort. It has a yellow or purple flower, often spotted or striped, the shape of which suggests its name.

Cal"ce*o*late (?), a. [See Calceolaria.] Slipper-ahaped. See Calceiform.

||Cal"ces (?), n. pl. See Calx.

Cal"cic (?), a. [L. calx, calcis, lime: cf. F. calcique.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, derived from, or containing, calcium or lime.

Cal*cif"er*ous (?), a. [L. calx, calcis, lime + -ferous.] Bearing, producing, or containing calcite, or carbonate of lime.

Calciferous epoch (Geol.), an epoch in the American lower Silurian system, immediately succeeding the Cambrian period. The name alludes to the peculiar mixture of calcareous and siliceous characteristics in many of the beds. See the Diagram under Geology.

Cal*cif"ic (?), a. Calciferous. Specifically: (Zoöl.) of or pertaining to the portion of the oviduct which forms the eggshell in birds and reptiles. Huxley.

Cal`ci*fi*ca"tion (kl`s*f*k"shn), n. (Physiol.) The process of change into a stony or calcareous substance by the deposition of lime salt; -- normally, as in the formation of bone and of teeth; abnormally, as in calcareous degeneration of tissue.

Cal"ci*fied (kl"s*fd), a. Consisting of, or containing, calcareous matter or lime salts; calcareous.

Cal"ci*form (kl"s*fôrm), a. [L. calx, calcis, lime + - form.] In the form of chalk or lime.

Cal"ci*fy (kl"s*f), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Calcified (- fd); p. pr. & vb. n. Calcifying.] [L. calx, calcis, lime + -fy.] To make stony or calcareous by the deposit or secretion of salts of lime.

Cal"ci*fy, v. i. To become changed into a stony or calcareous condition, in which lime is a principal ingredient, as in the formation of teeth.

Cal*cig"e*nous (?), a. [L. calx, calcis, lime + -genouse.] (Chem.) Tending to form, or to become, a calx or earthlike substance on being oxidized or burnt; as magnesium, calcium. etc.

Cal*cig"er*ous (?), a. [L. calx, calcis, lime + -gerouse.] Holding lime or other earthy salts; as, the calcigerous cells of the teeth.

Cal"ci*mine (?), n. [L. calx, calcis, lime.] A white or colored wash for the ceiling or other plastering of a room, consisting of a mixture of clear glue, Paris white or zinc white, and water. [Also spelt kalsomine.]

Cal"ci*mine, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Calcimined (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Calcimining.] To wash or cover with calcimine; as, to calcimine walls.

Cal"ci*mi`ner (?), n. One who calcimines.

Cal*cin"a*ble (?), a. That may be calcined; as, a calcinable fossil.

Cal"ci*nate (?), v. i. To calcine. [R.]

Cal`ci*na"tion (kl`s*n"shn), n. [F. calcination.]

1. (Chem.) The act or process of disintegrating a substance, or rendering it friable by the action of heat, esp. by the expulsion of some volatile matter, as when carbonic and acid is expelled from carbonate of calcium in the burning of limestone in order to make lime.

2. The act or process of reducing a metal to an oxide or metallic calx; oxidation.

Cal*cin"a*to*ry (?), n. A vessel used in calcination.

Cal*cine" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Calciden (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Calcining.] [F. calciner, fr. L. calx, calcis, lime. See Calx.]

1. To reduce to a powder, or to a friable state, by the action of heat; to expel volatile matter from by means of heat, as carbonic acid from limestone, and thus (usually) to produce disintegration; as to, calcine bones.

2. To oxidize, as a metal by the action of heat; to reduce to a metallic calx.

Cal*cine", v. i. To be converted into a powder or friable substance, or into a calx, by the action of heat. "Calcining without fusion" Newton.

Cal*cin"er (?), n. One who, or that which, calcines.

||Cal`ci*spon"gi*æ (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. calx, calcis, lime + spongia a sponge.] (Zoöl.) An order of marine sponges, containing calcareous spicules. See Porifera.

Cal"cite (kl"st), n. [L. calx, calcis, lime.] (Min.) Calcium carbonate, or carbonate of lime. It is rhombohedral in its crystallization, and thus distinguished from aragonite. It includes common limestone, chalk, and marble. Called also calc-spar and calcareous spar.

Argentine is a pearly lamellar variety; aphrite is foliated or chalklike; dogtooth spar, a form in acute rhombohedral or scalenohedral crystals; calc- sinter and calc-tufa are lose or porous varieties formed in caverns or wet grounds from calcareous deposits; agaric mineral is a soft, white friable variety of similar origin; stalaclite and stalagmite are varieties formed from the drillings in caverns. Iceland spar is a transparent variety, exhibiting the strong double refraction of the species, and hence is called doubly refracting spar.

Cal"ci*trant (?), a. [L. calcitrans, p. pr. of calcitrare to kick, fr. calx, calcis , heel.] Kicking. Hence: Stubborn; refractory.

Cal"ci*trate (?), v. i. & i. [L. calcitratus, p. p. of calcitrare. See Calcitrant.] To kick.

Cal`ci*tra"tion (-tr"shn), n. Act of kicking.

Cal"ci*um (kl"s*m), n. [NL., from L. calx, calcis, lime; cf F. calcium. See Calx.] (Chem.) An elementary substance; a metal which combined with oxygen forms lime. It is of a pale yellow color, tenacious, and malleable. It is a member of the alkaline earth group of elements. Atomic weight 40. Symbol Ca.

Calcium is widely and abundantly disseminated, as in its compounds calcium carbonate or limestone, calcium sulphate or gypsum, calcium fluoride or fluor spar, calcium phosphate or apatite.

Calcium light, an intense light produced by the incandescence of a stick or ball of lime in the flame of a combination of oxygen and hydrogen gases, or of oxygen and coal gas; -- called also Drummond light.

Cal*civ"o*rous (?), a. [L. calx lime + vorare to devour.] Eroding, or eating into, limestone.

Cal*cog"ra*pher (?), n. One who practices calcography.

{ Cal`co*graph"ic (?), Cal`co*graph"ic*al, } a. Relating to, or in the style of, calcography.

Cal*cog"ra*phy (?), n. [L. calx, calcis, lime, chalk + -graphy.] The art of drawing with chalk.

Calc"-sin`ter (?), n. [G. kalk (L. calx, calcis) lime + E. sinter.] See under Calcite.

Calc"-spar` (?), n. [G. kalk (L. calx) lime E. spar.] Same as Calcite.

Calc"-tu`fa (?), n. [G. kalk (l. calx) lime + E. tufa.] See under Calcite.

Cal"cu*la*ble (?), a. [Cf. F. calculable.] That may be calculated or ascertained by calculation.

Cal"cu*la*ry (?), a. [L. calculus a pebble, a calculus; cf calcularius pertaining to calculation.] (Med.) Of or pertaining to calculi.

Cal"cu*la*ry, n. A congeries of little stony knots found in the pulp of the pear and other fruits.

Cal"cu*late (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Calculater (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Calculating (?).] [L, calculatus, p. p. of calculate, fr. calculus a pebble, a stone used in reckoning; hence, a reckoning, fr. calx, calcis, a stone used in gaming, limestone. See Calx.] 1. To ascertain or determine by mathematical processes, usually by the ordinary rules of arithmetic; to reckon up; to estimate; to compute.

> A calencar exacity calculated than any othe.
> North.

2. To ascertain or predict by mathematical or astrological computations the time, circumstances, or other conditions of; to forecast or compute the character or consequences of; as, to calculate or cast one's nativity.

> A cunning man did calculate my birth.
> Shak.

3. To adjust for purpose; to adapt by forethought or calculation; to fit or prepare by the adaptation of means to an end; as, to calculate a system of laws for the government and protection of a free people.

> [Religion] is . . . calculated for our benefit.
> Abp. Tillotson.

4. To plan; to expect; to think. [Local, U. S.]

Syn. -- To compute; reckon; count; estimate; rate. -- To Calculate, Compute. Reckon, Count. These words indicate the means by which we arrive at a given result in regard to quantity. We calculate with a view to obtain a certain point of knowledge; as, to calculate an eclipse. We compute by combining given numbers, in order to learn the grand result. We reckon and count in carrying out the details of a computation. These words are also used in a secondary and figurative sense. "Calculate is rather a conjection from what is, as to what may be; computation is a rational estimate of what has been, from what is; reckoning is a conclusive conviction, a pleasing assurance that a thing will happen; counting indicates an expectation. We calculate on a gain; we compute any loss sustained, or the amount of any mischief done; we reckon on a promised pleasure; we count the hours and minutes until the time of enjoyment arrives" Crabb.

Cal"cu*late (?), v. i. To make a calculation; to forecast consequences; to estimate; to compute.

> The strong passions, whether good or bad, never calculate.
> F. W. Robertson.

Cal"cu*la`ted (?), p. p. & a. 1. Worked out by calculation; as calculated tables for computing interest; ascertained or conjectured as a result of calculation; as, the calculated place of a planet; the calculated velocity of a cannon ball.

2. Adapted by calculation, contrivance. or forethought to accomplish a purpose; as, to use arts calculated to deceive the people.

3. Likely to produce a certain effect, whether intended or not; fitted; adapted; suited.

> The only danger that attends multiplicity of publication is, that some of them may be calculated to injure rather than benefit society.
> Goldsmith.

> The minister, on the other hand, had never gone through an experience calculated to lead him beyond the scope of generally received laws

. Hawthorne.

Cal"cu*la`ting (?), a. 1. Of or pertaining to mathematical calculations; performing or able to perform mathematical calculations.

2. Given to contrivance or forethought; forecasting; scheming; as, a cool calculating disposition.

Calculating machine, a machine for the mechanical performance of mathematical operations, for the most part invented by Charles Babbage and G. and E. Scheutz. It computes logarithmic and other mathematical tables of a high degree of intricacy, imprinting the results on a leaden plate, from which a stereotype plate is then directly made.

Cal"cu*la`ting, n. The act or process of making mathematical computations or of estimating results.

Cal`cu*la"tion (-l"shn), n. [OE. calculation, fr. L. calculatio; cf. OF. calcucation.] 1. The act or process, or the result, of calculating; computation; reckoning, estimate. "The calculation of eclipses." Nichol.

> The mountain is not so his calculation makes it.
> Boyle.

2. An expectation based on circumstances.

> The lazy gossips of the port,
> Abhorrent of a calculation crost,
> Began to chafe as at a personal wrong.
> Tennyson.

Cal"cu*la*tive (?), a. Of or pertaining to calculation; involving calculation.

> Long habits of calculative dealings.
> Burke.

Cal"cu*la*tor (?), n. [L.: cf. F. calculateur.] One who computes or reckons: one who estimates or considers the force and effect of causes, with a view to form a correct estimate of the effects.

> Ambition is no exact calculator.
> Burke.

Cal"cu*la*to*ry (?), a. [L. calculatorius.] Belonging to calculation. Sherwood.

Cal"cule (?), n. [F. calcul, fr. L. calculus. See Calculus.] Reckoning; computation. [Obs.] Howell.

Cal"cule, v. i. To calculate [Obs.] Chaucer.

Cal"cu*li (?), n. pl. See Calculus.

Cal"cu*lous (?), a. [L. calculosus.] 1. Of the nature of a calculus; like stone; gritty; as, a calculous concretion. Sir T. Browne.

2. Caused, or characterized, by the presence of a calculus or calculi; a, a calculous disorder; affected with gravel or stone; as, a calculous person.

Cal"cu*lus (?), n.; pl. Calculi (#). [L, calculus. See Calculate, and Calcule.] 1. (Med.) Any solid concretion, formed in any part of the body, but most frequent in the organs that act as reservoirs, and in the passages connected with them; as, biliary calculi; urinary calculi, etc.

2. (Math.) A method of computation; any process of reasoning by the use of symbols; any branch of mathematics that may involve calculation.

Barycentric calculus, a method of treating geometry by defining a point as the center of gravity of certain other points to which coëfficients or weights are ascribed. -- Calculus of functions, that branch of mathematics which treats of the forms of functions that shall satisfy given conditions. -- Calculus of operations, that branch of mathematical logic that treats of all operations that satisfy given conditions. -- Calculus of probabilities, the science that treats of the computation of the probabilities of events, or the application of numbers to chance. -- Calculus of variations, a branch of mathematics in which the laws of dependence which bind the variable quantities together are themselves subject to change. -- Differential calculus, a method of investigating mathematical questions by using the ratio of certain indefinitely small quantities called differentials. The problems are primarily of this form: to find how the change in some variable quantity alters at each instant the value of a quantity dependent upon it. -- Exponential calculus, that part of algebra which treats of exponents. -- Imaginary calculus, a method of investigating the relations of real or imaginary quantities by the use of the imaginary symbols and quantities of algebra. -- Integral calculus, a method which in the reverse of the differential, the primary object of which is to learn from the known ratio of the indefinitely small changes of two or more magnitudes, the relation of the magnitudes themselves, or, in other words, from having the differential of an algebraic expression to find the expression itself.

<! p. 204 !>

Cal"dron (kl"drn), n. [OE. caldron, caudron, caudroun, OF. caudron, chauderon, F. chaudron, an aug. of F. chaudière, LL. caldaria, fr. L. caldarius suitable for warming, fr. caldus, calidus, warm, fr. calere to be warm; cf. Skr. çr to boil. Cf. Chaldron, Calaric, Caudle.] A large kettle or boiler of copper, brass, or iron. [Written also cauldron.] "Caldrons of boiling oil." Prescott.

||Ca*lèche" (k*lsh"), n. [F. calèche.] See Calash.

Cal`e*do"ni*a (?), n. The ancient Latin name of Scotland; -- still used in poetry.

Cal`e*do"ni*an (?), a. Of or pertaining to Caledonia or Scotland; Scottish; Scotch. -- n. A native or inhabitant of Caledonia or Scotland.

Ca*led"o*nite (?), n. (Min.) A hydrous sulphate of copper and lead, found in some parts of Caledonia or Scotland.

Cal`e*fa"cient (?), a. [L. calefaciens p. pr. of calefacere to make warm; calere to be warm + facere to make.] Making warm; heating. [R.]

Cal`e*fa"cient, n. A substance that excites warmth in the parts to which it is applied, as mustard.

Cal`e*fac"tion (?), n. [L. calefactio: cf. F. caléfaction.] 1. The act of warming or heating; the production of heat in a body by the action of fire, or by communication of heat from other bodies.

2. The state of being heated.

Cal`e*fac"tive (?), a. See Calefactory. [R.]

Cal`e*fac"tor (?), n. A heater; one who, or that which, makes hot, as a stove, etc.

Cal`e*fac"to*ry (?), a. [L. calefactorius.] Making hot; producing or communicating heat.

Cal`e*fac"to*ry, n. 1. (Eccl.) An apartment in a monastery, warmed and used as a sitting room.

2. A hollow sphere of metal, filled with hot water, or a chafing dish, placed on the altar in cold weather for the priest to warm his hands with.

Cal"e*fy (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Calefied (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Calefying.] [L. calere to be warm + -fy] To make warm or hot.

Cal"e*fy, v. i. To grow hot or warm. Sir T. Browne.

||Cal"em*bour` (?), n. [F.] A pun.

Cal"en*dar (?), n. [OE. kalender, calender, fr. L. kalendarium an interest or account book (cf. F. calendrier, OF. calendier) fr. L. calendue, kalendae, calends. See Calends.] 1. An orderly arrangement of the division of time, adapted to the purposes of civil life, as years, months, weeks, and days; also, a register of the year with its divisions; an almanac.

2. (Eccl.) A tabular statement of the dates of feasts, offices, saints' days, etc., esp. of those which are liable to change yearly according to the varying date of Easter.

3. An orderly list or enumeration of persons, things, or events; a schedule; as, a calendar of state papers; a calendar of bills presented in a legislative assembly; a calendar of causes arranged for trial in court; a calendar of a college or an academy.

Shepherds of people had need know the calendars of tempests of state. Bacon.

Calendar clock, one that shows the days of the week and month. -- Calendar month. See under Month. -- French Republican calendar. See under Vendémiaire. -- Gregorian calendar, Julian calendar, Perpetual calendar. See under Gregorian, Julian, and Perpetual.

Cal"en*dar, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Calendared (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Calendaring.] To enter or write in a calendar; to register. Waterhouse.

Cal`en*da"ri*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to the calendar or a calendar.

Cal"en*da*ry (?), a. Calendarial. [Obs.]

Cal"en*der (?), n. [F. calandre, LL. calendra, corrupted fr. L. cylindrus a cylinder, Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?;. See Cylinider.] 1. A machine, used for the purpose of giving cloth, paper, etc., a smooth, even, and glossy or glazed surface, by cold or hot pressure, or for watering them and giving them a wavy appearance. It consists of two or more cylinders revolving nearly in contact, with the necessary apparatus for moving and regulating.

2. One who pursues the business of calendering.

> My good friend the calender.
> Cawper.

Cal"en*der (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Calendered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Calendering.] [Cf. F. calandrer. See Calender, n.] To press between rollers for the purpose of making smooth and glossy, or wavy, as woolen and silk stuffs, linens, paper, etc. Ure.

Cal"en*der, n. [Per. qalender.] One of a sect or order of fantastically dressed or painted dervishes.

Cal`en*dog"ra*pher (?), n. [Calendar + -graph + er.] One who makes calendars. [R.]

Cal"en*drer (?), n. A person who calenders cloth; a calender.

{ Ca*len"dric (?), Ca*len"dric*al (?), } a., Of or pertaining to a calendar.

Cal"ends (?), n. pl. [OE. kalendes month, calends, AS. calend month, fr. L. calendae; akin to calare to call, proclaim, Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?;. CF. Claim.] The first day of each month in the ancient Roman calendar. [Written also kalends.]

The Greek calends, a time that will never come, as the Greeks had no calends.

||Ca*len"du*la (?), n. [NL., fr. L. calendae calends.] (Bot.) A genus of composite herbaceous plants. One species, Calendula officinalis, is the common marigold, and was supposed to blossom on the calends of every month, whence the name.

Ca*len"du*lin (?), n. (Chem.) A gummy or mucilaginous tasteless substance obtained from the marigold or calendula, and analogous to bassorin.

Cal"en*ture (?), n. [F. calenture, fr. Sp. calenture heat, fever, fr. calentar to heat, fr. p. pr. of L. calere to be warm.] (Med.) A name formerly given to various fevers occuring in tropics; esp. to a form of furious delirium accompanied by fever, among sailors, which sometimes led the affected person to imagine the sea to be a green field, and to throw himself into it.

Cal"en*ture, v. i. To see as in the delirium of one affected with calenture. [Poetic]

> Hath fed on pageants floating through the air
> Or calentures in depths of limpid flood.
> Wordsworth.

Ca*les"cence (?), n. [L. calescens, p. pr. of calescere, incho. of calere to be warm.] Growing warmth; increasing heat.

Calf (?), n.; pl. Calves (#). [OE. calf, kelf, AS. cealf; akin to D. kalf, G. kalb, Icel. klfr, Sw. kalf, Dan. kalv, Goth. kalb; cf. Skr. garbha fetus, young, Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;&?;, Skr grabh to seize, conceive, Ir. colpa, colpach, a calf. √222.] 1. The young of the cow, or of the Bovine family of quadrupeds. Also, the young of some other mammals, as of the elephant, rhinoceros, hippopotamus, and whale.

2. Leather made of the skin of the calf; especially, a fine, light-colored leather used in bookbinding; as, to bind books in calf.

3. An awkward or silly boy or young man; any silly person; a dolt. [Colloq.]

> Some silly, doting, brainless calf.
> Drayton.

4. A small island near a larger; as, the Calf of Man.

5. A small mass of ice set free from the submerged part of a glacier or berg, and rising to the surface. Kane.

6. [Cf. Icel. klfi.] The fleshy hinder part of the leg below the knee.

Calf's-foot jelly, jelly made from the feet of calves. The gelatinous matter of the feet is extracted by boiling, and is flavored with sugar, essences, etc.

Calf"skin` (?), n. The hide or skin of a calf; or leather made of the skin.

||Ca"li (?), n. (Hindoo Myth.) The tenth avatar or incarnation of the god Vishnu. [Written also Kali.]

{ Cal"i*ber, Cal"ibre } (?), n. [F. calibre, perh. fr. L. qualibra of what pound, of what weight; hence, of what size, applied first to a ball or bullet; cf. also Ar. qlib model, mold. Cf. Calipers, Calivere.]

1. (Gunnery) The diameter of the bore, as a cannon or other firearm, or of any tube; or the weight or size of the projectile which a firearm will carry; as, an 8 inch gun, a 12-pounder, a 44 caliber.

> The caliber of empty tubes.
> Reid.

> A battery composed of three guns of small caliber.
> Prescott.

The caliber of firearms is expressed in various ways. Cannon are often designated by the weight of a solid spherical shot that will fit the bore; as, a 12-pounder; pieces of ordnance that project shell or hollow shot are designated by the diameter of their bore; as, a 12 inch mortar or a 14 inch shell gun; small arms are designated by hundredths of an inch expressed decimally; as, a rifle of .44 inch caliber.

2. The diameter of round or cylindrical body, as of a bullet or column.

3. Fig.: Capacity or compass of mind. Burke.

Caliber compasses. See Calipers. -- Caliber rule, a gunner's calipers, an instrument having two scales arranged to determine a ball's weight from its diameter, and conversely. -- A ship's caliber, the weight of her armament.

Cal"i*brate (?), v. i. To ascertain the caliber of, as of a thermometer tube; also, more generally, to determine or rectify the graduation of, as of the various standards or graduated instruments.

Cal`ibra"*tion (?), n. The process of estimating the caliber a tube, as of a thermometer tube, in order to graduate it to a scale of degrees; also, more generally, the determination of the true value of the spaces in any graduated instrument.

Cal"ice (?), n. [See Calice.] See Chalice.

Cal"i*cle (?), n. [L. caliculus a small cup, dim. of calicis, a cup. Cf Calycle.] (Zoöl.) (a) One of the small cuplike cavities, often with elevated borders, covering the surface of most corals. Each is formed by a polyp. (b) One of the cuplike structures inclosing the zooids of certain hydroids. See Campanularian. [Written also calycle. See Calycle.]

Cal"i*co (?), n.; pl. Calicoes (#). [So called because first imported from Calicut, in the East Indies: cf. F. calicot.] 1. Plain white cloth made from cotton, but which receives distinctive names according to quality and use, as, super calicoes, shirting calicoes, unbleached calicoes, etc. [Eng.]

> The importation of printed or stained colicoes appears to have been coeval with the establishment of the East India Company

. Beck (Draper's Dict. ).

2. Cotton cloth printed with a figured pattern.

In the United States the term calico is applied only to the printed fabric.

Calico bass (Zoöl.), an edible, fresh-water fish (Pomoxys sparaides) of the rivers and lake of the Western United States (esp. of the Misissippi valley.), allied to the sunfishes, and so called from its variegated colors; -- called also calicoback, grass bass, strawberry bass, barfish, and bitterhead. -- Calico printing, the art or process of impressing the figured patterns on calico.

Cal"i*co (?), a. Made of, or having the appearance of, calico; -- often applied to an animal, as a horse or cat, on whose body are large patches of a color strikingly different from its main color. [Colloq. U. S.]

Cal"i*co*back` (?), n. (Zoöl.) (a) The calico bass. (b) An hemipterous insect (Murgantia histrionica) which injures the cabbage and other garden plants; -- called also calico bug and harlequin cabbage bug.

{ Ca*lic"u*lar (?), a. Ca*lic"u*late (?), } a. Relating to, or resembling, a cup; also improperly used for calycular, calyculate.

Cal"id (?), a. [L. calidus, fr. calere to be hot.] Hot; burning; ardent. [Obs.] Bailey.

Ca*lid"i*ty (?), n. Heat. [Obs.]

Cal"i*duct (?), n. [See Caloriduct.] A pipe or duct used to convey hot air or steam.

> Subterranean caliducts have been introduced.
> Evelyn.

{ Ca"lif (?), n., Cal"i*fate (?), } n., etc. Same as Caliph, Caliphate, etc.

Cal`i*for"ni*an (?), a. Of or pertaining to California. -- n. A native or inhabitant of California.

Cal`i*ga"tion (-g"shn), n. [L. caligatio, fr. caligare to emit vapor, to be dark, from caligo mist, darkness.] Dimness; cloudiness. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Ca*lig`i*nos"ity (?), n. [L. caliginosus dark. See Caligation.] Darkness. [R.] G. Eliot.

Ca*lig"i*nous (?), a. [L. caliginosus; cf. F. caligineux.] Affected with darkness or dimness; dark; obscure. [R.] Blount.

> The caliginous regions of the air.
> Hallywell.

-- Ca*lig"i*nous*ly, adv. -- Ca*lig"i*nous*ness, n.

||Ca*li"go (?), n. [L., darkness.] (Med.) Dimness or obscurity of sight, dependent upon a speck on the cornea; also, the speck itself.

Cal`i*graph"ic (?), a. See Calligraphic.

Ca*lig"ra*phy (?), n. See Caligraphy.

||Ca"lin (?), n. [F., fr. Malay kelany tin, or fr. Kala'a, a town in India, fr. which it came.] An alloy of lead and tin, of which the Chinese make tea canisters.

Cal`i*pash" (?), n. [F. carapace, Sp. carapacho. Cf Calarash, Carapace.] A part of a turtle which is next to the upper shell. It contains a fatty and gelatinous substance of a dull greenish tinge, much esteemed as a delicacy in preparations of turtle.

Cal"i*pee (?), n. [See Calipash] A part of a turtle which is attached to the lower shell. It contains a fatty and gelatinous substance of a light yellowish color, much esteemed as a delicacy. Thackeray.

Cal"i*pers (?), n. pl. [Corrupted from caliber.] An instrument, usually resembling a pair of dividers or compasses with curved legs, for measuring the diameter or thickness of bodies, as of work shaped in a lathe or planer, timber, masts, shot, etc.; or the bore of firearms, tubes, etc.; -- called also caliper compasses, or caliber compasses.

Caliper square, a draughtsman's or mechanic's square, having a graduated bar and adjustable jaw or jaws. Knight. -- Vernier calipers. See Vernier.

Ca"liph (k"lf), n. [OE. caliphe, califfe, F. calife (cf. Sp. califa), fr. Ar. khalfan successor, fr. khalafa to succed.] Successor or vicar; -- a title of the successors of Mohammed both as temporal and spiritual rulers, now used by the sultans of Turkey. [Written also calif.]

Cal"i*phate (?), n. [Cf. F. califat.] The office, dignity, or government of a caliph or of the caliphs.

Ca*lip"pic (?), a. Of or pertaining to Calippus, an Athenian astronomer.

Calippic period, a period of seventy-six years, proposed by Calippus, as an improvement on the Metonic cycle, since the 6940 days of the Metonic cycle exceeded 19 years by about a quarter of a day, and exceeded 235 lunations by something more.

Cal`i*sa"ya bark (?). A valuable kind of Peruvian bark obtained from the Cinchona Calisaya, and other closely related species.

||Cal`is*the"ne*um, n. [NL.] A gymnasium; esp. one for light physical exercise by women and children.

Cal`is*then"ic (?), a. [Gr. kalo`s beautiful + sqe`nos strength.] Of or pertaining to calisthenics.

Cal`is*then"ics (?), n. The science, art, or practice of healthful exercise of the body and limbs, to promote strength and gracefulness; light gymnastics.

Cal"i*ver (?), n. [Corrupted fr. caliber.] An early form of hand gun, a variety of the arquebus; originally a gun having a regular size of bore. [Obs.] Shak.

||Ca"lix (k"lks), n. [L.] A cup. See Calyx.

Calk (kk), v. t. [imp. &p. p. Calked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Calking.] [Either corrupted fr. F. calfater (cf. Pg. calafetar, Sp. calafetear), fr. Ar. qalafa to fill up crevices with the fibers of palm tree or moss; or fr. OE. cauken to tred, through the French fr. L. calcare, fr. calx heel. Cf. Calk to copy, Inculcate.] 1. To drive tarred oakum into the seams between the planks of (a ship, boat, etc.), to prevent leaking. The calking is completed by smearing the seams with melted pitch.

2. To make an indentation in the edge of a metal plate, as along a seam in a steam boiler or an iron ship, to force the edge of the upper plate hard against the lower and so fill the crevice.

Calk (klk), v. t. [E. calquer to trace, It. caicare to trace, to trample, fr. L. calcare to trample, fr. calx heel. Cf. Calcarate.] To copy, as a drawing, by rubbing the back of it with red or black chalk, and then passing a blunt style or needle over the lines, so as to leave a tracing on the paper or other thing against which it is laid or held. [Written also calque]

<! p. 205 !>

Calk (kk), n. [Cf. AS. calc shoe, hoof, L. calx, calcis, heel, calcar, spur.] 1. A sharp-pointed piece of iron or steel projecting downward on the shoe of a horse or an ox, to prevent the animal from slipping; -- called also calker, calkin.

2. An instrument with sharp points, worn on the sole of a shoe or boot, to prevent slipping.

Calk (kk), v. i. 1. To furnish with calks, to prevent slipping on ice; as, to calk the shoes of a horse or an ox.

2. To wound with a calk; as when a horse injures a leg or a foot with a calk on one of the other feet.

Calk"er (?), n. 1. One who calks.

2. A calk on a shoe. See Calk, n., 1.

Calk"in (?), n. A calk on a shoe. See Calk, n., 1.

Calk"ing (?), n. The act or process of making seems tight, as in ships, or of furnishing with calks, as a shoe, or copying, as a drawing.

Calking iron, a tool like a chisel, used in calking ships, tightening seams in ironwork, etc.

> Their left hand does the calking iron guide.
> Dryden.

Call (kl), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Called (kld); p. pr. & vb. n. Calling] [OE. callen, AS. ceallian; akin to Icel. & Sw. kalla, Dan. kalde, D. kallen to talk, prate, OHG. kalln to call; cf. Gr. ghry`ein to speak, sing, Skr. gar to praise. Cf. Garrulous.] 1. To command or request to come or be present; to summon; as, to call a servant.

> Call hither Clifford; bid him come amain
> Shak.

2. To summon to the discharge of a particular duty; to designate for an office, or employment, especially of a religious character; -- often used of a divine summons; as, to be called to the ministry; sometimes, to invite; as, to call a minister to be the pastor of a church.

> Paul . . . called to be an apostle
> Rom. i. 1.

> The Holy Ghost said, Separate me Barnabas and Saul for the work whereunto I have called them.
> Acts xiii. 2.

3. To invite or command to meet; to convoke; -- often with together; as, the President called Congress together; to appoint and summon; as, to call a meeting of the Board of Aldermen.

> Now call we our high court of Parliament.
> Shak.

4. To give name to; to name; to address, or speak of, by a specifed name.

> If you would but call me Rosalind.
> Shak.

> And God called the light Day, and the darkness he called Night.
> Gen. i. 5.

5. To regard or characterize as of a certain kind; to denominate; to designate.

> What God hath cleansed, that call not thou common.
> Acts x. 15.

6. To state, or estimate, approximately or loosely; to characterize without strict regard to fact; as, they call the distance ten miles; he called it a full day's work.

> [The] army is called seven hundred thousand men.
> Brougham.

7. To show or disclose the class, character, or nationality of. [Obs.]

> This speech calls him Spaniard.
> Beau. & Fl.

8. To utter in a loud or distinct voice; -- often with off; as, to call, or call off, the items of an account; to call the roll of a military company.

> No parish clerk who calls the psalm so clear.
> Gay.

9. To invoke; to appeal to.

> I call God for a witness.
> 2 Cor. i. 23 [Rev. Ver. ]

10. To rouse from sleep; to awaken.

> If thou canst awake by four o' the clock.
> I prithee call me. Sleep hath seized me wholly.
> Shak.

To call a bond, to give notice that the amount of the bond will be paid. -- To call a party (Law), to cry aloud his name in open court, and command him to come in and perform some duty requiring his presence at the time on pain of what may befall him. -- To call back, to revoke or retract; to recall; to summon back. -- To call down, to pray for, as blessing or curses. -- To call forth, to bring or summon to action; as, to call forth all the faculties of the mind. -- To call in, (a) To collect; as, to call in debts or money; ar to withdraw from cirulation; as, to call in uncurrent coin. (b) To summon to one's side; to invite to come together; as, to call in neighbors. -- To call (any one) names, to apply contemptuous names (to any one). -- To call off, to summon away; to divert; as, to call off the attention; to call off workmen from their employment. -- To call out. (a) To summon to fight; to challenge. (b) To summon into service; as, to call out the militia. -- To call over, to recite separate particulars in order, as a roll of names. -- To call to account, to demand explanation of. -- To call to mind, to recollect; to revive in memory. -- To call to order, to request to come to order; as: (a) A public meeting, when opening it for business. (b) A person, when he is transgressing the rules of debate. -- To call to the bar, to admit to practice in courts of law. -- To call up. (a) To bring into view or recollection; as to call up the image of deceased friend. (b) To bring into action or discussion; to demand the consideration of; as, to call up a bill before a legislative body.

Syn. -- To name; denominate; invite; bid; summon; convoke; assemble; collect; exhort; warn; proclaim; invoke; appeal to; designate. -- To Call, Convoke, Summon. Call is the generic term; as, to call a public meeting. To convoke is to require the assembling of some organized body of men by an act of authority; as, the king convoked Parliament. To summon is to require attendance by an act more or less stringent anthority; as, to summon a witness.

Call, v. i. 1. To speak in loud voice; to cry out; to address by name; -- sometimes with to.

> You must call to the nurse.
> Shak.

> The angel of God called to Hagar.
> Gen. xxi. 17.

2. To make a demand, requirement, or request.

> They called for rooms, and he showed them one.
> Bunyan.

3. To make a brief visit; also, to stop at some place designated, as for orders.

> He ordered her to call at the house once a week.
> Temple.

To call for (a) To demand; to require; as, a crime calls for punishment; a survey, grant, or deed calls for the metes and bounds, or the quantity of land, etc., which it describes. (b) To give an order for; to request. "Whenever the coach stopped, the sailor called for more ale." Marryat. -- To call on, To call upon, (a) To make a short visit to; as, call on a friend. (b) To appeal to; to invite; to request earnestly; as, to call upon a person to make a speech. (c) To solicit payment, or make a demand, of a debt. (d) To invoke or play to; to worship; as, to call upon God. -- To call out To call or utter loudly; to brawl.

Call (?), n. 1. The act of calling; -- usually with the voice, but often otherwise, as by signs, the sound of some instrument, or by writing; a summons; an entreaty; an invitation; as, a call for help; the bugle's call. "Call of the trumpet." Shak.

> I rose as at thy call, but found thee not.
> Milton.

2. A signal, as on a drum, bugle, trumpet, or pipe, to summon soldiers or sailors to duty.

3. (Eccl.) An invitation to take charge of or serve a church as its pastor.

4. A requirement or appeal arising from the circumstances of the case; a moral requirement or appeal.

> Dependence is a perpetual call upon humanity.
> Addison.

> Running into danger without any call of duty.
> Macaulay.

5. A divine vocation or summons.

> St. Paul himself believed he did well, and that he had a call to it, when he persecuted the Christians.
> Locke.

6. Vocation; employment. [In this sense, calling is generally used.]

7. A short visit; as, to make a call on a neighbor; also, the daily coming of a tradesman to solicit orders.

> The baker's punctual call.
> Cowper.

8. (Hunting) A note blown on the horn to encourage the hounds.

9. (Naut.) A whistle or pipe, used by the boatswain and his mate, to summon the sailors to duty.

10. (Fowling) The cry of a bird; also a noise or cry in imitation of a bird; or a pipe to call birds by imitating their note or cry.

11. (Amer. Land Law) A reference to, or statement of, an object, course, distance, or other matter of description in a survey or grant requiring or calling for a corresponding object, etc., on the land.

12. The privilege to demand the delivery of stock, grain, or any commodity, at a fixed, price, at or within a certain time agreed on. [Brokers' Cant]

13. See Assessment, 4.

At call, or On call, liable to be demanded at any moment without previous notice; as money on deposit. -- Call bird, a bird taught to allure others into a snare. -- Call boy (a) A boy who calls the actors in a theater; a boy who transmits the orders of the captain of a vessel to the engineer, helmsman, etc. (b) A waiting boy who answers a cal, or cames at the ringing of a bell; a bell boy. -- Call note, the note naturally used by the male bird to call the female. It is artificially applied by birdcatchers as a decoy. Latham. -- Call of the house (Legislative Bodies), a calling over the names of members, to discover who is absent, or for other purposes; a calling of names with a view to obtaining the ayes and noes from the persons named. -- Call to the bar, admission to practice in the courts.

Cal"la (kl"l), n. [Linnæus derived Calla fr. Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?; a cock's wattles but cf. L. calla, calsa, name of an unknown plant, and Gr. kalo`s beautiful.] (Bot.) A genus of plants, of the order Araceæ.

The common Calla of cultivation is Richardia Africana, belonging to another genus of the same order. Its large spathe is pure white, surrounding a fleshy spike, which is covered with minute apetalous flowers.

Cal"lat (?), n. Same as Callet. [Obs.]

> A callat of boundless tongue.
> Shak.

Calle (?), n. [See Caul.] A kind of head covering; a caul. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Call"er (?), n. One who calls.

||Cal"ler (?), a. [Scot.] 1. Cool; refreshing; fresh; as, a caller day; the caller air. Jamieson.

2. Fresh; in good condition; as, caller berrings.

Cal"let (?), n. [Cf. Ir. & Gael. caile a country woman, strumpet.] A trull or prostitute; a scold or gossip. [Obs.] [Written also callat.]

Cal"let v. i. To rail or scold. [Obs.] Brathwait.

Cal"lid (?), a. [L. callidus, fr. callere to be thick-skinned, to be hardened, to be practiced, fr. callum, callus, callous skin, callosity, callousness.] Characterized by cunning or shrewdness; crafty. [R.]

Cal*lid"i*ty (?), n. [L. calliditas.] Acuteness of discernment; cunningness; shrewdness. [R.]

> Her eagly-eyed callidity.
> C. Smart.

Cal*lig"ra*pher (?), n. One skilled in calligraphy; a good penman.

{ Cal`li*graph"ic (?), Cal`li*graph"ic*al (?), } a., [Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?;; pref. &?;&?;&?;&?;&?;- (fr. &?;&?;&?;&?; beautiful) + &?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?; to write; cf. F. calligraphique.] Of or pertaining to calligraphy.

> Excellence in the calligraphic act.
> T. Warton.

Cal*lig"ra*phist (?), n. A calligrapher

Cal*lig"ra*phy, n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?;: cf. F. calligraphie.] Fair or elegant penmanship.

Call"ing (?), n. 1. The act of one who calls; a crying aloud, esp. in order to summon, or to attact the attention of, some one.

2. A summoning or convocation, as of Parliament.

> The frequent calling and meeting of Parlaiment.
> Macaulay.

3. A divine summons or invitation; also, the state of being divinely called.

> Who hath . . . called us with an holy calling.
> 2 Tim. i. 9.

> Give diligence to make yior calling . . . sure.
> 2 Pet. i. 10.

4. A naming, or inviting; a reading over or reciting in order, or a call of names with a view to obtaining an answer, as in legislative bodies.

5. One's usual occupation, or employment; vocation; business; trade.

> The humble calling of ter female parent.
> Thackeray.

6. The persons, collectively, engaged in any particular professions or employment.

> To impose celibacy on wholy callings.
> Hammond.

7. Title; appellation; name. [Obs.]

> I am more proud to be Sir Rowland's son
> His youngest son, and would not change that calling.
> Shak.

Syn. -- Occupation; employment; business; trade; profession; office; engagement; vocation.

Cal*li"o*pe (kl*l"*p), n. [L. Calliope, Gr. Kallio`ph, lit, the beautiful-voiced; pref. kalli- (from kalo`s beautiful) + 'o`ps, 'opo`s, voice.] 1. (Class. Myth.) The Muse that presides over eloquence and heroic poetry; mother of Orpheus, and chief of the nine Muses.

2. (Astron.) One of the asteroids. See Solar.

3. A musical instrument consisting of a series of steam whistles, toned to the notes of the scale, and played by keys arranged like those of an organ. It is sometimes attached to steamboat boilers.

4. (Zoöl.) A beautiful species of humming bird (Stellula Calliope) of California and adjacent regions.

||Cal`li*op"sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. pref. kalli- (fr. kalo`s beautiful) + 'o`psis appearance.] (Bot.) A popular name given to a few species of the genus Coreopsis, especially to C. tinctoria of Arkansas.

Cal`li*pash" (&?;), n. See Calipash.

Cal`li*pee" (&?;), n. See Calipee.

Cal`li*pers (&?;), n. pl. See Calipers.

Cal`li*sec"tion (?), n. [L. callere to be insensible + E. section.] Painless vivisection; -- opposed to sentisection. B. G. Wilder.

{ Cal`lis*then"ic, a., Cal`lis*then"ics (?), n. } See Calisthenic, Calisthenics.

Cal"li*thump` (?), n. A somewhat riotous parade, accompanied with the blowing of tin horns, and other discordant noises; also, a burlesque serenade; a charivari. [U. S.]

Cal`li*thump"i*an (?), a. Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a callithump. [U. S.]

Cal*lo"san (?), a. (Anat.) Of the callosum.

Cal"lose (?), a. [See Callous.] (Bot.) Furnished with protuberant or hardened spots.

Cal*los"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Callosities (#). [L. callasitas; cf. F. calosté.] A hard or thickened spot or protuberance; a hardening and thickening of the skin or bark of a part, eps. as a result of continued pressure or friction.

||Cal*lo"sum (?), n. [NL., fr. callosus callous, hard.] (Anat.) The great band commissural fibers which unites the two cerebral hemispheres. See corpus callosum, under Carpus.

Cal"lot (?), n. A plant coif or skullcap. Same as Calotte. B. Jonson.

Cal"lous (?), a. [L. callosus callous hard, fr. callum, callus, callous skin: cf. F. calleux.] 1. Hardened; indurated. "A callous hand." Goldsmith. "A callous ulcer." Dunglison.

2. Hardened in mind; insensible; unfeeling; unsusceptible. "The callous diplomatist." Macaulay.

> It is an immense blessing to be perfectly callous to ridicule.
> T. Arnold.

Syn. -- Obdurate; hard; hardened; indurated; insensible; unfeeling; unsusceptible. See Obdurate.

-- Cal"lous*ly, adv. -- Cal"lous*ness, n.

> A callousness and numbness of soul.
> Bentley.

Cal"low (?), a. [OE. calewe, calu, bald, AS. calu; akin to D. kaal, OHG. chalo, G. Kuhl; cf. L. calvus.]

1. Destitute of feathers; naked; unfledged.

> An in the leafy summit, spied a nest,
> Which, o'er the callow young, a sparrow pressed.
> Dryden.

2. Immature; boyish; "green"; as, a callow youth.

> I perceive by this, thou art but a callow maid.
> Old Play [1675].

Cal*low" (?), n. (Zoöl.) [Named from its note.] A kind of duck. See Old squaw.

Cal"lus (kl"ls), n. [L. See Callous.] 1. (Med.) (a) Same as Callosity. (b The material of repair in fractures of bone; a substance exuded at the site of fracture, which is at first soft or cartilaginous in consistence, but is ultimately converted into true bone and unites the fragments into a single piece.

2. (Hort.) The new formation over the end of a cutting, before it puts out rootlets.

Calm (käm), n. [OE. calme, F. calme, fr. It. or Sp. calma (cf. Pg. calma heat), prob. fr. LL. cauma heat, fr. Gr. kay^ma burning heat, fr. kai`ein to burn; either because during a great heat there is generally also a calm, or because the hot time of the day obliges us seek for shade and quiet; cf. Caustic] Freedom from motion, agitation, or disturbance; a cessation or absence of that which causes motion or disturbance, as of winds or waves; tranquility; stillness; quiet; serenity.

> The wind ceased, and there was a great calm.
> Mark. iv. 39.

> A calm before a storm is commonly a peace of a man's own making.
> South.

Calm, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Calmed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Calming.] [Cf. F. calmer. See Calm, n.] 1. To make calm; to render still or quiet, as elements; as, to calm the winds.

> To calm the tempest raised by Eolus.
> Dryden.

2. To deliver from agitation or excitement; to still or soothe, as the mind or passions.

> Passions which seem somewhat calmed.
> Atterbury.

Syn. -- To still; quiet; appease; allay; pacify; tranquilize; soothe; compose; assuage; check; restrain.

<! p. 206 !>

Calm (käm), a. [Compar. Calmer (-r); super. Calmest (-st)] 1. Not stormy; without motion, as of winds or waves; still; quiet; serene; undisturbed. "Calm was the day." Spenser.

> Now all is calm, and fresh, and still.
> Bryant.

2. Undisturbed by passion or emotion; not agitated or excited; tranquil; quiet in act or speech. "Calm and sinless peace." Milton. "With calm attention." Pope.

> Such calm old age as conscience pure
> And self-commanding hearts ensure.
> Keble.

Syn. -- Still; quiet; undisturbed; tranquil; peaceful; serene; composed; unruffled; sedate; collected; placid.

Calm"er (?), n. One who, or that which, makes calm.

Calm"ly (?), adv. In a calm manner.

> The gentle stream which calmly flows.
> Denham.

Calm"ness, n. The state of quality of being calm; quietness; tranquillity; self- repose.

> The gentle calmness of the flood.
> Denham.

> Hes calmness was the repose of conscious power.
> E. Everett.

Syn. -- Quietness; quietude; stillness; tranquillity; serenity; repose; composure; sedateness; placidity.

Cal"mucks (?), n. pl.; sing. Calmuck. A branch of the Mongolian race inhabiting parts of the Russian and Chinese empires; also (sing.), the language of the Calmucks. [Written also Kalmucks.]

Calm"y (?), a. [Fr. Calm, n.] Tranquil; peaceful; calm. [Poet.] "A still and calmy day" Spenser.

Cal"o*mel (kl"*ml), n. [Gr. kalo`s beautiful + me`las black. So called from its being white, though made from a black mixture of mercury and corrosive sublimate. Cf. F. calomélas.] (Chem.) Mild chloride of mercury, Hg2Cl2, a heavy, white or yellowish white substance, insoluble and tasteless, much used in medicine as a mercurial and purgative; mercurous chloride. It occurs native as the mineral horn quicksilver.

Cal`o*res"cence (?), n. [L. calor heat.] (Physics) The conversion of obscure radiant heat into light; the transmutation of rays of heat into others of higher refrangibility. Tyndall.

Ca*lor"ic (?), n. [L. calor heat; cf. F. calorique.] (Physics) The principle of heat, or the agent to which the phenomena of heat and combustion were formerly ascribed; -- not now used in scientific nomenclature, but sometimes used as a general term for heat.

> Caloric expands all bodies.
> Henry.

Ca*lor"ic, a. Of or pertaining to caloric.

Caloric engine, a kind of engine operated by heated air.

Cal`o*ric"ity (?), n. (Physiol.) A faculty in animals of developing and preserving the heat necessary to life, that is, the animal heat.

Ca*lor"i*duct (?), n. [L. calor heat (fr. calere to warm) + E. duct.] A tube or duct for conducting heat; a caliduct.

Cal"o*rie (?), n. [F., fr. L. calor heat.] (Physics) The unit of heat according to the French standard; the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one kilogram (sometimes, one gram) of water one degree centigrade, or from 0° to 1°. Compare the English standard unit, Foot pound.

Ca*lor`i*fa"cient (?), a. (Physiol.) See Calorificient.

Ca*lor"i*fere (?), n. [F. calorifère, fr. L. calor heat + ferre to bear.] An apparatus for conveying and distributing heat, especially by means of hot water circulating in tubes.

Ca*lor`i*fi"ant (?), a. (Physiol.) See Calorificient.

Cal`o*rif"ic (?), a. [L. calorificus; calor heat + facere to make; cf. F. calorifique.] Possessing the quality of producing heat; heating.

Calorific rays, the invisible, heating rays which emanate from the sun, and from burning and heated bodies.

Ca*lor`i*fi*ca"tion (k*lr`*f*k"shn), n. [Cf. F. calorification.] Production of heat, esp. animal heat.

Ca*lor`i*fi"cient (?), a. (Physiol.) Having, or relating to the power of producing heat; -- applied to foods which, being rich in carbon, as the fats, are supposed to give rise to heat in the animal body by oxidation.

Cal`o*rim"e*ter (?), n. [L. calor heat + -meter; cf. F. calorimètre.] 1. (Physiol.) An apparatus for measuring the amount of heat contained in bodies or developed by some mechanical or chemical process, as friction, chemical combination, combustion, etc.

2. (Engineering) An apparatus for measuring the proportion of unevaporated water contained in steam.

Ca*lor`i*met"ric (?), a. Of or pertaining to the process of using the calorimeter.

> Satisfactory calorimetric results.
> Nichol.

Cal`o*rim"e*try (?), n. (Physics) Measurement of the quantities of heat in bodies.

Ca*lor`i*mo"tor (?), n. [L. calor heat + E. motor.] (Physics) A voltaic battery, having a large surface of plate, and producing powerful heating effects.

{ ||Ca*lotte" (?), Cal"lot (?) }, n. [F. calotte, dim. of cale a sort of flat cap. Cf. Caul.] A close cap without visor or brim. Especially: (a) Such a cap, worn by English serjeants at law. (b) Such a cap, worn by the French cavalry under their helmets. (c) Such a cap, worn by the clergy of the Roman Catholic Church.

To assume the calotte, to become a priest.

Cal"o*type (?), n. [Gr. kalo`s beautiful + ty`pos type.] (Photog.) A method of taking photographic pictures, on paper sensitized with iodide of silver; -- also called Talbotype, from the inventor, Mr. Fox. Talbot.

Ca*loy"er (?), n. [F., fr. NGr. &?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?; a monk; kalo`s beautiful, good + &?;&?;&?;&?;&?;, equiv. to Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;&?; an old man.] A monk of the Greek Church; a cenobite, anchoret, or recluse of the rule of St. Basil, especially, one on or near Mt. Athos.

Calque, v. t. See 2d Calk, v. t.

{ Cal"trop (?), Cal"trap (?), } n. [OE. calketrappe, calletrappe, caltor (in both senses), fr. AS. collræppe, calcetreppe, sort of thistle; cf. F. chaussetrape star thistle, trap, It. calcatreppo, calcatreppolo, star thistle. Perh. from L. calx heel + the same word as E. trap. See 1st Trap.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of herbaceous plants (Tribulus) of the order Zygophylleæ, having a hard several- celled fruit, armed with stout spines, and resembling the military instrument of the same name. The species grow in warm countries, and are often very annoying to cattle.

2. (Mil.) An instrument with four iron points, so disposed that, any three of them being on the ground, the other projects upward. They are scattered on the ground where an enemy's cavalry are to pass, to impede their progress by endangering the horses' feet.

Ca*lum"ba (?), n. [from kalumb, its native name in Mozambique.] (Med.) The root of a plant (Jateorrhiza Calumba, and probably Cocculus palmatus), indigenous in Mozambique. It has an unpleasantly bitter taste, and is used as a tonic and antiseptic. [Written also colombo, columbo, and calombo.]

American calumba, the Frasera Carolinensis, also called American gentian. Its root has been used in medicine as bitter tonic in place of calumba.

Ca*lum"bin (?), n. (Chem.) A bitter principle extracted as a white crystalline substance from the calumba root. [Written also colombin, and columbin]

Cal"u*met (?), n. [F. calumet, fr. L. calamus reed. See Halm, and cf. Shawm.] A kind of pipe, used by the North American Indians for smoking tobacco. The bowl is usually made of soft red stone, and the tube is a long reed often ornamented with feathers.

> Smoked the calumet, the Peace pipe,
> As a signal to the nations.
> Lowgfellow.

The calumet is used as a symbol of peace. To accept the calumet is to agree to terms of peace, and to refuse it is to reject them. The calumet of peace is used to seal or ratify contracts and alliances, and as an evidence to strangers that they are welcome.

Ca*lum"ni*ate (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Calumniated; p. pr. & vb. n. calumniating.] [L. calumniatus, p. p. of calumniari. See Calumny, and cf. Challenge, v. t.] To accuse falsely and maliciously of a crime or offense, or of something disreputable; to slander; to libel.

> Hatred unto the truth did always falsely report and calumniate all godly men's doings.
> Strype.

Syn. -- To asperse; slander; defame; vilify; traduce; belie; bespatter; blacken; libel. See Asperse.

Ca*lum"ni*ate, v. i. To propagate evil reports with a design to injure the reputation of another; to make purposely false charges of some offense or crime.

Ca*lum`ni*a"tion (k*lm`n*"shn), n. False accusation of crime or offense, or a malicious and false representation of the words or actions of another, with a view to injure his good name.

> The calumniation of her principal counselors.
> Bacon.

Ca*lum`ni*a"tor (?), n. [L.] One who calumniates.

Syn. -- Slanderer; defamer; libeler; traducer.

Ca*lum"ni*a*to*ry (?), a. Containing calumny; slanderous. Montagu.

Ca*lum"ni*ous (?), a. [L. calumniosus.] Containing or implying calumny; false, malicious, and injurious to reputation; slanderous; as, calumnious reports.

> Virtue itself 'scapes not calumnious strokes.
> Shak.

. Slanderous; defamatory; scurrilous; opprobrious; derogatory; libelous; abusive.

-- Ca*lum"ni*ous*ly, adv. -- Ca*lum"ni*ous*ness, n.

Cal"um*ny (?), n.; pl. Calumnies (#). [L. calumnia, fr. calvi to devise tricks, deceive; cf. F. calomnie. Cf. Challenge, n.] False accusation of a crime or offense, maliciously made or reported, to the injury of another; malicious misrepresentation; slander; detraction. "Infamous calumnies." Motley.

> Be thou as chaste as ice, as pure as snow, thou shalt not escape calumny.
> Shak.

||Cal*va"ri*a (kl*v"r*), n. [L. See Calvary.] (Anat.) The bones of the cranium; more especially, the bones of the domelike upper portion.

Cal"va*ry (kl"v*r), n. [L. calvaria a bare skull, fr. calva the scalp without hair. fr. calvus bald; cf. F. calvaire.] 1. The place where Christ was crucified, on a small hill outside of Jerusalem. Luke xxiii. 33.

The Latin calvaria is a translation of the Greek krani`on of the Evangelists, which is an interpretation of the Hebrew Golgotha. Dr. W. Smith.

2. A representation of the crucifixion, consisting of three crosses with the figures of Christ and the thieves, often as large as life, and sometimes surrounded by figures of other personages who were present at the crucifixion.

3. (Her.) A cross, set upon three steps; -- more properly called cross calvary.

Calve (käv), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Calved 3; p. pr. & vb. n. Calving.] [AS. cealfian. See Calf.] 1. To bring forth a calf. "Their cow calveth." Job xxi. 10.

2. To bring forth young; to produce offspring.

> Canst thou mark when the hinds do calve?
> Job xxxix. 1.

> The grassy clods now calved.
> Molton.

Cal"ver (kl"vr), v. i. 1. To cut in slices and pickle, as salmon. [Obs.]

> For a change, leave calvered salmon and eat sprats.
> Massinger.

2. To crimp; as, calvered salmon. Nares.

Cal"ver, v. i. To bear, or be susceptible of, being calvered; as, grayling's flesh will calver. Catton.

Calves"*snout (?), n. (Bot.) Snapdragon.

Cal"vin*ism (?), n. [Cf. F. Calvinisme.] The theological tenets or doctrines of John Calvin (a French theologian and reformer of the 16th century) and his followers, or of the so-called calvinistic churches.

The distinguishing doctrines of this system, usually termed the five points of Calvinism, are original sin or total depravity, election or predestination, particular redemption, effectual calling, and the perseverance of the saints. It has been subject to many variations and modifications in different churches and at various times.

Cal"vin*ist (?), n. [Cf. F. Calviniste.] A follower of Calvin; a believer in Calvinism.

{ Cal`vin*is"tic (?), Cal`vin*is"tic*al (?), } a. Of or pertaining to Calvin, or Calvinism; following Calvin; accepting or Teaching Calvinism. "Calvinistic training." Lowell.

Cal"vin*ize (?), v. t. To convert to Calvinism.

Calv"ish (?), a. Like a calf; stupid. Sheldon.

Calx (?), n.; pl. E. Calxes (#), L. Calces (#). [L. Calx, calcis. limestone; cf. Gr. &?; gravel. &?;, &?;, pebble, Skr. &?; gravel, Ir. carraic rock Gael. carraig, W. careg, stone. Cf. Chalk.]

1. (Chem.) (a) Quicklime. [Obs.] (b) The substance which remains when a metal or mineral has been subjected to calcination or combustion by heat, and which is, or may be, reduced to a fine powder.

Metallic calxes are now called oxides.

2. Broken and refuse glass, returned to the post.

{ Ca*lyc`i*flo"ral (?), cal*lyc`i*flo"rous (?), } a. [L. calyx, -ycis, calyx + flos, floris, flower.] (Bot.) Having the petals and stamens adnate to the calyx; -- applied to a subclass of dicotyledonous plants in the system of the French botanist Candolle.

Ca*lyc"i*form (?), a. [L. calyx, calycis, calyx + -form.] (Bot.) Having the form or appearance of a calyx.

{ Ca*lyc"i*nal (?), Cal"y*cine (?), } a. (Bot.) Pertaining to a calyx; having the nature of a calyx.

Cal"y*cle (?), n. [L. calyculus small flower bud, calyx, dim. of calyx. See Calyx, and cf. Calicle.] (Bot.) A row of small bracts, at the base of the calyx, on the outside.

Cal"y*cled (?), a. (Bot.) Calyculate.

||Cal`y*co*zo"a (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, &?;, cup or calyx a flower + &?; animal.] (Zoöl.) A group of acalephs of which Lucernaria is the type. The body is cup-shaped with eight marginal lobes bearing clavate tentacles. An aboral sucker serves for attachment. The interior is divided into four large compartments. See Lucernarida.

Ca*lyc"u*lar (?), a. (Bot.) Pertaining to, or resembling, the bracts of a calycle.

{ Ca*lyc"u*late (?), Ca*lyc"u*la`ted (?) }, a. (Bot.) Having a set of bracts resembling a calyx.

Ca*lym"e*ne (?), n. [Gr. (&?;) concealed, p. p. of &?; to conceal.] (Zoöl.) A genus of trilobites characteristic of the Silurian age.

Cal"yon (?), n. Flint or pebble stone, used in building walls, etc. Haliwell.

Ca*lyp"so (k*lp"s), n. [The Latinized Greek name of a beautiful nymph.] (Bot.) A small and beautiful species of orchid, having a flower variegated with purple, pink, and yellow. It grows in cold and wet localities in the northern part of the United States. The Calypso borealis is the only orchid which reaches 68° N.

Ca*lyp"tra (k*lp"tr), n. [NL., fr. Gr. kaly`ptra a covering for the head, fr. kaly`ptein to cover.] (Bot.) A little hood or veil, resembling an extinguisher in form and position, covering each of the small flasklike capsules which contain the spores of mosses; also, any similar covering body.

Ca*lyp"tri*form (?), a. [Calyptra + -form.] Having the form a calyptra, or extinguisher.

Ca"lyx (k"lks; 277), n.; pl. E. Calyxes (#), L. Calyces (kl"*sz). [L. calyx, -ycis, fr. Gr. ka`lyx husk, shell, calyx, from the root of kaly`ptein to cover, conceal. Cf. Chalice Helmet.] 1. (Bot.) The covering of a flower. See Flower.

The calyx is usually green and foliaceous, but becomes delicate and petaloid in such flowers as the anemone and the four-o'clock. Each leaf of the calyx is called a sepal.

2. (Anat.) A cuplike division of the pelvis of the kidney, which surrounds one or more of the renal papillæ.

Cal*zoons" (kl*znz"), n. pl. [F. caleçons (cf. It. calzoni breeches), fr. L. calceus shoe.] Drawers. [Obs.]

Cam (km), n. [Dan. kam comb, ridge; or cf. W., Gael., and Ir., cam bent. See 1st Comb.] 1. (Med.) (a) A turning or sliding piece which, by the shape of its periphery or face, or a groove in its surface, imparts variable or intermittent motion to, or receives such motion from, a rod, lever, or block brought into sliding or rolling contact with it. (b) A curved wedge, movable about an axis, used for forcing or clamping two pieces together. (c) A projecting part of a wheel or other moving piece so shaped as to give alternate or variable motion to another piece against which it acts.

<! p. 207 !>

Cams are much used in machinery involving complicated, and irregular movements, as in the sewing machine, pin machine, etc.

2. A ridge or mound of earth. [Prow. Eng.] Wright.

Cam wheel (Mach.), a wheel with one or more projections (cams) or depressions upon its periphery or upon its face; one which is set or shaped eccentrically, so that its revolutions impart a varied, reciprocating, or intermittent motion.

Cam (?), a. [See Kam.] Crooked. [Obs.]

Ca*ma"ieu (?), n. [F.; of unknown origin. Cf. Cameo.] 1. A cameo. [Obs.] Crabb.

2. (Fine Arts) Painting in shades of one color; monochrome. Mollett.

Ca*mail" (?), n. [F. camail (cf. It. camaglio), fr. L. caput head + source of E. mail.] 1. (Ancient Armor) A neck guard of chain mall, hanging from the bascinet or other headpiece.

2. A hood of other material than mail; esp. (Eccl.), a hood worn in church services, -- the amice, or the like.

||Cam`a*ra*sau"rus (?), n. [NL. fr. Gr. &?; a vaulted chamber + &?; lizard.] (Paleon.) A genus of gigantic American Jurassic dinosaurs, having large cavities in the bodies of the dorsal vertebræ.

||Ca`ma*ril"la (?), n. [Sp., a small room.]

1. The private audience chamber of a king.

2. A company of secret and irresponsible advisers, as of a king; a cabal or clique.

Cam"ass (?), n. [American Indian name.] (Bot.) A blue-flowered liliaceous plant (Camassia esculenta) of northwestern America, the bulbs of which are collected for food by the Indians. [Written also camas, cammas, and quamash.]

The Eastern cammass is Camassia Fraseri.

Cam"ber (?), n. [Of. cambre bent, curved; akin to F. cambrer to vault, to bend, fr. L. camerare to arch over, fr. camera vault, arch. See Chamber, and cf. Camerate.] 1. (Shipbuilding) An upward convexity of a deck or other surface; as, she has a high camber (said of a vessel having an unusual convexity of deck).

2. (Arch.) An upward concavity in the under side of a beam, girder, or lintel; also, a slight upward concavity in a straight arch. See Hogback.

Camber arch (Arch.), an arch whose intrados, though apparently straight, has a slightly concave curve upward. -- Camber beam (Arch.), a beam whose under side has a concave curve upward.

Cam"ber, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cambered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Cambering.] To cut bend to an upward curve; to construct, as a deck, with an upward curve.

Cam"ber, v. i. To curve upward.

Cam"ber*keeled (?), a. (Naut.) Having the keel arched upwards, but not actually hogged; -- said of a ship.

Cam"bi*al (?), a. [LL. cambialis, fr. cambiars. See Change.] Belonging to exchanges in commerce; of exchange. [R.]

Cam"bist (?), n. [F. cambiste, It. cambista, fr. L. cambire to exchange. See Change.] A banker; a money changer or broker; one who deals in bills of exchange, or who is skilled in the science of exchange.

Cam"bist*ry (?), n. The science of exchange, weight, measures, etc.

Cam"bi*um (?), n. [LL. cambium exchange, fr. L. cambire to exchange. It was supposed that cambium was sap changing into wood.] 1. (Bot.) A series of formative cells lying outside of the wood proper and inside of the inner bark. The growth of new wood takes place in the cambium, which is very soft.

2. (Med.) A fancied nutritive juice, formerly supposed to originate in the blood, to repair losses of the system, and to promote its increase. Dunglison.

Cam"blet (?), n. See Camlet.

Cam*boge" (?), n. See Gamboge.

Cam*boose" (?), n. (Naut.) See Caboose.

Cam"bra*sine (?), n. A kind of linen cloth made in Egypt, and so named from its resemblance to cambric.

Cam"brel (?), n. See Gambrel, n., 2. Wright.

Cam"bri*a (?), n. The ancient Latin name of Wales. It is used by modern poets.

Cam"bri*an (?), a. 1. (Geog.) Of or pertaining to Cambria or Wales.

2. (Geol.) Of or pertaining to the lowest subdivision of the rocks of the Silurian or Molluscan age; -- sometimes described as inferior to the Silurian. It is named from its development in Cambria or Wales. See the Diagram under Geology.

Cam"bri*an, n. 1. A native of Cambria or Wales.

2. (Geol.) The Cambrian formation.

Cam"bric (?), n. [OE. camerike, fr. Cambrai (Flemish Kamerik), a city of France (formerly of Flanders), where it was first made.] 1. A fine, thin, and white fabric made of flax or linen.

> He hath ribbons of all the colors i' the rainbow; . . . inkles, caddises, cambrics, lawns.
> Shak.

2. A fabric made, in imitation of linen cambric, of fine, hardspun cotton, often with figures of various colors; -- also called cotton cambric, and cambric muslin.

Cam"bro-Brit"on (?), n. A Welshman.

Came (?), imp. of Come.

Came (?), n. [Cf. Scot. came, caim, comb, and OE. camet silver.] A slender rod of cast lead, with or without grooves, used, in casements and stained-glass windows, to hold together the panes or pieces of glass.

Cam"el (km"l), n. [Oe. camel, chamel, OF. camel, chamel, F. chameau L. camelus, fr. Gr. ka`mhlos; of Semitic origin; cf. Heb. gml, Ar. jamal. Cf. As. camel, fr. L. camelus.] 1. (Zoöl.) A large ruminant used in Asia and Africa for carrying burdens and for riding. The camel is remarkable for its ability to go a long time without drinking. Its hoofs are small, and situated at the extremities of the toes, and the weight of the animal rests on the callous. The dromedary (Camelus dromedarius) has one bunch on the back, while the Bactrian camel (C. Bactrianus) has two. The llama, alpaca, and vicuña, of South America, belong to a related genus (Auchenia).

2. (Naut.) A water-tight structure (as a large box or boxes) used to assist a vessel in passing over a shoal or bar or in navigating shallow water. By admitting water, the camel or camels may be sunk and attached beneath or at the sides of a vessel, and when the water is pumped out the vessel is lifted.

Camel bird (Zoöl.), the ostrich. -- Camel locust (Zoöl.), the mantis. -- Camel's thorn (Bot.), a low, leguminous shrub (Alhagi maurorum) of the Arabian desert, from which exudes a sweetish gum, which is one of the substances called manna.

Cam"el-backed` (?), a. Having a back like a camel; humpbacked. Fuller.

Ca*me"le*on (?), n. See Chaceleon. [Obs.]

Ca*mel"li*a (?), n. [NL.; -- named after Kamel, a Jesuit who is said to have brought it from the East.] (Bot.) An Asiatic genus of small shrubs, often with shining leaves and showy flowers. Camellia Japonica is much cultivated for ornament, and C. Sassanqua and C. oleifera are grown in China for the oil which is pressed from their seeds. The tea plant is now referred to this genus under the name of Camellia Thea.

Ca*mel"o*pard (k*ml"*pärd or km"l**pärd; 277), n. [LL. camelopardus, L. camelopardalus, camelopardalis, fr. Gr. kamhlopa`rdalis; ka`mhlos a camel + pa`rdalis pard, leopard: cf. F. camélopard. The camelopard has a neck and head like a camel, and is spotted like a pard. See Camel, and Pard.] (Zoöl.) An African ruminant; the giraffe. See Giraffe.

Came"lot (?), n. See Camelet. [Obs.]

Cam"els*hair` (?), a. Of camel's hair.

Camel's-hair pencil, a small brush used by painters in water colors, made of camel's hair or similar materials. -- Camel's-hair shawl. A name often given to a cashmere shawl. See Cashmere shawl under Cashmere.

Cam"e*o (?), n.; pl. Cameos (#). [It cammeo; akin to F. camée, camaïeu, Sp. camafeo, LL. camaeus, camahutus; of unknown origin.] A carving in relief, esp. one on a small scale used as a jewel for personal adornment, or like.

Most cameos are carved in a material which has layers of different colors, such stones as the onyx and sardonyx, and various kinds of shells, being used.

Cameo conch (Zoöl.), a large, marine, univalve shell, esp. Cassis cameo, C. rua, and allied species, used for cutting cameos. See Quern conch.

Cam"e*ra (?), n.; pl. E. Cameras (#), L. Camerae (#). [L. vault, arch, LL., chamber. See Chamber.] A chamber, or instrument having a chamber. Specifically: The camera obscura when used in photography. See Camera, and Camera obscura.

Bellows camera. See under Bellows. -- In camera (Law), in a judge's chamber, that is, privately; as, a judge hears testimony which is not fit for the open court in camera. -- Panoramic, or Pantascopic, camera, a photographic camera in which the lens and sensitized plate revolve so as to expose adjacent parts of the plate successively to the light, which reaches it through a narrow vertical slit; -- used in photographing broad landscapes. Abney.

Came"rade (?), n. See Comrade. [Obs.]

Cam`e*ra*lis"tic (?), a. Of or pertaining to finance and public revenue.

Cam`e*ra*lis"tics (?), n. [Cf. F. caméralistique, G. kameralistik, fr. L. camera vault, LL., chamber, treasury.] The science of finance or public revenue.

||Cam"e*ra lu"ci*da (?). [L. camera chamber + L. lucidus, lucida, lucid, light.] (Opt.) An instrument which by means of a prism of a peculiar form, or an arrangement of mirrors, causes an apparent image of an external object or objects to appear as if projected upon a plane surface, as of paper or canvas, so that the outlines may conveniently traced. It is generally used with the microscope.

||Cam"e*ra ob*scu"ra (?). [LL. camera chamber + L. obscurus, obscura, dark.] (Opt.) 1. An apparatus in which the images of external objects, formed by a convex lens or a concave mirror, are thrown on a paper or other white surface placed in the focus of the lens or mirror within a darkened chamber, or box, so that the outlines may be traced.

2. (Photog.) An apparatus in which the image of an external object or objects is, by means of lenses, thrown upon a sensitized plate or surface placed at the back of an extensible darkened box or chamber variously modified; -- commonly called simply the camera.

Cam"er*ate (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Camerated; p. pr. & vb. n. Camerzting.] [L. cameratus, p. p. of camerare. See Camber.] 1. To build in the form of a vault; to arch over.

2. To divide into chambers.

Cam`er*a"tion (?), n. [L. cameratio.] A vaulting or arching over. [R.]

||Ca`mer*lin"go (?), n. [It.] The papal chamberlain; the cardinal who presides over the pope's household. He has at times possessed great power. [Written also camerlengo and camarlengo.]

Cam`e*ro"ni*an (?), n. A follower of the Rev. Richard Cameron, a Scotch Covenanter of the time of Charles II.

Cameron and others refused to accept the "indulgence" offered the Presbyterian clergy, insisted on the Solemn league and Covenant, and in 1680 declared Charles II. deposed for tyranny, breach of faith, etc. Cameron was killed at the battle of Airdmoss, but his followers became a denomination (afterwards called Reformed Presbyterians) who refused to recognize laws or institutions which they believed contrary to the kingdom of Christ, but who now avail themselves of political rights.

Cam"is (km"s), n. [See Chemise.] A light, loose dress or robe. [Also written camus.] [Obs.]

> All in a camis light of purple silk.
> Spenser.

{ Cam`i*sade" (?), Cam`i*sa"do (?), } n. [F. camisade a night attack; cf. It. camiciata. See Camis.] [Obs.] (Mil.) (a) A shirt worn by soldiers over their uniform, in order to be able to recognize one another in a night attack. (b) An attack by surprise by soldiers wearing the camisado.

> Give them a camisado in night season.
> Holinshed.

||Cam"i*sard (?), n. [F.] One of the French Protestant insurgents who rebelled against Louis XIV, after the revocation of the edict of Nates; -- so called from the peasant's smock (camise) which they wore.

Cam"i*sa`ted (?), a. Dressed with a shirt over the other garments.

||Cam"i*sole (?), n. [F. See chemise.] 1. A short dressing jacket for women.

2. A kind of straitjacket.

Cam"let (?), n. [F. camelot (akin to Sp. camelote, chamelote, It. cambellbito, ciambellotto, LL. camelotum, camelinum, fr. Ar. khamlat camlet, fr. kaml pile, plush. The word was early confused with camel, camel's hair also being used in making it. Cf. Calamanco] A woven fabric originally made of camel's hair, now chiefly of goat's hair and silk, or of wool and cotton. [Sometimes written camelot and camblet.]

They have been made plain and twilled, of single warp and weft, of double warp, and sometimes with double weft also, with thicker yarn. Beck (Draper's Dict. )

Cam"let*ed, a. Wavy or undulating like camlet; veined. Sir T. Herbert.

Cam"mas (?), n. (Bot.) See Camass.

Cam"mock (?), n. [AS. cammoc.] (Bot.) A plant having long hard, crooked roots, the Ononis spinosa; -- called also rest- harrow. The Scandix Pecten-Veneris is also called cammock.

{ Cam"o*mile, Cham"o*mile } (?), n.[LL. camonilla, corrupted fr. Gr. &?;, lit. earth apple, being so called from the smell of its flower. See Humble, and Melon.] (Bot.) A genus of herbs (Anthemis) of the Composite family. The common camomile, A. nobilis, is used as a popular remedy. Its flowers have a strong and fragrant and a bitter, aromatic taste. They are tonic, febrifugal, and in large doses emetic, and the volatile oil is carminative.

||Ca*mon"flet (?), n. [F.] (Mil.) A small mine, sometimes formed in the wall or side of an enemy's gallery, to blow in the earth and cut off the retreat of the miners. Farrow.

{ Ca"mous (?), Ca"moys (?), } a. [F. camus (equiv. to camard) flat-nosed, fr. Celtic Cam croked + suff. -us; akin to L. camur, camurus, croked.] Flat; depressed; crooked; -- said only of the nose. [Obs.]

Ca"moused, (&?;), a. [From Camouse] Depressed; flattened. [Obs.]

> Though my nose be cammoused.
> B. Jonson

Ca"mous*ly, adv. Awry. [Obs.] Skelton.

Camp (kmp), n. [F. camp, It. campo, fr. L. campus plant, field; akin to Gr. kh^pos garden. Cf. Campaign, Champ, n.] 1. The ground or spot on which tents, huts, etc., are erected for shelter, as for an army or for lumbermen, etc. Shak.

2. A collection of tents, huts, etc., for shelter, commonly arranged in an orderly manner.

> Forming a camp in the neighborhood of Boston.
> W. Irving.

3. A single hut or shelter; as, a hunter's camp.

4. The company or body of persons encamped, as of soldiers, of surveyors, of lumbermen, etc.

> The camp broke up with the confusion of a flight.
> Macaulay.

5. (Agric.) A mound of earth in which potatoes and other vegetables are stored for protection against frost; -- called also burrow and pie. [Prov. Eng.]

6. [Cf. OE. & AS. camp contest, battle. See champion.] An ancient game of football, played in some parts of England. Halliwell.

Camp bedstead, a light bedstead that can be folded up onto a small space for easy transportation. -- camp ceiling (Arch.), a kind ceiling often used in attics or garrets, in which the side walls are inclined inward at the top, following the slope of the rafters, to meet the plane surface of the upper ceiling. -- Camp chair, a light chair that can be folded up compactly for easy transportation; the seat and back are often made of strips or pieces of carpet. -- Camp fever, typhus fever. -- Camp follower, a civilian accompanying an army, as a sutler, servant, etc. -- Camp meeting, a religious gathering for open-air preaching, held in some retired spot, chiefly by Methodists. It usually last for several days, during which those present lodge in tents, temporary houses, or cottages. -- Camp stool, the same as camp chair, except that the stool has no back. -- Flying camp (Mil.), a camp or body of troops formed for rapid motion from one place to another. Farrow. -- To pitch (a) camp, to set up the tents or huts of a camp. -- To strike camp, to take down the tents or huts of a camp.

Camp (kmp), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Camped (kmt; 215); p. pr. & vb n. Camping.] To afford rest or lodging for, as an army or travelers.

> Had our great palace the capacity
> To camp this host, we all would sup together.
> Shak.

<! p. 208 !>

Camp, v. i. 1. To pitch or prepare a camp; to encamp; to lodge in a camp; - - often with out.

> They camped out at night, under the stars.
> W. Irving.

2. [See Camp, n., 6] To play the game called camp. [Prov. Eng.] Tusser.

Cam*pa"gna (cm*pä"ny), n. [It. See Campaigg.] An open level tract of country; especially "Campagna di Roma." The extensive undulating plain which surrounds Rome.

Its length is commonly stated to be about ninety miles, and its breadth from twenty-seven to forty miles. The ground is almost entirely volcanic, and vapors which arise from the district produce malaria.

||Cam`pa`gnol" (?), n. [F. , fr. campagne field.] (Zoöl.) A mouse (Arvicala agrestis), called also meadow mouse, which often does great damage in fields and gardens, by feeding on roots and seeds.

Cam*paign" (?), n. [F. campagne, It. campagna, fr. L. Campania the level country about Naples, fr. campus field. See Camp, and cf. Champaign, Champagne.] 1. An open field; a large, open plain without considerable hills. SeeChampaign. Grath.

2. (Mil.) A connected series of military operations forming a distinct stage in a war; the time during which an army keeps the field. Wilhelm.

3. Political operations preceding an election; a canvass. [Cant, U. S.]

4. (Metal.) The period during which a blast furnace is continuously in operation.

Cam*paign" (?), v. i. To serve in a campaign.

Cam*paign"er (?), n. One who has served in an army in several campaigns; an old soldier; a veteran.

Cam*pa"na (?), n. [LL. campana bell. Cf. Campanle.] 1. (Eccl.) A church bell.

2. (Bot.) The pasque flower. Drayton.

3. (Doric Arch.) Same as Gutta.

Cam*paned" (?), a. (Her.) Furnished with, or bearing, campanes, or bells.

||Cam`pa*ne"ro (?), n. [Sp., a bellman.] (Zoöl.) The bellbird of South America. See Bellbird.

Cam*panes" (?), n. pl. [See Campana.] (Her.) Bells. [R.]

||Cam*pa"ni*a (?), n. [See Campaig.] Open country. Sir W. Temple.

Cam*pan"i*form (?), a. [LL. campana bell + -form: cf. F. companiforme.] Bell-shaped.

||Cam`pa*ni"le (?), n. [It. campanile bell tower, steeple, fr. It. & LL. campana bell.] (Arch.) A bell tower, esp. one built separate from a church.

> Many of the campaniles of Italy are lofty and magnificent structures.
> Swift.

Cam`pa*nil"i*form (?), a. [See Campaniform.] Bell-shaped; campanulate; campaniform.

Cam`pa*nol"o*gist (?), n. One skilled in campanology; a bell ringer.

Cam`pa*nol"o*gy (?), n. [LL. campana bell + -logy.] The art of ringing bells, or a treatise on the art.

||Cam*pan"u*la (km*pn"*l), n. [LL. campanula a little bell; dim. of campana bell.] (Bot.) A large genus of plants bearing bell-shaped flowers, often of great beauty; -- also called bellflower.

Cam*pan`u*la"ceous (km*pn`*l"shs), a. (Bot.) Of pertaining to, or resembling, the family of plants (Campanulaceæ) of which Campanula is the type, and which includes the Canterbury bell, the harebell, and the Venus's looking-glass.

Cam*pan`u*la"ri*an (?), n. [L. campanula a bell.] (Zoöl.) A hydroid of the family Campanularidæ, characterized by having the polyps or zooids inclosed in bell-shaped calicles or hydrothecæ.

Cam*pan"u*late (?), a. (Bot.) Bell-shaped.

Camp"bell*ite (?), n. [From Alexander Campbell, of Virginia.] (Eccl.) A member of the denomination called Christians or Disciples of Christ. They themselves repudiate the term Campbellite as a nickname. See Christian, 3.

Cam*peach"y Wood` (?). [From the bay of Campeachy, in Mexico.] Logwood.

Camp"er (?), n. One who lodges temporarily in a hut or camp.

{ Cam*pes"tral (?), Cam*pes"tri*an (?), } a. [L. campester, fr. campus field.] Relating to an open field; growing in a field, or open ground.

Camp"fight` (?), n. [Cf. Camp, n., 6.] (O. Eng. Law.) A duel; the decision of a case by a duel.

Cam"phene (km"fn or km*fn"), n. (Chem.) One of a series of substances C10H16, resembling camphor, regarded as modified terpenes.

Cam*phine" (km*fn" or km"fn), n. [From Camphor.] Rectified oil of turpentine, used for burning in lamps, and as a common solvent in varnishes.

The name is also applied to a mixture of this substance with three times its volume of alcohol and sometimes a little ether, used as an illuminant.

Cam"phire (km"fr), n. An old spelling of Camphor.

Cam"pho*gen (?), n. [Camphor + -gen: -- formerly so called as derived from camphor: cf. F. camphogène.] (Chem.) See Cymene.

Cam"phol (?), n. [Camphor + -ol.] (Chem.) See Borneol.

Cam"phor (km"fr), n. [OE. camfere, F. camphre (cf. It. canfora, Sp. camfora, alcanfor, LL. canfora, camphora, NGr. kafoyra`), fr. Ar. kfr, prob. fr. Skr. karpra.] 1. A tough, white, aromatic resin, or gum, obtained from different species of the Laurus family, esp. from Cinnamomum camphora (the Laurus camphora of Linnæus.). Camphor, C10H16O, is volatile and fragrant, and is used in medicine as a diaphoretic, a stimulant, or sedative.

2. A gum resembling ordinary camphor, obtained from a tree (Dryobalanops camphora) growing in Sumatra and Borneo; -- called also Malay camphor, camphor of Borneo, or borneol. See Borneol.

The name camphor is also applied to a number of bodies of similar appearance and properties, as cedar camphor, obtained from the red or pencil cedar (Juniperus Virginiana), and peppermint camphor, or menthol, obtained from the oil of peppermint.

Camphor oil (Chem.), name variously given to certain oil-like products, obtained especially from the camphor tree. -- Camphor tree, a large evergreen tree (Cinnamomum Camphora) with lax, smooth branches and shining triple-nerved lanceolate leaves, probably native in China, but now cultivated in most warm countries. Camphor is collected by a process of steaming the chips of the wood and subliming the product.

Cam"phor (?), v. t. To impregnate or wash with camphor; to camphorate. [R.] Tatler.

Cam`pho*ra"ceous (?), a. Of the nature of camphor; containing camphor. Dunglison.

Cam"phor*ate (?), v. t. To impregnate or treat with camphor.

Cam"phor*ate (?), n. [Cf. F. camphorate.] (Chem.) A salt of camphoric acid.

{ Cam"phor*ate (?), Cam"por*a`ted (?), }Combined or impregnated with camphor.

Camphorated oil, an oleaginous preparation containing camphor, much used as an embrocation.

Cam*phor"ic (?), a. [Cf. F. camphorique.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or derived from, camphor.

Camphoric acid, a white crystallizable substance, C10H16O4, obtained from the oxidation of camphor.

Other acids of camphor are campholic acid, C10H18O2, and camphoronic acid, C9H12O5, white crystallizable substances.

Cam*phret"ic (?), a. [rom Camphor.] Pertaining to, or derived from camphor. [R.]

Camp"ing (?), n. 1. Lodging in a camp.

2. [See Camp, n., 6] A game of football. [Prov. Eng.]

Cam"pi*on (?), n. [Prob. fr. L. campus field.] (Bot.) A plant of the Pink family (Cucubalus bacciferus), bearing berries regarded as poisonous.

Bladder campion, a plant of the Pink family (Cucubalus Behen or Silene inflata), having a much inflated calyx. See Behen. -- Rose campion, a garden plant (Lychnis coronaria) with handsome crimson flowers.

||Cam"pus (?), n. [L., a field.] The principal grounds of a college or school, between the buildings or within the main inclosure; as, the college campus.

Cam`py*lo*sper"mous (?), a. [Gr. &?; curved + &?; seed.] (Bot.) Having seeds grooved lengthwise on the inner face, as in sweet cicely.

Cam`py*lot"ro*pous (?), a. [Gr. &?; curved + &?; a turning.] (Bot.) Having the ovules and seeds so curved, or bent down upon themselves, that the ends of the embryo are brought close together.

Cam"us (?), n. See Camis. [Obs.]

Cam"wood (?), n. See Barwood.

Can (?), an obs. form of began, imp. & p. p. of Begin, sometimes used in old poetry. [See Gan.]

> With gentle words he can faile gree.
> Spenser.

Can, n. [OE. & AS. canne; akin to D. Kan, G. Kanne, OHG. channa, Sw. Kanna, Dan. kande.] 1. A drinking cup; a vessel for holding liquids. [Shak. ]

> Fill the cup and fill can,
> Have a rouse before the morn.
> Tennyson.

2. A vessel or case of tinned iron or of sheet metal, of various forms, but usually cylindrical; as, a can of tomatoes; an oil can; a milk can.

A can may be a cylinder open at the top, as for receiving the sliver from a carding machine, or with a removable cover or stopper, as for holding tea, spices, milk, oysters, etc., or with handle and spout, as for holding oil, or hermetically sealed, in canning meats, fruits, etc. The name is also sometimes given to the small glass or earthenware jar used in canning.

Can (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Canned (?); p. pr. &vb. n. Canning.] To preserve by putting in sealed cans [U. S.] "Canned meats" W. D. Howells.

Canned goods, a general name for fruit, vegetables, meat, or fish, preserved in hermetically sealed cans.

Can (?), v. t. & i. [The transitive use is obsolete.] [imp. Could (#).] [OE. cunnen, cannen (1st sing. pres. I can), to know, know how, be able, AS. cunnan, 1st sing. pres. ic cann or can, pl. cunnon, 1st sing. imp. cðe (for cunðe); p. p. cð (for cunð); akin to OS. Kunnan, D. Kunnen, OHG. chunnan, G. können, Icel. kunna, Goth. Kunnan, and E. ken to know. The present tense I can (AS. ic cann) was originally a preterit, meaning I have known or Learned, and hence I know, know how. √45. See Ken, Know; cf. Con, Cunning, Uncouth.] 1. To know; to understand. [Obs.]

> I can rimes of Rodin Hood.
> Piers Plowman.

> I can no Latin, quod she.
> Piers Plowman.

> Let the priest in surplice white,
> That defunctive music can.
> Shak.

2. To be able to do; to have power or influence. [Obs.]

> The will of Him who all things can.
> Milton.

> For what, alas, can these my single arms?
> Shak.

> Mæcænas and Agrippa, who can most with Cæsar.
> Beau. & Fl.

3. To be able; -- followed by an infinitive without to; as, I can go, but do not wish to.

Syn. -- Can but, Can not but. It is an error to use the former of these phrases where the sens requires the latter. If we say, "I can but perish if I go," "But" means only, and denotes that this is all or the worst that can happen. When the apostle Peter said. "We can not but speak of the things which we have seen and heard." he referred to a moral constraint or necessety which rested upon him and his associates; and the meaning was, We cannot help speaking, We cannot refrain from speaking. This idea of a moral necessity or constraint is of frequent occurrence, and is also expressed in the phrase, "I can not help it." Thus we say. "I can not but hope," "I can not but believe," "I can not but think," "I can not but remark," etc., in cases in which it would be an error to use the phrase can but.

> Yet he could not but acknowledge to himself that there was something calculated to impress awe, . . . in the sudden appearances and vanishings . . . of the masque
> De Quincey.

> Tom felt that this was a rebuff for him, and could not but understand it as a left-handed hit at his employer.
> Dickens.

Ca"naan*ite (?), n. 1. A descendant of Canaan, the son of Ham, and grandson of Noah.

2. A Native or inhabitant of the land of Canaan, esp. a member of any of the tribes who inhabited Canaan at the time of the exodus of the Israelites from Egypt.

Ca"naan*ite, n. [From an Aramaic word signifying "zeal."] A zealot. "Simon the Canaanite." Matt. x. 4.

This was the "Simon called Zelotes" (Luke vi. 15), i.e., Simon the zealot. Kitto.

Ca"naan*i`tish (?), a. Of or pertaining to Canaan or the Canaanites.

||Ca*ña"da (?), n. [Sp.] A small cañon; a narrow valley or glen; also, but less frequently, an open valley. [Local, Western U. S.]

Can"a*da (?), n. A British province in North America, giving its name to various plants and animals.

Canada balsam. See under Balsam. -- Canada goose. (Zoöl.) See Wild goose. -- Canada jay. See Whisky Jack. -- Canada lynx. (Zoöl.) See Lynx. -- Canada porcupine (Zoöl.) See Porcupine, and Urson. -- Canada rice (Bot.) See under Rick. -- Canada robin (Zoöl.), the cedar bird.

Ca*na"di*an (?), a. Of or pertaining to Canada. -- n. A native or inhabitant of Canada.

Canadian period (Geol.), A subdivision of the American Lower Silurian system embracing the calciferous, Quebec, and Chazy epochs. This period immediately follows the primordial or Cambrian period, and is by many geologists regarded as the beginning of the Silurian age, See the Diagram, under Geology.

Ca*naille" (?), n. [F. canaille (cf. It. canaglia), prop. and orig. a pack of dogs, fr. L. Canis dog.]

1. The lowest class of people; the rabble; the vulgar.

2. Shorts or inferior flour. [Canadian]

Can"a*kin (?), n. [Dim. of can.] A little can or cup. "And let me the canakin clink." Shak.

Ca*nal" (?), n. [F. canal, from L. canalis canal, channel; prob. from a root signifying "to cut"; cf. D. kanaal, fr. the French. Cf. Channel, Kennel gutter.]

1. An artificial channel filled with water and designed for navigation, or for irrigating land, etc.

2. (Anat.) A tube or duct; as, the alimentary canal; the semicircular canals of the ear.

Canal boat, a boat for use on a canal; esp. one of peculiar shape, carrying freight, and drawn by horses walking on the towpath beside the canal. -- Canal lock. See Lock.

Can"al coal` (?). See Cannel coal.

{ Can`a*lic"u*late (?), Can`a*lic"u*la`ted (?), } a. [L. canaliculatus channeled, fr. canaliculus, dim. of canalis. See Canal.] Having a channel or groove, as in the leafstalks of most palms.

||Can`a*lic"u*lus (?), n.; pl. Canaliculi (#). [L.] (Anat.) A minute canal.

Ca*nal`i*za"tion (?), n. Construction of, or furnishing with, a canal or canals. [R.]

Ca*nard" (?), n. [F., properly, a duck.] An extravagant or absurd report or story; a fabricated sensational report or statement; esp. one set afloat in the newspapers to hoax the public.

Can`a*rese" (?), a. Pertaining to Canara, a district of British India.

Ca*na"ry (?), a. [F. Canarie, L. Canaria insula one of the Canary islands, said to be so called from its large dogs, fr. canis dog.] 1. Of or pertaining to the Canary Islands; as, canary wine; canary birds.

2. Of a pale yellowish color; as, Canary stone.

Canary grass, a grass of the genus Phalaris (P. Canariensis), producing the seed used as food for canary birds. -- Canary stone (Min.), a yellow species of carnelian, named from its resemblance in color to the plumage of the canary bird. -- Canary wood, the beautiful wood of the trees Persea Indica and P. Canariensis, natives of Madeira and the Canary Islands. -- Canary vine. See Canary bird flower, under Canary bird.

Ca*na"ry, n.; pl. Canaries (#). 1. Wine made in the Canary Islands; sack. "A cup of canary." Shak.

2. A canary bird.

3. A pale yellow color, like that of a canary bird.

4. A quick and lively dance. [Obs.]

> Make you dance canary
> With sprightly fire and motion.
> Shak.

Ca*na"ry (?), v. i. To perform the canary dance; to move nimbly; to caper. [Obs.]

> But to jig of a tune at the tongue's end, canary to it with your feet.
> Shak.

Ca*na"ry bird` (?). (Zoöl.) A small singing bird of the Finch family (Serinus Canarius), a native of the Canary Islands. It was brought to Europe in the 16th century, and made a household pet. It generally has a yellowish body with the wings and tail greenish, but in its wild state it is more frequently of gray or brown color. It is sometimes called canary finch.

<! p. 209 !>

Canary bird flower (Bot.), a climbing plant (Tropæolum peregrinum) with canary- colored flowers of peculiar form; -- called also canary vine.

Ca*nas"ter (?), n. [Sp. canasta, canastro, basket, fr. L. canistrum. See Canister.] A kind of tobacco for smoking, made of the dried leaves, coarsely broken; -- so called from the rush baskets in which it is packed in South America. McElrath.

Can" buoy` (?). See under Buoy, n.

||Can"can (?), n. [F.] A rollicking French dance, accompanied by indecorous or extravagant postures and gestures.

Can"cel (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Canceled or Cancelled (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Canceling or Cancelling.] [L. cancellare to make like a lattice, to strike or cross out (cf. Fr. canceller, OF. canceler) fr. cancelli lattice, crossbars, dim. of cancer lattice; cf. Gr. &?; latticed gate. Cf. Chancel.] 1. To inclose or surround, as with a railing, or with latticework. [Obs.]

> A little obscure place canceled in with iron work is the pillar or stump at which . . . our Savior was scourged.
> Evelyn.

2. To shut out, as with a railing or with latticework; to exclude. [Obs.] "Canceled from heaven." Milton.

3. To cross and deface, as the lines of a writing, or as a word or figure; to mark out by a cross line; to blot out or obliterate.

> A deed may be avoided by delivering it up to be cancelled; that is, to have lines drawn over it in the form of latticework or cancelli; though the phrase is now used figuratively for any manner of obliterating or defacing it.
> Blackstone.

4. To annul or destroy; to revoke or recall.

> The indentures were canceled.
> Thackeray.

> He was unwilling to cancel the interest created through former secret services, by being refractory on this occasion.
> Sir W. Scott.

5. (Print.) To suppress or omit; to strike out, as matter in type.

Canceled figures (Print), figures cast with a line across the face., as for use in arithmetics.

Syn. -- To blot out; obliterate; deface; erase; efface; expunge; annul; abolish; revoke; abrogate; repeal; destroy; do away; set aside. See Abolish.

Can"cel, n. [See Cancel, v. i., and cf. Chancel.]

1. An inclosure; a boundary; a limit. [Obs.]

> A prison is but a retirement, and opportunity of serious thoughts, to a person whose spirit . . . desires no enlargement beyond the cancels of the body.
> Jer. Taylor.

2. (Print) (a) The suppression or striking out of matter in type, or of a printed page or pages. (b) The part thus suppressed.

Can`cel*ier" (?), v. i. [F. chanceler, OF. canseler, to waver, orig. to cross the legs so as not to fall; from the same word as E. cancel.] (Falconry) To turn in flight; -- said of a hawk. [Obs.] Nares.

> He makes his stoop; but wanting breath, is forced
> To cancelier.
> Massinger.

{ Can`cel*ier" (?), Can"cel*eer (?) }, n. (Falconry) The turn of a hawk upon the wing to recover herself, when she misses her aim in the stoop. [Obs.]

> The fierce and eager hawks, down thrilling from the skies,
> Make sundry canceliers ere they the fowl can reach.
> Drayton.

Can`cel*la"re*an (?), a. Cancellarean. [R.]

Can"cel*late (?), a. [L. cancellatus, p. p. of cancellare, See Cancel, v. t.] 1. (Bot.) Consisting of a network of veins, without intermediate parenchyma, as the leaves of certain plants; latticelike.

2. (Zoöl.) Having the surface coveres with raised lines, crossing at right angles.

Can"cel*la`ted (?), a. 1. Crossbarred; marked with cross lines. Grew.

2. (Anat.) Open or spongy, as some porous bones.

Can`cel*la"tion (?), n. [L. cancellatio: cf. F. cancellation.] 1. The act, process, or result of canceling; as, the cansellation of certain words in a contract, or of the contract itself.

2. (Math.) The operation of striking out common factors, in both the dividend and divisor.

||Can*cel"li (?), n. pl. [L., a lattice. See Cancel, v. t.] 1. An interwoven or latticed wall or inclosure; latticework, rails, or crossbars, as around the bar of a court of justice, between the chancel and the nave of a church, or in a window.

2. (Anat.) The interlacing osseous plates constituting the elastic porous tissue of certain parts of the bones, esp. in their articular extremities.

Can"cel*lous (?), a. [Cf. L. cancellosus covered with bars.] (Anat.) Having a spongy or porous structure; made up of cancelli; cancellated; as, the cancellous texture of parts of many bones.

Can"cer (?), n. [L. cancer, cancri, crab, ulcer, a sign of the zodiac; akin to Gr. karki`nos, Skr. karkaa crab, and prob. Skr. karkara hard, the crab being named from its hard shell. Cf. Canner, Chancre.] 1. (Zoöl.) A genus of decapod Crustacea, including some of the most common shore crabs of Europe and North America, as the rock crab, Jonah crab, etc. See Crab.

2. (Astron.) (a) The fourth of the twelve signs of the zodiac. The first point is the northern limit of the sun's course in summer; hence, the sign of the summer solstice. See Tropic. (b) A northern constellation between Gemini and Leo.

3. (Med.) Formerly, any malignant growth, esp. one attended with great pain and ulceration, with cachexia and progressive emaciation. It was so called, perhaps, from the great veins which surround it, compared by the ancients to the claws of a crab. The term is now restricted to such a growth made up of aggregations of epithelial cells, either without support or embedded in the meshes of a trabecular framework.

Four kinds of cancers are recognized: (1) Epithelial cancer, or Epithelioma, in which there is no trabecular framework. See Epithelioma. (2) Scirrhous cancer, or Hard cancer, in which the framework predominates, and the tumor is of hard consistence and slow growth. (3) Encephaloid, Medullary, or Soft cancer, in which the cellular element predominates, and the tumor is soft, grows rapidy, and often ulcerates. (4) Colloid cancer, in which the cancerous structure becomes gelatinous. The last three varieties are also called carcinoma.

Cancer cells, cells once believed to be peculiar to cancers, but now know to be epithelial cells differing in no respect from those found elsewhere in the body, and distinguished only by peculiarity of location and grouping. -- Cancer root (Bot.), the name of several low plants, mostly parasitic on roots, as the beech drops, the squawroot, etc. -- Tropic of Cancer. See Tropic.

Can"cer*ate (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cancerated.] [LL. canceratus eaten by a cancer. See Cancer.] To grow into a cancer; to become cancerous. Boyle.

Can`cer*a"tion (?), n. The act or state of becoming cancerous or growing into a cancer.

Can"cer*ite (?), n. [Cf. F. cancéreux.] Like a cancer; having the qualities or virulence of a cancer; affected with cancer. "Cancerous vices." G. Eliot.

Can"cer*ous (?), a. [Cf. F. cancéreux] Like a cancer; having the qualities or virulence of a cancer; affected with cancer. "cancerous vices" G. Eliot.
[1913 Webster]

-- Can"cer*ous*ly, adv. -- Can"cer*ous*ness, n.

Can"cri*form (?), a. [Cancer + -form; cf. F. cancriforme.] 1. Having the form of, or resembling, a crab; crab- shaped.

2. Like a cancer; cancerous.

Can"crine (?), a. [From Cancer.] Having the qualities of a crab; crablike.

Can"cri*nite (?), n. [Named after Count Cancrin, a minister of finance in Russia.] (Min.) A mineral occurring in hexagonal crystals, also massive, generally of a yellow color, containing silica, alumina, lime, soda, and carbon dioxide.

Can"croid (?), a. [Cancer + oid.] 1. (Zoöl.) Resembling a crab; pertaining to the Cancroidea, one of the families of crabs, including the genus Cancer.

2. Like a cancer; as, a cancroid tumor.

Cand (?), n. Fluor spar. See Kand.

Can`de*la"brum (?) n.; pl. L. Candelabra (#), E. Candelabrums (#). [L., fr. candela candle. See candle.] 1. (Antiq.) (a) A lamp stand of any sort. (b) A highly ornamented stand of marble or other ponderous material, usually having three feet, -- frequently a votive offering to a temple.

2. A large candlestick, having several branches.

Can`dent (?), a. [L. candens, p. pr. of candëre to glitter. See Candid.] Heated to whiteness; glowing with heat. "A candent vessel." Boyle.

||Can"de*ros (?), n. An East Indian resin, of a pellucid white color, from which small ornaments and toys are sometimes made.

Can*des"cence (?), n. See Incandescence.

Can"di*cant (?), a. [L. candicans, p. pr. of candicare to be whitish.] Growing white. [Obs.]

Can*did (kn"dd), a. [F. candide (cf. It. candido), L. candidus white, fr. candre to be of a glowing white; akin to accendre, incendre, to set on fire, Skr. chand to shine. Cf. Candle, Incense.] 1. White. [Obs.]

> The box receives all black; but poured from thence,
> The stones came candid forth, the hue of innocence.
> Dryden.

2. Free from undue bias; disposed to think and judge according to truth and justice, or without partiality or prejudice; fair; just; impartial; as, a candid opinion. "Candid and dispassionate men." W. Irving.

3. Open; frank; ingenuous; outspoken.

Syn. -- Fair; open; ingenuous; impartial; just; frank; artless; unbiased; equitable. -- Candid, Fair, Open, Frank, Ingenuous. A man is fair when he puts things on a just or equitable footing; he is candid when be looks impartially on both sides of a subject, doing justice especially to the motives and conduct of an opponent; he is open and frank when he declares his sentiments without reserve; he is ingenuous when he does this from a noble regard for truth. Fair dealing; candid investigation; an open temper; a frank disposition; an ingenuous answer or declaration.

Can"di*da*cy (?), n. The position of a candidate; state of being a candidate; candidateship.

Can"di*date (?), n. [L. Candidatus, n. (because candidates for office in Rome were clothed in a white toga.) fr. candidatus clothed in white, fr. candiduslittering, white: cf. F. candidat.] One who offers himself, or is put forward by others, as a suitable person or an aspirant or contestant for an office, privilege, or honor; as, a candidate for the office of governor; a candidate for holy orders; a candidate for scholastic honors.

Can"di*date*ship, n. Candidacy.

Can"di*da`ting (?), n. The taking of the position of a candidate; specifically, the preaching of a clergyman with a view to settlement. [Cant, U. S.]

Can"di*da*ture (?), n. Candidacy.

Can"did*ly (?), adv. In a candid manner.

Can"did*ness, n. The quality of being candid.

Can"died (?), a. [From 1st Candy.] 1. Preserved in or with sugar; incrusted with a candylike substance; as, candied fruits.

2. (a) Converted wholly or partially into sugar or candy; as candied sirup. (b) Conted or more or less with sugar; as, candidied raisins. (c) Figuratively; Honeyed; sweet; flattering.

> Let the candied tongue lick absurd pomp.
> Shak.

3. Covered or incrusted with that which resembles sugar or candy.

> Will the cold brook,
> Candiedwith ice, caudle thy morning tast?
> Shak.

Can"di*fy (?), v. t. or v. i. [L. candificare; candëre to be white + - facere to make.] To make or become white, or candied. [R.]

Can"di*ot (?), a. [Cf. F. candiote.] Of or pertaining to Candia; Cretary.

Can"dite (?), n. (Min.) A variety of spinel, of a dark color, found at Candy, in Ceylon.

Can"dle (?), n. [OE. candel, candel, AS, candel, fr. L. candela a (white) light made of wax or tallow, fr. candëre to be white. See Candid, and cf. Chandler, Cannel, Kindle.] 1. A slender, cylindrical body of tallow, containing a wick composed of loosely twisted linen of cotton threads, and used to furnish light.

> How far that little candle throws his beams!
> So shines a good deed in a naughty world.
> Shak.

Candles are usually made by repeatedly dipping the wicks in the melted tallow, etc. ("dipped candles"), or by casting or running in a mold.

2. That which gives light; a luminary.

> By these blessed candles of the night.
> Shak.

Candle nut, the fruit of a euphorbiaceous shrub (Aleurites triloba), a native of some of the Pacific islands; -- socalled because, when dry, it will burn with a bright flame, and is used by the natives as a candle. The oil has many uses. -- Candle power (Photom.), illuminating power, as of a lamp, or gas flame, reckoned in terms of the light of a standard candle. -- Electric candle, A modification of the electric arc lamp, in which the carbon rods, instead of being placed end to end, are arranged side by side, and at a distance suitable for the formation of the arc at the tip; -- called also, from the name of the inventor, Jablockoff candle. -- Excommunication by inch of candle, a form of excommunication in which the offender is allowed time to repent only while a candle burns. -- Not worth the candle, not worth the cost or trouble. -- Rush candle, a candle made of the pith of certain rushes, peeled except on one side, and dipped in grease. -- Sale by inch of candle, an auction in which persons are allowed to bid only till a small piece of candle burns out. -- Standard candle (Photom.), a special form of candle employed as a standard in photometric measurements; usually, a candle of spermaceti so constructed as to burn at the rate of 120 grains, or 7.8 grams, per hour. -- To curse by bell, book and candle. See under Bell.

Can"dle*ber`ry tree (?). (Bot.) A shrub (the Myrica cerifera, or wax-bearing myrtle), common in North America, the little nuts of which are covered with a greenish white wax, which was formerly, used for hardening candles; -- also called bayberry tree, bayberry, or candleberry.

Can"dle*bomb` (#), n. 1. A small glass bubble, filled with water, which, if placed in the flame of a candle, bursts by expansion of steam.

2. A pasteboard shell used in signaling. It is filled with a composition which makes a brilliant light when it explodes. Farrow.

Can"dle coal` (#). See Cannel coal.

Can"dle*fish` (#), n. (Zoöl.) (a) A marine fish (Thaleichthys Pacificus), allied to the smelt, found on the north Pacific coast; -- called also eulachon. It is so oily that, when dried, it may be used as a candle, by drawing a wick through it. (b) The beshow.

Can"dle*hold`er (#), n. One who, or that which, holds a candle; also, one who assists another, but is otherwise not of importance. Shak.

Can"dle*light`, n. The light of a candle.

> Never went by candlelight to bed.
> Dryden.

Can"dle*mas (#), n. [AS. candelmæsse, candel candle + mæsse mass.] The second day of February, on which is celebrated the feast of the Purification of the Virgin Mary; -- so called because the candles for the altar or other sacred uses are blessed on that day.

Can"dle*stick` (?), n. [AS. candel-sticca; candel candle + sticca stick.] An instrument or utensil for supporting a candle.

Can"dle*wast`er (?), n. One who consumes candles by being up late for study or dissipation.

> A bookworm, a candlewaster.
> B. Jonson.

Can"dock (?) n. [Prob. fr. can + dock (the plant). Cf. G. kannenkraut horsetail, lit. "canweed."] (Bot.) A plant or weed that grows in rivers; a species of Equisetum; also, the yellow frog lily (Nuphar luteum).

Can"dor (?), n. [Written also candour.] [L. candor, fr. candëre; cf. F. candeur. See candid.]

1. Whiteness; brightness; (as applied to moral conditions) usullied purity; innocence. [Obs.]

> Nor yor unquestioned integrity
> Shall e'er be sullied with one taint or spot
> That may take from your innocence and candor.
> Massinger.

2. A disposition to treat subjects with fairness; freedom from prejudice or disguise; frankness; sincerity.

> Attribute superior sagacity and candor to those who held that side of the question.
> Whewell.

Can"droy (?), n. A machine for spreading out cotton cloths to prepare them for printing.

Can"dy (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Candied (?); p. pr & vb. n. Candying.] [F. candir (cf. It. candire, Sp. azúcar cande or candi), fr. Ar. & Pers. qand, fr. Skr. Khan.d.da piece, sugar in pieces or lumps, fr. khan.d., khad. to break.] 1. To conserve or boil in sugar; as, to candy fruits; to candy ginger.

2. To make sugar crystals of or in; to form into a mass resembling candy; as, to candy sirup.

3. To incrust with sugar or with candy, or with that which resembles sugar or candy.

> Those frosts that winter brings
> Which candy every green.
> Drayson.

<! p. 210 !>

Can"dy (?), v. i. 1. To have sugar crystals form in or on; as, fruits preserved in sugar candy after a time.

2. To be formed into candy; to solidify in a candylike form or mass.

Can"dy n. [F. candi. See Candy, v. t.] A more or less solid article of confectionery made by boiling sugar or molasses to the desired consistency, and than crystallizing, molding, or working in the required shape. It is often flavored or colored, and sometimes contains fruit, nuts, etc.

||Candy, n. [Mahratta khan.d., Tamil kan.d.i.] A weight, at Madras 500 pounds, at Bombay 560 pounds.

Can"dy*tuft` (?), n. (Bot.) An annual plant of the genus Iberis, cultivated in gardens. The name was originally given to the I. umbellata, first, discovered in the island of Candia.

Cane (kn), n. [OE. cane, canne, OF. cane, F. canne, L. canna, fr. Gr. ka`nna, ka`nnh; prob. of Semitic origin; cf. Heb. qneh reed. Cf. Canister, canon, 1st Cannon.]

1. (Bot.) (a) A name given to several peculiar palms, species of Calamus and Dæmanorops, having very long, smooth flexible stems, commonly called rattans. (b) Any plant with long, hard, elastic stems, as reeds and bamboos of many kinds; also, the sugar cane. (c) Stems of other plants are sometimes called canes; as, the canes of a raspberry.

> Like light canes, that first rise big and brave.
> B. Jonson.

In the Southern United States great cane is the Arundinaria macrosperma, and small cane is. A. tecta.

2. A walking stick; a staff; -- so called because originally made of one of the species of cane.

> Stir the fire with your master's cane.
> Swift.

3. A lance or dart made of cane. [R.]

> Judgelike thou sitt'st, to praise or to arraign
> The flying skirmish of the darted cane.
> Dryden.

4. A local European measure of length. See Canna.

Cane borer (Zoö.), A beetle (Oberea bimaculata) which, in the larval state, bores into pith and destroy the canes or stalks of the raspberry, blackberry, etc. -- Cane mill, a mill for grinding sugar canes, for the manufacture of sugar. -- Cane trash, the crushed stalks and other refuse of sugar cane, used for fuel, etc.

Cane (kn), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Caned (knd); p. pr. & vb. n. Caning.] 1. To beat with a cane. Macaulay.

2. To make or furnish with cane or rattan; as, to cane chairs.

Cane"brake` (-brk`), n. A thicket of canes. Ellicott.

Caned (knd), a. [Cf. L. canus white.] Filled with white flakes; mothery; -- said vinegar when containing mother. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

||Ca*nel"la (k*nl"l), n. [LL. (OE. canel, canelle, cinnamon, fr. F. cannelle), Dim. of L. canna a reed. Canella is so called from the shape of the rolls of prepared bark. See Cane.] (Bot.) A genus of trees of the order Canellaceæ, growing in the West Indies.

The principal species is Canella alba, and its bark is a spice and drug exported under the names of wild cinnamon and whitewood bark.

Ca*nes"cent (?), a. [L. canescens, p. pr. of canescere, v. inchoative of canere to be white.] Growing white, or assuming a color approaching to white.

Can" hook` (?). A device consisting of a short rope with flat hooks at each end, for hoisting casks or barrels by the ends of the staves.

||Ca*nic"u*la (?), n. [L. canicula, lit., a little dog, a dim. of canis dog; cf. F. canicule.] (Astron.) The Dog Star; Sirius.

Ca*nic"u*lar (?), a. [L. canicularis; cf. F. caniculaire.] Pertaining to, or measured, by the rising of the Dog Star.

Canicular days, the dog days, See Dog days. -- Canicular year, the Egyptian year, computed from one heliacal rising of the Dog Star to another.

Can"i*cule (?), n. Canicula. Addison.

Ca*ni"nal (?), a. See Canine, a.

Ca*nine" (?), a. [L. caninus, fr. canis dog: cf. F. canin. See Hound.] 1. Of or pertaining to the family Canidæ, or dogs and wolves; having the nature or qualities of a dog; like that or those of a dog.

2. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the pointed tooth on each side the incisors.

Canine appetite, a morbidly voracious appetite; bulimia. -- Canine letter, the letter r. See R. -- Canine madness, hydrophobia. -- Canine tooth, a tooth situated between the incisor and bicuspid teeth, so called because well developed in dogs; usually, the third tooth from the front on each side of each jaw; an eyetooth, or the corresponding tooth in the lower jaw.

Ca*nine", n. (Anat.) A canine tooth.

||Ca"nis (k"ns), n.; pl. Canes (- nz). [L., a dog.] (Zoöl.) A genus of carnivorous mammals, of the family Canidæ, including the dogs and wolves.

||Canis major [L., larger dog], a constellation to the southeast of Orion, containing Sirius or the Dog Star. -- ||Canis minor [L., smaller dog], a constellation to the east of Orion, containing Procyon, a star of the first magnitude.

Can"is*ter (kn"s*tr), n. [L. canistrum a basket woven from reeds Gr. &?;, fr. ka`nh, ka`nna reed; cf. F. canistre. See Cane, and Canaster.] 1. A small basket of rushes, reeds, or willow twigs, etc.

2. A small box or case for holding tea, coffee, etc.

3. (Mil.) A kind of case shot for cannon, in which a number of lead or iron balls in layers are inclosed in a case fitting the gun; -- called also canister shot.

Can"ker (k"kr), n. [OE. canker, cancre, AS. cancer (akin to D. kanker, OHG chanchar.), fr. L. cancer a cancer; or if a native word, cf. Gr. &?; excrescence on tree, &?; gangrene. Cf. also OF. cancre, F. chancere, fr. L. cancer. See cancer, and cf. Chancre.]

1. A corroding or sloughing ulcer; esp. a spreading gangrenous ulcer or collection of ulcers in or about the mouth; -- called also water canker, canker of the mouth, and noma.

2. Anything which corrodes, corrupts, or destroy.

> The cankers of envy and faction.
> Temple.

3. (Hort.) A disease incident to trees, causing the bark to rot and fall off.

4. (Far.) An obstinate and often incurable disease of a horse's foot, characterized by separation of the horny portion and the development of fungoid growths; -- usually resulting from neglected thrush.

5. A kind of wild, worthless rose; the dog-rose.

> To put down Richard, that sweet lovely rose.
> And plant this thorm, this canker, Bolingbroke.
> Shak.

Black canker. See under Black.

Can"ker (k"kr), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cankered (- krd); p. pr. & vb. n. Cankering.] 1. To affect as a canker; to eat away; to corrode; to consume.

> No lapse of moons can canker Love.
> Tennyson.

2. To infect or pollute; to corrupt. Addison.

> A tithe purloined cankers the whole estate.
> Herbert.

Can"ker, v. i. 1. To waste away, grow rusty, or be oxidized, as a mineral. [Obs.]

> Silvering will sully and canker more than gliding.
> Bacom.

2. To be or become diseased, or as if diseased, with canker; to grow corrupt; to become venomous.

> Deceit and cankered malice.
> Dryden.

> As with age his body uglier grows,
> So his mind cankers.
> Shak.

Can"ker-bit` (?), a. Eaten out by canker, or as by canker. [Obs.]

Can"ker bloom` (?). The bloom or blossom of the wild rose or dog-rose.

Can"ker blos`som (?). That which blasts a blossom as a canker does. [Obs.]

> O me! you juggler! you canker blossom!
> You thief of Love!
> Shak.

Can"kered (?), a. 1. Affected with canker; as, a cankered mouth.

2. Affected mentally or morally as with canker; sore, envenomed; malignant; fretful; ill-natured. "A cankered grandam's will." Shak.

Can"kered*ly, adv. Fretfully; spitefully.

Can"ker fly` (?). A fly that preys on fruit.

Can"ker*ous (?), a. Affecting like a canker. "Canrerous shackles." Thomson.

> Misdeem it not a cankerous change.
> Wordsworth.

Can"ker rash` (?). (Med.) A form of scarlet fever characterized by ulcerated or putrid sore throat.

Can"ker*worm` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The larva of two species of geometrid moths which are very injurious to fruit and shade trees by eating, and often entirely destroying, the foliage. Other similar larvæ are also called cankerworms.

The autumnal species (Anisopteryx pometaria) becomes adult late in autumn (after frosts) and in winter. The spring species (A. vernata) remains in the ground through the winter, and matures in early spring. Both have winged males and wingless females. The larvæ are similar in appearance and habits, and belong to the family of measuring worms or spanworms. These larvæ hatch from the eggs when the leaves begin to expand in spring.

Can"ker*y (?), a. 1. Like a canker; full of canker.

2. Surly; sore; malignant.

||Can"na (?), n. [It.] A measure of length in Italy, varying from six to seven feet. See Cane, 4.

||Can"na (?), n. [L., a reed. See Cane.] (Bot.) A genus of tropical plants, with large leaves and often with showy flowers. The Indian shot (C. Indica) is found in gardens of the northern United States.

Can"na*bene (?), n. [From Cannabis.] (Chem.) A colorless oil obtained from hemp by distillation, and possessing its intoxicating properties.

Can"na*bin (?), n. (Chem.) A poisonous resin extracted from hemp (Cannabis sativa, variety Indica). The narcotic effects of hasheesh are due to this resin.

Can"na*bine (?), a. [L. cannabinus.] Pertaining to hemp; hempen. [R.]

||Can"na*bis (?), n. [L., hemp. See Canvas.] (Bot.) A genus of a single species belonging to the order Uricaceæ; hemp.

Cannabis Indica (&?;), the Indian hemp, a powerful narcotic, now considered a variety of the common hemp.

Can"nel coal` (?). [Corrupt. fr. candle coal.] A kind of mineral coal of a black color, sufficiently hard and solid to be cut and polished. It burns readily, with a clear, yellow flame, and on this account has been used as a substitute for candles.

Can"ner*y (?), n. A place where the business of canning fruit, meat, etc., is carried on. [U. S.]

Can"ni*bal (?), n. [Cf. F. cannibale. Columbus, in a letter to the Spanish monarchs written in Oct., 1498, mentions that the people of Hayti lived in great fear of the Caribales (equivalent to E. Caribbees.), the inhabitants of the smaller Antilles; which form of the name was afterward changed into NL. Canibales, in order to express more forcibly their character by a word intelligible through a Latin root "propter rabiem caninam anthropophagorum gentis." The Caribbees call themselves, in their own language. Calinago, Carinago, Calliponam, and, abbreviated, Calina, signifying a brave, from which Columbus formed his Caribales.] A human being that eats human flesh; hence, any that devours its own kind. Darwin.

Can"ni*bal (?), a. Relating to cannibals or cannibalism. "Cannibal terror." Burke.

Can"ni*bal*ism (?), n. [Cf. F. cannibalisme.] The act or practice of eating human flesh by mankind. Hence; Murderous cruelty; barbarity. Berke.

Can"ni*bal*ly, adv. In the manner of cannibal. "An he had been cannibally given." Shak.

Can"ni*kin (?), n. [Can + -kin.] A small can or drinking vessel.

Can"ni*ly, adv. In a canny manner. [N. of Eng. & Scot.]

Can"ni*ness, n. Caution; crafty management. [N. of Eng. & Scot.]

Can"non (?), n.; pl. Cannons (#), collectively Cannon. [F. cannon, fr. L. canna reed, pipe, tube. See Cane.] 1. A great gun; a piece of ordnance or artillery; a firearm for discharging heavy shot with great force.

Cannons are made of various materials, as iron, brass, bronze, and steel, and of various sizes and shapes with respect to the special service for which they are intended, as intended, as siege, seacoast, naval, field, or mountain, guns. They always aproach more or less nearly to a cylindrical from, being usually thicker toward the breech than at the muzzle. Formerly they were cast hollow, afterwards they were cast, solid, and bored out. The cannon now most in use for the armament of war vessels and for seacoast defense consists of a forged steel tube reinforced with massive steel rings shrunk upon it. Howitzers and mortars are sometimes called cannon. See Gun.

2. (Mech.) A hollow cylindrical piece carried by a revolving shaft, on which it may, however, revolve independently.

3. (Printing.) A kind of type. See Canon.

Cannon ball, strictly, a round solid missile of stone or iron made to be fired from a cannon, but now often applied to a missile of any shape, whether solid or hollow, made for cannon. Elongated and cylindrical missiles are sometimes called bolts; hollow ones charged with explosives are properly called shells. -- Cannon bullet, a cannon ball. [Obs.] -- Cannon cracker, a fire cracker of large size. -- Cannon lock, a device for firing a cannon by a percussion primer. -- Cannon metal. See Gun Metal. -- Cannon pinion, the pinion on the minute hand arbor of a watch or clock, which drives the hand but permits it to be moved in setting. -- Cannon proof, impenetrable by cannon balls. -- Cannon shot. (a) A cannon ball. (b) The range of a cannon.

Can"non, n. & v. (Billiards) See Carom. [Eng.]

Can`non*ade" (?), n. [F. Canonnade; cf. It. cannanata.] 1. The act of discharging cannon and throwing ball, shell, etc., for the purpose of destroying an army, or battering a town, ship, or fort; -- usually, an attack of some continuance.

> A furious cannonade was kept up from the whole circle of batteries on the devoted towm.
> Prescott.

2. Fig.; A loud noise like a cannonade; a booming.

> Blue Walden rolls its cannonade.
> Ewerson.

Can`non*ade", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cannonade; p. pr. & vb. n. Cannonading.] To attack with heavy artillery; to batter with cannon shot.

Can`non*ade", v. i. To discharge cannon; as, the army cannonaded all day.

Can"non bone (?). (Anat.) See Canon Bone.

Can"noned (&?;), a. Furnished with cannon. [Poetic] "Gilbralter's cannoned steep." M. Arnold.

{ Can`non*eer", Can`non*ier" } (?), n. [F. canonnier.] A man who manages, or fires, cannon.

Can`non*er"ing, n. The use of cannon. Burke.

Can"non*ry (?), n. Cannon, collectively; artillery.

> The ringing of bells and roaring of cannonry proclaimed his course through the country.
> W. Irving.

Can"not (?). [Can to be able + -not.] Am, is, or are, not able; -- written either as one word or two.

Can"nu*la (?), n. [L. cannula a small tube of dim. of canna a reed, tube.] (Surg.) A small tube of metal, wood, or India rubber, used for various purposes, esp. for injecting or withdrawing fluids. It is usually associated with a trocar. [Written also canula.]

Can"nu*lar (?), a. Having the form of a tube; tubular. [Written also canular.]

Can"nu*la`ted (?), a. Hollow; affording a passage through its interior length for wire, thread, etc.; as, a cannulated (suture) needle. [Written also canulated.]

{ Can"ny, Can"nei } (?), a. [Cf. Icel. kenn skilled, learned, or E. canny. Cf. Kenn.] [North of Eng. & Scot.] 1. Artful; cunning; shrewd; wary.

2. Skillful; knowing; capable. Sir W. Scott.

3. Cautious; prudent; safe.. Ramsay.

4. Having pleasing or useful qualities; gentle. Burns.

5. Reputed to have magical powers. Sir W. Scott.

No canny, not safe, not fortunate; unpropitious. [Scot.]

Ca*noe" (?), n.; pl. Canoes (#). [Sp. canoa, fr. Caribbean canáoa.] 1. A boat used by rude nations, formed of trunk of a tree, excavated, by cutting of burning, into a suitable shape. It is propelled by a paddle or paddles, or sometimes by sail, and has no rudder.

> Others devised the boat of one tree, called the canoe.
> Raleigh.

2. A boat made of bark or skins, used by savages.

> A birch canoe, with paddles, rising, falling, on the water.
> Longfellow.

3. A light pleasure boat, especially designed for use by one who goes alone upon long excursions, including portage. It it propelled by a paddle, or by a small sail attached to a temporary mast.

<! p. 211 !>

Ca*noe" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Canoed (?) p. pr. & vb. n. Canoeing (&?;).] To manage a canoe, or voyage in a canoe.

Ca*noe"ing n. The act or art of using a canoe.

Ca*noe"ist (?), n. A canoeman.

Ca*noe"man, n.; pl. Canoemen (#). One who uses a canoe; one who travels in a canoe.

> Cabins and clearing greeted the eye of the passing canoeman.
> Parkman.

Can"on (#), n. [OE. canon, canoun, AS. canon rule (cf. F. canon, LL. canon, and, for sense 7, F. chanoine, LL. canonicus), fr. L. canon a measuring line, rule, model, fr. Gr. &?; rule, rod, fr. &?;, &?;, red. See Cane, and cf. Canonical.] 1. A law or rule.

> Or that the Everlasting had not fixed
> His canon 'gainst self-slaughter.
> Shak.

2. (Eccl.) A law, or rule of doctrine or discipline, enacted by a council and confirmed by the pope or the sovereign; a decision, regulation, code, or constitution made by ecclesiastical authority.

> Various canons which were made in councils held in the second centry.
> Hock.

3. The collection of books received as genuine Holy Scriptures, called the sacred canon, or general rule of moral and religious duty, given by inspiration; the Bible; also, any one of the canonical Scriptures. See Canonical books, under Canonical, a.

4. In monasteries, a book containing the rules of a religious order.

5. A catalogue of saints acknowledged and canonized in the Roman Catholic Church.

6. A member of a cathedral chapter; a person who possesses a prebend in a cathedral or collegiate church.

7. (Mus.) A musical composition in which the voices begin one after another, at regular intervals, successively taking up the same subject. It either winds up with a coda (tailpiece), or, as each voice finishes, commences anew, thus forming a perpetual fugue or round. It is the strictest form of imitation. See Imitation.

8. (Print.) The largest size of type having a specific name; -- so called from having been used for printing the canons of the church.

9. The part of a bell by which it is suspended; -- called also ear and shank. [See Illust. of Bell.] Knight.

10. (Billiards) See Carom.

Apostolical canons. See under Apostolical. -- Augustinian canons, Black canons. See under Augustinian. -- Canon capitular, Canon residentiary, a resident member of a cathedral chapter (during a part or the whole of the year). -- Canon law. See under Law. -- Canon of the Mass (R. C. Ch.), that part of the mass, following the Sanctus, which never changes. -- Honorary canon, a canon who neither lived in a monastery, nor kept the canonical hours. -- Minor canon (Ch. of Eng.), one who has been admitted to a chapter, but has not yet received a prebend. -- Regular canon (R. C. Ch.), one who lived in a conventual community and follower the rule of St. Austin; a Black canon. -- Secular canon (R. C. Ch.), one who did not live in a monastery, but kept the hours.

||Ca*ñon" (?), n. [Sp., a tube or hollow, fr. caña reed, fr. L. canna. See Cane.] A deep gorge, ravine, or gulch, between high and steep banks, worn by water courses. [Mexico & Western U. S.]

Can"on bit` (?). [F. canon, fr. L. canon a rule.] That part of a bit which is put in a horse's mouth.

Can"on bone` (?). [F. canon, fr. L. canon a rule. See canon.] (Anat.) The shank bone, or great bone above the fetlock, in the fore and hind legs of the horse and allied animals, corresponding to the middle metacarpal or metatarsal bone of most mammals. See Horse.

Can"on*ess (?), n. [Cf. LL. canonissa.] A woman who holds a canonry in a conventual chapter.

Regular canoness, one bound by the poverty, and observing a strict rule of life. -- Secular canoness, one allowed to hold private property, and bound only by vows of chastity and obedience so long as she chose to remain in the chapter.

{ Ca*non"ic (?), Can*non"ic*al (?), } a. [L. cannonicus, LL. canonicalis, fr. L. canon: cf. F. canonique. See canon.] Of or pertaining to a canon; established by, or according to a , canon or canons. "The oath of canonical obedience." Hallam.

Canonical books, or Canonical Scriptures, those books which are declared by the canons of the church to be of divine inspiration; -- called collectively the canon. The Roman Catholic Church holds as canonical several books which Protestants reject as apocryphal. -- Canonical epistles, an appellation given to the epistles called also general or catholic. See Catholic epistles, under Canholic. -- Canonical form (Math.), the simples or most symmetrical form to which all functions of the same class can be reduced without lose of generality. -- Canonical hours, certain stated times of the day, fixed by ecclesiastical laws, and appropriated to the offices of prayer and devotion; also, certain portions of the Breviary, to be used at stated hours of the day. In England, this name is also given to the hours from 8 a. m. to 3 p. m. (formerly 8 a. m. to 12 m.) before and after which marriage can not be legally performed in any parish church. -- Canonical letters, letters of several kinds, formerly given by a bishop to traveling clergymen or laymen, to show that they were entitled to receive the communion, and to distinguish them from heretics. -- Canonical life, the method or rule of living prescribed by the ancient clergy who lived in community; a course of living prescribed for the clergy, less rigid than the monastic, and more restrained that the secular. -- Canonical obedience, submission to the canons of a church, especially the submission of the inferior clergy to their bishops, and of other religious orders to their superiors. - - Canonical punishments, such as the church may inflict, as excommunication, degradation, penance, etc. -- Canonical sins (Anc. Church.), those for which capital punishment or public penance decreed by the canon was inflicted, as idolatry, murder, adultery, heresy.

Ca*non"ic*al*ly (?), adv. In a canonical manner; according to the canons.

Ca*non"ic*al*ness, n. The quality of being canonical; canonicity. Bp. Burnet.

Ca*non"ic*als (?), n. pl. The dress prescribed by canon to be worn by a clergyman when officiating. Sometimes, any distinctive professional dress.

Full canonicals, the complete costume of an officiating clergyman or ecclesiastic.

i

Ca*non"i*cate (?), n. [LL. canonucatus canonical: cf. F. canonicat.] The office of a canon; a canonry.

Can`on*ic"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. canonicité.] The state or quality of being canonical; agreement with the canon.

Can"on*ist, n. [Cf. F. canoniste.] A professor of canon law; one skilled in the knowledge and practice of ecclesiastical law. South.

Can`on*is"tic (?), a. Of or pertaining to a canonist. "This canonistic exposition." Milton.

Can`on*i*za"tion (?), n. [F. canonisation.]

1. (R. C. Ch.) The final process or decree (following beatifacation) by which the name of a deceased person is placed in the catalogue (canon) of saints and commended to perpetual veneration and invocation.

> Canonization of saints was not known to the Christian church titl toward the middle of the tenth century.
> Hoock.

2. The state of being canonized or sainted.

Can"on*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Canonized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Canonizing.] [F. canoniser or LL. canonizare, fr. L. canon.. See Canon.] 1. (Eccl.) To declare (a deceased person) a saint; to put in the catalogue of saints; as, Thomas a Becket was canonized.

2. To glorify; to exalt to the highest honor.

> Fame in time to come canonize us.
> Shak.

2. To rate as inspired; to include in the canon.[R.]

Can"on*ry (?), n. pl. Canonries (&?;). A benefice or prebend in a cathedral or collegiate church; a right to a place in chapter and to a portion of its revenues; the dignity or emoluments of a canon.

Can"on*ship (?), a. Of or pertaining to Canopus in Egypt; as, the Canopic vases, used in embalming.

||Ca*no"pus (?), n. [L. Canopus, fr. Gr. &?;, town of Egypt.] (Astron.) A star of the first magnitude in the southern constellation Argo.

Can"o*py (kn"*p), n.; pl. Canopies (- pz). [OE. canapie, F. canapé sofa, OF. conopée, conopeu, conopieu, canopy, vail, pavilion (cf. It. canopè canopy, sofa), LL. conopeum a bed with mosquito curtains, fr. Gr. kwnwpei^on, fr. kw`nwps gnat, kw`nos cone + 'w`ps face. See Cone, and Optic.] 1. A covering fixed over a bed, dais, or the like, or carried on poles over an exalted personage or a sacred object, etc. chiefly as a mark of honor. "Golden canopies and beds of state." Dryden.

2. (Arch.) (a) An ornamental projection, over a door, window, niche, etc. (b) Also, a rooflike covering, supported on pillars over an altar, a statue, a fountain, etc.

Can"o*py, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Canopes (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Canopying.] To cover with, or as with, a canopy. "A bank with ivy canopied." Milton.

Ca*no"rous (?), a. [L. canorus, from nor melody, fr. canere to sing.] Melodious; musical. "Birds that are most canorous." Sir T. Browne.

> A long, lound, and canorous peal of laughter.
> De Quincey.

Ca*no"rous*ness, n. The quality of being musical.

> He chooses his language for its rich canorousness.
> Lowell.

Can"stick` (?), n. Candlestick. [Obs.] Shak.

Cant (?), n. [OF., edge, angle, prof. from L. canthus the iron ring round a carriage wheel, a wheel, Gr. &?; the corner of the eye, the felly of a wheel; cf. W. cant the stake or tire of a wheel. Cf. Canthus, Canton, Cantle.] 1. A corner; angle; niche. [Obs.]

> The first and principal person in the temple was Irene, or Peace; she was placed aloft in a cant.
> B. Jonson.

2. An outer or external angle.

3. An inclination from a horizontal or vertical line; a slope or bevel; a titl. Totten.

4. A sudden thrust, push, kick, or other impulse, producing a bias or change of direction; also, the bias or turn so give; as, to give a ball a cant.

5. (Coopering) A segment forming a side piece in the head of a cask. Knight.

6. (Mech.) A segment of he rim of a wooden cogwheel. Knight.

7. (Naut.) A piece of wood laid upon the deck of a vessel to support the bulkheads.

Cant frames, Cant timbers (Naut.), timber at the two ends of a ship, rising obliquely from the keel.

Cant, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Canted; p. pr. & vb. n. Canting.] 1. To incline; to set at an angle; to tilt over; to tip upon the edge; as, to cant a cask; to cant a ship.

2. To give a sudden turn or new direction to; as, to cant round a stick of timber; to cant a football.

3. To cut off an angle from, as from a square piece of timber, or from the head of a bolt.

Cant, n. [Prob. from OF. cant, F. chant, singing, in allusion to the singing or whining tine of voice used by beggars, fr. L. cantus. See Chant.] 1. An affected, singsong mode of speaking.

2. The idioms and peculiarities of speech in any sect, class, or occupation. Goldsmith.

> The cant of any profession.
> Dryden.

3. The use of religious phraseology without understanding or sincerity; empty, solemn speech, implying what is not felt; hypocrisy.

> They shall hear no cant from me.
> F. W. Robertson

4. Vulgar jargon; slang; the secret language spoker by gipsies, thieves, tramps, or beggars.

Cant (?), a. Of the nature of cant; affected; vulgar.

> To introduce and multiply cant words in the most ruinous corruption in any language.
> Swift.

Cant, v. i. 1. To speak in a whining voice, or an affected, singsong tone.

2. To make whining pretensions to goodness; to talk with an affectation of religion, philanthropy, etc.; to practice hypocrisy; as, a canting fanatic.

> The rankest rogue that ever canted.
> Beau. & Fl.

3. To use pretentious language, barbarous jargon, or technical terms; to talk with an affectation of learning.

> The doctor here,
> When he discourseth of dissection,
> Of vena cava and of vena porta,
> The meseræum and the mesentericum,
> What does he else but cant.
> B. Jonson

> That uncouth affected garb of speech, or canting language, if I may so call it.
> Bp. Sanderson.

Cant, n. [Prob. from OF. cant, equiv. to L. quantum; cf. F. encan, fr. L. in quantum, i.e. "for how much?"] A call for bidders at a public sale; an auction. "To sell their leases by cant." Swift.

Cant, v. t. to sell by auction, or bid a price at a sale by auction. [Archaic] Swift.

Can't (?). A colloquial contraction for can not.

Can"tab (?), n. [Abbreviated from Cantabrigian.] A Cantabrigian. [Colloq.] Sir W. Scott.

||Can*ta"bi*le (?), a. [It., cantare to sing.] (Mus.) In a melodious, flowing style; in a singing style, as opposed to bravura, recitativo, or parlando.

||Can*ta"bi*le, n. (Mus.) A piece or passage, whether vocal or instrumental, peculiarly adapted to singing; -- sometimes called cantilena.

Can*ta"bri*an (?), a. Of or pertaining to Cantabria on the Bay of Biscay in Spain.

Can`ta*brig"i*an (?), n. A native or resident of Cambridge; esp. a student or graduate of the university of Cambridge, England.

Can"ta*lev`er (?), n. [Cant an external angle + lever a supporter of the roof timber of a house.] [Written also cantaliver and cantilever.] 1. (Arch.) A bracket to support a balcony, a cornice, or the like.

2. (Engin.) A projecting beam, truss, or bridge unsupported at the outer end; one which overhangs.

Cantalever bridge, a bridge in which the principle of the cantalever is applied. It is usually a trussed bridge, composed of two portions reaching out from opposite banks, and supported near the middle of their own length on piers which they overhang, thus forming cantalevers which meet over the space to be spanned or sustain a third portion, to complete the connection.

Can"ta*loupe (?), n. [F. cantaloup, It. cantalupo, so called from the caste of Cantalupo, in the Marca d'Ancona, in Italy, where they were first grown in Europe, from seed said to have been imported from Armenia.] A muskmelon of several varieties, having when mature, a yellowish skin, and flesh of a reddish orange color. [Written also cantaleup.]

Can*tan"ker*ous (?), a. Perverse; contentious; ugly; malicious. [Colloq.] -- Can*tan"ker*ous*ly, adv. -- Can*tan"ker*ous*ness, n.

> The cantankerous old maiden aunt.
> Thackeray.

{ Can"tar (?), ||Can*tar"ro (?), } n. [It. cantaro (in sense 1), Sp. cantaro (in sense 2).]

1. A weight used in southern Europe and East for heavy articles. It varies in different localities; thus, at Rome it is nearly 75 pounds, in Sardinia nearly 94 pounds, in Cairo it is 95 pounds, in Syria about 503 pounds.

2. A liquid measure in Spain, ranging from two and a half to four gallons. Simmonds.

||Can*ta"ta (?), n. [It., fr. cantare to sing, fr. L. cantare intens of canere to sing.] (Mus.) A poem set to music; a musical composition comprising choruses, solos, interludes, etc., arranged in a somewhat dramatic manner; originally, a composition for a single noise, consisting of both recitative and melody.

Can*ta"tion (?), n. [L. cantatio.] A singing. [Obs.] Blount.

Cant"a*to*ry (?), a. Containing cant or affectation; whining; singing. [R.]

||Can`ta*tri"ce (kn`t*tr"ch), n. [It.] (Mus.) A female professional singer.

Cant"ed (?), a. [From 2d Cant.] 1. Having angles; as, a six canted bolt head; a canted window.

Canted column (Arch.), a column polygonal in plan.

2. Inclined at an angle to something else; tipped; sloping.

Can*teen" (kn*tn"), n. [F. cantine bottle case, canteen (cf. Sp. & It. cantina cellar, bottle case), either contr. fr. It. canovettina, dim. of canova cellar, or, more likely, fr. OF. cant. corner, It. & Sp. canto. See 1st Cant.] (Mil.) 1. A vessel used by soldiers for carrying water, liquor, or other drink. [Written also cantine.]

In the English service the canteen is made of wood and holds three pints; in the United States it is usually a tin flask.

2. The sutler's shop in a garrison; also, a chest containing culinary and other vessels for officers.

Can"tel (?), n. See Cantle.

Can"ter (?), n. [An abbreviation of Caner bury. See Canterbury gallop, under Canterbury.] 1. A moderate and easy gallop adapted to pleasure riding.

The canter is a thoroughly artificial pace, at first extremely tiring to the horse, and generally only to be produced in him by the restraint of a powerful bit, which compels him to throw a great part of his weight on his haunches . . . There is so great a variety in the mode adopted by different horses for performing the canter, that no single description will suffice, nor indeed is it easy . . . to define any one of them. J. H. Walsh.

<! p. 212 !>

2. A rapid or easy passing over.

> A rapid canter in the Times over all the topics.
> Sir J. Stephen.

Can"ter (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cantered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Cantering.] To move in a canter.

Can"ter, v. t. To cause, as a horse, to go at a canter; to ride (a horse) at a canter.

Cant"er, n. 1. One who cants or whines; a beggar.

2. One who makes hypocritical pretensions to goodness; one who uses canting language.

> The day when he was a canter and a rebel.
> Macaulay.

Can"ter*bur*y (?), n. 1. A city in England, giving its name various articles. It is the seat of the Archbishop of Canterbury (primate of all England), and contains the shrine of Thomas à Becket, to which pilgrimages were formerly made.

2. A stand with divisions in it for holding music, loose papers, etc.

Canterbury ball (Bot.), a species of Campanula of several varieties, cultivated for its handsome bell-shaped flowers. -- Canterbury gallop, a gentle gallop such as was used by pilgrims riding to Canterbury; a canter. -- Canterbury tale, one of the tales which Chaucer puts into the mouths of certain pilgrims to Canterbury. Hence, any tale told by travelers to pass away the time.

Can*thar"*i*dal (?), a. Of or pertaining to cantharides or made of cantharides; as, cantharidal plaster.

Can*thar"i*des (?), n. pl. See Cantharis.

Can*thar"i*din (?), n. (Chem.) The active principle of the cantharis, or Spanish fly, a volatile, acrid, bitter solid, crystallizing in four-sided prisms.

Can"tha*ris (?), n.; pl. Cantharides (#). [L., a kind of beetle, esp. the Spanish fly, Gr. kanqari`s.] (Zoöl.) A beetle (Lytta, or Cantharis, vesicatoria), havin1g an elongated cylindrical body of a brilliant green color, and a nauseous odor; the blister fly or blister beetle, of the apothecary; -- also called Spanish fly. Many other species of Lytta, used for the same purpose, take the same name. See Blister beetle, under Blister. The plural form in usually applied to the dried insects used in medicine.

Cant" hook` (?). A wooden lever with a movable iron hook. hear the end; -- used for canting or turning over heavy logs, etc. [U. S.] Bartlett.

Can"tho*plas`ty (?), n. [Gr.&?;, corner of the eye + &?; to from.] (Surg.) The operation of forming a new canthus, when one has been destroyed by injury or disease.

||Can"thus (?), n.; pl. Canthi (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?;.] (Anat.) The corner where the upper and under eyelids meet on each side of the eye.

Can"ti*cle (?), n.; pl. Canticles (#). [L. canticulum a little song, dim. of canticum song, fr. cantus a singing, fr. coner to sing. See Chant.] 1. A song; esp. a little song or hymn. [Obs.] Bacon.

2. pl. The Song of Songs or Song of Solomon, one of the books of the Old Testament.

3. A canto or division of a poem [Obs.] Spenser.

4. A psalm, hymn, or passage from the Bible, arranged for chanting in church service.

Can"ti*coy (?), n. [Of American Indian origin.] A social gathering; usually, one for dancing.

Can"tile (?), v. i. Same as Cantle, v. t.

||Can`ti*le"na (?), n. [It. & L.] (Mus.) See Cantabile.

Can"ti*lev`er (?), n. Same as Cantalever.

Can"til*late (?), v. i. [L. cantillatus, p. p. of cantillare to sing low, dim. of cantare. See Cantata.] To chant; to recite with musical tones. M. Stuart.

Can`til*la"tion (?), n. A chanting; recitation or reading with musical modulations.

Can*tine" (?), n. See Canteen.

Cant"ing (?), a. Speaking in a whining tone of voice; using technical or religious terms affectedly; affectedly pious; as, a canting rogue; a canting tone.

-- Cant"ing*ly, adv. -- Cant"ing*ness, n.

Canting arms, Canting heraldry (Her.), bearings in the nature of a rebus alluding to the name of the bearer. Thus, the Castletons bear three castles, and Pope Adrian IV. (Nicholas Breakspeare) bore a broken spear.

Cant"ing, n. The use of cant; hypocrisy.

||Can`ti*niere" (?), n. [F., fr. cantine a sutler's shop, canteen.] (Mil) A woman who carries a canteen for soldiers; a vivandière.

Can"tion (?), n. [L. cantio, from canere to sing.] A song or verses. [Obs.] Spenser.

Can"tle (?), n. [OF. cantel, chantel, corner, side, piece, F. chanteau a piece cut from a larger piece, dim. of OF. cant edge, corner. See 1st Cant.] 1. A corner or edge of anything; a piece; a fragment; a part. "In one cantle of his law." Milton.

> Cuts me from the best of all my land
> A huge half moon, a monstrous cantle out.
> Shak.

2. The upwardly projecting rear part of saddle, opposite to the pommel. [Written also cante.]

Can"tle, v. t. To cut in pieces; to cut out from. [Obs.] [Written also cantile.]

Cant"let (?), n. [Dim. of cantle.] A piece; a fragment; a corner. Dryden.

Can"to (?), n.; pl. Cantos (#). [It. canto, fr. L. cantus singing, song. See Chant.] 1. One of the chief divisions of a long poem; a book.

2. (Mus.) The highest vocal part; the air or melody in choral music; anciently the tenor, now the soprano.

||Canto fermo (&?;) [It.] (Mus.), the plain ecclesiastical chant in cathedral service; the plain song.

Can"ton (?), n. A song or canto [Obs.]

> Write loyal cantons of contemned love.
> Shak.

Can"ton, n. [F. canton, augm. of OF. cant edge, corner. See 1st Cant.] 1. A small portion; a division; a compartment.

> That little canton of land called the "English pale"
> Davies.

> There is another piece of Holbein's, . . . in which, in six several cantons, the several parts of our Savior's passion are represented.
> Bp. Burnet.

2. A small community or clan.

3. A small territorial district; esp. one of the twenty-two independent states which form the Swiss federal republic; in France, a subdivision of an arrondissement. See Arrondissement.

4. (Her.) A division of a shield occupying one third part of the chief, usually on the dexter side, formed by a perpendicular line from the top of the shield, meeting a horizontal line from the side.

> The king gave us the arms of England to be borne in a canton in our arms.
> Evelyn.

Can"ton, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cantoned ; p. pr. & vb. n. Cantoning.] [Cf. F. cantonner.] 1. To divide into small parts or districts; to mark off or separate, as a distinct portion or division.

> They canton out themselves a little Goshen in the intellectual world.
> Locke.

2. (Mil.) To allot separate quarters to, as to different parts or divisions of an army or body of troops.

Can"ton*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to a canton or cantons; of the nature of a canton.

Can"ton crape" (krp"). A soft, white or colored silk fabric, of a gauzy texture and wavy appearance, used for ladies' scarfs, shawls, bonnet trimmings, etc.; -- called also Oriental crape. De Colange.

Can"toned (?), a. 1. (Her.) Having a charge in each of the four corners; -- said of a cross on a shield, and also of the shield itself.

2. (Arch.) Having the angles marked by, or decorated with, projecting moldings or small columns; as, a cantoned pier or pilaster.

Can"ton flan"nel (?). See Cotton flannel.

Can"ton*ize (?), v. i. To divide into cantons or small districts.

Can"ton*ment (?), n. [Cf. F. cantonnement.] A town or village, or part of a town or village, assigned to a body of troops for quarters; temporary shelter or place of rest for an army; quarters.

When troops are sheltered in huts or quartered in the houses of the people during any suspension of hostilities, they are said to be in cantonment, or to be cantoned. In India, permanent military stations, or military towns, are termed cantonments.

Can*toon" (?), n. A cotton stuff showing a fine cord on one side and a satiny surface on the other.

Can"tor (?), n. [L., a singer, fr. caner to sing.] A singer; esp. the leader of a church choir; a precentor.

> The cantor of the church intones the Te Deum.
> Milman.

Can"tor*al (?), a. Of or belonging to a cantor.

Cantoral staff, the official staff or baton of a cantor or precentor, with which time is marked for the singers.

Can*to"ris (?), a. [L., lit., of the cantor, gen. of cantor.] Of or pertaining to a cantor; as, the cantoris side of a choir; a cantoris stall. Shipley.

{ Can"trap (?), Can"trip (?), } n. [Cf. Icel. gandar, ODan. & OSw. gan, witchcraft, and E. trap a snare, tramp.] A charm; an incantation; a shell; a trick; adroit mischief. [Written also cantraip.] [Scot.]

{ Can"tred (?), ||Can"tref, } n. [W. cantref; cant hundred + tref dwelling place, village.] A district comprising a hundred villages, as in Wales. [Written also kantry.]

Can"ty (?), a. Cheerful; sprightly; lively; merry. "The canty dame." Wordsworth [Scot. & Prov. Eng.]

> Contented with little, and canty with mair.
> Burns.

Ca*nuck" (?), n. 1. A Canadian. [Slang]

2. A small or medium-sized hardy horse, common in Canada. [Colloq.]

{ Can"u*la (?), n., Can"u*lar (?), a., Can"u*la`ted (?), } a. See Cannula, Cannular, and Cannulated.

Can"vas (?), n. [OE. canvas, canevas, F. canevas, LL. canabacius hempen cloth, canvas, L. cannabis hemp, fr. G. &?;. See Hemp.] 1. A strong cloth made of hemp, flax, or cotton; -- used for tents, sails, etc.

> By glimmering lanes and walls of canvas led.
> Tennyson.

2. (a) A coarse cloth so woven as to form regular meshes for working with the needle, as in tapestry, or worsted work. (b) A piece of strong cloth of which the surface has been prepared to receive painting, commonly painting in oil.

> History . . . does not bring out clearly upon the canvas the details which were familiar.
> J. H. Newman.

3. Something for which canvas is used: (a) A sail, or a collection of sails. (b) A tent, or a collection of tents. (c) A painting, or a picture on canvas.

> To suit his canvas to the roughness of the see.
> Goldsmith.

> Light, rich as that which glows on the canvas of Claude.
> Macaulay.

4. A rough draft or model of a song, air, or other literary or musical composition; esp. one to show a poet the measure of the verses he is to make. Grabb.

Can"vas, a. Made of, pertaining to, or resembling, canvas or coarse cloth; as, a canvas tent.

Can"vas*back` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A Species of duck (Aythya vallisneria), esteemed for the delicacy of its flesh. It visits the United States in autumn; particularly Chesapeake Bay and adjoining waters; -- so named from the markings of the plumage on its back.

Can"vass (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. canvassed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Canvassing.] [OF. Canabasser to examine curiously, to search or sift out; properly, to sift through canvas. See Canvas, n.] 1. To sift; to strain; to examine thoroughly; to scrutinize; as, to canvass the votes cast at an election; to canvass a district with reference to its probable vote.

> I have made careful search on all hands, and canvassed the matter with all possible diligence.
> Woodward.

2. To examine by discussion; to debate.

> An opinion that we are likely soon to canvass.
> Sir W. Hamilton.

3. To go through, with personal solicitation or public addresses; as, to canvass a district for votes; to canvass a city for subscriptions.

Can"vass, v. i. To search thoroughly; to engage in solicitation by traversing a district; as, to canvass for subscriptions or for votes; to canvass for a book, a publisher, or in behalf of a charity; -- commonly followed by for.

Can"vass, n. 1. Close inspection; careful review for verification; as, a canvass of votes. Bacon.

2. Examination in the way of discussion or debate.

3. Search; exploration; solicitation; systematic effort to obtain votes, subscribers, etc.

> No previous canvass was made for me.
> Burke.

Can"vass*er (?), n. One who canvasses.

Can"y (?), a. [From Cane.] Of or pertaining to cane or canes; abounding with canes. Milton.

Can"yon (?), n. The English form of the Spanish word Cañon.

||Can*zo"ne (?), n. [It., a song, fr. L. cantio, fr. canere to sing. Cf. Chanson, Chant.] (Mus.) (a) A song or air for one or more voices, of Provençal origin, resembling, though not strictly, the madrigal. (b) An instrumental piece in the madrigal style.

Can`zo*net" (?), n. [It. canzonetta, dim. of canzone.] (Mus.) A short song, in one or more parts.

Caout"chin (?), n. (Chem.) An inflammable, volatile, oily, liquid hydrocarbon, obtained by the destructive distillation of caoutchouc.

Caout"chouc (?), n. [F. caoutchouc, from the South American name.] A tenacious, elastic, gummy substance obtained from the milky sap of several plants of tropical South America (esp. the euphorbiaceous tree Siphonia elastica or Hevea caoutchouc), Asia, and Africa. Being impermeable to liquids and gases, and not readly affected by exposure to air, acids, and alkalies, it is used, especially when vulcanized, for many purposes in the arts and in manufactures. Also called India rubber (because it was first brought from India, and was formerly used chiefly for erasing pencil marks) and gum elastic. See Vulcanization.

Mineral caoutchouc. See under Mineral.

Caout"chou*cin (?), n. See Caoutchin.

Cap (kp), n. [OE. cappe, AS. cæppe, cap, cape, hood, fr. LL, cappa, capa; perhaps of Iberian origin, as Isidorus of Seville mentions it first: "Capa, quia quasi totum capiat hominem; it. capitis ornamentum." See 3d Cape, and cf. 1st Cope.] 1. A covering for the head; esp. (a) One usually with a visor but without a brim, for men and boys; (b) One of lace, muslin, etc., for women, or infants; (c) One used as the mark or ensign of some rank, office, or dignity, as that of a cardinal.

2. The top, or uppermost part; the chief.

> Thou art the cap of all the fools alive.
> Shak.

3. A respectful uncovering of the head.

> He that will give a cap and make a leg in thanks.
> Fuller.

4. (Zoöl.) The whole top of the head of a bird from the base of the bill to the nape of the neck.

5. Anything resembling a cap in form, position, or use; as: (a) (Arch.) The uppermost of any assemblage of parts; as, the cap of column, door, etc.; a capital, coping, cornice, lintel, or plate. (b) Something covering the top or end of a thing for protection or ornament. (c) (Naut.) A collar of iron or wood used in joining spars, as the mast and the topmast, the bowsprit and the jib boom; also, a covering of tarred canvas at the end of a rope. (d) A percussion cap. See under Percussion. (e) (Mech.) The removable cover of a journal box. (f) (Geom.) A portion of a spherical or other convex surface.

6. A large size of writing paper; as, flat cap; foolscap; legal cap.

Cap of a cannon, a piece of lead laid over the vent to keep the priming dry; -- now called an apron. -- Cap in hand, obsequiously; submissively. -- Cap of liberty. See Liberty cap, under Liberty. -- Cap of maintenance, a cap of state carried before the kings of England at the coronation. It is also carried before the mayors of some cities. -- Cap money, money collected in a cap for the huntsman at the death of the fox. -- Cap paper. (a) A kind of writing paper including flat cap, foolscap, and legal cap. (b) A coarse wrapping paper used for making caps to hold commodities. -- Cap rock (Mining), The layer of rock next overlying ore, generally of barren vein material. -- Flat cap, cap See Foolscap. -- Forage cap, the cloth undress head covering of an officer of soldier. -- Legal cap, a kind of folio writing paper, made for the use of lawyers, in long narrow sheets which have the fold at the top or "narrow edge." -- To set one's cap, to make a fool of one. (Obs.) Chaucer. -- To set one's cap for, to try to win the favor of a man with a view to marriage. [Colloq.]

<! p. 213 !>

Cap (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Capped (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Capping.] 1. To cover with a cap, or as with a cap; to provide with a cap or cover; to cover the top or end of; to place a cap upon the proper part of; as, to cap a post; to cap a gun.

> The bones next the joint are capped with a smooth cartilaginous substance.
> Derham.

2. To deprive of cap. [Obs.] Spenser.

3. To complete; to crown; to bring to the highest point or consummation; as, to cap the climax of absurdity.

4. To salute by removing the cap. [Slang. Eng.]

> Tom . . . capped the proctor with the profoundest of bows.
> Thackeray.

5. To match; to mate in contest; to furnish a complement to; as, to cap text; to cap proverbs. Shak.

> Now I have him under girdle I'll cap verses with him to the end of the chapter.
> Dryden.

In capping verses, when one quotes a verse another must cap it by quoting one beginning with the last letter of the first letter, or with the first letter of the last word, or ending with a rhyming word, or by applying any other arbitrary rule may be agreed upon.

Cap, v. i. To uncover the head respectfully. Shak.

Ca`pa*bil"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Capabilities (#). 1. The quality of being capable; capacity; capableness; esp. intellectual power or ability.

> A capability to take a thousand views of a subject.
> H. Taylor.

2. Capacity of being used or improved.

Ca"pa*ble (?), a. [F. capable, LL. capabilis capacious, capable, fr. L. caper to take, contain. See Heave.] 1. Possessing ability, qualification, or susceptibility; having capacity; of sufficient size or strength; as, a room capable of holding a large number; a castle capable of resisting a long assault.

> Concious of joy and capable of pain.
> Prior.

2. Possessing adequate power; qualified; able; fully competent; as, a capable instructor; a capable judge; a mind capable of nice investigations.

> More capable to discourse of battles than to give them.
> Motley.

3. Possessing legal power or capacity; as, a man capable of making a contract, or a will.

4. Capacious; large; comprehensive. [Obs.] Shak.

Capable is usually followed by of, sometimes by an infinitive.

Syn. -- Able; competent; qualified; fitted; efficient; effective; skillful.

Ca"pa*ble*ness, n. The quality or state of being capable; capability; adequateness; competency.

Ca*pac"i*fy (k*ps"*f), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Capacified (-fd).] [L. capax, -acis, capacious + -fy.] To quality. [R.]

> The benefice he is capacified and designed for.
> Barrow.

Ca*pa"cious (k*p"shs), a. [L. capax, -acis, fr. capere to take. See Heave.] 1. Having capacity; able to contain much; large; roomy; spacious; extended; broad; as, a capacious vessel, room, bay, or harbor.

> In the capacious recesses of his mind.
> Bancroft.

2. Able or qualified to make large views of things, as in obtaining knowledge or forming designs; comprehensive; liberal. "A capacious mind." Watts.

Ca*pa"cious*ly, adv. In a capacious manner or degree; comprehensively.

Ca*pa"cious*ness, n. The quality of being capacious, as of a vessel, a reservoir a bay, the mind, etc.

Ca*pac"i*tate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Capacitated; p. pr. & vb. n. Capacitating.] To render capable; to enable; to qualify.

> By this instruction we may be capaciated to observe those errors.
> Dryden.

Ca*pac"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Capacities (-tz). [L. capacitus, fr. capax, capacis; fr. F. capacité. See Capacious.] 1. The power of receiving or containing; extent of room or space; passive power; -- used in reference to physical things.

> Had our great palace the capacity
> To camp this host, we all would sup together.
> Shak.

> The capacity of the exhausted cylinder.
> Boyle.

2. The power of receiving and holding ideas, knowledge, etc.; the comprehensiveness of the mind; the receptive faculty; capability of understanding or feeling.

> Capacity is now properly limited to these [the mere passive operations of the mind]; its primary signification, which is literally room for, as well as its employment, favors this; although it can not be denied that there are examples of its usage in an active sense.
> Sir W. Hamilton.

3. Ability; power pertaining to, or resulting from, the possession of strength, wealth, or talent; possibility of being or of doing.

> The capacity of blessing the people.
> Alex. Hamilton.

> A cause with such capacities endued.
> Blackmore.

4. Outward condition or circumstances; occupation; profession; character; position; as, to work in the capacity of a mason or a carpenter.

5. (Law) Legal or moral qualification, as of age, residence, character, etc., necessary for certain purposes, as for holding office, for marrying, for making contracts, wills, etc.; legal power or right; competency.

Capacity for heat, the power of absorbing heat. Substances differ in the amount of heat requisite to raise them a given number of thermometric degrees, and this difference is the measure of, or depends upon, what is called their capacity for heat. See Specific heat, under Heat.

Syn. -- Ability; faculty; talent; capability; skill; efficiency; cleverness. See Ability.

Cap`*a*pe" (?), adv. See Cap-a-pie. Shak.

||Cap`*a*pie" (?), adv. [OF. (&?;) cap-a-pie, from head to foot, now de pied en cap from foot to head; L. pes foot + caput head.] From head to foot; at all points. "He was armed cap-a-pie." Prescott.

Ca*par"i*son (?), n. [F. caparaçon, fr. Sp. caparazon a cover for a saddle, coach, etc.; capa cloak, cover (fr. LL. capa, cf. LL. caparo also fr. capa) + the term. azon. See Cap.] 1. An ornamental covering or housing for a horse; the harness or trappings of a horse, taken collectively, esp. when decorative.

> Their horses clothed with rich caparison.
> Drylen.

2. Gay or rich clothing.

> My heart groans beneath the gay caparison.
> Smollett.

Ca*par"i*son, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Caparisoned (?) p. pr. & vb. n. Caparisoning.] [Cf. F caparaçonner.]

1. To cover with housings, as a horse; to harness or fit out with decorative trappings, as a horse.

> The steeds, caparisoned with purple, stand.
> Dryden.

2. To adorn with rich dress; to dress.

> I am caparisoned like a man.
> Shak.

||Ca*par"ro (?), n. [Native Indian name.] (Zoöl.) A large South American monkey (Lagothrix Humboldtii), with prehensile tail.

Cap"case` (?), n. A small traveling case or bandbox; formerly, a chest.

> A capcase for your linen and your plate.
> Beau. & Fl.

Cape (kp), n. [F. cap, fr. It. capo head, cape, fr. L. caput heat, end, point. See Chief.] A piece or point of land, extending beyond the adjacent coast into the sea or a lake; a promontory; a headland.

Cape buffalo (Zoöl.) a large and powerful buffalo of South Africa (Bubalus Caffer). It is said to be the most dangerous wild beast of Africa. See Buffalo, 2. -- Cape jasmine, Cape jessamine. See Jasmine. -- Cape pigeon (Zoöl.), a petrel (Daptium Capense) common off the Cape of Good Hope. It is about the size of a pigeon. -- Cape wine, wine made in South Africa [Eng.] -- The Cape, the Cape of Good Hope, in the general sense of the southern extremity of Africa. Also used of Cape Horn, and, in New England, of Cape Cod.

Cape, v. i. (Naut.) To head or point; to keep a course; as, the ship capes southwest by south.

Cape, n. [OE. Cape, fr. F. cape; cf. LL. cappa. See Cap, and cf. 1st Cope, Chape.] A sleeveless garment or part of a garment, hanging from the neck over the back, arms, and shoulders, but not reaching below the hips. See Cloak.

Cape, v. i. [See Gape.] To gape. [Obs.] Chaucer.

{ Ca"pel (k"pl), Ca"ple (- p'l) }, n. [Icel. kapall; cf. L. caballus.] A horse; a nag. [Obs.] Chaucer. Holland.

Ca"pel (k"pl), n. (Mining) A composite stone (quartz, schorl, and hornblende) in the walls of tin and copper lodes.

Cap"e*lan (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Capelin.

Cape"lin (?), n. [Cf. F. capelan, caplan.] (Zoöl.) A small marine fish (Mallotus villosus) of the family Salmonidæ, very abundant on the coasts of Greenland, Iceland, Newfoundland, and Alaska. It is used as a bait for the cod. [Written also capelan and caplin.]

This fish, which is like a smelt, is called by the Spaniards anchova, and by the Portuguese capelina. Fisheries of U. S. (1884).

||Ca"pe*line` (?), n. [F., fr. LL. capella. See Chapel.] (Med.) A hood- shaped bandage for the head, the shoulder, or the stump of an amputated limb.

Ca*pel"la (?), n. [L., a little goat, dim. of caper a goat.] (Asrton.) A brilliant star in the constellation Auriga.

Cap"el*lane (?), n. [See Chaplain.] The curate of a chapel; a chaplain. [Obs.] Fuller.

||Ca*pel"le (?), n. [G.] (Mus.) The private orchestra or band of a prince or of a church.

Cap"el*let (?), n. [F. capelet.] (Far.) A swelling, like a wen, on the point of the elbow (or the heel of the hock) of a horse, caused probably by bruises in lying down.

||Ca*pell"meis`ter (?), n. [G., fr. capelle chapel, private band of a prince + meister a master.] The musical director in a royal or ducal chapel; a choir-master. [Written also kapellmeister.]

Ca"per (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Capered p. pr. & vb. n. capering.] [From older capreoll to caper, cf. F. se cabrer to prance; all ultimately fr. L. caper, capra, goat. See Capriole.] To leap or jump about in a sprightly manner; to cut capers; to skip; to spring; to prance; to dance.

> He capers, he dances, he has eyes of youth.
> Shak.

Ca"per, n. A frolicsome leap or spring; a skip; a jump, as in mirth or dancing; a prank.

To cut a caper, to frolic; to make a sportive spring; to play a prank. Shak.

Ca"per, n. [D. kaper.] A vessel formerly used by the Dutch, privateer. Wright.

Ca"per, n. [F. câpre, fr. L. capparis, Gr. &?;; cf. Ar. & Per. al-kabar.] 1. The pungent grayish green flower bud of the European and Oriental caper (Capparis spinosa), much used for pickles.

2. (Bot.) A plant of the genus Capparis; -- called also caper bush, caper tree.

The Capparis spinosa is a low prickly shrub of the Mediterranean coasts, with trailing branches and brilliant flowers; -- cultivated in the south of Europe for its buds. The C. sodada is an almost leafless spiny shrub of central Africa (Soudan), Arabia, and southern India, with edible berries.

Bean caper. See Bran caper, in the Vocabulary. -- Caper sauce, a kind of sauce or catchup made of capers.

Ca"per*ber`ry (?), n. 1. The small olive-shaped berry of the European and Oriental caper, said to be used in pickles and as a condiment.

2. The currantlike fruit of the African and Arabian caper (Capparis sodado).

{ Ca"per bush` (?), Ca"per tree` (?). }See Capper, a plant, 2.

{ Ca"per*cail`zie (?), or Ca"per*cal`ly (?), } n. [Gael, capulcoile.] (Zoöl.) A species of grouse (Tetrao uragallus) of large size and fine flavor, found in northern Europe and formerly in Scotland; -- called also cock of the woods. [Written also capercaillie, capercaili.]

Ca"per*claw` (?), v. t. To treat with cruel playfulness, as a cat treats a mouse; to abuse. [Obs.] Birch.

Ca"per*er (?), n. One who capers, leaps, and skips about, or dances.

> The nimble caperer on the cord.
> Dryden.

Cap"ful (?), n.; pl. Capfuls (&?;). As much as will fill a cap.

A capful of wind (Naut.), a light puff of wind.

||Ca"pi*as (?), n. [L. thou mayst take.] (Low) A writ or process commanding the officer to take the body of the person named in it, that is, to arrest him; -- also called writ of capias.

One principal kind of capias is a writ by which actions at law are frequently commenced; another is a writ of execution issued after judgment to satisfy damages recovered; a capias in criminal law is the process to take a person charged on an indictment, when he is not in custody. Burrill. Wharton.

Ca`pi*ba"ra (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Capybara.

Cap`il*la"ceous (?), a. [L. capillaceus hairy, fr. capillus hair.] Having long filaments; resembling a hair; slender. See Capillary.

Cap`il*laire" (?), n. [F. capillaire maiden-hair; sirop de capillaire capillaire; fr. L. herba capillaris the maidenhair.] 1. A sirup prepared from the maiden-hair, formerly supposed to have medicinal properties.

2. Any simple sirup flavored with orange flowers.

Ca*pil"la*ment (?), n. [L. capillamentum, fr. capillus hair: cf. F. capillament.] 1. (Bot.) A filament. [R.]

2. (Anat.) Any villous or hairy covering; a fine fiber or filament, as of the nerves.

Cap"il*la*ri*ness (?), n. The quality of being capillary.

Cap`il*lar"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. capillarité.]

1. The quality or condition of being capillary.

2. (Physics) The peculiar action by which the surface of a liquid, where it is in contact with a solid (as in a capillary tube), is elevated or depressed; capillary attraction.

Capillarity depends upon the relative attaction of the modecules of the liquid for each other and for those of the solid, and is especially observable in capillary tubes, where it determines the ascent or descent of the liquid above or below the level of the liquid which the tube is dipped; -- hence the name.

Cap"il*la*ry (kp"l*l*r or k*pl"l*r; 277), a. [L. capillaris, fr. capillus hair. Cf. Capillaire.] 1. Resembling a hair; fine; minute; very slender; having minute tubes or interspaces; having very small bore; as, the capillary vessels of animals and plants.

2. Pertaining to capillary tubes or vessels; as, capillary action.

Capillary attraction, Capillary repulsion, the apparent attraction or repulsion between a solid and liquid caused by capillarity. See Capillarity, and Attraction. -- Capillarity tubes. See the Note under Capillarity.

Cap"il*la*ry, n.; pl. Capillaries (&?;). 1. A tube or vessel, extremely fine or minute.

2. (Anat.) A minute, thin-walled vessel; particularly one of the smallest blood vessels connecting arteries and veins, but used also for the smallest lymphatic and biliary vessels.

Cap`il*la"tion (?), n. [L. capillatio the hair.] A capillary blood vessel. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Ca*pil"la*ture (?), n. [L. capillatura.] A bush of hair; frizzing of the hair. Clarke.

Ca*pil"li*form (?), a. [L. capillus hair + -form.] In the shape or form of, a hair, or of hairs.

Cap"il*lose` (?), a. [L. capillosus.] Having much hair; hairy. [R.]

Ca*pis"trate (?), a. [L. capistratus, p. p. of capistrare halter.] (Zoöl.) Hooded; cowled.

Cap"i*tal (?), a. [F. capital, L. capitalis capital (in senses 1 & 2), fr. caput head. See Chief, and cf. Capital, n.] 1. Of or pertaining to the head. [Obs.]

> Needs must the Serpent now his capital bruise
> Expect with mortal pain.
> Milton.

2. Having reference to, or involving, the forfeiture of the head or life; affecting life; punishable with death; as, capital trials; capital punishment.

> Many crimes that are capital among us.
> Swift.

> To put to death a capital offender.
> Milton.

3. First in importance; chief; principal.

> A capital article in religion
> Atterbury.

> Whatever is capital and essential in Christianity.
> I. Taylor.

4. Chief, in a political sense, as being the seat of the general government of a state or nation; as, Washington and Paris are capital cities.

5. Of first rate quality; excellent; as, a capital speech or song. [Colloq.]

<! p. 214 !>

Capital letter [F, lettre capitale] (Print.), a leading or heading letter, used at the beginning of a sentence and as the first letter of certain words, distinguished, for the most part, both by different form and larger size, from the small (lower-case) letters, which form the greater part of common print or writing. -- Small capital letters have the form of capital letters and height of the body of the lower-case letters. -- Capital stock, money, property, or stock invested in any business, or the enterprise of any corporation or institution. Abbott.

Syn. -- Chief; leading; controlling; prominent.

Cap"i*tal (?), n. [Cf. L. capitellum and Capitulum, a small head, the head, top, or capital of a column, dim. of caput head; F. chapiteau, OF. capitel. See Chief, and cf. Cattle, Chattel, Chapiter, Chapter.] 1. (Arch.) The head or uppermost member of a column, pilaster, etc. It consists generally of three parts, abacus, bell (or vase), and necking. See these terms, and Column.

2. [Cf. F. capilate, fem., sc. ville.] (Geog.) The seat of government; the chief city or town in a country; a metropolis. "A busy and splendid capital" Macauly.

3. [Cf. F. capital.] Money, property, or stock employed in trade, manufactures, etc.; the sum invested or lent, as distinguished from the income or interest. See Capital stock, under Capital, a.

4. (Polit. Econ.) That portion of the produce of industry, which may be directly employed either to support human beings or to assist in production. M'Culloch.

When wealth is used to assist production it is called capital. The capital of a civilized community includes fixed capital (i.e. buildings, machines, and roads used in the course of production and exchange) amd circulating capital (i.e., food, fuel, money, etc., spent in the course of production and exchange). T. Raleigh.

5. Anything which can be used to increase one's power or influence.

> He tried to make capital out of his rival's discomfiture.
> London Times.

6. (Fort.) An imaginary line dividing a bastion, ravelin, or other work, into two equal parts.

7. A chapter, or section, of a book. [Obs.]

> Holy St. Bernard hath said in the 59th capital.
> Sir W. Scott.

8. (Print.) See Capital letter, under Capital, a.

Active capital. See under Active, -- Small capital (Print.), a small capital letter. See under Capital, a. -- To live on one's capital, to consume one's capital without producing or accumulating anything to replace it.

Cap"i*tal*ist, n. [Cf. F. capitaliste.] One who has capital; one who has money for investment, or money invested; esp. a person of large property, which is employed in business.

> The expenditure of the capitalist.
> Burke.

Cap"i*tal*i*za`tion (?), n. The act or process of capitalizing.

Cap"i*tal*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Capitalized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Capitalizing.] 1. To convert into capital, or to use as capital.

2. To compute, appraise, or assess the capital value of (a patent right, an annuity, etc.)

3. To print in capital letters, or with an initial capital.

Cap*i*tal*ly, adv. 1. In a way involving the forfeiture of the head or life; as, to punish capitally.

2. In a capital manner; excellently. [Colloq.]

Cap"i*tal*ness, n. The quality of being capital; preeminence. [R.]

{ Ca`pi*tan` Pa*sha` or Pa*cha` (?) }. [See capitan.] The chief admiral of the Turkish fleet.

Cap"i*tate (?), a. [L. capitatus fr. caput head.] 1. Headlike in form; also, having the distal end enlarged and rounded, as the stigmas of certain flowers.

2. (Bot.) Having the flowers gathered into a head.

Cap`i*ta"tim (?), a. [NL.] Of so much per head; as, a capitatim tax; a capitatim grant.

Cap`i*ta"tion (?), n. [L. capitatio a poll tax, fr. caput head; cf. F. capitation.] 1. A numbering of heads or individuals. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

2. A tax upon each head or person, without reference to property; a poll tax.

||Cap"i*te (?), n. [L., abl. of caput head.] See under Tenant.

Cap`i*tel"late (?), a. [L. capitellum, dim. of caput head.] (Bot.) Having a very small knoblike termination, or collected into minute capitula.

||Cap`i*ti*bran`chi*a"ta (?), n. pl. [NL., from L. caput, capitis, head + -branchiae gills.] (Zoöl.) A division of annelids in which the gills arise from or near the head. See Tubicola.

Cap"i*tol (?), [L. capitolium, fr. caput head: cf. F. capitole. See Chief.]

1. The temple of Jupiter, at Rome, on the Mona Capitolinus, where the Senate met.

> Comes Cæsar to the Capitol to- morrow?
> Shak.

2. The edifice at Washington occupied by the Congress of the United States; also, the building in which the legislature of State holds its sessions; a statehouse.

{ Cap`i*to"li*an (?), Cap"i*to*line (?), } a. [L. capitolinus: cf. F. capitolin.] Of or pertaining to the Capitol in Rome. "Capitolian Jove." Macaulay.

Capitoline games (Antiq.), annual games instituted at Rome by Camillus, in honor of Jupter Capitolinus, on account of the preservation of the Capitol from the Gauls; when reinstituted by Domitian, arter a period of neglect, they were held every fifth year.

||Ca*pit"u*la (?), n. pl. See Capitulum.

Ca*pit"u*lar (?), n. [LL. capitulare, capitularium, fr. L. capitulum a small head, a chapter, dim. of capit head, chapter.] 1. An act passed in a chapter.

2. A member of a chapter.

> The chapter itself, and all its members or capitulars.
> Ayliffe.

3. The head or prominent part.

Ca*pit"u*lar (?), a. 1. (Eccl.) Of or pertaining to a chapter; capitulary.

> From the pope to the member of the capitular body.
> Milman.

2. (Bot.) Growing in, or pertaining to, a capitulum.

3. (Anat.) Pertaining to a capitulum; as, the capitular process of a vertebra, the process which articulates with the capitulum of a rib.

Ca*pit"u*lar*ly (?), adv. In the manner or form of an ecclesiastical chapter. Sterne.

Ca*pit"u*la*ry (?), n.; pl. Capitularies (#). [See Capitular.] 1. A capitular.

2. The body of laws or statutes of a chapter, or of an ecclesiastical council.

3. A collection of laws or statutes, civil and ecclesiastical, esp. of the Frankish kings, in chapters or sections.

> Several of Charlemagne's capitularies.
> Hallam.

Ca*pit"u*la*ry (?), a. Relating to the chapter of a cathedral; capitular. "Capitulary acts." Warton.

Ca*pit"u*late (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Capitulated; p. pr. & vb. n. Capitulating.] [LL. capitulatus, p. p. of capitulare to capitulate: cf. F. capituler. See Capitular, n.] 1. To settle or draw up the heads or terms of an agreement, as in chapters or articles; to agree. [Obs.]

> There capitulates with the king . . . to take to wife his daughter Mary.
> Heylin.

> There is no reason why the reducing of any agreement to certain heads or capitula should not be called to capitulate.
> Trench.

2. To surrender on terms agreed upon (usually, drawn up under several heads); as, an army or a garrison capitulates.

> The Irish, after holding out a week, capitulated.
> Macaulay.

Ca*pit"u*late, v. t. To surrender or transfer, as an army or a fortress, on certain conditions. [R.]

Ca*pit`u*la"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. capitulation, LL. capitulatio.] 1. A reducing to heads or articles; a formal agreement.

> With special capitulation that neither the Scots nor the French shall refortify.
> Bp. Burnet.

2. The act of capitulating or surrendering to an emeny upon stipulated terms.

3. The instrument containing the terms of an agreement or surrender.

Ca*pit"u*la`tor (?), n. [LL.] One who capitulates.

Cap"i*tule (?), n. [L. capitulum small head, chapter.] A summary. [Obs.]

||Ca*pit"u*lum (?), n.; pl. Capitula (&?;). [L., a small head.] 1. A thick head of flowers on a very short axis, as a clover top, or a dandelion; a composite flower. A capitulum may be either globular or flat. Gray.

2. (Anat.) A knoblike protuberance of any part, esp. at the end of a bone or cartilage. [See Illust. of Artiodactyla.]

Ca*pi"vi (?), n. [Cf. Copaiba.] A balsam of the Spanish West Indies. See Copaiba.

Ca"ple (?), n. See Capel.

Cap"lin (?), n. See Capelin.

{ Cap"lin (?), Cap"ling (?), } n. The cap or coupling of a flail, through which the thongs pass which connect the handle and swingel. Wright.

Cap"no*man`cy (?), n. [Gr. &?; smoke + mancy: cf. F. capnomancie.] Divination by means of the ascent or motion of smoke.

Cap"no*mor (?), n. [Gr. &?; smoke + &?;, equiv. to &?; part.] (Chem.) A limpid, colorless oil with a peculiar odor, obtained from beech tar. Watts.

||Ca*poc" (?), n. [Malay kpoq.] A sort of cotton so short and fine that it can not be spun, used in the East Indies to line palanquins, to make mattresses, etc.

Ca*poch" (?), n.; pl. Capoches (#). [Cf. Sp. capucho, It. cappucio, F. Capuce, capuchon, LL. caputium, fr. capa cloak. See Cap.] A hood; especially, the hood attached to the gown of a monk.

Ca*poch", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Capoched (?).] To cover with, or as with, a hood; hence, to hoodwink or blind. Hudibras.

Ca"pon (k"p'n or k"pn; 277), n. [OE. capon, chapoun, AS. capn (cf. F. chapon), L. capo, fr. Gr. ka`pwn akin to ko`ptein to cut, OSlav. skopiti to castrate. Cf. Comma.] A castrated cock, esp. when fattened; a male chicken gelded to improve his flesh for the table. Shak.

> The merry thought of a capon.
> W. Irving.

Ca"pon, v. t. To castrate; to make a capon of.

Ca"pon*et (?), n. A young capon. [R.] Chapman.

Cap`o*niere" (?), n. [F. caponnière, fr. Sp. caponera, orig., a cage for fattening capons, hence, a place of refuge; cf. It. capponiera. See Capon.] (Fort.) A work made across or in the ditch, to protect it from the enemy, or to serve as a covered passageway.

Ca"pon*ize (?), v. t. To castrate, as a fowl.

Ca*pot" (?), n. [F.] A winning of all the tricks at the game of piquet. It counts for forty points. Hoyle.

Ca*pot", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Capotted.] To win all the tricks from, in playing at piquet.

Ca*pote" (?), n. [Sp. capote (cf. F. capote.), fr. LL. capa cape, cloak. See Cap.] A long cloak or overcoat, especially one with a hood.

Ca*pouch" (?), n. & v. t. Same as Capoch.

Cap"pa*dine (?), n. A floss or waste obtained from the cocoon after the silk has been reeled off, used for shag.

Cap"pa`per (?), See cap, n., also Paper, n.

Cap"peak` (?), n. The front piece of a cap; -- now more commonly called visor.

||Cap*pel"la (?), n. See A cappella.

Cap"per (?), n. 1. One whose business is to make or sell caps.

2. A by-bidder; a decoy for gamblers. [Slang, U. S.]

3. An instrument for applying a percussion cap to a gun or cartridge.

Cap"ping plane` (?). (Join.) A plane used for working the upper surface of staircase rails.

||Ca"pra (?), n. [L., a she goat.] (Zoöl.) A genus of ruminants, including the common goat.

Cap"rate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of capric acid.

Cap"re*o*late (?), a. [L. capreolus wild goat, tendril, fr. caper goat: cf. F. capréolé.] (Bot.) Having a tendril or tendrils.

Cap"re*o*line (?), a. [L. capreolus wild goat, fr. caper goat.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the roebuck.

Cap"ric (?), a. [L. caper goat.] (Chem.) Of or pertaining to capric acid or its derivatives.

Capric acid, C9H19.CO2H, Caprylic acid, C7H15.CO2H, and Caproic acid, C5H11.CO2H, are fatty acids occurring in small quantities in butter, cocoanut oil, etc., united with glycerin; they are colorless oils, or white crystalline solids, of an unpleasant odor like that of goats or sweat.

||Ca*pric"cio (k*prt"ch), n. [It. See Caprice.] 1. (Mus.) A piece in a free form, with frequent digressions from the theme; a fantasia; -- often called caprice.

2. A caprice; a freak; a fancy. Shak.

||Ca*pric*cio"so (k*prt*ch"s), a. [It.] (Mus) In a free, fantastic style.

Ca*price" (k*prs"), n. [F. caprice, It. capriccio, caprice (perh. orig. a fantastical goat leap), fr. L. caper, capra, goat. Cf Capriole, Cab, Caper, v. i.] 1. An abrupt change in feeling, opinion, or action, proceeding from some whim or fancy; a freak; a notion. "Caprices of appetite." W. Irving.

2. (Mus.) See Capriccio.

Syn. -- Freak; whim; crotchet; fancy; vagary; humor; whimsey; fickleness.

Ca*pri"cious (k*prsh"s), a. [Cf. F. capricieux, It. capriccioso.] Governed or characterized by caprice; apt to change suddenly; freakish; whimsical; changeable. "Capricious poet." Shak. "Capricious humor." Hugh Miller.

> A capricious partiality to the Romish practices.
> Hallam.

Syn. -- Freakish; whimsical; fanciful; fickle; crotchety; fitful; wayward; changeable; unsteady; uncertain; inconstant; arbitrary.

-- Ca*pri"cious*ly, adv. -- Ca*pri"cious*ness, n.

Cap"ri*corn (?), n. [L. capricornus; caper goat + cornu horn: cf. F. capricorne.] 1. (Astron.) The tenth sign of zodiac, into which the sun enters at the winter solstice, about December 21. See Tropic.

> The sun was entered into Capricorn.
> Dryden.

2. (Astron.) A southern constellation, represented on ancient monuments by the figure of a goat, or a figure with its fore part like a fish.

Capricorn beetle (Zoöl.), any beetle of the family Carambucidæ; one of the long-horned beetles. The larvæ usually bore into the wood or bark of trees and shrubs and are often destructive. See Girdler, Pruner.

Cap"rid (?), a. [L. caper, capra, goat.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the tribe of ruminants of which the goat, or genus Capra, is the type.

Cap`ri*fi*ca"tion (?), n. [L. caprificatio, fr. caprificare to ripen figs by caprification, fr. caprificus the wild fig; caper goat + ficus fig.] The practice of hanging, upon the cultivated fig tree, branches of the wild fig infested with minute hymenopterous insects.

It is supposed that the little insects insure fertilization by carrying the pollen from the male flowers near the opening of the fig down to the female flowers, and also accelerate ripening the fruit by puncturing it. The practice has existed since ancient times, but its benefit has been disputed.

Cap"ri*fole (?), n. [L. caper goat + folium leaf.] The woodbine or honeysuckle. Spenser.

Cap"ri*fo`li*a`ceous (?), a. Of, pertaining to, or resembling, the Honeysuckle family of plants (Caprifoliacæ.

Cap"ri*form (?), a. [L. caper goat + -form.] Having the form of a goat.

Ca*prig"e*nous (?), a. [L. caprigenus; caper goat + gegnere to produce.] Of the goat kind.

Cap"rine (?), a. [L. caprinus.] Of or pertaining to a goat; as, caprine gambols.

Cap"ri*ole (?), n. [F. capriole, cabriole, It. capriola, fr. L. caper goat. Cf. Caper, v. i. Cabriole, Caprice, Cheveril.] 1. (Man.) A leap that a horse makes with all fours, upwards only, without advancing, but with a kick or jerk of the hind legs when at the height of the leap.

2. A leap or caper, as in dancing. "With lofty turns and caprioles." Sir J. Davies.

Cap"ri*ole, v. i. To perform a capriole. Carlyle.

Cap"ri*ped (?), a. [L. capripers; caper goat + pes pedis, foot.] Having feet like those of a goat.

<! p. 215 !>

Cap"ro*ate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of caproic acid.

Ca*pro"ic (?), a. (Chem.) See under Capric.

Cap"ry*late (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of caprylic acid.

Ca*pryl"ic (?), a. (Chem.) See under Capric.

Cap*sa"i*cin (?), n. [From Capsicum.] (Chem.) A colorless crystalline substance extracted from the Capsicum annuum, and giving off vapors of intense acridity.

Cap"sheaf` (?), n. The top sheaf of a stack of grain: (fig.) the crowning or finishing part of a thing.

Cap"si*cin (?), n. [From Capsicum.] (Chem.) A red liquid or soft resin extracted from various species of capsicum.

Cap"si*cine (?), n. [From Capsicum.] (Chem.) A volatile alkaloid extracted from Capsicum annuum or from capsicin.

Cap"si*cum (kp"s*km), n. [NL., fr. L. capsa box, chest.] (Bot.) A genus of plants of many species, producing capsules or dry berries of various forms, which have an exceedingly pungent, biting taste, and when ground form the red or Cayenne pepper of commerce.
[1913 Webster]

The most important species are Capsicum baccatum or bird pepper, C. fastigiatum or chili pepper, C. frutescens or spur pepper, and C. annuum or Guinea pepper, which includes the bell pepper and other common garden varieties. The fruit is much used, both in its green and ripe state, in pickles and in cookery. See Cayenne pepper.
[1913 Webster]

Cap*size" (?), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Capsized (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Capsizing.] [Cf. Sp. cabecear to nod, pitch, capuzar, chapuzar, to sink (a vessel) by the head; both fr. L. caput head.] To upset or overturn, as a vessel or other body.

> But what if carrying sail capsize the boat?
> Byron.

Cap"size` (?), n. An upset or overturn.

Cap"*square (?), n. (Gun.) A metal covering plate which passes over the trunnions of a cannon, and holds it in place.

Cap"stan (?), n. [F. cabestan, fr. Sp. cabestrante, cabrestante, fr. cabestrar to bind with a halter, fr. cabestrohalter, fr. L. capistrum halter, fr. capere to hold (see Capacious); or perh. the Spanish is fr. L. caper goat + stans, p. pr. of stare to stand; cf. F. chèvre she-goat, also a machine for raising heavy weights.] A vertical cleated drum or cylinder, revolving on an upright spindle, and surmounted by a drumhead with sockets for bars or levers. It is much used, especially on shipboard, for moving or raising heavy weights or exerting great power by traction upon a rope or cable, passing around the drum. It is operated either by steam power or by a number of men walking around the capstan, each pushing on the end of a lever fixed in its socket. [Sometimes spelt Capstern, but improperly.]

Capstan bar, one of the long bars or levers by which the capstan is worked; a handspike.. -- To pawl the capstan, to drop the pawls so that they will catch in the notches of the pawl ring, and prevent the capstan from turning back. -- To rig the capstan, to prepare the for use, by putting the bars in the sockets. -- To surge the capstan, to slack the tension of the rope or cable wound around it.

Cap"stone` (?), n. (Paleon.) A fossil echinus of the genus Cannulus; -- so called from its supposed resemblance to a cap.

{ Cap"su*lar (?), Cap"su*la*ry (?), } a. [Cf. F. capsulaire.] Of or pertaining to a capsule; having the nature of a capsule; hollow and fibrous.

Capsular ligament (Anat.), a ligamentous bag or capsule surrounding many movable joints in the skeleton.

{ Cap"su*late (?), Cap"su*la`ted (?), } a. Inclosed in a capsule, or as in a chest or box.

Cap"sule (?), n. [L. capsula a little box or chest, fr. capsa chest, case, fr. capere to take, contain: cf. F. capsule.] 1. (Bot.) a dry fruit or pod which is made up of several parts or carpels, and opens to discharge the seeds, as, the capsule of the poppy, the flax, the lily, etc.

2. (Chem.) (a) A small saucer of clay for roasting or melting samples of ores, etc.; a scorifier. (b) a small, shallow, evaporating dish, usually of porcelain.

3. (Med.) A small cylindrical or spherical gelatinous envelope in which nauseous or acrid doses are inclosed to be swallowed.

4. (Anat.) A membranous sac containing fluid, or investing an organ or joint; as, the capsule of the lens of the eye. Also, a capsulelike organ.

5. A metallic seal or cover for closing a bottle.

6. A small cup or shell, as of metal, for a percussion cap, cartridge, etc.

Atrabiliary capsule. See under Atrabiliary. -- Glisson's capsule, a membranous envelope, entering the liver along with the portal vessels and insheathing the latter in their course through the organ. -- Suprarenal capsule, an organ of unknown function, above or in front of each kidney.

Cap"tain (kp"tn), n. [OE. capitain, captain, OF. capitain, F. capitaine (cf. Sp. capitan, It. capitano), LL. capitaneus, capitanus, fr. L. caput the head. See under Chief, and cf. Chieftain.] 1. A head, or chief officer; as: (a) The military officer who commands a company, troop, or battery, or who has the rank entitling him to do so though he may be employed on other service. (b) An officer in the United States navy, next above a commander and below a commodore, and ranking with a colonel in the army. (c) By courtesy, an officer actually commanding a vessel, although not having the rank of captain. (d) The master or commanding officer of a merchant vessel. (e) One in charge of a portion of a ship's company; as, a captain of a top, captain of a gun, etc. (f) The foreman of a body of workmen. (g) A person having authority over others acting in concert; as, the captain of a boat's crew; the captain of a football team.

> A trainband captain eke was he.
> Cowper.

> The Rhodian captain, relying on . . . the lightness of his vessel, passed, in open day, through all the guards.
> Arbuthnot.

2. A military leader; a warrior.

> Foremost captain of his time.
> Tennyson.

Captain general. (a) The commander in chief of an army or armies, or of the militia. (b) The Spanish governor of Cuba and its dependent islands. -- Captain lieutenant, a lieutenant with the rank and duties of captain but with a lieutenant's pay, -- as in the first company of an English regiment.

Cap"tain (?), v. t. To act as captain of; to lead. [R.]

> Men who captained or accompanied the exodus from existing forms.
> Lowell.

Cap"tain, a. Chief; superior. [R.]

> captain jewes in the carcanet.
> Shak.

Cap"tain*cy (?), n.; pl. Captaincies (&?;). The rank, post, or commission of a captain. Washington.

Captaincy general, the office, power, territory, or jurisdiction of a captain general; as, the captaincy general of La Habana (Cuba and its islands).

Cap"tain*ry (?), n. [Cf. F. capitainerie.] Power, or command, over a certain district; chieftainship. [Obs.]

Cap"tain*ship, n. 1. The condition, rank, post, or authority of a captain or chief commander. "To take the captainship." Shak.

2. Military skill; as, to show good captainship.

Cap*ta`tion (?), n. [L. captatio, fr. captare to catch, intens. of caper to take: cf. F. captation.] A courting of favor or applause, by flattery or address; a captivating quality; an attraction. [Obs.]

> Without any of those dresses, or popular captations, which some men use in their speeches.
> Eikon Basilike.

Cap"tion (?), n. [L. captio, fr. caper to take. In senses 3 and 4, perhaps confounded in meaning with L. caput a head. See Capacious.] 1. A caviling; a sophism. [Obs.]

> This doctrine is for caption and contradiction.
> Bacon.

2. The act of taking or arresting a person by judicial process. [R.] Bouvier.

3. (Law) That part of a legal instrument, as a commission, indictment, etc., which shows where, when, and by what authority, it was taken, found, or executed. Bouvier. Wharton.

4. The heading of a chapter, section, or page. [U. S.]

Cap"tious (?), a. [F. captieux, L. captiosus. See Caption.] 1. Apt to catch at faults; disposed to find fault or to cavil; eager to object; difficult to please.

> A captious and suspicious age.
> Stillingfleet.

> I am sensible I have not disposed my materials to abide the test of a captious controversy.
> Bwike.

2. Fitted to harass, perplex, or insnare; insidious; troublesome.

> Captious restraints on navigation.
> Bancroft.

Syn. -- Caviling, carping, fault-finding; censorious; hypercritical; peevish, fretful; perverse; troublesome. -- Captious, caviling, Carping. A captious person is one who has a fault-finding habit or manner, or is disposed to catch at faults, errors, etc., with quarrelsome intent; a caviling person is disposed to raise objections on frivolous grounds; carping implies that one is given to ill-natured, persistent, or unreasonable fault- finding, or picking up of the words or actions of others.

> Caviling is the carping of argument, carping the caviling of ill temper.
> C. J. Smith.

Cap"tious*ly, adv. In a captious manner.

Cap"tious*ness, n. Captious disposition or manner.

Cap"ti*vate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Captivated; p. pr. & vb. n. Captivating.] [L. captivatus, p. p. of captivare to capture, fr. captivus captive. See Captive.] 1. To take prisoner; to capture; to subdue. [Obs.]

> Their woes whom fortune captivates.
> Shak.

2. To acquire ascendancy over by reason of some art or attraction; to fascinate; to charm; as, Cleopatra captivated Antony; the orator captivated all hearts.

> Small landscapes of captivating loveliness.
> W. Irving.

Syn. -- To enslave; subdue; overpower; charm; enchant; bewitch; facinate; capture; lead captive.

Cap"ti*vate (?), p. a. [L. captivatus.] Taken prisoner; made captive; insnared; charmed.

> Women have been captivate ere now.
> Shak.

Cap"ti*va`ting (?), a. Having power to captivate or charm; fascinating; as, captivating smiles. -- Cap"ti*va`ting*ly, adv.

Cap"ti*va`tion (?), n. [L. capticatio.] The act of captivating. [R.]

> The captivation of our understanding.
> Bp. Hall.

Cap"tive (?), n. [L. captivus, fr. capere to take: cf. F. captif. See Caitiff.] 1. A prisoner taken by force or stratagem, esp., by an enemy, in war; one kept in bondage or in the power of another.

> Then, when I am thy captive, talk of chains.
> Milton.

2. One charmed or subdued by beaty, excellence, or affection; one who is captivated.

Cap"tive, a. 1. Made prisoner, especially in war; held in bondage or in confinement.

> A poor, miserable, captive thrall.
> Milton.

2. Subdued by love; charmed; captivated.

> Even in so short a space, my wonan's heart
> Grossly grew captive to his honey words.
> Shak.

3. Of or pertaining to bondage or confinement; serving to confine; as, captive chains; captive hours.

Cap"tive (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Captived (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Captiving.] To take prisoner; to capture.

> Their inhabitans slaughtered and captived.
> Burke.

Cap*tiv"i*ty (?), n. [L. captivitas: cf. F. captivité.] 1. The state of being a captive or a prisoner.

> More celebrated in his captivity that in his greatest triumphs.
> Dryden.

2. A state of being under control; subjection of the will or affections; bondage.

> Sink in the soft captivity together.
> Addison.

Syn. -- Imprisonment; confinement; bondage; subjection; servitude; slavery; thralldom; serfdom.

Cap"tor (?), n. [L., a cather (of animals), fr. caper to take.] One who captures any person or thing, as a prisoner or a prize.

Cap"ture (?), n. [L. capture, fr. caper to take: cf. F. capture. See Caitiff, and cf. aptive.]

1. The act of seizing by force, or getting possession of by superior power or by stratagem; as, the capture of an enemy, a vessel, or a criminal.

> Even with regard to captures made at sea.
> Bluckstone.

2. The securing of an object of strife or desire, as by the power of some attraction.

3. The thing taken by force, surprise, or stratagem; a prize; prey.

Syn. -- Seizure; apprehension; arrest; detention.

Cap"ture, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Captured (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Capturing.] To seize or take possession of by force, surprise, or stratagem; to overcome and hold; to secure by effort.

> Her heart is like some fortress that has been captured.
> W. Ivring.

||Ca*puc"cio (?), n. [It. cappucio. See Capoch.] A capoch or hood. [Obs.] Spenser.

Ca*puched" (?), a. [See Capoch.] Cover with, or as with, a hood. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Cap`u*chin" (?), n. [F. capucin a monk who wears a cowl, fr. It. cappuccio hood. See Capoch.]

1. (Eccl.) A Franciscan monk of the austere branch established in 1526 by Matteo di Baschi, distinguished by wearing the long pointed cowl or capoch of St. Francis.

> A bare-footed and long-bearded capuchin.
> Sir W. Scott.

2. A garment for women, consisting of a cloak and hood, resembling, or supposed to resemble, that of capuchin monks.

3. (Zoöl.) (a) A long-tailed South American monkey (Cabus capucinus), having the forehead naked and wrinkled, with the hair on the crown reflexed and resembling a monk's cowl, the rest being of a grayish white; -- called also capucine monkey, weeper, sajou, sapajou, and sai. (b) Other species of Cabus, as C. fatuellus (the brown or horned capucine.), C. albifrons (the cararara), and C. apella. (c) A variety of the domestic pigeon having a hoodlike tuft of feathers on the head and sides of the neck.

Capuchin nun, one of an austere order of Franciscan nuns which came under Capuchin rule in 1538. The order had recently been founded by Maria Longa.

Cap"u*cine (?), n. See Capuchin, 3.

Cap"u*let (?), n. (Far.) Same as Capellet.

Cap"u*lin (-ln), n. [Sp. capuli.] The Mexican cherry (Prunus Capollin).

||Ca"put (k"pt), n.; pl. Capita (kp"*t). [L., the head.] 1. (Anat.) The head; also, a knoblike protuberance or capitulum.

2. The top or superior part of a thing.

3. (Eng.) The council or ruling body of the University of Cambridge prior to the constitution of 1856.

> Your caputs and heads of colleges.
> Lamb.

Caput mortuum (&?;). [L., dead head.] (Old Chem.) The residuum after distillation or sublimation; hence, worthless residue.

Ca`py*ba"ra (?), n. [Sp. capibara, fr. the native name.] (Zoöl.) A large South American rodent (Hydrochærus capybara) Living on the margins of lakes and rivers. It is the largest extant rodent, being about three feet long, and half that in height. It somewhat resembles the Guinea pig, to which it is related; -- called also cabiai and water hog.

<! p. 216 !>

Car (?), n. [OF. car, char, F. cahr, fr. L. carrus, Wagon: a Celtic word; cf. W. car, Armor. karr, Ir. & Gael. carr. cf. Chariot.] 1. A small vehicle moved on wheels; usually, one having but two wheels and drawn by one horse; a cart.

2. A vehicle adapted to the rails of a railroad. [U. S.]

In England a railroad passenger car is called a railway carriage; a freight car a goods wagon; a platform car a goods truck; a baggage car a van. But styles of car introduced into England from America are called cars; as, tram car. Pullman car. See Train.

3. A chariot of war or of triumph; a vehicle of splendor, dignity, or solemnity. [Poetic].

> The gilded car of day.
> Milton.

> The towering car, the sable steeds.
> Tennyson.

4. (Astron.) The stars also called Charles's Wain, the Great Bear, or the Dipper.

> The Pleiads, Hyads, and the Northern Car.
> Dryden.

5. The cage of a lift or elevator.

6. The basket, box, or cage suspended from a balloon to contain passengers, ballast, etc.

7. A floating perforated box for living fish. [U. S.]

Car coupling, or Car coupler, a shackle or other device for connecting the cars in a railway train. [U. S.] -- Dummy car (Railroad), a car containing its own steam power or locomotive. -- Freight car (Railrood), a car for the transportation of merchandise or other goods. [U. S.] -- Hand car (Railroad), a small car propelled by hand, used by railroad laborers, etc. [U. S.] -- Horse car, or Street car, an omnibus car, draw by horses or other power upon rails laid in the streets. [U. S.] -- Palace car, Drawing-room car, Sleeping car, Parlor car, etc. (Railroad), cars especially designed and furnished for the comfort of travelers.

Car"a*bid (?), a. (Zoöl.) Of, pertaining to, or resembling, the genus Carabus or family Carabidæ. -- n. One of the Carabidæ, a family of active insectivorous beetles.

Car"a*bine (?), n. (Mil.) A carbine.

Car`a*bi*neer" (?), n. A carbineer.

Car"a*boid (?), a. [Carabus + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Like, or pertaining to the genus Carabus.

||Car"a*bus (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a horned beetle.] (Zoöl.) A genus of ground beetles, including numerous species. They devour many injurious insects.

Car"ac (?), n. See Carack.

Car"a*cal (?), n. [F. caracal, fr. Turk garahgootag; garah black + goofag ear.] (Zoöl.) A lynx (Felis, or Lynx, caracal.) It is a native of Africa and Asia. Its ears are black externally, and tipped with long black hairs.

Ca`ra*ca"ra (kä`rkä"r), n. (Zoöl.) A south American bird of several species and genera, resembling both the eagles and the vultures. The caracaras act as scavengers, and are also called carrion buzzards.

The black caracara is Ibycter ater; the chimango is Milvago chimango; the Brazilian is Polyborus Braziliensis.

Car"ack (?), n. [F. caraque (cf. Sp. & Pg. carraca, It. caracca.), LL. carraca, fr. L. carrus wagon; or perh. fr. Ar. qorqr (pl. qarqir) a carack.] (Naut.) A kind of large ship formerly used by the Spaniards and Portuguese in the East India trade; a galleon. [Spelt also carrack.]

> The bigger whale like some huge carrack lay.
> Waller.

Car"a*cole (?), n. [F. caracole, caracol, fr. Sp. caracol snail, winding staircase, a wheeling about.]

1. (Man.) A half turn which a horseman makes, either to the right or the left.

2. (Arch.) A staircase in a spiral form.

||En caracole (&?;) [F.], spiral; -- said of a staircase.

Car"a*cole (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Caracoled (?).] [Cf. F. caracoler.] (Man.) To move in a caracole, or in caracoles; to wheel.

> Prince John caracoled within the lists.
> Sir W. Scott.

Car"a*col`y (?), n. An alloy of gold, silver, and copper, of which an inferior quality of jewelry is made.

{ Car"a*core (?), Car"a*co`ra (?) }, n. [Malay kurakura.] A light vessel or proa used by the people of Borneo, etc., and by the Dutch in the East Indies.

||Ca*rafe" (?), n. [F.] A glass water bottle for the table or toilet; -- called also croft.

{ Car"a*geen` or Car"a*gheen` } (?), n. See Carrageen.

Ca`ram*bo"la (?), n. (Bot.) An East Indian tree (Averrhoa Carambola), and its acid, juicy fruit; called also Coromandel gooseberry.

Car"a*mel (?), n. [F. caramel (cf. Sp. caramelo), LL. canna mellis, cannamella, canamella, calamellus mellitus, sugar cane, from or confused with L. canna reed + mel, mellis, honey. See Cane.] 1. (Chem.) Burnt sugar; a brown or black porous substance obtained by heating sugar. It is soluble in water, and is used for coloring spirits, gravies, etc.

2. A kind of confectionery, usually a small cube or square of tenacious paste, or candy, of varying composition and flavor.

Ca*ran"goid (?), a. [Caranx + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Belonging to the Carangidæ, a family of fishes allied to the mackerels, and including the caranx, American bluefish, and the pilot fish.

||Ca"ranx (k"rks), n. (Zoöl.) A genus of fishes, common on the Atlantic coast, including the yellow or golden mackerel.

Car"a*pace (kr"*ps), n. [F.] (Zoöl.) The thick shell or shield which covers the back of the tortoise, or turtle, the crab, and other crustaceous animals.

||Ca`ra*pa"to (kä`r*pä"t), n. [Pg. carrapato.] (Zoöl.) A south American tick of the genus Amblyomma. There are several species, very troublesome to man and beast.

Car"a*pax (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Carapace.

Car"at (kr"t), n. [F. carat (cf. It. carato, OPg. quirate, Pg. & Sp. quilate), Ar. qrt bean or pea shell, a weight of four grains, a carat, fr. Gr. kera`tion a little horn, the fruit of the carob tree, a weight, a carat. See Horn.] 1. The weight by which precious stones and pearls are weighed.

The carat equals three and one fifth grains Troy, and is divided into four grains, sometimes called carat grains. Diamonds and other precious stones are estimated by carats and fractions of carats, and pearls, usually, by carat grains. Tiffany.

2. A twenty-fourth part; -- a term used in estimating the proportionate fineness of gold.

A mass of metal is said to be so many carats fine, according to the number of twenty-fourths of pure gold which it contains; as, 22 carats fine (goldsmith's standard) = 22 parts of gold, 1 of copper, and 1 of silver.

Car"a*van (kr"*vn or kr**vn"; 277), n. [F. caravane (cf. Sp. caravana), fr. Per. karwn a caravan (in sense 1). Cf. Van a wagon.] 1. A company of travelers, pilgrims, or merchants, organized and equipped for a long journey, or marching or traveling together, esp. through deserts and countries infested by robbers or hostile tribes, as in Asia or Africa.

2. A large, covered wagon, or a train of such wagons, for conveying wild beasts, etc., for exhibition; an itinerant show, as of wild beasts.

3. A covered vehicle for carrying passengers or for moving furniture, etc.; -- sometimes shorted into van.

Car`a*van*eer" (?), n. [Cf. F. caravanier.] The leader or driver of the camels in caravan.

Car`a*van"sa*ry (?), n.; pl. Caravansaries (#). [F. caravansérai, fr. Per. karwnsarï; karwn caravan + -sarï palace, large house, inn.] A kind of inn, in the East, where caravans rest at night, being a large, rude, unfurnished building, surrounding a court. [Written also caravanserai and caravansera.]

Car"a*vel (kr"*vl), n. [F. caravelle (cf. It. caravella, Sp. carabela), fr. Sp. caraba a kind of vessel, fr. L. carabus a kind of light boat, fr. Gr. ka`rabos a kind of light ship, NGr. kara`bi ship, vessel.] [written also carvel and caravelle.] (Naut.) A name given to several kinds of vessels. (a) The caravel of the 16th century was a small vessel with broad bows, high, narrow poop, four masts, and lateen sails. Columbus commanded three caravels on his great voyage. (b) A Portuguese vessel of 100 or 150 tons burden. (c) A small fishing boat used on the French coast. (d) A Turkish man-of- war.

Car"a*way (kr"*w), n. [F. carvi (cf. Sp. carvi and al-caravea, al-carahueya, Pg. al-caravia) fr. Ar. karaw, karw fr. Gr. ka`ron; cf. L. careum.] 1. (Bot.) A biennial plant of the Parsley family (Carum Carui). The seeds have an aromatic smell, and a warm, pungent taste. They are used in cookery and confectionery, and also in medicine as a carminative.

2. A cake or sweetmeat containing caraway seeds.

> Caraways, or biscuits, or some other [comfits].
> Cogan.

Car*bam"ic (kär*bm"k), a. [Carbon + amido.] (Chem.) Pertaining to an acid so called.

Carbamic acid (Chem.), an amido acid, NH2.CO2H, not existing in the free state, but occurring as a salt of ammonium in commercial ammonium carbonate; -- called also amido formic acid.

Car*bam"ide (kär*bm"d or -d), n. [Carbonyl + amide.] (Chem.) The technical name for urea.

Car*bam"ine (kär*bm"n or -d), n. (Chem.) An isocyanide of a hydrocarbon radical. The carbamines are liquids, usually colorless, and of unendurable odor.

Car"ba*nil (?), n. [Carbonyl + aniline.] (Chem.) A mobile liquid, CO.N.C6H5, of pungent odor. It is the phenyl salt of isocyanic acid.

Car"ba*zol (?), n. [Carbon + azo + -ol.] (Chem.) A white crystallized substance, C12H8NH, derived from aniline and other amines.

Car*baz"o*tate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of carbazotic or picric acid; a picrate.

Car`ba*zot"ic (?), a. [Carbon + azole.] Containing, or derived from, carbon and nitrogen.

Carbazotic acid (Chem.), picric acid. See under Picric.

Car"bide (?), n. [Carbon + -ide.] (Chem.) A binary compound of carbon with some other element or radical, in which the carbon plays the part of a negative; -- formerly termed carburet.

Car"bi*mide (?), n. [Carbon + imide] (Chem.) The technical name for isocyanic acid. See under Isocyanic.

Car"bine (?), n. [F. carbine, OF. calabrin carabineer (cf. Ot. calabrina a policeman), fr. OF & Pr. calabre, OF. cable, chable, an engine of war used in besieging, fr. LL. chadabula, cabulus, a kind of projectile machine, fr. Gr. &?; a throwing down, fr. &?; to throw; &?; down + &?; to throw. Cf. Parable.] (Mil.) A short, light musket or rifle, esp. one used by mounted soldiers or cavalry.

Car`bi*neer" (?), n. [F. carabinier.] (Mil.) A soldier armed with a carbine.

Car"bi*nol (?), n. [Carbin (Kolbe's name for the radical) + -ol.] (Chem.) Methyl alcohol, CH3OH; -- also, by extension, any one in the homologous series of paraffine alcohols of which methyl alcohol is the type.

Car`bo*hy"drate (?), n. [Carbon + hydrate.] (Physiol. Chem.) One of a group of compounds including the sugars, starches, and gums, which contain six (or some multiple of six) carbon atoms, united with a variable number of hydrogen and oxygen atoms, but with the two latter always in proportion as to form water; as dextrose, C6H12O6.

Car`bo*hy"dride (?), n. [Carbon + hydrogen.] (Chem.) A hydrocarbon.

Car*bol"ic (kär*bl"k), a. [L. carbo coal + oleum oil.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid derived from coal tar and other sources; as, carbolic acid (called also phenic acid, and phenol). See Phenol.

Car"bo*lize (kär"b*lz), v. t. (Med.) To apply carbolic acid to; to wash or treat with carbolic acid.

Car"bon (kär"bn), n. [F. carbone, fr. L. carbo coal; cf. Skr. çr to cook.] (Chem.) An elementary substance, not metallic in its nature, which is present in all organic compounds. Atomic weight 11.97. Symbol C. it is combustible, and forms the base of lampblack and charcoal, and enters largely into mineral coals. In its pure crystallized state it constitutes the diamond, the hardest of known substances, occuring in monometric crystals like the octahedron, etc. Another modification is graphite, or blacklead, and in this it is soft, and occurs in hexagonal prisms or tables. When united with oxygen it forms carbon dioxide, commonly called carbonic acid, or carbonic oxide, according to the proportions of the oxygen; when united with hydrogen, it forms various compounds called hydrocarbons. Compare Diamond, and Graphite.

Carbon compounds, Compounds of carbon (Chem.), those compounds consisting largely of carbon, commonly produced by animals and plants, and hence called organic compounds, though their synthesis may be effected in many cases in the laboratory.

> The formation of the compounds of carbon is not dependent upon the life process.
> I. Remsen

-- Carbon dioxide, Carbon monoxide. (Chem.) See under Carbonic. -- Carbon light (Elec.), an extremely brilliant electric light produced by passing a galvanic current through two carbon points kept constantly with their apexes neary in contact. -- Carbon point (Elec.), a small cylinder or bit of gas carbon moved forward by clockwork so that, as it is burned away by the electric current, it shall constantly maintain its proper relation to the opposing point. -- Carbon tissue, paper coated with gelatine and pigment, used in the autotype process of photography. Abney. -- Gas carbon, a compact variety of carbon obtained as an incrustation on the interior of gas retorts, and used for the manufacture of the carbon rods of pencils for the voltaic, arc, and for the plates of voltaic batteries, etc.

Car"bo*na`ceous (?), a. Pertaining to, containing, or composed of, carbon.

{ Car"bo*nade (?), Car`bo*na"do (?), } n. [Cf. F. carbonnade, It. carbonata, Sp. carbonada, from L. carbo coal.] (Cookery) Flesh, fowl, etc., cut across, seasoned, and broiled on coals; a chop. [Obs.]

{ Car`bo*na"do (?), Car"bo*nade (?), } v. t. [imp. & p. p. Carbonadoed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Carbonadoing.] 1. To cut (meat) across for frying or broiling; to cut or slice and broil. [Obs.]

> A short-legged hen daintily carbonadoed.
> Bean. & Fl.

2. To cut or hack, as in fighting. [Obs.]

> I'll so carbonado your shanks.
> Shak.

Car`bo*na"do (?), n.; pl. Carbonadoes (#). [Pg., carbonated.] (Min.) A black variety of diamond, found in Brazil, and used for diamond drills. It occurs in irregular or rounded fragments, rarely distinctly crystallized, with a texture varying from compact to porous.

Car`bo*na"rism (?), n. The principles, practices, or organization of the Carbonari.

||Car`bo*na"ro (?), n.; pl. Carbonari (#). [It., a coal man.] A member of a secret political association in Italy, organized in the early part of the nineteenth centry for the purpose of changing the government into a republic.

The origin of the Carbonari is uncertain, but the society is said to have first met, in 1808, among the charcoal burners of the mountains, whose phraseology they adopted.

Car`bon*a*ta"tion (?), n. [From Carbonate.] (Sugar Making) The saturation of defecated beet juice with carbonic acid gas. Knight.

Car"bon*ate (?), n. [Cf. F. carbonate.] (Chem.) A salt or carbonic acid, as in limestone, some forms of lead ore, etc.

Car"bon*a`ted (?), a. Combined or impregnated with carbonic acid.

Car"bone (?), v. t. [See Carbonado.] To broil. [Obs.] "We had a calf's head carboned". Pepys.

Car*bon"ic (?), a. [Cf. F. carbonique. See Carbon.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or obtained from, carbon; as, carbonic oxide.

Carbonic acid (Chem.), an acid H2CO3, not existing separately, which, combined with positive or basic atoms or radicals, forms carbonates. In common language the term is very generally applied to a compound of carbon and oxygen, CO2, more correctly called carbon dioxide. It is a colorless, heavy, irrespirable gas, extinguishing flame, and when breathed destroys life. It can be reduced to a liquid and solid form by intense pressure. It is produced in the fermentation of liquors, and by the combustion and decomposition of organic substances, or other substances containing carbon. It is formed in the explosion of fire damp in mines, and is hence called after damp; it is also know as choke damp, and mephitic air. Water will absorb its own volume of it, and more than this under pressure, and in this state becomes the common soda water of the shops, and the carbonated water of natural springs. Combined with lime it constitutes limestone, or common marble and chalk. Plants imbibe it for their nutrition and growth, the carbon being retained and the oxygen given out. -- Carbonic oxide (Chem.), a colorless gas, CO, of a light odor, called more correctly carbon monoxide. It is almost the only definitely known compound in which carbon seems to be divalent. It is a product of the incomplete combustion of carbon, and is an abundant constituent of water gas. It is fatal to animal life, extinguishes combustion, and burns with a pale blue flame, forming carbon dioxide.

<! p. 217 !>

Car"bon*ide (kär"bn*d or -d), n. A carbide. [R.]

Car`bon*if"er*ous (kär`bn*f"r*s), a. [Carbon + -ferous.] Producing or containing carbon or coal.

Carboniferous age (Geol.), the age immediately following the Devonian, or Age of fishes, and characterized by the vegetation which formed the coal beds. This age embraces three periods, the Subcarboniferous, the Carboniferous, and Permian. See Age of acrogens, under Acrogen. -- Carboniferous formation (Geol.), the series of rocks (including sandstones, shales, limestones, and conglomerates, with beds of coal) which make up the strata of the Carboniferous age or period. See the Diagram under Geology.

Car`bon*i*za"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. carbonisation.] The act or process of carbonizing.

Car"bon*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Carbonized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Carbonizing.] [Cf. F. carboniser.] 1. To convert (an animal or vegetable substance) into a residue of carbon by the action of fire or some corrosive agent; to char.

2. To impregnate or combine with carbon, as in making steel by cementation.

Car`bon*om"e*ter (?), n. [Carbon + -meter.] An instrument for detecting and measuring the amount of carbon which is present, or more esp. the amount of carbon dioxide, by its action on limewater or by other means.

Car"bon*yl (?), n. [Carbon + -yl.] (Chem.) The radical (CO)\'b7\'b7, occuring, always combined, in many compounds, as the aldehydes, the ketones, urea, carbonyl chloride, etc.

Though denoted by a formula identical with that of carbon monoxide, it is chemically distinct, as carbon seems to be divalent in carbon monoxide, but tetravalent in carbonyl compounds.

Carbonyl chloride (Chem.), a colorless gas, COCl2, of offensive odor, and easily condensable to liquid. It is formed from chlorine and carbon monoxide, under the influence of light, and hence has been called phosgene gas; -- called also carbon oxychloride.

Car`bo*sty"ril (?), n. [Carbon + styrene.] A white crystalline substance, C9H6N.OH, of acid properties derived from one of the amido cinnamic acids.

Carbonyl chloride (Chem.), a colorless gas, COCl2, of offensive odor, and easily condensable to liquid. It is formed from chlorine and carbon monoxide, under the influence of light, and hence has been called phosgene gas; -- called also carbon oxychloride.

Car`bo*sty"ril (?), n. [Carbon + styrene.] A white crystalline substance, C9H6N.OH, of acid properties derived from one of the amido cinnamic acids.

Car*box"ide (?), n. [Carbon + oxide.] (Chem.) A compound of carbon and oxygen, as carbonyl, with some element or radical; as, potassium carboxide.

Potassium carboxide, a grayish explosive crystalline compound, C6O6K, obtained by passing carbon monoxide over heated potassium.

Car*box"yl (?), n. [Carbon + oxygen + -yl.] (Chem.) The complex radical, CO.OH, regarded as the essential and characteristic constituent which all oxygen acids of carbon (as formic, acetic, benzoic acids, etc.) have in common; -- called also oxatyl.

Car"boy (?), n. [Cf. Ir. & Gael carb basket; or Pers qurbah a sort of bottle.] A large, globular glass bottle, esp. one of green glass, inclosed in basket work or in a box, for protection; -- used commonly for carrying corrosive liquids; as sulphuric acid, etc.

Car"bun*cle (?), n. [L. carbunculus a little coal, a bright kind of precious stone, a kind of tumor, dim. of carbo coal: cf. F. carboncle. See Carbon.]

1. (Min.) A beautiful gem of a deep red color (with a mixture of scarlet) called by the Greeks anthrax; found in the East Indies. When held up to the sun, it loses its deep tinge, and becomes of the color of burning coal. The name belongs for the most part to ruby sapphire, though it has been also given to red spinel and garnet.

2. (Med.) A very painful acute local inflammation of the subcutaneous tissue, esp. of the trunk or back of the neck, characterized by brawny hardness of the affected parts, sloughing of the skin and deeper tissues, and marked constitutional depression. It differs from a boil in size, tendency to spread, and the absence of a central core, and is frequently fatal. It is also called anthrax.

3. (Her.) A charge or bearing supposed to represent the precious stone. It has eight scepters or staves radiating from a common center. Called also escarbuncle.

Car"bun*cled (?), a. 1. Set with carbuncles.

> He has deserves it [armor], were it carbuncled
> Like holy Phabus' car.
> Shak.

2. Affected with a carbuncle or carbuncles; marked with red sores; pimpled and blotched. "A carbuncled face." Brome.

Car*bun"cu*lar (?), a. Belonging to a carbuncle; resembling a carbuncle; red; inflamed.

Car*bun`cu*la"tion (?), n. [L. carbunculatio.] The blasting of the young buds of trees or plants, by excessive heat or cold. Harris.

Car"bu*ret (?), n. [From Carbon.] (Chem.) A carbide. See Carbide [Archaic]

Car"bu*ret, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Carbureted or Carburetted (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Carbureting or Carburetting.] To combine or to impregnate with carbon, as by passing through or over a liquid hydrocarbon; to carbonize or carburize.

> By carbureting the gas you may use poorer coal.
> Knight.

Car"bu*ret`ant (?), n. Any volatile liquid used in charging illuminating gases.

Car"bu*ret`ed (?), a. 1. (Chem.) Combined with carbon in the manner of a carburet or carbide.

2. Saturated or impregnated with some volatile carbon compound; as, water gas is carbureted to increase its illuminating power.

[Written also carburetted.]

Carbureted hydrogen gas, any one of several gaseous compounds of carbon and hydrogen, some of with make up illuminating gas. -- Light carbureted hydrogen, marsh gas, CH4; fire damp.

Car"bu*ret`or (?), n. (Chem.) An apparatus in which coal gas, hydrogen, or air is passed through or over a volatile hydrocarbon, in order to confer or increase illuminating power. [Written also carburettor.]

Car"bu*ri*za`tion (?), n. (Chem.) The act, process, or result of carburizing.

Car"bu*rize (kär"b*rz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Carburized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Carburizing.] (Chem.) To combine with carbon or a carbon compound; -- said esp. of a process for conferring a higher degree of illuminating power on combustible gases by mingling them with a vapor of volatile hydrocarbons.

Car"ca*jou (kär"k*j), n. [Probably a Canadian French corruption of an Indian name of the wolverene.] (Zoöl.) The wolverene; -- also applied, but erroneously, to the Canada lynx, and sometimes to the American badger. See Wolverene.

Car"ca*net (kär"k*nt), n. [Dim. fr. F. carcan the iron collar or chain of a criminal, a chain of precious stones, LL. carcannum, fr. Armor. kerchen bosom, neck, kelchen collar, fr. kelch circle; or Icel. kverk troat, OHG. querca throat.] A jeweled chain, necklace, or collar. [Also written carkanet and carcant.] Shak.

Car"case (kär"kas), n. See Carcass.

Car"cass (kär"kas), n.; pl. Carcasses (#). [Written also carcase.] [F. carcasse, fr. It. carcassa, fr. L. caro flesh + capsa chest, box, case. Cf. Carnal, Case a sheath.] 1. A dead body, whether of man or beast; a corpse; now commonly the dead body of a beast.

> He turned to see the carcass of the lion.
> Judges xiv. 8.

> This kept thousands in the town whose carcasses went into the great pits by cartloads.
> De Foe.

2. The living body; -- now commonly used in contempt or ridicule. "To pamper his own carcass." South.

> Lovely her face; was ne'er so fair a creature.
> For earthly carcass had a heavenly feature.
> Oldham.

3. The abandoned and decaying remains of some bulky and once comely thing, as a ship; the skeleton, or the uncovered or unfinished frame, of a thing.

> A rotten carcass of a boat.
> Shak.

4. (Mil.) A hollow case or shell, filled with combustibles, to be thrown from a mortar or howitzer, to set fire to buldings, ships, etc.

> A discharge of carcasses and bombshells.
> W. Iving.

||Car`ca*vel"hos (?), n. A sweet wine. See Calcavella.

Car"ce*lage (?), n. [LL. carcelladium, carceragium, fr. L. carcer prison.] Prison fees. [Obs.]

Car"cel lamp` (?). [Named after Carcel, the inventor.] A French mechanical lamp, for lighthouses, in which a superabundance of oil is pumped to the wick tube by clockwork.

Car"cer*al (?), a. [L. carceralis, fr. carcer prison.] Belonging to a prison. [R.] Foxe.

Car`ci*no*log"ic*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to carcinology.

Car`ci*nol"o*gy (?), n. [Gr. &?; a crab + -logy.] (Zoöl.) The department of zoölogy which treats of the Crustacea (lobsters, crabs, etc.); -- called also malacostracology and crustaceology.

||Car`ci*no"ma (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; crab, cancer. See -oma.] (Med.) A cancer. By some medical writers, the term is applied to an indolent tumor. See Cancer. Dunglison.

Car`ci*nom"a*tous (?), a. Of or pertaining to carcinoma.

||Car`ci*no"sys (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; cancer.] The affection of the system with cancer.

Card (?), n. [F. carte, fr. L. charta paper, Gr. &?; a leaf of paper. Cf. Chart.] 1. A piece of pasteboard, or thick paper, blank or prepared for various uses; as, a playing card; a visiting card; a card of invitation; pl. a game played with cards.

> Our first cards were to Carabas House.
> Thackeray.

2. A published note, containing a brief statement, explanation, request, expression of thanks, or the like; as, to put a card in the newspapers. Also, a printed programme, and (fig.), an attraction or inducement; as, this will be a good card for the last day of the fair.

3. A paper on which the points of the compass are marked; the dial or face of the mariner's compass.

> All the quartere that they know
> I' the shipman's card.
> Shak.

4. (Weaving) A perforated pasteboard or sheet-metal plate for warp threads, making part of the Jacquard apparatus of a loom. See Jacquard.

5. An indicator card. See under Indicator.

Business card, a card on which is printed an advertisement or business address. -- Card basket (a) A basket to hold visiting cards left by callers. (b) A basket made of cardboard. -- Card catalogue. See Catalogue. -- Card rack, a rack or frame for holding and displaying business or visiting card. -- Card table, a table for use inplaying cards, esp. one having a leaf which folds over. -- On the cards, likely to happen; foretold and expected but not yet brought to pass; -- a phrase of fortune tellers that has come into common use; also, according to the programme. -- Playing card, cards used in playing games; specifically, the cards cards used playing which and other games of chance, and having each pack divided onto four kinds or suits called hearts, diamonds, clubs, and spades. The full or whist pack contains fifty-two cards. -- To have the cards in one's own hands, to have the winning cards; to have the means of success in an undertaking. -- To play one's cards well, to make no errors; to act shrewdly. -- To play snow one's cards, to expose one's plants to rivals or foes. -- To speak by the card, to speak from information and definitely, not by guess as in telling a ship's bearing by the compass card. -- Visiting card, a small card bearing the name, and sometimes the address, of the person presenting it.

Card, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Carded; p. pr. & vb. n. Carding.] To play at cards; to game. Johnson.

Card, n. [F. carde teasel, the head of a thistle, card, from L. carduus, cardus, thistle, fr. carere to card.]

1. An instrument for disentangling and arranging the fibers of cotton, wool, flax, etc.; or for cleaning and smoothing the hair of animals; -- usually consisting of bent wire teeth set closely in rows in a thick piece of leather fastened to a back.

2. A roll or sliver of fiber (as of wool) delivered from a carding machine.

Card clothing, strips of wire-toothed card used for covering the cylinders of carding machines.

Card (?), v. t. 1. To comb with a card; to cleanse or disentangle by carding; as, to card wool; to card a horse.

> These card the short comb the longer flakes.
> Dyer.

2. To clean or clear, as if by using a card. [Obs.]

> This book [must] be carded and purged.
> T. Shelton.

3. To mix or mingle, as with an inferior or weaker article. [Obs.]

> You card your beer, if you guests being to be drunk. -- half small, half strong.
> Greene.

In the manufacture of wool, cotton, etc., the process of carding disentangles and collects together all the fibers, of whatever length, and thus differs from combing, in which the longer fibers only are collected, while the short straple is combed away. See Combing.

Car"da*mine (?), n. [L. cardamina, Gr. &?;: cf. F. cardamine.] (Bot.) A genus of cruciferous plants, containing the lady's-smock, cuckooflower, bitter cress, meadow cress, etc.

Car"da*mom (kär"d*mm), n. [L. cardamomun, Gr. karda`mwmon] 1. The aromatic fruit, or capsule with its seeds, of several plants of the Ginger family growing in the East Indies and elsewhere, and much used as a condiment, and in medicine.

2. (Bot.) A plant which produces cardamoms, esp. Elettaria Cardamomum and several species of Amomum.

Card"board` (kärd"brd`), n. A stiff compact pasteboard of various qualities, for making cards, etc., often having a polished surface.

Card"case` (kärd"ks`), n. A case for visiting cards.

Car"de*cu (kär"d*k), n. [Corrupt, from F. quart d'écu.] A quarter of a crown. [Obs.]

> The bunch of them were not worth a cardecu.
> Sir W. Scott.

Card"er (?), n. One who, or that which cards wool flax, etc. Shak.

Car"di*a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; heart, or upper orifice of the stomach.] (Anat.) (a) The heart. (b) The anterior or cardiac orifice of the stomach, where the esophagus enters it.

Car"di*ac (?), a. [L. cardiacus, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; heart: cf. F. cardiaque.] 1. (Anat.) Pertaining to, resembling, or hear the heart; as, the cardiac arteries; the cardiac, or left, end of the stomach.

2. (Med.) Exciting action in the heart, through the medium of the stomach; cordial; stimulant.

Cardiac passion (Med.) cardialgia; heartburn. [Archaic] -- Cardiac wheel. (Mach.) See Heart wheel.

Car"di*ac n. (Med.) A medicine which excites action in the stomach; a cardial.

Car*di"a*cal (?), a. Cardiac.

Car"di*a*cle (?), n. A pain about the heart. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Car"di*a*graph (?), n. See Cardiograph.

{ ||Car`di*al"gl*a (?), Car"di*al`gy (?), } n. [NL. cardialgia, fr. Gr. &?;; &?; heart + &?; pain: cf. F. cardialgie.] (Med.) A burning or gnawing pain, or feeling of distress, referred to the region of the heart, accompanied with cardiac palpitation; heartburn. It is usually a symptom of indigestion.

Car"di*gan jack`et (#). [From the Earl of Cardigan, who was famous in the Crimean campaign of 1854- 55.] A warm jacket of knit worsted with or without sleeves.

Car"di*nal (?), a. [L. cardinalis, fr. cardo the hinge of a door, that on which a thing turns or depends: cf. F. cardinal.] Of fundamental importance; preëminent; superior; chief; principal.

> The cardinal intersections of the zodiac.
> Sir T. Browne.

> Impudence is now a cardinal virtue.
> Drayton.

> But cardinal sins, and hollow hearts, I fear ye.
> Shak.

Cardinal numbers, the numbers one, two, three, etc., in distinction from first, second, third, etc., which are called ordinal numbers. -- Cardinal points (a) (Geol.) The four principal points of the compass, or intersections of the horizon with the meridian and the prime vertical circle, north, south east, and west. (b) (Astrol.) The rising and setting of the sun, the zenith and nadir. -- Cardinal signs (Astron.) Aries, Libra, Cancer, and Capricorn. -- Cardinal teeth (Zoöl.), the central teeth of bivalve shell. See Bivalve. -- Cardinal veins (Anat.), the veins in vertebrate embryos, which run each side of the vertebral column and returm the blood to the heart. They remain through life in some fishes. -- Cardinal virtues, preëminent virtues; among the ancients, prudence, justice, temperance, and fortitude. -- Cardinal winds, winds which blow from the cardinal points due north, south, east, or west.

Car"di*nal, n. [F. carinal, It. cardinale, LL. cardinalis (ecclesiæ Romanæ). See Cardinal, a.] 1. (R. C. Ch.) One of the ecclesiastical princes who constitute the pope's council, or the sacred college.

> The clerics of the supreme Chair are called Cardinals, as undoubtedly adhering more nearly to the hinge by which all things are moved.
> Pope Leo IX.

The cardinals are appointed by the pope. Since the time of Sixtus V., their number can never exceed seventy (six of episcopal rank, fifty priests, fourteen deacons), and the number of cardinal priests and deacons is seldom full. When the papel chair is vacant a pope is elected by the college of cardinals from among themselves. The cardinals take precedence of all dignitaries except the pope. The principal parts of a cardinal's costume are a red cassock, a rochet, a short purple mantle, and a red hat with a small crown and broad brim, with cords and tessels of a special pattern hanging from it.

2. A woman's short cloak with a hood.

> Where's your cardinal! Make haste.
> Lloyd.

3. Mulled red wine. Hotten.

<! p. 218 !>

Cardinal bird, or Cardinal grosbeak (Zoöl.), an American song bird (Cardinalis cardinalis, or C. Virginianus), of the family Fringillidæ, or finches having a bright red plumage, and a high, pointed crest on its head. The males have loud and musical notes resembling those of a fife. Other related species are also called cardinal birds. -- Cardinal flower (Bot.), an herbaceous plant (Lobelia cardinalis) bearing brilliant red flowers of much beauty. -- Cardinal red, a color like that of a cardinal's cassock, hat, etc.; a bright red, darker than scarlet, and between scarlet and crimson.

Car"di*nal*ate (?), n. [Cf. F. cardinalat, LL. cardinalatus.] The office, rank, or dignity of a cardinal.

Car"di*nal*ize (?), v. t. To exalt to the office of a cardinal. Sheldon.

Car"di*nal*ship, n. The condition, dignity, of office of a cardinal

Card"ing (?), a. 1. The act or process of preparing staple for spinning, etc., by carding it. See the Note under Card, v. t.

2. A roll of wool or other fiber as it comes from the carding machine.

Carding engine, Carding machine, a machine for carding cotton, wool, or other fiber, by subjecting it to the action of cylinders, or drum covered with wire-toothed cards, revoling nearly in contact with each other, at different rates of speed, or in opposite directions. The staple issues in soft sheets, or in slender rolls called sivers.

Car"di*o*graph (?), n. [Gr. kardi`a heart + -graph.] (Med.) An instrument which, when placed in contact with the chest, will register graphically the comparative duration and intensity of the heart's movements.

Car`di*o*graph"ic (?), a. (Physiol.) Of or pertaining to, or produced by, a cardiograph.

Car"di*oid (?), n. [Gr. kardio-eidh`s heart-shaped; kardi`a heart + e'i^dos shape.] (Math.) An algebraic curve, so called from its resemblance to a heart.

Car`di*o*in*hib"i*to*ry (?), a. (Physiol.) Checking or arresting the heart's action.

Car`di*ol"*gy (?), n. [Gr. kardi`a heart + -ology.] The science which treats of the heart and its functions.

Car`di*om"e*try (?), n. [Gr. &?; heart + -metry.] (Med.) Measurement of the heart, as by percussion or auscultation.

Car`di*o*sphyg"mo*graph (?), n. A combination of cardiograph and sphygmograph.

||Car*di"tis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. kardi`a heart + -itis: cf. F. cardite.] (Med) Inflammation of the fleshy or muscular substance of the heart. See Endocarditis and Pericarditis. Dunglison.

||Car"do (kär"d), n.; pl. Cardines (#).) [L., a hinge.] (Zoöl.) (a) The basal joint of the maxilla in insects. (b) The hinge of a bivalve shell.

Car"dol (kär"dl), n. [NL. Anacardium generic name of the cashew + L. oleum oil.] (Chem.) A yellow oily liquid, extracted from the shell of the cashew nut.

Car*doon" (kär*dn"), n. [F. cardon. The same word as F. cardon thistle, fr. L. carduus, cardus, LL. cardo. See 3d Card.] (Bot.) A large herbaceous plant (Cynara Cardunculus) related to the artichoke; -- used in cookery and as a salad.

Care (kâr), n. [AS. caru, cearu; akin to OS. kara sorrow, Goth. kara, OHG chara, lament, and perh. to Gr. gh^rys voice. Not akin to cure. Cf. Chary.] 1. A burdensome sense of responsibility; trouble caused by onerous duties; anxiety; concern; solicitude.

> Care keeps his watch in every old man's eye,
> And where care lodges, sleep will never lie.
> Shak.

2. Charge, oversight, or management, implying responsibility for safety and prosperity.

> The care of all the churches.
> 2 Cor. xi. 28.

> Him thy care must be to find.
> Milton.

> Perplexed with a thousand cares.
> Shak.

3. Attention or heed; caution; regard; heedfulness; watchfulness; as, take care; have a care.

> I thank thee for thy care and honest pains.
> Shak.

4. The object of watchful attention or anxiety.

> Right sorrowfully mourning her bereaved cares.
> Spenser.

Syn. -- Anxiety; solicitude; concern; caution; regard; management; direction; oversight. -- Care, Anxiety, Solicitude, Concern. These words express mental pain in different degress. Care belongs primarily to the intellect, and becomes painful from overburdened thought. Anxiety denotes a state of distressing uneasiness fron the dread of evil. Solicitude expresses the same feeling in a diminished degree. Concern is opposed to indifference, and implies exercise of anxious thought more or less intense. We are careful about the means, solicitous and anxious about the end; we are solicitous to obtain a good, anxious to avoid an evil.

Care, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cared (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Caring.] [AS. cearian. See Care, n.] To be anxious or solicitous; to be concerned; to have regard or interest; -- sometimes followed by an objective of measure.

> I would not care a pin, if the other three were in.
> Shak.

> Master, carest thou not that we perish?
> Mark. iv. 38.

To care for. (a) To have under watchful attention; to take care of. (b) To have regard or affection for; to like or love.

> He cared not for the affection of the house.
> Tennyson.

Ca*reen" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Careened (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Careening.] [OF. cariner, F. caréner, fr. OF. carène, the bottom of a ship, keel, fr. L. carina.] (Naut.) To cause (a vessel) to lean over so that she floats on one side, leaving the other side out of water and accessible for repairs below the water line; to case to be off the keel.

Ca*reen" (&?;), v. i. To incline to one side, or lie over, as a ship when sailing on a wind; to be off the keel.

Ca*reen"age (?), n. [Cf. F. carénage.] (Naut.) (a) Expense of careening ships. (b) A place for careening.

Ca*reer" (?), n. [F. carrière race course, high road, street, fr. L. carrus wagon. See Car.] 1. A race course: the ground run over.

> To go back again the same career.
> Sir P. Sidney.

2. A running; full speed; a rapid course.

> When a horse is running in his full career.
> Wilkins.

3. General course of action or conduct in life, or in a particular part or calling in life, or in some special undertaking; usually applied to course or conduct which is of a public character; as, Washington's career as a soldier.

> An impartial view of his whole career.
> Macaulay.

4. (Falconry) The flight of a hawk.

Ca*reer", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Careered 3; p. pr. & vb. n. Careering] To move or run rapidly.

> Careering gayly over the curling waves.
> W. Irving.

Care"ful (kâr"fl), a. [AS. cearful.] 1. Full of care; anxious; solicitous. [Archaic]

> Be careful [Rev. Ver. "anxious"] for nothing.
> Phil. iv. 6.

> The careful plowman doubting stands.
> Milton.

2. Filling with care or solicitude; exposing to concern, anxiety, or trouble; painful.

> The careful cold beginneth for to creep.
> Spenser.

> By Him that raised me to this careful height.
> Shak.

3. Taking care; giving good heed; watchful; cautious; provident; not indifferent, heedless, or reckless; -- often followed by of, for, or the infinitive; as, careful of money; careful to do right.

> Thou hast been careful for us with all this care.
> 2. Kings iv, 13.

> What could a careful father more have done?
> Dryden.

Syn. -- Anxious; solicitous; provident; thoughtful; cautious; circumspect; heedful; watchful; vigilant.

Care"ful*ly, adv. In a careful manner.

Care"ful*ness, n. Quality or state of being careful.

Care"less (?), a. [AS. cearleás.] 1. Free from care or anxiety. hence, cheerful; light-hearted. Spenser.

> Sleep she as sound as careless infancy.
> Shak.

2. Having no care; not taking ordinary or proper care; negligent; unconcerned; heedless; inattentive; unmindful; regardless.

> My brother was too careless of his charge.
> Shak.

> He grew careless of himself.
> Steele.

3. Without thought or purpose; without due care; without attention to rule or system; unstudied; inconsiderate; spontaneous; rash; as, a careless throw; a careless expression.

> He framed the careless rhyme.
> Beattie.

4. Not receiving care; uncared for. [R.]

> Their many wounds and careless harms.
> Spenser.

Syn. -- Negligent; heedless; thoughtless; unthinking; inattentive; incautious; remiss; supine; forgetful; regardless; inconsiderate; listless.

Care"less*ly, adv. In a careless manner.

Care"less*ness, n. The quality or state of being careless; heedlessness; negligence; inattention.

Ca*rene" (?), n. [LL. carena, corrupted fr. quarentena. See Quarantine.] (Ecol.) A fast of forty days on bread and water. [Obs.]

Ca*ress" (k*rs"), n. [F. caresse, It. carezza, LL. caritia dearness, fr. L. carus dear. See Charity.] An act of endearment; any act or expression of affection; an embracing, or touching, with tenderness.

> Wooed her with his soft caresses.
> Langfellow.

> He exerted himself to win by indulgence and caresses the hearts of all who were under his command.
> Macaulay.

Ca*ress", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Caressed (-rst"); p. pr. & vb. n. Caressing.] [F. caresser, fr. It. carezzare, fr. carezza caress. See Caress., n.] To treat with tokens of fondness, affection, or kindness; to touch or speak to in a loving or endearing manner; to fondle.

> The lady caresses the rough bloodhound.
> Sir W. Scott.

Syn. -- To fondle; embrace; pet; coddle; court; flatter. -- Caress, Fondle. "We caress by words or actions; we fondle by actions only." Crabb.

Ca*ress"ing*ly, adv. In caressing manner.

Ca"ret (k"rt or kr"t), n. [L. caret there is wanting, fr. carere to want.] A mark [^] used by writers and proof readers to indicate that something is interlined above, or inserted in the margin, which belongs in the place marked by the caret.

||Ca`ret" (?), n. [F., a species of tortoise.] (Zoöl.) The hawkbill turtle. See Hawkbill.

Care"-tuned (?), a. Weary; mournful. Shak.

Care"worn` (?), a. Worn or burdened with care; as, careworn look or face.

||Ca"rex (?), n. [L., sedge.] (Bot.) A numerous and widely distributed genus of perennial herbaceous plants of the order Cypreaceæ; the sedges.

Carf (kärf), pret. of Carve. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Car"ga*son (?), n. [F. cargaison, Sp. cargazon, LL. cargare to load. See rgo.] A cargo. [Obs.]

Car"go (?), n.; pl. Cargoes (#). [Sp. cargo, carga, burden, load, from cargar to load, from cargar to load, charge, See Charge.] The lading or freight of a ship or other vessel; the goods, merchandise, or whatever is conveyed in a vessel or boat; load; freight.

> Cargoes of food or clothing.
> E. Everett.

The term cargo, in law, is usually applied to goods only, and not to live animals or persons. Burill.

Car"goose` (?), n. [Perh. fr. Gael. & Ir. cir, cior (pronounced kir, kior), crest, comb + E. goose. Cf. Crebe.] (Zoöl.) A species of grebe (Podiceps crisratus); the crested grebe.

||Ça`ri*a"ma (sä`r*"m), n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A large, long-legged South American bird (Dicholophus cristatus) which preys upon snakes, etc. See Seriema.

Car"ib (?), n.; pl. Caries. [See Cannibal.] (Ethol.) A native of the Caribbee islands or the coasts of the Caribbean sea; esp., one of a tribe of Indians inhabiting a region of South America, north of the Amazon, and formerly most of the West India islands.

{ Car`ib*be"an (?), Car`ib*bee (?), } a. Of or pertaining to the Caribs, to their islands (the eastern and southern West Indies), or to the sea (called the Caribbean sea) lying between those islands and Central America.

Car"ib*bee, n. A Carib.

||Ca*ri"be (?), n. [Sp. a cannibal.] (Zoöl). A south American fresh water fish of the genus Serrasalmo of many species, remarkable for its voracity. When numerous they attack man or beast, often with fatal results.

Car"i*bou (kr"*b), n. [Canadian French.] (Zoöl.) The American reindeer, especially the common or woodland species (Rangifer Caribou).

Barren Ground caribou. See under Barren. -- Woodland caribou, the common reindeer (Rangifer Caribou) of the northern forests of America.

Car"i*ca*ture (?), n. [It. caricatura, fr. caricare to charge, overload, exaggerate. See Charge, v. t.] 1. An exaggeration, or distortion by exaggeration, of parts or characteristics, as in a picture.

2. A picture or other figure or description in which the peculiarities of a person or thing are so exaggerated as to appear ridiculous; a burlesque; a parody. [Formerly written caricatura.]

> The truest likeness of the prince of French literature will be the one that has most of the look of a caricature.
> I. Taylor.

> A grotesque caricature of virtue.
> Macaulay.

Car"i*ca*ture, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Caricatured (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Caricaturing.] To make or draw a caricature of; to represent with ridiculous exaggeration; to burlesque.

> He could draw an ill face, or caricature a good one, with a masterly hand.
> Lord Lyttelton.

Car"i*ca*tu`rist (?), n. One who caricatures.

Car"i*cous (?), a. [L. carica a kind of dry fig.] Of the shape of a fig; as, a caricous tumor. Graig.

||Ca"ri*es (?), n.[L., decay.] (Med.) Ulceration of bone; a process in which bone disintegrates and is carried away piecemeal, as distinguished from necrosis, in which it dies in masses.

Car"il*lon (?), n. [F. carillon a chime of bells, originally consisting of four bells, as if fr.. (assumed) L. quadrilio, fr. quatuer four.]

1. (Mus.) A chime of bells diatonically tuned, played by clockwork or by finger keys.

2. A tune adapted to be played by musical bells.

||Ca*ri"na (?), n. [L., keel.] 1. (Bot.) A keel. (a) That part of a papilionaceous flower, consisting of two petals, commonly united, which incloses the organs of fructification. (b) A longitudinal ridge or projection like the keel of a boat.

2. (Zoöl.) The keel of the breastbone of birds.

Car`i*na"ri*a (?), n. [NL., fr. L. carina keel.] (Zoöl.) A genus of oceanic heteropod Mollusca, having a thin, glassy, bonnet-shaped shell, which covers only the nucleus and gills.

||Car`i*na"tæ (?), n. pl. [NL., Fem. pl. fr. L. carinatus. See Carinate.] A grand division of birds, including all existing flying birds; -- So called from the carina or keel on the breastbone.

{ Car"i*nate (?), Car"i*na`ted (?) } a. [L. carinatus, fr. carina keel.] Shaped like the keel or prow of a ship; having a carina or keel; as, a carinate calyx or leaf; a carinate sternum (of a bird).

Car"i*ole (?), n. [F. carriole, dim. fr. L. carrus. See Car, and Carryall.] (a) A small, light, open one-horse carriage. (b) A covered cart. (c) A kind of calash. See Carryall.

Car`i*op"sis (?), n. See Caryopsis.

Ca`ri*os"i*ty (?), n. (Med.) Caries.

Ca"ri*ous (?), a. [L. cariosus, fr. caries dacay.] Affected with caries; decaying; as, a carious tooth.

Cark (kärk), n. [OE. cark, fr. a dialectic form of F. charge; cf. W. carc anxiety, care, Arm karg charge, burden. See Charge, and cf. Cargo.] A noxious or corroding care; solicitude; worry. [Archaic.]

> His heavy head, devoid of careful cark.
> Spenser.

> Fling cark and care aside.
> Motherwell.

> Freedom from the cares of money and the cark of fashion.
> R. D. Blackmore.

<! p. 219 !>

Cark (kärk), v. i. To be careful, anxious, solicitous, or troubled in mind; to worry or grieve. [R.] Beau. & Fl.

Cark, v. t. To vex; to worry; to make by anxious care or worry. [R.]

> Nor can a man, independently . . . of God's blessing, care and cark himself one penny richer.
> South.

Car"ka*net (?), n. A carcanet. Southey.

Cark"ing (?), a. Distressing; worrying; perplexing; corroding; as, carking cares.

Carl (?), n. [Icel, karl a male, a man; akin to AS. ceorl, OHG. charal, G. kerl fellow. See Churl.] [Written also carle.] 1. A rude, rustic man; a churl.

> The miller was a stout carl.
> Chaucer.

2. Large stalks of hemp which bear the seed; -- called also carl hemp.

3. pl. A kind of food. See citation, below.

> Caring or carl are gray steeped in water and fried the next day in butter or fat. They are eaten on the second Sunday before Easter, formerly called Carl Sunday.
> Robinson's Whitby Glossary (1875).

Car"lin (?), n. [Dim., fr. carl male.] An old woman. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.]

{ Car"line (?), Car"o*line (?) }, n. [F. carin; cf. It. carlino; -- so called from Carlo (Charles) VI. of Naples.] A silver coin once current in some parts of Italy, worth about seven cents. Simmonds.

{ Car"line (?), Car"ling (?) } n. [Cf. F. carlingur, Sp. Pg., & It. carlinga.] (Naut.) A short timber running lengthwise of a ship, from one transverse desk beam to another; also, one of the cross timbers that strengthen a hath; -- usually in pl.

Car"line this`tle (?). [F. carline, It., Sp., & Pg., carlina. Said to be so called from the Emperor Charlemagne, whose army is reputed to have used it as a remedy for pestilence.] (Bot.) A prickly plant of the genus Carlina (C. vulgaris), found in Europe and Asia.

Car"lings (?), n. pl. Same as Carl, 3.

Carling Sunday, a Sunday in Lent when carls are eaten. In some parts of England, Passion Sunday. See Carl, 4.

Car"list (kär"lst), n. A partisan of Charles X. of France, or of Don Carlos of Spain.

Car"lock (?), n. [F. carlock, fr. Russ. Karlúk'.] A sort of Russian isinglass, made from the air bladder of the sturgeon, and used in clarifying wine.

Car"lot (?), n. [From Carl.] A churl; a boor; a peasant or countryman. [Obs.] Shak.

Car`lo*vin"gi*an (?), a. [F. Carlovingen.] Pertaining to, founded by, of descended from, Charlemagne; as, the Carlovingian race of kings.

||Car`ma`gnole" (?), n. [F.] 1. A popular or Red Rebublican song and dance, of the time of the first French Revolution.

> They danced and yelled the carmagnole.
> Compton Reade.

2. A bombastic report from the French armies.

Car"man (?), n.; pl. Carmen (&?;) A man whose employment is to drive, or to convey goods in, a car or car.

{ Car"mel*ite (?), Car"mel*in } a. Of or pertaining to the order of Carmelites.

Car"mel*ite (?), n. 1. (Eccl. Hist.) A friar of a mendicant order (the Order of Our Lady of Mount Carmel) established on Mount Carmel, in Syria, in the twelfth century; a White Friar.

2. A nun of the Order of Our lady of Mount Carmel.

Car"mi*na`ted (?), a. Of, relating to, or mixed with, carmine; as, carminated lake. Tomlinson.

Car*min"ative (?), a. [NL. carminativus (1622), fr. carminare to card, hence to cleanse, fr. carmen a card for freeing wool or flax from the coarser parts, and from extraneous matter: cf. F. carminatif.] Expelling wind from the body; warming; antispasmodic. "Carminative hot seeds." Dunglison.

Car*min"a*tive, n. A substance, esp. an aromatic, which tends to expel wind from the alimentary canal, or to relieve colic, griping, or flatulence.

Car"mine (?), n. [F. carmin (cf. Sp. carmin, It. carminio), contr. from LL. carmesinus purple color. See Crimson.] 1. A rich red or crimson color with a shade of purple.

2. A beautiful pigment, or a lake, of this color, prepared from cochineal, and used in miniature painting.

3. (Chem.) The essential coloring principle of cochineal, extracted as a purple-red amorphous mass. It is a glucoside and possesses acid properties; -- hence called also carminic acid.

Carmine red (Chem.), a coloring matter obtained from carmine as a purple-red substance, and probably allied to the phthaleïns.

Car*min"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to, or derived from, carmine.

Carminic acid. Same as Carmine, 3.

Car"mot (?), n. (Alchemy) The matter of which the philosopher's stone was believed to be composed.

Car"nage (?), n. [F. carnage, LL. carnaticum tribute of animals, flesh of animals, fr. L. caro, carnis, flesh. See Carnal.] 1. Flesh of slain animals or men.

> A miltitude of dogs came to feast on the carnage.
> Macaulay.

2. Great destruction of life, as in battle; bloodshed; slaughter; massacre; murder; havoc.

> The more fearful carnage of the Bloody Circuit.
> Macaulay.

Car"nal (?), a. [L. carnalis, fr. caro, carnis, flesh; akin to Gr. &?;, Skr. kravya; cf. F. charnel, Of. also carnel. Cf. Charnel.] 1. Of or pertaining to the body or its appetites; animal; fleshly; sensual; given to sensual indulgence; lustful; human or worldly as opposed to spiritual.

> For ye are yet carnal.
> 1 Cor. iii. 3.

> Not sunk in carnal pleasure.
> Milton

> Carnal desires after miracles.
> Trench.

2. Flesh-devouring; cruel; ravenous; bloody. [Obs.]

> This carnal cur
> Preys on the issue of his mother's body.
> Shak.

Carnal knowledge, sexual intercourse; -- used especially of an unlawful act on the part of the man.

Car"nal*ism (?), n. The state of being carnal; carnality; sensualism. [R.]

Car"nal*ist (?), n. A sensualist. Burton.

Car*nal"i*ty (?), n. [L. carnalitas.] The state of being carnal; fleshly lust, or the indulgence of lust; grossness of mind.

> Because of the carnality of their hearts.
> Tillotson.

Car"nal*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Carnalized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Carnalizing.] To make carnal; to debase to carnality.

> A sensual and carnalized spirit.
> John Scott.

Car"nal*lite (?), n. [G. carnallit, fr. Von Carnall, a Prussian.] (Min.) A hydrous chloride of potassium and magnesium, sometimes found associated with deposits of rock salt.

Car"nal*ly (?), adv. According to the flesh, to the world, or to human nature; in a manner to gratify animal appetites and lusts; sensually.

> For to be carnally minded is death; but to be spiritually minded is life and peace.
> Rom. viii. 6.

Car"nal-mind`ed (?), a. Worldly-minded.

Car"nal-mind"ed*ness, n. Grossness of mind.

Car"na*ry (?), n. [L. carnarium, fr. caro, carnis, flesh.] A vault or crypt in connection with a church, used as a repository for human bones disintered from their original burial places; a charnel house.

Car*nas"si*al (?), a. [Cf. F. carnassier carnivorous, and L. caro, carnis, flesh.] (Anat.) Adapted to eating flesh. -- n. A carnassial tooth; especially, the last premolar in many carnivores.

Car"nate (?), a. [L. carnatus fleshy.] Invested with, or embodied in, flesh.

Car*na"tion (?), n. [F. carnation the flesh tints in a painting, It carnagione, fr. L. carnatio fleshiness, fr. caro, carnis, flesh. See Carnal.] 1. The natural color of flesh; rosy pink.

> Her complexion of the delicate carnation.
> Ld. Lytton.

2. pl. (Paint.) Those parts of a picture in which the human body or any part of it is represented in full color; the flesh tints.

> The flesh tints in painting are termed carnations.
> Fairholt.

3. (Bot.) A species of Dianthus (D. Caryophyllus) or pink, having very beautiful flowers of various colors, esp. white and usually a rich, spicy scent.

Car*na"tioned (?), a. Having a flesh color.

||Car*nau"ba (?), n. (Bot.) The Brazilian wax palm. See Wax palm.

Car*nel"ian (?), n. [For carnelian; influenced by L. carneus fleshy, of flesh, because of its flesh red color. See Cornellan.] (Min.) A variety of chalcedony, of a clear, deep red, flesh red, or reddish white color. It is moderately hard, capable of a good polish, and often used for seals.

Car"ne*ous (?), a. [L. carneus, from caro, carnis, flesh.] Consisting of, or like, flesh; carnous; fleshy. "Carneous fibers." Ray.

Car"ney (?), n. [Cf. L. carneus flesh.] (Far.) A disease of horses, in which the mouth is so furred that the afflicted animal can not eat.

||Car"ni*fex (?), n. [L., fr. caro, carnis, flesh + facere to make.] (Antiq.) The public executioner at Rome, who executed persons of the lowest rank; hence, an executioner or hangman.

Car`ni*fi*ca"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. carnification.] The act or process of turning to flesh, or to a substance resembling flesh.

Car"ni*fy (?), v. i. [LL. carnificare, fr. L. caro, carnis, flesh + facere to make: cf. F. carnifier.] To form flesh; to become like flesh. Sir M. Hale.

Car"nin (?), n. [L. caro, canis , flesh.] (Chem.) A white crystalline nitrogenous substance, found in extract of meat, and related to xanthin.

Car"ni*val (?), n. [It. carnevale, prob. for older carnelevale, prop., the putting away of meat; fr. L. caro, carnis, flesh + levare to take away, lift up, fr. levis light.] 1. A festival celebrated with merriment and revelry in Roman Gatholic countries during the week before Lent, esp. at Rome and Naples, during a few days (three to ten) before Lent, ending with Shrove Tuesday.

> The carnival at Venice is everywhere talked of.
> Addison.

2. Any merrymaking, feasting, or masquerading, especially when overstepping the bounds of decorum; a time of riotous excess. Tennyson.

> He saw the lean dogs beneath the wall
> Hold o'er the dead their carnival
> Byron.

||Car*niv"o*ra (?), n. pl. [NL., neut. pl. from L. carnivorus. See Carnivorous.] (Zoöl.) An order of Mammallia including the lion, tiger, wolf bear, seal, etc. They are adapted by their structure to feed upon flesh, though some of them, as the bears, also eat vegetable food. The teeth are large and sharp, suitable for cutting flesh, and the jaws powerful.

Car*niv`o*rac"i*ty (?), n. Greediness of appetite for flesh. [Sportive.] Pope.

Car`ni*vore (?), n. [Cf. F. carnivore.] (Zoöl.) One of the Carnivora.

Car*niv"o*rous (?), a. [L. carnivorus; caro, carnis, flesh + varare to devour.] Eating or feeding on flesh. The term is applied: (a) to animals which naturally seek flesh for food, as the tiger, dog, etc.; (b) to plants which are supposed to absorb animal food; (c) to substances which destroy animal tissue, as caustics.

{ Car*nose (?), Car"*nous } (?), a. [L. carnosus, fr. caro, carnis, flesh: cf. OF. carneux, F. charneux.] 1. Of or pertaining to flesh; fleshy.

> A distinct carnose muscle.
> Ray.

2. (Bot.) Of a fleshy consistence; -- applied to succulent leaves, stems, etc.

Car*nos"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. carnosité.]

1. (Med.) A fleshy excrescence; esp. a small excrescence or fungous growth. Wiseman.

2. Fleshy substance or quality; fleshy covering.

> [Consciences] overgrown with so hard a carnosity.
> Spelman.

> The olives, indeed be very small there, and bigger than capers; yet commended they are for their carnosity.
> Holland.

Car"ob (?), n. [Cf. F. caroube fruit of the carob tree, Sp. garrobo, al-garrobo, carob tree, fr. Ar. kharrb, Per. Kharnb. Cf. Clgaroba.] 1. (Bot.) An evergreen leguminous tree (Ceratania Siliqua) found in the countries bordering the Mediterranean; the St. John's bread; -- called also carob tree.

2. One of the long, sweet, succulent, pods of the carob tree, which are used as food for animals and sometimes eaten by man; -- called also St. John's bread, carob bean, and algaroba bean.

Ca*roche" (?), n. [OF. carrache, F. carrose from It. carrocio, carrozza, fr. carro, L. carus. See Car.] A kind of pleasure carriage; a coach. [Obs.]

> To mount two-wheeled caroches.
> Butler.

Ca*roched" (?), a. Placed in a caroche. [Obs.]

> Beggary rides caroched.
> Massenger.

Car"oigne (?), n. [See Carrion.] Dead body; carrion. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Car"ol (?), n. [OF. carole a kind of dance wherein many dance together, fr. caroler to dance; perh. from Celtic; cf. Armor. koroll, n., korolla, korolli, v., Ir. car music, turn, circular motion, also L. choraula a flute player, charus a dance, chorus, choir.] 1. A round dance. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. A song of joy, exultation, or mirth; a lay.

> The costly feast, the carol, and the dance.
> Dryden

> It was the carol of a bird.
> Byron.

3. A song of praise of devotion; as, a Christmas or Easter carol.

> Heard a carol, mournful, holy.
> Tennyson.

> In the darkness sing your carol of high praise.
> Keble.

4. Joyful music, as of a song.

> I heard the bells on Christmans Day
> Their old, familiar carol play.
> Longfellow.

Car"ol (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Caroled (?), or Carolled; p. pr. & vb. n. Caroling, or Carolling.]

1. To praise or celebrate in song.

> The Shepherds at their festivals
> Carol her goodness.
> Milton.

2. To sing, especially with joyful notes.

> Hovering swans . . . carol sounds harmonious.
> Prior.

Car"ol, v. i. To sing; esp. to sing joyfully; to warble.

> And carol of love's high praise.
> Spenser.

> The gray linnets carol from the hill.
> Beattie.

{ Car"ol, Car"rol }, n. [OF. carole a sort of circular space, or carol.] (Arch.) A small closet or inclosure built against a window on the inner side, to sit in for study. The word was used as late as the 16th century.

> A bay window may thus be called a carol.
> Parker.

Car"o*lin (?), n. [L. Carolus Charles.] A former gold coin of Germany worth nearly five dollars; also, a gold coin of Sweden worth nearly five dollars.

Car`o*li"na pink` (?). (Bot.) See Pinkboot.

Car"o*line (?), n. A coin. See Carline.

Car"ol*ing (?), n. A song of joy or devotion; a singing, as of carols. Coleridge.

> Such heavenly notes and carolings.
> Spenser.

Car`o*lin"i*an (?), n. A native or inhabitant of north or South Carolina.

Car`o*lit"ic (?), a. (Arch.) Adorned with sculptured leaves and branches.

Car"o*lus (?), n.; pl. E. Caroluses (#), L. Caroli (#). [L., Charles.] An English gold coin of the value of twenty or twenty-three shillings. It was first struck in the reign of Charles I.

> Told down the crowns and Caroluses.
> Macawlay.

Car"om (?), n. [Prob. corrupted fr. F. carumboler to carom, carambolage a carom, carambole the red ball in billiards.] (Billiards) A shot in which the ball struck with the cue comes in contact with two or more balls on the table; a hitting of two or more balls with the player's ball. In England it is called cannon.

Car"om, v. i. (Billiards) To make a carom.

Car"o*mel (?), n. See Caramel.

Car`o*teel" (?), n. (Com.) A tierce or cask for dried fruits, etc., usually about 700 lbs. Simmonds.

Ca*rot"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?; stupefying. See Carotid.] 1. Of or pertaining to stupor; as, a carotic state.

2. (Anat.) Carotid; as, the carotic arteries.

Ca*rot"id (?), n. [Gr. &?;, pl., from &?; heavy sleep: cf. F. carotide. The early Greeks believed that these arteries in some way caused drowsiness.] (Anat.) One of the two main arteries of the neck, by which blood is conveyed from the aorta to the head. [See Illust. of Aorta.]

{ Ca*rot"id (?), Ca*rot"id*al (?), } a. (Anat.) Pertaining to, or near, the carotids or one of them; as, the carotid gland.

Ca*ro"tin (?), n. (Chem.) A red crystallizable tasteless substance, extracted from the carrot.

Ca*rous"al (?), n. [See Carouse, but also cf. F. carrousel tilt.] A jovial feast or festival; a drunken revel; a carouse.

> The swains were preparing for a carousal.
> Sterne.

Syn. -- Banquet; revel; orgie; carouse. See Feast.

<! p. 220 !>

Ca*rouse" (k*rouz"), n. [F. carrousse, earlier carous, fr. G. garaus finishing stroke, the entire emptying of the cup in drinking a health; gar entirely + aus out. See Yare, and Out.] 1. A large draught of liquor. [Obs.] "A full carouse of sack." Sir J. Davies.

> Drink carouses to the next day's fate.
> Shak.

2. A drinking match; a carousal.

> The early feast and late carouse.
> Pope.

Ca*rouse" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Caroused (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Carousing.] To drink deeply or freely in compliment; to take part in a carousal; to engage in drunken revels.

> He had been aboard, carousing to his mates.
> Shak.

Ca*rouse" v. t. To drink up; to drain; to drink freely or jovially. [Archaic]

> Guests carouse the sparkling tears of the rich grape.
> Denham.

> Egypt's wanton queen,
> Carousing gems, herself dissolved in love.
> Young.

Ca*rous"er (?), n. One who carouses; a reveler.

Ca*rous"ing, a. That carouses; relating to a carouse.

Ca*rous"ing*ly, adv. In the manner of a carouser.

Carp (kärp), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Carped (kärpt); p. pr. & vb. n. Carping.] [OE. carpen to say, speak; from Scand. (cf. Icel. karpa to boast), but influenced later by L. carpere to pluck, calumniate.] 1. To talk; to speak; to prattle. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. To find fault; to cavil; to censure words or actions without reason or ill-naturedly; -- usually followed by at.

> Carping and caviling at faults of manner.
> Blackw. Mag.

> And at my actions carp or catch.
> Herbert.

Carp, v. t. 1. To say; to tell. [Obs.]

2. To find fault with; to censure. [Obs.] Dryden.

Carp, n.; pl. Carp, formerly Carps. [Cf. Icel. karfi, Dan. karpe, Sw. karp, OHG. charpho, G. karpfen, F. carpe, LL. carpa.] (Zoöl.) A fresh-water herbivorous fish (Cyprinus carpio.). Several other species of Cyprinus, Catla, and Carassius are called carp. See Cruclan carp.

The carp was originally from Asia, whence it was early introduced into Europe, where it is extensively reared in artificial ponds. Within a few years it has been introduced into America, and widely distributed by the government. Domestication has produced several varieties, as the leather carp, which is nearly or quite destitute of scales, and the mirror carp, which has only a few large scales. Intermediate varieties occur.

Carp louse (Zoöl.), a small crustacean, of the genus Argulus, parasitic on carp and allied fishes. See Branchiura. -- Carp mullet (Zoöl.), a fish (Moxostoma carpio) of the Ohio River and Great Lakes, allied to the suckers. -- Carp sucker (Zoöl.), a name given to several species of fresh-water fishes of the genus Carpiodes in the United States; - - called also quillback.

Car"pal (?), a. [From Carpus.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the carpus, or wrist. -- n. One of the bones or cartilages of the carpus; a carpale.

Carpal angle (Zoöl.), the angle at the last joint of the folded wing of a bird.

||Car*pa"le (?), n.; pl. Carpalia (#). [NL., fr. E. carpus.] (Anat.) One of the bones or cartilages of the carpus; esp. one of the series articulating with the metacarpals.

Car*pa"thi*an (?), a. Of or pertaining to a range of mountains in Austro-Hungary, called the Carpathians, which partially inclose Hungary on the north, east, and south.

{ Car"pel (kär"pl), ||Car*pel"lum (-pl"lm), } n. [NL. carpellum, fr. Gr. karpo`s fruit.] (Bot.) A simple pistil or single-celled ovary or seed vessel, or one of the parts of a compound pistil, ovary, or seed vessel. See Illust of Carpaphore.

Car"pel*la*ry (?), a. (Bot.) Belonging to, forming, or containing carpels.

Car"pen*ter (?), n. [OF. carpentier, F. charpentier, LL. carpentarius, fr. L. carpentum wagon, carriage.] An artificer who works in timber; a framer and builder of houses, ships, etc.

Syn. -- Carpenter, Joiner. The carpenter frames and puts together roofs, partitions, floors, and other structural parts of a building. The joiner supplies stairs, doors shutters, mantelpieces, cupboards, and other parts necessary to finishing the building. In America the two trades are commonly united.

Carpenter ant (Zoöl.), any species of ant which gnaws galleries in the wood of trees and constructs its nests therein. They usually select dead or somewhat decayed wood. The common large American species is Formica Pennsylvanica. -- Carpenter bee (Zoöl.), a large hymenopterous insect of the genus Xylocopa; -- so called because it constructs its nest by gnawing long galleries in sound timber. The common American species is Xylocopa Virginica.

Car"pen*ter*ing, n. The occupation or work of a carpenter; the act of working in timber; carpentry.

Car"pen*try (?), n. [F. charpenterie, OF. also carpenterie. See Carpenter.]

1. The art of cutting, framing, and joining timber, as in the construction of buildings.

2. An assemblage of pieces of timber connected by being framed together, as the pieces of a roof, floor, etc.; work done by a carpenter.

Carp"er (?), n. One who carps; a caviler. Shak.

Car"pet (kär"pt), n. [OF. carpite rug, soft of cloth, F. carpette coarse packing cloth, rug (cf. It. carpita rug, blanket), LL. carpeta, carpita, woolly cloths, fr. L. carpere to pluck, to card (wool); cf. Gr. karpo`s fruit, E. Harvest.] 1. A heavy woven or felted fabric, usually of wool, but also of cotton, hemp, straw, etc.; esp. a floor covering made in breadths to be sewed together and nailed to the floor, as distinguished from a rug or mat; originally, also, a wrought cover for tables.

> Tables and beds covered with copes instead of carpets and coverlets.
> T. Fuller.

2. A smooth soft covering resembling or suggesting a carpet. "The grassy carpet of this plain." Shak.

Carpet beetle or Carpet bug (Zoöl.), a small beetle (Anthrenus scrophulariæ), which, in the larval state, does great damage to carpets and other woolen goods; -- also called buffalo bug. -- Carpet knight. (a) A knight who enjoys ease and security, or luxury, and has not known the hardships of the field; a hero of the drawing room; an effeminate person. Shak. (b) One made a knight, for some other than military distinction or service. -- Carpet moth (Zoöl.), the larva of an insect which feeds on carpets and other woolen goods. There are several kinds. Some are the larvæ of species of Tinea (as T. tapetzella); others of beetles, esp. Anthrenus. -- Carpet snake (Zoöl.), an Australian snake. See Diamond snake, under Diamond. -- Carpet sweeper, an apparatus or device for sweeping carpets. -- To be on the carpet, to be under consideration; to be the subject of deliberation; to be in sight; -- an expression derived from the use of carpets as table cover. -- Brussels carpet. See under Brussels.

Car"pet, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Carpeted; p. pr. & vb. n. Carpeting.] To cover with, or as with, a carpet; to spread with carpets; to furnish with a carpet or carpets.

> Carpeted temples in fashionable squares.
> E. Everett.

Car"pet*bag` (?), n. A portable bag for travelers; -- so called because originally made of carpet.

Car"pet*bag`ger (?), n. An adventurer; -- a term of contempt for a Northern man seeking private gain or political advancement in the southern part of the United States after the Civil War (1865). [U. S.]

Car"pet*ing, n. 1. The act of covering with carpets.

2. Cloth or materials for carpets; carpets, in general.

> The floor was covered with rich carpeting.
> Prescott.

Car"pet*less, a. Without a carpet.

Car"pet*mon`ger (?), n. 1. One who deals in carpets; a buyer and seller of carpets.

2. One fond of pleasure; a gallant. Shak.

Car"pet*way` (?), n. (Agric.) A border of greensward left round the margin of a plowed field. Ray.

Car*phol"o*gy (kär*fl"*j), n. [Gr. ka`rfos any small dry body + -logy: cf. F. carphologie.] (Med.) See Floccillation.

Carp"ing (kärp"ng), a. Fault-finding; censorious caviling. See Captious.

-- Carp"ing*ly, adv.

||Car`pin*te"ro (kär`pn*t"r), n. [Sp., a carpenter, a woodpecker.] A california woodpecker (Melanerpes formicivorus), noted for its habit of inserting acorns in holes which it drills in trees. The acorns become infested by insect larvæ, which, when grown, are extracted for food by the bird.

Car`po*gen"ic (kär`p*jn"k), a. [Gr. karpo`s fruit + - gen.] (Bot.) Productive of fruit, or causing fruit to be developed.

Car"po*lite (kär"p*lt), n. [Gr. karpo`s fruit + - lite, cf. F. carpolithe.] A general term for a fossil fruit, nut, or seed.

Car`po*log"i*cal (?), a. Of or pertaining to carpology.

Car*pol"o*gist (?), n. One who describes fruits; one versed in carpology.

Car*pol"o*gy (?), n. [Gr. karpo`s fruit + -logy.] That branch of botany which relates to the structure of seeds and fruit.

Car*poph"a*gous (?), a. [Gr. karpo`s fruit + &?; to eat.] Living on fruits; fruit-consuming.

Car"po*phore (?), n. [Gr. karpo`s fruit + &?; to bear.] (Bot.) A slender prolongation of the receptacle as an axis between the carpels, as in Geranium and many umbelliferous plants.

Car"po*phyll (?), n. [Gr. karpo`s fruit + &?; leaf.] (Bot.) A leaf converted into a fruit or a constituent portion of a fruit; a carpel. [See Illust. of Gymnospermous.]

Car"po*phyte (kär"p*lt), n. [Gr. karpo`s fruit + fyto`n plant.] (Bot.) A flowerless plant which forms a true fruit as the result of fertilization, as the red seaweeds, the Ascomycetes, etc.

The division of algæ and fungi into four classes called Carpophytes, Oöphytes, Protophytes, and Zygophytes (or Carposporeæ, Oösporeæ, Protophyta, and Zygosporeæ) was proposed by Sachs about 1875.

Car"po*spore (?), n. [Gr. karpo`s + -spore.] (Bot.) A kind of spore formed in the conceptacles of red algæ. -- Car`po*spor"ic (&?;), a.

||Car"pus (kär"ps), n.; pl. Carpi (- p). [NL., fr. Gr. karpo`s wrist.] (Anat.) The wrist; the bones or cartilages between the forearm, or antibrachium, and the hand or forefoot; in man, consisting of eight short bones disposed in two rows.

Car"rack (?), n. See Carack.

{ Car"ra*geen` (?), Car"ri*geen` (?) }, n. A small, purplish, branching, cartilaginous seaweed (Chondrus crispus), which, when bleached, is the Irish moss of commerce. [Also written carragheen, carageen.]

||Car*ran"cha (?), n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) The Brazilian kite (Polyborus Brasiliensis); -- so called in imitation of its notes.

Car"ra*way (?), n. See Caraway.

Car"rel (?), n. See Quarrel, an arrow.

Car"rel, n. (Arch.) Same as 4th Carol.

Car"ri*a*ble (?), a. Capable of being carried.

Car"riage (?), n. [OF. cariage luggage, carriage, chariage carriage, cart, baggage, F. charriage, cartage, wagoning, fr. OF. carier, charier, F. charrier, to cart. See Carry.] 1. That which is carried; burden; baggage. [Obs.]

> David left his carriage in the hand of the keeper of the carriage.
> 1. Sam. xvii. 22.

> And after those days we took up our carriages and went up to Jerusalem.
> Acts. xxi. 15.

2. The act of carrying, transporting, or conveying.

> Nine days employed in carriage.
> Chapman.

3. The price or expense of carrying.

4. That which carries of conveys, as: (a) A wheeled vehicle for persons, esp. one designed for elegance and comfort. (b) A wheeled vehicle carrying a fixed burden, as a gun carriage. (c) A part of a machine which moves and carries of supports some other moving object or part. (d) A frame or cage in which something is carried or supported; as, a bell carriage.

5. The manner of carrying one's self; behavior; bearing; deportment; personal manners.

> His gallant carriage all the rest did grace.
> Stirling.

6. The act or manner of conducting measures or projects; management.

> The passage and whole carriage of this action.
> Shak.

Carriage horse, a horse kept for drawing a carriage. -- Carriage porch (Arch.), a canopy or roofed pavilion covering the driveway at the entrance to any building. It is intended as a shelter for those who alight from vehicles at the door; -- sometimes erroneously called in the United States porte- cochère.

Car"riage*a*ble (?), a. Passable by carriages; that can be conveyed in carriages. [R.] Ruskin.

Car"ri*boo (?), n. See Caribou.

Car"rick (?), n. (Naut.) A carack. See Carack.

Carrick bend (Naut.), a kind of knot, used for bending together hawsers or other ropes. -- Carrick bitts (Naut.), the bitts which support the windlass. Totten.

Car"ri*er (?), n. [From Carry.] 1. One who, or that which, carries or conveys; a messenger.

> The air which is but . . . a carrier of the sounds.
> Bacon.

2. One who is employed, or makes it his business, to carry goods for others for hire; a porter; a teamster.

> The roads are crowded with carriers, laden with rich manufactures.
> Swift.

3. (Mach.) That which drives or carries; as: (a) A piece which communicates to an object in a lathe the motion of the face plate; a lathe dog. (b) A spool holder or bobbin holder in a braiding machine. (c) A movable piece in magazine guns which transfers the cartridge to a position from which it can be thrust into the barrel.

Carrier pigeon (Zoöl.), a variety of the domestic pigeon used to convey letters from a distant point to to its home. -- Carrier shell (Zoöl.), a univalve shell of the genus Phorus; -- so called because it fastens bits of stones and broken shells to its own shell, to such an extent as almost to conceal it. -- Common carrier (Law.) See under Common, a.

Car"ri*on (?), n. [OE. caroyne, OF. caroigne, F. charogne, LL. caronia, fr. L. caro flesh Cf. Crone, Crony.] 1. The dead and putrefying body or flesh of an animal; flesh so corrupted as to be unfit for food.

> They did eat the dead carrions.
> Spenser.

2. A contemptible or worthless person; -- a term of reproach. [Obs.] "Old feeble carrions." Shak.

Car"ri*on, a. Of or pertaining to dead and putrefying carcasses; feeding on carrion.

> A prey for carrion kites.
> Shak.

Carrion beetle (Zoöl.), any beetle that feeds habitually on dead animals; -- also called sexton beetle and burying beetle. There are many kinds, belonging mostly to the family Silphidæ. -- Carrion buzzard (Zoöl.), a South American bird of several species and genera (as Ibycter, Milvago, and Polyborus), which act as scavengers. See Caracara. -- Carrion crow, the common European crow (Corvus corone) which feeds on carrion, insects, fruits, and seeds.

Car"rol (?), n. (Arch.) See 4th Carol.

Car"rom (?), n. (Billiards) See Carom.

Car`ron*ade (?), n. [From Carron, in Scotland where it was first made.] (Med.) A kind of short cannon, formerly in use, designed to throw a large projectile with small velocity, used for the purpose of breaking or smashing in, rather than piercing, the object aimed at, as the side of a ship. It has no trunnions, but is supported on its carriage by a bolt passing through a loop on its under side.

<! p. 221 !>

Car"ron oil (?). A lotion of linseed oil and lime water, used as an application to burns and scalds; -- first used at the Carron iron works in Scotland.

Car"rot (?), n. [F. carotte, fr. L. carota; cf. Gr. &?;] 1. (Bot.) An umbelliferous biennial plant (Daucus Carota), of many varieties.

2. The esculent root of cultivated varieties of the plant, usually spindle-shaped, and of a reddish yellow color.

Car"rot*y, a. Like a carrot in color or in taste; -- an epithet given to reddish yellow hair, etc.

Car"row (?), n. [Ir & Gael. carach cunning.] A strolling gamester. [Ireland] Spenser.

Car"ry (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Carried (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Carrying.] [OF. carier, charier, F. carrier, to cart, from OF. car, char, F. car, car. See Car.] 1. To convey or transport in any manner from one place to another; to bear; -- often with away or off.

> When he dieth he small carry nothing away.
> Ps. xiix. 17.

> Devout men carried Stephen to his burial.
> Acts viii, 2.

> Another carried the intelligence to Russell.
> Macaulay.

> The sound will be carried, at the least, twenty miles.
> Bacon.

2. To have or hold as a burden, while moving from place to place; to have upon or about one's person; to bear; as, to carry a wound; to carry an unborn child.

> If the ideas . . . were carried along with us in our minds.
> Locke.

3. To move; to convey by force; to impel; to conduct; to lead or guide.

> Go, carry Sir John Falstaff to the Fleet.
> Shak.

> He carried away all his cattle.
> Gen. xxxi. 18.

> Passion and revenge will carry them too far.
> Locke.

4. To transfer from one place (as a country, book, or column) to another; as, to carry the war from Greece into Asia; to carry an account to the ledger; to carry a number in adding figures.

5. To convey by extension or continuance; to extend; as, to carry the chimney through the roof; to carry a road ten miles farther.

6. To bear or uphold successfully through conflict, as a leader or principle; hence, to succeed in, as in a contest; to bring to a successful issue; to win; as, to carry an election. "The greater part carries it." Shak.

> The carrying of our main point.
> Addison.

7. To get possession of by force; to capture.

> The town would have been carried in the end.
> Bacon.

8. To contain; to comprise; to bear the aspect of ; to show or exhibit; to imply.

> He thought it carried something of argument in it.
> Watts.

> It carries too great an imputation of ignorance.
> Lacke.

9. To bear (one's self); to behave, to conduct or demean; -- with the reflexive pronouns.

> He carried himself so insolently in the house, and out of the house, to all persons, that he became odious.
> Clarendon.

10. To bear the charges or burden of holding or having, as stocks, merchandise, etc., from one time to another; as, a merchant is carrying a large stock; a farm carries a mortgage; a broker carries stock for a customer; to carry a life insurance.

Carry arms (Mil. Drill), a command of the Manual of Arms directing the soldier to hold his piece in the right hand, the barrel resting against the hollow of the shoulder in a nearly perpendicular position. In this position the soldier is said to stand, and the musket to be held, at carry. -- To carry all before one, to overcome all obstacles; to have uninterrupted success. -- To carry arms (a) To bear weapons. (b) To serve as a soldier. -- To carry away. (a) (Naut.) to break off; to lose; as, to carry away a fore-topmast. (b) To take possession of the mind; to charm; to delude; as, to be carried by music, or by temptation. -- To carry coals, to bear indignities tamely, a phrase used by early dramatists, perhaps from the mean nature of the occupation. Halliwell. -- To carry coals to Newcastle, to take things to a place where they already abound; to lose one's labor. - - To carry off (a) To remove to a distance. (b) To bear away as from the power or grasp of others. (c) To remove from life; as, the plague carried off thousands. -- To carry on (a) To carry farther; to advance, or help forward; to continue; as, to carry on a design. (b) To manage, conduct, or prosecute; as, to carry on husbandry or trade. -- To carry out. (a) To bear from within. (b) To put into execution; to bring to a successful issue. (c) To sustain to the end; to continue to the end. -- To carry through. (a) To convey through the midst of. (b) To support to the end; to sustain, or keep from falling, or being subdued. "Grace will carry us . . . through all difficulties." Hammond. (c) To complete; to bring to a successful issue; to succeed. -- To carry up, to convey or extend in an upward course or direction; to build. -- To carry weight. (a) To be handicapped; to have an extra burden, as when one rides or runs. "He carries weight, he rides a race" Cowper. (b) To have influence.

Car"ry, v. i. 1. To act as a bearer; to convey anything; as, to fetch and carry.

2. To have propulsive power; to propel; as, a gun or mortar carries well.

3. To hold the head; -- said of a horse; as, to carry well i. e., to hold the head high, with arching neck.

4. (Hunting) To have earth or frost stick to the feet when running, as a hare. Johnson.

To carry on, to behave in a wild, rude, or romping manner. [Colloq.]

Car"ry (?), n.; pl. Carries (#). A tract of land, over which boats or goods are carried between two bodies of navigable water; a carrying place; a portage. [U.S.]

Car"ry*all` (?), n. [Corrupted fr. cariole.] A light covered carriage, having four wheels and seats for four or more persons, usually drawn by one horse.

Car"ry*ing, n. The act or business of transporting from one place to another.

Carrying place, a carry; a portage. -- Carrying trade, the business of transporting goods, etc., from one place or country to another by water or land; freighting.

> We are rivals with them in . . . the carrying trade.
> Jay.

Car"ryk (?), n. A carack. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Car"ry*tale` (?), n. A talebearer. [R.] Shak.

Carse (?), n. [Of Celtic origin; cf. W. cars bog, fen. carsen reed, Armor. kars, korsen, bog plant, reed.] Low, fertile land; a river valley. [Scot.] Jomieson.

Cart (?), n. [AS. cræt; cf. W. cart, Ir. & Gael. cairt, or Icel. kartr. Cf. Car.] 1. A common name for various kinds of vehicles, as a Scythian dwelling on wheels, or a chariot. "Phœbus' cart." Shak.

2. A two-wheeled vehicle for the ordinary purposes of husbandry, or for transporting bulky and heavy articles.

> Packing all his goods in one poor cart.
> Dryden.

3. A light business wagon used by bakers, grocerymen, butchers, etc.

4. An open two-wheeled pleasure carriage.

Cart horse, a horse which draws a cart; a horse bred or used for drawing heavy loads. -- Cart load, or Cartload, as much as will fill or load a cart. In excavating and carting sand, gravel, earth, etc., one third of a cubic yard of the material before it is loosened is estimated to be a cart load. -- Cart rope, a stout rope for fastening a load on a cart; any strong rope. -- To put (or get or set) the cart before the horse, to invert the order of related facts or ideas, as by putting an effect for a cause.

Cart, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Carted; p. pr. & vb. n. Carting.] 1. To carry or convey in a cart.

2. To expose in a cart by way of punishment.

> She chuckled when a bawd was carted.
> Prior.

Cart, v. i. To carry burdens in a cart; to follow the business of a carter.

Cart"age (?), n. 1. The act of carrying in a cart.

2. The price paid for carting.

Cart"bote` (?), n. [Cart + bote.] (Old Eng. Law.) Wood to which a tenant is entitled for making and repairing carts and other instruments of husbandry.

||Carte (?), n. [F. See 1st Card.] 1. Bill of fare.

2. Short for Carte de visite.

{ Carte. ||Quarte (?), } n. [F. quarte, prop., a fourth. Cf. Quart.] (Fencing) A position in thrusting or parrying, with the inside of the hand turned upward and the point of the weapon toward the adversary's right breast.

||Carte` blanche" (?). [F., fr. OF. carte paper + -blanc, blanche, white. See 1st Card.] A blank paper, with a person's signature, etc., at the bottom, given to another person, with permission to superscribe what conditions he pleases. Hence: Unconditional terms; unlimited authority.

||Carte" de vi*site` (?), pl. Cartes de visite (&?;). [F.] 1. A visiting card.

2. A photographic picture of the size formerly in use for a visiting card.

Car*tel" (?), n. [F., fr. LL. cartellus a little paper, dim. fr. L. charta. See 1st Card.]

1. (Mil.) An agreement between belligerents for the exchange of prisoners. Wilhelm.

2. A letter of defiance or challenge; a challenge to single combat. [Obs.]

> He is cowed at the very idea of a cartel.,
> Sir W. Scott.

Cartel, or Cartel ship, a ship employed in the exchange of prisoners, or in carrying propositions to an enemy; a ship beating a flag of truce and privileged from capture.

Car"tel (?), v. t. To defy or challenge. [Obs.]

> You shall cartel him.
> B. Jonson.

Cart"er (?), n. 1. A charioteer. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. A man who drives a cart; a teamster.

3. (Zoöl.) (a) Any species of Phalangium; -- also called harvestman. (b) A British fish; the whiff.

Car*te"sian (?), a. [From Renatus Cartesius, Latinized from of René Descartes: cf. F. cartésien.] Of or pertaining to the French philosopher René Descartes, or his philosophy.

> The Cartesion argument for reality of matter.
> Sir W. Hamilton.

Cartesian coördinates (Geom), distance of a point from lines or planes; -- used in a system of representing geometric quantities, invented by Descartes. -- Cartesian devil, a small hollow glass figure, used in connection with a jar of water having an elastic top, to illustrate the effect of the compression or expansion of air in changing the specific gravity of bodies. -- Cartesion oval (Geom.), a curve such that, for any point of the curve mr + m′r′ = c, where r and r′ are the distances of the point from the two foci and m, m′ and c are constant; -- used by Descartes.

Car*te"sian, n. An adherent of Descartes.

Car*te"sian*ism, n. The philosophy of Descartes.

Car`tha*gin"i*an, a. Of a pertaining to ancient Carthage, a city of northern Africa. -- n. A native or inhabitant of Carthage.

Car"tha*min (?), n. (Chem.) A red coloring matter obtained from the safflower, or Carthamus tinctorius.

Car*thu"sian (?), n. [LL. Cartusianus, Cartusiensis, from the town of Chartreuse, in France.] (Eccl. Hist.) A member of an exceeding austere religious order, founded at Chartreuse in France by St. Bruno, in the year 1086.

Car*thu"sian, a. Pertaining to the Carthusian.

Car"ti*lage (?), n. [L. cartilago; cf. F. cartilage.] (Anat.) A translucent, elastic tissue; gristle.

Cartilage contains no vessels, and consists of a homogeneous, intercellular matrix, in which there are numerous minute cavities, or capsules, containing protoplasmic cells, the cartilage corpuscul. See Illust under Duplication.

Articular cartilage, cartilage that lines the joints. -- Cartilage bone (Anat.), any bone formed by the ossification of cartilage. -- Costal cartilage, cartilage joining a rib with he sternum. See Illust. of Thorax.

Car`ti*la*gin"e*ous (?), a. [L. cartilageneus.] See Cartilaginous. Ray.

Car`ti*la*gin`i*fi*ca"tion (?), n. [L. cartilago, -laginis, cartilage + facere to make.] The act or process of forming cartilage. Wright.

Car`ti*lag"i*nous (?), a. [L. cartilaginosus: cf. F. cartilagineux.] 1. Of or pertaining to cartilage; gristly; firm and tough like cartilage.

2. (Zoöl.) Having the skeleton in the state of cartilage, the bones containing little or no calcareous matter; said of certain fishes, as the sturgeon and the sharks.

Cart"man (?), n.; pl. Cartmen (&?;). One who drives or uses a cart; a teamster; a carter.

Car*tog"ra*pher (?), n. One who makes charts or maps.

{ Car`to*graph"ic (?), Car`to*graph"ic*al (?) }, a. Of or pertaining to cartography.

Car`to*graph"ic*al*ly, adv. By cartography.

Car*tog"ra*phy (?), n. [Cf. F. cartographie. See Card, and -graphy.] The art or business of forming charts or maps.

Car"to*man`cy (?), n. [Cf. F. cartomancie. See Card, and -mancy.] The art of telling fortunes with cards.

Car"ton (kär"tn), n. [F. See Cartoon.] Pasteboard for paper boxes; also, a pasteboard box.

||Carton pierre (&?;), a species of papier-maché, imitating stone or bronze sculpture. Knight.

Car*toon" (?), n. [F. carton (cf. It. cartone pasteboard, cartoon); fr. L. charta. See 1st card.]

1. A design or study drawn of the full size, to serve as a model for transferring or copying; -- used in the making of mosaics, tapestries, fresco pantings and the like; as, the cartoons of Raphael.

2. A large pictorial sketch, as in a journal or magazine; esp. a pictorial caricature; as, the cartoons of "Puck."

Car*toon"ist, n. One skilled in drawing cartoons.

Car*touch" (?), n.; pl. Cartouches (#). [F. cartouche, It. cartuccia, cartoccio, cornet, cartouch, fr. L. charta paper. See 1st Card, and cf. Cartridge.]

1. (Mil.) (a) A roll or case of paper, etc., holding a charge for a firearm; a cartridge. (b) A cartridge box. (c) A wooden case filled with balls, to be shot from a cannon. (d) A gunner's bag for ammunition. (e) A military pass for a soldier on furlough.

2. (Arch.) (a) A cantalever, console, corbel, or modillion, which has the form of a scroll of paper. (b) A tablet for ornament, or for receiving an inscription, formed like a sheet of paper with the edges rolled up; hence, any tablet of ornamental form.

3. (Egyptian Antiq.) An oval figure on monuments, and in papyri, containing the name of a sovereign.

Car"tridge (kär"trj), n. [Formerly cartrage, corrupted fr. F. cartouche. See Cartouch.] (Mil.) A complete charge for a firearm, contained in, or held together by, a case, capsule, or shell of metal, pasteboard, or other material.

Ball cartridge, a cartridge containing a projectile. -- Blank cartridge, a cartridge without a projectile. -- Center-fire cartridge, a cartridge in which the fulminate occupies an axial position usually in the center of the base of the capsule, instead of being contained in its rim. In the Prussian needle gun the fulminate is applied to the middle of the base of the bullet. -- Rim-fire cartridge, a cartridge in which the fulminate is contained in a rim surrounding its base. -- Cartridge bag, a bag of woolen cloth, to hold a charge for a cannon. -- Cartridge belt, a belt having pockets for cartridges. -- Cartridge box, a case, usually of leather, attached to a belt or strap, for holding cartridges. -- Cartridge paper. (a) A thick stout paper for inclosing cartridges. (b) A rough tinted paper used for covering walls, and also for making drawings upon.

Car"tu*la*ry (?), n.; pl. Cartularies. [LL. cartularium, chartularium, fr. L. charta paper: cf. F. cartulaire. See 1st Card.]

1. A register, or record, as of a monastery or church.

2. An ecclesiastical officer who had charge of records or other public papers.

Cart"way` (?), n. A way or road for carts.

Cart"wright` (?), n. [Cart + wright.] An artificer who makes carts; a cart maker.

Car"u*cage (?), n. [LL. carrucagium (OF. charuage.), fr. LL. carruca plow, fr. L. carruca coach.]

1. (Old Eng. Law.) A tax on every plow or plowland.

2. The act of plowing. [R.]

Car"u*cate (?), n. [LL. carucata, carrucata. See Carucage.] A plowland; as much land as one team can plow in a year and a day; -- by some said to be about 100 acres. Burrill.

{ Car"un*cle (?), ||Ca*run"cu*la (?), } n. [L. caruncula a little piece of flesh, dim. of caro flesh.] 1. (Anat.) A small fleshy prominence or excrescence; especially the small, reddish body, the caruncula lacrymalis, in the inner angle of the eye.

2. (Bot.) An excrescence or appendage surrounding or near the hilum of a seed.

3. (Zoöl.) A naked, flesh appendage, on the head of a bird, as the wattles of a turkey, etc.

{ Ca*run"cu*lar (?), Ca*run"cu*lous (?), } a. Of, pertaining to, or like, a caruncle; furnished with caruncles.

{ Ca*run"cu*late (?), Ca*run"cu*la`ted (?), } a. Having a caruncle or caruncles; caruncular.

<! p. 222 !>

||Ca"rus (k"rs), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ka`ros.] (Med.) Coma with complete insensibility; deep lethargy.

Car"va*crol (kär"v*krl), n. (Chem.) A thick oily liquid, C10H13.OH, of a strong taste and disagreeable odor, obtained from oil of caraway (Carum carui).

Carve (kärv), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Carved (kärvd); p. pr. & vb. n. Carving.] [AS. ceorfan to cut, carve; akin to D. kerven, G. kerben, Dan. karve, Sw. karfva, and to Gr. gra`fein to write, orig. to scratch, and E. - graphy. Cf. Graphic.] 1. To cut. [Obs.]

> Or they will carven the shepherd's throat.
> Spenser.

2. To cut, as wood, stone, or other material, in an artistic or decorative manner; to sculpture; to engrave.

> Carved with figures strange and sweet.
> Coleridge.

3. To make or shape by cutting, sculpturing, or engraving; to form; as, to carve a name on a tree.

> An angel carved in stone.
> Tennyson.

> We carved not a line, and we raised not a stone.
> C. Wolfe.

4. To cut into small pieces or slices, as meat at table; to divide for distribution or apportionment; to apportion. "To carve a capon." Shak.

5. To cut: to hew; to mark as if by cutting.

> My good blade carved the casques of men.
> Tennyson.

> A million wrinkles carved his skin.
> Tennyson.

6. To take or make, as by cutting; to provide.

> Who could easily have carved themselves their own food.
> South.

7. To lay out; to contrive; to design; to plan.

> Lie ten nights awake carving the fashion of a new doublet.
> Shak.

To carve out, to make or get by cutting, or as if by cutting; to cut out. "[Macbeth] with his brandished steel . . . carved out his passage." Shak.

> Fortunes were carved out of the property of the crown.
> Macaulay.

Carve, v. i. 1. To exercise the trade of a sculptor or carver; to engrave or cut figures.

2. To cut up meat; as, to carve for all the guests.

Carve, n. A carucate. [Obs.] Burrill.

Car"vel (?), n. [Contr. fr. caravel.] 1. Same as Caravel.

2. A species of jellyfish; sea blubber. Sir T. Herbert.

Car"vel*built (?), a. (Shipbuilding) Having the planks meet flush at the seams, instead of lapping as in a clinker-built vessel.

Car"ven (?), a. Wrought by carving; ornamented by carvings; carved. [Poetic]

> A carven bowl well wrought of beechen tree.
> Bp. Hall.

> The carven cedarn doors.
> Tennyson.

> A screen of carven ivory.
> Mrs. Browning.

Car"vene (?), n. [F. carvi caraway.] An oily substance, C10H16, extracted from oil caraway.

Carv"er (?), n. 1. One who carves; one who shapes or fashions by carving, or as by carving; esp. one who carves decorative forms, architectural adornments, etc. "The carver's chisel." Dodsley.

> The carver of his fortunes.
> Sharp (Richardson's Dict. )

2. One who carves or divides meat at table.

3. A large knife for carving.

Carv"ing, n. 1. The act or art of one who carves.

2. A piece of decorative work cut in stone, wood, or other material. "Carving in wood." Sir W. Temple.

3. The whole body of decorative sculpture of any kind or epoch, or in any material; as, the Italian carving of the 15th century.

Car"vist (?), n. [A corruption of carry fist.] (Falconary) A hawk which is of proper age and training to be carried on the hand; a hawk in its first year. Booth.

Car"vol (?), n. (Chem.) One of a species of aromatic oils, resembling carvacrol.

Car" wheel` (?), A flanged wheel of a railway car or truck.

{ Car`y*at"ic (?), Car`y*at"id (?), } a. Of or pertaining to a caryatid.

Car`y*at"id (?), n.; pl. Caryatids (#). [See Caryatides.] (Arch.) A draped female figure supporting an entablature, in the place of a column or pilaster.

||Car`y*at"i*des (?), n. pl. [L., fr. Gr. &?; (&?;) priestesses in the temple of Diana (the Greek Artemis) at Caryæ (Gr. &?;), a village in Laconia; as an architectural term, caryatids.] (Arch) Caryatids.

Corresponding male figures were called Atlantes, Telamones, and Persians.

Car`y*o*phyl*la"ceous (?), a. [Gr. &?; clove tree; &?; nut + &?; leaf.] (Bot.) (a) Having corollas of five petals with long claws inclosed in a tubular, calyx, as the pink. (b) Belonging to the family of which the pink and the carnation are the types.

Car`y*oph"yl*lin (?), n. (Chem.) A tasteless and odorless crystalline substance, extracted from cloves, polymeric with common camphor.

Car`y*oph"yl*lous (?), a. Caryophyllaceous.

Car`y*op"sis (?), n.; pl. Caryopses (#). [NL., fr. gr. &?; hut, kernel + &?; sight, form.] (Bot.) A one-celled, dry, indehiscent fruit, with a thin membranous pericarp, adhering closely to the seed, so that fruit and seed are incorporated in one body, forming a single grain, as of wheat, barley, etc.

Ca"sal (?), a. (Gram.) Of or pertaining to case; as, a casal ending.

Cas"ca*bel (?), n. [Sp. cascabel a little bell, also (fr. the shape), a knob at the breech end of a cannon.] The projection in rear of the breech of a cannon, usually a knob or breeching loop connected with the gun by a neck. In old writers it included all in rear of the base ring. [See Illust. of Cannon.]

Cas*cade" (ks*kd"), n. [F. cascade, fr. It. cascata, fr. cascare to fall.] A fall of water over a precipice, as in a river or brook; a waterfall less than a cataract.

> The silver brook . . . pours the white cascade.
> Longfellow.

> Now murm'ring soft, now roaring in cascade.
> Cowper.

Cas*cade", v. i. 1. To fall in a cascade. Lowell.

2. To vomit. [Slang] Smollett.

||Cas*cal"ho (?), n. [Pg., a chip of stone, gravel.] A deposit of pebbles, gravel, and ferruginous sand, in which the Brazilian diamond is usually found.

||Cas"ca*ra sa*gra"da (?). [Sp.] Holy bark; the bark of the California buckthorn (Rhamnus Purshianus), used as a mild cathartic or laxative.

Cas`ca*ril"la (?), n.[Sp., small thin bark, Peruvian bark, dim. of cáscara bark.] (Bot.) A euphorbiaceous West Indian shrub (Croton Eleutheria); also, its aromatic bark.

Cascarilla bark (or Cascarilla) (Med.), the bark of Croton Eleutheria. It has an aromatic odor and a warm, spicy, bitter taste, and when burnt emits a musky odor. It is used as a gentle tonic, and sometimes, for the sake of its fragrance, mixed with smoking tobacco, when it is said to occasion vertigo and intoxication.

Cas`ca*ril"lin (?), n. (Chem.) A white, crystallizable, bitter substance extracted from oil of cascarilla.

Case (ks), n. [OF. casse, F. caisse (cf. It. cassa), fr. L. capsa chest, box, case, fr. capere to take, hold. See Capacious, and cf. 4th Chase, Cash, Enchase, 3d Sash.]

1. A box, sheath, or covering; as, a case for holding goods; a case for spectacles; the case of a watch; the case (capsule) of a cartridge; a case (cover) for a book.

2. A box and its contents; the quantity contained in a box; as, a case of goods; a case of instruments.

3. (Print.) A shallow tray divided into compartments or "boxes" for holding type.

Cases for type are usually arranged in sets of two, called respectively the upper and the lower case. The upper case contains capitals, small capitals, accented and marked letters, fractions, and marks of reference: the lower case contains the small letters, figures, marks of punctuation, quadrats, and spaces.

4. An inclosing frame; a casing; as, a door case; a window case.

5. (Mining) A small fissure which admits water to the workings. Knight.

Case, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cased (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Casing.] 1. To cover or protect with, or as with, a case; to inclose.

> The man who, cased in steel, had passed whole days and nights in the saddle.
> Prescott.

2. To strip the skin from; as, to case a box. [Obs.]

Case, n. [F. cas, fr. L. casus, fr. cadere to fall, to happen. Cf. Chance.] 1. Chance; accident; hap; opportunity. [Obs.]

> By aventure, or sort, or cas.
> Chaucer.

2. That which befalls, comes, or happens; an event; an instance; a circumstance, or all the circumstances; condition; state of things; affair; as, a strange case; a case of injustice; the case of the Indian tribes.

> In any case thou shalt deliver him the pledge.
> Deut. xxiv. 13.

> If the case of the man be so with his wife.
> Matt. xix. 10.

> And when a lady's in the case
> You know all other things give place.
> Gay.

> You think this madness but a common case.
> Pope.

> I am in case to justle a constable,
> Shak.

3. (Med. & Surg.) A patient under treatment; an instance of sickness or injury; as, ten cases of fever; also, the history of a disease or injury.

> A proper remedy in hypochondriacal cases.
> Arbuthnot.

4. (Law) The matters of fact or conditions involved in a suit, as distinguished from the questions of law; a suit or action at law; a cause.

> Let us consider the reason of the case, for nothing is law that is not reason.
> Sir John Powell.

> Not one case in the reports of our courts.
> Steele.

5. (Gram.) One of the forms, or the inflections or changes of form, of a noun, pronoun, or adjective, which indicate its relation to other words, and in the aggregate constitute its declension; the relation which a noun or pronoun sustains to some other word.

> Case is properly a falling off from the nominative or first state of word; the name for which, however, is now, by extension of its signification, applied also to the nominative.
> J. W. Gibbs.

Cases other than the nominative are oblique cases. Case endings are terminations by which certain cases are distinguished. In old English, as in Latin, nouns had several cases distinguished by case endings, but in modern English only that of the possessive case is retained.

Action on the case (Law), according to the old classification (now obsolete), was an action for redress of wrongs or injuries to person or property not specially provided against by law, in which the whole cause of complaint was set out in the writ; -- called also trespass on the case, or simply case. -- All a case, a matter of indifference. [Obs.] "It is all a case to me." L'Estrange. -- Case at bar. See under Bar, n. -- Case divinity, casuistry. -- Case lawyer, one versed in the reports of cases rather than in the science of the law. -- Case stated or agreed on (Law), a statement in writing of facts agreed on and submitted to the court for a decision of the legal points arising on them. -- A hard case, an abandoned or incorrigible person. [Colloq.] -- In any case, whatever may be the state of affairs; anyhow. -- In case, or In case that, if; supposing that; in the event or contingency; if it should happen that. "In case we are surprised, keep by me." W. Irving. -- In good case, in good condition, health, or state of body. -- To put a case, to suppose a hypothetical or illustrative case.

Syn. -- Situation, condition, state; circumstances; plight; predicament; occurrence; contingency; accident; event; conjuncture; cause; action; suit.

Case, v. i. To propose hypothetical cases. [Obs.] "Casing upon the matter." L'Estrange.

Ca`se*a"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. caséation. See Casein.] (Med.) A degeneration of animal tissue into a cheesy or curdy mass.

Case"-bay` (?), n. (Arch.) (a) The space between two principals or girders. (b) One of the joists framed between a pair of girders in naked flooring.

Case"hard`en (?), v. t. 1. To subject to a process which converts the surface of iron into steel.

2. To render insensible to good influences.

Case"hard`ened (?), a. 1. Having the surface hardened, as iron tools.

2. Hardened against, or insusceptible to, good influences; rendered callous by persistence in wrongdoing or resistance of good influences; -- said of persons.

Case"hard`en*ing, n. The act or process of converting the surface of iron into steel. Ure.

Casehardening is now commonly effected by cementation with charcoal or other carbonizing material, the depth and degree of hardening (carbonization) depending on the time during which the iron is exposed to the heat. See Cementation.

Ca"se*ic (?), a. [Cf. F. caséique, fr. L. caseus cheese.] Of or pertaining to cheese; as, caseic acid.

Ca"se*in (?), n. [Cf. F. caséine, fr. L. caseur cheese. Cf. Cheese.] (Physiol. Chem.) A proteid substance present in both the animal and the vegetable kingdom. In the animal kingdom it is chiefly found in milk, and constitutes the main part of the curd separated by rennet; in the vegetable kingdom it is found more or less abundantly in the seeds of leguminous plants. Its reactions resemble those of alkali albumin. [Written also caseine.]

Case" knife` (?). 1. A knife carried in a sheath or case. Addison.

2. A large table knife; -- so called from being formerly kept in a case.

Case"mate (?), n. [F. casemate, fr. It. casamatta, prob. from casa house + matto, f. matta, mad, weak, feeble, dim. from the same source as E. -mate in checkmate.]

1. (Fort.) A bombproof chamber, usually of masonry, in which cannon may be placed, to be fired through embrasures; or one capable of being used as a magazine, or for quartering troops.

2. (Arch.) A hollow molding, chiefly in cornices.

Case"ma`ted (?), a. Furnished with, protected by, or built like, a casemate. Campbell.

Case"ment (?), n. [Shortened fr. encasement. See Incase 1st Case, and cf. Incasement.] (Arch.) A window sash opening on hinges affixed to the upright side of the frame into which it is fitted. (Poetically) A window.

> A casement of the great chamber window.
> Shak.

Case"ment*ed, a. Having a casement or casements.

Ca"se*ous (?), a. [L. caseus. Cf. Casein.] Of, pertaining to, or resembling, cheese; having the qualities of cheese; cheesy.

Caseous degeneration, a morbid process, in scrofulous or consumptive persons, in which the products of inflammation are converted into a cheesy substance which is neither absorbed nor organized.

Ca"sern (?), n. [F. caserne.] A lodging for soldiers in garrison towns, usually near the rampart; barracks. Bescherelle.

Case" shot` (?). (Mil.) A collection of small projectiles, inclosed in a case or canister.

In the United States a case shot is a thin spherical or oblong cast-iron shell containing musket balls and a bursting charge, with a time fuse; -- called in Europe shrapnel. In Europe the term case shot is applied to what in the United States is called canister. Wilhelm.

||Ca"se*um (?), n. [L. caseus cheese.] Same as Casein.

Case"worm` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A worm or grub that makes for itself a case. See Caddice.

Cash (?), n. [F. caisse case, box, cash box, cash. See Case a box.] A place where money is kept, or where it is deposited and paid out; a money box. [Obs.]

> This bank is properly a general cash, where every man lodges his money.
> Sir W. Temple.

> £20,000 are known to be in her cash.
> Sir R. Winwood.

2. (Com.) (a) Ready money; especially, coin or specie; but also applied to bank notes, drafts, bonds, or any paper easily convertible into money. (b) Immediate or prompt payment in current funds; as, to sell goods for cash; to make a reduction in price for cash.

Cash account (Bookkeeping), an account of money received, disbursed, and on hand. -- Cash boy, in large retail stores, a messenger who carries the money received by the salesman from customers to a cashier, and returns the proper change. [Colloq.] -- Cash credit, an account with a bank by which a person or house, having given security for repayment, draws at pleasure upon the bank to the extent of an amount agreed upon; -- called also bank credit and cash account. -- Cash sales, sales made for ready, money, in distinction from those on which credit is given; stocks sold, to be delivered on the day of transaction.

Syn. -- Money; coin; specie; currency; capital.

Cash, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cashed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Casing.] To pay, or to receive, cash for; to exchange for money; as, cash a note or an order.

Cash, v. t. [See Cashier.] To disband. [Obs.] Garges.

Cash, n.sing & pl. A Chinese coin.

The cash (Chinese tsien) is the only current coin made by the chinese government. It is a thin circular disk of a very base alloy of copper, with a square hole in the center. 1,000 to 1,400 cash are equivalent to a dollar.

<! p. 223 !>

Cash"book (ksh"bk), n. (Bookkeeping) A book in which is kept a register of money received or paid out.

Ca*shew" (k*sh"), n. [F. acajou, for cajou, prob. from Malay kyu tree; cf. Pg. acaju, cf. Acajou.] (Bot.) A tree (Anacardium occidentale) of the same family which the sumac. It is native in tropical America, but is now naturalized in all tropical countries. Its fruit, a kidney-shaped nut, grows at the extremity of an edible, pear- shaped hypocarp, about three inches long.

Cashew nut, the large, kidney-shaped fruit of the cashew, which is edible after the caustic oil has been expelled from the shell by roasting the nut.

Cash*ier" (ksh*r"), n. [F. caissier, fr. caisse. See Cash.] One who has charge of money; a cash keeper; the officer who has charge of the payments and receipts (moneys, checks, notes), of a bank or a mercantile company.

Cash*ier", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cahiered (?); p. pr. &vb. n. Cashiering.] [Earlier cash, fr. F. casser to break, annul, cashier, fr. L. cassare, equiv. to cassum reddere, to annul; cf. G. cassiren. Cf. Quash to annul, Cass.] 1. To dismiss or discard; to discharge; to dismiss with ignominy from military service or from an office or place of trust.

> They have cashiered several of their followers.
> Addison.

> He had insolence to cashier the captain of the lord lieutenant's own body guard.
> Macaulay.

2. To put away or reject; to disregard. [R.]

> Connections formed for interest, and endeared

> By selfish views, [are] censured and cashiered.
> Cowper.

> They absolutely cashier the literal express sense of the words.
> Sowth.

Cash*ier"er (?), n. One who rejects, discards, or dismisses; as, a cashierer of monarchs. [R.] Burke.

Cash"mere (?), n. 1. A rich stuff for shawls, scarfs, etc., originally made in Cashmere from the soft wool found beneath the hair of the goats of Cashmere, Thibet, and the Himalayas. Some cashmere, of fine quality, is richly embroidered for sale to Europeans.

2. A dress fabric made of fine wool, or of fine wool and cotton, in imitation of the original cashmere.

Cashmere shawl, a rich and costly shawl made of cashmere; -- often called camel's-hair shawl.

Cash`me*rette" (?), n. A kind of dress goods, made with a soft and glossy surface like cashmere.

Ca*shoo" (?), n. [F. cachou, NL. catechu, Cochin-Chin. cay cau from the tree called mimosa, or areca catechu. Cf. Catechu.] See Catechu.

Cas"ing (?), n. 1. The act or process of inclosing in, or covering with, a case or thin substance, as plaster, boards, etc.

2. An outside covering, for protection or ornament, or to precent the radiation of heat.

3. An inclosing frame; esp. the framework around a door or a window. See Case, n., 4.

Ca"sings (?), n. pl. Dried dung of cattle used as fuel. [Prov. Eng.] Waterland.

||Ca*si"no (?), n.; pl. E. Casinos (#), It. Casini (#). [It. casino, dim. of casa house, fr. L. casa cottage. Cf. Cassing.] 1. A small country house.

2. A building or room used for meetings, or public amusements, for dancing, gaming, etc.

3. A game at cards. See Cassino.

Cask (?), n. [Sp. casco potsherd, skull, helmet, prob. fr. cascar to break, fr. L. Quassure to break. Cf. Casque, Cass.] 1. Same as Casque. [Obs.]

2. A barrel-shaped vessel made of staves headings, and hoops, usually fitted together so as to hold liquids. It may be larger or smaller than a barrel.

3. The quantity contained in a cask.

4. A casket; a small box for jewels. [Obs.] Shak.

Cask, v. t. To put into a cask.

Cas"ket (?), n. [Cf. F. casquet, dim. of casque belmet, fr. Sp. casco.] 1. A small chest or box, esp. of rich material or ornamental character, as for jewels, etc.

> The little casket bring me hither.
> Shak.

2. A kind of burial case. [U. S.]

3. Anything containing or intended to contain something highly esteemed; as: (a) The body. (Shak.) (b) The tomb. (Milton). (c) A book of selections. [poetic]

> They found him dead . . . an empty casket.
> Shak.

Cas"ket, n. (Naut.) A gasket. See Gasket.

Cas"ket, v. t. To put into, or preserve in, a casket. [Poetic] "I have casketed my treasure." Shak.

Casque (?), n. [F. casque, fr. Sp. casco See Cask.] A piece of defensive or ornamental armor (with or without a vizor) for the head and neck; a helmet.

> His casque overshadowed with brilliant plumes.
> Prescott.

Cass (ks), v. t. [F. casser, LL. cassare, fr. L. cassus empty, hollow, and perhaps influenced by L. quassare to shake, shatter, v. intens. of quatere to shake. Cf. Cashier, v. t., Quash, Cask.] To render useless or void; to quash; to annul; to reject; to send away. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleigh.

Cas"sa*da (ks"s*d; 277), n. See Cassava.

Cas"sa*reep (-rp), n. A condiment made from the sap of the bitter cassava (Manihot utilissima) deprived of its poisonous qualities, concentrated by boiling, and flavored with aromatics. See Pepper pot.

Cas"sate (?), v. t. [LL. cassare. See Cass.] To render void or useless; to vacate or annul. [Obs.]

Cas*sa"tion (?), n. [F. cassation. See Cass.] The act of annulling.

> A general cassation of their constitutions.
> Motley.

Court of cassation, the highest court of appeal in France, which has power to quash (Casser) or reverse the decisions of the inferior courts.

Cas"sa*va (ks"s*v), n. [F. cassave, Sp. cazabe, fr. kasabi, in the language of Haiti.] 1. (Bot.) A shrubby euphorbiaceous plant of the genus Manihot, with fleshy rootstocks yielding an edible starch; -- called also manioc.

There are two species, bitter and sweet, from which the cassava of commerce is prepared in the West Indies, tropical America, and Africa. The bitter (Manihot utilissima) is the more important; this has a poisonous sap, but by grating, pressing, and baking the root the poisonous qualities are removed. The sweet (M. Aipi) is used as a table vegetable.

2. A nutritious starch obtained from the rootstocks of the cassava plant, used as food and in making tapioca.

Cas"se Pa"per (?). [F. papier cassé. See Cass.] Broken paper; the outside quires of a ream.

Cas"se*role (#) n. [F. a saucepan, dim. from casse a basin.] 1. (Chem.) A small round dish with a handle, usually of porcelain.

2. (Cookery) A mold (in the shape of a hollow vessel or incasement) of boiled rice, mashed potato or paste, baked, and afterwards filled with vegetables or meat.

Cas"sia (ksh"), n. [L. cassia and casia, Gr. kassi`a and kasi`a; of Semitic origin; cf. Heb. qetsh, fr. qtsa' to cut off, to peel off.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of leguminous plants (herbs, shrubs, or trees) of many species, most of which have purgative qualities. The leaves of several species furnish the senna used in medicine.

2. The bark of several species of Cinnamomum grown in China, etc.; Chinese cinnamon. It is imported as cassia, but commonly sold as cinnamon, from which it differs more or less in strength and flavor, and the amount of outer bark attached.

The medicinal "cassia" (Cassia pulp) is the laxative pulp of the pods of a leguminous tree (Cassia fistula or Pudding-pipe tree), native in the East Indies but naturalized in various tropical countries.

Cassia bark, the bark of Cinnamomum cassia, etc. The coarser kinds are called Cassia lignea, and are often used to adulterate true cinnamon. -- Cassia buds, the dried flower buds of several species of cinnamon (Cinnamomum cassia, atc..). -- Cassia oil, oil extracted from cassia bark and cassia buds; -- called also oil of cinnamon.

Cas"si*can (?), n. [NL. cassicus helmeted, fr. L. cassis a belmet.] (Zoöl.) An American bird of the genus Cassicus, allied to the starlings and orioles, remarkable for its skillfully constructed and suspended nest; the crested oriole. The name is also sometimes given to the piping crow, an Australian bird.

Cas*sid"e*ous (?), a. [L. Cassis helmet.] (Bot.) Helmet-shaped; -- applied to a corolla having a broad, helmet-shaped upper petal, as in aconite.

Cas"si*do*ny (?), n. [Cf. LL. cassidonium, F. cassidoine. See Chalcedony.] (Bot.) (a) The French lavender (Lavandula Stœchas). (b) The goldilocks (Chrysocoma Linosyris) and perhaps other plants related to the genus Gnaphalium or cudweed.

Cas"si*mere (?), n. [Cf. F. casimir, prob. of the same origin as E. cashmere. Cf. Kerseymere.] A thin, twilled, woolen cloth, used for men's garments. [Written also kerseymere.]

Cas`si*nette" (?), n. [Cf. Sp. casinete, G. cassinet.] A cloth with a cotton warp, and a woof of very fine wool, or wool and silk.

Cas*sin"i*an o"vals (?). (Math.) See under Oval.

Cas*si"no (?), n. [It. casino a small house, a gaming house. See casino.] A game at cards, played by two or more persons, usually for twenty-one points.

Great cassino, the ten of diamonds. -- Little cassino, the two of spades.

Cas"si*o*ber`ry (?), n. [NL. cassine, from the language of the Florida Indians.] The fruit of the Viburnum obovatum, a shrub which grows from Virginia to Florida.

Cas`si*o*pe"ia (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;.] (Astron.) A constellation of the northern hemisphere, situated between Cepheus and Perseus; -- so called in honor of the wife of Cepheus, a fabulous king of Ethiopia.

Cassiopeia's Chair, a group of six stars, in Cassiopeia, somewhat resembling a chair.

Cas*sit"er*ite (?), n. [Gr. &?; tin.] (Min.) Native tin dioxide; tin stone; a mineral occurring in tetragonal crystals of reddish brown color, and brilliant adamantine luster; also massive, sometimes in compact forms with concentric fibrous structure resembling wood (wood tin), also in rolled fragments or pebbly (Stream tin). It is the chief source of metallic tin. See Black tin, under Black.

Cas"sius (?), n. [From the name of the discoverer, A. Cassius, a German physician of the 17th centry.] A brownish purple pigment, obtained by the action of some compounds of tin upon certain salts of gold. It is used in painting and staining porcelain and glass to give a beautiful purple color. Commonly called Purple of Cassius.

Cas"sock (?), n. [F. casaque, fr. It. casacca, perh. fr. L. casa cottage, in It., house; or of Slavic origin.]

1. A long outer garment formerly worn by men and women, as well as by soldiers as part of their uniform.

2. (Eccl.) A garment resembling a long frock coat worn by the clergy of certain churches when officiating, and by others as the usually outer garment.

Cas"socked (?), a. Clothed with a cassock.

||Cas`so*lette" (?), n. [F.] a box, or vase, with a perforated cover to emit perfumes.

Cas`son*ade" (?), n. [F., fr. casson, for caisson a large chest. This sugar comes from Brazil in large chests.] Raw sugar; sugar not refined. Mc Elrath.

Cas"so*wa*ry (?), n.; pl. Cassowaries (#). [Malay kasuri.] (Zoöl.) A large bird, of the genus Casuarius, found in the east Indies. It is smaller and stouter than the ostrich. Its head is armed with a kind of helmet of horny substance, consisting of plates overlapping each other, and it has a group of long sharp spines on each wing which are used as defensive organs. It is a shy bird, and runs with great rapidity. Other species inhabit New Guinea, Australia, etc.

{ Cas`su*mu"nar (?), Cas`su*mu"ni*ar (?), } n. [Hind.] (Med.) A pungent, bitter, aromatic, gingerlike root, obtained from the East Indies.

Cast (kst), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cast; p. pr. & vb. n. Casting.] [Cf. Dan. kaste, Icel. & Sw. kasta; perh. akin to L. gerere to bear, carry. E. jest.] 1. To send or drive by force; to throw; to fling; to hurl; to impel.

> Uzziah prepared . . . slings to cast stones.
> 2 Chron. xxvi. 14.

> Cast thy garment about thee, and follow me.
> Acts. xii. 8.

> We must be cast upon a certain island.
> Acts. xxvii. 26.

2. To direct or turn, as the eyes.

> How earnestly he cast his eyes upon me!
> Shak.

3. To drop; to deposit; as, to cast a ballot.

4. To throw down, as in wrestling. Shak.

5. To throw up, as a mound, or rampart.

> Thine enemies shall cast a trench [bank] about thee.
> Luke xix. 48.

6. To throw off; to eject; to shed; to lose.

> His filth within being cast.
> Shak.

> Neither shall your vine cast her fruit.
> Mal. iii. 11

> The creatures that cast the skin are the snake, the viper, etc.
> Bacon.

7. To bring forth prematurely; to slink.

> Thy she-goats have not cast their young.
> Gen. xxi. 38.

8. To throw out or emit; to exhale. [Obs.]

> This . . . casts a sulphureous smell.
> Woodward.

9. To cause to fall; to shed; to reflect; to throw; as, to cast a ray upon a screen; to cast light upon a subject.

10. To impose; to bestow; to rest.

> The government I cast upon my brother.
> Shak.

> Cast thy burden upon the Lord.
> Ps. iv. 22.

11. To dismiss; to discard; to cashier. [Obs.]

> The state can not with safety cast him.

12. To compute; to reckon; to calculate; as, to cast a horoscope. "Let it be cast and paid." Shak.

> You cast the event of war, my noble lord.
> Shak.

13. To contrive; to plan. [Archaic]

> The cloister . . . had, I doubt not, been cast for [an orange-house].
> Sir W. Temple.

14. To defeat in a lawsuit; to decide against; to convict; as, to be cast in damages.

> She was cast to be hanged.
> Jeffrey.

> Were the case referred to any competent judge, they would inevitably be cast.
> Dr. H. More.

15. To turn (the balance or scale); to overbalance; hence, to make preponderate; to decide; as, a casting voice.

> How much interest casts the balance in cases dubious!
> South.

16. To form into a particular shape, by pouring liquid metal or other material into a mold; to fashion; to found; as, to cast bells, stoves, bullets.

17. (Print.) To stereotype or electrotype.

18. To fix, distribute, or allot, as the parts of a play among actors; also to assign (an actor) for a part.

> Our parts in the other world will be new cast.
> Addison.

To cast anchor (Naut.) See under Anchor. -- To cast a horoscope, to calculate it. -- To cast a horse, sheep, or other animal, to throw with the feet upwards, in such a manner as to prevent its rising again. -- To cast a shoe, to throw off or lose a shoe, said of a horse or ox. -- To cast aside, to throw or push aside; to neglect; to reject as useless or inconvenient. -- To cast away. (a) To throw away; to lavish; to waste. "Cast away a life" Addison. (b) To reject; to let perish. "Cast away his people." Rom. xi. 1. "Cast one away." Shak. (c) To wreck. "Cast away and sunk." Shak. -- To cast by, to reject; to dismiss or discard; to throw away. -- To cast down, to throw down; to destroy; to deject or depress, as the mind. "Why art thou cast down. O my soul?" Ps. xiii. 5. -- To cast forth, to throw out, or eject, as from an inclosed place; to emit; to send out. -- To cast in one's lot with, to share the fortunes of. -- To cast in one's teeth, to upbraid or abuse one for; to twin. -- To cast lots. See under Lot. -- To cast off. (a) To discard or reject; to drive away; to put off; to free one's self from. (b) (Hunting) To leave behind, as dogs; also, to set loose, or free, as dogs. Crabb. (c) (Naut.) To untie, throw off, or let go, as a rope. -- To cast off copy, (Print.), to estimate how much printed matter a given amount of copy will make, or how large the page must be in order that the copy may make a given number of pages. -- To cast one's self on or upon to yield or submit one's self unreservedly to, as to the mercy of another. -- To cast out, to throw out; to eject, as from a house; to cast forth; to expel; to utter. -- To cast the lead (Naut.), to sound by dropping the lead to the bottom. -- To cast the water (Med.), to examine the urine for signs of disease. [Obs.]. -- To cast up. (a) To throw up; to raise. (b) To compute; to reckon, as the cost. (c) To vomit. (d) To twit with; to throw in one's teeth.

<! p. 224 !>

Cast (?), v. i. 1. To throw, as a line in angling, esp, with a fly hook.

2. (Naut.) To turn the head of a vessel around from the wind in getting under weigh.

> Weigh anchor, cast to starboard.
> Totten.

3. To consider; to turn or revolve in the mind; to plan; as, to cast about for reasons.

> She . . . cast in her mind what manner of salution this should be.
> Luke. i. 29.

4. To calculate; to compute. [R.]

> Who would cast and balance at a desk.
> Tennyson.

5. To receive form or shape in a mold.

> It will not run thin, so as to cast and mold.
> Woodward.

6. To warp; to become twisted out of shape.

> Stuff is said to cast or warp when . . . it alters its flatness or straightness.
> Moxon.

7. To vomit.

> These verses . . . make me ready to cast.
> B. Jonson.

Cast, 3d pres. of Cast, for Casteth. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Cast, n. [Cf. Icel., Dan., & Sw. kast.] 1. The act of casting or throwing; a throw.

2. The thing thrown.

> A cast of dreadful dust.
> Dryden.

3. The distance to which a thing is or can be thrown. "About a stone's cast." Luke xxii. 41.

4. A throw of dice; hence, a chance or venture.

> An even cast whether the army should march this way or that way.
> Sowth.

> I have set my life upon a cast,
> And I will stand the hazard of the die.
> Shak.

5. That which is throw out or off, shed, or ejected; as, the skin of an insect, the refuse from a hawk's stomach, the excrement of a earthworm.

6. The act of casting in a mold.

> And why such daily cast of brazen cannon.
> Shak.

7. An impression or mold, taken from a thing or person; amold; a pattern.

8. That which is formed in a mild; esp. a reproduction or copy, as of a work of art, in bronze or plaster, etc.; a casting.

9. Form; appearence; mien; air; style; as, a peculiar cast of countenance. "A neat cast of verse." Pope.

> An heroic poem, but in another cast and figure.
> Prior.

> And thus the native hue of resolution
> Is sicklied o'er with the pale cast of thought.
> Shak.

10. A tendency to any color; a tinge; a shade.

> Gray with a cast of green.
> Woodward.

11. A chance, opportunity, privilege, or advantage; specifically, an opportunity of riding; a lift. [Scotch]

> We bargained with the driver to give us a cast to the next stage.
> Smollett.

> If we had the cast o' a cart to bring it.
> Sir W. Scott.

12. The assignment of parts in a play to the actors.

13. (Falconary) A flight or a couple or set of hawks let go at one time from the hand. Grabb.

> As when a cast of falcons make their flight.
> Spenser.

14. A stoke, touch, or trick. [Obs.]

> This was a cast of Wood's politics; for his information was wholly false.
> Swift.

15. A motion or turn, as of the eye; direction; look; glance; squint.

> The cast of the eye is a gesture of aversion.
> Bacon.

> And let you see with one cast of an eye.
> Addison.

> This freakish, elvish cast came into the child's eye.
> Hawthorne.

16. A tube or funnel for conveying metal into a mold.

17. Four; that is, as many as are thrown into a vessel at once in counting herrings, etc; a warp.

18. Contrivance; plot, design. [Obs.] Chaucer.

A cast of the eye, a slight squint or strabismus. -- Renal cast (Med.), microscopic bodies found in the urine of persons affected with disease of the kidneys; -- so called because they are formed of matter deposited in, and preserving the outline of, the renal tubes. -- The last cast, the last throw of the dice or last effort, on which every thing is ventured; the last chance.

Cas*ta"li*an (?), a. [L. Castalius] Of or pertaining to Castalia, a mythical fountain of inspiration on Mt. Parnassus sacred to the Muses. Milton.

||Cas*ta"ne*a (?), n. [L., a chestnut, fr. Gr. &?;.] (Bot.) A genus of nut-bearing trees or shrubs including the chestnut and chinquapin.

Cas"ta*net (?), n. See Castanets.

Cas"ta*nets, n. pl. [F. castagnettes, Sp. castañetas, fr. L. castanea (Sp. castaña) a chestnut. So named from the resemblance to two chestnuts, or because chestnuts were first used for castanets. See Chestnut.] Two small, concave shells of ivory or hard wood, shaped like spoons, fastened to the thumb, and beaten together with the middle finger; -- used by the Spaniards and Moors as an accompaniment to their dance and guitars.

The singular, castanet, is used of one of the pair, or, sometimes, of the pair forming the instrument.

> The dancer, holding a castanet in each hand, rattles then to the motion of his feet.
> Moore (Encyc. of Music).

Cast"a*way (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, is cast away or shipwrecked.

2. One who is ruined; one who has made moral shipwreck; a reprobate.

> Lest . . . when I have preached to others, I myself should be a castaway.
> 1 Cor. ix. 27.

Cast"a*way, a. Of no value; rejected; useless.

Caste (?), n. [Pg. casta race, lineage, fr. L. castus pure, chaste: cf. F. caste, of same origin.] 1. One of the hereditary classes into which the Hindoos are divided according to the laws of Brahmanism.

The members of the same caste are theoretically of equal rank, and same profession or occupation, and may not eat or intermarry with those not of their own caste. The original are four, viz., the Brahmans, or sacerdotal order; the Kshatriyas, or soldiers and rulers; the Vaisyas, or husbandmen and merchants; and the Sudras, or laborers and mechanics. Men of no caste are Pariahs, outcasts. Numerous mixed classes, or castes, have sprung up in the progress of time.

2. A separate and fixed order or class of persons in society who chiefly hold intercourse among themselves.

> The tinkers then formed an hereditary caste.
> Macaulay.

To lose caste, to be degraded from the caste to which one has belonged; to lose social position or consideration.

Cas"tel*lan (?), n. [OF. castelain, F. châtelain, L. castellanus pertaining to a castle, an occupant of a caste, LL., a governor of a castle, fr. L. castellum castle, citadel, dim. of castrum fortified place. See Castle, and cf. Chatelaine.] A governor or warden of a castle.

Cas"tel*la*ny (?), n.; pl. Castellanies (#). [LL. castellania.] The lordship of a castle; the extent of land and jurisdiction appertaining to a castle.

Cas"tel*la`ted (?), a. [LL. castellatus, fr. castellare. See Castle.] 1. Inclosed within a building; as, a fountain or cistern castellated. [Obs.] Johnson.

2. Furnished with turrets and battlements, like a castle; built in the style of a castle.

Cas`tel*la"tion (?), n. [LL. castellation, fr. castellare, fr. L. castellum. See Castle.] The act of making into a castle.

Cast"er (?), n. 1. One who casts; as, caster of stones, etc. ; a caster of cannon; a caster of accounts.

2. A vial, cruet, or other small vessel, used to contain condiments at the table; as, a set of casters.

3. A stand to hold a set of cruets.

4. A small wheel on a swivel, on which furniture is supported and moved.

Cas"ti*gate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Castigated; p. pr. & vb. n. Castigating.] [L. castigatus, p. p. of castigare to correct, punish; castus pure, chaste + agere to move, drive. See Caste, and cf. Chasten.] 1. To punish by stripes; to chastise by blows; to chasten; also, to chastise verbally; to reprove; to criticise severely.

2. To emend; to correct. [Obs.]

Cas`ti*ga"tion (?), n. [L. catigatio.]

1. Corrective punishment; chastisement; reproof; pungent criticism.

> The keenest castigation of her slanderers.
> W. Irving.

2. Emendation; correction. [Obs.]

Cas`ti*ga"tor (?), n. [L.] One who castigates or corrects.

Cas`ti*ga*to*ry (?), a. [L. castigatorius.] Punitive in order to amendment; corrective.

Cas"ti*ga*to*ry, n. An instrument formerly used to punish and correct arrant scolds; -- called also a ducking stool, or trebucket. Blacktone.

Cas"tile soap` (?). [From Castile, or Castilia, a province in Spain, from which it originally came.] A kind of fine, hard, white or mottled soap, made with olive oil and soda; also, a soap made in imitation of the above-described soap.

Cas*til"ian (?), n. [Sp. castellano, from Castila, NL. Castilia, Castella. Castile, which received its name from the castles erected on the frontiers as a barrier against the Moors.] 1. An inhabitant or native of Castile, in Spain.

2. The Spanish language as spoken in Castile.

Cas*til"lan, a. Of or pertaining to Castile, in Spain.

Cast"ing (?), n. 1. The act of one who casts or throws, as in fishing.

2. The act or process of making casts or impressions, or of shaping metal or plaster in a mold; the act or the process of pouring molten metal into a mold.

3. That which is cast in a mold; esp. the mass of metal so cast; as, a casting in iron; bronze casting.

4. The warping of a board. Brande & C.

5. The act of casting off, or that which is cast off, as skin, feathers, excrement, etc.

Casting of draperies, the proper distribution of the folds of garments, in painting and sculpture. -- Casting line (Fishing), the leader; also, sometimes applied to the long reel line. -- Casting net, a net which is cast and drawn, in distinction from a net that is set and left. -- Casting voice, Casting vote, the decisive vote of a presiding officer, when the votes of the assembly or house are equally divided. "When there was an equal vote, the governor had the casting voice." B. Trumbull. -- Casting weight, a weight that turns a balance when exactly poised.

Cast" i`ron (?). Highly carbonized iron, the direct product of the blast furnace; -- used for making castings, and for conversion into wrought iron and steel. It can not be welded or forged, is brittle, and sometimes very hard. Besides carbon, it contains sulphur, phosphorus, silica, etc.

Cast"-i`ron, a. Made of cast iron. Hence, Fig.: like cast iron; hardy; unyielding.

Cas"tle (?), n. [AS. castel, fr. L. castellum, dim. of castrum a fortified place, castle.] 1. A fortified residence, especially that of a prince or nobleman; a fortress.

> The house of every one is to him castle and fortress, as well for his defense againts injury and violence, as for his repose.
> Coke.

> Our castle's strength
> Will laugh a siege to scorn.
> Shak.

Originally the mediæval castle was a single strong tower or keep, with a palisaded inclosure around it and inferior buidings, such as stables and the like, and surrounded by a moat; then such a keep or donjon, with courtyards or baileys and accessory buildings of greater elaboration a great hall and a chapel, all surrounded by defensive walls and a moat, with a drawbridge, etc. Afterwards the name was retained by large dwellings that had formerly been fortresses, or by those which replaced ancient fortresses.

A Donjon or Keep, an irregular building containing the dwelling of the lord and his family; B C Large round towers ferming part of the donjon and of the exterior; D Square tower, separating the two inner courts and forming part of the donjon; E Chapel, whose apse forms a half-round tower, F, on the exterior walls; G H Round towers on the exterior walls; K Postern gate, reached from outside by a removable fight of steps or inclined plane for hoisting in stores, and leading to a court, L (see small digagram) whose pavement is on a level with the sill of the postern, but below the level of the larger court, with which it communicates by a separately fortified gateway; M Turret, containing spiral stairway to all the stories of the great tower, B, and serving also as a station for signal fire, banner, etc.; N Turret with stairway for tower, C; O Echauguettes; P P P Battlemants consisting of merlons and crenels alternately, the merlons being pierced by loopholes; Q Q Machicolations (those at Q defend the postern K); R Outwork defending the approach, which is a road ascending the hill and passing under all four faces of the castle; S S Wall of the outer bailey. The road of approach enters the bailey at T and passes thence into the castle by the main entrance gateway (which is in the wall between, and defended by the towers, C H) and over two drawbridges and through fortified passages to the inner court.

2. Any strong, imposing, and stately mansion.

3. A small tower, as on a ship, or an elephant's back.

4. A piece, made to represent a castle, used in the game of chess; a rook.

Castle in the air, a visionary project; a baseless scheme; an air castle; -- sometimes called a castle in Spain (F. Château en Espagne).

Syn. -- Fortress; fortification; citadel; stronghold. See Fortress.

Cas"tle (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Castled (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Castling (?).] (Chess) To move the castle to the square next to king, and then the king around the castle to the square next beyond it, for the purpose of covering the king.

Cas"tle*build`er (?), n. Fig.: one who builds castles in the air or forms visionary schemes.

-- Cas"tle*build`ing, n.

Cas"tled (?), a. Having a castle or castles; supporting a castle; as, a castled height or crag.

2. Fortified; turreted; as, castled walls.

Cas"tle-guard` (?), n. 1. The guard or defense of a castle.

2. (O. Eng. Law) A tax or imposition an a dwelling within a certain distance of a castle, for the purpose of maintaining watch and ward in it; castle- ward.

3. A feudal tenure, obliging the tenant to perform service within the realm, without limitation of time.

Cas"tle*ry (?), n. [Cf. OF. castelerie. See Castle.] The government of a castle. Blount.

Cas"tlet (?), n. A small castle. Leland.

Cas"tle*ward` (?), n. Same as Castleguard.

Cast"ling (?), n. That which is cast or brought forth prematurely; an abortion. Sir T. Browne.

Cas"tling (?), n. (Chess) A compound move of the king and castle. See Castle, v. i.

Cast"-off` (?), a. Cast or laid aside; as, cast-off clothes.

Cas"tor (?), n. [L. castor the beaver, Gr. &?;; of uncertain origin.] 1. (Zoöl.) A genus of rodents, including the beaver. See Beaver.

2. Castoreum. See Castoreum.

3. A hat, esp. one made of beaver fur; a beaver.

> I have always been known for the jaunty manner in which I wear my castor.
> Sir W. Scott.

4. A heavy quality of broadcloth for overcoats.

Cast"or (?), n. See Caster, a small wheel.

Cas"tor (?), n. [L.] (Astron.) the northernmost of the two bright stars in the constellation Gemini, the other being Pollux.

{ Cas"tor, Cas"tor*ite (?), } n. [The minerals castor and pollux were so named because found together on the island of Elba. See Castor and Pollux.] (Min.) A variety of the mineral called petalite, from Elba.

Cas"tor and Pol"lux (?). [Castor and Pollux were twin sons of Jupiter and Leda.] (Naut.) See Saint Elmo's fire, under Saint.

Cas"tor bean` (?). (Bot.) The bean or seed of the castor-oil plant (Ricinus communis, or Palma Christi.)

Cas*to"re*um (?), n. [L. See Castor.] A peculiar bitter orange-brown substance, with strong, penetrating odor, found in two sacs between the anus and external genitals of the beaver; castor; -- used in medicine as an antispasmodic, and by perfumers.

<! p. 225 !>

Cas"to*rin (ks"t*rn), n. [From 1st Castor.] (Chem.) A white crystalline substance obtained from castoreum.

Cas"tor oil (ks"tr oil`). A mild cathartic oil, expressed or extracted from the seeds of the Ricinus communis, or Palma Christi. When fresh the oil is inodorous and insipid.

Castor-oil plant. Same as Palma Christi.

Cas`tra*me*ta"tion (?), n. [F. castramétation, fr. L. castra camp + metari to measure off, fr. meta limit.] (Mil.) The art or act of encamping; the making or laying out of a camp.

Cas"trate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Castrated; p. pr. & vb. n. Castrating.] [L. castrarus, p; p. of castrare to castrate, asin to Skr. çastra knife.] 1. To deprive of the testicles; to emasculate; to geld; to alter.

2. To cut or take out; esp. to remove anything erroneous, or objectionable from, as the obscene parts of a writing; to expurgate.

> My . . . correspondent . . . has sent me the following letter, which I have castrated in some places.
> Spectator.

Cas*tra"tion (?), n. [L. castratio; cf. F. castration.] The act of castrating.

||Cas*tra"to (?), n. [L., properly p. p. of castrare. See Castrate.] A male person castrated for the purpose of improving his voice for singing; an artificial, or male, soprano. Swift.

Cas"trel (?), n. [Cf. F. crécerelle, cristel, OF. crecel, cercele. Cf. Kestrel.] (Zoöl.) See Kestrel.

Cas*tren"sial (?), a. [L. castrensis, fr. castra camp.] Belonging to a camp. Sir T. Browne.

Cas*tren"sian (?), a. Castrensial. [R.]

Cast" steel` (?). See Cast steel, under Steel.

Cas"u*al (?), a. [OE. casuel, F. casuel, fr. L. casualis, fr. casus fall, accident, fr. cadere to fall. See Case.] 1. Happening or coming to pass without design, and without being foreseen or expected; accidental; fortuitous; coming by chance.

> Casual breaks, in the general system.
> W. Irving.

2. Coming without regularity; occasional; incidental; as, casual expenses.

> A constant habit, rather than a casual gesture.
> Hawthorne.

Syn. -- Accidental; fortutious; incidental; occasional; contingent; unforeseen. See Accidental.

Cas"u*al, n. One who receives relief for a night in a parish to which he does not belong; a vagrant.

Cas"u*al*ism (?), n. The doctrine that all things exist or are controlled by chance.

Cas"u*al*ist, n. One who believes in casualism.

Cas"u*al*ly, adv. Without design; accidentally; fortuitously; by chance; occasionally.

Cas"u*al*ness, n. The quality of being casual.

Cas"u*al*ty (?), n.; pl. Casualties (#). [F. casualité, LL. casualitas.] 1. That which comes without design or without being foreseen; contingency.

> Losses that befall them by mere casualty.
> Sir W. Raleigh.

2. Any injury of the body from accident; hence, death, or other misfortune, occasioned by an accident; as, an unhappy casualty.

3. pl. (Mil. & Naval) Numerical loss caused by death, wounds, discharge, or desertion.

Casualty ward, A ward in a hospital devoted to the treatment of injuries received by accident.

Syn. -- Accident; contingency; fortuity; misfortune.

||Cas`u*a*ri"na (?), n. [NL., supposed to be named from the resemblance of the twigs to the feathers of the cassowary, of the genus Casuarius.] (Bot.) A genus of leafless trees or shrubs, with drooping branchlets of a rushlike appearance, mostly natives of Australia. Some of them are large, producing hard and heavy timber of excellent quality, called beefwood from its color.

Cas"u*ist (?), n. [L. casus fall, case; cf. F. casuiste. See Casual.] One who is skilled in, or given to, casuistry.

> The judment of any casuist or learned divine concerning the state of a man's soul, is not sufficient to give him confidence.
> South.

Cas"u*ist, v. i. To play the casuist. Milton.

{ Cas`u*is"tic (?), Cas`u*is"tic*al (?), } a. Of or pertaining to casuists or casuistry.

Cas"u*ist*ry (?), a. 1. The science or doctrine of dealing with cases of conscience, of resolving questions of right or wrong in conduct, or determining the lawfulness or unlawfulness of what a man may do by rules and principles drawn from the Scriptures, from the laws of society or the church, or from equity and natural reason; the application of general moral rules to particular cases.

> The consideration of these nice and puzzling question in the science of ethics has given rise, in modern times, to a particular department of it, distinguished by the title of casuistry.
> Stewart.

> Casuistry in the science of cases (i.e., oblique deflections from the general rule).
> De Quincey.

2. Sophistical, equivocal, or false reasoning or teaching in regard to duties, obligations, and morals.

||Ca"sus (?), n. [L.] An event; an occurrence; an occasion; a combination of circumstances; a case; an act of God. See the Note under Accident.

Casus belli, an event or combination of events which is a cause war, or may be alleged as a justification of war. -- Casus fortuitus, an accident against which due prudence could not have provided. See Act of God, under Act. -- Casus omissus, a case not provided for by the statute.

Cat (kt), n. [AS. cat; akin to D. & Dan. kat, Sw. katt, Icel. köttr, G. katze, kater, Ir. cat, W. cath, Armor. kaz, LL. catus, Bisc. catua, NGr. ga`ta, ga`tos, Russ. & Pol. kot, Turk. kedi, Ar. qitt; of unknown origin. Cf. Kitten.] 1. (Zoöl.) An animal of various species of the genera Felis and Lynx. The domestic cat is Felis domestica. The European wild cat (Felis catus) is much larger than the domestic cat. In the United States the name wild cat is commonly applied to the bay lynx (Lynx rufus) See Wild cat, and Tiger cat.

The domestic cat includes many varieties named from their place of origin or from some peculiarity; as, the Angora cat; the Maltese cat; the Manx cat.

The word cat is also used to designate other animals, from some fancied resemblance; as, civet cat, fisher cat, catbird, catfish shark, sea cat.

2. (Naut.) (a) A strong vessel with a narrow stern, projecting quarters, and deep waist. It is employed in the coal and timber trade. (b) A strong tackle used to draw an anchor up to the cathead of a ship. Totten.

3. A double tripod (for holding a plate, etc.), having six feet, of which three rest on the ground, in whatever position it is placed.

4. An old game; (a) The game of tipcat and the implement with which it is played. See Tipcat. (c) A game of ball, called, according to the number of batters, one old cat, two old cat, etc.

5. A cat o' nine tails. See below.

Angora cat, blind cat, See under Angora, Blind. -- Black cat the fisher. See under Black. -- Cat and dog, like a cat and dog; quarrelsome; inharmonious. "I am sure we have lived a cat and dog life of it." Coleridge. -- Cat block (Naut.), a heavy iron-strapped block with a large hook, part of the tackle used in drawing an anchor up to the cathead. -- Cat hook (Naut.), a strong hook attached to a cat block. - - Cat nap, a very short sleep. [Colloq.] -- Cat o' nine tails, an instrument of punishment consisting of nine pieces of knotted line or cord fastened to a handle; -- formerly used to flog offenders on the bare back. -- Cat's cradle, game played, esp. by children, with a string looped on the fingers so, as to resemble small cradle. The string is transferred from the fingers of one to those of another, at each transfer with a change of form. See Cratch, Cratch cradle. -- To let the cat out of the bag, to tell a secret, carelessly or willfully. [Colloq.] -- Bush cat, the serval. See Serval.

Cat (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. tted; p. pr. & vb. n. Catting.] (Naut.) To bring to the cathead; as, to cat an anchor. See Anchor. Totten.

Cat"a (?). [Gr. kata`.] The Latin and English form of a Greek preposition, used as a prefix to signify down, downward, under, against, contrary or opposed to, wholly, completely; as in cataclysm, catarrh. It sometimes drops the final vowel, as in catoptric; and is sometimes changed to cath, as in cathartic, catholic.

Cat`a*bap"tist (?), n. [Pref. cata + aptist. See Baptist.] (Eccl.) One who opposes baptism, especially of infants. [Obs.] Featley.

||Cat`a*ba"sion (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. kataba`sion.] A vault under altar of a Greek church.

Cat`a*bi*ot"ic (?), a. See under Force.

Cat`a*caus"tic (?), a. [Pref. cata + caustic.] (Physics) Relating to, or having the properties of, a caustic curve formed by reflection. See Caustic, a. Nichol.

Cat`a*caus"tic, n. (Physics) A caustic curve formed by reflection of light. Nichol.

Cat`a*chre"sis (?), n. [L. fr. Gr. &?; misuse, fr. &?; to misuse; kata` against + &?; to use.] (Rhet.) A figure by which one word is wrongly put for another, or by which a word is wrested from its true signification; as, "To take arms against a sea of troubles". Shak. "Her voice was but the shadow of a sound." Young.

{ Cat`a*chres"tic (?), Cat`a*chres"tic*al (?), } a. Belonging to, or in the manner of, a catachresis; wrested from its natural sense or form; forced; far-fetched.

-- Cat`a*chres"tic*al*ly, adv.

> [A] catachrestical and improper way of speaking.
> Jer. Taylor.

Cat"a*clysm (?), n. [L. cataclysmos, Gr. kataklysmo`s, from &?; to dash over, inundate; kata` downward, against + &?; to wash or dash over: cf. F. cataclysme.] 1. An extensive overflow or sweeping flood of water; a deluge.

2. (Geol.) Any violent catastrophe, involving sudden and extensive changes of the earth's surface.

{ Cat`a*clys"mal (?), Cat`a*clys"mic (?), } a. Of or pertaining to a cataclysm.

Cat`a*clys"mist (?), n. One who believes that the most important geological phenomena have been produced by cataclysms.

Cat"a*comb (?), n. [It. catacomba, fr. L. catacumba perh. from Gr. kata` downward, down + ky`mbh cavity.] A cave, grotto, or subterraneous place of large extent used for the burial of the dead; -- commonly in the plural.

The terms is supposed to have been applied originally to the tombs under the church of St. Sebastian in Rome. The most celebrated catacombs are those near Rome, on the Appian Way, supposed to have been the place or refuge and interment of the early Christians; those of Egypt, extending for a wide distance in the vicinity of Cairo; and those of Paris, in abandoned stone quarries, excavated under a large portion of the city.

Cat`a*cous"tic (?), n. [Pref. cata + acoustics: cf. F. caraconstique.] (Physics) That part of acoustics which treats of reflected sounds or echoes See Acoustics. Hutton.

{ Cat`a*di*op"tric (?), Cat`a*di*op"tric*al (?), } a. [Pref. cata + dioptric: cf. F. catadioptrique.] (Physics) Pertaining to, produced by, or involving, both the reflection and refraction of light; as, a catadioptric light. Hutton.

Cat`a*di*op"trics (?), n. The science which treats of catadioptric phenomena, or of the used of catadioptric instruments.

Cat"a*drome (?), n. [Gr. kata`dromos race course; kata` down + dro`mos course.] 1. A race course.

2. (Mach.) A machine for raising or lowering heavy weights.

Ca*tad"ro*mous (?), a. [Gr. kata` down + dro`mos a running.] 1. (Bot.) Having the lowest inferior segment of a pinna nearer the rachis than the lowest superior one; -- said of a mode of branching in ferns, and opposed to anadromous.

2. (Zoöl.) Living in fresh water, and going to the sea to spawn; -- opposed to anadromous, and said of the eel.

||Cat`a*fal"co (?), n. [It.] See Catafalque.

Cat"a*falque` (?), n. [F., fr. It. catafalco, scaffold, funeral canopy; of uncertain origin; cf. Sp. catafalso, cadahalso, cadalso, Pr. casafalc, OF. chafaut. Cf. Scaffold.] A temporary structure sometimes used in the funeral solemnities of eminent persons, for the public exhibition of the remains, or their conveyance to the place of burial.

Cat`*ag*mat"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?; fracture, fr. &?; to break in places; kata` down + 'agny`nai to break: cf. F. catagmatique.] (Med.) Having the quality of consolidating broken bones.

Ca*ta"ian (?), n. A native of Cathay or China; a foreigner; -- formerly a term of reproach. Shak.

Cat"a*lan (?), a. Of or pertaining to Catalonia. -- n. A native or inhabitant of Catalonia; also, the language of Catalonia.

Catalan furnace, Catalan forge (Metal.), a kind of furnace for producing wrought iron directly from the ore. It was formerly much used, esp. in Catalonia, and is still used in some parts of the United States and elsewhere.

Cat`a*lec"tic (?), a. [L. catalecticus, Gr. &?; incomplete, fr. &?; to leave off; kata` down, wholly + lh`gein to stop.] 1. (Pros.) Wanting a syllable at the end, or terminating in an imperfect foot; as, a catalectic verse.

2. (Photog. & Chem.) Incomplete; partial; not affecting the whole of a substance. Abney.

{ Cat"a*lep`sy (?), ||Cat`a*lep"sis (?), } n. [NL. catalepsis, fr. Gr. &?; a seizure, fr. &?; to seize upon; kata` down + &?; to take, seize.] (Med.) A sudden suspension of sensation and volition, the body and limbs preserving the position that may be given them, while the action of the heart and lungs continues.

Cat`a*lep"tic (?), a. [Gr. katalhptiko`s.] Pertaining to, or resembling, catalepsy; affected with catalepsy; as, a cataleptic fit.

||Cat`al*lac"ta (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;. See Catallactics.] (Zoöl.) A division of Protozoa, of which Magosphæra is the type. They exist both in a myxopod state, with branched pseudopodia, and in the form of ciliated bodies united in free, spherical colonies.

Cat`al*lac"tics (?) n. [Gr. &?; to exchange; kata` wholly + &?; to change.] The science of exchanges, a branch of political economy.

Cat"a*log (?), n. & v. Catalogue.

Cat"a*lo*gize (?), v. t. To insert in a catalogue; to register; to catalogue. [R.] Coles.

Cat"a*logue (?), n. [F., fr. catalogus, fr. Gr. &?; a counting up, list, fr. &?; to count up; kata` down, completely + &?; to say.] A list or enumeration of names, or articles arranged methodically, often in alphabetical order; as, a catalogue of the students of a college, or of books, or of the stars.

Card catalogue, a catalogue, as of books, having each item entered on a separate card, and the cards arranged in cases by subjects, or authors, or alphabetically. -- Catalogue raisonné (?) [F.], a catalogue of books, etc., classed according to their subjects.

Syn. -- List; roll; index; schedule; enumeration; inventory. See List.

Cat"a*logue, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Catalogued (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Cataloguing (?).] To make a list or catalogue; to insert in a catalogue.

Cat"a*log`uer (?), n. A maker of catalogues; esp. one skilled in the making of catalogues.

Ca*tal"pa (?), n. [From the language of the Indians of Carolina, where Catesby discovered this tree in the year 1726.] (Bot.) A genus of American and East Indian trees, of which the best know species are the Catalpa bignonioides, a large, ornamental North American tree, with spotted white flowers and long cylindrical pods, and the C. speciosa, of the Mississipi valley; -- called also Indian bean.

Ca*tal"y*sis (?), n.; pl. Catalyse. (#) [ML., fr. Gr. &?; dissolution, fr. &?; to destroy, dissolve; kata` down, wholly + &?; to loose.]

1. Dissolution; degeneration; decay. [R.]

> Sad catalysis and declension of piety.
> Evelyn.

2. (Chem.) (a) A process by which reaction occurs in the presence of certain agents which were formerly believed to exert an influence by mere contact. It is now believed that such reactions are attended with the formation of an intermediate compound or compounds, so that by alternate composition and decomposition the agent is apparenty left unchanged; as, the catalysis of making ether from alcohol by means of sulphuric acid; or catalysis in the action of soluble ferments (as diastase, or ptyalin) on starch. (b) The catalytic force.

Cat`a*ly"tic (?), a. Relating to, or causing, catalysis. "The catalytic power is ill understood." Ure.

Catalytic force, that form of chemical energy formerly supposed to determine catalysis.

Cat`a*lyt"ic, n. (Chem.) An agent employed in catalysis, as platinum black, aluminium chloride, etc.

Cat`a*ma*ran", n. [The native East Indian name.] 1. A kind of raft or float, consisting of two or more logs or pieces of wood lashed together, and moved by paddles or sail; -- used as a surf boat and for other purposes on the coasts of the East and West Indies and South America. Modified forms are much used in the lumber regions of North America, and at life-saving stations.

2. Any vessel with twin hulls, whether propelled by sails or by steam; esp., one of a class of double- hulled pleasure boats remarkable for speed.

3. A kind of fire raft or torpedo bat.

> The incendiary rafts prepared by Sir Sidney Smith for destroying the French flotilla at Boulogne, 1804, were called catamarans.
> Knight.

4. A quarrelsome woman; a scold. [Colloq.]

<! p. 226 !>

||Cat`a*me"nia (kt`*m"n*), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ta` katamh`nia.] (Med.) The monthly courses of women; menstrual discharges; menses.

Cat`a*me"ni*al (-al), a. [Gr. katamh`nios monthly; kata` down, back, again + mh`n month.] Pertaining to the catamenia, or menstrual discharges.

Cat"a*mite (kt"*mt), n. [L. Catamitus, an old form of Ganymedes Ganymede, Gr. Ganymh`dhs.] A boy kept for unnatural purposes.

Cat"a*mount (-mount), n. [Cat + mount; cf. Sp. gato montes mountain cat.] (Zoöl.) The cougar. Applied also, in some parts of the United States, to the lynx.

Cat"a*nad`ro*mous (?), a. [Gr. kata` down + 'ana` up + dro`mos running, course.] (Zoöl.) Ascending and descending fresh streams from and to the sea, as the salmon; anadromous. [R.]

Cat"a*pasm (?), n. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to besprinkle; kata` down, wholly + &?; to strew, or sprinkle.] (Med.) A compound medicinal powder, used by the ancients to sprinkle on ulcers, to absorb perspiration, etc. Dunglison.

Cat`a*pel"tic (?), a. Of or pertaining to a catapult.

Cat`a*pet"al*ous (?), a. [Pref. cata + petalous.] (Bot.) Having the petals held together by stamens, which grow to their bases, as in the mallow.

Cat`a*phon"ic (?), a. Of or relating to cataphonics; catacoustic.

Cat`a*phon"ics (?), n. [Pref. cata + phonic: cf. F. cataphonique.] (Physics) That branch of acoustics which treats of reflected sounds; catacoustics.

Cat"a*phract (kt"*frkt), n. [L. cataphractes, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; covered, fr. &?; to cover; kata` down, wholly + fra`ssein to inclose.] 1. (Mil. Antiq.) Defensive armor used for the whole body and often for the horse, also, esp. the linked mail or scale armor of some eastern nations.

2. A horseman covered with a cataphract.

> Archers and slingers, cataphracts, and spears.
> Milton.

3. (Zoöl.) The armor or plate covering some fishes.

Cat"a*phract`ed (?), a. (Zoöl.) Covered with a cataphract, or armor of plates, scales, etc.; or with that which corresponds to this, as horny or bony plates, hard, callous skin, etc.

Cat`a*phrac"tic (?), a. Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a cataphract.

Cat`a*phys"ic*al, a. [Pref. cata + physical.] Unnatural; contrary to nature. [R.]

> Some artists . . . have given to Sir Walter Scott a pile of forehead which is unpleassing and cataphysical.
> De Quincey.

Cat"a*plasm (?), n. [L. cataplasma, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to spread over; kata` down, wholly + &?; to form, mold.] (Med.) A soft and moist substance applied externally to some part of the body; a poultice. Dunglison.

Cat"a*puce (?), n. [F.] (Bot.) Spurge. [Obs.]

Cat"a*pult (?), n. [L. catapulta, Gr. &?;, prob. from kata` down + &?; to shake, hurl.]

1. (Mil. Antiq.) An engine somewhat resembling a massive crossbow, used by the ancient Greeks and Romans for throwing stones, arrows, spears, etc.

2. A forked stick with elastic band for throwing small stones, etc.

Cat"a*ract (?), n. [L. cataracta, catarracles, a waterfall, Gr. &?;, &?;, fr. &?; to break down; in the passive, to fall or rush down (of tumors) to burst; kata` down + &?; to break.] 1. A great fall of water over a precipice; a large waterfall.

2. (Surg.) An opacity of the crystalline lens, or of its capsule, which prevents the passage of the rays of light and impairs or destroys the sight.

3. (Mach.) A kind of hydraulic brake for regulating the action of pumping engines and other machines; -- sometimes called dashpot.

Cat`a*rac"tous (?), a. Of the nature of a cataract in the eye; affected with cataract.

Ca*tarrh" (?), n. [L. catarrhus, Gr. &?;, &?;, a running down, rheum, fr. &?;; kata` down + &?; to flow. See Stream.] (Med.) An inflammatory affection of any mucous membrane, in which there are congestion, swelling, and an altertion in the quantity and quality of mucus secreted; as, catarrh of the stomach; catarrh of the bladder.

In America, the term catarrh is applied especially to a chronic inflammation of, and hypersecretion fron, the membranes of the nose or air passages; in England, to an acute influenza, resulting a cold, and attended with cough, thirst, lassitude, and watery eyes; also, to the cold itself.

Ca*tarrh"al (?), a. Pertaining to, produced by, or attending, catarrh; of the nature of catarrh.

Cat"ar*rhine (?), n. [Gr. kata`rris with hanging or curved nose; kata` down + "ri`s, "rino`s nose.] (Zoöl.) One of the Catarrhina, a division of Quadrumana, including the Old World monkeys and apes which have the nostrils close together and turned downward. See Monkey.

Ca*tarrh"ous (?), a. Catarrhal. [R.]

Cat`a*stal"tic (?), a. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to check; kata` down, wholy + &?; to set.] (Med.) Checking evacuations through astringent or styptic qualities.

||Ca*tas"ta*sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to set; kata` down + &?; to place.] 1. (Rhet.) That part of a speech, usually the exordium, in which the orator sets forth the subject matter to be discussed.

2. (Med.) The state, or condition of anything; constitution; habit of body.

Ca*tas"ter*ism (?), n. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to place among the stars.] A placing among the stars; a catalogue of stars.

> The catasterisms of Eratosthenes.
> Whewell.

Ca*tas"tro*phe (?), n. [L. catastropha, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to turn up and down, to overturn; kata` down + &?; to turn.] 1. An event producing a subversion of the order or system of things; a final event, usually of a calamitous or disastrous nature; hence, sudden calamity; great misfortune.

> The strange catastrophe of affairs now at London.
> Bp. Burnet.

> The most horrible and portentous catastrophe that nature ever yet saw.
> Woodward.

2. The final event in a romance or a dramatic piece; a denouement, as a death in a tragedy, or a marriage in a comedy.

3. (Geol.) A violent and widely extended change in the surface of the earth, as, an elevation or subsidence of some part of it, effected by internal causes. Whewell.

Cat`a*stroph"ic (?), a. Of a pertaining to a catastrophe. B. Powell.

Ca*tas"tro*phism (?), n. (Geol.) The doctrine that the geological changes in the earth's crust have been caused by the sudden action of violent physical causes; -- opposed to the doctrine of uniformism.

Ca*tas"tro*phist (?), n. (Geol.) One who holds the theory or catastrophism.

Ca*taw"ba (?), n. 1. A well known light red variety of American grape.

2. A light-colored, sprightly American wine from the Catawba grape.

Ca*taw"bas (?), n. pl.; sing. Catawba. (Ethnol.) An Appalachian tribe of Indians which originally inhabited the regions near the Catawba river and the head waters of the Santee.

Cat"bird (?), n. (Zoöl.) An American bird (Galeoscoptes Carolinensis), allied to the mocking bird, and like it capable of imitating the notes of other birds, but less perfectly. Its note resembles at times the mewing of a cat.

Cat"boat` (?), n. (Naut.) A small sailboat, with a single mast placed as far forward as possible, carring a sail extended by a gaff and long boom. See Illustration in Appendix.

Cat"call` (?), n. A sound like the cry of a cat, such as is made in playhouses to express dissatisfaction with a play; also, a small shrill instrument for making such a noise.

> Upon the rising of the curtain. I was very much surprised with the great consort of catcalls which was exhibited.
> Addison.

Catch (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Caught (?) or Catched (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Catching. Catched is rarely used.] [OE. cacchen, OF. cachier, dialectic form of chacier to hunt, F. chasser, fr. (assumend) LL. captiare, for L. capture, V. intens. of capere to take, catch. See Capacious, and cf. Chase, Case a box.]

1. To lay hold on; to seize, especially with the hand; to grasp (anything) in motion, with the effect of holding; as, to catch a ball.

2. To seize after pursuing; to arrest; as, to catch a thief. "They pursued . . . and caught him." Judg. i. 6.

3. To take captive, as in a snare or net, or on a hook; as, to catch a bird or fish.

4. Hence: To insnare; to entangle. "To catch him in his words". Mark xii. 13.

5. To seize with the senses or the mind; to apprehend; as, to catch a melody. "Fiery thoughts . . . whereof I catch the issue." Tennyson.

6. To communicate to; to fasten upon; as, the fire caught the adjoining building.

7. To engage and attach; to please; to charm.

> The soothing arts that catch the fair.
> Dryden.

8. To get possession of; to attain.

> Torment myself to catch the English throne.
> Shak.

9. To take or receive; esp. to take by sympathy, contagion, infection, or exposure; as, to catch the spirit of an occasion; to catch the measles or smallpox; to catch cold; the house caught fire.

10. To come upon unexpectedly or by surprise; to find; as, to catch one in the act of stealing.

11. To reach in time; to come up with; as, to catch a train.

To catch fire, to become inflamed or ignited. -- to catch it to get a scolding or beating; to suffer punishment. [Colloq.] -- To catch one's eye, to interrupt captiously while speaking. [Colloq.] "You catch me up so very short." Dickens. -- To catch up, to snatch; to take up suddenly.

Catch (?), v. i. 1. To attain possession. [Obs.]

> Have is have, however men do catch.
> Shak.

2. To be held or impeded by entanglement or a light obstruction; as, a kite catches in a tree; a door catches so as not to open.

3. To take hold; as, the bolt does not catch.

4. To spread by, or as by, infecting; to communicate.

> Does the sedition catch from man to man?
> Addison.

To catch at, to attempt to seize; to be eager to get or use. "[To] catch at all opportunities of subverting the state." Addison. -- To catch up with, to come up with; to overtake.

Catch, n. 1. Act of seizing; a grasp. Sir P. Sidney.

2. That by which anything is caught or temporarily fastened; as, the catch of a gate.

3. The posture of seizing; a state of preparation to lay hold of, or of watching he opportunity to seize; as, to lie on the catch. [Archaic] Addison.

> The common and the canon law . . . lie at catch, and wait advantages one againt another.
> T. Fuller.

4. That which is caught or taken; profit; gain; especially, the whole quantity caught or taken at one time; as, a good catch of fish.

> Hector shall have a great catch if he knock out either of your brains.
> Shak.

5. Something desirable to be caught, esp. a husband or wife in matrimony. [Colloq.] Marryat.

6. pl. Passing opportunities seized; snatches.

> It has been writ by catches with many intervals.
> Locke.

7. A slight remembrance; a trace.

> We retain a catch of those pretty stories.
> Glanvill.

8. (Mus.) A humorous canon or round, so contrived that the singers catch up each other's words.

Catch"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being caught. [R.]

Catch"-ba`sin (?), n. A cistern or vault at the point where a street gutter discharges into a sewer, to catch bulky matters which would not pass readily through the sewer. Knight.

Catch"drain` (?), n. A ditch or drain along the side of a hill to catch the surface water; also, a ditch at the side of a canal to catch the surplus water.

Catch"er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, catches.

2. (Baseball) The player who stands behind the batsman to catch the ball.

Catch"fly (?), n. (Bot.) A plant with the joints of the stem, and sometimes other parts, covered with a viscid secretion to which small insects adhere. The species of Silene are examples of the catchfly.

Catch"ing a. 1. Infectious; contagious.

2. Captivating; alluring.

Catch"ing, n. The act of seizing or taking hold of.

Catching bargain (Law), a bargain made with an heir expectant for the purchase of his expectancy at an inadequate price. Bouvier.

Catch"-mead`ow (?), n. A meadow irrigated by water from a spring or rivulet on the side of hill.

Catch"ment (?), n. A surface of ground on which water may be caught and collected into a reservoir.

Catch"pen*ny (?), a. Made or contrived for getting small sums of money from the ignorant or unwary; as, a catchpenny book; a catchpenny show. -- n. Some worthless catchpenny thing.

Catch"poll` (?), n. [OF. chacepol, chacipol.] A bailiff's assistant.

{ Catch"up (?), Cat"sup (?) }, n. [Probably of East Indian origin, because it was originally a kind of East Indian pickles.] A table sauce made from mushrooms, tomatoes, walnuts, etc. [Written also ketchup.]

Catch"wa`ter (?), n. A ditch or drain for catching water. See Catchdrain.

Catch"weed` (?), n. (Bot.) See Cleavers.

Catch"weight` (?), adv. (Horseracing) Without any additional weight; without being handicapped; as, to ride catchweight.

Catch"word` (?), n. 1. Among theatrical performers, the last word of the preceding speaker, which reminds one that he is to speak next; cue.

2. (Print.) The first word of any page of a book after the first, inserted at the right hand bottom corner of the preceding page for the assistance of the reader. It is seldom used in modern printing.

3. A word or phrase caught up and repeated for effect; as, the catchword of a political party, etc.

Catch"work` (?), n. A work or artificial water-course for throwing water on lands that lie on the slopes of hills; a catchdrain.

Cate (?), n. Food. [Obs.] See Cates.

{ Cat`e*chet"ic (?), Cat`e*chet"ic*al (?), } a. [Gr. &?;. See Catechise.] Relating to or consisting in, asking questions and receiving answers, according to the ancient manner of teaching.

> Socrates introduced a catechetical method of arguing.
> Addison.

Cat`e*chet"ic*al*ly, adv. In a catechetical manner; by question and answer.

Cat`e*chet"ics (?), n. The science or practice of instructing by questions and answers.

Cat"e*chin (?), n. (Chem.) One of the tannic acids, extracted from catechu as a white, crystalline substance; -- called also catechuic acid, and catechuin.

Cat`e*chi*sa"tion (?), n. [LL. catechizatio.] The act of catechising.

Cat"e*chise (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Catechised (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Catechising.] [L. catechizare, Gr. &?;, equiv. to &?; to resound, sound a thing into one's ears, impress it upon one by word of mouth; &?; + &?; to sound, &?; a sound.]

1. To instruct by asking questions, receiving answers, and offering explanations and corrections, -- esp. in regard to points of religious faith.

2. To question or interrogate; to examine or try by questions; -- sometimes with a view to reproof, by eliciting from a person answers which condemn his own conduct. Swift.

<! p. 227 !>

Cat"e*chi`ser (kt"*k`zr), n. One who catechises.

Cat"e*chism (-kz'm), n. [L. catechismus, fr. Gr. See Catechise.] 1. A form of instruction by means of questions and answers.

2. A book containing a summary of principles, especially of religious doctrine, reduced to the form of questions and answers.

> The Jews, even till this day, have their catechisms.
> Hooker.

The Larger Catechism, The Shorter Catechism. See Westminster Assembly, under Assembly.

Cat`e*chis"mal (?), a. Of or pertaining to a catechism, having the form of questions and answers; catechetical.

Cat"e*chist (kt"*kst), n. [L. catechista, fr. Gr.] One who instructs by question and answer, especially in religions matters.

{ Cat`e*chis"tic (-ks"tk), Cat`e*chis"tic*al (?), } a. Of or pertaining to a catechist or to a catechism. Dr. H. More.

Cat"e*chize, v. t. See Catechise.

Cat"e*chu (?), n. [See Cashoo.] (Chem.) A dry, brown, astringent extract, obtained by decoction and evaporation from the Acacia catechu, and several other plants growing in India. It contains a large portion of tannin or tannic acid, and is used in medicine and in the arts. It is also known by the names terra japonica, cutch, gambier, etc. Ure. Dunglison.

Cat`e*chu"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to catechu or its derivatives. See catechin.

Cat"e*chu`men (?), n. [L. catechunenus, Gr. &?; instructed, from &?;. See Catechise.] (Eccl.) One who is receiving rudimentary instruction in the doctrines of Christianity; a neophyte; in the primitive church, one officially recognized as a Christian, and admitted to instruction preliminary to admission to full membership in the church.

Cat`e*chu"men*ate (?), n. The state or condition of a catechumen or the time during which one is a catechumen.

Cat`e*chu*men"i*cal (?), a. Of or pertaining to catechumens; as, catechumenical instructions.

Cat`e*chu"men*ist, n. A catechumen. Bp. Morton.

Cat`e*gor`e*mat"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?; predicate. See Category.] (Logic.) Capable of being employed by itself as a term; -- said of a word.

Cat`e*gor"ic*al (?), a. 1. Of or pertaining to a category.

2. Not hypothetical or relative; admitting no conditions or exceptions; declarative; absolute; positive; express; as, a categorical proposition, or answer.

> The scriptures by a multitude of categorical and intelligible decisions . . . distinguish between the things seen and temporal and those that are unseen and eternal.
> I. Taylor.

Cat`e*gor"ic*al*ly, adv. Absolutely; directly; expressly; positively; as, to affirm categorically.

Cat`e*gor"ic*al*ness, n. The quality of being categorical, positive, or absolute. A. Marvell.

Cat"e*go*rist (?), n. One who inserts in a category or list; one who classifies. Emerson.

Cat"e*go*rize (?), v. t. To insert in a category or list; to class; to catalogue.

Cat"e*go*ry (?), n.; pl. Categories (#). [L. categoria, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to accuse, affirm, predicate; &?; down, against + &?; to harrangue, assert, fr. &?; assembly.] 1. (Logic.) One of the highest classes to which the objects of knowledge or thought can be reduced, and by which they can be arranged in a system; an ultimate or undecomposable conception; a predicament.

> The categories or predicaments -- the former a Greek word, the latter its literal translation in the Latin language -- were intended by Aristotle and his followers as an enumeration of all things capable of being named; an enumeration by the summa genera i.e., the most extensive classes into which things could be distributed.
> J. S. Mill.

2. Class; also, state, condition, or predicament; as, we are both in the same category.

> There is in modern literature a whole class of writers standing within the same category.
> De Quincey.

Cat"el (?), n. [See Chattel.] Property; -- often used by Chaucer in contrast with rent, or income.

> "For loss of catel may recovered be,
> But loss of tyme shendeth us," quod he.
> Chaucer.

Cat`e*lec"trode (?), n. [Pref. cata + elecrode.] (Physics) The negative electrode or pole of a voltaic battery. Faraday.

Cat`e*lec`tro*ton"ic (?), a. (Physics) Relating to, or characterized by, catelectrotonus.

||Cat`e*lec*trot"o*nus (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; down + &?; (see Electro-) + &?; tone.] (Physics) The condition of increased irritability of a nerve in the region of the cathode or negative electrode, on the passage of a current of electricity through it.

||Ca*te"na (?), n.; pl. Catene (#). [L., a chain.] A chain or series of things connected with each other.

> I have . . . in no case sought to construct those catenæ of games, which it seems now the fashion of commentators to link together.
> C. J. Ellicott.

{ Cat"e*na*ry (?), Cat`e*na"ri*an (?), } a. [L. catenarius, fr. catena a chain. See Chain.] Relating to a chain; like a chain; as, a catenary curve.

Cat"e*na*ry, n.; pl. Catenaries (&?;). (Geol.) The curve formed by a rope or chain of uniform density and perfect flexibility, hanging freely between two points of suspension, not in the same vertical line.

Cat"e*nate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Catenated; p. pr. & vb. n. Catenating.] [L. catenatus, p. p. of catenare, fr. catena chain. See Chain.] To connect, in a series of links or ties; to chain. E. Darwin.

Cat`e*na"tion (?), n. [L. catenatio.] Connection of links or union of parts, as in a chain; a regular or connected series. See Concatenation. Sir T. Browne.

Ca*ten"u*late (?), a. [L. catenuia, dim. of catena chain.] 1. Consisting of little links or chains.

2. (Zoöl.) Chainlike; -- said both or color marks and of indentations when arranged like the links of a chain, as on shells, etc.

Ca"ter (?), n. [OE. catour purchaser, caterer, OF. acator, fr. acater, F. acheter, to buy, provide, fr. LL. accaptare; L. ad + captare to strive, to seize, intens, of capere to take, seize. Cf. Acater, Capacious.] A provider; a purveyor; a caterer. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ca"ter, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Catered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Catering.] [From Cater, n.] 1. To provide food; to buy, procure, or prepare provisions.

> [He] providently caters for the sparrow.
> Shak.

2. By extension: To supply what is needed or desired, at theatrical or musical entertainments; -- followed by for or to.

Ca"ter, n. [F. quatre four.] The four of cards or dice.

Ca"ter, v. t. To cut diagonally. [Obs.] Halliwell.

Cat"e*ran (?), n. [Gael. ceatharnach. Cf. Kern Irish foot soldier.] A Highland robber: a kind of irregular soldier. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Ca"ter-cor`nered (?), a. [Cf. Cater to cut diagonally.] Diagonal. [Colloq.]

Ca"ter-cous`in (?), n. A remote relation. See Quater-cousin. Shak.

Ca"ter*er (?), n. One who caters.

> The little fowls in the air have God for Their provider and caterer.
> Shelton.

Ca"ter*ess, n. A woman who caters. Milton.

Cat"er*pil`lar (?), n. [OE. catyrpel, corrupted fr. OF. chatepelouse, or cate pelue, fr. chate, F. chatte, she-cat, fem. of chat, L. catus + L. pilosus hairy, or F. pelu hairy, fr. L. pilus hair. See Cat, and Pile hair.] 1. (Zoöl.) The larval state of a butterfly or any lepidopterous insect; sometimes, but less commonly, the larval state of other insects, as the sawflies, which are also called false caterpillars. The true caterpillars have three pairs of true legs, and several pairs of abdominal fleshy legs (prolegs) armed with hooks. Some are hairy, others naked. They usually feed on leaves, fruit, and succulent vegetables, being often very destructive, Many of them are popularly called worms, as the cutworm, cankerworm, army worm, cotton worm, silkworm.

2. (Bot.) A plant of the genus Scorpiurus, with pods resembling caterpillars.

Caterpillar catcher, or Caterpillar eater (Zoöl.), a bird belonging to the family of Shrikes, which feeds on caterpillars. The name is also given to several other birds. -- Caterpillar hunter (Zoöl.), any species of beetles of the genus Callosoma and other allied genera of the family Carabidæ which feed habitually upon caterpillars.

Cat"er*waul (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Caterwauled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Caterwauling.] [Cat + waul, wawl, to cry as a cat.] To cry as cats in rutting time; to make a harsh, offensive noise. Coleridge.

Cat"er*waul, n. A caterwauling.

Cat"er*waul`ing, n. The cry of cats; a harsh, disagreeable noise or cry like the cry of cats. Shak.

Ca"ter*y (?), n. [See Cater, n.] The place where provisions are deposited. [Obs.]

Cates (?), n. pl. [Cf. Acates, and see Cater, n.] Provisions; food; viands; especially, luxurious food; delicacies; dainties. Shak.

> Cates for which Apicius could not pay.
> Shurchill.

> Choicest cates and the fiagon's best spilth.
> R. Browning.

Cat"-eyed` (?), a. Having eyes like a cat; hence, able to see in the dark.

Cat"fall` (?), n. (Naut.) A rope used in hoisting the anchor to the cathead. Totten.

Cat"fish` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A name given in the United States to various species of siluroid fishes; as, the yellow cat (Amiurus natalis); the bind cat (Gronias nigrilabrus); the mud cat (Pilodictic oilwaris), the stone cat (Noturus flavus); the sea cat (Arius felis), etc. This name is also sometimes applied to the wolf fish. See Bullhrad.

Cat"gut` (?), n. [Cat + gut.] 1. A cord of great toughness made from the intestines of animals, esp. of sheep, used for strings of musical instruments, etc.

2. A sort of linen or canvas, with wide interstices.

Cath"a*rine wheel` (?). See catherine wheel.

Cath"a*rist (?), n. [LL. catharista, fr. Gr. &?; clean, pure.] One aiming at or pretending to a greater purity of like than others about him; -- applied to persons of various sects. See Albigenses.

Cat"-harp`in (?), n. See Cat-harping.

Cat"-harp`ing n. (Naut.) One of the short ropes or iron cramps used to brace in the shrouds toward the masts so a to give freer sweep to the yards.

||Ca*thar"sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;. See Cathartic.] (Med.) A natural or artificial purgation of any passage, as of the mouth, bowels, etc.

{ Ca*thar"tic (?), Ca*thar"ic*al (?), } a. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to cleanse, fr. &?; pure; akin to F. chaste.] 1. (Med.) Cleansing the bowels; promoting evacuations by stool; purgative.

2. Of or pertaining to the purgative principle of senna, as cathartic acid.

Ca*thar"tic, n. [Gr. &?;.] (Med.) A medicine that promotes alvine discharges; a purge; a purgative of moderate activity.

The cathartics are more energetic and certain in action that the laxatives, which simply increase the tendency to alvine evacuation; and less powerful and irritaint that the drastic purges, which cause profuse, repeated, and watery evacuations.

-- Ca*thar"tic*al*ly, adv. -- Ca*thar"tic*al*ness, n.

ca*thar"tin (?), n. (Chem.) The bitter, purgative principle of senna. It is a glucoside with the properties of a weak acid; -- called also cathartic acid, and cathartina.

Ca*thay" (?), n. China; -- an old name for the Celestial Empire, said have been introduced by Marco Polo and to be a corruption of the Tartar name for North China (Khitai, the country of the Khitans.)

> Better fifty years of Europe than a cycle of Cathay.
> Tennyson.

Cat"head` (?), n. (Naut.) A projecting piece of timber or iron near the bow of vessel, to which the anchor is hoisted and secured.

||Cath"e*dra (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?; seat. See Chair.] The official chair or throne of a bishop, or of any person in high authority.

Ex cathedra [L., from the chair], in the exercise of one's office; with authority.

> The Vatican Council declares that the Pope, is infallible "when he speaks ex cathedra."
> Addis & Arnold's Cath. Dict.

Ca*the"dral (?), n. [LL. cathedralis (sc. ecclesia): cf. F. cathédrale. See Cathedra.] The principal church in a diocese, so called because in it the bishop has his official chair (Cathedra) or throne.

Ca*the"dral, a. [LL. cathedralis: cf. F. cathédral.]

1. Pertaining to the head church of a diocese; as, a cathedral church; cathedral service.

2. Emanating from the chair of office, as of a pope or bishop; official; authoritative.

> Now, what solemnity can be more required for the pope to make a cathedral determination of an article!
> Jer. Taylor.

3. Resembling the aisles of a cathedral; as, cathedral walks. Pope.

Cath`e*dral"ic (?), a. Cathedral. [R.]

Cath`e*dra"ted (?), a. [From Cathedra.] Relating to the chair or office of a teacher. [Obs.]

Cath`e*ret"ic (?), n. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to bring down or raze; &?; down + &?; to take.] (Med.) A mild kind caustic used to reduce warts and other excrescences. Dunglison.

Cath"er*ine wheel` (?). [So called from St. Catherine of Alexandria, who is represented with a wheel, in allusion to her martyrdom.] 1. (Geoth.Arth.) Same as Rose window and Wheel window. Called also Catherine-wheel window.

2. (Pyrotechny) A revolving piece of fireworks resembling in form the window of the same name. [Written also Catharine wheel.]

Cath"e*ter (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?; a thing let down or put in, catheter, fr. &?; to send down, to let down; &?; + &?; to send.] (Med.) The name of various instruments for passing along mucous canals, esp. applied to a tubular instrument to be introduced into the bladder through the urethra to draw off the urine.

Eustachian catheter. See under Eustachian. -- Prostatic catheter, one adapted for passing an enlarged prostate.

{ Cath"e*ter*ism (?), Cath`e*ter*i*za"tion (?), } n. (Med.) The operation of introducing a catheter.

Cath"e*ter*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Catheterized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Catheterizing.] (Med.) To operate on with a catheter. Dunglison.

Cath`e*tom"e*ter (?), n. [From Gr. &?; vertical height + -meter.] An instrument for the accurate measurement of small differences of height; esp. of the differences in the height of the upper surfaces of two columns of mercury or other fluid, or of the same column at different times. It consists of a telescopic leveling apparatus (d), which slides up or down a perpendicular metallic standard very finely graduated (bb). The telescope is raised or depressed in order to sight the objects or surfaces, and the differences in vertical height are thus shown on the graduated standard. [Written also kathetometer.]

||Cath"e*tus (?), n.; pl. catheti (#). [L., fr. Gr. &?; a perpendicular line, fr. &?; let down, fr. &?;. See Catheter.] (Geom.) One line or radius falling perpendicularly on another; as, the catheti of a right-angled triangle, that is, the two sides that include the right angle. Barlow.

Cath"ode (?), n. [Gr. &?; descent; &?; down + &?; way.] (Physics) The part of a voltaic battery by which the electric current leaves substances through which it passes, or the surface at which the electric current passes out of the electrolyte; the negative pole; -- opposed to anode. Faraday.

Cathode ray (Phys.), a kind of ray generated at the cathode in a vacuum tube, by the electrical discharge.

Ca*thod"ic (k*thd"k), a. (Physiol.) A term applied to the centrifugal, or efferent, course of the nervous influence. Marshall Hall.

Cat"-hole` (kt"hl`), n. (Naut.) One of two small holes astern, above the gunroom ports, through which hawsers may be passed.

<! p. 228 !>

Cath"o*lic (kth"*k), a. [L. catholicus, Gr. kaqoliko`s, universal, general; kata` down, wholly + "o`los whole, probably akin to E. solid: cf. F. catholique.] 1. Universal or general; as, the catholic faith.

> Men of other countries [came] to bear their part in so great and catholic a war.
> Southey.

This epithet, which is applicable to the whole Christian church, or its faith, is claimed by Roman Catholics to belong especially to their church, and in popular usage is so limited.

2. Not narrow-minded, partial, or bigoted; liberal; as, catholic tastes.

3. Of or pertaining to, or affecting the Roman Catholics; as, the Catholic emancipation act.

Catholic epistles, the epistles of the apostles which are addressed to all the faithful, and not to a particular church; being those of James, Peter, Jude, and John.

Cath"o*lic, n. 1. A person who accepts the creeds which are received in common by all parts of the orthodox Christian church.

2. An adherent of the Roman Catholic church; a Roman Catholic.

Old Catholic, the name assumed in 1870 by members of the Roman Catholic church, who denied the ecumenical character of the Vatican Council, and rejected its decrees, esp. that concerning the infallibility of the pope, as contrary to the ancient Catholic faith.

Ca*thol"i*cal (?), a. Catholic. [Obs.]

Ca*thol"i*cism (?), n. [Cf. F. catholicisme.]

1. The state or quality of being catholic or universal; catholicity. Jer. Taylor.

2. Liberality of sentiment; breadth of view.

3. The faith of the whole orthodox Christian church, or adherence thereto.

4. The doctrines or faith of the Roman Catholic church, or adherence thereto.

Cath`o*lic"i*ty (?), n. 1. The state or quality of being catholic; universality.

2. Liberality of sentiments; catholicism.

3. Adherence or conformity to the system of doctrine held by all parts of the orthodox Christian church; the doctrine so held; orthodoxy.

4. Adherence to the doctrines of the church of Rome, or the doctrines themselves.

Ca*thol"i*cize (?), v. t. & i. To make or to become catholic or Roman Catholic.

Cath"o*lic*ly (?), adv. In a catholic manner; generally; universally. Sir L. Cary.

Cath"o*lic*ness, n. The quality of being catholic; universality; catholicity.

Ca*thol"i*con (?), n. [Gr. &?;, neut. &?;, universal. See Catholic.] (Med.) A remedy for all diseases; a panacea.

||Ca*thol"i*cos (?), n. [NL. See Catholic.] (Eccl.) The spiritual head of the Armenian church, who resides at Etchmiadzin, Russia, and has ecclesiastical jurisdiction over, and consecrates the holy oil for, the Armenians of Russia, Turkey, and Persia, including the Patriarchs of Constantinople, Jerusalem, and Sis.

The Patriarch of Constantinople is the civil head of the Armenians in Turkey.

Cat`i*li*na"ri*an (?), a. [L. Catilinarius.] Pertaining to Catiline, the Roman conspirator; resembling Catiline's conspiracy.

Cat"i*on (?), n. [Gr. &?; downward + &?; going, p. pr. of &?; to go.] (Chem.) An electro-positive substance, which in electro-decomposition is evolved at the cathode; -- opposed to anion. Faraday.

Cat"kin (?), n. [Cat + - kin.] (Bot.) An ament; a species of inflorescence, consisting of a slender axis with many unisexual apetalous flowers along its sides, as in the willow and poplar, and (as to the staminate flowers) in the chestnut, oak, hickory, etc. -- so called from its resemblance to a cat's tail. See Illust. of Ament.

Cat"like` (?), a. Like a cat; stealthily; noiselessly.

Cat"ling (?), n. [Cat + - ing.] 1. A little cat; a kitten. "Cat nor catling." Drummond.

2. Catgut; a catgut string. [R.] Shak.

3. (Surg.) A double-edged, sharp- pointed dismembering knife. [Spelt also catlin.] Crobb.

Cat"lin*ite (?), n. [From George Catlin, an American traveler.] A red clay from the Upper Missouri region, used by the Indians for their pipes.

{ Cat"nip` (?), Cat"mint` (?), } n. (Bot.) A well-know plant of the genus Nepeta (N. Cataria), somewhat like mint, having a string scent, and sometimes used in medicine. It is so called because cats have a peculiar fondness for it.

Cat`o-ca*thar"tic (?), n. [Gr. &?; down + &?; serving to purge. See Cathartic.] (Med.) A remedy that purges by alvine discharges.

Ca*to"ni*an (?), a. [L. Catonionus.] Of, pertaining to, or resembling, the stern old Roman, Cato the Censor; severe; inflexible.

Cat" o' nine" tails`. See under Cat.

{ Ca*top"ter (?), Ca*top"tron (?), } n. [Gr. &?; mirror, fr. &?; visible.] A reflecting optical glass or instrument; a mirror. [Obs.]

{ Ca*top"tric (?), Ca*top"tric*al (?), } a. [Gr. &?;. See Catopter.] Of or pertaining to catoptrics; produced by reflection.

Catoptric light, a light in which the rays are concentrated by reflectors into a beam visible at a distance.

Ca*top"trics (?), n. [Cf. F. catoptrique. See Catropric.] (Physics) That part of optics which explains the properties and phenomena of reflected light, and particularly that which is reflected from mirrors or polished bodies; -- formerly called anacamptics.

Ca*top"tro*man`cy (?), n. [Gr. &?; mirror + -mancy. See Catopter.] (Antiq.) A species of divination, which was performed by letting down a mirror into water, for a sick person to look at his face in it. If his countenance appeared distorted and ghastly, it was an ill omen; if fresh and healthy, it was favorable.

Ca*top"tron (k*tp"trn), n. [Obs.] See Catopter.

Cat`pipe" (kt"pp`), n. See Catcall.

Cat"-rigged` (?), a. Rigged like a catboat.

Cat"-salt` (?), n. A sort of salt, finely granulated, formed out of the bittern or leach brine.

Cat's"-eye` (kts"`), n. (Min.) A variety of quartz or chalcedony, exhibiting opalescent reflections from within, like the eye of a cat. The name is given to other gems affording like effects, esp. the chrysoberyl.

Cat's`-foot (?), n. (Bot.) A plant (Nepeta Glechoma) of the same genus with catnip; ground ivy.

Cat"-sil`ver (?), n. Mica. [Archaic]

Cats"kill pe`ri*od (?). (Geol.) The closing subdivision of the Devonian age in America. The rocks of this period are well developed in the Catskill mountains, and extend south and west under the Carboniferous formation. See the Diagram under Geology.

Cat"so (?), n.; pl. Catsos (#). [It. cazzo.] A base fellow; a rogue; a cheat. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Cat's"-paw` (?), n. 1. (Naut.) (a) A light transitory air which ruffles the surface of the water during a calm, or the ripples made by such a puff of air. (b) A particular hitch or turn in the bight of a rope, into which a tackle may be hooked.

2. A dupe; a tool; one who, or that which, is used by another as an instrument to a accomplish his purposes.

In this sense the term refers to the fable of the monkey using the cat's paw to draw the roasting chestnuts out of the fire.

Cat's"-tail (?), n. See Timothy, Cat-tail, Cirrus.

Cat"stick` (?), n. A stick or club employed in the game of ball called cat or tipcat. Massinger.

Cat"stitch (?), v. t. (Needlework) To fold and sew down the edge of with a coarse zigzag stitch.

Cat"sup (?), n. Same as Catchup, and Ketchup.

Cat"-tail (?), n. (Bot.) A tall rush or flag (Typha latifolia) growing in marshes, with long, flat leaves, and having its flowers in a close cylindrical spike at the top of the stem. The leaves are frequently used for seating chairs, making mats, etc. See Catkin.

The lesser cat-tail is Typha angustifolia.

Cat"tish (kt"tsh), a. Catlike; feline Drummond.

Cat"tle (kt"t'l), n. pl. [OE. calet, chatel, goods, property, OF. catel, chatel, LL. captale, capitale, goods, property, esp. cattle, fr. L. capitals relating to the head, chief; because in early ages beasts constituted the chief part of a man's property. See Capital, and cf. Chattel.] Quadrupeds of the Bovine family; sometimes, also, including all domestic quadrupeds, as sheep, goats, horses, mules, asses, and swine.

Belted cattle, Black cattle. See under Belted, Black. -- Cattle guard, a trench under a railroad track and alongside a crossing (as of a public highway). It is intended to prevent cattle from getting upon the track. -- cattle louse (Zoöl.), any species of louse infecting cattle. There are several species. The Hæmatatopinus eurysternus and H. vituli are common species which suck blood; Trichodectes scalaris eats the hair. -- Cattle plague, the rinderpest; called also Russian cattle plague. -- Cattle range, or Cattle run, an open space through which cattle may run or range. [U. S.] Bartlett. -- Cattle show, an exhibition of domestic animals with prizes for the encouragement of stock breeding; -- usually accompanied with the exhibition of other agricultural and domestic products and of implements.

Cat"ty (?), n. [Malay kat. See Caddy.] An East Indian Weight of 1 pounds.

Cau*ca"sian (?), a. 1. Of or pertaining to the Caucasus, a mountainous region between the Black and Caspian seas.

2. Of or pertaining to the white races of mankind, of whom the people about Mount Caucasus were formerly taken as the type.

Cau*ca"sian, n. 1. A native or inhabitant of the Caucasus, esp. a Circassian or Georgian.

2. A member of any of the white races of mankind.

Cau"cus (?), n. [Etymology uncertain. Mr. J. H. Trumbull finds the origin of caucus in the N. A. Indian word cawcawwassough or caú cau-as'u one who urges or pushes on, a promoter. See citation for an early use of the word caucus.] A meeting, especially a preliminary meeting, of persons belonging to a party, to nominate candidates for public office, or to select delegates to a nominating convention, or to confer regarding measures of party policy; a political primary meeting.

> This day learned that the caucus club meets, at certain times, in the garret of Tom Dawes, the adjutant of the Boston regiment.
> John Adams's Diary [Feb. , 1763].

Cau"cus, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Caucused (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Caucusing.] To hold, or meet in, a caucus or caucuses.

Cau"dad (?), adv. [L. cauda tail + ad to.] (Zoöl.) Backwards; toward the tail or posterior part.

||Cau"da gal*li, (&?;). [L., tail of a cock.] (Paleon.) A plume-shaped fossil, supposed to be a seaweed, characteristic of the lower Devonian rocks; as, the cauda galli grit.

Cauda galli epoch (Geol.), an epoch at the begining of the Devonian age in eastern America, so named from the characteristic gritty sandstone marked with impressions of cauda galli. See the Diagram under Geology.

Cau"dal (?), a. [L. Cauda tail. Cf. Coward.] Of the nature of, or pertaining to, a tail; having a tail-like appendage.

> The male widow-bird, remarkable for his caudal plumes.
> Darwin.

Caudal fin (Zoöl.), the terminal fin (or "tail") of a fish.

||Cau*da"ta (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. cauda tail.] (Zoöl.) See Urodela.

{ Cau"date (?), Cau"da*ted (?). } a. [L. cauda tail.] Having a tail; having a termination like a tail.

||Cau"dex (?), n.; pl. L. Caudices (#), E. Caudexes (#). [L.] (Bot.) The stem of a tree., esp. a stem without a branch, as of a palm or a tree fern; also, the perennial rootstock of an herbaceous plant.

{ Cau"di*cle (?), ||Cau*dic"u*la (?), } n. [Dim. of L. cauda tail, appendage.] (Bot.) A slender, elastic process, to which the masses of pollen in orchidaceous plants are attached.

Cau"dle (?), n. [OF. caudel, F. chaudeau, dim. of LL calidum a sweet drink, fr. L. caidus warm. See Caldron.] A kind of warm drink for sick persons, being a mixture of wine with eggs, bread, sugar, and spices.

Cau"dle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Caudled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Caudling (?).] 1. To make into caudle.

2. Too serve as a caudle to; to refresh. [R.] Shak.

Cauf (?), n. [Perh. akin to Celtic caff, cav, cau, L. cavus hollow, or to L. caphinus, Gr. &?; basket.] A chest with holes for keeping fish alive in water. Philips.

Cau"fle, n. A gang of slaves. Same as Coffle.

Caught (kt), imp. & p. p. of Catch.

{ Cauk (kk), n., Cauk"er (-r), } n. See Cawk, Calker.

Caul (kl), n. [OE. calle, kelle, prob. fr. F. cale; cf. Ir. calla a veil.] 1. A covering of network for the head, worn by women; also, a net. Spenser.

2. (Anat.) The fold of membrane loaded with fat, which covers more or less of the intestines in mammals; the great omentum. See Omentum.

> The caul serves for the warming of the lower belly.
> Ray.

3. A part of the amnion, one of the membranes enveloping the fetus, which sometimes is round the head of a child at its birth.

> It is deemed lucky to be with a caul or membrane over the face. This caul is esteemed an infallible preservative against drowning . . . According to Chysostom, the midwives frequently sold it for magic uses.
> Grose.

> I was born with a caul, which was advertised for sale, in the newspapers, at the low price of fifteen guineas.
> Dickens.

Cau*les"cent (?), a. [L. caulis stalk, stem: cf. F. caulescent.] (Bot.) Having a leafy stem.

Cau"li*cle (?), n. (Bot.) A short caulis or stem, esp. the rudimentary stem seen in the embryo of seed; -- otherwise called a radicle.

||Cau*lic"u*lus (k*lk"*ls), n.; pl. Cauliculi (- l). [L. cauliculus little stalk, dim. of caulis.] (Arch.) In the Corinthian capital, one of the eight stalks rising out of the lower leafage and terminating in leaves which seem to support the volutes. See Illust. of Corinthian order, under Corinthian.

Cau"li*flow`er (?), n. [F. choufleur, modified by E. Cole. L. caulis, and by E. flower; F. chou cabbage is fr. L. caulis stalk, cabbage, and fleur flower is fr. L. flos flower. See Cole, and Flower.] 1. (Bot.) An annual variety of Brassica oleracea, or cabbage, of which the cluster of young flower stalks and buds is eaten as a vegetable.

2. The edible head or "curd" of a cauliflower plant.

Cau"li*form (?), a. [L. caulis + -form.] (Bot.) Having the form of a caulis.

Cau"line (?), a. (Bot.) Growing immediately on a caulis; of or pertaining to a caulis.

||Cau"lis (?), n.; L. pl. Caules (#). [L., a stem.] (Bot.) An herbaceous or woody stem which bears leaves, and may bear flowers.

Caulk (?), v. t. & n. See Calk.

Cau`lo*car"pous (?), a. [Gr. &?; stem + karpo`s fruit.] (Bot.) Having stems which bear flowers and fruit year after year, as most trees and shrubs.

||Cau"ma (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?; a burning heat.] (Med.) Great heat, as of the body in fever.

Cau"po*nize (?), v. i. [L. cauponari, fr. caupo huckster, innkeeper.] To sell wine or victuals. [Obs.] Warburfon.

Caus"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being caused.

Caus"al (?), a. [L. causalis. See Cause.] Relating to a cause or causes; inplying or containing a cause or causes; expressing a cause; causative.

> Causal propositions are where two propositions are joined by causal words.
> Watts.

Caus"al, n. A causal word or form of speech.

> Anglo-Saxon drencan to drench, causal of Anglo-Saxon drincan to drink.
> Skeat.

Cau*sal"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Causalities (&?;). 1. The agency of a cause; the action or power of a cause, in producing its effect.

> The causality of the divine mind.
> Whewell.

2. (Phren.) The faculty of tracing effects to their causes. G. Combe.

Caus"al*ly (?), adv. According to the order or series of causes; by tracing effects to causes.

Caus"al*ly (?), n. (Mining.) The lighter, earthy parts of ore, carried off washing.

Cau*sa"tion (?), n. The act of causing; also the act or agency by which an effect is produced.

> The kind of causation by which vision is produced.
> Whewell.

Law of universal causation, the theoretical or asserted law that every event or phenomenon results from, or is the sequel of, some previous event or phenomenon, which being present, the other is certain to take place.

Cau*sa"tion*ist, n. One who believes in the law of universal causation.

Caus"a*tive (?), a. [L. causativus pertaining to a lawsuit (causa), but in the English sense from E. cause.] 1. Effective, as a cause or agent; causing.

> Causative in nature of a number of effects.
> Bacon.

2. Expressing a cause or reason; causal; as, the ablative is a causative case.

<! p. 229 !>

Caus"a*tive (k"z*tv), n. A word which expresses or suggests a cause.

Caus"a*tive*ly, adv. In a causative manner.

Cau*sa"tor (k*z"tr), n. [See Cause.] One who causes. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Cause (kz), n. [F. cause, fr. L. causa. Cf. Cause, v., Kickshaw.] 1. That which produces or effects a result; that from which anything proceeds, and without which it would not exist.

> Cause is substance exerting its power into act, to make one thing begin to be.
> Locke.

2. That which is the occasion of an action or state; ground; reason; motive; as, cause for rejoicing.

3. Sake; interest; advantage. [Obs.]

> I did it not for his cause.
> 2 Cor. vii. 12.

4. (Law) A suit or action in court; any legal process by which a party endeavors to obtain his claim, or what he regards as his right; case; ground of action.

5. Any subject of discussion or debate; matter; question; affair in general.

> What counsel give you in this weighty cause!
> Shak.

6. The side of a question, which is espoused, advocated, and upheld by a person or party; a principle which is advocated; that which a person or party seeks to attain.

> God befriend us, as our cause is just.
> Shak.

> The part they take against me is from zeal to the cause.
> Burke.

Efficient cause, the agent or force that produces a change or result. -- Final cause, the end, design, or object, for which anything is done. -- Formal cause, the elements of a conception which make the conception or the thing conceived to be what it is; or the idea viewed as a formative principle and coöperating with the matter. -- Material cause, that of which anything is made. -- Proximate cause. See under Proximate. -- To make common cause with, to join with in purposes and aims. Macaulay.

Syn. -- Origin; source; mainspring; motive; reason; incitement; inducement; purpose; object; suit; action.

Cause, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Caused (?); p. pr. & v. n. Causing.] [F. causer, fr. cause, fr. L. causa. See Cause, n., and cf. Acouse.] To effect as an agent; to produce; to be the occasion of; to bring about; to bring into existence; to make; -- usually followed by an infinitive, sometimes by that with a finite verb.

> I will cause it to rain upon the earth forty days.
> Gen. vii. 4.

> Cause that it be read also in the church of the Laodiceans.
> Col. iv. 16.

Syn. -- To create; produce; beget; effect; occasion; originate; induce; bring about.

Cause, v. i. To assign or show cause; to give a reason; to make excuse. [Obs.] Spenser.

Cause, conj. Abbreviation of Because. B. Jonson.

Cause"ful (?), n. Having a cause. [Obs.]

Cause"less, a. 1. Self- originating; uncreated.

2. Without just or sufficient reason; groundless.

> My fears are causeless and ungrounded.
> Denham.

Cause"less, adv. Without cause or reason.

Cause"less*ness, n. The state of being causeless.

Caus"er (?), n. One who or that which causes.

||Cau`seuse" (k`zz"), n. [F., fr. causer to talk.] A kind of sofa for two persons. A tête-à- tête.

{ Cause"way (kz"w), Cau"sey ((k"z), } n. [OE. cauci, cauchie, OF. cauchie, F. chaussée, from LL. (via) calciata, fr calciare to make a road, either fr. L. calx lime, hence, to pave with limestone (cf. E. chalk), or from L. calceus shoe, from calx heel, hence, to shoe, pave, or wear by treading.] A way or road raised above the natural level of the ground, serving as a dry passage over wet or marshy ground.

> But that broad causeway will direct your way.
> Dryden.

> The other way Satan went down
> The causey to Hell-gate.
> Milton.

{ Cause"wayed (?), Cau"seyed (?). } a. Having a raised way (causeway or causey); paved. Sir W. Scott. C. Bronté.

Cau*sid"i*cal (?), a. [L. causidicakis; causa a cause in law + dicare to say.] Pertaining to an advocate, or to the maintenance and defense of suits.

{ Caus"tic (?), Caus"tic*al (?), } a. [L. caustucs, Ge. &?;, fr. &?; to burn. Cf. Calm, Ink.] 1. Capable of destroying the texture of anything or eating away its substance by chemical action; burning; corrosive; searing.

2. Severe; satirical; sharp; as, a caustic remark.

Caustic curve (Optics), a curve to which the ray of light, reflected or refracted by another curve, are tangents, the reflecting or refracting curve and the luminous point being in one plane. -- Caustic lime. See under Lime. -- Caustic potash, Caustic soda (Chem.), the solid hydroxides potash, KOH, and soda, NaOH, or solutions of the same. -- Caustic silver, nitrate of silver, lunar caustic. -- Caustic surface (Optics), a surface to which rays reflected or refracted by another surface are tangents. Caustic curves and surfaces are called catacaustic when formed by reflection, and diacaustic when formed by refraction.

Syn. -- Stinging; cutting; pungent; searching.

Cau"stic, n. [L. causticum (sc. medicamentum). See Caustic, a.] 1. Any substance or means which, applied to animal or other organic tissue, burns, corrodes, or destroys it by chemical action; an escharotic.

2. (Optics) A caustic curve or caustic surface.

Caus"tic*al*ly, adv. In a caustic manner.

Caus*tic"i*ly (?), n. 1. The quality of being caustic; corrosiveness; as, the causticity of potash.

2. Severity of language; sarcasm; as, the causticity of a reply or remark.

Caus"tic*ness (?), n. The quality of being caustic; causticity.

Cau"tel (?), n. [F. cautèle, L. cautela, fr. cavere to be on one's guard, to take care.] 1. Caution; prudence; wariness. [Obs.] Fulke.

2. Craft; deceit; falseness. [Obs.] Shak.

Cau"te*lous (?), a. [F. cauteleux, LL. cautelosus. See Cautel.] 1. Caution; prudent; wary. [Obs.] "Cautelous, though young." Drayton.

2. Crafty; deceitful; false. [Obs.] Shak.

-- Cau"te*lous*ly, adv. -- Cau"te*lous*ness, n. [Obs.]

Cau"ter (?), n. [F. cautère, L. cauterium, fr. Gr. &?; a branding iron, fr. &?; to burn. Cf. Caustic, Cautery.] A hot iron for searing or cauterizing. Minsheu.

Cau"ter*ant (?), n. A cauterizing substance.

Cau"ter*ism (?), n. The use or application of a caustic; cautery. Ferrand.

Cau`ter*i*za"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. cautèrisation.] (Med.) The act of searing some morbid part by the application of a cautery or caustic; also, the effect of such application.

Cau"ter*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cauterized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Cauterizing.] [L. cauterizare, Gr. &?;, fr. a branding iron: cf. F. cautérised.. See cauter.] 1. To burn or sear with a cautery or caustic. Dunglison.

2. To sear, as the conscience. Jer. Taylor.

Cau"ter*y (?), n.; pl. Cauteries (#). [L. cauterium, Gr. &?;. See Cauter.] 1. (Med.) A burning or searing, as of morbid flesh, with a hot iron, or by application of a caustic that will burn, corrode, or destroy animal tissue.

2. The iron of other agent in cauterizing.

Actual cautery, a substance or agent (as a hot iron) which cauterizes or sears by actual heat; or the burning so effected. -- Potential cautery, a substance which cauterizes by chemical action; as, lunar caustic; also, the cauterizing produced by such substance.

Cau"tion (?), n. [F. caution a security, L. cautio, fr. cavere (For scavere) to be on one's guard, to take care (orig.) to be on the watch, see; akin to E. show.] 1. A careful attention to the probable effects of an act, in order that failure or harm may be avoided; prudence in regard to danger; provident care; wariness.

2. Security; guaranty; bail. [R.]

> The Parliament would yet give his majesty sufficient caution that the war should be prosecuted.
> Clarendon.

3. Precept or warning against evil of any kind; exhortation to wariness; advice; injunction.

> In way of caution I must tell you.
> Shak.

Caution money, money deposited by way of security or guaranty, as by a student at an English university.

Syn. -- Care; forethought; forecast; heed; prudence; watchfulness; vigilance; circumspection; anxiety; providence; counsel; advice; warning; admonition.

Cau"tion v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cautioned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Cautioning.] To give notice of danger to; to warn; to exhort [one] to take heed.

> You cautioned me against their charms.
> Swift.

Cau"tion*a*ry (?), a. 1. Conveying a caution, or warning to avoid danger; as, cautionary signals.

2. Given as a pledge or as security.

> He hated Barnevelt, for his getting the cautionary towns out of his hands.
> Bp. Burnet.

3. Wary; cautious. [Obs.] Bacon.

Cau"tion*er (?), n. 1. One who cautions or advises.

2. (Scots Law) A surety or sponsor.

Cau"tion*ry (?), n. (Scots Law) Suretyship.

Cau"tious (?), a. [Cf. L. cautus, fr. caver. See Caution.] Attentive to examine probable effects and consequences of acts with a view to avoid danger or misfortune; prudent; circumspect; wary; watchful; as, a cautious general.

> Cautious feeling for another's pain.
> Byron.

> Be swift to hear; but cautious of your tongue.
> Watts.

Syn. -- Wary; watchful; vigilant; prudent; circumspect; discreet; heedful; thoughtful; scrupulous; anxious; careful. -- Cautious, Wary, Circumspect. A man is cautious who realizes the constant possibility of danger; one may be wary, and yet bold and active; a man who is circumspect habitually examines things on every side in order to weigh and deliberate. It is necessary to be cautious at all times; to be wary in cases of extraordinary danger; to be circumspect in matters of peculiar delicacy and difficulty.

Cau"tious*ly, adv. In a cautious manner.

Cau"tious*ness, n. The quality of being cautious.

Cav"al*cade` (?), n. [F. cavalcade, fr. It. cavalcata, fr. cavalcare to go on horseback, fr. LL. caballicare, fr. L. caballus an inferior horse, Gr. &?;. Cf. Cavalier, Cavalry.] A procession of persons on horseback; a formal, pompous march of horsemen by way of parade.

> He brought back war-worn cavalcade to the city.
> Prescott.

{ Cav`a*le"ro, Cav`a*lie"ro (kv`*l"ro), } n. [Sp. caballero. See Cavalier.] A cavalier; a gallant; a libertine. Shak.

Cav`a*lier" (kv`*lr"), n. [F. cavalier, It. cavaliere, LL. caballarius, fr. L. caballus. See Cavalcade, and cf. Chevalier, Caballine.] 1. A military man serving on horseback; a knight.

2. A gay, sprightly, military man; hence, a gallant.

3. One of the court party in the time of king Charles I. as contrasted with a Roundhead or an adherent of Parliament. Clarendon.

4. (Fort.) A work of more than ordinary height, rising from the level ground of a bastion, etc., and overlooking surrounding parts.

Cav`a*lier", a. Gay; easy; offhand; frank.

> The plodding, persevering scupulous accuracy of the one, and the easy, cavalier, verbal fluency of the other, form a complete contrast.
> Hazlitt.

2. High-spirited. [Obs.] "The people are naturally not valiant, and not much cavalier." Suckling.

3. Supercilious; haughty; disdainful; curt; brusque.

4. Of or pertaining to the party of King Charles I. "An old Cavalier family." Beaconsfield.

Cav`a*lier"ish (?), a. Somewhat like a cavalier.

Cav`a*lier"ism (?), n. The practice or principles of cavaliers. Sir. W. Scott.

Cav`a*lier"ly, adv. In a supercilious, disdainful, or haughty manner; arrogantly. Junius.

Cav`a*lier"ness, n. A disdainful manner.

Ca*val"ly (?), n. [Cf. Pg. cavalla a kind of fish; Sp. caballa; prob. fr. Pg. cavallo horse, Sp. caballa.] (Zoöl.) A carangoid fish of the Atlantic coast (Caranx hippos): -- called also horse crevallé. [See Illust. under Carangoid.]

Cav"al*ry (?), n. [F. cavalerie, fr. It. cavalleria. See Cavalier, and cf. chivalry.] (Mil.) That part of military force which serves on horseback.

Heavy cavalry and light cavalry are so distinguished by the character of their armament, and by the size of the men and horses.

Cav"al*ry*man (?), n.; pl. Cavalrymen (&?;). One of a body of cavalry.

||Ca`va*ti"na (?), n. [It.] (Mus.) Originally, a melody of simpler form than the aria; a song without a second part and a da capo; - - a term now variously and vaguely used.

Cave (kv), n. [F. cave, L. cavus hollow, whence cavea cavity. Cf. Cage.] 1. A hollow place in the earth, either natural or artificial; a subterraneous cavity; a cavern; a den.

2. Any hollow place, or part; a cavity. [Obs.] "The cave of the ear." Bacon.

Cave bear (Zoöl.), a very large fossil bear (Ursus spelæus) similar to the grizzly bear, but large; common in European caves. -- Cave dweller, a savage of prehistoric times whose dwelling place was a cave. Tylor. -- Cave hyena (Zoöl.), a fossil hyena found abundanty in British caves, now usually regarded as a large variety of the living African spotted hyena. -- Cave lion (Zoöl.), a fossil lion found in the caves of Europe, believed to be a large variety of the African lion. -- Bone cave. See under Bone.

Cave, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Caved (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Caving.] [Cf. F. caver. See Cave, n.] To make hollow; to scoop out. [Obs.]

> The mouldred earth cav'd the banke.
> Spenser.

Cave, v. i. 1. To dwell in a cave. [Obs.] Shak.

2. [See To cave in, below.] To fall in or down; as, the sand bank caved. Hence (Slang), to retreat from a position; to give way; to yield in a disputed matter.

To cave in. [Flem. inkalven.] (a) To fall in and leave a hollow, as earth on the side of a well or pit. (b) To submit; to yield. [Slang] H. Kingsley.

||Ca"ve*at (?), n. [L. caved let him beware, pres. subj. of cavere to be on one's guard to, beware.]

1. (Law) A notice given by an interested party to some officer not to do a certain act until the party is heard in opposition; as, a caveat entered in a probate court to stop the proving of a will or the taking out of letters of administration, etc. Bouvier.

2. (U. S. Patent Laws) A description of some invention, designed to be patented, lodged in the patent office before the patent right is applied for, and operating as a bar to the issue of letters patent to any other person, respecting the same invention.

A caveat is operative for one year only, but may be renewed.

3. Intimation of caution; warning; protest.

> We think it right to enter our caveat against a conclusion.
> Jeffrey.

Caveat emptor [L.] (Law), let the purchaser beware, i. e., let him examine the article he is buying, and act on his own judgment.

Ca"ve*a`ting (?), n. (Fencing) Shifting the sword from one side of an adversary's sword to the other.

Ca"ve*a`tor (?), n. One who enters a caveat.

Cav"en*dish (?), n. Leaf tobacco softened, sweetened, and pressed into plugs or cakes.

Cut cavendish, the plugs cut into long shreds for smoking.

Cav"ern (?), n. [L. caverna, fr. cavus hollow: cf. F. caverne.] A large, deep, hollow place in the earth; a large cave.

Cav"erned (?), a. 1. Containing caverns.

> The wolves yelled on the caverned hill.
> Byron.

2. Living in a cavern. "Caverned hermit." Pope.

Cav"ern*ous (?), a. [L. cavernosus: cf. F. caverneux.] 1. Full of caverns; resembling a cavern or large cavity; hollow.

2. Filled with small cavities or cells.

3. Having a sound caused by a cavity.

Cavernous body, a body of erectile tissue with large interspaces which may be distended with blood, as in the penis or clitoris. -- Cavernous respiration, a peculiar respiratory sound andible on auscultation, when the bronchial tubes communicate with morbid cavities in the lungs.

Ca*ver"nu*lous (?), a.[L. cavernula, dim. of caverna cavern.] Full of little cavities; as, cavernulous metal. Black.

{ Cav"es*son (?), Cav"e*zon (?), } n. [F. caveçon, augm. fr. LL. capitium a head covering hood, fr. L. caput head. Cf. Caberzon.] (Man.) A kind of noseband used in breaking and training horses. [Written also caveson, causson.] White.

||Ca*vet"to (k*vt"t), n. [It. cavetto, fr. cavo hollow, L. cavus.] (Arch.) A concave molding; -- used chiefly in classical architecture. See Illust. of Column.

{ Ca*viare" (?), Cav"i*ar (?), } n. [F. caviar, fr. It. caviale, fr. Turk. Havr.] The roes of the sturgeon, prepared and salted; -- used as a relish, esp. in Russia.

Caviare was considered a delicacy, by some, in Shakespeare's time, but was not relished by most. Hence Hamlet says of a certain play. "'T was caviare to the general," i. e., above the taste of the common people.

<! p. 230 !>

Cav"i*corn (kv"*kôrn), a. [L. cavus hollow + cornu horn.] (Zoöl.) Having hollow horns.

||Cav`i*cor"ni*a (kv`*kôr"n*), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A group of ruminants whose horns are hollow, and planted on a bony process of the front, as the ox.

Cav"il (kv"l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Caviled or Cavilled (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Caviling or Cavilling.] [L. cavillari to practice jesting, to censure, fr. cavilla bantering jests, sophistry: cf. OF. caviller.] To raise captious and frivolous objections; to find fault without good reason.

> You do not well in obstinacy
> To cavil in the course of this contract.
> Shak.

Cav"il, v. t. To cavil at. [Obs.] Milton.

Cav"il, n. A captious or frivolous objection.

> All the cavils of prejudice and unbelief.
> Shak.

{ Cav"il*er or Cav"il*ler (- r), } n. One who cavils.

> Cavilers at the style of the Scriptures.
> Boyle.

Cav"il*ing, a. Disposed to cavil; finding fault without good reason. See Captious.

> His depreciatory and caviling criticism.
> Lewis.

Cav"il*ing*ly, adv. In a caviling manner.

Cav`il*la"tion (-l"shn), n.[F. cavillation, L. cavillatio.] Frivolous or sophistical objection. [Obs.] Hooker.

{ Cav"il*ous or Cav"il*lous (?), } a. [L. cavillosus.] Characterized by caviling, or disposed to cavil; quibbing. [R.]

-- Cav"il*ous*ly, adv. [R.] -- Cav"il*ous*ness, n. [R.]

Cav"in (?), n. [F. See Cave.] (Mil.) A hollow way, adapted to cover troops, and facilitate their aproach to a place. Farrow.

Cav"i*ta*ry (?), a. (Zoöl.) Containing a body cavity; as, the cavitary or nematoid worms.

Cav"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Cavities (#). [L. cavus hollow: cf. F. cavité.] 1. Hollowness. [Obs.]

> The cavity or hollowness of the place.
> Goodwin.

2. A hollow place; a hollow; as, the abdominal cavity.

> An instrument with a small cavity, like a small spoon

. Arbuthnot.

> Abnormal spaces or excavations are frequently formed in the lungs, which are designated cavities or vomicæ.
> Quain.

Body cavity, the cœlum. See under Body.

Ca"vo-re*lie"vo (?), n. Cavo- rilievo.

||Ca"vo-ri*lie"vo (?), n. [It.] (Sculp.) Hollow relief; sculpture in relief within a sinking made for the purpose, so no part of it projects beyond the plain surface around.

Ca*vort" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cavorted; p. pr. & vb. n. Cavorting.] To prance ostentatiously; -- said of a horse or his rider. [Local slang, U. S.]

Ca"vy (?), n.; pl. Cavies (&?;). [NL. cavia, fr. Brazilian cabiai: cf. F. cabiai.] (Zoöl.) A rodent of the genera Cavia and Dolichotis, as the guinea pig (Cavia cobaya). Cavies are natives of South America.

Water cavy (Zoöl.), The capybara.

Caw (k), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cawed (kd); p. pr. & vb. n. Cawing.] [Imitative. √22 Cf. Chough.] To cry like a crow, rook, or raven.

> Rising and cawing at the gun's report.
> Shak.

Caw, n. The cry made by the crow, rook, or raven.

Cawk (kk), n. [Prov. E. cauk limestone. A doublet of chalk.] (Min.) An opaque, compact variety of barite, or heavy spar. [Also written cauk.]

Cawk"er (?), n. See Calker.

Cawk"y, a. Of or pertaining to cawk; like cawk.

Cax"on (?), n. A kind of wig. [Obs.] Lamb.

Cax"ton (?), n. (Bibliog.) Any book printed by William Caxton, the first English printer. Hansard.

Cay (?), n. See Key, a ledge.

Cay*enne (?), n. [From Cayenne, a town and island in French Guiana, South America.] Cayenne pepper.

Cayenne pepper. (a) (Bot.) A species of Capsicum (C. frutescens) with small and intensely pungent fruit. (b) A very pungent spice made by drying and grinding the fruits or seeds of several species of the genus Capsicum, esp. C. annuum and C. Frutescens; -- called also red pepper. It is used chiefly as a condiment.

Cay"man (k"man), n. [From the language of Guiana: cf. Sp. caiman.] (Zoöl.) The south America alligator. See Alligator. [Sometimes written caiman.]

Ca*yu"gas (?), n. pl.; sing. Cayuga. (Ethnol.) A tribe of Indians formerly inhabiting western New-York, forming part of the confederacy called the Five Nations.

Cay*use" (?), n. An Indian pony. [Northw. U. S.]

{ Ca*zique", Ca*zic" } (?), n. [Sp. Cacique, fr. the language of Hayti.] A chief or petty king among some tribes of Indians in America.

Cease (ss), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Ceased (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Ceasing.] [OE. cessen, cesen, F. cesser, fr. L. cessare, v. intemsive fr. cedere to withdraw. See Cede , and cf. Cessation.] 1. To come to an end; to stop; to leave off or give over; to desist; as, the noise ceased. "To cease from strife." Prov. xx. 3.

2. To be wanting; to fail; to pass away.

> The poor shall never cease out of the land.
> Deut. xv. 11.

Syn. -- To intermit; desist; stop; abstain; quit; discontinue; refrain; leave off; pause; end.

Cease, v. t. To put a stop to; to bring to an end.

> But he, her fears to cease
> Sent down the meek-eyed peace.
> Milton.

> Cease, then, this impious rage.
> Milton

Cease, n. Extinction. [Obs.] Shak.

Cease"less, a. Without pause or end; incessant.

Cease"less, adv. Without intermission or end.

||Cec`i*do*my"i*a (?), n. [Nl., fr. Gr. khki`s, &?;, a gall nut + myi^a a fly.] (Zoöl.) A genus of small dipterous files, including several very injurious species, as the Hessian fly. See Hessian fly.

Ce"ci*ty (?), n. [L. caecitas, fr. caecus blind: cf. F. cécité.] Blindness. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Ce*cu"tien*cy (?), n. [L. caecutire to be blind, fr. caecus blind.] Partial blindness, or a tendency to blindness. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Ce"dar (s"dr), n. [AS. ceder, fr. L. cedrus, Gr. ke`dros.] (Bot.) The name of several evergreen trees. The wood is remarkable for its durability and fragrant odor.

The cedar of Lebanon is the Cedrus Libani; the white cedar (Cupressus thyoides) is now called Chamœcyparis sphæroidea; American red cedar is the Juniperus Virginiana; Spanish cedar, the West Indian Cedrela odorata. Many other trees with odoriferous wood are locally called cedar.

Cedar bird (Zoöl.), a species of chatterer (Ampelis cedrorum), so named from its frequenting cedar trees; -- called also cherry bird, Canada robin, and American waxwing.

Ce"dar, a. Of or pertaining to cedar.

Ce"dared (?), a. Covered, or furnished with, cedars.

Ce"darn (?), a. Of or pertaining to the cedar or its wood. [R.]

Cede (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ceded; p. pr. & vb. n. Ceding.] [L. cedere to withdraw, yield; akin to cadere to fall, and to E. chance; cf. F. céder.] To yield or surrender; to give up; to resign; as, to cede a fortress, a province, or country, to another nation, by treaty.

> The people must cede to the government some of their natural rights.
> Jay.

Ce*dil"la (?), n. [Sp. cedilla, cf. F. cédille; dim. of zeta, the Gr. name of the letter z, because this letter was formerly written after the c, to give it the sound of s.] A mark placed under the letter c [thus, ç], to show that it is to be sounded like s, as in façade.

Ce"drat (s"drt), n. [Cf. F. cédrat. See Cedar.] (Bot.) Properly the citron, a variety of Citrus medica, with large fruits, not acid, and having a high perfume.

Ce"drene (s"drn), n. (Chem.) A rich aromatic oil, C15H24, extracted from oil of red cedar, and regarded as a polymeric terpene; also any one of a class of similar substances, as the essential oils of cloves, cubebs, juniper, etc., of which cedrene proper is the type. [Written also cedren.]

Ce"drine (s"drn; 277), a. [L. cedrinus, Gr. &?;. See Cedar.] Of or pertaining to cedar or the cedar tree.

Ce"dri*ret (s"dr*rt), n. Same as Cœrulignone.

Ce"dry (?), a. Of the nature of cedar. [R.]

Ced"ule (?), n. [F. cédule, fr. L. shedula. See Shedule.] A scroll; a writing; a schedule. [Obs.]

Ced"u*ous (?), a. [L. caeduus, fr. caedere to cut down.] Fit to be felled. [Obs.] Eyelyn.

Ceil (sl), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ceiled (sld); p. pr. & vb. n. Ceiling.] [From an older noun, fr. F. ciel heaven, canopy, fr. L. caelum heaven, vault, arch, covering; cf. Gr. koi^los hollow.] 1. To overlay or cover the inner side of the roof of; to furnish with a ceiling; as, to ceil a room.

> The greater house he ceiled with fir tree.
> 2 Chron. iii. 5

2. To line or finish a surface, as of a wall, with plaster, stucco, thin boards, or the like.

Ceil"ing, n. [See Cell, v. t.] 1. (Arch.) (a) The inside lining of a room overhead; the under side of the floor above; the upper surface opposite to the floor. (b) The lining or finishing of any wall or other surface, with plaster, thin boards, etc.; also, the work when done.

2. (Naut.) The inner planking of a vessel.

Camp ceiling. See under Camp. -- Ceiling boards, Thin narrow boards used to ceil with.

Ceint (?), n. [See Cincture.] A girdle. [Obs.]

Cel"a*don (?), n. [F.] A pale sea-green color; also, porcelain or fine pottery of this tint.

Cel"an*dine (sl"n*dn), n. [OE. celidoine, OF. celidoine, F. chélidoine, fr. L. chelidonia (sc. herba), fr. chelidonius pertaining to the swallow, Gr. chelido`nios, fr. chelidw`n the swallow, akin to L. hirundo a swallow.] (Bot.) A perennial herbaceous plant (Chelidonium majus) of the poppy family, with yellow flowers. It is used as a medicine in jaundice, etc., and its acrid saffron-colored juice is used to cure warts and the itch; -- called also greater celandine and swallowwort.

Lasser celandine, the pilewort (Ranunculus Ficaria).

Cel"a*ture (?), n. [L. caelatura, fr. caelare to engrave in relief.] 1. The act or art of engraving or embossing.

2. That which is engraved. [Obs.] Hakewill.

Cel"e*brant (?), n. [L. celebrans, p. pr. of celebrare. See Celebrate.] One who performs a public religious rite; -- applied particularly to an officiating priest in the Roman Catholic Church, as distinguished from his assistants.

Cel"e*brate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Celebrated; p. pr. & vb. n. Celebrating.] [L. celebratus, p. p. of celebrare to frequent, to celebrate, fr. celeber famous.] 1. To extol or honor in a solemn manner; as, to celebrate the name of the Most High.

2. To honor by solemn rites, by ceremonies of joy and respect, or by refraining from ordinary business; to observe duly; to keep; as, to celebrate a birthday.

> From even unto even shall ye celebrate your Sabbath.
> Lev. xxiii. 32.

3. To perform or participate in, as a sacrament or solemn rite; to solemnize; to perform with appropriate rites; as, to celebrate a marriage.

Syn. -- To commemorate; distinguish; honor. -- To Celebrate, Commemorate. We commemorate events which we desire to keep in remembrance, when we recall them by some special observace; as, to commemorate the death of our Savior. We celebrate by demonstrations of joy or solemnity or by appropriate ceremonies; as, to celebrate the birthday of our Independence.

> We are called upon to commemorate a revolution as surprising in its manner as happy in its consequences.
> Atterbury.

> Earth, water, air, and fire, with feeling glee,
> Exult to celebrate thy festival.
> Thomson.

Cel"e*bra`ted (?), a. Having celebrity; distinguished; renowned.

> Celebrated for the politeness of his manners.
> Macaulay.

Syn. -- Distinguished; famous; noted; famed; renowned; illustrious. See Distinguished.

Cel`e*bra"tion (?), n. [L. celebratio.] The act, process, or time of celebrating.

> His memory deserving a particular celebration.
> Clarendok.

> Celebration of Mass is equivalent to offering Mass
> Cath. Dict.

> To hasten the celebration of their marriage.
> Sir P. Sidney.

Cel"e*bra`tor (?), n. [L.] One who celebrates; a praiser. Boyle.

Ce*le"bri*ous (?), a. Famous. [Obs.] Speed.

Ce*leb"ri*ty (?), n.; pl. Celebrities (#). [L. celebritas: cf. F. célébrité.] 1. Celebration; solemnization. [Obs.]

> The celebrity of the marriage.
> Bacon.

2. The state or condition of being celebrated; fame; renown; as, the celebrity of Washington.

> An event of great celebrity in the history of astronomy.
> Whewell.

3. A person of distinction or renown; -- usually in the plural; as, he is one of the celebrities of the place.

Ce*le"ri*ac (?), n. (Bot.) Turnip-rooted celery, a from of celery with a large globular root, which is used for food.

Ce*ler"i*ty (?), n. [L. celeritas, from celer swiftm speedy: sf. F. célérité.] Rapidity of motion; quickness; swiftness.

> Time, with all its celerity, moves slowly to him whose whole employment is to watch its flight.
> Johnson.

Cel"er*y (?), n. [F. céleri, cf. Prov. It. seleno, seler; fr. Gr. &?; parsley, in Lgr. & NGr. celery. Cf. Parsley.] (Bot.) A plant of the Parsley family (Apium graveolens), of which the blanched leafstalks are used as a salad.

Ce*les"tial (?), a. [OF. celestial, celestied, fr. L. caelestic, fr. caelum heaved. See Cell.] 1. Belonging to the aërial regions, or visible heavens. "The twelve celestial signs." Shak.

2. Of or pertaining to the spiritual heaven; heavenly; divine. "Celestial spirits." "Celestial light," Milton.

Celestial city, heaven; the heavenly Jerusalem. Bunyan. -- Celestial empire, China; -- so called from the Chinese words, tien chan, Heavenly Dynasty, as being the kingdom ruled over by the dynasty appointed by heaven. S. W. Williams.

Ce*les"tial, n. 1. An inhabitant of heaven. Pope.

2. A native of China.

Ce*les"tial*ize (?), v. t. To make celestial. [R.]

Ce*les"tial*ly, adv. In a celestial manner.

Ce*les"ti*fy (?), v. t. [L. caelestis heavenly + -fly.] To make like heaven. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

{ Cel"es*tine (?), Cel"es*tite (?), }, n. [LL. caelestinus bine.] (Min.) Native strontium sulphate, a mineral so named from its occasional delicate blue color. It occurs crystallized, also in compact massive and fibrous forms.

{ Cel"es*tine (?), Cel`es*tin"i*an (?), } n. (Eccl. Hist.) A monk of the austere branch of the Franciscan Order founded by Celestine V. in the 13th centry.

Ce"li*ac (?), a. (Anat.) See Cœllac.

Ce*lib"a*cy (?), n. [See Celibate, n.] The state of being unmarried; single life, esp. that of a bachelor, or of one bound by vows not to marry. "The celibacy of the clergy." Hallom.

Cel"i*bate (?), n. [L. aelibatus, fr. caelebs unmarried, single.] 1. Celibate state; celibacy. [Obs.]

> He . . . preferreth holy celibate before the estate of marriage.
> Jer. Taylor.

2. One who is unmarried, esp. a bachelor, or one bound by vows not to marry.

Cel"i*bate, a. Unmarried; single; as, a celibate state.

Ce*lib"a*tist (?), n. One who lives unmarried. [R.]

Cel`i*dog"ra*phy (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?; stain, spot + -graphy: cf. F. célidographie.] A description of apparent spots on the disk of the sun, or on planets.

Cell (?), n. [OF. celle, fr. L. cella; akin to celare to hide, and E. hell, helm, conceal. Cf. Hall.] 1. A very small and close apartment, as in a prison or in a monastery or convent; the hut of a hermit.

> The heroic confessor in his cell.
> Macaulay.

2. A small religious house attached to a monastery or convent. "Cells or dependent priories." Milman.

3. Any small cavity, or hollow place.

4. (Arch.) (a) The space between the ribs of a vaulted roof. (b) Same as Cella.

5. (Elec.) A jar of vessel, or a division of a compound vessel, for holding the exciting fluid of a battery.

6. (Biol.) One of the minute elementary structures, of which the greater part of the various tissues and organs of animals and plants are composed.

All cells have their origin in the primary cell from which the organism was developed. In the lowest animal and vegetable forms, one single cell constitutes the complete individual, such being called unicelluter orgamisms. A typical cell is composed of a semifluid mass of protoplasm, more or less granular, generally containing in its center a nucleus which in turn frequently contains one or more nucleoli, the whole being surrounded by a thin membrane, the cell wall. In some cells, as in those of blood, in the amœba, and in embryonic cells (both vegetable and animal), there is no restricting cell wall, while in some of the unicelluliar organisms the nucleus is wholly wanting. See Illust. of Bipolar.

Air cell. See Air cell. -- Cell development (called also cell genesis, cell formation, and cytogenesis), the multiplication, of cells by a process of reproduction under the following common forms; segmentation or fission, gemmation or budding, karyokinesis, and endogenous multiplication. See Segmentation, Gemmation, etc. -- Cell theory. (Biol.) See Cellular theory, under Cellular.

<! p. 231 !>

Cell (sl), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Celled (sld).] To place or inclose in a cell. "Celled under ground." [R.] Warner.

||Cel"la (?), n. [L.] (Arch.) The part inclosed within the walls of an ancient temple, as distinguished from the open porticoes.

Cel"lar (?), n. [OE. celer, OF. celier, F. celier, fr. L. cellarium a receptacle for food, pantry, fr. cella storeroom. See Cell.] A room or rooms under a building, and usually below the surface of the ground, where provisions and other stores are kept.

Cel"lar*age (?), n. 1. The space or storerooms of a cellar; a cellar. Sir W. Scott.

> You hear this fellow in the cellarage.
> Shak.

2. Chare for storage in a cellar.

Cel"lar*er (?), n. [LL. cellararius, equiv. to L. cellarius steward: cf. F. cellérier. See Cellar.] (Eccl.) A steward or butler of a monastery or chapter; one who has charge of procuring and keeping the provisions.

Cel`lar*et" (?), n. [Dim of cellar.] A receptacle, as in a dining room, for a few bottles of wine or liquor, made in the form of a chest or coffer, or a deep drawer in a sideboard, and usually lined with metal.

Cel"lar*ist (?), n. Same as Cellarer.

Celled (?), a. Containing a cell or cells.

Cel"le*pore (?), n. [L. cella cell + porus, Gr. &?;, passage.] (Zoöl.) A genus of delicate branching corals, made up of minute cells, belonging to the Bryozoa.

Cel*lif"er*ous (?), a. [Cell + -ferous.] Bearing or producing cells.

||Cel"lo (chl"l), n.; pl. E. Cellos (chl"lz), It. Celli (chl"l). A contraction for Violoncello.

Cel"lu*lar (sl"*lr; 135), a. [L. cellula a little cell: cf. F. cellulaire. See Cellule.] Consisting of, or containing, cells; of or pertaining to a cell or cells.

Cellular plants, Cellular cryptogams (Bot.), those flowerless plants which have no ducts or fiber in their tissue, as mosses, fungi, lichens, and algæ. -- Cellular theory, or Cell theory (Biol.), a theory, according to which the essential element of every tissue, either vegetable or animal, is a cell; the whole series of cells having been formed from the development of the germ cell and by differentiation converted into tissues and organs which, both in plants and animals, are to be considered as a mass of minute cells communicating with each other. -- Cellular tissue. (a) (Anat.) See conjunctive tissue under Conjunctive. (b) (Bot.) Tissue composed entirely of parenchyma, and having no woody fiber or ducts.

Cel"lu*la`ted (?), a. Cellular. Caldwell.

Cel"lule (sl"l), n. [L. cellula a small apartment, dim. of cella: cf. F. cellule. See Cell.] A small cell.

Cel`lu*lif"er*ous (?), a. [L. cellula + -ferous.] Bearing or producing little cells.

||Cel`lu*li"tis (?), n. [NL., fr. L. cellula + -itis.] An inflammantion of the cellular or areolar tissue, esp. of that lying immediately beneath the skin.

Cel"lu*loid` (sl"*loid), n. [Cellulose + -oid.] A substance composed essentially of gun cotton and camphor, and when pure resembling ivory in texture and color, but variously colored to imitate coral, tortoise shell, amber, malachite, etc. It is used in the manufacture of jewelry and many small articles, as combs, brushes, collars, and cuffs; -- originally called xylonite.

Cel"lu*lose` (sl"*ls`), a. Consisting of, or containing, cells.

Cel"lu*lose`, n. (Chem.) The substance which constitutes the essential part of the solid framework of plants, of ordinary wood, linen, paper, etc. It is also found to a slight extent in certain animals, as the tunicates. It is a carbohydrate, (C6H10O5)n, isomeric with starch, and is convertible into starches and sugars by the action of heat and acids. When pure, it is a white amorphous mass. See Starch, Granulose, Lignin.

> Unsized, well bleached linen paper is merely pure cellulose.
> Goodale.

Starch cellulose, the delicate framework which remains when the soluble part (granulose) of starch is removed by saliva or pepsin. Goodale.

Ce*lot"o*my (?), n. [Gr. &?;; &?; hernia + &?; to cut.] (Med.) The act or operation of cutting, to relieve the structure in strangulated hernia. [Frequently written kelotomy.]

Cel"si*ture (?), n. [L. celstudo, from celsus high: cf. celsitude.] Height; altitude. [Obs.]

Cel"si*us (?), n. The Celsius thermometer or scale, so called from Anders Celsius, a Swedish astronomer, who invented it. It is the same as the centigrade thermometer or scale.

Celt (slt), n. [L. Celtae, Gr. Keltoi`, Ke`ltai, pl.: cf. W. Celtiad one that dwells in a covert, an inhabitant of the wood, a Celt, fr. celt covert, shelter, celu to hide.] One of an ancient race of people, who formerly inhabited a great part of Central and Western Europe, and whose descendants at the present day occupy Ireland, Wales, the Highlands of Scotland, and the northern shores of France. [Written also Kelt. The letter C was pronounced hard in Celtic languages.]

Celt, n. [LL. celts a chisel.] (Archæol.) A weapon or implement of stone or metal, found in the tumuli, or barrows, of the early Celtic nations.

Celt`i*be"ri*an (?), a. [L. Celtiber, Celtibericus.] Of or pertaining to the ancient Celtiberia (a district in Spain lying between the Ebro and the Tagus) or its inhabitants the Celtiberi (Celts of the river Iberus). -- n. An inhabitant of Celtiberia.

Celt"ic (slt"k), a. [L. Celticus, Gr. Keltiko`s. See Celt.] Of or pertaining to the Celts; as, Celtic people, tribes, literature, tongue. [Written also Keltic.]

Celt"ic, n. The language of the Celts.

The remains of the old Celtic language are found in the Gaelic, the Erse or Irish the Manx, and the Welsh and its cognate dialects Cornish and Bas Breton.

Celt"i*cism (sl"t*sz'm), n. A custom of the Celts, or an idiom of their language. Warton.

Celt"i*cize` (?), v. t. To render Celtic; to assimilate to the Celts.

||Cem"ba*lo (?), n. [It. See Cymbal.] An old name for the harpsichord.

Ce*ment" (s*mnt" or sm"nt), n. [OF. cement, ciment, F. ciment, fr. L. caementum a rough, unhewn stone, pieces or chips of marble, from which mortar was made, contr. fr. caedimentum, fr. caedere to cut, prob. akin to scindere to cleave, and to E. shed, v. t.] 1. Any substance used for making bodies adhere to each other, as mortar, glue, etc.

2. A kind of calcined limestone, or a calcined mixture of clay and lime, for making mortar which will harden under water.

3. The powder used in cementation. See Cementation, n., 2.

4. Bond of union; that which unites firmly, as persons in friendship, or men in society. "The cement of our love."

5. (Anat.) The layer of bone investing the root and neck of a tooth; -- called also cementum.

Hydraulic cement. See under Hydraulic.

Ce*ment" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cemented; p. pr. & vb. n. Cementing.] [Cf. F. cimenter. See Cement, n.] 1. To unite or cause to adhere by means of a cement. Bp. Burnet.

2. To unite firmly or closely. Shak.

3. To overlay or coat with cement; as, to cement a cellar bottom.

Ce*ment", v. i. To become cemented or firmly united; to cohere. S. Sharp.

Ce*ment"al (?), a. Of or pertaining to cement, as of a tooth; as, cemental tubes. R. Owen.

Cem`en*ta"tion (?), n. 1. The act or process of cementing.

2. (Chem.) A process which consists in surrounding a solid body with the powder of other substances, and heating the whole to a degree not sufficient to cause fusion, the physical properties of the body being changed by chemical combination with powder; thus iron becomes steel by cementation with charcoal, and green glass becomes porcelain by cementation with sand.

Ce*ment"a*to*ry (?), a. Having the quality of cementing or uniting firmly.

Ce*ment"er (?), n. A person or thing that cements.

Cem`en*ti"tious (?), a. [L. caementitius pertaining to quarry stones. See Cement, n. ] Of the nature of cement. [R.] Forsyth.

Cem`e*te"ri*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to a cemetery. "Cemeterial cells." [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Cem"e*ter*y (?), n.; pl. Cemeteries (&?;). [L. cemeterium, Gr. &?; a sleeping chamber, burial place, fr. &?; to put to sleep.] A place or ground set apart for the burial of the dead; a graveyard; a churchyard; a necropolis.

Ce*nan"thy (?), n. [Gr. &?; empty + &?; a flower.] (Bot.) The absence or suppression of the essential organs (stamens and pistil) in a flower.

Ce*na"tion (?), n. [L. cenatio.] Meal-taking; dining or supping. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Cen"a*to*ry (?), a. [L. cenatorius, fr. cenare to dine, sup, fr. cena, coena, dinner, supper.] Of or pertaining to dinner or supper. [R.]

> The Romans washed, were anointed, and wore a cenatory garment.
> Sir T. Browne.

Cen"o*bite (?), n. [L. coenobita, fr. Gr. koino`bios; koino`s common + bi`os life: cf. F. cénobite.] One of a religious order, dwelling in a convent, or a community, in opposition to an anchoret, or hermit, who lives in solitude. Gibbon.

{ Cen`o*bit"ic (?), Cen`o*bit"ic*al (?) } a. [Cf. F. cénobitique.] Of or pertaining to a cenobite.

Cen"o*bi*tism (?), n. The state of being a cenobite; the belief or practice of a cenobite. Milman.

Ce*nog"a*my (s*ng"*m), n. [Gr. koino`s common + ga`mos marriage.] The state of a community which permits promiscuous sexual intercourse among its members, as in certain societies practicing communism.

Cen"o*taph (sn"*tf), n. [Gr. kenota`fion; keno`s empty + ta`fos burial, tomb: cf. F. cénotaphe.] An empty tomb or a monument erected in honor of a person who is buried elsewhere. Dryden.

> A cenotaph in Westminster Abbey.
> Macaulay.

Cen"o*taph`y (?), n. A cenotaph. [R.]

> Lord Cobham honored him with a cenotaphy.
> Macaulay.

Ce`no*zo"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?; recent + &?; life.] (Geol.) Belonging to the most recent division of geological time, including the tertiary, or Age of mammals, and the Quaternary, or Age of man. [Written also cænozoic, cainozoic, kainozoic.] See Geology.

This word is used by many authors as synonymous with Tertiary, the Quaternary Age not being included.

Cense (?), n. [OF. cense, F. cens, L. census. See Census.] 1. A census; -- also, a public rate or tax. [Obs.] Howell. Bacon.

2. Condition; rank. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Cense, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Censed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Censing.] [Abbrev. from incense.] To perfume with odors from burning gums and spices.

> The Salii sing and cense his altars round.
> Dryden.

Cense, v. i. To burn or scatter incense.

Cen"ser (?), n. [For incenser, fr. OF. encensier, F. encensoir, fr. LL. incensarium, incensorium, fr. L. incensum incense. See Incense, and cf. Incensory.] A vessel for perfumes; esp. one in which incense is burned.

The ecclesiastical censer is usually cup-shaped, has a cover pierced with holes, and is hung by chains. The censer bearer swings it to quicken the combustion.

> Her thoughts are like the fume of frankincense
> Which from a golden censer forth doth rise.
> Spenser.

Cen"sor (?), n. [L. censor, fr. censere to value, tax.] 1. (Antiq.) One of two magistrates of Rome who took a register of the number and property of citizens, and who also exercised the office of inspector of morals and conduct.

2. One who is empowered to examine manuscripts before they are committed to the press, and to forbid their publication if they contain anything obnoxious; -- an official in some European countries.

3. One given to fault-finding; a censurer.

> Nor can the most circumspect attention, or steady rectitude, escape blame from censors who have no inclination to approve.
> Rambler.

4. A critic; a reviewer.

> Received with caution by the censors of the press.
> W. Irving.

Cen*so"ri*al (?), a. 1. Belonging to a censor, or to the correction of public morals. Junius.

2. Full of censure; censorious.

> The censorial declamation of Juvenal.
> T. Warton.

Cen*so"ri*an (?), a. Censorial. [R.] Bacon.

Cen*so"ri*ous (?), a. [L. censorius pertaining to the censor. See Censor.] 1. Addicted to censure; apt to blame or condemn; severe in making remarks on others, or on their writings or manners.

> A dogmatical spirit inclines a man to be consorious of his neighbors.
> Watts.

2. Implying or expressing censure; as, censorious remarks.

Syn. -- Fault-finding; carping; caviling; captious; severe; condemnatory; hypercritical.

-- Cen*so"ri*ous*ly, adv. -- Cen*so"ri*ous*ness, n.

Cen"sor*ship (?), n. The office or power of a censor; as, to stand for a censorship. Holland.

> The press was not indeed at that moment under a general censorship.
> Macaulay.

Cen"su*al (?), a. [L. censualis, fr. census.] Relating to, or containing, a census.

> He caused the whole realm to be described in a censual roll.
> Sir R. Baker.

Cen"sur*a*ble (?), a. Deserving of censure; blamable; culpable; reprehensible; as, a censurable person, or censurable conduct.

-- Cen"sur*a*bleness, n. -- Cen"sur*a*bly, adv.

Cen"sure (?), n. [L. censura fr. censere: cf. F. censure. Cf. Censor.] 1. Judgment either favorable or unfavorable; opinion. [Obs.]

> Take each man's censure, but reserve thy judgment.
> Shak.

2. The act of blaming or finding fault with and condemning as wrong; reprehension; blame.

> Both the censure and the praise were merited.
> Macaulay.

3. Judicial or ecclesiastical sentence or reprimand; condemnatory judgment.

> Excommunication or other censure of the church.
> Bp. Burnet.

Syn. -- Blame; reproof; condemnation; reprobation; disapproval; disapprobation; reprehension; animadversion; reprimand; reflection; dispraise; abuse.

Cen"sure, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Censured (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Censuring.] [Cf. F. ensurer.] 1. To form or express a judgment in regard to; to estimate; to judge. [Obs.] "Should I say more, you might well censure me a flatterer." Beau. & Fl.

2. To find fault with and condemn as wrong; to blame; to express disapprobation of.

> I may be censured that nature thus gives way to loyalty.
> Shak.

3. To condemn or reprimand by a judicial or ecclesiastical sentence. Shak.

Syn. -- To blame; reprove; rebuke; condemn; reprehend; reprimand.

Cen"sure, v. i. To judge. [Obs.] Shak.

Cen"sur*er (?), n. One who censures. Sha.

Cen"sus (?), n. [L. census, fr. censere. See Censor.] 1. (Bot. Antiq.) A numbering of the people, and valuation of their estate, for the purpose of imposing taxes, etc.; -- usually made once in five years.

2. An official registration of the number of the people, the value of their estates, and other general statistics of a country.

A general census of the United States was first taken in 1790, and one has been taken at the end of every ten years since.

Cent (?), n. [F. cent hundred, L. centum. See Hundred.] 1. A hundred; as, ten per cent, the proportion of ten parts in a hundred.

2. A United States coin, the hundredth part of a dollar, formerly made of copper, now of copper, tin, and zinc.

3. An old game at cards, supposed to be like piquet; -- so called because 100 points won the game. Nares.

Cent"age (?), n. Rate by the hundred; percentage.

Cen"tal (?), n. [L. centum a hundred.] A weight of one hundred pounds avoirdupois; -- called in many parts of the United States a Hundredweight.

Cen"tal, n. Relating to a hundred.

Cental system, the method of buying and selling by the cental, or hundredweight.

Cen"tare` (?), n. [F. centiare; centi- (L. centum) + -are.] A measure of area, the hundredth part of an are; one square meter, or about 1 square yards.

Cen"taur (sn"tr), n. [L. centaurus, Gr. Ke`ntayros.]

1. (Class. Myth.) A fabulous being, represented as half man and half horse.

2. (Astron.) A constellation in the southern heavens between Hydra and the Southern Cross.

||Cen`tau*re"a (?), n. [NL. See Centaury.] (Bot.) A large genus of composite plants, related to the thistles and including the cornflower or bluebottle (Centaurea Cyanus) and the star thistle (C. Calcitrapa).

<! p. 232 !>

Cen"tau*ry (sn"t*r), n. [L. centaureum and centauria, Gr. kentay`rion, kentay`reion, and kentayri`h, fr. the Centaur Chiron.] (Bot.) A gentianaceous plant not fully identified. The name is usually given to the Erytheræa Centaurium and the Chlora perfoliata of Europe, but is also extended to the whole genus Sabbatia, and even to the unrelated Centaurea.

Cen`te*na"ri*an (?), a. Of or relating to a hundred years. -- n. A person a hundred years old.

Cen"te*na*ry (?), a. [L. centenarius, fr. centum a hundred.] 1. Relating to, or consisting of, a hundred.

2. Occurring once in every hundred years; centennial. "Centenary solemnities." Fuller.

Cen"te*na*ry, n.; pl. Centenaries (&?;). 1. The aggregate of a hundred single things; specifically, a century. "Every centenary of years." Hakewill.

2. A commemoration or celebration of an event which occurred a hundred years before.

Cen*ten"ni*al (?), a. [L. centum a hundred + annus year.] 1. Relating to, or associated with, the commemoration of an event that happened a hundred years before; as, a centennial ode.

2. Happening once in a hundred years; as, centennial jubilee; a centennial celebration.

3. Lasting or aged a hundred years.

> That opened through long lines
> Of sacred ilex and centennial pines.
> Longfellow.

Cen*ten"ni*al, n. The celebration of the hundredth anniversary of any event; a centenary. [U. S.]

Cen*ten"ni*al*ly, adv. Once in a hundred years.

Cen"ter (?), n. [F. centre, fr. L. centrum, fr. round which a circle is described, fr. &?; to prick, goad.] 1. A point equally distant from the extremities of a line, figure, or body, or from all parts of the circumference of a circle; the middle point or place.

2. The middle or central portion of anything.

3. A principal or important point of concentration; the nucleus around which things are gathered or to which they tend; an object of attention, action, or force; as, a center of attaction.

4. The earth. [Obs.] Shak.

5. Those members of a legislative assembly (as in France) who support the existing government. They sit in the middle of the legislative chamber, opposite the presiding officer, between the conservatives or monarchists, who sit on the right of the speaker, and the radicals or advanced republicans who occupy the seats on his left, See Right, and Left.

6. (Arch.) A temporary structure upon which the materials of a vault or arch are supported in position until the work becomes self-supporting.

7. (Mech.) (a) One of the two conical steel pins, in a lathe, etc., upon which the work is held, and about which it revolves. (b) A conical recess, or indentation, in the end of a shaft or other work, to receive the point of a center, on which the work can turn, as in a lathe.

In a lathe the live center is in the spindle of the head stock; the dead center is on the tail stock. Planer centers are stocks carrying centers, when the object to be planed must be turned on its axis.

Center of an army, the body or troops occupying the place in the line between the wings. -- Center of a curve or surface (Geom.) (a) A point such that every line drawn through the point and terminated by the curve or surface is bisected at the point. (b) The fixed point of reference in polar coördinates. See Coördinates. -- Center of curvature of a curve (Geom.), the center of that circle which has at any given point of the curve closer contact with the curve than has any other circle whatever. See Circle. -- Center of a fleet, the division or column between the van and rear, or between the weather division and the lee. -- Center of gravity (Mech.), that point of a body about which all its parts can be balanced, or which being supported, the whole body will remain at rest, though acted upon by gravity. -- Center of gyration (Mech.), that point in a rotating body at which the whole mass might be concentrated (theoretically) without altering the resistance of the intertia of the body to angular acceleration or retardation. -- Center of inertia (Mech.), the center of gravity of a body or system of bodies. -- Center of motion, the point which remains at rest, while all the other parts of a body move round it. -- Center of oscillation, the point at which, if the whole matter of a suspended body were collected, the time of oscillation would be the same as it is in the actual form and state of the body. -- Center of percussion, that point in a body moving about a fixed axis at which it may strike an obstacle without communicating a shock to the axis. -- Center of pressure (Hydros.), that point in a surface pressed by a fluid, at which, if a force equal to the whole pressure and in the same line be applied in a contrary direction, it will balance or counteract the whole pressure of the fluid.

{ Cen"ter, Cen"tre } v. i. [imp. & p. p. Centered or Centred (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Centering or Centring.] 1. To be placed in a center; to be central.

2. To be collected to a point; to be concentrated; to rest on, or gather about, as a center.

> Where there is no visible truth wherein to center, error is as wide as men's fancies.
> Dr. H. More.

> Our hopes must center in ourselves alone.
> Dryden.

{ Cen"ter , Cen"tre } (?), v. t. 1. To place or fix in the center or on a central point. Milton.

2. To collect to a point; to concentrate.

> Thy joys are centered all in me alone.
> Prior.

3. (Mech.) To form a recess or indentation for the reception of a center.

{ Cen"ter*bit`, Cen"tre*bit`, } n. An instrument turning on a center, for boring holes. See Bit, n., 3.

{ Cen"ter*board`, Cen"tre*board, } (?), n. (Naut.) A movable or sliding keel formed of a broad board or slab of wood or metal which may be raised into a water-tight case amidships, when in shallow water, or may be lowered to increase the area of lateral resistance and prevent leeway when the vessel is beating to windward. It is used in vessels of all sizes along the coast of the United States

Cen"ter*fire` car"tridge. See under Cartridge.

Cen"ter*ing, n. (Arch.) Same as Center, n., 6. [Written also centring.]

{ Cen"ter*piece`, Cen"tre*piece` } (?), n. An ornament to be placed in the center, as of a table, ceiling, atc.; a central article or figure.

Cen*tes"i*mal (?), a. [L. centesimus the hundredth, fr. centum a hundred: cf. F. centésimal.] Hundredth. -- n. A hundredth part.

> The neglect of a few centesimals.
> Arbuthnot.

Cen*tes`i*ma"tion (?), n. [L. centesimore to take out or select every hundredth, fr. centesimus hundredth.] (Mil.) The infliction of the death penalty upon one person in every hundred, as in cases of mutiny.

Cen*tes"i*mo (sn"ts"*m), n.; pl. -mi (- m). [It. & Sp.] A copper coin of Italy and Spain equivalent to a centime.

Cen"tesm (sn"tz'm), n. [L. centesima.] Hundredth.

Cen"ti*are` (?), n. [F. See Centare.] See centare.

Cen`ti*cip"i*tous (?), a. [L. centiceps, -cipitis; centum a hunder + caput head.] Hundred-headed.

Cen*tif"i*dous (?), a. [L. centifidus; centum + findere to split.] Divided into a hundred parts.

Cen`ti*fo"li*ous (?), a. [L. centifolius; centum + folium leaf.] Having a hundred leaves.

Cen"ti*grade (?), a. [L. centum a hundred + gradus degree: cf. F. centigrade.] Consisting of a hundred degrees; graduated into a hundred divisions or equal parts. Specifically: Of or pertaining to the centigrade thermometer; as, 10° centigrade (or 10° C.).

Centigrade thermometer, a thermometer having the zero or 0 at the point indicating the freezing state of water, and the distance between that and the point indicating the boiling state of water divided into one hundred degrees. It is called also the Celsius thermometer, from Anders Celsius, the originator of this scale.

{ Cen"ti*gram (?), Cen"ti*gramme (?), } n. [F. centigramme; centi- (L. centum) + gramme. See Gram.] The hundredth part of a gram; a weight equal to .15432 of a grain. See Gram.

{ Cen"ti*li`ter, Cen"ti*li`tre } (?), n. [F. centilitre; centi (L. centum) + litre. See Liter.] The hundredth part of a liter; a measure of volume or capacity equal to a little more than six tenths (0.6102) of a cubic inch, or one third (0.338) of a fluid ounce.

Cen*til"o*quy (?), n. [L. centum hundred + logui to speak.] A work divided into a hundred parts. [R.] Burton.

||Cen`time" (?), n. [F., fr. L. centesimus. See Centesimal.] (F. Coinage) The hundredth part of a franc; a small French copper coin and money of account.

{ Cen"ti*me`ter, Cen"ti*me`tre } (?), n. [F. centimètre; centi- (L. centum) + mètre. See Meter.] The hundredth part of a meter; a measure of length equal to rather more than thirty-nine hundredths (0.3937) of an inch. See Meter.

Cen"ti*nel (?), n. Sentinel. [Obs.] Sackville.

Cen*tin"o*dy (?), n. [L. centum a hundred + nodus knot: cf. F. centinode.] (Bot.) A weed with a stem of many joints (Illecebrum verticillatum); also, the Polygonum aviculare or knotgrass.

Cen"ti*ped (?), n. [L. centipeda; centum a hundred + pes, pedis, foot: cf. F. centipède.] (Zoöl.) A species of the Myriapoda; esp. the large, flattened, venomous kinds of the order Chilopoda, found in tropical climates. they are many-jointed, and have a great number of feet. [Written also centipede (&?;).]

Cen"ti*stere (?), n. [F. centistère; centi- (l. centum) + stère.] The hundredth part of a stere, equal to .353 cubic feet.

Cent"ner (?), n. [Cf. G. centner a hundred-weight, fr. L. centenarius of a hundred, fr. centum a hundred.] 1. (Metal. & Assaying) A weight divisible first into a hundred parts, and then into smaller parts.

The metallurgists use a weight divided into a hundred equal parts, each one pound; the whole they call a centner: the pound is divided into thirty-two parts, or half ounces; the half ounce into two quarters; and each of these into two drams. But the assayers use different weights. With them a centner is one dram, to which the other parts are proportioned.

2. The commercial hundredweight in several of the continental countries, varying in different places from 100 to about 112 pounds.

Cen"to (?), n.; pl. Centos (#). [L. cento a garment of several pieces sewed together, patchwork, a poem made up of various verses of another poem.] A literary or a musical composition formed by selections from different authors disposed in a new order.

Cen"to*nism (?), n. The composition of a cento; the act or practice of composing a cento or centos.

Cen"tral (?), a. [L. centralis, fr. centrum: cf. F. central. See Center.] Relating to the center; situated in or near the center or middle; containing the center; of or pertaining to the parts near the center; equidistant or equally accessible from certain points.

Central force (Math.), a force acting upon a body towards or away from a fixed or movable center. -- Center sun (Astron.), a name given to a hypothetical body about which Mädler supposed the solar system together with all the stars in the Milky Way, to be revolving. A point near Alcyone in the Pleiades was supposed to possess characteristics of the position of such a body.

{ Cen"tral (?), ||Cen*tra"le (?), } n. [NL. centrale, fr. L. centralis.] (Anat.) The central, or one of the central, bones of the carpus or or tarsus. In the tarsus of man it is represented by the navicular.

Cen"tral*ism (?), n. 1. The state or condition of being central; the combination of several parts into one whole; centralization.

2. The system by which power is centralized, as in a government.

Cen*tral"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Centralities (&?;). The state of being central; tendency towards a center.

> Meantime there is a great centrality, a centripetence equal to the centrifugence.
> R. W. Emerson.

Cen`tral*i*za"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. centralisation.] The act or process of centralizing, or the state of being centralized; the act or process of combining or reducing several parts into a whole; as, the centralization of power in the general government; the centralization of commerce in a city.

Cen"tral*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Centralized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Centralizing.] [Cf. F. centraliser.] To draw or bring to a center point; to gather into or about a center; to bring into one system, or under one control.

> [To] centralize the power of government.
> Bancroft.

Cen"tral*ly, adv. In a central manner or situation.

Cen"tre (?), n. & v. See Center.

{ Cen"tric (?), Cen"tric*al (?), } a. Placed in the center or middle; central.

> At York or some other centrical place.
> Sir W. Scott.

-- Cen"tric*al*ly, adv. -- Cen"tric*al*ness, n.

Cen*tric"i*ty (?), n. The state or quality of being centric; centricalness.

Cen*trif"u*gal (?), a. [L. centrum center + fugere to flee.] 1. Tending, or causing, to recede from the center.

2. (Bot.) (a) Expanding first at the summit, and later at the base, as a flower cluster. (b) Having the radicle turned toward the sides of the fruit, as some embryos.

Centrifugal force (Mech.), a force whose direction is from a center.

When a body moves in a circle with uniform velocity, a force must act on the body to keep it in the circle without change of velocity. The direction of this force is towards the center of the circle. If this force is applied by means of a string to the body, the string will be in a state of tension. To a person holding the other end of the string, this tension will appear to be directed toward the body as if the body had a tendency to move away from the center of the circle which it is describing. Hence this latter force is often called centrifugal force. The force which really acts on the body being directed towards the center of the circle is called centripetal force, and in some popular treatises the centripetal and centrifugal forces are described as opposing and balancing each other. But they are merely the different aspects of the same stress. Clerk Maxwell.

Centrifugal impression (Physiol.), an impression (motor) sent from a nerve center outwards to a muscle or muscles by which motion is produced. -- Centrifugal machine, A machine for expelling water or other fluids from moist substances, or for separating liquids of different densities by centrifugal action; a whirling table. -- Centrifugal pump, a machine in which water or other fluid is lifted and discharged through a pipe by the energy imparted by a wheel or blades revolving in a fixed case. Some of the largest and most powerful pumps are of this kind.

Cen*trif"u*gal, n. A centrifugal machine.

Cen*trif"u*gence (?), n. The property or quality of being centrifugal. R. W. Emerson.

Cen"tring (?), n. See Centring.

Cen*trip"e*tal (?), a. [L. centrum center + petere to move toward.] 1. Tending, or causing, to approach the center.

2. (Bot.) (a) Expanding first at the base of the inflorescence, and proceeding in order towards the summit. (b) Having the radicle turned toward the axis of the fruit, as some embryos.

3. Progressing by changes from the exterior of a thing toward its center; as, the centripetal calcification of a bone. R. Owen.

Centripetal force (Mech.), a force whose direction is towards a center, as in case of a planet revolving round the sun, the center of the system, See Centrifugal force, under Centrifugal. -- Centripetal impression (Physiol.), an impression (sensory) transmitted by an afferent nerve from the exterior of the body inwards, to the central organ.

Cen*trip"e*tence (?), n. Centripetency.

Cen*trip"e*ten*cy (?), n. Tendency toward the center.

Cen*tris"coid (?), a. [NL. Centriscus (r. Gr. &?; a kind of fish) + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Allied to, or resembling, the genus Centriscus, of which the bellows fish is an example.

Cen`tro*bar"ic (?), a. [Gr. (&?;) &?; a treatise of Archimedes on finding the center of gravity, fr. &?; gravitating toward the center; &?; center + &?; weight.] Relating to the center of gravity, or to the process of finding it.

Centrobaric method (Math.), a process invented for the purpose of measuring the area or the volume generated by the rotation of a line or surface about a fixed axis, depending upon the principle that every figure formed by the revolution of a line or surface about such an axis has for measure the product of the line or surface by the length of the path of its center of gravity; -- sometimes called theorem of Pappus, also, incorrectly, Guldinus's properties. See Barycentric calculus, under Calculus.

<! p. 233 !>

Cen"trode (?), n. (Kinematics) In two figures having relative motion, one of the two curves which are the loci of the instantaneous center.

Cen"troid (?), n. [L. centrum + -oid.] The center of mass, inertia, or gravity of a body or system of bodies.

Cen`tro*lec"i*thal (?), a. [Gr. &?; center + &?; yolk of an egg.] (Biol.) Having the food yolk placed at the center of the ovum, segmentation being either regular or unequal. Balfour.

Cen`tro*lin"e*ad (?), n. An instrument for drawing lines through a point, or lines converging to a center.

Cen`tro*lin"e*al (?), a. [L. centrum + linea line.] Converging to a center; -- applied to lines drawn so as to meet in a point or center.

Cen"tro*some` (?), n. [Gr. &?; center + -&?; the body.] (Biol.) A peculiar rounded body lying near the nucleus of a cell. It is regarded as the dynamic element by means of which the machinery of cell division is organized.

Cen`tro*stal"tic (?), a. [Gr. &?; center + &?; checking.] (Physiol.) A term applied to the action of nerve force in the spinal center. Marshall Hall.

||Cen"trum (?), n.; pl. E. Centrums (#), L. Centra (#). [L., center.] (Anat.) The body, or axis, of a vertebra. See Vertebra.

Cen"try (?), n. See Sentry. [Obs.] Gray.

||Cen*tum"vir (?), n.; pl. Centumviri (#). [L., fr. centum hundred + Vir man.] (Rom. Hist.) One of a court of about one hundred judges chosen to try civil suits. Under the empire the court was increased to 180, and met usually in four sections.

Cen*tum"vi*ral (?), a. [L. centumvitalis.] Of or pertaining to the centumviri, or to a centumvir.

Cen*tum"vi*rate (?), n. [Cf. F. centumvirat.] The office of a centumvir, or of the centumviri.

Cen"tu*ple (?), a. [L. centuplex; centum + plicare to fold; cf. F. centuple.] Hundredfold.

Cen"tu*ple, v. t. To increase a hundredfold.

Cen*tu"pli*cate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Centuplicated; p. pr. & vb. n. Centuplicating.] [L. centuplicare. See Centuple, a.] To make a hundredfold; to repeat a hundred times. [R.] Howell.

Cen*tu"ri*al (?), a. [L. See Century.] Of or pertaining to a century; as, a centurial sermon. [R.]

Cen*tu"ri*ate (?), a. [L. centuriatus, p. p. of centuriare to divide (men) into centuries.] Pertaining to, or divided into, centuries or hundreds. [R.] Holland.

Cen*tu"ri*ate (?), v. t. [See century.] To divide into hundreds. [Obs.]

{ Cen*tu"ri*a`tor (?), Cen"tu*rist (?), } n. [Cf. F. centuriateur.] An historian who distinguishes time by centuries, esp. one of those who wrote the "Magdeburg Centuries." See under Century. [R.]

Cen*tu"ri*on (?), n. [L. centurio, fr. centuria; cf. F. centurion. See Century.] (Rom. Hist.) A military officer who commanded a minor division of the Roman army; a captain of a century.

> A centurion of the hand called the Italian band.
> Acts x. 1.

Cen"tu*ry (?), n.; pl. Centuries (#). [L. centuria (in senses 1 & 3), fr. centum a hundred: cf. F. centurie. See Cent.] 1. A hundred; as, a century of sonnets; an aggregate of a hundred things. [Archaic.]

> And on it said a century of prayers.
> Shak.

2. A period of a hundred years; as, this event took place over two centuries ago.

Century, in the reckoning of time, although often used in a general way of any series of hundred consecutive years (as, a century of temperance work), usually signifies a division of the Christian era, consisting of a period of one hundred years ending with the hundredth year from which it is named; as, the first century (a. d. 1-100 inclusive); the seventh century (a.d. 601- 700); the eighteenth century (a.d. 1701- 1800). With words or phrases connecting it with some other system of chronology it is used of similar division of those eras; as, the first century of Rome (A.U.C. 1-100).

3. (Rom. Antiq.) (a) A division of the Roman people formed according to their property, for the purpose of voting for civil officers. (b) One of sixty companies into which a legion of the army was divided. It was Commanded by a centurion.

Century plant (Bot.), the Agave Americana, formerly supposed to flower but once in a century; -- hence the name. See Agave. -- The Magdeburg Centuries, an ecclesiastical history of the first thirteen centuries, arranged in thirteen volumes, compiled in the 16th century by Protestant scholars at Magdeburg.

Ce*pev"o*rous (?), a. [L. cepa an onion + varare to devour.] Feeding upon onions. [R.] Sterling.

Ceph"a*lad (?), adv. [Gr. kefalh` head + L. ad toward.] (Zoöl.) Forwards; towards the head or anterior extremity of the body; opposed to caudad.

{ ||Ceph`a*lal"gi*a (?), Ceph"a*lal`gy (?), } n. [L. cephalalgia, Gr. &?;; &?; + &?; pain: cf. F. céphalalgie.] (Med.) Pain in the head; headache.

Ceph`a*lal"gic (?), a. [L. cephalalgicus, Gr. &?;.] (Med.) Relating to, or affected with, headache. -- n. A remedy for the headache.

||Ceph`a*lan"thi*um (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; + &?; flower.] (Bot.) Same as Anthodium.

||Ceph`a*las"pis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. kefalh` head + &?; a shield.] (Paleon.) A genus of fossil ganoid fishes found in the old red sandstone or Devonian formation. The head is large, and protected by a broad shield-shaped helmet prolonged behind into two lateral points.

||Ceph`a*la"ta (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. kefalh` head.] (Zoöl.) A large division of Mollusca, including all except the bivalves; -- so called because the head is distinctly developed. See Illustration in Appendix.

Ceph"a*late (?), a. (Zoöl.) Having a head.

Ce*phal"ic (?), a. [L. cephalicus, Gr. &?;, fr. kefalh` head: cf. F. céphalique.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the head. See the Note under Anterior.

Cephalic index (Anat.), the ratio of the breadth of the cranium to the length, which is taken as the standard, and equal to 100; the breadth index. -- Cephalic vein, a large vein running from the back of the head alond the arm; -- so named because the ancients used to open it for disorders of the head. Dunglison.

Ce*pha"lic, n. A medicine for headache, or other disorder in the head.

||Ceph`a*li"tis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. kefalh` head + -itis.] (Med.) Same as Phrenitis.

Ceph`a*li*za"tion (?), n. Domination of the head in animal life as expressed in the physical structure; localization of important organs or parts in or near the head, in animal development. Dana.

Ceph"a*lo- (?). [Gr. kefalh` head.] A combining form denoting the head, of the head, connected with the head; as, cephalosome, cephalopod.

Ceph`a*lo*cer"cal (?), a. [Cephalo- + Gr. &?; tail.] (Zoöl.) Relating to the long axis of the body.

Ceph"a*loid (?), a. [Cephalo- + -oid.] Shaped like the head. Craing.

Ceph`a*lol"o*gy (?), n. [Cephalo- + -logy.] The science which treats of the head.

Ceph"a*lo*mere (?), n. [Cephalo- + -mere.] (Zoöl.) One of the somites (arthromeres) which make up the head of arthropods. Packard.

Ceph`a*lom"e*ter (?), n. [Cephalo- + -meter.] (Med.) An instrument measuring the dimensions of the head of a fetus during delivery.

||Ceph"a*lon (?), n. (Zoöl.) The head.

||Ceph`a*loph"o*ra (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. kefalh` head + &?; to bear.] (Zoöl.) The cephalata.

{ Ceph"a*lo*pod (?), Ceph"a*lo*pode (?) }, n. (Zoöl.) One of the Cephalopoda.

||Ceph`a*lop"o*da (?), n. pl. [NL., gr. Gr. kefalh` head + -poda: cf. F. céphalopode.] (Zoöl.) The highest class of Mollusca.

They have, around the front of the head, a group of elongated muscular arms, which are usually furnished with prehensile suckers or hooks. The head is highly developed, with large, well organized eyes and ears, and usually with a cartilaginous brain case. The higher forms, as the cuttlefishes, squids, and octopi, swim rapidly by ejecting a jet of water from the tubular siphon beneath the head. They have a pair of powerful horny jaws shaped like a parrot's beak, and a bag of inklike fluid which they can eject from the siphon, thus clouding the water in order to escape from their enemies. They are divided into two orders, the Dibranchiata, having two gills and eight or ten sucker-bearing arms, and the Tetrabranchiata, with four gills and numerous arms without suckers. The latter are all extinct except the Nautilus. See Octopus, Squid, Nautilus.

{ Ceph`a*lo*pod"ic (?), Ceph`a*lop"o*dous (?), } a. (Zoöl.) Belonging to, or resembling, the cephalopods.

||Ceph`a*lop"te*ra (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. kefalh` head + &?; wing.] (Zoöl.) One of the generic names of the gigantic ray (Manta birostris), known as devilfish and sea devil. It is common on the coasts of South Carolina, Florida, and farther south. Some of them grow to enormous size, becoming twenty feet of more across the body, and weighing more than a ton.

Ceph"a*lo*some (?), n. [Cephalo- + -some body.] (Zoöl.) The anterior region or head of insects and other arthropods. Packard.

Ceph"a*lo*style (?), n. [Cephalo- + Gr. &?; a pillar.] (Anat.) The anterior end of the notochord and its bony sheath in the base of cartilaginous crania.

Ceph`a*lo*tho"rax (?), n. [Cephalo- + thorax.] (Zoöl.) The anterior portion of any one of the Arachnida and higher Crustacea, consisting of the united head and thorax.

Ceph"a*lo*tome (?), n. [Cephalo- + Gr. &?; to cut.] (Med.) An instrument for cutting into the fetal head, to facilitate delivery.

Ceph`a*lot"o*my (?), n. 1. Dissection or opening of the head.

2. (Med.) Craniotomy; -- usually applied to bisection of the fetal head with a saw.

Ceph"a*lo*tribe (?), n. [Cephalo- + Gr. to rub, grind.] An obstetrical instrument for performing cephalotripsy.

Ceph"a*lo*trip`sy (?), n. [See Cephalotribe.] (Med.) The act or operation of crushing the head of a fetus in the womb in order to effect delivery.

||Ceph`a*lot"ro*cha (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. kefalh` head + &?; wheel.] (Zoöl.) A kind of annelid larva with a circle of cilia around the head.

Ceph"a*lous (?), a. [Gr. kefalh` head.] (Zoöl.) Having a head; -- applied chiefly to the Cephalata, a division of mollusks.

Ce"pheus (?), n. (Astron.) A northern constellation near the pole. Its head, which is in the Milky Way, is marked by a triangle formed by three stars of the fourth magnitude. See Cassiopeia.

Ce*ra"ceous (?), a. [L. cera wax.] Having the texture and color of new wax; like wax; waxy.

Ce*ra"go (?), n. [L. cera wax.] Beebread.

Ce*ram"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; earthenware. Cf. Keramic.] Of or pertaining to pottery; relating to the art of making earthenware; as, ceramic products; ceramic ornaments for ceilings.

Ce*ram"ics (?), n. [See Ceramic.] 1. The art of making things of baked clay; as pottery, tiles, etc.

2. pl. Work formed of clay in whole or in part, and baked; as, vases, urns, etc. Knight.

Ce*rar"gy*rite (s*rär"j*rt), n. [Gr. ke`ras horn + 'a`rgyros silver.] (Min.) Native silver chloride, a mineral of a white to pale yellow or gray color, darkening on exposure to the light. It may be cut by a knife, like lead or horn (hence called horn silver).

Cer"a*sin (?), n. (Chem.) A white amorphous substance, the insoluble part of cherry gum; -- called also meta-arabinic acid.

2. (Chem.) A gummy mucilaginous substance; -- called also bassorin, tragacanthin, etc.

Ce*ras"i*nous (?), a. 1. Pertaining to, or containing, cerasin.

2. Of a cherry color.

||Ce*ras"tes (?), n. [L., a horned serpent, fr. Gr. kera`sths horned, fr. ke`ras horn.] (Zoöl.) A genus of poisonous African serpents, with a horny scale over each eye; the horned viper.

Ce"rate (?), n. [L. ceratum, ceratm, fr. cera wax.] (Med.) An unctuous preparation for external application, of a consistence intermediate between that of an ointment and a plaster, so that it can be spread upon cloth without the use of heat, but does not melt when applied to the skin.

Cerate consists essentially of wax (for which resin or spermaceti is sometimes substituted) mixed with oil, lard, and various medicinal ingredients. The cerate (formerly called simple cerate) of the United States Pharmacopoeia is a mixture of three parts of white wax and seven parts of lard.

Ce"ra*ted (?), p. a. [L. ceratus, p. p. of cerare to wax, fr. cera wax.] Covered with wax.

Cer"a*tine (?), a. [Gr. &?; the fallacy called "the horns." fr. ke`ras a horn.] (Logic.) Sophistical.

||Cer`a*to*bran"chi*a (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ke`ras, ke`ratos, horn + bra`gchia, n. pl., gills.] (Zoöl.) A group of nudibranchiate Mollusca having on the back papilliform or branched organs serving as gills.

Cer`a*to*bran"chi*al (?), a. (Anat.) Pertaining to the bone, or cartilage, below the epibranchial in a branchial arch. -- n. A ceratobranchial bone, or cartilage.

||Ce*rat"o*dus (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ke`ras, ke`ratos horn + &?; tooth.] (Zoöl.) A genus of ganoid fishes, of the order Dipnoi, first known as Mesozoic fossil fishes; but recently two living species have been discovered in Australian rivers. They have lungs so well developed that they can leave the water and breathe in air. In Australia they are called salmon and baramunda. See Dipnoi, and Archipterygium.

Cer`a*to*hy"al (?), a. [Gr. ke`ras horn + the letter .] (Anat.) Pertaining to the bone, or cartilage, below the epihyal in the hyoid arch. -- n. A ceratohyal bone, or cartilage, which, in man, forms one of the small horns of the hyoid.

||Cer`a*to*sau"rus (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ke`ras a horn + &?; lizard.] (Paleon.) A carnivorous American Jurassic dinosaur allied to the European Megalosaurus. The animal was nearly twenty feet in length, and the skull bears a bony horn core on the united nasal bones. See Illustration in Appendix.

||Cer`a*to*spon"gi*æ (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ke`ras, ke`ratos horn + &?; sponge.] (Zoöl.) An order of sponges in which the skeleton consists of horny fibers. It includes all the commercial sponges.

Ce*rau"nics (?), n. [Gr. &?; thunder and lightning.] That branch of physics which treats of heat and electricity. R. Park.

Ce*rau"no*scope (?), n. [Gr. &?; thunder and lightning + -scope.] An instrument or apparatus employed in the ancient mysteries to imitate thunder and lightning. T. Moore.

<! p. 234 !>

Cer*be"re*an (?), a. Of or pertaining to, or resembling, Cerberus. [Written also Cerberian.]

> With wide Cerberean mouth.
> Milton.

Cer"be*rus (?), n. [L. Cerberus (in sense 1), gr. &?;.]

1. (Class. Myth.) A monster, in the shape of a three-headed dog, guarding the entrance into the infernal regions, Hence: Any vigilant custodian or guardian, esp. if surly.

2. (Zoöl.) A genus of East Indian serpents, allied to the pythons; the bokadam.

Cer"cal (?), a. [Gr. &?; tail.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the tail.

||Cer*ca"ri*a (?), n.; pl. Cercarle (&?;) [NL., fr. Gr. &?; tail.] (Zoöl.) The larval form of a trematode worm having the shape of a tadpole, with its body terminated by a tail-like appendage.

Cer*ca"ri*an (?), a. (Zoöl.) Of, like, or pertaining to, the Cercariæ. -- n. One of the Cercariæ.

Cer"co*pod (?), n. [Gr. &?; tail + -pod.] (Zoöl.) One of the jointed antenniform appendages of the posterior somites of certain insects. Packard.

||Cer"cus (?), n.; pl. Cerci (&?;). [NL., fr. Gr. &?; tail.] (Zoöl.) See Cercopod.

Cere (?), n. [L. cera wax: cf. F. cire.] (Zoöl.) The soft naked sheath at the base of the beak of birds of prey, parrots, and some other birds. See Beak.

Cere, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Cering.] [L. cerare, fr. cera wax: cf. F. cirer.] To wax; to cover or close with wax. Wiseman.

Ce"re*al (?), a. [L. Cerealis pert. to Ceres, and hence, to agriculture. See Ceres.] Of or pertaining to the grasses which are cultivated for their edible seeds (as wheat, maize, rice, etc.), or to their seeds or grain.

Ce"re*al n. Any grass cultivated for its edible grain, or the grain itself; -- usually in the plural.

||Ce`re*a"li*a (?), n. pl. [L. See Cereal.]

1. (Antiq.) Public festivals in honor of Ceres.

2. The cereals. Crabb.

Ce"re*a*lin (?), n. (Chem.) A nitrogenous substance closely resembling diastase, obtained from bran, and possessing the power of converting starch into dextrin, sugar, and lactic acid. Watts.

Cer"e*bel, n. The cerebellum. Derham.

{ Cer`e*bel"lar (?), Cer`e*bel"lous (?), } a. (Anat.) Pertaining to the cerebellum.

Cer`e*bel"lum (?), n.; pl. E. Cerebellums (&?;), L. Cerebella (&?;). [L., dim. of cerebrum brain.] (Anat.) The large lobe of the hind brain in front of and above the medulla; the little brain. It controls combined muscular action. See Brain.

Cer"e*bral (?), a. [L. cerebrum brain; akin to Gr. ka`ra head: cf. F. cérébral. See Cheer.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the cerebrum.

Cerebral apoplexy. See under Apoplexy.

Cer"e*bral, n. [A false translation of the Skr. mrdhanya, lit., head-sounds.] One of a class of lingual consonants in the East Indian languages. See Lingual, n.

Prof. W. D. Whitney calls these letters linguals, and this is their usual designation in the United States.

Cer"e*bral*ism (?), n. (Philos.) The doctrine or theory that psychical phenomena are functions or products of the brain only.

Cer"e*bral*ist, n. One who accepts cerebralism.

Cer"e*brate (?), v. i. (Physiol.) To exhibit mental activity; to have the brain in action.

Cer`e*bra"tion (?), n. Action of the brain, whether conscious or unconscious.

Cer"e*bric (?), a. Of, pertaining to, or derived from, the brain.

Cerebric acid (Physiol. Chem.), a name formerly sometimes given to cerebrin.

Cer`e*bric"i*ty (?), n. Brain power. [R.]

Ce*reb"ri*form (?), a. [Cerebrum + -form.] Like the brain in form or substance.

Cer`e*brif"u*gal (?), a. [Cerebrum + L. fugere to flee.] (Physiol.) Applied to those nerve fibers which go from the brain to the spinal cord, and so transfer cerebral impulses (centrifugal impressions) outwards.

Cer"e*brin (?), n. [From Cerebrum.] (Physiol. Chem.) A nonphosphorized, nitrogenous substance, obtained from brain and nerve tissue by extraction with boiling alcohol. It is uncertain whether it exists as such in nerve tissue, or is a product of the decomposition of some more complex substance.

Cer`e*brip"e*tal (?), a. [Cerebrum + L. petere to seek.] (Physiol.) Applied to those nerve fibers which go from the spinal cord to the brain and so transfer sensations (centripetal impressions) from the exterior inwards.

||Cer`e*bri"tis (?), n. [NL., fr. E. cerebrum + -itis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the cerebrum.

Cer"e*broid (?), a. [Cerebrum + -oid.] Resembling, or analogous to, the cerebrum or brain.

Cer`e*brol"o*gy (?), n. [Cerebrum + -logy.] The science which treats of the cerebrum or brain.

Cer`e*brop"a*thy (?), n. [Cerebrum + Gr. &?; suffering.] (Med.) A hypochondriacal condition verging upon insanity, occurring in those whose brains have been unduly taxed; -- called also brain fag.

Cer`e*bros"co*py (?), n. [Cerebrum + -scopy.] (Med.) Examination of the brain for the diagnosis of disease; esp., the act or process of diagnosticating the condition of the brain by examination of the interior of the eye (as with an ophthalmoscope). Buck.

Cer`e*brose" (?), n. [From Cerebrum.] (Physiol. Chem.) A sugarlike body obtained by the decomposition of the nitrogenous non-phosphorized principles of the brain.

Cer`e*bro-spi"nal (?), a. [Cerebrum + spinal.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the central nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord.

Cerebro-spinal fluid (Physiol.), a serous fluid secreted by the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. -- Cerebro-spinal meningitis, Cerebro-spinal fever (Med.), a dangerous epidemic, and endemic, febrile disease, characterized by inflammation of the membranes of the brain and spinal cord, giving rise to severe headaches, tenderness of the back of the neck, paralysis of the ocular muscles, etc. It is sometimes marked by a cutaneous eruption, when it is often called spotted fever. It is not contagious.

Cer"e*brum (?), n.; pl. E. Cerebrums (#), L. Cerebra (#). [L., the brain.] (Anat.) The anterior, and in man the larger, division of the brain; the seat of the reasoning faculties and the will. See Brain.

Cere"cloth` (?), n. [L. cera wax + E. cloth.] A cloth smeared with melted wax, or with some gummy or glutinous matter.

> Linen, besmeared with gums, in manner of cerecloth.
> Bacon.

Cere"ment (?), n. [L. cera wax: cf. F. cirement.] (a) A cerecloth used for the special purpose of enveloping a dead body when embalmed. (b) Any shroud or wrapping for the dead.

Cer`e*mo"ni*al (?), a. [L. caerimonialis: cf. F. cérimonial. See Ceremony.] 1. Relating to ceremony, or external rite; ritual; according to the forms of established rites.

> Ceremonial observances and outward show.
> Hallam.

2. Observant of forms; ceremonious. [In this sense ceremonious is now preferred.] Donne.

> He moves in the dull ceremonial track.
> Druden.

Cer`e*mo"ni*al, n. 1. A system of rules and ceremonies, enjoined by law, or established by custom, in religious worship, social intercourse, or the courts of princes; outward form.

> The gorgeous ceremonial of the Burgundian court.
> Prescott.

2. The order for rites and forms in the Roman Catholic church, or the book containing the rules prescribed to be observed on solemn occasions.

Cer`e*mo"ni*al*ism (?), n. Adherence to external rites; fondness for ceremony.

Cer`e*mo"ni*al*ly, adv. According to rites and ceremonies; as, a person ceremonially unclean.

Cer`e*mo"ni*al*ness, n. Quality of being ceremonial.

Cer`e*mo"ni*ous (?), a. [Cf. F. cérémonieux, L. Caerimoniosus.] 1. Consisting of outward forms and rites; ceremonial. [In this sense ceremonial is now preferred.]

> The ceremonious part of His worship.
> South.

2. According to prescribed or customary rules and forms; devoted to forms and ceremonies; formally respectful; punctilious. "Ceremonious phrases." Addison.

> Too ceremonious and traditional.
> Shak.

Syn. -- Formal; precise; exact. See Formal.

Cer`e*mo"ni*ous*ly, adv. In a ceremonious way.

Cer`e*mo"ni*ous*ness, n. The quality, or practice, of being ceremonious.

Cer"e*mo*ny (?), n.; pl. Ceremonies (#). [F. cérémonie, L. caerimonia; perh. akin to E. create and from a root signifying to do or make.] 1. Ar act or series of acts, often of a symbolical character, prescribed by law, custom, or authority, in the conduct of important matters, as in the performance of religious duties, the transaction of affairs of state, and the celebration of notable events; as, the ceremony of crowning a sovereign; the ceremonies observed in consecrating a church; marriage and baptismal ceremonies.

> According to all the rites of it, and according to all the ceremonies thereof shall ye keep it [the Passover].
> Numb. ix. 3

> Bring her up the high altar, that she may
> The sacred ceremonies there partake.
> Spenser.

> [The heralds] with awful ceremony
> And trumpet's sound, throughout the host proclaim
> A solemn council.
> Milton.

2. Behavior regulated by strict etiquette; a formal method of performing acts of civility; forms of civility prescribed by custom or authority.

> Ceremony was but devised at first
> To set a gloss on . . . hollow welcomes . . .
> But where there is true friendship there needs none.
> Shak.

> Al ceremonies are in themselves very silly things; but yet a man of the world should know them.
> Chesterfield.

3. A ceremonial symbols; an emblem, as a crown, scepter, garland, etc. [Obs.]

> Disrobe the images,
> If you find them decked with ceremonies.
> . . . Let no images
> Be hung with Cæsar's trophies.
> Shak.

4. A sign or prodigy; a portent. [Obs.]

> Cæsar, I never stood on ceremonies,
> Yet, now they fright me.
> Shak.

Master of ceremonies, an officer who determines the forms to be observed, or superintends their observance, on a public occasion. -- Not to stand on ceremony, not to be ceremonious; to be familiar, outspoken, or bold.

Ce"re*ous (?), a. [L. cereus, fr. cera was.] Waxen; like wax. [Obs.] Gayton.

Ce"res (?), n. [L., Ceres, also corn, grain, akin to E. create.] 1. (Class. Myth.) The daughter of Saturn and Ops or Rhea, the goddess of corn and tillage.

2. (Actron.) The first discovered asteroid.

Cer"e*sin (?), n. [L. cera wax.] (Chem.) A white wax, made by bleaching and purifying ozocerite, and used as a substitute for beeswax.

||Ce"re*us (?), n. [L., a wax candle, fr. cera wax. So named from the resemblance of one species to the columnar shape of a wax candle.] (Bot.) A genus of plants of the Cactus family. They are natives of America, from California to Chili.

Although several species flower in the night, the name Night-blooming cereus is specially applied to the Cereus grandiflorus, which is cultivated for its beautiful, shortlived flowers. The Cereus giganteus, whose columnar trunk is sometimes sixty feet in height, is a striking feature of the scenery of New Mexico, Texas, etc.

Cer"i*al (?), a. Same as Cerrial. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ce*rif"er*ous (?), a. [L. ra wax + -ferous.] Producing wax.

Ce"rin (?), n. [L. cera wax + -in: cf. L. cerinus wax-colored.] 1. (Chem.) A waxy substance extracted by alcohol or ether from cork; sometimes applied also to the portion of beeswax which is soluble in alcohol. Watts.

2. (Min.) A variety of the mineral allanite.

Ce*rin"thi*an, n. (Eccl. Hist.) One of an ancient religious sect, so called from Cerinthus, a Jew, who attempted to unite the doctrines of Christ with the opinions of the Jews and Gnostics. Hook.

Cer"iph (?), n. (Type Founding) One of the fine lines of a letter, esp. one of the fine cross strokes at the top and bottom of letters. [Spelt also seriph.] Savage.

||Ce*rise" (?), a. [F., a cherry. See Cherry.] Cherry-colored; a light bright red; -- applied to textile fabrics, especially silk.

Ce"rite (?), n. [Gr. ke`ras horn.] (Zoöl.) A gastropod shell belonging to the family Cerithiïdæ; -- so called from its hornlike form.

Ce"rite, n. [From Cherium.] (Min.) A mineral of a brownish of cherry-red color, commonly massive. It is a hydrous silicate of cerium and allied metals.

Ce"ri*um (?), n. [Named by Berzelius in 1803 from the asteroid Ceres, then just discovered (1801).] (Chem.) A rare metallic element, occurring in the minerals cerite, allanite, monazite, etc. Symbol Ce. Atomic weight 141.5. It resembles iron in color and luster, but is soft, and both malleable and ductile. It tarnishes readily in the air.

Cer"nu*ous (?), a. [L. cernuus with the face turned toward the earth.] (Bot.) Inclining or nodding downward; pendulous; drooping; -- said of a bud, flower, fruit, or the capsule of a moss.

Ce"ro (?), n. [Corrupt. fr. Sp. sierra saw, sawfish, cero.] (Zoöl.) A large and valuable fish of the Mackerel family, of the genus Scomberomorus. Two species are found in the West Indies and less commonly on the Atlantic coast of the United States, -- the common cero (Scomberomorus caballa), called also kingfish, and spotted, or king, cero (S. regalis).

Ce"ro*graph (?), n. [Gr. khro`s wax + -graph.] A writing on wax. Knight.

{ Ce`ro*graph"ic (?), Ce`ro*graph"ic*al (?), } a. Of or pertaining to cerography.

Ce*rog"ra*phist (?), n. One who practices cerography.

Ce*rog"ra*phy (?), n. [Gr. khro`s wax + -graphy.]

1. The art of making characters or designs in, or with, wax.

2. A method of making stereotype plates from inscribed sheets of wax.

Cer"o*lite (?), n. [Gr. khro`s wax + -lite.] (Min.) A hydrous silicate of magnesium, allied to serpentine, occurring in waxlike masses of a yellow or greenish color.

||Ce*ro"ma (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?; ointment for wrestlers, the place for wrestling, fr. khroy^n to wax over, fr. khro`s wax.] 1. The unguent (a composition of oil and wax) with which wrestlers were anointed among the ancient Romans.

2. (Anc. Arch.) That part of the baths and gymnasia in which bathers and wrestlers anointed themselves.

3. (Zoöl.) The cere of birds.

Cer"o*man`cy (?), n. [Gr. khro`s wax + -mancy.] Divination by dropping melted wax in water.

Ce*roon" (?), n. [See Seroon.] A bale or package. covered with hide, or with wood bound with hide; as, a ceroon of indigo, cochineal, etc.

Ce`ro*plas"tic (?), a. [Gr. &?; for modeling in wax; khro`s wax + &?; to form, mold.] (Fine arts) (a) Relating to the art of modeling in wax. (b) Modeled in wax; as, a ceroplastic figure.

{ Ce`ro*plas"tics (?), Ce`ro*plas"ty (?), } n. [Gr. &?; (sc. &?; art): cf. F. céroplastique.] The art of modeling in wax.

Cer"o*sin (?), n. [L. cera wax.] (Chem.) A waxy substance obtained from the bark of the sugar cane, and crystallizing in delicate white laminæ.

Ce"rote (?), n. [Obs.] See Cerate.

Cer"o*tene (?), n. [L. cerotum a pomade. See Cerate.] (Chem.) A white waxy solid obtained from Chinese wax, and by the distillation of cerotin.

<! p. 235 !>

Ce*rot"ic (?), a. [See Cerotene.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, beeswax or Chinese wax; as, cerotic acid or alcohol.

Cer"o*tin (?), n. [See Cerotene.] (Chem.) A white crystalline substance, C27H55.OH, obtained from Chinese wax, and regarded as an alcohol of the marsh gas series; -- called also cerotic alcohol, ceryl alcohol.

Cer"ri*al (?), a. [L. cerreus, fr. cerrus a kind of oak.] (Bot.) Of or pertaining to the cerris.

> Chaplets green of cerrial oak.
> Dryden.

||Cer"ris (?), n. [L. cerrus.] (Bot.) A species of oak (Quercus cerris) native in the Orient and southern Europe; -- called also bitter oak and Turkey oak.

Cer"tain (?), a. [F. certain, fr. (assumed) LL. certanus, fr. L. certus determined, fixed, certain, orig. p. p. of cernere to perceive, decide, determine; akin to Gr. &?; to decide, separate, and to E. concern, critic, crime, riddle a sieve, rinse, v.] 1. Assured in mind; having no doubts; free from suspicions concerning.

> To make her certain of the sad event.
> Dryden.

> I myself am certain of you.
> Wyclif.

2. Determined; resolved; -- used with an infinitive.

> However, I with thee have fixed my lot,
> Certain to undergo like doom.
> Milton.

3. Not to be doubted or denied; established as a fact.

> The dream is certain, and the interpretation thereof sure.
> Dan. ii. 45.

4. Actually existing; sure to happen; inevitable.

> Virtue that directs our ways
> Through certain dangers to uncertain praise.
> Dryden.

> Death, as the Psalmist saith, is certain to all.
> Shak.

5. Unfailing; infallible.

> I have often wished that I knew as certain a remedy for any other distemper.
> Mead.

6. Fixed or stated; regular; determinate.

> The people go out and gather a certain rate every day.
> Ex. xvi. 4.

7. Not specifically named; indeterminate; indefinite; one or some; -- sometimes used independenty as a noun, and meaning certain persons.

> It came to pass when he was in a certain city.
> Luke. v. 12.

> About everything he wrote there was a certain natural grace und decorum.
> Macaulay.

For certain, assuredly. -- Of a certain, certainly.

Syn. -- Bound; sure; true; undeniable; unquestionable; undoubted; plain; indubitable; indisputable; incontrovertible; unhesitating; undoubting; fixed; stated.

Cer"tain, n. 1. Certainty. [Obs.] Gower.

2. A certain number or quantity. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Cer"tain, adv. Certainly. [Obs.] Milton.

Cer"tain*ly, adv. Without doubt or question; unquestionably.

Cer"tain*ness, n. Certainty.

Cer"tain*ty (?), n.; pl. Certainties (#). [OF. certaineté.] 1. The quality, state, or condition, of being certain.

> The certainty of punishment is the truest security against crimes.
> Fisher Ames.

2. A fact or truth unquestionable established.

> Certainties are uninteresting and sating.
> Landor.

3. (Law) Clearness; freedom from ambiguity; lucidity.

Of a certainty, certainly.

Cer"tes (?), adv. [F. certes, for à certes, fr. L. certus. See Certain.] Certainly; in truth; verily. [Archaic]

> Certes it great pity was to see
> Him his nobility so foul deface.
> Spenser.

Cer*tif"i*cate (?), n. [F. certificat, fr. LL. certificatus made certain, p. p. of certificare. See tify.] 1. A written testimony to the truth of any fact; as, certificate of good behavior.

2. A written declaration legally authenticated.

Trial by certificate, a trial which the testimony of the person certifying is the only proper criterion of the point in dispute; as, when the issue is whether a person was absent in the army, this is tried by the certificate of the proper officer in writing, under his seal. Blackstone.

Cer*tif"i*cate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Certificated; p. pr. & vb. n. Certificating.] [See Certify.]

1. To verify or vouch for by certificate.

2. To furnish with a certificate; as, to certificate the captain of a vessel; a certificated teacher.

Cer`ti*fi*ca"tion (?), n.[L. certificatio: cf. F. certification.] The act of certifying.

Cer"ti*fi`er (?), n. One who certifies or assures.

Cer"ti*fy (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Certified (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Certifying.] [F. certifier, LL. certificare; L. certus certain + facere to make. See Certain, and cf. Certificate, v. t.] 1. To give cetain information to; to assure; to make certain.

> We certify the king, that . . . thou shalt have no portion on this side the river.
> Ezra iv. 16.

2. To give certain information of; to make certain, as a fact; to verify. Hammond.

> The industry of science at once certifies and greatly extends our knowledge of the vastness of the creation.
> I. Taylor.

3. To testify to in writing; to make a declaration concerning, in writing, under hand, or hand and seal.

> The judges shall certify their opinion to the chancellor, and upon such certificate the decree is usually founded.
> Blackstone.

Certified check, A bank check, the validity of which is certified by the bank on which it is drawn.

Cer`ti*o*ra"ri (?), n. [So named from the emphatic word certiorari in the Latin form of the writ, which read certiorar volumus we wish to be certified.] (Law) A writ issuing out of chancery, or a superior court, to call up the records of a inferior court, or remove a cause there depending, in order that the party may have more sure and speedy justice, or that errors and irregularities may be corrected. It is obtained upon complaint of a party that he has not received justice, or can not have an impartial trial in the inferior court.

A certiorari is the correct process to remove the proceedings of a court in which cases are tried in a manner different from the course of the common law, as of county commissioners. It is also used as an auxiliary process in order to obtain a full return to some other process. Bouvier.

Cer"ti*tude (?), n. [LL. certitudo, fr. L. certus: cf. F. certitude. See Certain.] Freedom from doubt; assurance; certainty. J. H. Newman.

Cer"ule (?), a. [L. caerulus, eguiv. to caeruleus.] Blue; cerulean. [Obs.] Dyer.

Ce*ru"le*an (?), a. [L. caeruleus.] Sky-colored; blue; azure. Cowper.

> Blue, blue, as if that sky let fall

> A flower from its cerulean wall.
> Bryant.

Ce*ru"le*ous (?), a. Cerulean. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Cer`u*lif"ic (?), a. [L. caerulus dark blue + facere to make.] Producing a blue or sky color. [R.]

||Ce*ru"men (?), n. [NL., fr. L. cera wax.] (Physiol.) The yellow, waxlike secretion from the glands of the external ear; the earwax.

Ce*ru"mi*nous (?), a. (Physiol.) Pertaining to, or secreting, cerumen; as, the ceruminous glands.

Ce"ruse (?), n. [F. céruse, L. cerussa.] 1. White lead, used as a pigment. See White lead, under White.

2. A cosmetic containing white lead.

> To distinguish ceruse from natural bloom.
> Macaulay.

3. (Min.) The native carbonate of lead.

Ce"rused (?), a. Washed with a preparation of white lead; as, cerused face. Beau. & Fl.

{ Ce"ru*site (?), Ce"rus*site (?), } n. (Min.) Native lead carbonate; a mineral occurring in colorless, white, or yellowish transparent crystals, with an adamantine, also massive and compact.

Cer"van*tite (?), n. [Named from Cervantes a town in Spain.] (Min.) See under Antimony.

Cer"ve*lat (?), n. [F.] (Mus.) An ancient wind instrument, resembling the bassoon in tone.

Cer"vi*cal, a. [L. cervix, -icis, neck: cf. F. cervical.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the neck; as, the cervical vertebræ.

Cer"vi*cide (?), n. [L. cervus deer + caedere to kill.] The act of killing deer; deer-slaying. [R.]

Cer"vine (?), a. [L. cervinus, fr. cervus deer: cf. F. cervin.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the deer, or to the family Cervidæ.

||Cer"vix (?), n.; pl. E. Cervixes (#), L. Cervices (#). [L.] (Anat.) The neck; also, the necklike portion of any part, as of the womb. See Illust. of Bird.

||Cer"vus (?), n. [L., a deer.] (Zoöl.) A genus of ruminants, including the red deer and other allied species.

Formerly all species of deer were included in the genus Cervus.

Ce"ryl (?), n. [L. cera wax + -yl.] (Chem.) A radical, C27H55 supposed to exist in several compounds obtained from Chinese wax, beeswax, etc.

{ Ce*sa"re*an (?), Ce*sa"ri*an, } a. Same as Cæsarean, Cæsarian.

Ce"sar*ism (?), n. See Cæsarism.

Ces"pi*tine (?), n. [L. caespes, caespitis, a turf.] An oil obtained by distillation of peat, and containing various members of the pyridine series.

Ces"pi*ti`tious (?), a. [L. caespiticius, fr. caespes turf.] Same as Cespitious. [R.] Gough.

Ces"pi*tose` (?), a. [L. caespes turf.] (Bot.) Having the form a piece of turf, i. e., many stems from one rootstock or from many entangled rootstocks or roots. [Written also cæspitose.]

Ces"pi*tous (?), a. [See Cespitose.] Pertaining to, consisting, of resembling, turf; turfy.

> A cespitous or turfy plant has many stems from the same root, usually forming a close, thick carpet of matting.
> Martyn.

Cess (?), n. [For sess, conts. from Assess.] 1. A rate or tax. [Obs. or Prof. Eng. & Scot.] Spenser.

2. Bound; measure. [Obs.]

> The poor jade is wrung in the withers out of all cess.
> Shak.

Cess, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cessed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Cessing.] To rate; to tax; to assess. Spenser.

Cess, v. i. [F. cesser. See Cease.] To cease; to neglect. [Obs.] Spenser.

Ces"sant (?) a. [L. cessans, p. pr. of cessare. See Cease.] Inactive; dormant [Obs.] W. Montagu.

Ces*sa"tion (ss*s"shn), n. [F. cessation, L. cessatio, fr. cessare. See Cease.] A ceasing or discontinuance, as of action, whether temporary or final; a stop; as, a cessation of the war.

> The temporary cessation of the papal iniquities.
> Motley.

> The day was yearly observed for a festival by cessation from labor.
> Sir J. Hayward.

Cessation of arms (Mil.), an armistice, or truce, agreed to by the commanders of armies, to give time for a capitulation, or for other purposes.

Syn. -- Stop; rest; stay; pause; discontinuance; intermission; interval; respite; interruption; recess; remission.

||Ces*sa"vit (?), n. [L., he has ceased.] [O. Eng. Law] A writ given by statute to recover lands when the tenant has for two years failed to perform the conditions of his tenure.

Ces"ser (?), n. [From Cess, v. i.] (Law) a neglect of a tenant to perform services, or make payment, for two years.

Ces"si*ble (?), a. [Cf. F. cessible. See Cession.] Giving way; yielding. [Obs.] -- Ces`si*bil"i*ty (#), n. [Obs.] Sir K. Digby.

Ces"sion (?), n. [L. cessio, fr. cedere to give way: cf. F. Cession. See Cede.] 1. A yielding to physical force. [Obs.] Bacon.

2. Concession; compliance. [Obs.]

3. A yielding, or surrender, as of property or rights, to another person; the act of ceding.

> A cession of the island of New Orleans.
> Bancroft.

4. (Eccl. Law) The giving up or vacating a benefice by accepting another without a proper dispensation.

5. (Civil Law) The voluntary surrender of a person's effects to his creditors to avoid imprisonment.

Ces"sion*a*ry (?), a. [LL. cessionarius, from cessionare to cede, fr. L. cessio: cf. F. cessionnaire. See Cession.] Having surrendered the effects; as, a cessionary bankrupt. Martin.

Cess"ment (?), n. [From Cess, v. t.] An assessment or tax. [Obs.] Johnson.

Ces"sor (?), n. [From Cess, v. i. Cf. Cesser.] (Law) One who neglects, for two years, to perform the service by which he holds lands, so that he incurs the danger of the writ of cessavit. See Cessavit. Cowell.

Ces"sor, n. [From Cess, v. t.] An assessor. [Obs.]

Cess"pipe` (ss"pp`), n. A pipe for carrying off waste water, etc., from a sink or cesspool. Knight.

Cess"pool` (-pl`), n. [See Sesspol.] A cistern in the course, or the termination, of a drain, to collect sedimentary or superfluous matter; a privy vault; any receptacle of filth. [Written also sesspool.]

Cest (sst), n. [L. cestus: cf. OF. ceste.] A woman's girdle; a cestus. [R.] Collins.

Ces"tode (ss"td), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Cestoidea. -- n. One of the Cestoidea.

Ces"toid (ss"toid), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Cestoidea. -- n. One of the Cestoidea.

||Ces*toid"e*a (ss*toid"*), n. pl. [NL., gr. Gr. kesto`s girdle + -oid.] (Zoöl.) A class of parasitic worms (Platelminthes) of which the tapeworms are the most common examples. The body is flattened, and usually but not always long, and composed of numerous joints or segments, each of which may contain a complete set of male and female reproductive organs. They have neither mouth nor intestine. See Tapeworm. [Written also Cestoda.]

Ces*told"e*an (?), n. (Zoöl.) One of the Cestoidea.

Ces*tra"ci*ont (?), n. [Gr. &?; a kind of fish.] (Zoöl.) A shark of the genus Cestracion, and of related genera. The posterior teeth form a pavement of bony plates for crushing shellfish. Most of the species are extinct. The Port Jackson shark and a similar one found in California are living examples.

Ces*tra"ci*ont, a. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to, or characteristic of, the genus Cestracion.

Ces"tus (?), n. [L. cestus girdle, Gr. &?;, lit., stitched, embroidered.] 1. (Antiq.) A girdle; particularly that of Aphrodite (or Venus) which gave the wearer the power of exciting love.

2. (Zoöl.) A genus of Ctenophora. The typical species (Cestus Veneris) is remarkable for its brilliant iridescent colors, and its long, girdlelike form.

Ces"tus, n. [L. caestus, and cestus.] (Antiq.) A covering for the hands of boxers, made of leather bands, and often loaded with lead or iron.

{ ||Ces"tuy or ||Ces"tui (?), } pron. [Norm. F.] (Law) He; the one.

Cestuy que trust (&?;) [norm. F.], a person who has the equitable and beneficial interest in property, the legal interest in which is vested in a trustee. Wharton. -- Cestuy que use (&?;) [Norm. F.], a person for whose use land, etc., is granted to another.

Ce*su"ra (?), n. See Cæsura.

Ce*su"ral (?), a. See Cæsural.

||Ce*ta"ce*a (?), n. pl. [NL., from L. cetus whale, Gr. &?;.] (Zoöl.) An order of marine mammals, including the whales. Like ordinary mammals they breathe by means of lungs, and bring forth living young which they suckle for some time. The anterior limbs are changed to paddles; the tail flukes are horizontal. There are two living suborders: (a) The Mysticete or whalebone whales, having no true teeth after birth, but with a series of plates of whalebone [see Baleen.] hanging down from the upper jaw on each side, thus making a strainer, through which they receive the small animals upon which they feed. (b) The Denticete, including the dolphins and sperm whale, which have teeth. Another suborder (Zeuglodontia) is extinct. The Sirenia were formerly included in the Cetacea, but are now made a separate order.

Ce*ta"cean (?), n. (Zoöl.) One of the Cetacea.

Ce*ta"ceous (?), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Cetacea.

||Ce"te (?), n. [L., pl.] (Zoöl.) One of the Cetacea, or collectively, the Cetacea.

Ce"tene (?), n. [See Cete.] (Chem.) An oily hydrocarbon, C16H32, of the ethylene series, obtained from spermaceti.

Cet"e*rach (?), n. [F. cétérac, fr. Ar. shetrak.] (Bot.) A species of fern with fronds (Asplenium Ceterach).

Cet"e*wale (?), n. [OF. citoal, F. zedoaire. See Zedoary.] Same as Zedoary. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ce"tic (?), a. Of or pertaining to a whale.

Ce"tin (?), n. [L. cetus whale.] (Chem.) A white, waxy substance, forming the essential part of spermaceti.

<! p. 236 !>

Ce`to*log"ic*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to cetology.

Ce*tol"o*gist (?), a. One versed in cetology.

Ce*tol"o*gy (?), n. [Gr. &?; whale + -logy: cf. F. cétologie.] The description or natural history of cetaceous animals.

Ce*trar"ic (?), a. Pertaining to, or derived from, the lichen, Iceland moss (Cetaria Islandica).

Cetraric acid. See Cetrarin.

Cet"ra*rin (?), n. [From Cetraria Islandica, the scientific name of Iceland moss.] (Chem.) A white substance extracted from the lichen, Iceland moss (Cetraria Islandica). It consists of several ingredients, among which is cetraric acid, a white, crystalline, bitter substance.

Ce"tyl (?), n. [Gr. &?; whale + -yl.] (Chem.) A radical, C16H33, not yet isolated, but supposed to exist in a series of compounds homologous with the ethyl compounds, and derived from spermaceti.

Ce*tyl"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or derived from, spermaceti.

Cetylic alcohol (Chem.), a white, waxy, crystalline solid, obtained from spermaceti, and regarded as homologous with ordinary, or ethyl, alcohol; ethal; -- called also cetyl alcohol.

Cey"lan*ite (?), n. [F., fr. Ceylan Ceylon.] (Min.) A dingy blue, or grayish black, variety of spinel. It is also called pleonaste. [Written also ceylonite.]

Cey`lon*ese" (?), a. Of or pertaining to Ceylon. -- n. sing. & pl. A native or natives of Ceylon.

C. G. S. An abbreviation for Centimeter, Gram, Second. -- applied to a system of units much employed in physical science, based upon the centimeter as the unit of length, the gram as the unit of weight or mass, and the second as the unit of time.

Chab (chb), n. (Zoöl.) The red-bellied woodpecker (Melanerpes Carolinus).

{ Chab"a*site (kb"*st), Cab"a*zite (kb"*zt), } n. [Gr. chabazi`os one of twenty species of stones mentioned in the poem Peri` li`qwn, ascribed to Orpheus.] (Min.) A mineral occuring in glassy rhombohedral crystals, varying in color from white to yellow or red. It is essentially a hydrous silicate of alumina and lime. Called also chabasie.

||Cha*blis" (sh*bl"), n. [F.] A white wine made near Chablis, a town in France.

{ ||Cha*bouk", ||Cha*buk" (?), } n. [Hind. chbuk horsewhip.] A long whip, such as is used in the East in the infliction of punishment. Balfour.

Chace (?), n. See 3d Chase, n., 3.

Chace, v. t. To pursue. See Chase v. t.

||Cha`cha*la"ca (?), n. [Native name, prob. given in imitation of its cry.] (Zoöl.) The Texan guan (Ortalis vetula). [written also chiacalaca.]

Chack (chk), v. i. To toss up the head frequently, as a horse to avoid the restraint of the bridle.

||Chac"ma (?), n. [Native name.] A large species of African baboon (Cynocephalus porcarius); -- called also ursine baboon. [See Illust. of Baboon.]

||Cha*conne" (?), n. [F., fr. Sp. chacona.] (Mus.) An old Spanish dance in moderate three-four measure, like the Passacaglia, which is slower. Both are used by classical composers as themes for variations.

Chad (shd), n. See Shad. [Obs.]

||Chæ*te"tes (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; hair.] (Zoöl.) A genus of fossil corals, common in the lower Silurian limestones.

Chæ*tif"er*ous (?), a. [Gr. &?; hair + -ferous.] (Zoöl.) Bearing setæ.

Chæ"to*dont (?), n. [Gr. &?; hair + &?;, &?;, tooth.] (Zoöl.) A marine fish of the family Chætodontidæ. The chætodonts have broad, compressed bodies, and usually bright colors.

Chæto*dont, a. Of or pertaining to the Chætodonts or the family Chætodontidæ.

Chæ"tog*nath (?), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Chætognatha.

||Chæ*tog"na*tha (?), n. pl. [NL., from Gr. &?; hair + &?; jaw.] (Zoöl) An order of free-swimming marine worms, of which the genus Sagitta is the type. They have groups of curved spines on each side of the head.

Chæ"to*pod (?), a. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the Chætopoda. -- n. One of the Chætopoda.

||Chæ*top"o*da (?), n. pl. [NL., from Gr. &?; hair + -poda.] (Zoöl.) A very extensive order of Annelida, characterized by the presence of lateral setæ, or spines, on most or all of the segments. They are divided into two principal groups: Oligochæta, including the earthworms and allied forms, and Polychæta, including most of the marine species.

Chæ"to*tax`y (?), n. [Gr. &?; hair + &?; arrangement.] (Zoöl.) The arrangement of bristles on an insect.

Chafe (chf), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chafed (chft); p pr. & vb. n. Chafing.] [OE. chaufen to warm, OF. chaufer, F. chauffer, fr. L. calefacere, calfacere, to make warm; calere to be warm + facere to make. See Caldron.] 1. To excite heat in by friction; to rub in order to stimulate and make warm.

> To rub her temples, and to chafe her skin.
> Spenser.

2. To excite passion or anger in; to fret; to irritate.

> Her intercession chafed him.
> Shak.

3. To fret and wear by rubbing; as, to chafe a cable.

> Two slips of parchment which she sewed round it to prevent its being chafed.
> Sir W. Scott.

Syn. -- To rub; fret; gall; vex; excite; inflame.

Chafe, v. i. To rub; to come together so as to wear by rubbing; to wear by friction.

> Made its great boughs chafe together.
> Longfellow.

> The troubled Tiber chafing with her shores.
> Shak.

2. To be worn by rubbing; as, a cable chafes.

3. To have a feeling of vexation; to be vexed; to fret; to be irritated. Spenser.

> He will chafe at the doctor's marrying my daughter.
> Shak.

Chafe, n. 1. Heat excited by friction.

2. Injury or wear caused by friction.

3. Vexation; irritation of mind; rage.

> The cardinal in a chafe sent for him to Whitehall.
> Camden.

Chaf"er (?), n. 1. One who chafes.

2. A vessel for heating water; -- hence, a dish or pan.

> A chafer of water to cool the ends of the irons.
> Baker.

Chaf"er, n. [AS. ceafor; akin to D. kever, G këfer.] (Zoöl.) A kind of beetle; the cockchafer. The name is also applied to other species; as, the rose chafer.

Chaf"er*y (?), n. [See Chafe, v. t.] (Iron Works) An open furnace or forge, in which blooms are heated before being wrought into bars.

{ Chafe"wax` (?), or Chaff"wax` (?), } n. (Eng. Law) Formerly a chancery officer who fitted wax for sealing writs and other documents.

Chafe"weed` (?), n. (Bot.) The cudweed (Gnaphalium), used to prevent or cure chafing.

Chaff (?), n. [AC. ceaf; akin to D. kaf, G. kaff.]

1. The glumes or husks of grains and grasses separated from the seed by threshing and winnowing, etc.

> So take the corn and leave the chaff behind.
> Dryden.

> Old birds are not caught with caff.
> Old Proverb.

2. Anything of a comparatively light and worthless character; the refuse part of anything.

> The chaff and ruin of the times.
> Shak.

3. Straw or hay cut up fine for the food of cattle.

> By adding chaff to his corn, the horse must take more time to eat it. In this way chaff is very useful.
> Ywatt.

4. Light jesting talk; banter; raillery.

5. (Bot.) The scales or bracts on the receptacle, which subtend each flower in the heads of many Compositæ, as the sunflower. Gray.

Chaff cutter, a machine for cutting, up straw, etc., into "chaff" for the use of cattle.

Chaff, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Chaffed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Chaffing.] To use light, idle language by way of fun or ridicule; to banter.

Chaff, v. t. To make fun of; to turn into ridicule by addressing in ironical or bantering language; to quiz.

> Morgan saw that his master was chaffing him.
> Thackeray.

> A dozen honest fellows . . . chaffed each other about their sweethearts.
> C. Kingsley.

Chaff"er, n. One who chaffs.

Chaf"fer (?), n. [OE. chaffare, cheapfare; AS. ceáp a bargain, price + faru a journey; hence, originally, a going to barain, to market. See Cheap, and Fare.] Bargaining; merchandise. [Obs.] Holished.

Chaf"fer, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Chaffered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Chaffering.] [OE. chaffaren, fr. chaffare, chapfare, cheapfare, a bargaining. See Chaffer, n.]

1. To treat or dispute about a purchase; to bargain; to haggle or higgle; to negotiate.

> To chaffer for preferments with his gold.
> Dryden.

2. To talk much and idly; to chatter. Trench.

Chaf"fer, v. t. 1. To buy or sell; to trade in.

> He chaffered chairs in which churchmen were set.
> Spenser.

2. To exchange; to bandy, as words. Spenser.

Chaf"fer*er (?), n. One who chaffers; a bargainer.

Chaf"fern (?), n. [See Chafe, v. t.] A vessel for heating water. [Obs.] Johnson.

Chaf"fer*y, n. Traffic; bargaining. [Obs.] Spenser.

Chaf"finch (?), n. [Cf. Chiff- chaff.] (Zoöl.) A bird of Europe (Fringilla cœlebs), having a variety of very sweet songs, and highly valued as a cage bird; -- called also copper finch.

Chaff"ing (?), n. The use of light, frivolous language by way of fun or ridicule; raillery; banter.

Chaff"less, a. Without chaff.

Chaff"y (?), a. 1. Abounding in, or resembling, chaff.

> Chaffy grain beneath the thresher's flail.
> Coleridge.

2. Light or worthless as chaff.

> Slight and chaffy opinion.
> Glanvill.

3. (Bot.) (a) Resembling chaff; composed of light dry scales. (b) Bearing or covered with dry scales, as the under surface of certain ferns, or the disk of some composite flowers.

Chaf"ing (?), n. [See Chafe, v. t.] The act of rubbing, or wearing by friction; making by rubbing.

Chafing dish, a dish or vessel for cooking on the table, or for keeping food warm, either by coals, by a lamp, or by hot water; a portable grate for coals. -- Chafing gear (Naut.), any material used to protect sails, rigging, or the like, at points where they are exposed to friction.

Cha*green" (?), n. See Shagreen.

Cha*grin" (?), n. [F., fr. chagrin shagreen, a particular kind of rough and grained leather; also a rough fishskin used for graters and files; hence (Fig.), a gnawing, corroding grief. See Shagreen.] Vexation; mortification.

> I must own that I felt rather vexation and chagrin than hope and satisfaction.
> Richard Porson.

> Hear me, and touch Belinda with chagrin.
> Pope.

Syn. -- Vexation; mortification; peevishness; fretfulness; disgust; disquiet. Chagrin, Vexation, Mortification. These words agree in the general sense of pain produced by untoward circumstances. Vexation is a feeling of disquietude or irritating uneasiness from numerous causes, such as losses, disappointments, etc. Mortification is a stronger word, and denotes that keen sense of pain which results from wounded pride or humiliating occurrences. Chagrin is literally the cutting pain produced by the friction of Shagreen leather; in its figurative sense, it varies in meaning, denoting in its lower degrees simply a state of vexation, and its higher degrees the keenest sense of mortification.

"Vexation arises chiefly from our wishes and views being crossed: mortification, from our self-importance being hurt; chagrin, from a mixture of the two." Crabb.

Cha*grin", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chagrined (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Chargrining.] [Cf. F. chagriner See Chagrin, n.] To excite ill-humor in; to vex; to mortify; as, he was not a little chagrined.

Cha*grin", v. i. To be vexed or annoyed. Fielding.

Cha*grin", a. Chagrined. Dryden.

Chain (?), n. [F. chaîne, fr. L. catena. Cf. Catenate.] 1. A series of links or rings, usually of metal, connected, or fitted into one another, used for various purposes, as of support, of restraint, of ornament, of the exertion and transmission of mechanical power, etc.

> [They] put a chain of gold about his neck.
> Dan. v. 29.

2. That which confines, fetters, or secures, as a chain; a bond; as, the chains of habit.

> Driven down
> To chains of darkness and the undying worm.
> Milton.

3. A series of things linked together; or a series of things connected and following each other in succession; as, a chain of mountains; a chain of events or ideas.

4. (Surv.) An instrument which consists of links and is used in measuring land.

One commonly in use is Gunter's chain, which consists of one hundred links, each link being seven inches and ninety-two one hundredths in length; making up the total length of rods, or sixty-six, feet; hence, a measure of that length; hence, also, a unit for land measure equal to four rods square, or one tenth of an acre.

5. pl. (Naut.) Iron links bolted to the side of a vessel to bold the dead-eyes connected with the shrouds; also, the channels.

6. (Weaving) The warp threads of a web. Knight.

Chain belt (Mach.), a belt made of a chain; -- used for transmitting power. -- Chain boat, a boat fitted up for recovering lost cables, anchors, etc. -- Chain bolt (a) (Naut.) The bolt at the lower end of the chain plate, which fastens it to the vessel's side. (b) A bolt with a chain attached for drawing it out of position. -- Chain bond. See Chain timber. -- Chain bridge, a bridge supported by chain cables; a suspension bridge. -- Chain cable, a cable made of iron links. -- Chain coral (Zoöl.), a fossil coral of the genus Halysites, common in the middle and upper Silurian rocks. The tubular corallites are united side by side in groups, looking in an end view like links of a chain. When perfect, the calicles show twelve septa. -- Chain coupling. (a) A shackle for uniting lengths of chain, or connecting a chain with an object. (b) (Railroad) Supplementary coupling together of cars with a chain. -- Chain gang, a gang of convicts chained together. -- Chain hook (Naut.), a hook, used for dragging cables about the deck. -- Chain mail, flexible, defensive armor of hammered metal links wrought into the form of a garment. -- Chain molding (Arch.), a form of molding in imitation of a chain, used in the Normal style. - - Chain pier, a pier suspended by chain. -- Chain pipe (Naut.), an opening in the deck, lined with iron, through which the cable is passed into the lockers or tiers. -- Chain plate (Shipbuilding), one of the iron plates or bands, on a vessel's side, to which the standing rigging is fastened. -- Chain pulley, a pulley with depressions in the periphery of its wheel, or projections from it, made to fit the links of a chain. -- Chain pumps. See in the Vocabulary. -- Chain rule (Arith.), a theorem for solving numerical problems by composition of ratios, or compound proportion, by which, when several ratios of equality are given, the consequent of each being the same as the antecedent of the next, the relation between the first antecedent and the last consequent is discovered. -- Chain shot (Mil.), two cannon balls united by a shot chain, formerly used in naval warfare on account of their destructive effect on a ship's rigging. -- Chain stitch. See in the Vocabulary. -- Chain timber. (Arch.) See Bond timber, under Bond. -- Chain wales. (Naut.) Same as Channels. -- Chain wheel. See in the Vocabulary. -- Closed chain, Open chain (Chem.), terms applied to the chemical structure of compounds whose rational formulæ are written respectively in the form of a closed ring (see Benzene nucleus, under Benzene), or in an open extended form. -- Endless chain, a chain whose ends have been united by a link.

Chain, v. t. [imp. p. p. Chained (chnd); p. pr. & vb. n. Chaining.] 1. To fasten, bind, or connect with a chain; to fasten or bind securely, as with a chain; as, to chain a bulldog.

> Chained behind the hostile car.
> Prior.

2. To keep in slavery; to enslave.

> And which more blest? who chained his country, say
> Or he whose virtue sighed to lose a day?
> Pope.

3. To unite closely and strongly.

> And in this vow do chain my soul to thine.
> Shak.

4. (Surveying) To measure with the chain.

5. To protect by drawing a chain across, as a harbor.

<! p. 237 !>

Chain"less (?), a. Having no chain; not restrained or fettered. "The chainless mind." Byron.

Chain"let (?), n. A small chain. Sir W. Scott.

Chain" pump` (?). A pump consisting of an endless chain, running over a drum or wheel by which it is moved, and dipping below the water to be raised. The chain has at intervals disks or lifts which fit the tube through which the ascending part passes and carry the water to the point of discharge.

Chain" stitch` (?). 1. An ornamental stitch like the links of a chain; -- used in crocheting, sewing, and embroidery.

2. (Machine Sewing) A stitch in which the looping of the thread or threads forms a chain on the under side of the work; the loop stitch, as distinguished from the lock stitch. See Stitch.

Chain" wheel` (?). 1. A chain pulley, or sprocket wheel.

2. An inversion of the chain pump, by which it becomes a motor driven by water.

Chain"work` (?), n. Work looped or linked after the manner of a chain; chain stitch work.

Chair (?), n. [OE. chaiere, chaere, OF. chaiere, chaere, F. chaire pulpit, fr. L. cathedra chair, armchair, a teacher's or professor's chair, Gr. &?; down + &?; seat, &?; to sit, akin to E. sit. See Sit, and cf. Cathedral, chaise.]

1. A movable single seat with a back.

2. An official seat, as of a chief magistrate or a judge, but esp. that of a professor; hence, the office itself.

> The chair of a philosophical school.
> Whewell.

> A chair of philology.
> M. Arnold.

3. The presiding officer of an assembly; a chairman; as, to address the chair.

4. A vehicle for one person; either a sedan borne upon poles, or two-wheeled carriage, drawn by one horse; a gig. Shak.

> Think what an equipage thou hast in air,
> And view with scorn two pages and a chair.
> Pope.

5. An iron block used on railways to support the rails and secure them to the sleepers.

Chair days, days of repose and age. -- To put into the chair, to elect as president, or as chairman of a meeting. Macaulay. -- To take the chair, to assume the position of president, or of chairman of a meeting.

Chair, v. t. [imp. & p. pr. Chaired (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Chairing.] 1. To place in a chair.

2. To carry publicly in a chair in triumph. [Eng.]

Chair"man (?), n.; pl. Chairmen (&?;). 1. The presiding officer of a committee, or of a public or private meeting, or of any organized body.

2. One whose business it is to cary a chair or sedan.

> Breaks watchmen's heads and chairmen's glasses.
> Prior.

Chair"man*ship, n. The office of a chairman of a meeting or organized body.

Chaise (shz), n. [F. chaise seat, or chair, chaise or carriage, for chaire, from a peculiar Parisian pronunciation. See Chair.] 1. A two-wheeled carriage for two persons, with a calash top, and the body hung on leather straps, or thorough-braces. It is usually drawn by one horse.

2. Loosely, a carriage in general. Cowper.

||Cha"ja (?), n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) The crested screamer of Brazil (Palamedea, or Chauna, chavaria), so called in imitation of its notes; -- called also chauna, and faithful kamichi. It is often domesticated and is useful in guarding other poultry. See Kamichi.

||Cha*la"za (?), n.; pl. E. Chalazas, L. Chalazæ (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?; hail, pimple.] 1. (Bot.) The place on an ovule, or seed, where its outer coats cohere with each other and the nucleus.

2. (Biol.) A spiral band of thickened albuminous substance which exists in the white of the bird's egg, and serves to maintain the yolk in its position; the treadle.

Cha*la"zal (?), a. Of or pertaining to the chalaza.

Cha*laze" (?), n. Same as Chalaza.

Chal`a*zif"er*ous (?), a. [Chalaza + -ferous.] Having or bearing chalazas.

||Cha*la"zi*on (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; dim. of &?; hail, pimple.] (Med.) A small circumscribed tumor of the eyelid caused by retention of secretion, and by inflammation of the Melbomian glands.

Chal*can"thite (?), n. [L. chalcanthum a solution of blue vitriol, Gr. &?;.] (Min.) Native blue vitriol. See Blue vitriol, under Blue.

Chal"ce*don"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to chalcedony.

Chal*ced"o*ny (kl*sd"*n or kl"s*d*n; 277), n.; pl. Chalcedonies (-nz). [ L. chalcedonius, fr. Gr. CHalkhdw`n Chalcedon, a town in Asia Minor, opposite to Byzantium: cf. calcédoine, OE. calcidoine, casidoyne. Cf. Cassidony.] (Min.) A cryptocrystalline, translucent variety of quartz, having usually a whitish color, and a luster nearly like wax. [Written also calcedony.]

When chalcedony is variegated with with spots or figures, or arranged in differently colored layers, it is called agate; and if by reason of the thickness, color, and arrangement of the layers it is suitable for being carved into cameos, it is called onyx. Chrysoprase is green chalcedony; carnelian, a flesh red, and sard, a brownish red variety.

||Chal`chi*huitl" (chl`ch*wtl"), n. (Min.) The Mexican name for turquoise. See Turquoise.

Chal"cid fly` (?). [From Gr. chalko`s copper; in allusion to its metallic colors.] (Zoöl.) One of a numerous family of hymenopterous insects (Chalcididæ. Many are gallflies, others are parasitic on insects.

Chal*cid"i*an (?), n. [L. chalcis a lizard, Gr. chalki`s.] (Zoöl.) One of a tropical family of snakelike lizards (Chalcidæ), having four small or rudimentary legs.

Chal"co*cite (?), n. [Gr. chalko`s brass.] (Min.) Native copper sulphide, called also copper glance, and vitreous copper; a mineral of a black color and metallic luster. [Formerly written chalcosine.]

{ Chal*cog"ra*pher (?), Chal*cog"ra*phist (?), } n. An engraver on copper or brass; hence, an engraver of copper plates for printing upon paper.

Chal*cog"ra*phy (?), n. [Gr. chalko`s copper, brass + -graphy.] The act or art of engraving on copper or brass, especially of engraving for printing.

Chal`co*pyr"ite (?), n. [Gr. chalko`s brass + E. pyrite. So named from its color.] (Min.) Copper pyrites, or yellow copper ore; a common ore of copper, containing copper, iron, and sulphur. It occurs massive and in tetragonal crystals of a bright brass yellow color.

Chal*da"ic (?), a. [L. Chaldaicus.] Of or pertaining to Chaldea. -- n. The language or dialect of the Chaldeans; Chaldee.

Chal"da*ism (?), n. An idiom or peculiarity in the Chaldee dialect.

Chal*de"an (?), a. [L. Chaldaeus.] Of or pertaining to Chaldea. -- n. (a) A native or inhabitant of Chaldea. (b) A learned man, esp. an astrologer; -- so called among the Eastern nations, because astrology and the kindred arts were much cultivated by the Chaldeans. (c) Nestorian.

Chal"dee (?), a. Of or pertaining to Chaldea. -- n. The language or dialect of the Chaldeans; eastern Aramaic, or the Aramaic used in Chaldea.

Chaldee Paraphrase, A targum written in Aramaic.

{ Chal"drich (?), Chal"der (?), } n. [Icel. tjaldr.] (Zoöl.) A kind of bird; the oyster catcher.

Chal"dron (?), n. [OF. chaldron, F. chaudron kettle. The same word as caldron.] An English dry measure, being, at London, 36 bushels heaped up, or its equivalent weight, and more than twice as much at Newcastle. Now used exclusively for coal and coke.

In the United States the chaldron is ordinarily 2,940 lbs, but at New York it is 2,500 lbs. De Colange.

||Cha*let" (?), n. [F.] 1. A herdsman's hut in the mountains of Switzerland.

> Chalets are summer huts for the Swiss herdsmen.
> Wordsworth.

2. A summer cottage or country house in the Swiss mountains; any country house built in the style of the Swiss cottages.

Chal"ice (?), n. [OR. chalis, calice, OF. chalice, calice, F. calice, fr. L. calix, akin to Gr. &?; and E. helmet. Cf. Calice, Calyx.] A cup or bowl; especially, the cup used in the sacrament of the Lord's Supper.

Chal"iced (?), a. Having a calyx or cup; cup-shaped. "Chaliced flowers." Shak.

Chalk (?), n. [AS. cealc lime, from L. calx limestone. See Calz, and Cawk.] 1. (Min.) A soft, earthy substance, of a white, grayish, or yellowish white color, consisting of calcium carbonate, and having the same composition as common limestone.

2. (Fine Arts) Finely prepared chalk, used as a drawing implement; also, by extension, a compound, as of clay and black lead, or the like, used in the same manner. See Crayon.

Black chalk, a mineral of a bluish color, of a slaty texture, and soiling the fingers when handled; a variety of argillaceous slate. -- By a long chalk, by a long way; by many degrees. [Slang] Lowell. -- Chalk drawing (Fine Arts), a drawing made with crayons. See Crayon. -- Chalk formation. See Cretaceous formation, under Cretaceous. -- Chalk line, a cord rubbed with chalk, used for making straight lines on boards or other material, as a guide in cutting or in arranging work. -- Chalk mixture, a preparation of chalk, cinnamon, and sugar in gum water, much used in diarrheal affection, esp. of infants. -- Chalk period. (Geol.) See Cretaceous period, under Cretaceous. - - Chalk pit, a pit in which chalk is dug. -- Drawing chalk. See Crayon, n., 1. -- French chalk, steatite or soapstone, a soft magnesian mineral. -- Red chalk, an indurated clayey ocher containing iron, and used by painters and artificers; reddle.

Chalk, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chalked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Chalking.] 1. To rub or mark with chalk.

2. To manure with chalk, as land. Morimer.

3. To make white, as with chalk; to make pale; to bleach. Tennyson.

> Let a bleak paleness chalk the door.
> Herbert.

To chalk out, to sketch with, or as with, chalk; to outline; to indicate; to plan. [Colloq.] "I shall pursue the plan I have chalked out." Burke.

Chalk"cut`ter (?), n. A man who digs chalk.

Chalk"i*ness (?), n. The state of being chalky.

Chalk"stone` (?), n. 1. A mass of chalk.

> As chalkstones . . . beaten in sunder.
> Isa. xxvii. 9.

2. (Med.) A chalklike concretion, consisting mainly of urate of sodium, found in and about the small joints, in the external ear, and in other situations, in those affected with gout; a tophus.

Chalk"y (?), a. Consisting of, or resembling, chalk; containing chalk; as, a chalky cliff; a chalky taste.

Chal"lenge (?), n. [OE. chalenge claim, accusation, challenge, OF. chalenge, chalonge, claim, accusation, contest, fr. L. calumnia false accusation, chicanery. See Calumny.] 1. An invitation to engage in a contest or controversy of any kind; a defiance; specifically, a summons to fight a duel; also, the letter or message conveying the summons.

> A challenge to controversy.
> Goldsmith.

2. The act of a sentry in halting any one who appears at his post, and demanding the countersign.

3. A claim or demand. [Obs.]

> There must be no challenge of superiority.
> Collier.

4. (Hunting) The opening and crying of hounds at first finding the scent of their game.

5. (Law) An exception to a juror or to a member of a court martial, coupled with a demand that he should be held incompetent to act; the claim of a party that a certain person or persons shall not sit in trial upon him or his cause. Blackstone

6. An exception to a person as not legally qualified to vote. The challenge must be made when the ballot is offered. [U. S.]

Challenge to the array (Law), an exception to the whole panel. -- Challenge to the favor, the alleging a special cause, the sufficiency of which is to be left to those whose duty and office it is to decide upon it. -- Challenge to the polls, an exception taken to any one or more of the individual jurors returned. -- Peremptory challenge, a privilege sometimes allowed to defendants, of challenging a certain number of jurors (fixed by statute in different States) without assigning any cause. -- Principal challenge, that which the law allows to be sufficient if found to be true.

Chal"lenge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Challenged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Challenging.] [OE. chalengen to accuse, claim, OF. chalengier, chalongier, to claim, accuse, dispute, fr. L. calumniar to attack with false accusations. See Challenge, n., and cf. Calumniate.] 1. To call to a contest of any kind; to call to answer; to defy.

> I challenge any man to make any pretense to power by right of fatherhood.
> Locke.

2. To call, invite, or summon to answer for an offense by personal combat.

> By this I challenge him to single fight.
> Shak.

3. To claim as due; to demand as a right.

> Challenge better terms.
> Addison.

4. To censure; to blame. [Obs.]

> He complained of the emperors . . . and challenged them for that he had no greater revenues . . . from them.
> Holland.

5. (Mil.) To question or demand the countersign from (one who attempts to pass the lines); as, the sentinel challenged us, with "Who comes there?"

6. To take exception to; question; as, to challenge the accuracy of a statement or of a quotation.

7. (Law) To object to or take exception to, as to a juror, or member of a court.

8. To object to the reception of the vote of, as on the ground that the person in not qualified as a voter. [U. S.]

To challenge to the array, favor, polls. See under Challenge, n.

Chal"lenge, v. i. To assert a right; to claim a place.

> Where nature doth with merit challenge.
> Shak.

Chal"lenge*a*ble (?), a. That may be challenged.

Chal"len*ger (?), n. One who challenges.

Chal"lis (?), n. [F. chaly, challis, a stuff made of goat's hair.] A soft and delicate woolen, or woolen and silk, fabric, for ladies' dresses. [Written also chally.]

Cha"lon (?), n. A bed blanket. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Cha*lyb"e*an (?), a. [L. chalybeïus, fr. chalybs steel, Gr. &?;.] 1. Of or pertaining to the Chalybes, an ancient people of Pontus in Asia Minor, celebrated for working in iron and steel.

2. Of superior quality and temper; -- applied to steel. [Obs.] Milton.

Cha*lyb"e*ate (?), a. [NL. chalybeatus, fr. chalubeïus. See Chalubean.] Impregnated with salts of iron; having a taste like iron; as, chalybeate springs.

Cha*lyb"e*ate, n. Any water, liquid, or medicine, into which iron enters as an ingredient.

Cha*lyb"e*ous (?), a. (Zoöl.) Steel blue; of the color of tempered steel.

Chal"y*bite (?), n. (Min.) Native iron carbonate; -- usually called siderite.

Cham (?), v. t. [See Chap.] To chew. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Sir T. More.

Cham (?), n. [See Khan.] The sovereign prince of Tartary; -- now usually written khan. Shak.

Cha*made (?), n. [F. chamade, fr. Pg. chamada, fr. chamar to call, fr. L. clamare.] (Mil.) A signal made for a parley by beat of a drum.

> They beat the chamade, and sent us carte blanche.
> Addison.

||Cha"mal (?), n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) The Angora goat. See Angora goat, under Angora.

Cham"ber (?), n. [F. chambre, fr. L. camera vault, arched roof, in LL. chamber, fr. Gr. &?; anything with a vaulted roof or arched covering; cf. Skr. kmar to be crooked. Cf. Camber, Camera, Comrade.]

1. A retired room, esp. an upper room used for sleeping; a bedroom; as, the house had four chambers.

<! p. 238 !>

2. pl. Apartments in a lodging house. "A bachelor's life in chambers." Thackeray.

3. A hall, as where a king gives audience, or a deliberative body or assembly meets; as, presence chamber; senate chamber.

4. A legislative or judicial body; an assembly; a society or association; as, the Chamber of Deputies; the Chamber of Commerce.

5. A compartment or cell; an inclosed space or cavity; as, the chamber of a canal lock; the chamber of a furnace; the chamber of the eye.

6. pl. (Law.) A room or rooms where a lawyer transacts business; a room or rooms where a judge transacts such official business as may be done out of court.

7. A chamber pot. [Colloq.]

8. (Mil.) (a) That part of the bore of a piece of ordnance which holds the charge, esp. when of different diameter from the rest of the bore; -- formerly, in guns, made smaller than the bore, but now larger, esp. in breech-loading guns. (b) A cavity in a mine, usually of a cubical form, to contain the powder. (c) A short piece of ordnance or cannon, which stood on its breech, without any carriage, formerly used chiefly for rejoicings and theatrical cannonades.

Air chamber. See Air chamber, in the Vocabulary. -- Chamber of commerce, a board or association to protect the interests of commerce, chosen from among the merchants and traders of a city. -- Chamber council, a secret council. Shak. -- Chamber counsel or counselor, a counselor who gives his opinion in private, or at his chambers, but does not advocate causes in court. -- Chamber fellow, a chamber companion; a roommate; a chum. -- Chamber hangings, tapestry or hangings for a chamber. -- Chamber lye, urine. Shak. -- Chamber music, vocal or instrumental music adapted to performance in a chamber or small apartment or audience room, instead of a theater, concert hall, or church. -- Chamber practice (Law.), the practice of counselors at law, who give their opinions in private, but do not appear in court. -- To sit at chambers, to do business in chambers, as a judge.

Cham"ber (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Chambered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Chambering.] 1. To reside in or occupy a chamber or chambers.

2. To be lascivious. [Obs.]

Cham"ber, v. t. 1. To shut up, as in a chamber. Shak.

2. To furnish with a chamber; as, to chamber a gun.

Cham"bered (?), a. Having a chamber or chambers; as, a chambered shell; a chambered gun.

Cham"ber*er (?), n. 1. One who attends in a chamber; a chambermaid. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. A civilian; a carpetmonger. [Obs.]

Cham"ber*ing, n. Lewdness. [Obs.] Rom. xiii. 13.

Cham"ber*lain (?), n. [OF. chamberlain, chambrelencF. chambellon, OHG. chamerling, chamarlinc, G. kämmerling, kammer chamber (fr. L. camera) + -ling. See Chamber, and -ling.] [Formerly written chamberlin.] 1. An officer or servant who has charge of a chamber or chambers.

2. An upper servant of an inn. [Obs.]

3. An officer having the direction and management of the private chambers of a nobleman or monarch; hence, in Europe, one of the high officers of a court.

4. A treasurer or receiver of public money; as, the chamberlain of London, of North Wales, etc.

The lord chamberlain of England, an officer of the crown, who waits upon the sovereign on the day of coronation, and provides requisites for the palace of Westminster, and for the House of Lords during the session of Parliament. Under him are the gentleman of the black rod and other officers. His office is distinct from that of the lord chamberlain of the Household, whose functions relate to the royal housekeeping.

Cham"ber*lain*ship, n. Office of a chamberlain.

Cham"ber*maid` (?), n. 1. A maidservant who has the care of chambers, making the beds, sweeping, cleaning the rooms, etc.

2. A lady's maid. [Obs.] Johnson.

||Cham`ber*tin" (?), n. A red wine from Chambertin near Dijon, in Burgundy.

Cham"brel (?), n. Same as Gambrel.

||Cha*meck" (?), n. [Native Brazilian name.] (Zoöl.) A kind of spider monkey (Ateles chameck), having the thumbs rudimentary and without a nail.

Cha*me"le*on (k*m"l*n), n. [L. Chamaeleon, Gr. chamaile`wn, lit., "ground lion;" chamai` on the ground + le`wn lion. See Humble, and Lion.] (Zoöl.) A lizardlike reptile of the genus Chamæleo, of several species, found in Africa, Asia, and Europe. The skin is covered with fine granulations; the tail is prehensile, and the body is much compressed laterally, giving it a high back.

Its color changes more or less with the color of the objects about it, or with its temper when disturbed. In a cool, dark place it is nearly white, or grayish; on admitting the light, it changes to brown, bottle-green, or blood red, of various shades, and more or less mottled in arrangment. The American chameleons belong to Anolis and allied genera of the family Iguanidæ. They are more slender in form than the true chameleons, but have the same power of changing their colors.

Chameleon mineral (Chem.), the compound called potassium permanganate, a dark violet, crystalline substance, KMnO4, which in formation passes through a peculiar succession of color from green to blue, purple, red, etc. See Potassium permanganate, under Potassium.

Cha*me"le*on*ize (?), v. t. To change into various colors. [R.]

Cham"fer (?), n. [See Chamfron.] The surface formed by cutting away the arris, or angle, formed by two faces of a piece of timber, stone, etc.

Cham"fer, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chamfered ; p. pr. & vb. n. Chamfering. (&?;)]

1. (Carp.) To cut a furrow in, as in a column; to groove; to channel; to flute.

2. To make a chamfer on.

Cham"fret (?), n. [See Chamfron.] 1. (Carp.) A small gutter; a furrow; a groove.

2. A chamfer.

Cham"fron (?), n. [F. chanfrein.] (Anc. Armor) The frontlet, or head armor, of a horse. [Written also champfrain and chamfrain.]

Cham"let (?), n. See Camlet. [Obs.]

Cham"ois (shm"m or sh*moi"; 277), n. [F. chamois, prob. fr. OG. gamz, G. gemse.]

1. (Zoöl.) A small species of antelope (Rupicapra tragus), living on the loftiest mountain ridges of Europe, as the Alps, Pyrenees, etc. It possesses remarkable agility, and is a favorite object of chase.

2. A soft leather made from the skin of the chamois, or from sheepskin, etc.; -- called also chamois leather, and chammy or shammy leather. See Shammy.

Cham"o*mile (?), n. (Bot.) See Camomile.

Champ (chmp), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Champed (chmt); p. pr. & vb. n. Champing.] [Prob, of Scand. orgin; cf. dial. Sw. kämsa to chew with difficulty, champ; but cf. also OF. champier, champeyer, champoyer, to graze in fields, fr. F. champ field, fr. L. campus. Cf. Camp.] 1. To bite with repeated action of the teeth so as to be heard.

> Foamed and champed the golden bit.
> Dryden.

2. To bite into small pieces; to crunch. Steele.

Champ, v. i. To bite or chew impatiently.

> They began . . . irefully to champ upon the bit.
> Hooker.

{ Champ, Champe, } n. [F. champ, L. campus field.] (Arch.) The field or ground on which carving appears in relief.

Cham*pagne" (?), n. [F. See Champaign.] A light wine, of several kinds, originally made in the province of Champagne, in France.

Champagne properly includes several kinds not only of sparkling but of still wines; but in America the term is usually restricted to wines which effervesce.

Cham*paign" (?), n. [OF. champaigne; same word as campagne.] A flat, open country.

> Fair champaign, with less rivers interveined.
> Milton.

> Through Apline vale or champaign wide.
> Wordsworth.

Cham*paign", a. Flat; open; level.

> A wide, champaign country, filled with herds.
> Addison.

Champ"er (?), n. One who champs, or bites.

Cham"per*tor (?), n. [F. champarteur a divider of fields or field rent. See Champerty.] (Law) One guilty of champerty; one who purchases a suit, or the right of suing, and carries it on at his own expense, in order to obtain a share of the gain.

Cham"per*ty (?), n. [F. champart field rent, L. campipars; champ (L. campus) field + part (L. pars) share.] 1. Partnership in power; equal share of authority. [Obs.]

> Beauté ne sleighte, strengthe ne hardyness,
> Ne may with Venus holde champartye.
> Chaucer.

2. (Law) The prosecution or defense of a suit, whether by furnishing money or personal services, by one who has no legitimate concern therein, in consideration of an agreement that he shall receive, in the event of success, a share of the matter in suit; maintenance with the addition of an agreement to divide the thing in suit. See Maintenance.

By many authorities champerty is defined as an agreement of this nature. From early times the offence of champerty has been forbidden and punishable.

Cham*pi"gnon (?), n. [F., a mushroom, ultimately fr. L. campus field. See Camp.] (Bot.) An edible species of mushroom (Agaricus campestris).

Fairy ring champignon, the Marasmius oreades, which has a strong flavor but is edible.

Cham"pi*on (chm"p*n), n. [F. champion, fr. LL. campio, of German origin; cf. OHG. chempho, chemphio, fighter, champf, G. kampf, contest; perh. influenced by L. campus field, taken in the sense of "field of battle."] 1. One who engages in any contest; esp. one who in ancient times contended in single combat in behalf of another's honor or rights; or one who now acts or speaks in behalf of a person or a cause; a defender; an advocate; a hero.

> A stouter champion never handled sword.
> Shak.

> Champions of law and liberty.
> Fisher Ames.

2. One who by defeating all rivals, has obtained an acknowledged supremacy in any branch of athletics or game of skill, and is ready to contend with any rival; as, the champion of England.

Champion is used attributively in the sense of surpassing all competitors; overmastering; as, champion pugilist; champion chess player.

Syn. -- Leader; chieftain; combatant; hero; warrior; defender; protector.

Cham"pi*on, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Championed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Championing.] [Obs.] Shak.

2. To furnish with a champion; to attend or defend as champion; to support or maintain; to protect.

> Championed or unchampioned, thou diest.
> Sir W. Scott.

Cham"pi*on*ness (?), n. A female champion. Fairfax.

Cham"pi*on*ship, n. State of being champion; leadership; supremacy.

Cham*plain" pe"ri*od (?). (Geol.) A subdivision of the Quaternary age immediately following the Glacial period; -- so named from beds near Lake Champlain.

The earlier deposits of this period are diluvial in character, as if formed in connection with floods attending the melting of the glaciers, while the later deposits are of finer material in more quiet waters, as the alluvium.

||Cham*sin" (?), n. [F.] See Kamsin.

Chance (chns), n. [F. chance, OF. cheance, fr. LL. cadentia a allusion to the falling of the dice), fr. L. cadere to fall; akin to Skr. çad to fall, L. cedere to yield, E. cede. Cf. Cadence.] 1. A supposed material or psychical agent or mode of activity other than a force, law, or purpose; fortune; fate; -- in this sense often personified.

> It is strictly and philosophically true in nature and reason that there is no such thing as chance or accident; it being evident that these words do not signify anything really existing, anything that is truly an agent or the cause of any event; but they signify merely men's ignorance of the real and immediate cause.
> Samuel Clark.

> Any society into which chance might throw him.
> Macaulay.

> That power
> Which erring men call Chance.
> Milton.

2. The operation or activity of such agent.

> By chance a priest came down that way.
> Luke x. 31.

3. The supposed effect of such an agent; something that befalls, as the result of unknown or unconsidered forces; the issue of uncertain conditions; an event not calculated upon; an unexpected occurrence; a happening; accident; fortuity; casualty.

> It was a chance that happened to us.
> 1 Sam. vi. 9.

> The Knave of Diamonds tries his wily arts,
> And wins (O shameful chance!) the Queen of Hearts.
> Pope.

> I spake of most disastrous chance.
> Shak.

4. A possibility; a likelihood; an opportunity; -- with reference to a doubtful result; as, a chance to escape; a chance for life; the chances are all against him.

> So weary with disasters, tugged with fortune.
> That I would get my life on any chance,
> To mend it, or be rid on 't
> Shak.

5. (Math.) Probability.

The mathematical expression, of a chance is the ratio of frequency with which an event happens in the long run. If an event may happen in a ways and may fail in b ways, and each of these a + b ways is equally likely, the chance, or probability, that the event will happen is measured by the fraction a/a + b, and the chance, or probability, that it will fail is measured by b/a + b.

Chance comer, one who comes unexpectedly. -- The last chance, the sole remaining ground of hope. -- The main chance, the chief opportunity; that upon which reliance is had, esp. self-interest. -- Theory of chances, Doctrine of chances (Math.), that branch of mathematics which treats of the probability of the occurrence of particular events, as the fall of dice in given positions. -- To mind one's chances, to take advantage of every circumstance; to seize every opportunity.

Chance, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Chanced (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Chancing.] To happen, come, or arrive, without design or expectation. "Things that chance daily." Robynson (More's Utopia).

> If a bird's nest chance to be before thee.
> Deut. xxii. 6.

> I chanced on this letter.
> Shak.

Often used impersonally; as, how chances it?

> How chance, thou art returned so soon?
> Shak.

Chance, v. t. 1. To take the chances of; to venture upon; -- usually with it as object.

> Come what will, I will chance it.
> W. D. Howells.

2. To befall; to happen to. [Obs.] W. Lambarde.

Chance, a. Happening by chance; casual.

Chance, adv. By chance; perchance. Gray.

Chance"a*ble (?), a. Fortuitous; casual. [Obs.]

Chance"a*bly, adv. By chance. [Obs.]

Chance"ful (?), a. Hazardous. [Obs.] Spenser.

Chan"cel (?), n. [OF. chancel, F. chanceau, cancel, fr. L. cancelli lattices, crossbars. (The chancel was formerly inclosed with lattices or crossbars) See Cancel, v. t.] (Arch.) (a) That part of a church, reserved for the use of the clergy, where the altar, or communion table, is placed. Hence, in modern use; (b) All that part of a cruciform church which is beyond the line of the transept farthest from the main front.

Chancel aisle (Arch.), the aisle which passes on either side of or around the chancel. -- Chancel arch (Arch.), the arch which spans the main opening, leading to the chancel. -- Chancel casement, the principal window in a chancel. Tennyson. -- Chancel table, the communion table.

Chan"cel*ler*y (?), n. [Cf. Chancery.] Chancellorship. [Obs.] Gower.

Chan"cel*lor (?), n. [OE. canceler, chaunceler, F. chancelier, LL. cancellarius chancellor, a director of chancery, fr. L. cancelli lattices, crossbars, which surrounded the seat of judgment. See Chancel.] A judicial court of chancery, which in England and in the United States is distinctively a court with equity jurisdiction.

The chancellor was originally a chief scribe or secretary under the Roman emperors, but afterward was invested with judicial powers, and had superintendence over the other officers of the empire. From the Roman empire this office passed to the church, and every bishop has his chancellor, the principal judge of his consistory. In later times, in most countries of Europe, the chancellor was a high officer of state, keeper of the great seal of the kingdom, and having the supervision of all charters, and like public instruments of the crown, which were authenticated in the most solemn manner. In France a secretary is in some cases called a chancellor. In Scotland, the appellation is given to the foreman of a jury, or assize. In the present German empire, the chancellor is the president of the federal council and the head of the imperial administration. In the United States, the title is given to certain judges of courts of chancery or equity, established by the statutes of separate States. Blackstone. Wharton.

Chancellor of a bishop, or of a diocese (R. C. Ch. & ch. of Eng.), a law officer appointed to hold the bishop's court in his diocese, and to assist him in matter of ecclesiastical law. -- Chancellor of a cathedral, one of the four chief dignitaries of the cathedrals of the old foundation, and an officer whose duties are chiefly educational, with special reference to the cultivation of theology. -- Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, an officer before whom, or his deputy, the court of the duchy chamber of Lancaster is held. This is a special jurisdiction. -- Chancellor of a university, the chief officer of a collegiate body. In Oxford, he is elected for life; in Cambridge, for a term of years; and his office is honorary, the chief duties of it devolving on the vice chancellor. -- Chancellor of the exchequer, a member of the British cabinet upon whom devolves the charge of the public income and expenditure as the highest finance minister of the government. -- Chancellor of the order of the Garter (or other military orders), an officer who seals the commissions and mandates of the chapter and assembly of the knights, keeps the register of their proceedings, and delivers their acts under the seal of their order. -- Lord high chancellor of England, the presiding judge in the court of chancery, the highest judicial officer of the crown, and the first lay person of the state after the blood royal. He is created chancellor by the delivery into his custody of the great seal, of which he becomes keeper. He is privy counselor by his office, and prolocutor of the House of Lords by prescription.

<! p. 239 !>

Chan"cel*lor*ship (chn"sl*lr*shp), n. The office of a chancellor; the time during which one is chancellor.

Chance"-med`ley (?), n. [Chance + medley.] 1. (Law) The killing of another in self-defense upon a sudden and unpremeditated encounter. See Chaud-Medley.

The term has been sometimes applied to any kind of homicide by misadventure, or to any accidental killing of a person without premeditation or evil intent, but, in strictness, is applicable to such killing as happens in defending one's self against assault. Bouvier.

2. Luck; chance; accident. Milton. Cowper.

Chan"cer*y (?), n. [F. chancellerie, LL. cancellaria, from L. cancellarius. See Chancellor, and cf. Chancellery.] 1. In England, formerly, the highest court of judicature next to the Parliament, exercising jurisdiction at law, but chiefly in equity; but under the jurisdiction act of 1873 it became the chancery division of the High Court of Justice, and now exercises jurisdiction only in equity.

2. In the Unites States, a court of equity; equity; proceeding in equity.

A court of chancery, so far as it is a court of equity, in the English and American sense, may be generally, if not precisely, described as one having jurisdiction in cases of rights, recognized and protected by the municipal jurisprudence, where a plain, adequate, and complete remedy can not be had in the courts of common law. In some of the American States, jurisdiction at law and in equity centers in the same tribunal. The courts of the United States also have jurisdiction both at law and in equity, and in all such cases they exercise their jurisdiction, as courts of law, or as courts of equity, as the subject of adjudication may require. In others of the American States, the courts that administer equity are distinct tribunals, having their appropriate judicial officers, and it is to the latter that the appellation courts of chancery is usually applied; but, in American law, the terms equity and court of equity are more frequently employed than the corresponding terms chancery and court of chancery. Burrill.

Inns of chancery. See under Inn. -- To get (or to hold) In chancery (Boxing), to get the head of an antagonist under one's arm, so that one can pommel it with the other fist at will; hence, to have wholly in One's power. The allusion is to the condition of a person involved in the chancery court, where he was helpless, while the lawyers lived upon his estate.

Chan"cre (?), n. [F. chancere. See Cancer.] (Med.) A venereal sore or ulcer; specifically, the initial lesion of true syphilis, whether forming a distinct ulcer or not; -- called also hard chancre, indurated chancre, and Hunterian chancre.

Soft chancre. A chancroid. See Chancroid.

Chan"croid (?), n. [Chancre + -oil.] (Med.) A venereal sore, resembling a chancre in its seat and some external characters, but differing from it in being the starting point of a purely local process and never of a systemic disease; -- called also soft chancre.

Chan"crous (?), a. [Cf. F. chancreux.] (Med.) Of the nature of a chancre; having chancre.

Chan`de*lier" (?), n. [F. See Chandler.] 1. A candlestick, lamp, stand, gas fixture, or the like, having several branches; esp., one hanging from the ceiling.

2. (Fort.) A movable parapet, serving to support fascines to cover pioneers. [Obs.]

Chan"dler (?), n. [F. chandelier a candlestick, a maker or seller of candles, LL. candelarius chandler, fr. L. candela candle. See Candle, and cf. Chandelier.] 1. A maker or seller of candles.

> The chandler's basket, on his shoulder borne,
> With tallow spots thy coat.
> Gay.

2. A dealer in other commodities, which are indicated by a word prefixed; as, ship chandler, corn chandler.

Chan"dler*ly (?), a. Like a chandler; in a petty way. [Obs.] Milton.

Chan"dler*y (?), n. Commodities sold by a chandler.

||Chan*doo" (?), n. An extract or preparation of opium, used in China and India for smoking. Balfour.

Chan"dry (?), n. Chandlery. [Obs.] "Torches from the chandry." B. Jonson.

Chan"frin (?), n. [F. chanfrein. Cf. Chamfron.] The fore part of a horse's head.

Change (chnj), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Changed (chnjd); p. pr. & vb. n. Changing.] [F. changer, fr. LL. cambiare, to exchange, barter, L. cambire. Cf. Cambial.] 1. To alter; to make different; to cause to pass from one state to another; as, to change the position, character, or appearance of a thing; to change the countenance.

> Therefore will I change their glory into shame.
> Hosea. iv. 7.

2. To alter by substituting something else for, or by giving up for something else; as, to change the clothes; to change one's occupation; to change one's intention.

> They that do change old love for new,
> Pray gods, they change for worse!
> Peele.

3. To give and take reciprocally; to exchange; -- followed by with; as, to change place, or hats, or money, with another.

> Look upon those thousands with whom thou wouldst not, for any interest, change thy fortune and condition.
> Jer. Taylor.

4. Specifically: To give, or receive, smaller denominations of money (technically called change) for; as, to change a gold coin or a bank bill.

> He pulled out a thirty-pound note and bid me change it.
> Goldsmith.

To change a horse, or To change hand (Man.), to turn or bear the horse's head from one hand to the other, from the left to right, or from the right to the left. -- To change hands, to change owners. -- To change one's tune, to become less confident or boastful. [Colloq.] -- To change step, to take a break in the regular succession of steps, in marching or walking, as by bringing the hollow of one foot against the heel of the other, and then stepping off with the foot which is in advance.

Syn. -- To alter; vary; deviate; substitute; innovate; diversify; shift; veer; turn. See Alter.

Change, v. i. 1. To be altered; to undergo variation; as, men sometimes change for the better.

> For I am Lord, I change not.
> Mal. iii. 6.

2. To pass from one phase to another; as, the moon changes to-morrow night.

Change, n. [F. change, fr. changer. See Change. v. t.] 1. Any variation or alteration; a passing from one state or form to another; as, a change of countenance; a change of habits or principles.

> Apprehensions of a change of dynasty.
> Hallam.

> All the days of my appointed time will I wait, till my change come.
> Job xiv. 14.

2. A succesion or substitution of one thing in the place of another; a difference; novelty; variety; as, a change of seasons.

> Our fathers did for change to France repair.
> Dryden.

> The ringing grooves of change.
> Tennyson.

3. A passing from one phase to another; as, a change of the moon.

4. Alteration in the order of a series; permutation.

5. That which makes a variety, or may be substituted for another.

> Thirty change (R.V. changes) of garments.
> Judg. xiv. 12.

6. Small money; the money by means of which the larger coins and bank bills are made available in small dealings; hence, the balance returned when payment is tendered by a coin or note exceeding the sum due.

7. [See Exchange.] A place where merchants and others meet to transact business; a building appropriated for mercantile transactions. [Colloq. for Exchange.]

8. A public house; an alehouse. [Scot.]

> They call an alehouse a change.
> Burt.

9. (Mus.) Any order in which a number of bells are struck, other than that of the diatonic scale.

> Four bells admit twenty-four changes in ringing.
> Holder.

Change of life, the period in the life of a woman when menstruation and the capacity for conception cease, usually occurring between forty-five and fifty years of age. -- Change ringing, the continual production, without repetition, of changes on bells, See def. 9. above. -- Change wheel (Mech.), one of a set of wheels of different sizes and number of teeth, that may be changed or substituted one for another in machinery, to produce a different but definite rate of angular velocity in an axis, as in cutting screws, gear, etc. -- To ring the changes on, to present the same facts or arguments in variety of ways.

Syn. -- Variety; variation; alteration; mutation; transition; vicissitude; innovation; novelty; transmutation; revolution; reverse.

Change`a*bil"i*ty (?), n. Changeableness.

Change"a*ble (?), a. [Cf. F. changeable.] 1. Capable of change; subject to alteration; mutable; variable; fickle; inconstant; as, a changeable humor.

2. Appearing different, as in color, in different lights, or under different circumstances; as, changeable silk.

Syn. -- Mutable; alterable; variable; inconstant; fitful; vacillating; capricious; fickle; unstable; unsteady; unsettled; wavering; erratic; giddy; volatile.

Change"a*ble*ness, n. The quality of being changeable; fickleness; inconstancy; mutability.

Change"a*bly, adv. In a changeable manner.

Change"ful (?), a. Full of change; mutable; inconstant; fickle; uncertain. Pope.

> His course had been changeful.
> Motley.

-- Change"ful*ly, adv. -- Change"ful*ness, n.

Change"less, a. That can not be changed; constant; as, a changeless purpose.

-- Change"less*ness, n.

Change"ling, n. [Change + -ling.] 1. One who, or that which, is left or taken in the place of another, as a child exchanged by fairies.

> Such, men do changelings call, so changed by fairies' theft.
> Spenser.

> The changeling [a substituted writing] never known.
> Shak.

2. A simpleton; an idiot. Macaulay.

> Changelings and fools of heaven, and thence shut out.

> Wildly we roam in discontent about.
> Dryden.

3. One apt to change; a waverer. "Fickle changelings." Shak.

Change"ling, a. 1. Taken or left in place of another; changed. "A little changeling boy." Shak.

2. Given to change; inconstant. [Obs.]

> Some are so studiously changeling.
> Boyle.

Chan"ger (?), n. 1. One who changes or alters the form of anything.

2. One who deals in or changes money. John ii. 14.

3. One apt to change; an inconstant person.

||Chank" (chk), n. [Skr. çakha. See Conch.] (Zoöl.) The East Indian name for the large spiral shell of several species of sea conch much used in making bangles, esp. Turbinella pyrum. Called also chank shell.

Chan"nel (chn"nl), n. [OE. chanel, canel, OF. chanel, F. chenel, fr. L. canalis. See Canal.] 1. The hollow bed where a stream of water runs or may run.

2. The deeper part of a river, harbor, strait, etc., where the main current flows, or which affords the best and safest passage for vessels.

3. (Geog.) A strait, or narrow sea, between two portions of lands; as, the British Channel.

4. That through which anything passes; means of passing, conveying, or transmitting; as, the news was conveyed to us by different channels.

> The veins are converging channels.
> Dalton.

> At best, he is but a channel to convey to the National assembly such matter as may import that body to know.
> Burke.

5. A gutter; a groove, as in a fluted column.

6. pl. [Cf. Chain wales.] (Naut.) Flat ledges of heavy plank bolted edgewise to the outside of a vessel, to increase the spread of the shrouds and carry them clear of the bulwarks.

Channel bar, Channel iron (Arch.), an iron bar or beam having a section resembling a flat gutter or channel. -- Channel bill (Zoöl.), a very large Australian cuckoo (Scythrops Novæhollandiæ. -- Channel goose. (Zoöl.) See Gannet.

Chan"nel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Channeled (?), or Channelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Channeling, or Channelling.] 1. To form a channel in; to cut or wear a channel or channels in; to groove.

> No more shall trenching war channel her fields.
> Shak.

2. To course through or over, as in a channel. Cowper.

Chan"nel*ing, n. 1. The act or process of forming a channel or channels.

2. A channel or a system of channels; a groove.

Chan"son, n. [F., fr. L. cantion song. See Cantion, Canzone.] A song. Shak.

||Chan`son*nette" (?), n.; pl. Chansonnettes (#). [F., dim. of chanson.] A little song.

> These pretty little chansonnettes that he sung.
> Black.

Chant (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chanted; p. pr. & vb. n. Chanting.] [F. chanter, fr. L. cantare, intens. of canere to sing. Cf. Cant affected speaking, and see Hen.] 1. To utter with a melodious voice; to sing.

> The cheerful birds . . . do chant sweet music.
> Spenser.

2. To celebrate in song.

> The poets chant in the theaters.
> Bramhall.

3. (Mus.) To sing or recite after the manner of a chant, or to a tune called a chant.

Chant, v. i. 1. To make melody with the voice; to sing. "Chant to the sound of the viol." Amos vi. 5.

2. (Mus.) To sing, as in reciting a chant.

To chant (or chaunt) horses, to sing their praise; to overpraise; to cheat in selling. See Chaunter. Thackeray.

Chant, n.[F. chant, fr. L. cantus singing, song, fr. canere to sing. See Chant, v. t.] 1. Song; melody.

2. (Mus.) A short and simple melody, divided into two parts by double bars, to which unmetrical psalms, etc., are sung or recited. It is the most ancient form of choral music.

3. A psalm, etc., arranged for chanting.

4. Twang; manner of speaking; a canting tone. [R.]

> His strange face, his strange chant.
> Macaulay.

Ambrosian chant, See under Ambrosian. Chant royal [F.], in old French poetry, a poem containing five strophes of eleven lines each, and a concluding stanza. -- each of these six parts ending with a common refrain. -- Gregorian chant. See under Gregorian.

||Chan`tant" (?), a. [F. singing.] (Mus.) Composed in a melodious and singing style.

Chant"er (chnt"r), n. [Cf. F. chanteur.] 1. One who chants; a singer or songster. Pope.

2. The chief singer of the chantry. J. Gregory.

3. The flute or finger pipe in a bagpipe. See Bagpipe.

4. (Zoöl.) The hedge sparrow.

||Chan`te*relle" (?), n. [F.] (Bot.) A name for several species of mushroom, of which one (Cantharellus cibrius) is edible, the others reputed poisonous.

Chan"ti*cleer (chn"t*klr), n. [F. Chanteclair, name of the cock in the Roman du Renart (Reynard the Fox); chanter to chant + clair clear. See Chant, and Clear.] A cock, so called from the clearness or loudness of his voice in crowing.

Chant"ing (chnt"ng), n. Singing, esp. as a chant is sung.

Chanting falcon (Zoöl.), an African falcon (Melierax canorus or musicus). The male has the habit, remarkable in a bird of prey, of singing to his mate, while she is incubating.

Chant"or (?), n. A chanter.

Chant"ress (?), n. [Cf. OF. chanteresse.] A female chanter or singer. Milton.

<! p. 240 !>

Chant"ry (?), n.; pl. Chantries (#). [OF. chanterie, fr. chanter to sing.] 1. An endowment or foundation for the chanting of masses and offering of prayers, commonly for the founder.

2. A chapel or altar so endowed. Cowell.

Cha"o*man`cy (?), n. [Gr. &?; the atmosphere + -mancy.] Divination by means of appearances in the air.

Cha"os (k"s), n. [L. chaos chaos (in senses 1 & 2), Gr. cha`os, fr. cha`inein (root cha) to yawn, to gape, to open widely. Cf. Chasm.] 1. An empty, immeasurable space; a yawning chasm. [Archaic]

> Between us and there is fixed a great chaos.
> Luke xvi. 26 (Rhemish Trans.).

2. The confused, unorganized condition or mass of matter before the creation of distinct and orderly forms.

3. Any confused or disordered collection or state of things; a confused mixture; confusion; disorder.

Cha*ot"ic (k*t"k), a. Resembling chaos; confused.

Cha*ot"ic*al*ly (?), adv. In a chaotic manner.

Chap (chp or chp), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chapped (chpt or chpt); p. pr. & vb. n. Chapping.] [See Chop to cut.] 1. To cause to open in slits or chinks; to split; to cause the skin of to crack or become rough.

> Then would unbalanced heat licentious reign,
> Crack the dry hill, and chap the russet plain.
> Blackmore.

> Nor winter's blast chap her fair face.
> Lyly.

2. To strike; to beat. [Scot.]

Chap, v. i. 1. To crack or open in slits; as, the earth chaps; the hands chap.

2. To strike; to knock; to rap. [Scot.]

Chap, n. [From Chap, v. t. & i.] 1. A cleft, crack, or chink, as in the surface of the earth, or in the skin.

2. A division; a breach, as in a party. [Obs.]

> Many clefts and chaps in our council board.
> T. Fuller.

3. A blow; a rap. [Scot.]

Chap (chp), n. [OE. chaft; of Scand. origin; cf. Icel kjaptr jaw, Sw. Käft, D. kiæft; akin to G. kiefer, and E. jowl. Cf. Chops.] 1. One of the jaws or the fleshy covering of a jaw; -- commonly in the plural, and used of animals, and colloquially of human beings.

> His chaps were all besmeared with crimson blood.
> Cowley.

> He unseamed him [Macdonald] from the nave to the chaps.
> Shak.

2. One of the jaws or cheeks of a vise, etc.

Chap (chp), n. [Perh. abbreviated fr. chapman, but used in a more general sense; or cf. Dan. kiæft jaw, person, E. chap jaw.] 1. A buyer; a chapman. [Obs.]

> If you want to sell, here is your chap.
> Steele.

2. A man or boy; a youth; a fellow. [Colloq.]

Chap, v. i. [See Cheapen.] To bargain; to buy. [Obs.]

||Cha`par*ral" (?), n. [Sp., fr. chaparro an evergeen oak.] 1. A thicket of low evergreen oaks.

2. An almost impenetrable thicket or succession of thickets of thorny shrubs and brambles.

Chaparral cock; fem. Chaparral hen (Zoöl.), a bird of the cuckoo family (Geococcyx Californianus), noted for running with great speed. It ranges from California to Mexico and eastward to Texas; -- called also road runner, ground cuckoo, churea, and snake killer.

Chap"book` (?), n. [See Chap to cheapen.] Any small book carried about for sale by chapmen or hawkers. Hence, any small book; a toy book.

Chape (?), n. [F., a churchman's cope, a cover, a chape, fr. L. cappa. See Cap.] 1. The piece by which an object is attached to something, as the frog of a scabbard or the metal loop at the back of a buckle by which it is fastened to a strap.

2. The transverse guard of a sword or dagger.

3. The metal plate or tip which protects the end of a scabbard, belt, etc. Knight.

Cha`peau" (?), n.; pl. Chapeux (#). [F., fr. OF. chapel hat. See Chaplet.] 1. A hat or covering for the head.

2. (Her.) A cap of maintenance. See Maintenance.

||Chapeau bras (&?;) [F. chapeau hat + bras arm], a hat so made that it can be compressed and carried under the arm without injury. Such hats were particularly worn on dress occasions by gentlemen in the 18th century. A chapeau bras is now worn in the United States army by general and staff officers.

Chaped (?), p. p. or a. Furnished with a chape or chapes. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Chap"el (?), n. [OF. chapele, F. chapelle, fr. LL. capella, orig., a short cloak, hood, or cowl; later, a reliquary, sacred vessel, chapel; dim. of cappa, capa, cloak, cape, cope; also, a covering for the head. The chapel where St. Martin's cloak was preserved as a precious relic, itself came to be called capella, whence the name was applied to similar paces of worship, and the guardian of this cloak was called capellanus, or chaplain. See Cap, and cf. Chaplain., Chaplet.] 1. A subordinate place of worship; as, (a) a small church, often a private foundation, as for a memorial; (b) a small building attached to a church; (c) a room or recess in a church, containing an altar.

In Catholic churches, and also in cathedrals and abbey churches, chapels are usually annexed in the recesses on the sides of the aisles. Gwilt.

2. A place of worship not connected with a church; as, the chapel of a palace, hospital, or prison.

3. In England, a place of worship used by dissenters from the Established Church; a meetinghouse.

4. A choir of singers, or an orchestra, attached to the court of a prince or nobleman.

5. (Print.) (a) A printing office, said to be so called because printing was first carried on in England in a chapel near Westminster Abbey. (b) An association of workmen in a printing office.

Chapel of ease. (a) A chapel or dependent church built for the ease or a accommodation of an increasing parish, or for parishioners who live at a distance from the principal church. (b) A privy. (Law) -- Chapel master, a director of music in a chapel; the director of a court or orchestra. -- To build a chapel (Naut.), to chapel a ship. See Chapel, v. t., 2. -- To hold a chapel, to have a meeting of the men employed in a printing office, for the purpose of considering questions affecting their interests.

Chap"el (?), v. t. 1. To deposit or inter in a chapel; to enshrine. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

2. (Naut.) To cause (a ship taken aback in a light breeze) so to turn or make a circuit as to recover, without bracing the yards, the same tack on which she had been sailing.

Chape"less (?), a. Without a chape.

Chap"e*let (?), n. [F. See Chaplet.] 1. A pair of straps, with stirrups, joined at the top and fastened to the pommel or the frame of the saddle, after they have been adjusted to the convenience of the rider. [Written also chaplet.]

2. A kind of chain pump, or dredging machine.

Chap"el*la*ny (?), n.; pl. Chapellanies (#). [Cf. E. chapellenie, LL. capellania. See Chaplain.] A chapel within the jurisdiction of a church; a subordinate ecclesiastical foundation.

Chap"el*ry (?), n. [Cf. OF. chapelerie.] The territorial district legally assigned to a chapel.

Chap"er*on (?), n. [F. chaperon. See Chape, Cape, Cap.] 1. A hood; especially, an ornamental or an official hood.

> His head and face covered with a chaperon, out of which there are but two holes to look through.
> Howell.

2. A device placed on the foreheads of horses which draw the hearse in pompous funerals.

3. A matron who accompanies a young lady in public, for propriety, or as a guide and protector.

Chap"er*on, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chaperoned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Chaperoning.] [Cf. F. chaperonner, fr. chaperon.] To attend in public places as a guide and protector; to matronize.

> Fortunately Lady Bell Finley, whom I had promised to chaperon, sent to excuse herself.
> Hannah More.

Chap"er*on`age (?), n. Attendance of a chaperon on a lady in public; protection afforded by a chaperon.

Chap"fall`en (?), a. Having the lower chap or jaw drooping, -- an indication of humiliation and dejection; crestfallen; discouraged. See Chopfallen.

Chap"i*ter (?), n. [OF. chapitel, F. chapiteau, from L. capitellum, dim. of caput head. Cf. Capital, Chapter.] 1. (Arch.) A capital [Obs.] See Chapital. Ex. xxxvi. 38.

2. (Old Eng. Law) A summary in writing of such matters as are to be inquired of or presented before justices in eyre, or justices of assize, or of the peace, in their sessions; -- also called articles. Jacob.

Chap"lain (?), n. [F. chapelain, fr. LL. capellanus, fr. capella. See Chapel.] 1. An ecclesiastic who has a chapel, or who performs religious service in a chapel.

2. A clergyman who is officially attached to the army or navy, to some public institution, or to a family or court, for the purpose of performing divine service.

3. Any person (clergyman or layman) chosen to conduct religious exercises for a society, etc.; as, a chaplain of a Masonic or a temperance lodge.

Chap"lain*cy (?), n.; pl. Chaplaincies (&?;). The office, position, or station of a chaplain. Swift.

Chap"lain*ship, n. 1. The office or business of a chaplain.

> The Bethesda of some knight's chaplainship.
> Milton.

2. The possession or revenue of a chapel. Johnson.

Chap"less (?), a. Having no lower jaw; hence, fleshless. [R.] "Yellow, chapless skulls." Shak.

Chap"let (?), n. [F. chapelet, dim. of OF. chapel hat, garland, dim. fr. LL. cappa. See Cap, and cf. Chapelet, Chapeau.] 1. A garland or wreath to be worn on the head.

2. A string of beads, or part of a string, used by Roman Catholic in praying; a third of a rosary, or fifty beads.

> Her chaplet of beads and her missal.
> Longfellow.

3. (Arch.) A small molding, carved into beads, pearls, olives, etc.

4. (Man.) A chapelet. See Chapelet, 1.

5. (Founding) A bent piece of sheet iron, or a pin with thin plates on its ends, for holding a core in place in the mold.

6. A tuft of feathers on a peacock's head. Johnson.

Chap"let, n. A small chapel or shrine.

Chap"let, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chapleted.] To adorn with a chaplet or with flowers. R. Browning.

Chap"man (?), n.; pl. Chapmen (#). [AS. ceápman; ceáp trade + man man; akin to D. koopman, Sw. köpman, Dan. kiöpmand, G. kaufmann.f. Chap to cheapen, and see Cheap.] 1. One who buys and sells; a merchant; a buyer or a seller. [Obs.]

> The word of life is a quick commodity, and ought not, as a drug to be obtruded on those chapmen who are unwilling to buy it.
> T. Fuller.

2. A peddler; a hawker.

Chap"py (?), Full of chaps; cleft; gaping; open.

Chaps (?), n. pl. The jaws, or the fleshy parts about them. See Chap. "Open your chaps again." Shak.

Chap"ter (?), n. [OF. chapitre, F. chapitre, fr. L. capitulum, dim. of caput head, the chief person or thing, the principal division of a writing, chapter. See Chief, and cf, Chapiter.] 1. A division of a book or treatise; as, Genesis has fifty chapters.

2. (Eccl.) (a) An assembly of monks, or of the prebends and other clergymen connected with a cathedral, conventual, or collegiate church, or of a diocese, usually presided over by the dean.(b) A community of canons or canonesses.(c) A bishop's council.(d) A business meeting of any religious community.

3. An organized branch of some society or fraternity as of the Freemasons. Robertson.

4. A meeting of certain organized societies or orders.

5. A chapter house. [R.] Burrill.

6. A decretal epistle. Ayliffe.

7. A location or compartment.

> In his bosom! In what chapter of his bosom?
> Shak.

Chapter head, or Chapter heading, that which stands at the head of a chapter, as a title. -- Chapter house, a house or room where a chapter meets, esp. a cathedral chapter. -- The chapter of accidents, chance. Marryat.

Chap"ter (?), v. t. 1. To divide into chapters, as a book. Fuller.

2. To correct; to bring to book, i. e., to demand chapter and verse. [Obs.] Dryden.

Chap"trel (?), n. [See Chapiter.] (Arch.) An impost. [Obs.]

{ Char, Charr (?), } n. [Ir. cear, Gael. ceara, lit., red, blood-colored, fr. cear blood. So named from its red belly.] (Zoöl.) One of the several species of fishes of the genus Salvelinus, allied to the spotted trout and salmon, inhabiting deep lakes in mountainous regions in Europe. In the United States, the brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) is sometimes called a char.

Char, n. [F.] A car; a chariot. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Char (?), n. [OE. cherr, char a turning, time, work, AS. cerr, cyrr, turn, occasion, business, fr. cerran, cyrran, to turn; akin to OS. kërian, OHG. chëran, G. kehren. Cf. Chore, Ajar.] Work done by the day; a single job, or task; a chore. [Written also chare.] [Eng.]

> When thou hast done this chare, I give thee leave
> To play till doomsday.
> Shak.

{ Char, Chare, } v. t. [See 3d Char.] 1. To perform; to do; to finish. [Obs.] Nores.

> Thet char is chared, as the good wife said when she had hanged her husband.
> Old Proverb.

2. To work or hew, as stone. Oxf. Gloss.

{ Char, Chare, } v. i. To work by the day, without being a regularly hired servant; to do small jobs.

Char (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Charred (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Charring.] [Prob. the same word as char to perform (see Char, n.), the modern use coming from charcoal, prop. coal- turned, turned to coal.] 1. To reduce to coal or carbon by exposure to heat; to reduce to charcoal; to burn to a cinder.

2. To burn slightly or partially; as, to char wood.

||Cha"ra (?), n. [NL., of uncertain origin.] (Bot.) A genus of flowerless plants, having articulated stems and whorled branches. They flourish in wet places.

||Char`-a-bancs" (?), n.; pl. Chars-a-banc (#). [F.] A long, light, open vehicle, with benches or seats running lengthwise.

Char"act (?), n. A distinctive mark; a character; a letter or sign. [Obs.] See Character.

> In all his dressings, characts, titles, forms.
> Shak.

Char"ac*ter (?), n. [L., an instrument for marking, character, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to make sharp, to cut into furrows, to engrave: cf. F. caractère.]

1. A distinctive mark; a letter, figure, or symbol.

> It were much to be wished that there were throughout the world but one sort of character for each letter to express it to the eye.
> Holder.

2. Style of writing or printing; handwriting; the peculiar form of letters used by a particular person or people; as, an inscription in the Runic character.

> You know the character to be your brother's?
> Shak.

3. The peculiar quality, or the sum of qualities, by which a person or a thing is distinguished from others; the stamp impressed by nature, education, or habit; that which a person or thing really is; nature; disposition.

> The character or that dominion.
> Milton.

> Know well each Ancient's proper character;
> His fable, subject, scope in every page;
> Religion, Country, genius of his Age.
> Pope.

> A man of . . . thoroughly subservient character.
> Motley.

4. Strength of mind; resolution; independence; individuality; as, he has a great deal of character.

5. Moral quality; the principles and motives that control the life; as, a man of character; his character saves him from suspicion.

6. Quality, position, rank, or capacity; quality or conduct with respect to a certain office or duty; as, in the miserable character of a slave; in his character as a magistrate; her character as a daughter.

7. The estimate, individual or general, put upon a person or thing; reputation; as, a man's character for truth and veracity; to give one a bad character.

> This subterraneous passage is much mended since Seneca gave so bad a character of it.
> Addison.

8. A written statement as to behavior, competency, etc., given to a servant. [Colloq.]

9. A unique or extraordinary individuality; a person characterized by peculiar or notable traits; a person who illustrates certain phases of character; as, Randolph was a character; Cæsar is a great historical character.

10. One of the persons of a drama or novel.

"It would be well if character and reputation were used distinctively. In truth, character is what a person is; reputation is what he is supposed to be. Character is in himself, reputation is in the minds of others. Character is injured by temptations, and by wrongdoing; reputation by slanders, and libels. Character endures throughout defamation in every form, but perishes when there is a voluntary transgression; reputation may last through numerous transgressions, but be destroyed by a single, and even an unfounded, accusation or aspersion." Abbott.

Char"ac*ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Charactered (?).]

1. To engrave; to inscribe. [R.]

> These trees shall be my books.
> And in their barks my thoughts I 'll character.
> Shak.

2. To distinguish by particular marks or traits; to describe; to characterize. [R.] Mitford.

<! p. 241 !>

Char"ac*ter*ism (?), n. [Gr. &?; a characterizing.] A distinction of character; a characteristic. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Char`ac*ter*is"tic (?), a. [Gr. &?;: cf. F. charactéristique.] Pertaining to, or serving to constitute, the character; showing the character, or distinctive qualities or traits, of a person or thing; peculiar; distinctive.

> Characteristic clearness of temper.
> Macaulay.

Char`ac*ter*is"tic, n. 1. A distinguishing trait, quality, or property; an element of character; that which characterized. Pope.

> The characteristics of a true critic.
> Johnson.

2. (Math.) The integral part (whether positive or negative) of a logarithm.

Char`ac*ter*is"tic*al (?), a. Characteristic.

Char`ac*ter*is"tic*al*ly, adv. In a characteristic manner; in a way that characterizes.

Char`ac*ter*i*za"tion (?), n. The act or process of characterizing.

Char"ac*ter*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Characterized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Characterizing.] [LL. characterizare, Gr. &?;: cf. F. charactériser.] 1. To make distinct and recognizable by peculiar marks or traits; to make with distinctive features.

> European, Asiatic, Chinese, African, and Grecian faces are Characterized.
> Arbuthnot.

2. To engrave or imprint. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale.

3. To indicate the character of; to describe.

> Under the name of Tamerlane he intended to characterize King William.
> Johnson.

4. To be a characteristic of; to make, or express the character of.

> The softness and effeminacy which characterize the men of rank in most countries.
> W. Irving.

Syn. -- To describe; distinguish; mark; designate; style; particularize; entitle.

Char"ac*ter*less, a. Destitute of any distinguishing quality; without character or force.

Char"ac*ter*y (?), n. 1. The art or means of characterizing; a system of signs or characters; symbolism; distinctive mark.

> Fairies use flowers for their charactery.
> Shak.

2. That which is charactered; the meaning. [Obs.]

> I will construe to thee
> All the charactery of my sad brows.
> Shak.

Cha*rade" (?), n. [F. charade, cf. Pr. charrada long chat, It ciarlare to chat, whence E. charlatan.] A verbal or acted enigma based upon a word which has two or more significant syllables or parts, each of which, as well as the word itself, is to be guessed from the descriptions or representations.

Char"bo*cle (?), n. Carbuncle. [Written also Charboncle.] [Obs.] Chaucer.

Char"bon (?), n. [F., coal, charbon.] 1. (Far.) A small black spot or mark remaining in the cavity of the corner tooth of a horse after the large spot or mark has become obliterated.

2. A very contagious and fatal disease of sheep, horses, and cattle. See Maligmant pustule.

Char"coal` (?), n. [See Char, v. t., to burn or to reduce to coal, and Coal.] 1. Impure carbon prepared from vegetable or animal substances; esp., coal made by charring wood in a kiln, retort, etc., from which air is excluded. It is used for fuel and in various mechanical, artistic, and chemical processes.

2. (Fine Arts) Finely prepared charcoal in small sticks, used as a drawing implement.

Animal charcoal, a fine charcoal prepared by calcining bones in a closed vessel; -- used as a filtering agent in sugar refining, and as an absorbent and disinfectant. -- Charcoal blacks, the black pigment, consisting of burnt ivory, bone, cock, peach stones, and other substances. -- Charcoal drawing (Fine Arts), a drawing made with charcoal. See Charcoal, 2. Until within a few years this material has been used almost exclusively for preliminary outline, etc., but at present many finished drawings are made with it. -- Charcoal point, a carbon pencil prepared for use in an electric light apparatus. -- Mineral charcoal, a term applied to silky fibrous layers of charcoal, interlaminated in beds of ordinary bituminous coal; -- known to miners as mother of coal.

Chard (chärd), n. [Cf. F. carde esculent thistle.] 1. The tender leaves or leafstalks of the artichoke, white beet, etc., blanched for table use.

2. A variety of the white beet, which produces large, succulent leaves and leafstalks.

Chare (châr), n. A narrow street. [Prov. Eng.]

Chare, n. & v. A chore; to chore; to do. See Char.

Charge (chärj), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Charged (chärjd); p. pr. & vb. n. Charging.] [OF. chargier, F. charger, fr. LL. carricare, fr. L. carrus wagon. Cf. Cargo, Caricature, Cark, and see Car.] 1. To lay on or impose, as a load, tax, or burden; to load; to fill.

> A carte that charged was with hay.
> Chaucer.

> The charging of children's memories with rules.
> Locke.

2. To lay on or impose, as a task, duty, or trust; to command, instruct, or exhort with authority; to enjoin; to urge earnestly; as, to charge a jury; to charge the clergy of a diocese; to charge an agent.

> Moses . . . charged you to love the Lord your God.
> Josh. xxii. 5.

> Cromwell, I charge thee, fling away ambition.
> Shak.

3. To lay on, impose, or make subject to or liable for.

> When land shall be charged by any lien.
> Kent.

4. To fix or demand as a price; as, he charges two dollars a barrel for apples.

5. To place something to the account of as a debt; to debit, as, to charge one with goods. Also, to enter upon the debit side of an account; as, to charge a sum to one.

6. To impute or ascribe; to lay to one's charge.

> No more accuse thy pen, but charge the crime
> On native sloth and negligence of time.
> Dryden.

7. To accuse; to make a charge or assertion against (a person or thing); to lay the responsibility (for something said or done) at the door of.

> If he did that wrong you charge him with.
> Tennyson.

8. To place within or upon any firearm, piece of apparatus or machinery, the quantity it is intended and fitted to hold or bear; to load; to fill; as, to charge a gun; to charge an electrical machine, etc.

> Their battering cannon charged to the mouths.
> Shak.

9. To ornament with or cause to bear; as, to charge an architectural member with a molding.

10. (Her.) To assume as a bearing; as, he charges three roses or; to add to or represent on; as, he charges his shield with three roses or.

11. To call to account; to challenge. [Obs.]

> To charge me to an answer.
> Shak.

12. To bear down upon; to rush upon; to attack.

> Charged our main battle's front.
> Shak.

Syn. -- To intrust; command; exhort; instruct; accuse; impeach; arraign. See Accuse.

Charge (?), v. i. 1. To make an onset or rush; as, to charge with fixed bayonets.

> Like your heroes of antiquity, he charges in iron.
> Glanvill.

> "Charge for the guns!" he said.
> Tennyson.

2. To demand a price; as, to charge high for goods.

3. To debit on an account; as, to charge for purchases.

4. To squat on its belly and be still; -- a command given by a sportsman to a dog.

Charge (?), n. [F. charge, fr. charger to load. See Charge, v. t., and cf. Cargo, Caricature.] 1. A load or burder laid upon a person or thing.

2. A person or thing commited or intrusted to the care, custody, or management of another; a trust.

The people of a parish or church are called the charge of the clergyman who is set over them.

3. Custody or care of any person, thing, or place; office; responsibility; oversight; obigation; duty.

> 'Tis a great charge to come under one body's hand.
> Shak.

4. Heed; care; anxiety; trouble. [Obs.] Chaucer.

5. Harm. [Obs.] Chaucer.

6. An order; a mandate or command; an injunction.

> The king gave cherge concerning Absalom.
> 2. Sam. xviii. 5.

7. An address (esp. an earnest or impressive address) containing instruction or exhortation; as, the charge of a judge to a jury; the charge of a bishop to his clergy.

8. An accusation of a wrong of offense; allegation; indictment; specification of something alleged.

> The charge of confounding very different classes of phenomena.
> Whewell.

9. Whatever constitutes a burden on property, as rents, taxes, lines, etc.; costs; expense incurred; -- usually in the plural.

10. The price demanded for a thing or service.

11. An entry or a account of that which is due from one party to another; that which is debited in a business transaction; as, a charge in an account book.

12. That quantity, as of ammunition, electricity, ore, fuel, etc., which any apparatus, as a gun, battery, furnace, machine, etc., is intended to receive and fitted to hold, or which is actually in it at one time

13. The act of rushing upon, or towards, an enemy; a sudden onset or attack, as of troops, esp. cavalry; hence, the signal for attack; as, to sound the charge.

> Never, in any other war afore, gave the Romans a hotter charge upon the enemies.
> Holland.

> The charge of the light brigade.
> Tennyson.

14. A position (of a weapon) fitted for attack; as, to bring a weapon to the charge.

15. (Far.) A sort of plaster or ointment.

16. (Her.) A bearing. See Bearing, n., 8.

17. [Cf. Charre.] Thirty-six pigs of lead, each pig weighing about seventy pounds; -- called also charre.

18. Weight; import; value.

> Many suchlike "as's" of great charge.
> Shak.

Back charge. See under Back, a. -- Bursting charge. (a (Mil.) The charge which bursts a shell, etc. (b (Mining) A small quantity of fine powder to secure the ignition of a charge of coarse powder in blasting. -- Charge and discharge (Equity Practice), the old mode or form of taking an account before a master in chancery. -- Charge sheet, the paper on which are entered at a police station all arrests and accusations. -- To sound the charge, to give the signal for an attack.

Syn. -- Care; custody; trust; management; office; expense; cost; price; assault; attack; onset; injunction; command; order; mandate; instruction; accusation; indictment.

Charge"a*ble (?), a. 1. That may be charged, laid, imposed, or imputes; as, a duty chargeable on iron; a fault chargeable on a man.

2. Subject to be charge or accused; liable or responsible; as, revenues chargeable with a claim; a man chargeable with murder.

3. Serving to create expense; costly; burdensome.

> That we might not be chargeable to any of you.
> 2. Thess. iii. 8.

> For the sculptures, which are elegant, were very chargeable.
> Evelyn.

Charge"a*ble*ness, n. The quality of being chargeable or expensive. [Obs.] Whitelocke.

Charge"a*bly (?), adv. At great cost; expensively. [Obs.]

Char"geant (?), a. [F. chargeant, fr. charger to load.] Burdensome; troublesome. [Obs.] Chaucer.

||Char`gé" d'af`faires" (?), n.; pl. Chargés d'affaires. [F., "charged with affairs."] A diplomatic representative, or minister of an inferior grade, accredited by the government of one state to the minister of foreign affairs of another; also, a substitute, ad interim, for an ambassador or minister plenipotentiary.

Charge"ful (?), a. Costly; expensive. [Obs.]

> The fineness of the gold and chargeful fashion.
> Shak.

Charge"house` (?), n. A schoolhouse. [Obs.]

Charge"less, a. Free from, or with little, charge.

Char"geous (?), a. Burdensome. [Obs.]

> I was chargeous to no man.
> Wyclif, (2 Cor. xi. 9).

Char"ger (?), n. 1. One who, or that which charges.

2. An instrument for measuring or inserting a charge.

3. A large dish. [Obs.]

> Give me here John Baptist's head in a charger.
> Matt. xiv. 8.

4. A horse for battle or parade. Macaulay.

> And furious every charger neighed.
> Campbell.

Char*ge"ship (?), n. The office of a chargé d'affaires.

Char"i*ly (?), adv. In a chary manner; carefully; cautiously; frugally.

Char"i*ness, n. The quality of being chary.

Char"i*ot (?), n. [F. Chariot, from char car. See Car.] 1. (Antiq.) A two-wheeled car or vehicle for war, racing, state processions, etc.

> First moved the chariots, after whom the foot.
> Cowper.

2. A four-wheeled pleasure or state carriage, having one seat. Shak.

Char"i*ot, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Charioted; p. pr. & vb. n. Charioting.] To convey in a chariot. Milton.

Char`i*ot*ee" (?), n. A light, covered, four-wheeled pleasure carriage with two seats.

Char`i*ot*eer" (?), n.

1. One who drives a chariot.

2. (Astron.) A constellation. See Auriga, and Wagones.

Cha"rism (?), n. [Gr. &?; gift.] (Eccl.) A miraculously given power, as of healing, speaking foreign languages without instruction, etc., attributed to some of the early Christians.

Char`is*mat"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to a charism.

Char"i*ta*ble (?), a.[F. See Charity.]

1. Full of love and good will; benevolent; kind.

> Be thy intents wicked or charitable, . . .
> . . . I will speak to thee.
> Shak.

2. Liberal in judging of others; disposed to look on the best side, and to avoid harsh judgment.

3. Liberal in benefactions to the poor; giving freely; generous; beneficent.

> What charitable men afford to beggars.
> Shak.

4. Of or pertaining to charity; springing from, or intended for, charity; relating to almsgiving; eleemosynary; as, a charitable institution.

5. Dictated by kindness; favorable; lenient.

> By a charitable construction it may be a sermon.
> L. Andrews.

Syn. -- Kind; beneficent; benevolent; generous; lenient; forgiving; helpful; liberal; favorable; indulgent.

Char"i*ta*ble*ness, n. The quality of being charitable; the exercise of charity.

Char"i*ta*bly, adv. In a charitable manner.

Char"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Charities (#). [F. charité fr. L. caritas dearness, high regard, love, from carus dear, costly, loved; asin to Skr. kam to wish, love, cf. Ir. cara a friend, W. caru to love. Cf. Caress.]

1. Love; universal benevolence; good will.

> Now abideth faith, hope, charity, three; but the greatest of these is charity.
> 1. Cor. xiii. 13.

> They, at least, are little to be envied, in whose hearts the great charities . . . lie dead.
> Ruskin.

> With malice towards none, with charity for all.
> Lincoln.

2. Liberality in judging of men and their actions; a disposition which inclines men to put the best construction on the words and actions of others.

> The highest exercise of charity is charity towards the uncharitable.
> Buckminster.

3. Liberality to the poor and the suffering, to benevolent institutions, or to worthy causes; generosity.

> The heathen poet, in commending the charity of Dido to the Trojans, spake like a Christian.
> Dryden.

4. Whatever is bestowed gratuitously on the needy or suffering for their relief; alms; any act of kindness.

> She did ill then to refuse her a charity.
> L'Estrange.

5. A charitable institution, or a gift to create and support such an institution; as, Lady Margaret's charity.

6. pl. (Law) Eleemosynary appointments [grants or devises] including relief of the poor or friendless, education, religious culture, and public institutions.

> The charities that soothe, and heal, and bless,
> Are scattered at the feet of man like flowers.
> Wordsworth.

Sisters of Charity (R. C. Ch.), a sisterhood of religious women engaged in works of mercy, esp. in nursing the sick; -- a popular designation. There are various orders of the Sisters of Charity.

Syn. -- Love; benevolence; good will; affection; tenderness; beneficence; liberality; almsgiving.

||Cha*ri`va*ri" (?), n. [F.] A mock serenade of discordant noises, made with kettles, tin horns, etc., designed to annoy and insult.

It was at first performed before the house of any person of advanced age who married a second time.

Chark (?), n. [Abbrev. fr. charcoal.] Charcoal; a cinder. [Obs.] DeFoe.

Chark, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Charked (?).] To burn to a coal; to char. [Obs.]

Char"la*tan (?), n. [F. charlatan, fr. It. ciarlatano, fr. ciarlare to chartter, prate; of imitative origin; cf. It. zirlare to whistle like a thrush.] One who prates much in his own favor, and makes unwarrantable pretensions; a quack; an impostor; an empiric; a mountebank.

<! p. 242 !>

{ Char`la*tan"ic (?), Char`la*tan"ic*al (?), } a. Of or like a charlatan; making undue pretension; empirical; pretentious; quackish. -- Char`la*tan"ic*al*ly, adv.

Char"la*tan*ism (?), n. [Cf. F. charlatanisme.] Charlatanry.

Char"la*tan*ry (?), n. [F. charlatanrie, from It. ciarlataneria. See Charlatan.] Undue pretensions to skill; quackery; wheedling; empiricism.

Charles's Wain (?). [Charles + wain; cf. AS. Carles w&?;n (for wægn), Sw. karlvagnen, Dan. karlsvogn. See Churl, and Wain.] (Astron.) The group of seven stars, commonly called the Dipper, in the constellation Ursa Major, or Great Bear. See Ursa major, under Ursa.

The name is sometimes also applied to the Constellation.

Char"lock (?), n. [AS. cerlic; the latter part perh. fr. AS. leác leek. Cf. Hemlock.] (Bot.) A cruciferous plant (Brassica sinapistrum) with yellow flowers; wild mustard. It is troublesome in grain fields. Called also chardock, chardlock, chedlock, and kedlock.

Jointed charlock, White charlock, a troublesome weed (Raphanus Raphanistrum) with straw-colored, whitish, or purplish flowers, and jointed pods: wild radish.

Char"lotte (?), n. [F.] A kind of pie or pudding made by lining a dish with slices of bread, and filling it with bread soaked in milk, and baked.

Charlotte Russe (&?;), or ||Charlotte à la russe [F., lit., Russian charlotte] (Cookery), a dish composed of custard or whipped cream, inclosed in sponge cake.

Charm (chärm), n. [F. charme, fr. L. carmen song, verse, incantation, for casmen, akin to Skr. çasman, ças, a laudatory song, from a root signifying to praise, to sing.] 1. A melody; a song. [Obs.]

> With charm of earliest birds.
> Milton.

> Free liberty to chant our charms at will.
> Spenser.

2. A word or combination of words sung or spoken in the practice of magic; a magical combination of words, characters, etc.; an incantation.

> My high charms work.
> Shak.

3. That which exerts an irresistible power to please and attract; that which fascinates; any alluring quality.

> Charms strike the sight, but merit wins the soul.
> Pope.

> The charm of beauty's powerful glance.
> Milton.

4. Anything worn for its supposed efficacy to the wearer in averting ill or securing good fortune.

5. Any small decorative object worn on the person, as a seal, a key, a silver whistle, or the like. Bunches of charms are often worn at the watch chain.

Syn. - Spell; incantation; conjuration; enchantment; fascination; attraction.

Charm, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Charmed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Charming.] [Cf. F. charmer. See Charm, n.] 1. To make music upon; to tune. [Obs. & R.]

> Here we our slender pipes may safely charm.
> Spenser.

2. To subdue, control, or summon by incantation or supernatural influence; to affect by magic.

> No witchcraft charm thee!
> Shak.

3. To subdue or overcome by some secret power, or by that which gives pleasure; to allay; to soothe.

> Music the fiercest grief can charm.
> Pope.

4. To attract irresistibly; to delight exceedingly; to enchant; to fascinate.

> They, on their mirth and dance
> Intent, with jocund music charm his ear.
> Milton.

5. To protect with, or make invulnerable by, spells, charms, or supernatural influences; as, a charmed life.

> I, in my own woe charmed,
> Could not find death.
> Shak.

Syn. - To fascinate; enchant; enrapture; captivate; bewitch; allure; subdue; delight; entice; transport.

Charm, v. i. 1. To use magic arts or occult power; to make use of charms.

> The voice of charmers, charming never so wisely.
> Ps. lviii. 5.

2. To act as, or produce the effect of, a charm; to please greatly; to be fascinating.

3. To make a musical sound. [Obs.] Milton.

||Char"mel (?), n. [Heb.] A fruitful field.

> Libanus shall be turned into charmel, and charmel shall be esteemed as a forest.
> Isa. xxix. 17 (Douay version).

Charm"er (?), n. 1. One who charms, or has power to charm; one who uses the power of enchantment; a magician. Deut. xviii. 11.

2. One who delights and attracts the affections.

Charm"er*ess (?), n. An enchantress. Chaucer.

Charm"ful (?), a. Abounding with charms. "His charmful lyre." Cowley.

Charm"ing, a. Pleasing the mind or senses in a high degree; delighting; fascinating; attractive.

> How charming is divine philosophy.
> Milton.

Syn. - Enchanting; bewitching; captivating; enrapturing; alluring; fascinating; delightful; pleasurable; graceful; lovely; amiable; pleasing; winning.

-- Charm"ing*ly, adv. -- Charm"ing*ness, n.

Charm"less, a. Destitute of charms. Swift.

{ Char"ne*co, Char"ni*co (?) }, n. A sort of sweet wine. [Obs.] Shak.

Char"nel (?), a. [F. charnel carnal, fleshly, fr. L. carnalis. See Carnal.] Containing the bodies of the dead. "Charnel vaults." Milton.

Charnel house, a tomb, vault, cemetery, or other place where the bones of the dead are deposited; originally, a place for the bones thrown up when digging new graves in old burial grounds.

Char"nel, n. A charnel house; a grave; a cemetery.

> In their proud charnel of Thermopylæ.
> Byron.

Cha"ron (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;.] (Cless. Myth.) The son of Erebus and Nox, whose office it was to ferry the souls of the dead over the Styx, a river of the infernal regions. Shak.

||Char"pie (?), n. [F., properly fem. p. p. of OF. charpir, carpir, to pluck, fr. L. carpere. Cf. Carpet.] (Med.) Straight threads obtained by unraveling old linen cloth; -- used for surgical dressings.

||Char"qui (?), n. [Sp. A term used in South America, Central America, and the Western United States.] Jerked beef; beef cut into long strips and dried in the wind and sun. Darwin.

Charr (?), n. See 1st Char.

||Char"ras (?), n. The gum resin of the hemp plant (Cannabis sativa). Same as Churrus. Balfour.

Charre (?), n. [LL. charrus a certain weight.] See Charge, n., 17.

Char"ry (?), a. [See 6th Char.] Pertaining to charcoal, or partaking of its qualities.

Chart (?), n. [A doublet of card: cf. F. charte charter, carte card. See Card, and cf. Charter.] 1. A sheet of paper, pasteboard, or the like, on which information is exhibited, esp. when the information is arranged in tabular form; as, an historical chart.

2. A map; esp., a hydrographic or marine map; a map on which is projected a portion of water and the land which it surrounds, or by which it is surrounded, intended especially for the use of seamen; as, the United States Coast Survey charts; the English Admiralty charts.

3. A written deed; a charter.

Globular chart, a chart constructed on a globular projection. See under Globular. -- Heliographic chart, a map of the sun with its spots. -- Mercator's chart, a chart constructed on the principle of Mercator's projection. See Projection. -- Plane chart, a representation of some part of the superficies of the globe, in which its spherical form is disregarded, the meridians being drawn parallel to each other, and the parallels of latitude at equal distances. -- Selenographic chart, a map representing the surface of the moon. -- Topographic chart, a minute delineation of a limited place or region.

Chart, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Charted.] To lay down in a chart; to map; to delineate; as, to chart a coast.

||Char"ta (?), n. [L., leaf of paper. See Chart.] (Law) (a) Material on which instruments, books, etc., are written; parchment or paper. (b) A charter or deed; a writing by which a grant is made. See Magna Charta.

Char*ta"ceous (?), a. [L. chartaceus. See Charta.] Resembling paper or parchment; of paper-like texture; papery.

||Charte (?), n. [F. See Chart.] The constitution, or fundamental law, of the French monarchy, as established on the restoration of Louis XVIII., in 1814.

Char"ter (?), n. [OF. chartre, F. chartre, charte, fr. L. chartula a little paper, dim. of charta. See Chart, Card.] 1. A written evidence in due form of things done or granted, contracts made, etc., between man and man; a deed, or conveyance. [Archaic]

2. An instrument in writing, from the sovereign power of a state or country, executed in due form, bestowing rights, franchises, or privileges.

> The king [John, a.d. 1215], with a facility somewhat suspicious, signed and sealed the charter which was required of him. This famous deed, commonly called the "Great Charter," either granted or secured very important liberties and privileges to every order of men in the kingdom.
> Hume.

3. An act of a legislative body creating a municipal or other corporation and defining its powers and privileges. Also, an instrument in writing from the constituted authorities of an order or society (as the Freemasons), creating a lodge and defining its powers.

4. A special privilege, immunity, or exemption.

> My mother,
> Who has a charter to extol her blood,
> When she does praise me, grieves me.
> Shak.

5. (Com.) The letting or hiring a vessel by special contract, or the contract or instrument whereby a vessel is hired or let; as, a ship is offered for sale or charter. See Charter party, below.

Charter land (O. Eng. Law), land held by charter, or in socage; bookland. -- Charter member, one of the original members of a society or corporation, esp. one named in a charter, or taking part in the first proceedings under it. -- Charter party [F. chartre partie, or charte partie, a divided charter; from the practice of cutting the instrument of contract in two, and giving one part to each of the contractors] (Com.), a mercantile lease of a vessel; a specific contract by which the owners of a vessel let the entire vessel, or some principal part of the vessel, to another person, to be used by the latter in transportation for his own account, either under their charge or his. -- People's Charter (Eng. Hist.), the document which embodied the demands made by the Chartists, so called, upon the English government in 1838.

Char"ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chartered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Chartering.] 1. To establish by charter.

2. To hire or let by charter, as a ship. See Charter party, under Charter, n.

Char"tered (?), a. 1. Granted or established by charter; having, or existing under, a charter; having a privilege by charter.

> The sufficiency of chartered rights.
> Palfrey.

> The air, a chartered libertine.
> Shak.

2. Hired or let by charter, as a ship.

Char"ter*er (?), n. One who charters; esp. one who hires a ship for a voyage.

Char"ter*house` (?), n. A well known public school and charitable foundation in the building once used as a Carthusian monastery (Chartreuse) in London.

Char"ter*ist, n. Same as Chartist.

Chart"ism (?), n. [F. charte charter. Cf. Charte, Chart.] The principles of a political party in England (1838-48), which contended for universal suffrage, the vote by ballot, annual parliaments, equal electoral districts, and other radical reforms, as set forth in a document called the People's Charter.

Chart"ist (?), n. A supporter or partisan of chartism. [Eng.]

Chart"less, a. 1. Without a chart; having no guide.

2. Not mapped; uncharted; vague. Barlow.

Char*tog"ra*pher (?), n., Char`to*graph"ic (&?;), a., Char*tog"ra*phy (&?;), n., etc. Same as Cartographer, Cartographic, Cartography, etc.

Char"to*man`cy (?), n. [L. charta paper + -mancy. Cf. Cartomancy.] Divination by written paper or by cards.

Char*tom"e*ter (?), n. [Chart + -meter.] An instrument for measuring charts or maps.

||Char`treuse" (?), n. [F.] 1. A Carthusian monastery; esp. La Grande Chartreuse, mother house of the order, in the mountains near Grenoble, France.

2. An alcoholic cordial, distilled from aromatic herbs; -- made at La Grande Chartreuse.

||Char`treux" (?), n. [F.] A Carthusian.

Char"tu*la*ry (?), n. See Cartulary.

Char"wom`an (?), n.; pl. Charwomen (#). [See Char a chore.] A woman hired for odd work or for single days.

Char"y (?), a. [AS. cearig careful, fr. cearu care. See Care.] Careful; wary; cautious; not rash, reckless, or spendthrift; saving; frugal.

> His rising reputation made him more chary of his fame.
> Jeffrey.

Cha*ryb"dis (?), n. [L., Gr. &?;.] A dangerous whirlpool on the coast of Sicily opposite Scylla on the Italian coast. It is personified as a female monster. See Scylla.

Chas"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being chased; fit for hunting. Gower.

Chase (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chased (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Chasing.] [OF. chacier, F. chasser, fr. (assumed) LL. captiare, fr. L. captare to strive to seize. See Catch.] 1. To pursue for the purpose of killing or taking, as an enemy, or game; to hunt.

> We are those which chased you from the field.
> Shak.

> Philologists, who chase
> A panting syllable through time and place.
> Cowper.

2. To follow as if to catch; to pursue; to compel to move on; to drive by following; to cause to fly; -- often with away or off; as, to chase the hens away.

> Chased by their brother's endless malice from prince to prince and from place to place.
> Knolles.

3. To pursue eagerly, as hunters pursue game.

> Chasing each other merrily.
> Tennyson.

Chase, v. i. To give chase; to hunt; as, to chase around after a doctor. [Colloq.]

Chase, n. [Cf. F. chasse, fr. chasser. See Chase, v.] 1. Vehement pursuit for the purpose of killing or capturing, as of an enemy, or game; an earnest seeking after any object greatly desired; the act or habit of hunting; a hunt. "This mad chase of fame." Dryden.

> You see this chase is hotly followed.
> Shak.

2. That which is pursued or hunted.

> Nay, Warwick, seek thee out some other chase,
> For I myself must hunt this deer to death.
> Shak.

3. An open hunting ground to which game resorts, and which is private properly, thus differing from a forest, which is not private property, and from a park, which is inclosed. Sometimes written chace. [Eng.]

4. (Court Tennis) A division of the floor of a gallery, marked by a figure or otherwise; the spot where a ball falls, and between which and the dedans the adversary must drive his ball in order to gain a point.

Chase gun (Naut.), a cannon placed at the bow or stern of an armed vessel, and used when pursuing an enemy, or in defending the vessel when pursued. -- Chase port (Naut.), a porthole from which a chase gun is fired. -- Stern chase (Naut.), a chase in which the pursuing vessel follows directly in the wake of the vessel pursued.

Chase, n. [F. cháse, fr. L. capsa box, case. See Case a box.] (Print.) 1. A rectangular iron frame in which pages or columns of type are imposed.

2. (Mil.) The part of a cannon from the reënforce or the trunnions to the swell of the muzzle. See Cannon.

3. A groove, or channel, as in the face of a wall; a trench, as for the reception of drain tile.

4. (Shipbuilding) A kind of joint by which an overlap joint is changed to a flush joint, by means of a gradually deepening rabbet, as at the ends of clinker-built boats.

Chase, v. t. [A contraction of enchase.] 1. To ornament (a surface of metal) by embossing, cutting away parts, and the like.

2. To cut, so as to make a screw thread.

Chas"er (?), n. 1. One who or that which chases; a pursuer; a driver; a hunter.

2. (Naut.) Same as Chase gun, esp. in terms bow chaser and stern chaser. See under Bow, Stern.

Chas"er, n. 1. One who chases or engraves. See 5th Chase, and Enchase.

2. (Mech.) A tool with several points, used for cutting or finishing screw threads, either external or internal, on work revolving in a lathe.

Chas"i*ble (?), n. See Chasuble.

Chas"ing (?), n. The art of ornamenting metal by means of chasing tools; also, a piece of ornamental work produced in this way.

Chasm (?), n. [L. chasma, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to grape, to open wide. See Chaos.] 1. A deep opening made by disruption, as a breach in the earth or a rock; a yawning abyss; a cleft; a fissure.

> That deep, romantic chasm which slanted down the green hill.
> Coleridge.

2. A void space; a gap or break, as in ranks of men.

> Memory . . . fills up the chasms of thought.
> Addison.

Chasmed (?), a. Having gaps or a chasm. [R.]

Chas"my (?), a. Of or pertaining to a chasm; abounding in chasms. Carlyle.

> They cross the chasmy torrent's foam-lit bed.
> Wordsworth.

<! p. 243 !>

Chas`se" (?), n. [F., fr. chassé, p. p. of chasser to chase.] A movement in dancing, as across or to the right or left.

Chas`se", v. i. (Dancing) To make the movement called chassé; as, all chassé; chassé to the right or left.

Chas"se*las (?), n. [F., from the village of Chasselas.] A white grape, esteemed for the table.

||Chasse`pot" (?), n. [From the French inventor, A. A. Chassepot.] (Mil.) A kind of breechloading, center-fire rifle, or improved needle gun.

Chas`seur" (?), n. [F., a huntsman. See Chase to pursue.] 1. (Mil.) One of a body of light troops, cavalry or infantry, trained for rapid movements.

2. An attendant upon persons of rank or wealth, wearing a plume and sword.

> The great chasseur who had announced her arrival.
> W. Irving.

Chas"sis (?), n. [F. châssis.] (Mil.) A traversing base frame, or movable railway, along which the carriage of a barbette or casemate gun moves backward and forward. [See Gun carriage.]

Chast (chst), v. t. to chasten. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Chaste (chst), a. [F. chaste, from L. castus pure, chaste; cf. Gr. kaqaro`s pure, Skr. çudth to purify.]

1. Pure from unlawful sexual intercourse; virtuous; continent. "As chaste as Diana." Shak.

> Whose bed is undefiled and chaste pronounced.
> Milton.

2. Pure in thought and act; innocent; free from lewdness and obscenity, or indecency in act or speech; modest; as, a chaste mind; chaste eyes.

3. Pure in design and expression; correct; free from barbarisms or vulgarisms; refined; simple; as, a chaste style in composition or art.

> That great model of chaste, lofty, and eloquence, the Book of Common Prayer.
> Macaulay.

4. Unmarried. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Syn. -- Undefiled; pure; virtuous; continent; immaculate; spotless.

Chaste tree. Same as Agnus castus.

Chaste"ly, adv. In a chaste manner; with purity.

Chas"ten (ch"s'n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chastened (-s'nd); p. pr. & vb. n. Chastening.] [OE. chastien, OF. Chastier, F. Ch&?;tier, fr. L. castigare to punish, chastise; castus pure + agere to lead, drive. See Chaste, Act, and cf. Castigate, Chastise.] 1. To correct by punishment; to inflict pain upon the purpose of reclaiming; to discipline; as, to chasten a son with a rod.

> For whom the Lord loveth he chasteneth.
> Heb. xii. 6.

2. To purify from errors or faults; to refine.

> They [classics] chasten and enlarge the mind, and excite to noble actions.
> Layard.

Syn. -- To chastise; punish; correct; discipline; castigate; afflict; subdue; purify. To Chasten, Punish, Chastise. To chasten is to subject to affliction or trouble, in order to produce a general change for the better in life or character. To punish is to inflict penalty for violation of law, disobedience to authority, or intentional wrongdoing. To chastise is to punish a particular offense, as with stripes, especially with the hope that suffering or disgrace may prevent a repetition of faults.

Chas"tened (?), a. Corrected; disciplined; refined; purified; toned down. Sir. W. Scott.

> Of such a finished chastened purity.
> Tennyson.

Chas"ten*er (?), n. One who chastens.

Chaste"ness (?), n. 1. Chastity; purity.

2. (Literature & Art) Freedom from all that is meretricious, gaudy, or affected; as, chasteness of design.

Chas*tis"a*ble (?), a. Capable or deserving of chastisement; punishable. Sherwood.

Chas*tise" (chs*tz"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chastised (- tzd"); p. pr. & vb. n. Chastising.] [OE. chastisen; chastien + ending -isen + modern -ise, -ize, L. - izare, Gr. -i`zein. See Chasten.] 1. To inflict pain upon, by means of stripes, or in any other manner, for the purpose of punishment or reformation; to punish, as with stripes.

> How fine my master is! I am afraid
> He will chastise me.
> Shak.

> I am glad to see the vanity or envy of the canting chemists thus discovered and chastised.
> Boyle.

2. To reduce to order or obedience; to correct or purify; to free from faults or excesses.

> The gay, social sense, by decency chastised.
> Thomson.

Syn. -- See Chasten.

Chas"tise*ment (?), n. [From Chastise.] The act of chastising; pain inflicted for punishment and correction; discipline; punishment.

> Shall I so much dishonor my fair stars,
> On equal terms to give him chastesement!
> Shak.

> I have borne chastisement; I will not offend any more.
> Job xxxiv. 31.

Chas*tis"er (?), n. One who chastises; a punisher; a corrector. Jer. Taylor.

> The chastiser of the rich.
> Burke.

Chas"ti*ty (?), n. [F. chasteté, fr. L. castitas, fr. castus. See Chaste.] 1. The state of being chaste; purity of body; freedom from unlawful sexual intercourse.

> She . . . hath preserved her spotless chastity.
> T. Carew.

2. Moral purity.

> So dear to heaven is saintly chastity,
> That, when a soul is found sicerely so
> A thousand liveried angels lackey her.
> Milton.

3. The unmarried life; celibacy. [Obs.] Chaucer.

4. (Literature & Art) Chasteness.

Chas"u*ble (?), n. [F. chasuble, LL. casubula, cassibula, casula, a hooded garment, covering the person like a little house; cf. It. casupola, casipola, cottage, dim of L. casa cottage.] (Eccl.) The outer vestment worn by the priest in saying Mass, consisting, in the Roman Catholic Church, of a broad, flat, back piece, and a narrower front piece, the two connected over the shoulders only. The back has usually a large cross, the front an upright bar or pillar, designed to be emblematical of Christ's sufferings. In the Greek Church the chasuble is a large round mantle. [Written also chasible, and chesible.]

Chat (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Chatted; p. pr. & vb. n. Chatting.] [From Chatter. √22.] To talk in a light and familiar manner; to converse without form or ceremony; to gossip. Shak.

> To chat a while on their adventures.
> Dryden.

Syn. -- To talk; chatter; gossip; converse.

Chat, v. t. To talk of. [Obs.]

Chat, n. 1. Light, familiar talk; conversation; gossip.

> Snuff, or fan, supply each pause of chat,
> With singing, laughing, ogling, and all that.
> Pope.

2. (Zoöl.) A bird of the genus Icteria, allied to the warblers, in America. The best known species are the yellow-breasted chat (I. viridis), and the long-tailed chat (I. longicauda). In Europe the name is given to several birds of the family Saxicolidæ, as the stonechat, and whinchat.

Bush chat. (Zoöl.) See under Bush.

Chat, n. 1. A twig, cone, or little branch. See Chit.

2. pl. (Mining) Small stones with ore.

Chat potatoes, small potatoes, such as are given to swine. [Local.]

||Cha`teau" (?), n.; pl. Chateux (#). [F. château a castle. See Castle.] 1. A castle or a fortress in France.

2. A manor house or residence of the lord of the manor; a gentleman's country seat; also, particularly, a royal residence; as, the chateau of the Louvre; the chateau of the Luxembourg.

The distinctive, French term for a fortified castle of the middle ages is château-fort.

||Chateau en Espagne (&?;) [F.], a castle in Spain, that is, a castle in the air, Spain being the region of romance.

Chat"e*laine (?), n. [F. châtelaine the wife of a castellan, the mistress of a chateau, a chatelaine chain.] An ornamental hook, or brooch worn by a lady at her waist, and having a short chain or chains attached for a watch, keys, trinkets, etc. Also used adjectively; as, a chatelaine chain.

Chat"e*let (?), n. [F. châtelet, dim. of château. See Castle.] A little castle.

Chat"el*la*ny (?), n. [F. châtellenie.] Same as Castellany.

||Cha`ti" (?), n. [Cf. F. chat cat.] (Zoöl.) A small South American species of tiger cat (Felis mitis).

Cha*toy"ant (?), a. [F., p. pr. of chatoyer to be chatoyant, fr. chat cat.] (Min.) Having a changeable, varying luster, or color, like that of a changeable silk, or oa a cat's eye in the dark.

Cha*toy"ant, n. (Min.) A hard stone, as the cat's-eye, which presents on a polished surface, and in the interior, an undulating or wary light.

Cha*toy"ment (?), n. [F. chatoiement. See Chatoyant.] Changeableness of color, as in a mineral; play of colors. Cleaceland.

Chat"tel (?), n. [OF. chatel; another form of catel. See Cattle.] (Law) Any item of movable or immovable property except the freehold, or the things which are parcel of it. It is a more extensive term than goods or effects.

Chattels are personal or real: personal are such as are movable, as goods, plate, money; real are such rights in land as are less than a freehold, as leases, mortgages, growing corn, etc.

Chattel mortgage (Law), a mortgage on personal property, as distinguished from one on real property.

Chat"tel*ism (?), n. The act or condition of holding chattels; the state of being a chattel.

Chat"ter (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Chattered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Chattering.] [Of imitative origin. Cf. Chat, v. i. Chitter.] 1. To utter sounds which somewhat resemble language, but are inarticulate and indistinct.

> The jaw makes answer, as the magpie chatters.
> Wordsworth.

2. To talk idly, carelessly, or with undue rapidity; to jabber; to prate.

> To tame a shrew, and charm her chattering tongue.
> Shak.

3. To make a noise by rapid collisions.

> With chattering teeth, and bristling hair upright.
> Dryden.

Chat"ter, v. t. To utter rapidly, idly, or indistinctly.

> Begin his witless note apace to chatter.
> Spenser.

Chat"ter, n. 1. Sounds like those of a magpie or monkey; idle talk; rapid, thoughtless talk; jabber; prattle.

> Your words are but idle and empty chatter.
> Longfellow.

2. Noise made by collision of the teeth, as in shivering.

Chat*ter*a"tion (?), n. The act or habit of chattering. [Colloq.]

Chat"ter*er (?), n. 1. A prater; an idle talker.

2. (Zoöl.) A bird of the family Ampelidæ -- so called from its monotonous note. The Bohemion chatterer (Ampelis garrulus) inhabits the arctic regions of both continents. In America the cedar bird is a more common species. See Bohemian chatterer, and Cedar bird.

Chat"ter*ing (?), n. The act or habit of talking idly or rapidly, or of making inarticulate sounds; the sounds so made; noise made by the collision of the teeth; chatter.

Chat"ti*ness (?), n. The quality of being chatty, or of talking easily and pleasantly.

Chat"ty (?), a. Given to light, familiar talk; talkative. Lady M. W. Montagu.

||Chat"ty, n. [Tamil shti.] A porous earthen pot used in India for cooling water, etc.

Chat"wood` (?), n. [Chat a little stick + wood.] Little sticks; twigs for burning; fuel. Johnson.

Chaud"-med`ley (?), n. [F. chaude mêlée; chaud hot + mêler (Formerly sometimes spelt medler) to mingle.] (Law) The killing of a person in an affray, in the heat of blood, and while under the influence of passion, thus distinguished from chance-medley or killing in self- defense, or in a casual affray. Burrill.

Chau"dron (?), n. See Chawdron. [Obs.]

Chauf"fer (?), n. [Cf. F. chauffoir a kind of stone, fr. chauffer to heat. See Chafe.] (Chem.) A table stove or small furnace, usually a cylindrical box of sheet iron, with a grate at the bottom, and an open top.

Chaul"dron (?), n. See Chawdron. [Obs.]

Chaun (?), n. A gap. [Obs.] Colgrave.

Chaun, v. t. & i. To open; to yawn. [Obs.]

> O, chaun thy breast.
> Marston.

Chaunt (?), n. & v. See Chant.

Chaunt"er (?), n. 1. A street seller of ballads and other broadsides. [Slang, Eng.]

2. A deceitful, tricky dealer or horse jockey. [Colloq.]

> He was a horse chaunter; he's a leg now.
> Dickens.

3. The flute of a bagpipe. See Chanter, n., 3.

Chaunt"er*ie (?), n. See Chantry. [Obs.] Chaucer.

||Cha"us (?), n. (Zoöl.) a lynxlike animal of Asia and Africa (Lynx Lybicus).

||Chausses (?), n. pl. [F.] The garment for the legs and feet and for the body below the waist, worn in Europe throughout the Middle Ages; applied also to the armor for the same parts, when fixible, as of chain mail.

||Chaus`sure" (?), n. [F.] A foot covering of any kind.

Chau"vin*ism (?), n. [F. chauvinisme, from Chauvin, a character represented as making grotesque and threatening displays of his attachment to his fallen chief, Napoleon I., in 1815.] Blind and absurd devotion to a fallen leader or an obsolete cause; hence, absurdly vainglorious or exaggerated patriotism.

-- Chau"vin*ist, n. -- Chau`vin*is"tic (&?;), a.

To have a generous belief in the greatness of one's country is not chauvinism. It is the character of the latter quality to be wildly extravagant, to be fretful and childish and silly, to resent a doubt as an insult, and to offend by its very frankness. Prof. H. Tuttle.

Chav"en*der (?), n. [Cf. Cheven.] (Zoöl.) The chub. Walton.

Chaw (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chawed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Chawing.] [See Chew.] 1. To grind with the teeth; to masticate, as food in eating; to chew, as the cud; to champ, as the bit.

> The trampling steed, with gold and purple trapped,
> Chawing the foamy bit, there fiercely stood.
> Surrey.

2. To ruminate in thought; to consider; to keep the mind working upon; to brood over. Dryden.

A word formerly in good use, but now regarded as vulgar.

Chaw, n. [See Chaw, v. t.] 1. As much as is put in the mouth at once; a chew; a quid. [Law]

2. [Cf. Jaw.] The jaw. [Obs.] Spenser.

Chaw bacon, a rustic; a bumpkin; a lout. (Law) -- Chaw tooth, a grinder. (Law)

Chaw"dron (?), n. [OF. chaudun, caudun, caldun; cf. G. kaldaunen guts, bowels, LL. calduna intestine, W. coluddyn gut, dim. of coludd bowels.] Entrails. [Obs.] [Written also chaudron, chauldron.] Shak.

Chay" root` (?). [Tamil shya.] The root of the Oldenlandia umbellata, native in India, which yieds a durable red dyestuff. [Written also choy root.]

Cha*zy" ep"och (?). (Geol.) An epoch at the close of the Canadian period of the American Lower Silurian system; -- so named from a township in Clinton Co., New York. See the Diagram under Geology.

Cheap (chp), n. [AS. ceáp bargain, sale, price; akin to D. koop purchase, G. kauf, Icel. kaup bargain. Cf. Cheapen, Chapman, Chaffer, Cope, v. i.] A bargain; a purchase; cheapness. [Obs.]

> The sack that thou hast drunk me would have bought me lights as good cheap at the dearest chandler's in Europe.
> Shak.

Cheap, a. [Abbrev. fr. "good cheap": a good purchase or bargain; cf. F. bon marché, à bon marché. See Cheap, n., Cheapen.] 1. Having a low price in market; of small cost or price, as compared with the usual price or the real value.

> Where there are a great sellers to a few buyers, there the thing to be sold will be cheap.
> Locke.

2. Of comparatively small value; common; mean.

> You grow cheap in every subject's eye.
> Dryden.

Dog cheap, very cheap, -- a phrase formed probably by the catachrestical transposition of good cheap. [Colloq.]

Cheap, adv. Cheaply. Milton.

Cheap, v. i. To buy; to bargain. [Obs.] Chaucer.

<! p. 244 !>

Cheap"en (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cheapened (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Cheapening.] [OE. cheapien, chepen, to trade, buy, sell, AS. ceápian; akin to D. koopen to buy, G. kaufen, Icel. kaupa, Goth. kaupn to trade. Cf. Chap to bargain.] 1. To ask the price of; to bid, bargain, or chaffer for. [Obsoles.]

> Pretend to cheapen goods, but nothing buy.
> Swift.

2. [Cf. Cheap, a.] To beat down the price of; to lessen the value of; to depreciate. Pope.

> My proffered love has cheapened me.
> Dryden.

Cheap"en*er (?), n. One who cheapens.

{ Cheap"-jack` (?), Cheap"-john` (?), } n. A seller of low-priced or second goods; a hawker.

Cheap"ly (?), adv. At a small price; at a low value; in a common or inferior manner.

Cheap"ness (?), n. Lowness in price, considering the usual price, or real value.

Chear (?), n. & v. [Obs.] See Cheer.

Syn. -- Deception; imposture; fraud; delusion; artifice; trick; swindle; deceit; guile; finesse; stratagem.

Cheat, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cheated; p. pr. & vb. n. Cheating.] [See Cheat, n., Escheat.] 1. To deceive and defraud; to impose upon; to trick; to swindle.

> I am subject to a tyrant, a sorcerer, that by his cunning hath cheated me of this island.
> Shak.

2. To beguile. Sir W. Scott.

> To cheat winter of its dreariness.
> W. Irving.

Syn. -- To trick; cozen; gull; chouse; fool; outwit; circumvent; beguile; mislead; dupe; swindle; defraud; overreach; delude; hoodwink; deceive; bamboozle.

Cheat, v. i. To practice fraud or trickery; as, to cheat at cards.

Cheat, n. [Perh. from OF. cheté goods, chattels.] Wheat, or bread made from wheat. [Obs.] Drayton.

> Their purest cheat,
> Thrice bolted, kneaded, and subdued in paste.
> Chapman.

Cheat"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being cheated.

Cheat"a*ble*ness, n. Capability of being cheated.

Cheat"er (?), n. 1. One who cheats.

2. An escheator. [R.] Shak.

Che*bac"co (?), n. [From Chebacco, the former name of Essex, a town in Massachusetts where such vessels were built.] (Naut.) A narrow-sterned boat formerly much used in the Newfoundland fisheries; -- called also pinkstern and chebec. Bartlett.

Che"bec (?), n. (Naut.) See Chebacco.

Che*bec" (?), n. [Named from its note.] (Zoöl.) A small American bird (Empidonax minimus); the least flycatcher.

Check (?), n. [OE. chek, OF. eschec, F. échec, a stop, hindrance, orig. check in the game of chess, pl. échecs chess, through AR., fr. Pers. shh king. See Shah, and cf. Checkmate, Chess, Checker.] 1. (Chess) A word of warning denoting that the king is in danger; such a menace of a player's king by an adversary's move as would, if it were any other piece, expose it to immediate capture. A king so menaced is said to be in check, and must be made safe at the next move.

2. A condition of interrupted or impeded progress; arrest; stop; delay; as, to hold an enemy in check.

> Which gave a remarkable check to the first progress of Christianity.
> Addison.

> No check, no stay, this streamlet fears.
> Wordsworth.

3. Whatever arrests progress, or limits action; an obstacle, guard, restraint, or rebuff.

> Useful check upon the administration of government.
> Washington.

> A man whom no check could abash.
> Macaulay.

4. A mark, certificate, or token, by which, errors may be prevented, or a thing or person may be identified; as, checks placed against items in an account; a check given for baggage; a return check on a railroad.

5. A written order directing a bank or banker to pay money as therein stated. See Bank check, below.

6. A woven or painted design in squares resembling the patten of a checkerboard; one of the squares of such a design; also, cloth having such a figure.

7. (Falconry) The forsaking by a hawk of its proper game to follow other birds.

8. Small chick or crack.

Bank check, a written order on a banker or broker to pay money in his keeping belonging to the signer. -- Check book, a book containing blank forms for checks upon a bank. -- Check hook, a hook on the saddle of a harness, over which a checkrein is looped. -- Check list, a list or catalogue by which things may be verified, or on which they may be checked. -- Check nut (Mech.), a secondary nut, screwing down upon the primary nut to secure it. Knight. -- Check valve (Mech.), a valve in the feed pipe of a boiler to prevent the return of the feed water. -- To take check, to take offense. [Obs.] Dryden.

Syn. -- Hindrance; setback; interruption; obstruction; reprimand; censure; rebuke; reproof; repulse; rebuff; tally; counterfoil; counterbalance; ticket; draft.

Check, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Checked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. checking.] 1. (Chess) To make a move which puts an adversary's piece, esp. his king, in check; to put in check.

2. To put a sudden restraint upon; to stop temporarily; to hinder; to repress; to curb.

> So many clogs to check and retard the headlong course of violence and oppression.
> Burke.

3. To verify, to guard, to make secure, by means of a mark, token, or other check; to distinguish by a check; to put a mark against (an item) after comparing with an original or a counterpart in order to secure accuracy; as, to check an account; to check baggage.

4. To chide, rebuke, or reprove.

> The good king, his master, will check him for it.
> Shak.

5. (Naut.) To slack or ease off, as a brace which is too stiffly extended.

6. To make checks or chinks in; to cause to crack; as, the sun checks timber.

Syn. -- To restrain; curb; bridle; repress; control; hinder; impede; obstruct; interrupt; tally; rebuke; reprove; rebuff.

Check (?), v. i. To make a stop; to pause; -- with at.

> The mind, once jaded by an attempt above its power, either is disabled for the future, or else checks at any vigorous undertaking ever after.
> Locke.

2. To clash or interfere. [R.] Bacon.

3. To act as a curb or restraint.

> It [his presence] checks too strong upon me.
> Dryden.

4. To crack or gape open, as wood in drying; or to crack in small checks, as varnish, paint, etc.

5. (Falconry) To turn, when in pursuit of proper game, and fly after other birds.

> And like the haggard, check at every feather
> That comes before his eye.
> Shak.

Check, a. Checkered; designed in checks.

Check"age (?), n. 1. The act of checking; as, the checkage of a name or of an item in a list.

2. The items, or the amount, to which attention is called by a check or checks.

Check"er, n. [From Check, v. t.] One who checks.

Check"er (chk"r), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Checkered (- rd); p. pr. & vb. n. Checkering.] [From OF. eschequier a chessboard, F. échiquier. See Check, n., and cf. 3d Checker.] 1. To mark with small squares like a checkerboard, as by crossing stripes of different colors.

2. To variegate or diversify with different qualities, colors, scenes, or events; esp., to subject to frequent alternations of prosperity and adversity.

> Our minds are, as it were, checkered with truth and falsehood.
> Addison.

Check"er, n. [OF. eschequier. See Checker, v. t.]

1. A piece in the game of draughts or checkers.

2. A pattern in checks; a single check.

3. Checkerwork.

This word is also written chequer.

Check"er*ber`ry (-br`r), n.; pl. Checkerberries (#). (Bot.) A spicy plant and its bright red berry; the wintergreen (Gaultheria procumbens). Also incorrectly applied to the partridge berry (Mitchella repens).

Check"er*board (-brd`), n. A board with sixty-four squares of alternate color, used for playing checkers or draughts.

Check"ered (-rd), a. 1. Marked with alternate squares or checks of different color or material.

> Dancing in the checkered shade.
> Milton.

2. Diversified or variegated in a marked manner, as in appearance, character, circumstances, etc.

> This checkered narrative.
> Macaulay.

Check"ers (chk"rz), n. pl. [See Checher, v.] A game, called also daughts, played on a checkerboard by two persons, each having twelve men (counters or checkers) which are moved diagonally. The game is ended when either of the players has lost all his men, or can not move them.

Check"er*work` (?), n. 1. Work consisting of or showing checkers varied alternately as to colors or materials.

2. Any aggregate of varied vicissitudes.

> How strange a checkerwork of Providence is the life of man.
> De Foe.

Check"la*ton (?), n. 1. Ciclatoun. [Obs.]

2. Gilded leather. [Obs.] Spenser.

Check"less, a. That can not be checked or restrained.

Check"mate, n. [F. échec et mat, fr. Per. shh mt ceckmate, lit., the king is dead, fr. Ar. mta he died, is dead. The king, when made prisoner, or checkmated, is assumed to be dead, and the game is finished. See Chess.] 1. The position in the game of chess when a king is in check and cannot be released, -- which ends the game.

2. A complete check; utter defeat or overthrow.

Check"mate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Checkmated; p. pr. & vb. n. Checkmating.] 1. (Chess) To check (an adversary's king) in such a manner that escape in impossible; to defeat (an adversary) by putting his king in check from which there is no escape.

2. To defeat completely; to terminate; to thwart.

> To checkmate and control my just demands.
> Ford.

Check"rein` (?), n. 1. A short rein looped over the check hook to prevent a horse from lowering his head; -- called also a bearing rein.

2. A branch rein connecting the driving rein of one horse of a span or pair with the bit of the other horse.

Check"roll` (?), n. A list of servants in a household; -- called also chequer roll.

Check"string` (?), n. A cord by which a person in a carriage or horse car may signal to the driver.

Check"work (?), n. Anything made so as to form alternate squares like those of a checkerboard.

Check"y (chk"), a. (Her.) Divided into small alternating squares of two tinctures; -- said of the field or of an armorial bearing. [Written also checquy, chequy.]

Ched"dar (?), a. Of or pertaining to, or made at, Cheddar, in England; as, Cheddar cheese.

Cheek (chk), n. [OE. cheke, cheoke, AS. ceàce, ceòce; cf. Goth. kukjan to kiss, D. kaak cheek; perh. akin to E. chew, jaw.] 1. The side of the face below the eye.

2. The cheek bone. [Obs.] Caucer.

3. pl. (Mech.) Those pieces of a machine, or of any timber, or stone work, which form corresponding sides, or which are similar and in pair; as, the cheeks (jaws) of a vise; the cheeks of a gun carriage, etc.

4. pl. The branches of a bridle bit. Knight.

5. (Founding) A section of a flask, so made that it can be moved laterally, to permit the removal of the pattern from the mold; the middle part of a flask.

6. Cool confidence; assurance; impudence. [Slang]

Cheek of beef. See Illust. of Beef. -- Cheek bone (Anat.) the bone of the side of the face; esp., the malar bone. -- Cheek by jowl, side by side; very intimate. -- Cheek pouch (Zoöl.), a sacklike dilation of the cheeks of certain monkeys and rodents, used for holding food. -- Cheeks of a block, the two sides of the shell of a tackle block. -- Cheeks of a mast, the projection on each side of a mast, upon which the trestletrees rest. -- Cheek tooth (Anat.), a hinder or molar tooth. -- Butment cheek. See under Butment.

Cheek (chk), v. t. To be impudent or saucy to. [Slang.]

Cheeked (chkt), a. Having a cheek; -- used in composition. "Rose- cheeked Adonis." Shak.

Cheek"y, a Brazen-faced; impudent; bold. [Slang.]

Cheep (chp), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cheeped (chpt).] [Cf. Chirp]. To chirp, as a young bird.

Cheep, v. t. To give expression to in a chirping tone.

> Cheep and twitter twenty million loves.
> Tennyson.

Cheep, n. A chirp, peep, or squeak, as of a young bird or mouse.

Cheer (chr), n. [OE. chere face, welcome, cheer, OF. chiere, F. chère, fr. LL. cara face, Gr. ka`ra head; akin to Skr. çiras, L. cerebrum brain, G. hirn, and E. cranium.] 1. The face; the countenance or its expression. [Obs.] "Sweat of thy cheer." Wyclif.

2. Feeling; spirit; state of mind or heart.

> Be of good cheer.
> Matt. ix. 2.

> The parents . . . fled away with heavy cheer.
> Holland.

3. Gayety; mirth; cheerfulness; animation.

> I have not that alacrity of spirit,
> Nor cheer of mind, that I was wont to have.
> Shak.

1. That which promotes good spirits or cheerfulness; provisions prepared for a feast; entertainment; as, a table loaded with good cheer.

5. A shout, hurrah, or acclamation, expressing joy enthusiasm, applause, favor, etc.

> Welcome her, thundering cheer of the street.
> Tennyson.

Whzt cheer? Now do you fare? What is there that is cheering?

Cheer, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cheered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. cheering.] 1. To cause to rejoice; to gladden; to make cheerful; -- often with up. Cowpe.

2. To infuse life, courage, animation, or hope, into; to inspirit; to solace or comfort.

> The proud he tamed, the penitent he cheered.
> Dryden.

3. To salute or applaud with cheers; to urge on by cheers; as, to cheer hounds in a chase.

To cheer ship, to salute a passing ship by cheers of sailors stationed in the rigging.

Syn. -- To gladden; encourage; inspirit; comfort; console; enliven; refresh; exhilarate; animate; applaud.

Cheer, v. i. 1. To grow cheerful; to become gladsome or joyous; -- usually with up.

> At sight of thee my gloomy soul cheers up.
> A. Philips.

2. To be in any state or temper of mind. [Obs.]

> How cheer'st thou, Jessica?
> Shak.

3. To utter a shout or shouts of applause, triumph, etc.

> And even the ranks of Tusculum
> Could scare forbear to cheer.
> Macaulay.

Cheer"er (?), n. One who cheers; one who, or that which, gladdens. "Thou cheerer of our days." Wotton. "Prime cheerer, light." Thomson.

Cheer"ful (?), a. Having or showing good spirits or joy; cheering; cheery; contented; happy; joyful; lively; animated; willing.

> To entertain a cheerful disposition.
> Shak.

> The cheerful birds of sundry kind
> Do chant sweet music.
> Spenser.

> A cheerful confidence in the mercy of God.
> Macaulay.

> This general applause and cheerful shout.
> Shak.

Syn. -- Lively; animated; gay; joyful; lightsome; gleeful; blithe; airy; sprightly; jocund; jolly; joyous; vivacious; buoyant; sunny; happy; hopeful.

Cheer"ful*ly, adv. In a cheerful manner, gladly.

Cheer"ful*ness, n. Good spirits; a state of moderate joy or gayety; alacrity.

Cheer"i*ly (?), adv. In a cheery manner.

Cheer"i*ness, n. The state of being cheery.

Cheer"ing*ly (?), adv. In a manner to cheer or encourage.

Cheer"is*ness, n. Cheerfulness. [Obs.]

> There is no Christian duty that is not to be seasoned and set off with cheerishness.
> Milton.

Cheer"less, a. Without joy, gladness, or comfort.

-- Cheer"less*ly, adv. -- Cheer"less*ness, n.

> My cheerful day is turned to cheerless night.
> Spenser.

Syn. -- Gloomy; sad; comfortless; dispiriting; dicsconsolate; dejected; melancholy; forlorn.

Cheer"ly (?), a. Gay; cheerful. [Obs.] Shak.

Cheer"ly, adv. Cheerily. [Archaic] Tennyson.

Cheer"ry (?), a. Cheerful; lively; gay; bright; pleasant; as, a cheery person.

> His cheery little study, where the sunshine glimmered so pleasantly.
> Hawthorne.

<! p. 245 !>

Cheese (?), n. [OE. chese, AS. cse, fr. L. caseus, LL. casius. Cf. Casein.] 1. The curd of milk, coagulated usually with rennet, separated from the whey, and pressed into a solid mass in a hoop or mold.

2. A mass of pomace, or ground apples, pressed together in the form of a cheese.

3. The flat, circular, mucilaginous fruit of the dwarf mallow (Malva rotundifolia). [Colloq.]

4. A low courtesy; -- so called on account of the cheese form assumed by a woman's dress when she stoops after extending the skirts by a rapid gyration. De Quincey. Thackeray.

Cheese cake, a cake made of or filled with, a composition of soft curds, sugar, and butter. Prior. -- Cheese fly (Zoöl.), a black dipterous insect (Piophila casei) of which the larvæ or maggots, called skippers or hoppers, live in cheese. -- Cheese mite (Zoöl.), a minute mite (Tryoglyhus siro) in cheese and other articles of food. -- Cheese press, a press used in making cheese, to separate the whey from the curd, and to press the curd into a mold. -- Cheese rennet (Bot.), a plant of the Madder family (Golium verum, or yellow bedstraw), sometimes used to coagulate milk. The roots are used as a substitute for madder. -- Cheese vat, a vat or tub in which the curd is formed and cut or broken, in cheese making.

Cheese"lep (?), n. [Cf. Keslop.] A bag in which rennet is kept.

Cheese"mon`ger (?), n. One who deals in cheese. B. Jonson.

Cheese"par`ing (?), n. A thin portion of the rind of a cheese. -- a. Scrimping; mean; as, cheeseparing economy.

Chees"i*ness (?), n. The quality of being cheesy.

Chees"y (?), a. Having the nature, qualities, taste, form, consistency, or appearance of cheese.

Chee"tah (?), n. [Hind. cht.] (Zoöl.) A species of leopard (Cynælurus jubatus) tamed and used for hunting in India. The woolly cheetah of South Africa is C. laneus. [Written also chetah.]

||Chef (?), n. [F.] 1. A chief of head person.

2. The head cook of large establishment, as a club, a family, etc.

3. (Her.) Same as Chief.

||Chef`-d'œuvre" (?), n.; pl. Chefs-d'œuvre (#). [F.] A masterpiece; a capital work in art, literature, etc.

{ Cheg"oe (?), Cheg"re (?) }, n. See Chigoe.

Chei"lo*plas`ty (?), n. [Gr. &?; a lip + -plasty.] (Surg.) The process of forming an artificial tip or part of a lip, by using for the purpose a piece of healthy tissue taken from some neighboring part.

||Chei*lop"o*da (?), n. [NL.] (Zoöl.) See Chilopoda.

Chei*rop"ter (?), n. (Zoöl.) One of the Cheiroptera.

||Chei*rop"te*ra (k>isl/*rp"tr), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. chei`r hand + ptero`n wing.] (Zoöl.) An order of mammalia, including the bats, having four toes of each of the anterior limbs elongated and connected by a web, so that they can be used like wings in flying. See Bat.

Chei*rop"ter*ous (?), a. (Zoöl.) Belonging to the Cheiroptera, or Bat family.

||Chei*rop`te*ryg"i*um (?), n.; pl. Cheiropterygia (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?; hand + &?;; &?; wing, fin.] (Anat.) The typical pentadactyloid limb of the higher vertebrates.

Chei*ros"o*phy (?), n. [Gr. &?; hand + &?; knowledge.] The art of reading character as it is delineated in the hand.

-- Chei*ros"o*phist (&?;), n.

||Chei`ro*the"ri*um (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; hand + &?; beast.] (Poleon.) A genus of extinct animals, so named from fossil footprints rudely resembling impressions of the human hand, and believed to have been made by labyrinthodont reptiles. See Illustration in Appendix.

Chek`e*la*toun" (?), n. See Ciclatoun. [Obs.] Chaucer.

||Chek"mak (?), n. A turkish fabric of silk and cotton, with gold thread interwoven.

||Che"la (?), n.; pl. Chelæ (#). [NL., fr. Gr. chhlh` claw.] (Zoöl.) The pincherlike claw of Crustacea and Arachnida.

Che"late (?), a. (Zoöl.) Same as Cheliferous.

Chel`e*ryth"rine (?), n. [Gr. &?; celandine + 'eryqro`s red.] (Chem.) An alkaloidal principle obtained from the celandine, and named from the red color of its salts. It is a colorless crystalline substance, and acts as an acrid narcotic poison. It is identical with sanguinarine.

||Che*lic"e*ra (k*ls"*r), n.; pl. Cheliceræ (-r). [NL., fr. Gr. chhlh` claw + ke`ras horn.] (Zoöl.) One of the anterior pair of mouth organs, terminated by a pincherlike claw, in scorpions and allied Arachnida. They are homologous with the falcers of spiders, and probably with the mandibles of insects.

Chel"i*don (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. chelidw`n.] (Anat.) The hollow at the flexure of the arm.

Chel`i*don"ic (?), a. [See Celandine.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or derived from, the celandine.

Chelidonic acid, a weak acid extracted from the celandine (Chelidonium majus), as a white crystalline substance.

||Chel`i*do"ni*us (?), n. [L. (sc. lapillus.)] A small stone taken from the gizzard of a young swallow. -- anciently worn as a medicinal charm.

Chel"i*fer (?), n. [Gr. chhlh` claw + -fer.] (Zoöl.) See Book scorpion, under Book.

Che*lif"er*ous (?), a. [Gr. chhlh` claw + -ferous.] (Zoöl.) Having cheliform claws, like a crab.

Chel"i*form (?), a. [Gr. chhlh` claw + -form.] (Zoöl.) Having a movable joint or finger closing against a preceding joint or a projecting part of it, so that the whole may be used for grasping, as the claw of a crab; pincherlike.

||Che*lo"ne (?), n. [Gr. chelw`nh a tortoise. So named from shape of the upper lip of the corolla.] (Bot.) A genus of hardy perennial flowering plants, of the order Scrophulariaceæ, natives of North America; -- called also snakehead, turtlehead, shellflower, etc.

||Che*lo"ni*a (k*l"n*), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. chelw`nh a tortoise.] (Zoöl.) An order of reptiles, including the tortoises and turtles, peculiar in having a part of the vertebræ, ribs, and sternum united with the dermal plates so as to form a firm shell. The jaws are covered by a horny beak. See Reptilia; also, Illust. in Appendix.

Che*lo"ni*an (?), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to animals of the tortoise kind. -- n. One of the Chelonia.

||Che*lu"ra (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. chhlh` claw + &?; tail.] (Zoöl.) A genus of marine amphipod crustacea, which bore into and sometimes destroy timber.

Che"ly (?), n. A claw. See Chela. [Obs.]

Chem"ic (?), n. [See Chenistry.] 1. A chemist; an alchemist. [Obs.]

2. (Bleaching) A solution of chloride of lime.

Chem"ic, a. Chemical. Blackw. Mag.

Chem"ic*al (?), a. Pertaining to chemistry; characterized or produced by the forces and operations of chemistry; employed in the processes of chemistry; as, chemical changes; chemical combinations.

Chemical attraction or affinity. See under Attraction.

Chem"ic*al, n. A substance used for producing a chemical effect; a reagent.

Chem"ic*al*ly, adv. According to chemical principles; by chemical process or operation.

Chem`i*glyph"ic (?), a. [Chemical + &?; to engrave.] Engraved by a voltaic battery.

Chem`i*loon" (?), n. A garment for women, consisting of chemise and drawers united in one. [U. S.]

Che*mise" (?), n. [F., shirt, fr. LL. camisa, camisia, shirt, thin dress; cf. G. hemd, or OIr. caimmse sort of garment. Cf. Camis.] 1. A shift, or undergarment, worn by women.

2. A wall that lines the face of a bank or earthwork.

Chem`i*sette" (?), n.[F., dim. of chemise.] An under-garment, worn by women, usually covering the neck, shoulders, and breast.

Chem"ism (?), n. [Cf. F. chimisme. See Chemistry.] The force exerted between the atoms of elementary substance whereby they unite to form chemical compounds; chemical attaction; affinity; -- sometimes used as a general expression for chemical activity or relationship.

Chem"ist, n. [Shortened from alchemist; cf. F. chimiste.] A person versed in chemistry or given to chemical investigation; an analyst; a maker or seller of chemicals or drugs.

Chem"is*try (km"s*tr; 277), n. [From Chemist. See Alchemy.] 1. That branch of science which treats of the composition of substances, and of the changes which they undergo in consequence of alterations in the constitution of the molecules, which depend upon variations of the number, kind, or mode of arrangement, of the constituent atoms. These atoms are not assumed to be indivisible, but merely the finest grade of subdivision hitherto attained. Chemistry deals with the changes in the composition and constitution of molecules. See Atom, Molecule.

Historically, chemistry is an outgrowth of alchemy (or alchemistry), with which it was anciently identified.

2. An application of chemical theory and method to the consideration of some particular subject; as, the chemistry of iron; the chemistry of indigo.

3. A treatise on chemistry.

This word and its derivatives were formerly written with y, and sometimes with i, instead of e, in the first syllable, chymistry, chymist, chymical, etc., or chimistry, chimist, chimical, etc.; and the pronunciation was conformed to the orthography.

Inorganic chemistry, that which treats of inorganic or mineral substances. -- Organic chemistry, that which treats of the substances which form the structure of organized beings and their products, whether animal or vegetable; -- called also chemistry of the carbon compounds. There is no fundamental difference between organic and inorganic chemistry. -- Physiological chemistry, the chemistry of the organs and tissues of the body, and of the various physiological processes incident to life. -- Practical chemistry, or Applied chemistry, that which treats of the modes of manufacturing the products of chemistry that are useful in the arts, of their applications to economical purposes, and of the conditions essential to their best use. -- Pure chemistry, the consideration of the facts and theories of chemistry in their purely scientific relations, without necessary reference to their practical applications or mere utility.

Chem"i*type (?), n. [Chemical + -type.] (Engraving) One of a number of processes by which an impression from an engraved plate is obtained in relief, to be used for printing on an ordinary printing press.

Che*mol"y*sis (?), n. [Chemical + Gr. &?; a loosing.] A term sometimes applied to the decomposition of organic substance into more simple bodies, by the use of chemical agents alone. Thudichum.

Chem`os*mo"sis (?), n. [Chemical + osmosis.] Chemical action taking place through an intervening membrane.

Chem`os*mot"ic (?), a. Pertaining to, or produced by, chemosmosis. [R.]

Che*mung" pe"ri*od (?), (Geol.) A subdivision in the upper part of the Devonian system in America, so named from the Chemung River, along which the rocks are well developed. It includes the Portage and Chemung groups or epochs. See the Diagram under Geology.

||Cheng (?), n. [Chinese.] A chinese reed instrument, with tubes, blown by the mouth.

Che*nille" (sh*nl"), n. [F., prop., a caterpillar.] Tufted cord, of silk or worsted, for the trimming of ladies' dresses, for embroidery and fringes, and for the weft of Chenille rugs.

||Che`no*mor"phæ (?), n. pl. [NL., from Gr. &?; the wild goose + &?; form.] (Zoöl.) An order of birds, including the swans, ducks, geese, flamingoes and screamers.

Chep"ster (chp"str), n. (Zoöl.) The European starling. [Local, Eng.]

Cheque (chk), n. See Check.

Cheq"uer (chk"r), n. & v. Same as Checker.

Che*quin" (ch*kn"), n. A coin. See Sequin. Shak.

Cheq"uy (?), n. (Her.) Same as Checky.

Cher"if (shr"f), n. See Sherif.

Cher`i*moy"er (?), n. [F. chérimolier.] (Bot.) 1. A small downy-leaved tree (Anona Cherimolia), with fragrant flowers. It is a native of Peru.

2. Its delicious fruit, which is succulent, dark purple, and similar to the custard apple of the West Indies.

Cher"ish (chr"sh), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cherished (- sht); p. pr. & vb. n. Cherising.] [F. chérir, fr. cher dear, fr. L. carus. See Caress, Finish.] 1. To treat with tenderness and affection; to nurture with care; to protect and aid.

> We were gentle among you, even as a nurse cherisheth her children.
> 1 Thess. ii. 7.

2. To hold dear; to embrace with interest; to indulge; to encourage; to foster; to promote; as, to cherish religious principle.

> To cherish virtue and humanity.
> Burke.

Syn. -- To nourish; foster; nurse; nurture; entertain; encourage; comfort; protect; support; See Nurture.

Cher"ish*er (chr"sh*r), n. One who cherishes.

> The cherisher of my flesh and blood.
> Shak.

Cher"ish*ment (?), n. Encouragement; comfort. [Obs.]

> Rich bounty and dear cherishment.
> Spenser.

Cher"mes (?), n. See Kermes.

Cher"o*gril (?), n. [L. choerogryllus, Gr. &?;; &?; a young swine + &?; a pig.] (Zoöl.) See Cony.

Cher`o*kees" (?), n. pl.; sing. Cherokee. (Ethnol.) An Appalachian tribe of Indians, formerly inhabiting the region about the head waters of the Tennessee River. They are now mostly settled in the Indian Territory, and have become one of the most civilized of the Indian Tribes.

Che*root" (ch*rt"; 277), n. [Tamil shuruu, prop., a roll.] A kind of cigar, originally brought from Manila, in the Philippine Islands; now often made of inferior or adulterated tobacco.

Cher"ry (chr"r), n. [OE. chery, for cherys, fr. F. cerise (cf. AS. cyrs cherry), fr. LL. ceresia, fr. L. cerasus Cherry tree, Gr. keraso`s, perh. fr. ke`ras horn, from the hardness of the wood.] 1. (Bot.) A tree or shrub of the genus Prunus (Which also includes the plum) bearing a fleshy drupe with a bony stone; (a) The common garden cherry (Prunus Cerasus), of which several hundred varieties are cultivated for the fruit, some of which are, the begarreau, blackheart, black Tartarian, oxheart, morelle or morello, May-duke (corrupted from Médoc in France). (b) The wild cherry; as, Prunus serotina (wild black cherry), valued for its timber; P. Virginiana (choke cherry), an American shrub which bears astringent fruit; P. avium and P. Padus, European trees (bird cherry).

2. The fruit of the cherry tree, a drupe of various colors and flavors.

3. The timber of the cherry tree, esp. of the black cherry, used in cabinetmaking, etc.

4. A peculiar shade of red, like that of a cherry.

Barbadoes cherry. See under Barbadoes. -- Cherry bird (Zoöl.), an American bird; the cedar bird; -- so called from its fondness for cherries. -- Cherry bounce, cherry brandy and sugar. -- Cherry brandy, brandy in which cherries have been steeped. -- Cherry laurel (Bot.), an evergreen shrub (Prunus Lauro- cerasus) common in shrubberies, the poisonous leaves of which have a flavor like that of bitter almonds. -- Cherry pepper (Bot.), a species of Capsicum (C. cerasiforme), with small, scarlet, intensely piquant cherry-shaped fruit. -- Cherry pit. (a) A child's play, in which cherries are thrown into a hole. Shak. (b) A cherry stone. -- Cherry rum, rum in which cherries have been steeped. -- Cherry sucker (Zoöl.), the European spotted flycatcher (Musicapa grisola); -- called also cherry chopper cherry snipe. -- Cherry tree, a tree that bears cherries. -- Ground cherry, Winter cherry, See Alkekengi.

<! p. 246 !>

Cher"ry (chr"r), a. Like a red cherry in color; ruddy; blooming; as, a cherry lip; cherry cheeks.

Cher"so*nese (kr"s*ns), n. [Gr. cherso`nhsos; che`rsos land + nh`sos island.] A peninsula; a tract of land nearly surrounded by water, but united to a larger tract by a neck of land or isthmus; as, the Cimbric Chersonese, or Jutland; the Tauric Chersonese, or Crimea.

Chert (chrt), n. [Ir. ceart stone, perh. akin to E. crag.] (Min.) An impure, massive, flintlike quartz or hornstone, of a dull color.

Chert"y (?), a. Like chert; containing chert; flinty.

Cher"ub (?), n.; pl. Cherubs (#); but the Hebrew plural Cherubim (#) is also used. [Heb. kerb.] 1. A mysterious composite being, the winged footstool and chariot of the Almighty, described in Ezekiel i. and x.

> I knew that they were the cherubim.
> Ezek. x. 20.

> He rode upon a cherub and did fly.
> Ps. xviii. 10.

2. A symbolical winged figure of unknown form used in connection with the mercy seat of the Jewish Ark and Temple. Ez. xxv. 18.

3. One of a order of angels, variously represented in art. In European painting the cherubim have been shown as blue, to denote knowledge, as distinguished from the seraphim (see Seraph), and in later art the children's heads with wings are generally called cherubs.

4. A beautiful child; -- so called because artists have represented cherubs as beautiful children.

{ Che*ru"bic (?), Che*ru"bic*al (?), } a. Of or pertaining to cherubs; angelic. "The cherubic host." Milton.

Cher"u*bim (?), n. The Hebrew plural of Cherub.. Cf. Seraphim.

Cherubims, in the King James version of the bible, is an incorrect form, made by adding the English plural termination to the Hebrew plural cherubim instead of to the singular cherub.

Cher"u*bin (?), a. Cherubic; angelic. [Obs.] Shak.

Cher"u*bin, n. A cherub. [Obs.] Dryden.

Cher"up (?), v. i. [Prob. fr. chirp.] To make a short, shrill, cheerful sound; to chirp. See Chirrup. "Cheruping birds." Drayton.

Cher"up, v. t. To excite or urge on by making a short, shrill, cheerful sound; to cherup to. See Chirrup.

> He cherups brisk ear-erecting steed.
> Cowper.

Cher"up, n. A short, sharp, cheerful noise; a chirp; a chirrup; as, the cherup of a cricket.

Cher"vil (?), n. [AS. cerfille, fr. L. caerefolium, chaerephyllum, Gr. &?;; &?; to rejoice + &?; leaf.] (Bot.) A plant (Anthriscus cerefolium) with pinnately divided aromatic leaves, of which several curled varieties are used in soups and salads.

Ches (?), pret. of Chese. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Chese (?), v. t. To choose [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ches"i*ble (?), n. See Chasuble.

Ches"lip (?), n. (Zoöl.) The wood louse. [Prov. Eng.]

Chess (?), n. [OE. ches, F. échecs, prop. pl. of échec check. See 1st Check.] A game played on a chessboard, by two persons, with two differently colored sets of men, sixteen in each set. Each player has a king, a queen, two bishops, two knights, two castles or rooks, and eight pawns.

Chess, n. (Bot.) A species of brome grass (Bromus secalinus) which is a troublesome weed in wheat fields, and is often erroneously regarded as degenerate or changed wheat; it bears a very slight resemblance to oats, and if reaped and ground up with wheat, so as to be used for food, is said to produce narcotic effects; -- called also cheat and Willard's bromus. [U. S.]

Other species of brome grass are called upright chess, soft chess, etc.

Chess"-ap`ple (?), n. The wild service of Europe (Purus torminalis).

Chess"board` (?), n. The board used in the game of chess, having eight rows of alternate light and dark squares, eight in each row. See Checkerboard.

The chessboard and the checkerboard are alike.

Ches"sel (?), n. The wooden mold in which cheese is pressed. Simmonds.

Chess"es (?), n. pl. [Cf. F. chassis a framework of carpenty.] (Mil.) The platforms, consisting of two or more planks doweled together, for the flooring of a temporary military bridge. Wilhelm.

A singular, chess, is sometimes used. "Each chess consists of three planks." Farrow.

Ches"sil (?), n. [OE. chesil, AS. ceosel gravel, sand.] Gravel or pebbles. Halliwell.

Chess"man (?), n.; pl. Chessmen (#). A piece used in the game of chess.

Ches"som (#), n. [Cf. Chisley.] Mellow earth; mold. [Obs.] Bacon.

Chess"tree` (?), n. [Cf. F. chassis a framework of carpentry.] (Naut.) A piece of oak bolted perpendicularly on the side of a vessel, to aid in drawing down and securing the clew of the mainsail.

Ches`sy" cop"per (?). (Min.) The mineral azurite, found in fine crystallization at Chessy, near Lyons; called also chessylite.

Chest (chst), n. [OE. chest, chist, AS. cest, cist, cyst, L. cista, fr. Gr. ki`sth. Cf. Cist, Cistern.] 1. A large box of wood, or other material, having, like a trunk, a lid, but no covering of skin, leather, or cloth.

> Heaps of money crowded in the chest.
> Dryden.

2. A coffin. [Obs.]

> He is now dead and mailed in his cheste.
> Chaucer.

3. The part of the body inclosed by the ribs and breastbone; the thorax.

4. (Com.) A case in which certain goods, as tea, opium, etc., are transported; hence, the quantity which such a case contains.

5. (Mech.) A tight receptacle or box, usually for holding gas, steam, liquids, etc.; as, the steam chest of an engine; the wind chest of an organ.

Bomb chest, See under Bomb. -- Chest of drawers, a case or movable frame containing drawers.

Chest (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Chested.] 1. To deposit in a chest; to hoard.

2. To place in a coffin. [Obs.]

> He dieth and is chested.
> Gen. 1. 26 (heading).

Chest (?), n. [AS. ceást.] Strife; contention; controversy. [Obs.] P. Plowman.

Chest"ed, a. Having (such) a chest; -- in composition; as, broad-chested; narrow- chested.

Ches"ter*lite (?), n. [See - lite.] A variety of feldspar found in crystals in the county of Chester, Pennsylvania.

Ches"teyn (?), n. The chestnut tree. [Obs.]

> Wilwe, elm, plane, assch, box, chesteyn.
> Chaucer.

Chest" foun`der (?). (Far.) A rheumatic affection of the muscles of the breast and fore legs of a horse, affecting motion and respiration.

Chest"nut (chs"nt), n. [For chesten-nut; OE. chestein, chesten, chastein, chestnut, fr. AS. cisten in cisten-beám chestnut tree, influenced by OF. chastaigne, F. châtaigne, both the AS. and the F. words coming from L. castanea a chestnut, Gr. ka`stanon, fr. Ka`stana a city of Pontus, where chestnut trees grew in abundance, and whence they were introduced into Europe. Cf. Castanets.] 1. (Bot.) The edible nut of a forest tree (Castanea vesca) of Europe and America. Commonly two or more of the nuts grow in a prickly bur.

2. The tree itself, or its light, coarse- grained timber, used for ornamental work, furniture, etc.

3. A bright brown color, like that of the nut.

4. The horse chestnut (often so used in England).

5. One of the round, or oval, horny plates on the inner sides of the legs of the horse, and allied animals.

6. An old joke or story. [Slang]

Chestnut tree, a tree that bears chestnuts.

Chest"nut, a. Of the color of a chestnut; of a reddish brown color; as, chestnut curls.

Che"tah (ch"t), n. (Zoöl.) See Cheetah.

Chet"vert (cht"vrt), n. [Russ. chetverte.] A measure of grain equal to 0.7218 of an imperial quarter, or 5.95 Winchester bushels. [Russia]

Chev"a*chie` (?), n. See Chivachie. [Obs.]

Che"vage (ch"vj), n. See Chiefage. [Obs.]

||Che*val" (she*vl"), n.; pl. Chevaux (- v"). [F. See Cavalcade.] A horse; hence, a support or frame.

Cheval glass, a mirror swinging in a frame, and large enough to reflect the full length figure.

||Che*val"-de-frise" (?), n.; commonly used in the pl. Chevaux-de- frise. [F.; cheval horse + Frise Friesland, where it was first used.] (Mil.) A piece of timber or an iron barrel traversed with iron-pointed spikes or spears, five or six feet long, used to defend a passage, stop a breach, or impede the advance of cavalry, etc.

> Obstructions of chain, boom, and cheval-de- frise.
> W. Irving.

Che`va*lier" (?), n. [F., fr. LL. caballarius. See Cavaller.] 1. A horseman; a knight; a gallant young man. "Mount, chevaliers; to arms." Shak.

2. A member of certain orders of knighthood.

||Chevalier d'industrie (&?;) [F.], one who lives by persevering fraud; a pickpocket; a sharper. -- The Chevalier St. George (Eng. Hist.), James Francis Edward Stuart (son of James II.), called "The Pretender." -- The Young Chevalier, Charles Edward Stuart, son of the Chevalier St. George.

||Che*vaux" (she*v"), n. pl. See Cheval.

Cheve (chv), v. i. [OF. chevir. See Chievance.] To come to an issue; to turn out; to succeed; as, to cheve well in a enterprise. [Prov. or Obs.] Holland.

||Cheve*lure" (?), n. [F., head of hair.] A hairlike envelope.

> The nucleus and chevelure of nebulous star.
> Sir. W. Hershel.

Chev"en (?), n. [Cf. F. chevanne. Cf. Chavender.] (Zoöl.) A river fish; the chub. Sir T. Browne.

Chev"en*tein (?), n. A variant of Chieftain. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Chev"er*il (?), n. [OF. chevrel, F. chevreau, kid, dim. of chevre goat, fr. L. capra. See Caper, v. i.] Soft leather made of kid skin. Fig.: Used as a symbol of flexibility. [Obs.]

> Here's wit of cheveril, that stretches from an inch narrow to an ell broad.
> Shak.

Chev"er*il, a. Made of cheveril; pliant. [Obs.]

> A cheveril conscience and a searching wit.
> Drayton.

Chev"er*li*ize (?), v. i. To make as pliable as kid leather. [Obs.] Br. Montagu.

||Che*vet" (?), n. [F., head of the bed, dim. fr. chef head. See Chief.] (Arch.) The extreme end of the chancel or choir; properly the round or polygonal part.

Chev"i*ot (?), n. 1. A valuable breed of mountain sheep in Scotland, which takes its name from the Cheviot hills.

2. A woolen fabric, for men's clothing.

Chev"i*sance (?), n. [Of. chevisance, chevissance, fr. chevircome to an end, perform, fr. chef head, end, from L. caput head. See Chieve, Chief.]

1. Achievement; deed; performance. [Obs.]

> Fortune, the foe of famous chevisance.
> Spenser.

2. A bargain; profit; gain. [Obs.] Piers Plowman.

3. (O. Eng. Law) (a) A making of contracts. (b) A bargain or contract; an agreement about a matter in dispute, such as a debt; a business compact. (c) An unlawful agreement or contract.

Chev*rette" (?), n. [F., fr. chévre goat, fr. L. capra. Cf. Chevron.] (Mil.) A machine for raising guns or mortar into their carriages.

Chev"ron (?), n. [F., rafter, chevron, from chévre goat, OF. chevre, fr. L. capra she-goat. See Cheveril.] 1. (Her.) One of the nine honorable ordinaries, consisting of two broad bands of the width of the bar, issuing, respectively from the dexter and sinister bases of the field and conjoined at its center.

2. (Mil.) A distinguishing mark, above the elbow, on the sleeve of a non-commissioned officer's coat.

3. (Arch.) A zigzag molding, or group of moldings, common in Norman architecture.

Chevron bones (Anat.), The V- shaped subvertebral arches which inclose the caudal blood vessels in some animals.

Chev"roned (?), p. a. Having a chevron; decorated with an ornamental figure of a zigzag from.

> [A garment] whose nether parts, with their bases, were of watchet cloth of silver, chevroned all over with lace.
> B. Jonson.

Chev"ron*el (?), n. (Her.) A bearing like a chevron, but of only half its width.

Chev"ron*wise` (?), adv. (Her.) In the manner of a chevron; as, the field may be divided chevronwise.

Chev`ro*tain" (?), n. [F. chevrotin, OF. chevrot little goat, roe, dim. of chevre goat. See Chevron.] (Zoöl.) A small ruminant of the family Tragulidæ a allied to the musk deer. It inhabits Africa and the East Indies. See Kanchil.

Chev"y (?), v. t. See Chivy, v. t. [Slang, Eng.]

> One poor fellow was chevied about among the casks in the storm for ten minutes.
> London Times.

Chew (ch), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chewed (chd); p. pr. & vb. n. Chewing.] [As ceówan, akin to D. kauwen, G. kauen. Cf. Chaw, Jaw.] 1. To bite and grind with the teeth; to masticate.

2. To ruminate mentally; to meditate on.

> He chews revenge, abjuring his offense.
> Prior.

To chew the cud, to chew the food over again, as a cow; to ruminate; hence, to meditate.

> Every beast the parteth the hoof, and cleaveth the cleft into two claws, and cheweth the cud among the beasts, that ye shall eat.
> Deut. xxiv. 6.

Chew, v. i. To perform the action of biting and grinding with the teeth; to ruminate; to meditate.

> old politicians chew wisdom past.
> Pope.

Chew, n. That which is chewed; that which is held in the mouth at once; a cud. [Law]

Chew"er (?), n. One who chews.

Chew"et, n. A kind of meat pie. [Obs.]

Che"wink (?), n. (Zoöl.) An american bird (Pipilo erythrophthalmus) of the Finch family, so called from its note; -- called also towhee bunting and ground robin.

Chey*ennes" (?), n. pl.; sing. cheyenne. (Ethnol.) A warlike tribe of indians, related to the blackfeet, formerly inhabiting the region of Wyoming, but now mostly on reservations in the Indian Territory. They are noted for their horsemanship.

Chi"an (?) a. [L. chius, fr. Chios the island Chios, Gr. &?;.] Of or pertaining to Chios, an island in the Ægean Sea.

Chian earth, a dense, compact kind of earth, from Chios, used anciently as an astringent and a cosmetic. -- Chian turpentine, a fragrant, almost transparent turpentine, obtained from the Pistacia Terebinthus.

Chi*a`ros*cu"rist (?), n. A painter who cares for and studies light and shade rather than color.

{ ||Chia`ro*scu"ro (?), ||Chi*a"ro-os*cu"ro (?), } n. [It., clear dark.] (a) The arrangement of light and dark parts in a work of art, such as a drawing or painting, whether in monochrome or in color. (b) The art or practice of so arranging the light and dark parts as to produce a harmonious effect. Cf. Clair-obscur.

{ Chi"asm (k"z'm), ||Chi*as"ma (k*z"m), } n. [NL. chiasma, fr. Gr. chi`asma two lines placed crosswise, fr. &?; to mark with a χ.] (Anat.) A commissure; especially, the optic commissure, or crucial union of the optic nerves. -- Chi*as"mal (&?;), a..

||Chi*as"mus (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. chiasmo`s a placing crosswise, fr. chia`zein. See Chiasm.] (Rhet.) An inversion of the order of words or phrases, when repeated or subsequently referred to in a sentence; thus,

> If e'er to bless thy sons
> My voice or hands deny,
> These hands let useful skill forsake,
> This voice in silence die.
> Dwight.

<! p. 247 !>

Chi*as"to*lite (k*s"t*lt), n. [Gr. chiasto`s marked with a χ + -lite. See Chiasm. So called from the resemblance of the cross cuts of its crystals to the Greek letter χ.] (Min.) A variety of andalusite; -- called also macle. The tessellated appearance of a cross section is due to the symmetrical arrangement of impurities in the crystal.

Chib"bal (?), n. (Bot.) See Cibol.

{ ||Chi*bouque", Chi*bouk" } (?), n. [F. chibouque, fr. Turk.] A Turkish pipe, usually with a mouthpiece of amber, a stem, four or five feet long and not pliant, of some valuable wood, and a bowl of baked clay.

||Chic (?), n. [F.] Good form; style. [Slang]

||Chi"ca (?), n. [Sp.] A red coloring matter. extracted from the Bignonia Chica, used by some tribes of South American Indians to stain the skin.

2. A fermented liquor or beer made in South American from a decoction of maize.

3. A popular Moorish, Spanish, and South American dance, said to be the original of the fandango, etc.

Chi*cane" (?), n. [F., prob. earlier meaning a dispute, orig. in the game of mall (F. mail), fr. LGr. &?; the game of mall, fr Pers chaugn club or bat; or possibly ultimated fr. L. ciccus a trible.] The use of artful subterfuge, designed to draw away attention from the merits of a case or question; -- specifically applied to legal proceedings; trickery; chicanery; caviling; sophistry. Prior.

> To shuffle from them by chicane.
> Burke.

> To cut short this chicane, I propound it fairly to your own conscience.
> Berkeley.

Chi*cane", v. i. [Cf. F. chicaner. See Chicane, n.] To use shifts, cavils, or artifices. Burke.

Chi*can"er (?), n. [Cf. F. chicaneur.] One who uses chicanery. Locke.

Chi*can"er*y (?), n. [F. chicanerie.] Mean or unfair artifice to perplex a cause and obscure the truth; stratagem; sharp practice; sophistry.

> Irritated by perpetual chicanery.
> Hallam.

Syn. -- Trickery; sophistry; stratagem.

Chic"co*ry (?), n. See Chicory.

Chich (?), n.; pl. Chiches (&?;). [F. chiche, pois chiche, a dwarf pea, from L. cicer the chick-pea.] (Bot.) The chick-pea.

||Chi"cha (?), n. [Sp.] See Chica.

||Chiche"vache` (?), n. [F. chiche lean + vache cow.] A fabulous cow of enormous size, whose food was patient wives, and which was therefore in very lean condition.

{ Chich"ling (?), Chich"ling vetch` (?), } n. [Chich + -ling.] (Bot.) A leguminous plant (Lathyrus sativus), with broad flattened seeds which are sometimes used for food.

Chick (chk), v. i. [OE. chykkyn, chyke, chicken.] To sprout, as seed in the ground; to vegetate. Chalmers.

Chick, n. 1. A chicken.

2. A child or young person; -- a term of endearment. Shak.

Chick"a*bid`dy (?), n. A chicken; a fowl; also, a trivial term of endearment for a child.

Chick"a*dee` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A small bird, the blackcap titmouse (Parus atricapillus), of North America; -- named from its note.

Chick"a*ree` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The American red squirrel (Sciurus Hudsonius); -- so called from its cry.

Chick"a*saws (?), n. pl.; sing. Chickasaw. (Ethnol.) A tribe of North American Indians (Southern Appalachian) allied to the Choctaws. They formerly occupied the northern part of Alabama and Mississippi, but now live in the Indian Territory.

Chick"en (?), n. [AS. cicen, cyceun, dim. of coc cock; akin to LG. kiken, küken, D. Kieken, kuiken, G. küchkein. See Cock the animal.] 1. A young bird or fowl, esp. a young barnyard fowl.

2. A young person; a child; esp. a young woman; a maiden. "Stella is no chicken." Swift.

Chicken cholera, a contagious disease of fowls; -- so called because first studied during the prevalence of a cholera epidemic in France. It has no resemblance to true cholera.

Chick"en-breast`ed (?), a. Having a narrow, projecting chest, caused by forward curvature of the vertebral column.

Chick"en-heart`ed (?), a. Timid; fearful; cowardly. Bunyan.

Chick"en pox" (?). (Med.) A mild, eruptive disease, generally attacking children only; varicella.

Chick"ling (chk"lng), n. [Chick + -ling.] A small chick or chicken.

Chick"-pea` (-p`), n. [See Chich.] 1. (Bot.) A Small leguminous plant (Cicer arietinum) of Asia, Africa, and the south of Europe; the chich; the dwarf pea; the gram.

2. Its nutritious seed, used in cookery, and especially, when roasted (parched pulse), as food for travelers in the Eastern deserts.

Chick"weed` (-wd`), n. (Bot.) The name of several caryophyllaceous weeds, especially Stellaria media, the seeds and flower buds of which are a favorite food of small birds.

Chick"y (chk"), n. A chicken; -- used as a diminutive or pet name, especially in calling fowls.

Chic"o*ry (?), n. [F. chicorée, earlier also cichorée, L. cichorium, fr. Gr. &?;, &?;, Cf. Succory.] 1. (Bot.) A branching perennial plant (Cichorium Intybus) with bright blue flowers, growing wild in Europe, Asia, and America; also cultivated for its roots and as a salad plant; succory; wild endive. See Endive.

2. The root, which is roasted for mixing with coffee.

Chide (chd), v. t. [imp. Chid (chd), or Chode (chd Obs.); p. p. Chidden (?), Chid; p. pr. & vb. n. Chiding.] [AS. cdan; of unknown origin.] 1. To rebuke; to reprove; to scold; to find fault with.

> Upbraided, chid, and rated at.
> Shak.

2. Fig.: To be noisy about; to chafe against.

> The sea that chides the banks of England.
> Shak.

To chide hither, chide from, or chide away, to cause to come, or to drive away, by scolding or reproof.

Syn. -- To blame; rebuke; reprove; scold; censure; reproach; reprehend; reprimand.

Chide, v. i. 1. To utter words of disapprobation and displeasure; to find fault; to contend angrily.

> Wherefore the people did chide with Moses.
> Ex. xvii. 2.

2. To make a clamorous noise; to chafe.

> As doth a rock againts the chiding flood.
> Shak.

Chide, n. [AS. cd] A continuous noise or murmur.

> The chide of streams.
> Thomson.

Chid"er (?), n. One who chides or quarrels. Shak.

Chid"er*ess, n. She who chides. [Obs.]

Chide"ster (?), n. [Chide + -ster.] A female scold. [Obs.]

Chid"ing*ly (?), adv. In a chiding or reproving manner.

Chief (chn), n. [OE. chief, chef, OF. chief, F. chef, fr. L. caput head, possibly akin to E. head. Cf. Captain, Chapter] 1. The head or leader of any body of men; a commander, as of an army; a head man, as of a tribe, clan, or family; a person in authority who directs the work of others; the principal actor or agent.

2. The principal part; the most valuable portion.

> The chief of the things which should be utterly destroyed.
> 1 Sam. xv. 21

3. (Her.) The upper third part of the field. It is supposed to be composed of the dexter, sinister, and middle chiefs.

In chief. (a) At the head; as, a commander in chief. (b) (Eng. Law) From the king, or sovereign; as, tenure in chief, tenure directly from the king.

Syn. -- Chieftain; captain; general; commander; leader; head; principal; sachem; sagamore; sheik. -- Chief, chieftain, Commander, Leader. These words fluctuate somewhat in their meaning according to circumstances, but agree in the general idea of rule and authority. The term chief is now more usually applied to one who is a head man, leader, or commander in civil or military affairs, or holds a hereditary or acquired rank in a tribe or clan; as, the chief of police; the chief of an Indian tribe. A chieftain is the chief of a clan or tribe , or a military leader. A commander directs the movements of or has control over a body of men, as a military or naval force. A leader is one whom men follow, as in a political party, a legislative body, a military or scientific expedition, etc., one who takes the command and gives direction in particular enterprises.

Chief, a. 1. Highest in office or rank; principal; head. "Chief rulers." John. xii. 42.

2. Principal or most eminent in any quality or action; most distinguished; having most influence; taking the lead; most important; as, the chief topic of conversation; the chief interest of man.

3. Very intimate, near, or close. [Obs.]

> A whisperer separateth chief friends.
> Prov. xvi. 28.

Syn. -- Principal; head; leading; main; paramount; supreme; prime; vital; especial; great; grand; eminent; master.

Chief"age (-j), n. [OF. chevage, fr. chief head. See Chief.] A tribute by the head; a capitation tax. [Written also chevage and chivage.] [Obs.]

Chief" bar"on (?). (Eng. Law) The presiding judge of the court of exchequer.

Chief"est, a. [Superl. of Chief.] First or foremost; chief; principal. [Archaic] "Our chiefest courtier." Shak.

> The chiefest among ten thousand.
> Canticles v. 10.

Chief" hare` (?). (Zoöl.) A small rodent (Lagamys princeps) inhabiting the summits of the Rocky Mountains; -- also called crying hare, calling hare, cony, American pika, and little chief hare.

It is not a true hare or rabbit, but belongs to the curious family Lagomyidæ.

Chief" jus"tice (?). The presiding justice, or principal judge, of a court.

Lord Chief Justice of England, The presiding judge of the Queen's Bench Division of the High Court of Justice. The highest judicial officer of the realm is the Lord High Chancellor. -- Chief Justice of the United States, the presiding judge of the Supreme Court, and Highest judicial officer of the republic.

Chief"-jus"tice*ship, n. The office of chief justice.

> Jay selected the chief-justiceship as most in accordance with his tastes.
> The Century.

Chief"less (?), a. Without a chief or leader.

Chief"ly (?), adv. 1. In the first place; principally; preëminently; above; especially.

> Search through this garden; leave unsearched no nook;
> But chiefly where those two fair creatures lodge.
> Milton.

2. For the most part; mostly.

> Those parts of the kingdom where the . . . estates of the dissenters chiefly lay.
> Swift.

Chief"rie (?), n. A small rent paid to the lord paramount. [Obs.] Swift.

Chief"tain (?), n. [OE. cheftayn, chevetayn, OF. chevetain, F. capitaine, LL. capitanus, fr. L. caput head. Cf. Captain, and see chief.] A captain, leader, or commander; a chief; the head of a troop, army, or clan.

Syn. -- Chief; commander; leader; head. See Chief.

{ Chief"tain*cy (?), Chief"tain*ship, } n. The rank, dignity, or office of a chieftain.

Chier"te (?), n. [OF. cherté. See Charity.] Love; tender regard. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Chiev"ance (?), n. [OF. chevance property, equiv. To chevisance, fr. chevir to accomplish. See Chevisance.] An unlawful bargain; traffic in which money is exported as discount. [Obs.] Bacon.

Chieve (?), v. i. See Cheve, v. i. [Obs.]

Chiff"-chaff (&?;), n. [So called from its note.] (Zoöl.) A species of European warbler (Sylvia hippolais); -- called also chip- chap, and pettychaps.

{ Chif`fo*nier" (?), fem. Chif`fo*nière" (?), } n. [F. chiffonnier, fem. chiffonnière, fr. chiffon rag, fr. chiffe a rag, flimsy cloth.] 1. One who gathers rags and odds and ends; a ragpicker.

2. A receptacle for rags or shreds.

3. A movable and ornamental closet or piece of furniture with shelves or drawers. G. Eliot.

||Chi"gnon (&?;), n. [F., prop. equiv. to chaînon link, fr. chaîne chain, fr. L. catena Cf. Chain.] A knot, boss, or mass of hair, natural or artificial, worn by a woman at the back of the head.

> A curl that had strayed from her chignon.
> H. James.

{ Chig"oe (?), Chig"re (?), } n. [Cf. F. chigue, perh. fr. Catalan chic small, Sp. chico; or of Peruvian origin.] (Zoöl.) A species of flea (Pulex penetrans), common in the West Indies and South America, which often attacks the feet or any exposed part of the human body, and burrowing beneath the skin produces great irritation. When the female is allowed to remain and breed, troublesome sores result, which are sometimes dangerous. See Jigger. [Written also chegre, chegoe, chique, chigger, jigger.]

The name is sometimes erroneously given to certain mites or ticks having similar habits.

||Chi*ka"ra (&?;), n. [Hind.] (Zoöl.) (a) The goat antelope (Tragops Bennettii) of India. (b) The Indian four-horned antelope (Tetraceros quadricornis).

Chil"blain` (?), n. [Chill + Blain.] A blain, sore, or inflammatory swelling, produced by exposure of the feet or hands to cold, and attended by itching, pain, and sometimes ulceration.

Chil"blain`, v. t. To produce chilblains upon.

Child (chld), n.; pl. Children (chl"drn). [AS. cild, pl. cildru; cf. Goth. kilþei womb, in-kilþ with child.] 1. A son or a daughter; a male or female descendant, in the first degree; the immediate progeny of human parents; -- in law, legitimate offspring. Used also of animals and plants.

2. A descendant, however remote; -- used esp. in the plural; as, the children of Israel; the children of Edom.

3. One who, by character of practice, shows signs of relationship to, or of the influence of, another; one closely connected with a place, occupation, character, etc.; as, a child of God; a child of the devil; a child of disobedience; a child of toil; a child of the people.

4. A noble youth. See Childe. [Obs.] Chaucer.

5. A young person of either sex. esp. one between infancy and youth; hence, one who exhibits the characteristics of a very young person, as innocence, obedience, trustfulness, limited understanding, etc.

> When I was child. I spake as a child, I understood as a child, I thought as a child; but when I became a man, I put away childish things.
> 1. Cor. xii. 11.

6. A female infant. [Obs.]

> A boy or a child, I wonder?
> Shak.

To be with child, to be pregnant. - - Child's play, light work; a trifling contest.

Child, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Childed; p. pr. & vb. n. Childing.] To give birth; to produce young.

> This queen Genissa childing died.
> Warner.

> It chanced within two days they childed both.
> Latimer.

Child"bear`ing (?), n. The act of producing or bringing forth children; parturition. Milton. Addison.

Child"bed (?), n. The state of a woman bringing forth a child, or being in labor; parturition.

Child"birth (?), n. The act of bringing forth a child; travail; labor. Jer. Taylor.

Child"crow`ing (?), n. (Med.) The crowing noise made by children affected with spasm of the laryngeal muscles; false croup.

Childe (?), n. A cognomen formerly prefixed to his name by the oldest son, until he succeeded to his ancestral titles, or was knighted; as, Childe Roland.

Child"ed (?), a. Furnished with a child. [Obs.]

Chil"dermas day` (?). [AS. cildamæsse- dæg; cild child +dæg day.] (Eccl.) A day (December 28) observed by mass or festival in commemoration of the children slain by Herod at Bethlehem; -- called also Holy Innocent's Day.

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Child"hood (chld"hd), n. [AS. cildhd; cild child + -hd. See Child, and -hood.] 1. The state of being a child; the time in which persons are children; the condition or time from infancy to puberty.

> I have walked before you from my childhood.
> 1. Sam. xii. 2.

2. Children, taken collectively. [R.]

> The well-governed childhood of this realm.
> Sir. W. Scott.

3. The commencement; the first period.

> The childhood of our joy.
> Shak.

Second childhood, the state of being feeble and incapable from old age.

Child"ing (?), a. [See Child, v. i.] Bearing Children; (Fig.) productive; fruitful. [R.] Shak.

Child"ish, a. 1. Of, pertaining to, befitting, or resembling, a child. "Childish innocence." Macaulay.

2. Puerile; trifling; weak.

> Methinks that simplicity in her countenance is rather childish than innocent.
> Addison.

Childish, as applied to persons who are grown up, is in a disparaging sense; as, a childish temper.

Child"ish*ly, adv. In the manner of a child; in a trifling way; in a weak or foolish manner.

Child"ish*ness, n. The state or quality of being childish; simplicity; harmlessness; weakness of intellect.

Child"less*ness, n. The state of being childless.

Child"like (?), a. Resembling a child, or that which belongs to children; becoming a child; meek; submissive; dutiful. "Childlike obedience." Hooker.

Childlike, as applied to persons grown up, is commonly in a good sense; as, childlike grace or simplicity; childlike modesty.

Child"ly, a. Having the character of a child; belonging, or appropriate, to a child. Gower.

Child"ly, adv. Like a child. Mrs. Browning.

Child"ness, n. The manner characteristic of a child. [Obs.] "Varying childness." Shak.

Chil"dren (?), n.; pl. of Child.

Child"ship, n. The state or relation of being a child.

Chil"i (?), n. [Sp. chili, chile.] A kind of red pepper. See Capsicum [Written also chilli and chile.]

Chil"i*ad (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, fr. &?; a thousand.] A thousand; the aggregate of a thousand things; especially, a period of a thousand years.

> The world, then in the seventh chiliad, will be assumed up unto God.
> Sir. T. More.

Chil"i*a*gon (?), n. [Gr. &?;; &?; a thousand + &?; angle.] A plane figure of a thousand angles and sides. Barlow.

Chil"i*a*hedron (?), n. [Gr. &?; a thousand + &?; base, fr. &?; to sit.] A figure bounded by a thousand plane surfaces [Spelt also chiliaëdron.]

Chil"i*an (?), a. Of or pertaining to Chili. -- n. A native or citizen of Chili.

{ Chil"i*an (?), Chil"i*arch` (?), } n. [Gr. &?;, &?;; &?; a thousand + &?; leader, &?; to lead.] The commander or chief of a thousand men.

Chil"i*arch`y (?), n. [Gr. &?;.] A body consisting of a thousand men. Mitford.

Chil"i*asm (?), n. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?;. See Chiliad.] 1. The millennium.

2. The doctrine of the personal reign of Christ on earth during the millennium.

Chil"i*ast (?), n. [Gr. &?;. See Chiliasm.] One who believes in the second coming of Christ to reign on earth a thousand years; a millenarian.

Chili*astic (?), a. Millenarian. "The obstruction offered by the chiliastic errors." J. A. Alexander.

Chill (chl), n. [AS. cele, cyle, from the same root as celan, calan, to be cold; akin to D. kil cold, coldness, Sw. kyla to chill, and E. cool. See Cold, and cf. Cool.]

1. A moderate but disagreeable degree of cold; a disagreeable sensation of coolness, accompanied with shivering. "[A] wintry chill." W. Irving.

2. (Med.) A sensation of cold with convulsive shaking of the body, pinched face, pale skin, and blue lips, caused by undue cooling of the body or by nervous excitement, or forming the precursor of some constitutional disturbance, as of a fever.

3. A check to enthusiasm or warmth of feeling; discouragement; as, a chill comes over an assembly.

4. An iron mold or portion of a mold, serving to cool rapidly, and so to harden, the surface of molten iron brought in contact with it. Raymond.

5. The hardened part of a casting, as the tread of a car wheel. Knight.

Chill and fever, fever and ague.

Chill, a. 1. Moderately cold; tending to cause shivering; chilly; raw.

> Noisome winds, and blasting vapors chill.
> Milton.

2. Affected by cold. "My veins are chill." Shak.

3. Characterized by coolness of manner, feeling, etc.; lacking enthusiasm or warmth; formal; distant; as, a chill reception.

4. Discouraging; depressing; dispiriting.

Chill, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chilled (chld); p. pr. & vb. n. Chilling.] 1. To strike with a chill; to make chilly; to cause to shiver; to affect with cold.

> When winter chilled the day.
> Goldsmith.

2. To check enthusiasm or warmth of feeling of; to depress; to discourage.

> Every thought on God chills the gayety of his spirits.
> Rogers.

3. (Metal.) To produce, by sudden cooling, a change of crystallization at or near the surface of, so as to increase the hardness; said of cast iron.

Chill, v. i. (Metal.) To become surface-hardened by sudden cooling while solidifying; as, some kinds of cast iron chill to a greater depth than others.

Chilled (?), a. 1. Hardened on the surface or edge by chilling; as, chilled iron; a chilled wheel.

2. (Paint.) Having that cloudiness or dimness of surface that is called "blooming."

Chil"li (?), n. See Chili.

Chill"i*ness (?), n. 1. A state or sensation of being chilly; a disagreeable sensation of coldness.

2. A moderate degree of coldness; disagreeable coldness or rawness; as, the chilliness of the air.

3. Formality; lack of warmth.

Chill"ing (?), a. Making chilly or cold; depressing; discouraging; cold; distant; as, a chilling breeze; a chilling manner.

-- Chill"ing"ly, adv.

Chill"ness, n. Coolness; coldness; a chill.

> Death is the chillness that precedes the dawn.
> Longfellow.

Chill"y (?), a. Moderately cold; cold and raw or damp so as to cause shivering; causing or feeling a disagreeable sensation of cold, or a shivering.

Chi"log*nath (?), n. (Zoöl.) A myriapod of the order Chilognatha.

||Chi*log"na*tha (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; lip + gna`qos Jaw.] (Zoöl.) One of the two principal orders of myriapods. They have numerous segments, each bearing two pairs of small, slender legs, which are attached ventrally, near together.

Chi*lo"ma (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; lip, fr. &?; lip. See -oma.] (Zoöl.) The tumid upper lip of certain mammals, as of a camel.

Chi"lo*pod (?), n. (Zoöl.) A myriapod of the order Chilopoda.

||Chi*lop"o*da (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; lip + -poda.] (Zoöl.) One of the orders of myriapods, including the centipeds. They have a single pair of elongated legs attached laterally to each segment; well developed jaws; and a pair of thoracic legs converted into poison fangs. They are insectivorous, very active, and some species grow to the length of a foot.

{ ||Chi*los"to*ma (?), Chi*lo*stom"a*ta (?), } n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; + &?;, &?;, outh.] (Zoöl.) An extensive suborder of marine Bryozoa, mostly with calcareous shells. They have a movable lip and a lid to close the aperture of the cells. [Also written Chillostomata.]

Chi`lo*stoma*tous (?), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Chilostoma.

Chiltern Hundreds (?). [AS. Chiltern the Chiltern, high hills in Buckinghamshire, perh. Fr. ceald cold + ern, ærn, place.] A tract of crown land in Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire, England, to which is attached the nominal office of steward. As members of Parliament cannot resign, when they wish to go out they accept this stewardship, which legally vacates their seats.

||Chi*mæ"ra (?), n. [NL. See Chimera.] (Zoöl.) A cartilaginous fish of several species, belonging to the order Holocephali. The teeth are few and large. The head is furnished with appendages, and the tail terminates in a point.

Chi*mæ"roid (?), a. [Chimæra + old.] (Zoöl.) Related to, or like, the chimæra.

Chi*man"go [Native name] (Zoöl.) A south American carrion buzzard (Milvago chimango). See Caracara.

Chimb (chm), n. [AS. cim, in cimstn base of a pillar; akin to D. kim, f. Sw. kim., G. kimme f.] The edge of a cask, etc; a chine. See Chine, n., 3. [Written also chime.]

Chimb, v. i. Chime. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Chime (chm), n. [See Chimb.] See Chine, n., 3.

Chime (chm), n. [OE. chimbe, prop., cymbal, OF. cymbe, cymble, in a dialectic form, chymble, F. cymbale, L. cymbalum, fr. Gr. ky`mbalon. See Cymbal.] 1. The harmonious sound of bells, or of musical instruments.

> Instruments that made melodius chime.
> Milton.

2. A set of bells musically tuned to each other; specif., in the pl., the music performed on such a set of bells by hand, or produced by mechanism to accompany the striking of the hours or their divisions.

> We have heard the chimes at midnight.
> Shak.

3. Pleasing correspondence of proportion, relation, or sound. "Chimes of verse." Cowley.

Chime, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Chimed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Chiming.] [See Chime, n.] 1. To sound in harmonious accord, as bells.

2. To be in harmony; to agree; to suit; to harmonize; to correspond; to fall in with.

> Everything chimed in with such a humor.
> W. irving.

3. To join in a conversation; to express assent; -- followed by in or in with. [Colloq.]

4. To make a rude correspondence of sounds; to jingle, as in rhyming. Cowley

Chime (?), v. i. 1. To cause to sound in harmony; to play a tune, as upon a set of bells; to move or strike in harmony.

> And chime their sounding hammers.
> Dryden.

2. To utter harmoniously; to recite rhythmically.

> Chime his childish verse.
> Byron.

Chim"er (?), n. One who chimes.

Chime"ra (?), n.; pl. Chimeras (#). [L. chimaera a chimera (in sense 1), Gr. &?; a she-goat, a chimera, fr. &?; he-goat; cf. Icel. qymbr a yearling ewe.] 1. (Myth.) A monster represented as vomiting flames, and as having the head of a lion, the body of a goat, and the tail of a dragon. "Dire chimeras and enchanted isles." Milton.

2. A vain, foolish, or incongruous fancy, or creature of the imagination; as, the chimera of an author. Burke.

Chi*mere" (?), n. [OF. chamarre., F. simarre (cf. It. zimarra), fr. Sp. chamarra, zamarra, a coat made of sheepskins, a sheepskin, perh. from Ar. sammr the Scythian weasel or marten, the sable. Cf. Simarre.] The upper robe worn by a bishop, to which lawn sleeves are usually attached. Hook.

Chi*mer"ic (?), a. Chimerical.

Chi*mer"ic*al (?), a. Merely imaginary; fanciful; fantastic; wildly or vainly conceived; having, or capable of having, no existence except in thought; as, chimerical projects.

Syn. -- Imaginary; fanciful; fantastic; wild; unfounded; vain; deceitful; delusive.

Chi*mer"ic*al*ly, adv. Wildy; vainly; fancifully.

Chim"i*nage (?), n. [OF. cheminage, fr. chemin way, road.] (Old Law) A toll for passage through a forest. [Obs.] Cowell.

Chim"ney, n.; pl. Chimneys (#). [F. cheminée, LL. caminata, fr. L. caminus furnace, fireplace, Gr. &?; furnace, oven.] 1. A fireplace or hearth. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleigh.

2. That part of a building which contains the smoke flues; esp. an upright tube or flue of brick or stone, in most cases extending through or above the roof of the building. Often used instead of chimney shaft.

> Hard by a cottage chimney smokes.
> Milton.

3. A tube usually of glass, placed around a flame, as of a lamp, to create a draft, and promote combustion.

4. (Min.) A body of ore, usually of elongated form, extending downward in a vein. Raymond.

Chimney board, a board or screen used to close a fireplace; a fireboard. -- Chimney cap, a device to improve the draught of a chimney, by presenting an exit aperture always to leeward. -- Chimney corner, the space between the sides of the fireplace and the fire; hence, the fireside. -- Chimney hook, a hook for holding pats and kettles over a fire, -- Chimney money, hearth money, a duty formerly paid in England for each chimney. -- Chimney pot (Arch.), a cylinder of earthenware or sheet metal placed at the top of a chimney which rises above the roof. -- Chimney swallow. (Zoöl.) (a) An American swift (Chæture pelasgica) which lives in chimneys. (b) In England, the common swallow (Hirundo rustica). -- Chimney sweep, Chimney sweeper, one who cleans chimneys of soot; esp. a boy who climbs the flue, and brushes off the soot.

Chim"ney-breast` (?), n. (Arch.) The horizontal projection of a chimney from the wall in which it is built; -- commonly applied to its projection in the inside of a building only.

Chim"ney-piece` (?), n. (Arch.) A decorative construction around the opening of a fireplace.

Chim*pan"zee (chm*pn"z; 277), n. [From the native name: cf. F. chimpanzé, chimpansé, chimpanzée.] (Zoöl.) An african ape (Anthropithecus troglodytes or Troglodytes niger) which approaches more nearly to man, in most respects, than any other ape. When full grown, it is from three to four feet high.

Chin (chn), n. [AS. cin, akin to OS. kin, G kinn, Icel. kinn, cheek, Dan. & Sw. kind, L. gena, Gr. &?;; cf. Skr. hanu. √232.] 1. The lower extremity of the face below the mouth; the point of the under jaw.

2. (Zoöl.) The exterior or under surface embraced between the branches of the lower jaw bone, in birds.

Chi"na (?), n. 1. A country in Eastern Asia.

2. China ware, which is the modern popular term for porcelain. See Porcelain.

China aster (Bot.), a well-known garden flower and plant. See Aster. -- China bean. See under Bean, 1. -- China clay See Kaolin. -- China grass, Same as Ramie. -- China ink. See India ink. -- China pink (Bot.), an anual or biennial species of Dianthus (D. Chiensis) having variously colored single or double flowers; Indian pink. -- China root (Med.), the rootstock of a species of Smilax (S. China, from the East Indies; -- formerly much esteemed for the purposes that sarsaparilla is now used for. Also the galanga root (from Alpinia Gallanga and Alpinia officinarum). -- China rose. (Bot.) (a) A popular name for several free-blooming varieties of rose derived from the Rosa Indica, and perhaps other species. (b) A flowering hothouse plant (Hibiscus Rosa-Sinensis) of the Mallow family, common in the gardens of China and the east Indies. -- China shop, a shop or store for the sale of China ware or of crockery. -- China ware, porcelain; -- so called in the 17th century because brought from the far East, and differing from the pottery made in Europe at that time; also, loosely, crockery in general. -- Pride of China, China tree. (Bot.) See Azedarach.

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Chin*al"dine (?), n. [NL. chinium quinine + aldehyde.] (Chem.) See Quinaldine.

Chi"na*man (?), n.; pl. Chinamen (&?;). A native of China; a Chinese.

Chin"ca*pin (?), n. See Chinquapin.

Chinch (?), n. [Cf. Sp. chinche, fr. L. cimex.] 1. (Zoöl.) The bedbug (Cimex lectularius).

2. (Zoöl.) A bug (Blissus leucopterus), which, in the United States, is very destructive to grass, wheat, and other grains; -- also called chiniz, chinch bug, chink bug. It resembles the bedbug in its disgusting odor.

Chin"cha (?), n. [Cf. Chinchilla.] (Zoöl.) A south American rodent of the genus Lagotis.

Chinche (?), a. [F. chiche miserly.] Parsimonious; niggardly. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Chinch"er*ie (?), n. Penuriousness. [Obs.]

> By cause of his skarsete and chincherie.
> Caucer.

Chin*chil"la (?), n. [Sp.] 1. (Zoöl.) A small rodent (Chinchilla lanigera), of the size of a large squirrel, remarkable for its fine fur, which is very soft and of a pearly gray color. It is a native of Peru and Chili.

2. The fur of the chinchilla.

3. A heavy, long-napped, tufted woolen cloth.

{ Chin*cho"na (?), Chin*co"na (?). }See Cinchona.

Chin" cough" (?). [For chink cough; cf. As. cincung long laughter, Scot. kink a violent fit of coughing, akin to MHG. kchen to pant. Cf. Kinknaust, Cough.] Whooping cough.

Chine (?), n. [Cf. Chink.] A chink or cleft; a narrow and deep ravine; as, Shanklin Chine in the Isle of Wight, a quarter of a mile long and 230 feet deep. [Prov. Eng.] "The cottage in a chine." J. Ingelow.

Chine (?), n.[OF. eschine, F. échine, fr. OHG. skina needle, prickle, shin, G. schiene splint, schienbein shin. For the meaning cf. L. spina thorn, prickle, or spine, the backbone. Cf. Shin.] 1. The backbone or spine of an animal; the back. "And chine with rising bristles roughly spread." Dryden.

2. A piece of the backbone of an animal, with the adjoining parts, cut for cooking. [See Illust. of Beef.]

3. The edge or rim of a cask, etc., formed by the projecting ends of the staves; the chamfered end of a stave.

Chine, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chined (?).] 1. To cut through the backbone of; to cut into chine pieces.

2. Too chamfer the ends of a stave and form the chine..

Chined (?), a. 1. Pertaining to, or having, a chine, or backbone; -- used in composition. Beau. & Fl.

2. Broken in the back. [Obs.]

> He's chined, goodman.
> Beau. & Fl.

Chi"nese" (?), a. Of or pertaining to China; peculiar to China.

Chinese paper. See India paper, under India. -- Chinese wax, a snowy-white, waxlike substance brought from China. It is the bleached secretion of certain insects of the family Coccidæ especially Coccus Sinensis.

Chi*nese", n. sing. & pl. 1. A native or natives of China, or one of that yellow race with oblique eyelids who live principally in China.

2. sing. The language of China, which is monosyllabic.

Chineses was used as a plural by the contemporaries of Shakespeare and Milton.

Chink (chk), n. [OE. chine, AS. cne fissure, chink, fr. cnan to gape; akin to Goth. Keinan to sprout, G. keimen. Cf. Chit.] A small cleft, rent, or fissure, of greater length than breadth; a gap or crack; as, the chinks of a wall.

> Through one cloudless chink, in a black, stormy sky.
> Shines out the dewy morning star.
> Macaulay.

Chink, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Chinked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Chinking.] To crack; to open.

Chink, v. t. 1. To cause to open in cracks or fissures.

2. To fill up the chinks of; as, to chink a wall.

Chink, n. [Of imitative origin. Cf. Jingle.] 1. A short, sharp sound, as of metal struck with a slight degree of violence. "Chink of bell." Cowper.

2. Money; cash. [Cant] "To leave his chink to better hands." Somerville.

Chink, v. t. To cause to make a sharp metallic sound, as coins, small pieces of metal, etc., by bringing them into collision with each other. Pope.

Chink, v. i. To make a slight, sharp, metallic sound, as by the collision of little pieces of money, or other small sonorous bodies. Arbuthnot.

Chink"y (?), a. Full of chinks or fissures; gaping; opening in narrow clefts. Dryden.

Chinned (chnd), a. Having a chin; -- used chiefly in compounds; as, short- chinned.

Chi*noid"ine (?), n. [NL. chinium quinine (cf. G. & F. china Peruvian bark) + --oil + -ine.] (Chem.) See Quinodine.

Chin"o*line (?), n. [NL. chinium quinine (see Chinoldine) + L. oleum oil + -ine.] (Chem.) See Quinoline.

Chi"none (?), n. [NL. chinium quinine (see Chinoidine.) + -one.] (Chem.) See Quinone.

Chi*nook" (?), n. 1. (Ethnol.) One of a tribe of North American Indians now living in the state of Washington, noted for the custom of flattening their skulls. Chinooks also called Flathead Indians.

2. A warm westerly wind from the country of the Chinooks, sometimes experienced on the slope of the Rocky Mountains, in Montana and the adjacent territory.

3. A jargon of words from various languages (the largest proportion of which is from that of the Chinooks) generally understood by all the Indian tribes of the northwestern territories of the United States.

Chin"qua*pin (?), n. (Bot.) A branching, nut-bearing tree or shrub (Castanea pumila) of North America, from six to twenty feet high, allied to the chestnut. Also, its small, sweet, edible nat. [Written also chincapin and chinkapin.]

Chinquapin oak, a small shrubby oak (Quercus prinoides) of the Atlantic States, with edible acorns. -- Western Chinquapin, an evergreen shrub or tree (Castanopes chrysophylla) of the Pacific coast. In California it is a shrub; in Oregon a tree 30 to 125 feet high.

Chinse (?), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Chinsed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Chinsing.] (Naut.) To thrust oakum into (seams or chinks) with a chisel , the point of a knife, or a chinsing iron; to calk slightly.

Chinsing iron, a light calking iron.

Chintz (?), n.; pl. Chintzes (#). [Hindi chnt spotted cotton clooth, chnt spot.] Cotton cloth, printed with flowers and other devices, in a number of different colors, and often glazed. Swift.

Chiop*pine" (?), n. Same as Chopine, n.

Chip (chp), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chipped (chpt); p. pr. & vb. n. Chipping.] [Cf. G. kippen to cut off the edge, to clip, pare. Cf. Chop to cut.] 1. To cut small pieces from; to diminish or reduce to shape, by cutting away a little at a time; to hew. Shak.

2. To break or crack, or crack off a portion of, as of an eggshell in hatching, or a piece of crockery.

3. To bet, as with chips in the game of poker.

To chip in, to contribute, as to a fund; to share in the risks or expenses of. [Slang. U. S.]

Chip, v. i. To break or fly off in small pieces.

Chip, n. 1. A piece of wood, stone, or other substance, separated by an ax, chisel, or cutting instrument.

2. A fragment or piece broken off; a small piece.

3. Wood or Cuban palm leaf split into slips, or straw plaited in a special manner, for making hats or bonnets.

4. Anything dried up, withered, or without flavor; -- used contemptuously.

5. One of the counters used in poker and other games.

6. (Naut.) The triangular piece of wood attached to the log line.

Buffalo chips. See under Buffalo. -- Chip ax, a small ax for chipping timber into shape. -- Chip bonnet, Chip hat, a bonnet or a hat made of Chip. See Chip, n., 3. -- A chip off the old block, a child who resembles either of his parents. [Colloq.] Milton. -- Potato chips, Saratoga chips, thin slices of raw potato fried crisp.

Chip"munk` (?), n. [Indian name.] (Zoöl.) A squirrel-like animal of the genus Tamias, sometimes called the striped squirrel, chipping squirrel, ground squirrel, hackee. The common species of the United States is the Tamias striatus. [Written also chipmonk, chipmuck, and chipmuk.]

Chip"per (?), v. i. [Cf. Cheep, Chirp.] To chirp or chirrup. [Prov. Eng.] Forby.

Chip"per, a. Lively; cheerful; talkative. [U. S.]

Chip"pe*ways (?), n. pl.; sing. Chippeway. (Ethnol.) A tribe of Indians formerly inhabiting the northern and western shores of Lake Superior; -- called also Objibways.

Chip"ping (?), n. 1. A chip; a piece separated by a cutting or graving instrument; a fragment.

2. The act or process of cutting or breaking off small pieces, as in dressing iron with a chisel, or reducing a timber or block of stone to shape.

3. The breaking off in small pieces of the edges of potter's ware, porcelain, etc.

Chip"ping bird` (?). (Zoöl.) The chippy.

Chip"ping squir"rel (?). See Chipmunk.

Chip"py (?), a. Abounding in, or resembling, chips; dry and tasteless.

Chip"py (?), n. (Zoöl.) A small American sparrow (Spizella socialis), very common near dwelling; -- also called chipping bird and chipping sparrow, from its simple note.

Chips (?), n. (Naut.) A ship's carpenter. [Cant.]

||Chi*ra"gra (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;; &?; hand + &?; seizure.] (Med.) Gout in the hand.

Chi*rag"ric*al (?), a. Having the gout in the hand, or subject to that disease. Sir. T. Browne.

||Chi*ret"ta (?), n. [Hind. chirt.] A plant (Agathotes Chirayta) found in Northern India, having medicinal properties to the gentian, and esteemed as a tonic and febrifuge.

Chirk (?), v. i. [Cf. Chirp, also Creak.] 1. To shriek; to gnash; to utter harsh or shrill cries. [Obs.]

> All full of chirkyng was that sorry place.
> Cheucer.

2. To chirp like a bird. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Chirk, v. t. To cheer; to enliven; as, to chirk one up. [Colloq. New Eng. ]

Chirk, a. [From Chirk, v. i.] Lively; cheerful; in good spirits. [Colloq. New Eng.]

Chirm (?), v. i. [Cf. AS. cyrman, cirman, to cry out. √24 Cf. Chirp.] To chirp or to make a mournful cry, as a bird. [Obs.] Huloet.

Chi*rog"no*my (?), n. [Gr. chei`r hand + &?; understanding.] The art of judging character by the shape and appearance of the hand.

Chi"ro*graph (?), n. [Gr. &?; written with the hand; chei`r hand + gra`fein to write.] (Old. Law) (a) A writing which, requiring a counterpart, was engrossed twice on the same piece of parchment, with a space between, in which was written the word chirographum, through which the parchment was cut, and one part given to each party. It answered to what is now called a charter party. (b) The last part of a fine of land, commonly called the foot of the fine. Bouvier.

Chi*rog"ra*pher (?), n. 1. One who practice the art or business of writing or engrossing.

2. See chirographist, 2.

Chirographer of fines (Old Eng. Law), an officer in the court of common pleas, who engrossed fines.

{ Chi`ro*graph"ic (?), Chi`ro*graph"ic*al (?) } a. Of or pertaining to chirography.

Chi*rog"ra*phist (?), n. 1. A chirographer; a writer or engrosser.

2. One who tells fortunes by examining the hand.

Chi*rog"ra*phy (?), n. 1. The art of writing or engrossing; handwriting; as, skilled in chirography.

2. The art of telling fortunes by examining the hand.

Chi`ro*gym"nast (?), n. [Gr. chei`r hand + &?; trainer of athletes, gymnast.] A mechanical contrivance for exercising the fingers of a pianist.

Chi`ro*log"ic*al (?), a. Relating to chirology.

Chi*rol"o*gist (?), n. One who communicates thoughts by signs made with the hands and fingers.

Chi*rol"o*gy (?), n. [Gr. chei`r hand + -logy.] The art or practice of using the manual alphabet or of communicating thoughts by sings made by the hands and fingers; a substitute for spoken or written language in intercourse with the deaf and dumb. See Dactylalogy.

Chi"ro*man`cer (?), n. One who practices chiromancy. Dryden.

Chi"ro*mancy (?), n. [Gr. chei`r hand + -mancy.] The art or practice of foretelling events, or of telling the fortunes or the disposition of persons by inspecting the hand; palmistry.

{ Chi"ro*man`ist (?), Chi"ro*man`tist (?) } n. [Gr. &?;.] A chiromancer.

{ Chi`ro*man"tic (?), Chi`ro*man"tic*al (?) } a. Of or pertaining to chiromancy.

Chi`ro*mon"ic (?), a. Relating to chironomy.

Chi*ron"o*my (?), n. [Gr. &?;; chei`r hand + &?; to manage.] The art of moving the hands in oratory or in pantomime; gesture [Obs.]

Chi"ro*plast (?), n. [Gr. &?; formed by hand; chei`r hand + &?; to shape.] (Mus.) An instrument to guid the hands and fingers of pupils in playing on the piano, etc.

Chi*rop"o*dist (?), n. [Gr. chei`r hand + &?;; &?;, foot.] One who treats diseases of the hands and feet; especially, one who removes corns and bunions.

Chirop"ody (?), n. The art of treating diseases of the hands and feet.

Chiros"ophist (?), n. [Gr. chei`r hand + &?; skillful, wise. See Sophist.] A fortune teller.

Chirp (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Chirped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Chirping.] [Of imitative orgin. Cf. Chirk, Chipper, Cheep, Chirm, Chirrup.] To make a shop, sharp, cheerful, as of small birds or crickets.

Chirp, n. A short, sharp note, as of a bird or insect. "The chirp of flitting bird." Bryant.

Chirp"er (?), n. One who chirps, or is cheerful.

Chirp"ing (?), a. Cheering; enlivening.

> He takes his chirping pint, he cracks his jokes.
> Pope.

Chirp"ing*ly, adv. In a chirping manner.

Chirre (?), v. i. [Cf. G. girren, AS. corian to murmur, complain. √24.] To coo, as a pigeon. [Obs.]

Chir"rup (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chirruped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Chirruping.] [See Chirp.] To quicken or animate by chirping; to cherup.

Chir"rup, v. i. To chirp. Tennyson.

> The criket chirrups on the hearth.
> Goldsmith.

Chir"rup, n. The act of chirping; a chirp.

> The sparrows' chirrup on the roof.
> Tennyson.

Chir"rupy (?), a. Cheerful; joyous; chatty.

Chi*rur"geon (?), n. [F. chirurgien, from chirurgie surgery, fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; working or operating with the hand; chei`r hand + &?; work. Cf. Surgeon, Work.] A surgeon. [Obs.]

Chi*rur"geon*ly, adv. Surgically. [Obs.] Shak.

Chi*rur"ger*y (?), n. [See Chirurgeon, and cf. Surgery.] Surgery. [Obs.]

{ Chi*rur"gic (?), Chirur"gical (?), } a. [Cf. F. chirurgiquerurgical, L. Chirurgicus, Gr. &?;. See Chirurgeon, and cf. Surgical.] Surgical [Obs.] "Chirurgical lore" Longfellow.

<! p. 250 !>

Chis"el (?), n. [OF. chisel, F. ciseau, fr. LL. cisellus, prob. for caesellus, fr. L. caesus, p. p. of caedere to cut. Cf. Scissors.] A tool with a cutting edge on one end of a metal blade, used in dressing, shaping, or working in timber, stone, metal, etc.; -- usually driven by a mallet or hammer.

Cold chisel. See under Cold, a.

Chis"el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chiseled (?), or Chiselled (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Chiseling, or Chiselling.] [Cf. F. ciseler.] 1. To cut, pare, gouge, or engrave with a chisel; as, to chisel a block of marble into a statue.

2. To cut close, as in a bargain; to cheat. [Slang]

Chis"leu (?), n. [Heb.] The ninth month of the Jewish ecclesiastical year, answering to a part of November with a part of December.

Chis"ley (chz"l), a. [AS. ceosel gravel or sand. Cf. Chessom.] Having a large admixture of small pebbles or gravel; -- said of a soil. Gardner.

Chit (cht), n. [Cf. AS. cð shoot, sprig, from the same root as cnan to yawn. See Chink a cleft.] 1. The embryo or the growing bud of a plant; a shoot; a sprout; as, the chits of Indian corn or of potatoes.

2. A child or babe; as, a forward chit; also, a young, small, or insignificant person or animal.

> A little chit of a woman.
> Thackeray.

3. An excrescence on the body, as a wart. [Obs.]

4. A small tool used in cleaving laths. Knight.

Chit, v. i. To shoot out; to sprout.

> I have known barley chit in seven hours after it had been thrown forth.
> Mortimer.

Chit, 3d sing. of Chide. Chideth. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Chit"chat (?), n. [From Chat, by way of reduplication.] Familiar or trifling talk; prattle.

Chi"tin (?), n. [See Chiton.] (Chem.) A white amorphous horny substance forming the harder part of the outer integument of insects, crustacea, and various other invertebrates; entomolin.

Chi`ti*ni*za"tion (?), n. The process of becoming chitinous.

Chi"ti*nous (?), a. Having the nature of chitin; consisting of, or containing, chitin.

||Chi"ton (?), n. [Gr. &?; a chiton (in sense 1).] 1. An under garment among the ancient Greeks, nearly representing the modern shirt.

2. (Zoöl.) One of a group of gastropod mollusks, with a shell composed of eight movable dorsal plates. See Polyplacophora.

Chit"ter (?), v. i. [Cf. Chatter.] 1. To chirp in a tremulous manner, as a bird. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. To shiver or chatter with cold. [Scot.] Burns.

Chit"ter*ling (?), n. The frill to the breast of a shirt, which when ironed out resembled the small entrails. See Chitterlings. [Obs.] Gascoigne.

Chit"ter*lings (?), n. pl. [Cf. AS. cwiþ womb, Icel. kvið, Goth. qiþus, belly, womb, stomach, G. kutteln chitterlings.] (Cookery) The smaller intestines of swine, etc., fried for food.

||Chit"tra (?), n. [Native Indian name.] (Zoöl.) The axis deer of India.

Chit"ty (?), a. 1. Full of chits or sprouts.

2. Childish; like a babe. [Obs.]

Chiv"a*chie` (?), n. [OF. chevauchie, chevauchée; of the same origin as E. cavalcade.] A cavalry raid; hence, a military expedition. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Chiv"al*ric (?), a. [See Chivalry.] Relating to chivalry; knightly; chivalrous.

Chiv"al*rous (?), a. [OF. chevalerus, chevalereus, fr. chevalier. See Chivalry.] Pertaining to chivalry or knight-errantry; warlike; heroic; gallant; high-spirited; high-minded; magnanimous.

> In brave pursuit of chivalrous emprise.
> Spenser.

Chiv"al*rous*ly, adv. In a chivalrous manner; gallantly; magnanimously.

Chiv"al*ry (?), n. [F. chevalerie, fr. chevalier knight, OF., horseman. See Chevalier, and cf. Cavalry.] 1. A body or order of cavaliers or knights serving on horseback; illustrious warriors, collectively; cavalry. "His Memphian chivalry." Milton.

> By his light
> Did all the chivalry of England move,
> To do brave acts.
> Shak.

2. The dignity or system of knighthood; the spirit, usages, or manners of knighthood; the practice of knight-errantry. Dryden.

3. The qualifications or character of knights, as valor, dexterity in arms, courtesy, etc.

> The glory of our Troy this day doth lie
> On his fair worth and single chivalry.
> Shak.

4. (Eng. Law) A tenure of lands by knight's service; that is, by the condition of a knight's performing service on horseback, or of performing some noble or military service to his lord.

5. Exploit. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney.

Court of chivalry, a court formerly held before the lord high constable and earl marshal of England as judges, having cognizance of contracts and other matters relating to deeds of arms and war. Blackstone.

Chive (?), n. (Bot.) A filament of a stamen. [Obs.]

Chive (?), n. [F. cive, fr. L. cepa, caepa, onion. Cf. Cives, Cibol.] (Bot.) A perennial plant (Allium Schœnoprasum), allied to the onion. The young leaves are used in omelets, etc. [Written also cive.]

Chiv"y (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chivied (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Chivying.] [Cf. Chevy.] To goad, drive, hunt, throw, or pitch. [Slang, Eng.] Dickens.

Chlam"y*date (?), a. [L. chlamydatus dressed in a military cloak. See Chlamys.] (Zoöl.) Having a mantle; -- applied to certain gastropods.

Chlam"y*phore (?), n. [Gr. &?; cloak + &?; to bear.] (Zoöl.) A small South American edentate (Chlamyphorus truncatus, and C. retusus) allied to the armadillo. It is covered with a leathery shell or coat of mail, like a cloak, attached along the spine.

||Chla"mys (?), n.; pl. E. Chlamyses (#), L. Chlamydes (#). [L., from Gr. &?;.] A loose and flowing outer garment, worn by the ancient Greeks; a kind of cloak.

||Chlo*as"ma (?), n. [Gr. &?; to be green.] (Med.) A cutaneous affection characterized by yellow or yellowish brown pigmented spots.

Chlo"ral (?), n. [Chlorine + alcohol.] 1. (Chem.) A colorless oily liquid, CCl3.CHO, of a pungent odor and harsh taste, obtained by the action of chlorine upon ordinary or ethyl alcohol.

2. (Med.) Chloral hydrate.

Chloral hydrate, a white crystalline substance, obtained by treating chloral with water. It produces sleep when taken internally or hypodermically; -- called also chloral.

Chlo"ral*am`ide (?), n. [Chloral + amide.] (Chem.) A compound of chloral and formic amide used to produce sleep.

Chlo"ral*ism (?), n. (Med.) A morbid condition of the system resulting from excessive use of chloral.

Chlor`al"um (?), n. [Chlorine + aluminium.] An impure aqueous solution of chloride of aluminium, used as an antiseptic and disinfectant.

Chlor`an"il (?), n. [Chlorine + aniline.] (Chem.) A yellow crystalline substance, C6Cl4.O2, regarded as a derivative of quinone, obtained by the action of chlorine on certain benzene derivatives, as aniline.

Chlo"rate (?), n. [Cf. F. chlorate. See Chlorine.] (Chem.) A salt of chloric acid; as, chlorate of potassium.

Chlor`au"rate (?), n. [Chlorine + aurate.] (Chem.) See Aurochloride.

Chlor`hy"dric (?), a. [Chlorine + hydrogen + -ic.] (Chem.) Same as Hydrochloric.

Chlor`hy"drin (?), n. (Chem.) One of a class of compounds formed from certain polybasic alcohols (and especially glycerin) by the substitution of chlorine for one or more hydroxyl groups.

Chlo"ric (?), a. [From Chlorine.] Pertaining to, or obtained from, chlorine; -- said of those compounds of chlorine in which this element has a valence of five, or the next to its highest; as, chloric acid, HClO3.

Chloric ether (Chem.), ethylene dichloride. See Dutch liquid, under Dutch.

Chlo"ri*date (?), v. t. To treat or prepare with a chloride, as a plate with chloride of silver, for the purposes of photography. R. Hunt.

Chlo"ride (?), n. (Chem.) A binary compound of chlorine with another element or radical; as, chloride of sodium (common salt).

Chloride of ammonium, sal ammoniac. -- Chloride of lime, bleaching powder; a grayish white substance, CaOCl2, used in bleaching and disinfecting; -- called more properly calcium hypochlorite. See Hypochlorous acid, under Hypochlorous. -- Mercuric chloride, corrosive sublimate.

Chlo*rid"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to a chloride; containing a chloride.

Chlo"rid*ize (?), v. t. See Chloridate.

Chlo*rim"e*try (?), n. See Chlorometry.

Chlo"rin*ate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chlorinated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Chlorinating.] (Chem.) To treat, or cause to combine, with chlorine.

Chlo`ri*na"tion (?), n. The act or process of subjecting anything to the action of chlorine; especially, a process for the extraction of gold by exposure of the auriferous material to chlorine gas.

Chlo"rine (?), n. [Gr. &?; pale green, greenish yellow. So named from its color. See Yellow.] (Chem.) One of the elementary substances, commonly isolated as a greenish yellow gas, two and one half times as heavy as air, of an intensely disagreeable suffocating odor, and exceedingly poisonous. It is abundant in nature, the most important compound being common salt. It is powerful oxidizing, bleaching, and disinfecting agent. Symbol Cl. Atomic weight, 35.4.

Chlorine family, the elements fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine, called the halogens, and classed together from their common peculiarities.

Chlor`i*od"ic (?), a. Compounded of chlorine and iodine; containing chlorine and iodine.

Chlor`i"o*dine (?), n. A compound of chlorine and iodine. [R.]

Chlo"rite (?), n. [Gr. &?; (sc. &?;), fr. chlwro`s light green.] (Min.) The name of a group of minerals, usually of a green color and micaceous to granular in structure. They are hydrous silicates of alumina, iron, and magnesia.

Chlorite slate, a schistose or slaty rock consisting of alumina, iron, and magnesia.

Chlo"rite, n. [Chlorous + -ite.] (Chem.) Any salt of chlorous acid; as, chlorite of sodium.

Chlo*rit"ic (?), a. [From 1st Chlorite.] Pertaining to, or containing, chlorite; as, chloritic sand.

Chlor`meth"ane (?), n. (Chem.) A colorless gas, CH3Cl, of a sweet odor, easily condensed to a liquid; -- called also methyl chloride.

Chlo"ro- (?). (Chem.) A prefix denoting that chlorine is an ingredient in the substance named.

Chlo`ro*cru"o*rin (?), n. [Gr. chlwro`s light green + E. cruorin.] (Physiol.) A green substance, supposed to be the cause of the green color of the blood in some species of worms. Ray Lankester.

Chlo"ro*dyne (?), n. [From chlorine, in imitation of anodyne.] (Med.) A patent anodyne medicine, containing opium, chloroform, Indian hemp, etc.

Chlo"ro*form (?), n. [Chlorine + formyl, it having been regarded as a trichloride of this radical: cf. F. chloroforme, G. chloroform.] (Chem.) A colorless volatile liquid, CHCl3, having an ethereal odor and a sweetish taste, formed by treating alcohol with chlorine and an alkali. It is a powerful solvent of wax, resin, etc., and is extensively used to produce anæsthesia in surgical operations; also externally, to alleviate pain.

Chlo"ro*form (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chloroformed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Chloroforming.] To treat with chloroform, or to place under its influence.

Chlo`ro*leu"cite (?), n. [Gr. chlwro`s light green + E. leucite.] (Bot.) Same as Chloroplastid.

Chlo*rom"e*ter (?), n. [Cf. F. chloromètre. See Chlorine, and - meter.] An instrument to test the decoloring or bleaching power of chloride of lime.

Chlo*rom"e*try (?), n. The process of testing the bleaching power of any combination of chlorine.

Chlo*ro"pal (?), n. [Gr. chlwro`s light green + E. opal.] (Min.) A massive mineral, greenish in color, and opal-like in appearance. It is essentially a hydrous silicate of iron.

Chlo`ro*pep"tic (?), a. [Chlorine + peptic.] (Physiol. Chem.) Of or pertaining to an acid more generally called pepsin- hydrochloric acid.

Chlo"ro*phane (?), n. [Gr. chlwro`s light green + &?; to show: cf. F. chlorophane.] 1. (Min.) A variety of fluor spar, which, when heated, gives a beautiful emerald green light.

2. (Physiol.) The yellowish green pigment in the inner segment of the cones of the retina. See Chromophane.

Chlo"ro*phyll (?), n. [Gr. chlwro`s light green + fy`llon leaf: cf. F. chlorophylle.] (Bot.) Literally, leaf green; a green granular matter formed in the cells of the leaves (and other parts exposed to light) of plants, to which they owe their green color, and through which all ordinary assimilation of plant food takes place. Similar chlorophyll granules have been found in the tissues of the lower animals. [Written also chlorophyl.]

Chlo`ro*plas"tid (?), n. [Gr. chlwro`s light green + E. plastid.] (Bot.) A granule of chlorophyll; -- also called chloroleucite.

Chlo`ro*pla*tin"ic (?), a. (Chem.) See Platinichloric.

||Chlo*ro"sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. chlwro`s light green: cf. F. chlorose.] 1. (Med.) The green sickness; an anæmic disease of young women, characterized by a greenish or grayish yellow hue of the skin, weakness, palpitation, etc.

2. (Bot.) A disease in plants, causing the flowers to turn green or the leaves to lose their normal green color.

Chlo*rot"ic (?), a. [Cf. F. chlorotique.] Pertaining to, or affected by, chlorosis.

Chlo"rous (?), a. [See Chlorine.] 1. Of, pertaining to, or derived from, chlorine; -- said of those compounds of chlorine in which this element has a valence of three, the next lower than in chloric compounds; as, chlorous acid, HClO2.

2. (Chem. Physics) Pertaining to, or resembling, the electro-negative character of chlorine; hence, electro-negative; -- opposed to basylous or zincous. [Obs.]

Chlor`pi"crin (?), n. (Chem.) A heavy, colorless liquid, CCl3.NO2, of a strong pungent odor, obtained by subjecting picric acid to the action of chlorine. [Written also chloropikrin.]

Chlo"ru*ret (?), n. [Cf. F. chlorure.] (Chem.) A chloride. [Obs.]

Choak (?), v. t. & i. See Choke.

Cho"a*noid (?), a. [Gr. &?; funnel + -oid.] (Anat.) Funnel-shaped; -- applied particularly to a hollow muscle attached to the ball of the eye in many reptiles and mammals.

Cho"card (?), n. (Zoöl.) The chough.

Chock (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chocked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Chocking.] To stop or fasten, as with a wedge, or block; to scotch; as, to chock a wheel or cask.

Chock, v. i. To fill up, as a cavity. "The woodwork . . . exactly chocketh into joints." Fuller.

Chock, n. 1. A wedge, or block made to fit in any space which it is desired to fill, esp. something to steady a cask or other body, or prevent it from moving, by fitting into the space around or beneath it.

2. (Naut.) A heavy casting of metal, usually fixed near the gunwale. It has two short horn- shaped arms curving inward, between which ropes or hawsers may pass for towing, mooring, etc.

Chock, adv. (Naut.) Entirely; quite; as, chock home; chock aft.

Chock, v. t. [F. choquer. Cf. Shock, v. t.] To encounter. [Obs.]

Chock, n. An encounter. [Obs.]

Chock"a*block (?), a. (Naut.) Hoisted as high as the tackle will admit; brought close together, as the two blocks of a tackle in hoisting.

Chock"-full` (?), a. Quite full; choke-full.

Choc"o*late (?), n. [Sp., fr. the Mexican name of the cacao. Cf. Cacao, Cocoa.] 1. A paste or cake composed of the roasted seeds of the Theobroma Cacao ground and mixed with other ingredients, usually sugar, and cinnamon or vanilla.

2. The beverage made by dissolving a portion of the paste or cake in boiling water or milk.

Chocolate house, a house in which customers may be served with chocolate. -- Chocolate nut. See Cacao.

Choc"taws (?), n. pl.; sing. Choctaw. (Ethnol.) A tribe of North American Indians (Southern Appalachian), in early times noted for their pursuit of agriculture, and for living at peace with the white settlers. They are now one of the civilized tribes of the Indian Territory.

Chode (chd), the old imp. of chide. See Chide.

Chog"set (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Cunner.

<! p. 251 !>

Choice (chois), n. [OE. chois, OF. chois, F. choix, fr. choisir to choose; of German origin; cf. Goth. kausjan to examine, kiusan to choose, examine, G. kiesen. √46. Cf. Choose.] 1. Act of choosing; the voluntary act of selecting or separating from two or more things that which is preferred; the determination of the mind in preferring one thing to another; election.

2. The power or opportunity of choosing; option.

> Choice there is not, unless the thing which we take be so in our power that we might have refused it.
> Hooker.

3. Care in selecting; judgment or skill in distinguishing what is to be preferred, and in giving a preference; discrimination.

> I imagine they [the apothegms of Cæsar] were collected with judgment and choice.
> Bacon.

4. A sufficient number to choose among. Shak.

5. The thing or person chosen; that which is approved and selected in preference to others; selection.

> The common wealth is sick of their own choice.
> Shak.

6. The best part; that which is preferable.

> The flower and choice
> Of many provinces from bound to bound.
> Milton.

To make a choice of, to choose; to select; to separate and take in preference.

Syn. - See Volition, Option.

Choice, a. [Compar. Choicer (?); superl. Choicest (?).] 1. Worthly of being chosen or preferred; select; superior; precious; valuable.

> My choicest hours of life are lost.
> Swift.

2. Preserving or using with care, as valuable; frugal; -- used with of; as, to be choice of time, or of money.

3. Selected with care, and due attention to preference; deliberately chosen.

> Choice word measured phrase.
> Wordsworth.

Syn. - Select; precious; exquisite; uncommon; rare; chary; careful/

Choice"ful (?), a. Making choices; fickle. [Obs.]

> His choiceful sense with every change doth fit.
> Spenser.

Choice"ly, adv. 1. With care in choosing; with nice regard to preference. "A band of men collected choicely, from each county some." Shak.

2. In a preferable or excellent manner; excellently; eminently. "Choicely good." Walton.

Choice"ness, n. The quality of being of particular value or worth; nicely; excellence.

Choir (?), n. [OE. quer, OF. cuer, F. chœur, fr. L. chorus a choral dance, chorus, choir, fr. Gr. &?;, orig. dancing place; prob. akin to &?; inclosure, L. hortus garden, and E. yard. See Chorus.] 1. A band or organized company of singers, especially in church service. [Formerly written also quire.]

2. That part of a church appropriated to the singers.

3. (Arch.) The chancel.

Choir organ (Mus.), one of the three or five distinct organs included in the full organ, each separable from the rest, but all controlled by one performer; a portion of the full organ, complete in itself, and more practicable for ordinary service and in the accompanying of the vocal choir. -- Choir screen, Choir wall (Arch.), a screen or low wall separating the choir from the aisles. -- Choir service, the service of singing performed by the choir. T. Warton.

Choke (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Choked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Choking.] [OE. cheken, choken; cf. AS. ceocian to suffocate, Icel. koka to gulp, E. chincough, cough.] 1. To render unable to breathe by filling, pressing upon, or squeezing the windpipe; to stifle; to suffocate; to strangle.

> With eager feeding food doth choke the feeder.
> Shak.

2. To obstruct by filling up or clogging any passage; to block up. Addison.

3. To hinder or check, as growth, expansion, progress, etc.; to stifle.

> Oats and darnel choke the rising corn.
> Dryden.

4. To affect with a sense of strangulation by passion or strong feeling. "I was choked at this word." Swift.

5. To make a choke, as in a cartridge, or in the bore of the barrel of a shotgun.

To choke off, to stop a person in the execution of a purpose; as, to choke off a speaker by uproar.

Choke, v. i. 1. To have the windpipe stopped; to have a spasm of the throat, caused by stoppage or irritation of the windpipe; to be strangled.

2. To be checked, as if by choking; to stick.

> The words choked in his throat.
> Sir W. Scott.

Choke, n. 1. A stoppage or irritation of the windpipe, producing the feeling of strangulation.

2. (Gun.) (a) The tied end of a cartridge. (b) A constriction in the bore of a shotgun, case of a rocket, etc.

Choke"ber`ry (?), n. (Bot.) The small apple-shaped or pear-shaped fruit of an American shrub (Pyrus arbutifolia) growing in damp thickets; also, the shrub.

Choke"cher`ry (?), n. (Bot.) The astringent fruit of a species of wild cherry (Prunus Virginiana); also, the bush or tree which bears such fruit.

Choke" damp` (?). See Carbonic acid, under Carbonic.

||Cho`ke*dar" (?), n. [Hindi chauk-dr.] A watchman; an officer of customs or police. [India]

Choke"-full` (?), a. Full to the brim; quite full; chock-full.

Choke" pear` (?). 1. A kind of pear that has a rough, astringent taste, and is swallowed with difficulty, or which contracts the mucous membrane of the mouth.

2. A sarcasm by which one is put to silence; anything that can not be answered. [Low] S. Richardson.

Chok"er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, chokes.

2. A stiff wide cravat; a stock. [Slang]

Choke"-strap` (?), n. (Saddlery) A strap leading from the bellyband to the lower part of the collar, to keep the collar in place.

Chok"ing (?), a. 1. That chokes; producing the feeling of strangulation.

2. Indistinct in utterance, as the voice of a person affected with strong emotion.

{ Chok"y Chok"ey } (?), a. 1. Tending to choke or suffocate, or having power to suffocate.

2. Inclined to choke, as a person affected with strong emotion. "A deep and choky voice." Aytoun.

> The allusion to his mother made Tom feel rather chokey.
> T. Hughes.

||Cho*læ"ma*a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; bile + &?; blood.] (Med.) A disease characterized by severe nervous symptoms, dependent upon the presence of the constituents of the bile in the blood.

Chol"a*gogue (?), a. [Gr. &?;; &?; bile + &?; leading, &?; to lead: cf. F. cholagogue.] (Med.) Promoting the discharge of bile from the system. -- n. An agent which promotes the discharge of bile from the system.

Cho"late (?), n. [Gr. &?; bile.] (Chem.) A salt of cholic acid; as, sodium cholate.

||Chol`e*cys"tis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; bile + &?; bladder.] (Anat.) The gall bladder.

Chol`e*cys*tot"o*my (?), n. [Cholecystis + Gr. &?; to cut.] (Surg.) The operation of making an opening in the gall bladder, as for the removal of a gallstone.

Chol`e*dol"o*gy (?), n. [Gr. &?; bile + -logy. Cf. F. cholédologie.] (Med.) A treatise on the bile and bilary organs. Dunglison.

Littré says that the word cholédologie is absolutely barbarous, there being no Greek word &?;. A proper form would be cholology.

Cho*le"ic (?), a. (Physiol. Chem.) Pertaining to, or obtained from, bile; as, choleic acid.

Chol"er (?), n. [OE. coler, F. colère anger, L. cholera a bilious complaint, fr. Gr. &?; cholera, fr. &?;, &?;, bile. See Gall, and cf. Cholera.] 1. The bile; -- formerly supposed to be the seat and cause of irascibility. [Obs.]

> His [Richard Hooker's] complexion . . . was sanguine, with a mixture of choler; and yet his motion was slow.
> I. Warton.

2. Irritation of the passions; anger; wrath.

> He is rash and very sudden in choler.
> Shak.

Chol"er*a (?), n. [L., a bilious disease. See Choler.] (Med.) One of several diseases affecting the digestive and intestinal tract and more or less dangerous to life, esp. the one commonly called Asiatic cholera.

Asiatic cholera, a malignant and rapidly fatal disease, originating in Asia and frequently epidemic in the more filthy sections of other lands, to which the germ or specific poison may have been carried. It is characterized by diarrhea, rice-water evacuations, vomiting, cramps, pinched expression, and lividity, rapidly passing into a state of collapse, followed by death, or by a stage of reaction of fever. -- Cholera bacillus. See Comma bacillus. -- Cholera infantum, a dangerous summer disease, of infants, caused by hot weather, bad air, or poor milk, and especially fatal in large cities. -- Cholera morbus, a disease characterized by vomiting and purging, with gripings and cramps, usually caused by imprudence in diet or by gastrointestinal disturbance. -- Chicken cholera. See under Chicken. -- Hog cholera. See under Hog. -- Sporadic cholera, a disease somewhat resembling the Asiatic cholera, but originating where it occurs, and rarely becoming epidemic.

Chol`er*a"ic (?), a. Relating to, or resulting from, or resembling, cholera.

Chol"er*ic (?), a. [L. cholericus, Gr. &?;: cf. F. cholérique.] 1. Abounding with, or producing choler, or bile. Dryden.

2. Easily irritated; irascible; inclined to anger.

3. Angry; indicating anger; excited by anger. "Choleric speech." Sir W. Raleigh.

Choleric temperament, the bilious temperament.

Chol"er*ic*ly, adv. In a choleric manner; angrily.

Chol"er*i*form` (?), a. [Cholera + -form.] Resembling cholera.

Chol"er*ine (?), n. (Med.) (a) The precursory symptoms of cholera. (b) The first stage of epidemic cholera. (c) A mild form of cholera.

Chol"er*oid, a. [Cholera + -oid.] Choleriform.

Cho`les*ter"ic (?), a. [Cf. F. cholestérique.] Pertaining to cholesterin, or obtained from it; as, cholesteric acid. Ure.

Cho*les"ter*in (?), n. [Gr. &?; bile + &?; stiff fat: F. cholestérine. See Stearin.] (Chem.) A white, fatty, crystalline substance, tasteless and odorless, found in animal and plant products and tissue, and especially in nerve tissue, in the bile, and in gallstones.

{ Cho"li*amb (?), Cho`li*am"bic (?), } n. [L. choliambus, Gr. &?;; &?; lame + &?; an iambus.] (Pros.) A verse having an iambus in the fifth place, and a spondee in the sixth or last.

{ Chol"ic (?), Cho*lin"ic (?), } a. [Gr. &?;, from &?; bile.] (Physiol. Chem.) Pertaining to, or obtained from, the bile.

Cholic acid (Chem.), a complex organic acid found as a natural constituent of taurocholic and glycocholic acids in the bile, and extracted as a resinous substance, convertible under the influence of ether into white crystals.

Cho"line (?), n. [Gr. &?; bile.] (Physiol. Chem.) See Neurine.

Chol"o*chrome (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, bile + &?; color.] (Physiol.) See Bilirubin.

Chol`o*phæ"in (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, bile + &?; dusky.] (Physiol.) See Bilirubin.

||Chol"try (?), n. A Hindoo caravansary.

Chomp (?), v. i. To chew loudly and greedily; to champ. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U. S.] Halliwell.

Chon`dri*fi*ca"tion (?), n. (Physiol.) Formation of, or conversion into, cartilage.

Chon"dri*fy (?), v. t. & i. [Gr. &?; cartilage + -fy.] To convert, or be converted, into cartilage.

Chon"dri*gen (?), n. [Gr. &?; cartilage + -gen.] (Physiol. Chem.) The chemical basis of cartilage, converted by long boiling in water into a gelatinous body called chondrin.

Chon*drig"e*nous (?), a. [Gr. &?; cartilage + -genous.] (Physiol.) Affording chondrin.

Chon"drin (?), n. [Gr. &?; cartilage.] (Physiol. Chem.) A colorless, amorphous, nitrogenous substance, tasteless and odorless, formed from cartilaginous tissue by long-continued action of boiling water. It is similar to gelatin, and is a large ingredient of commercial gelatin.

Chon"drite (?), n. [Gr. &?; a grain (of wheat or spelt), cartilage.] (Min.) A meteoric stone characterized by the presence of chondrules.

Chon*drit"ic (?), a. (Min.) Granular; pertaining to, or having the granular structure characteristic of, the class of meteorites called chondrites.

||Chon*dri"tis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; cartilage + -itis.] (Med.) An inflammation of cartilage.

Chon"dro- (?). [Gr. &?; a grain (of wheat or spelt), cartilage.] A combining form meaning a grain, granular, granular cartilage, cartilaginous; as, the chondrocranium, the cartilaginous skull of the lower vertebrates and of embryos.

Chon"dro*dite (?), n. [Gr. &?; a grain (of wheat or spelt), cartilage.] (Min.) A fluosilicate of magnesia and iron, yellow to red in color, often occurring in granular form in a crystalline limestone.

||Chon`dro*ga*noi"de*a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; cartilage + NL. ganoidei. See Ganoid.] (Zoöl.) An order of ganoid fishes, including the sturgeons; -- so called on account of their cartilaginous skeleton.

Chon"dro*gen (?), n. [Gr. &?; cartilage + -gen.] (Physiol. Chem.) Same as Chondrigen.

Chon`dro*gen"e*sis (?), n. [Gr. &?; cartilage + genesis.] (Physiol.) The development of cartilage.

Chon"droid (?), a. [Gr. &?; cartilage + -oid.] Resembling cartilage.

Chon*drol"o*gy (?), n. [Gr. &?; cartilage + -logy: cf. F. chondrologie.] (Anat.) The science which treats of cartilages. Dunglison.

||Chon*dro"ma (?), n.; pl. Chondromata (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?; cartilage + -oma.] A cartilaginous tumor or growth.

Chon*drom"e*ter (?), n. [Gr. &?; a grain (of wheat or spelt), cartilage + -meter.] A steelyard for weighting grain.

Chon*drop`ter*yg"i*an (?), a. [Cf. F. chondropterygien.] Having a cartilaginous skeleton. -- n. One of the Chondropterygii.

||Chon*drop`te*ryg"i*i (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; cartilage + &?;, &?;, wing, fin.] (Zoöl.) A group of fishes, characterized by cartilaginous fins and skeleton. It includes both ganoids (sturgeons, etc.) and selachians (sharks), but is now often restricted to the latter. [Written also Chondropterygia.]

||Chon*dros"te*i (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; cartilage + &?; bone.] (Zoöl.) An order of fishes, including the sturgeons; -- so named because the skeleton is cartilaginous.

Chon*drot"o*my (?), n. [Gr. &?; + &?; a cutting.] (Anat.) The dissection of cartilages.

Chon"drule (?), n. [Dim. from Gr. &?; a grain (of wheat or spelt), cartilage.] (Min.) A peculiar rounded granule of some mineral, usually enstatite or chrysolite, found imbedded more or less abundantly in the mass of many meteoric stones, which are hence called chondrites.

Choose (?), v. t. [imp. Chose (?); p. p. Chosen (?), Chose (Obs.); p. pr. & vb. n. Choosing.] [OE. chesen, cheosen, AS. ceósan; akin to OS. kiosan, D. kiezen, G. kiesen, Icel. kjsa, Goth. kiusan, L. gustare to taste, Gr. &?;, Skr. jush to enjoy. √46. Cf. Choice, 2d Gust.] 1. To make choice of; to select; to take by way of preference from two or more objects offered; to elect; as, to choose the least of two evils.

> Choose me for a humble friend.
> Pope.

2. To wish; to desire; to prefer. [Colloq.]

> The landlady now returned to know if we did not choose a more genteel apartment.
> Goldsmith.

To choose sides. See under Side.

Syn. - To select; prefer; elect; adopt; follow. -- To Choose, Prefer, Elect. To choose is the generic term, and denotes to take or fix upon by an act of the will, especially in accordance with a decision of the judgment. To prefer is to choose or favor one thing as compared with, and more desirable than, another, or more in accordance with one's tastes and feelings. To elect is to choose or select for some office, employment, use, privilege, etc., especially by the concurrent vote or voice of a sufficient number of electors. To choose a profession; to prefer private life to a public one; to elect members of Congress.

Choose, v. i. 1. To make a selection; to decide.

> They had only to choose between implicit obedience and open rebellion.
> Prescott.

2. To do otherwise. "Can I choose but smile?" Pope.

Can not choose but, must necessarily.

> Thou canst not choose but know who I am.
> Shak.

Choos"er (?), n. One who chooses; one who has the power or right of choosing; an elector. Burke.

Chop (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chopped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Chopping.] [Cf. LG. & D. kappen, Dan. kappe, Sw. kappa. Cf. Chap to crack.] 1. To cut by striking repeatedly with a sharp instrument; to cut into pieces; to mince; -- often with up.

<! p. 252 !>

2. To sever or separate by one more blows of a sharp instrument; to divide; -- usually with off or down.

> Chop off your hand, and it to the king.
> Shak.

3. To seize or devour greedily; -- with up. [Obs.]

> Upon the opening of his mouth he drops his breakfast, which the fox presently chopped up.
> L'estrange.

Chop (?), v. i. 1. To make a quick strike, or repeated strokes, with an ax or other sharp instrument.

2. To do something suddenly with an unexpected motion; to catch or attempt to seize.

> Out of greediness to get both, he chops at the shadow, and loses the substance.
> L'Estrange.

3. To interrupt; -- with in or out.

> This fellow interrupted the sermon, even suddenly chopping in.
> Latimer.

Chop, v. t. [Cf. D. koopen to buy. See Cheapen, v. t., and cf. Chap, v. i., to buy.] 1. To barter or truck.

2. To exchange; substitute one thing for another.

> We go on chopping and changing our friends.
> L'Estrange.

To chop logic, to dispute with an affected use of logical terms; to argue sophistically.

Chop, v. i. 1. To purchase by way of truck.

2. (Naut.) To vary or shift suddenly; as, the wind chops about.

3. To wrangle; to altercate; to bandy words.

> Let not the counsel at the bar chop with the judge.
> Bacon.

Chop, n. A change; a vicissitude. Marryat.

Chop, v. t. & i. To crack. See Chap, v. t. & i.

Chop, n. 1. The act of chopping; a stroke.

2. A piece chopped off; a slice or small piece, especially of meat; as, a mutton chop.

3. A crack or cleft. See Chap.

Chop, n. [See Chap.] 1. A jaw of an animal; -- commonly in the pl. See Chops.

2. A movable jaw or cheek, as of a wooden vise.

3. The land at each side of the mouth of a river, harbor, or channel; as, East Chop or West Chop. See Chops.

Chop, n. [Chin. & Hind. chp stamp, brand.]

1. Quality; brand; as, silk of the first chop.

2. A permit or clearance.

Chop dollar, a silver dollar stamped to attest its purity. -- chop of tea, a number of boxes of the same make and quality of leaf. -- Chowchow chop. See under Chowchow. -- Grand chop, a ship's port clearance. S. W. Williams.

Chop"boat` (?), n. [Chin. chop sort, quality.] A licensed lighter employed in the transportation of goods to and from vessels. [China] S. W. Williams.

Chop"church` (?), n. [See Chop to barter.] (Old Eng. Law) An exchanger or an exchange of benefices. [Cant]

Chop`fall`en (?), a. Having the lower chop or jaw depressed; hence, crestfallen; dejected; dispirited; downcast. See Chapfallen.

Chop"house` (?), n. A house where chops, etc., are sold; an eating house.

> The freedom of a chophouse.
> W. Irving.

Chop"house`, n. [See Chop quality.] A customhouse where transit duties are levied. [China] S. W. Williams.

Chop"in (?), n. [F. chopine, fr. G. schoppen.] A liquid measure formerly used in France and Great Britain, varying from half a pint to a wine quart.

Chop"in, n. See Chopine.

Cho*pine" (?), n. [Cf. OF. chapin, escapin, Sp. chapin, Pg. chapim.] A clog, or patten, having a very thick sole, or in some cases raised upon a stilt to a height of a foot or more. [Variously spelt chioppine, chopin, etc.]

> Your ladyship is nearer to heaven than when I saw you last, by the altitude of a chopine.
> Shak.

Chop"-log`ic (?), n. One who bandies words or is very argumentative. [Jocular] Shak.

Chop"ness (?), n. A kind of spade. [Eng.]

Chop"per (?), n. One who, or that which, chops.

Chop"ping (?), a. [Cf. Chubby.] Stout or plump; large. [Obs.] Fenton.

Chop"ping, a. [See Chop to barter.] Shifting or changing suddenly, as the wind; also, having tumbling waves dashing against each other; as, a chopping sea.

Chop"ping, n. Act of cutting by strokes.

Chopping block, a solid block of wood on which butchers and others chop meat, etc. -- Chopping knife, a knife for chopping or mincing meat, vegetables, etc.; -- usually with a handle at the back of the blade instead of at the end.

Chop"py (?), a. [Cf. Chappy.] 1. Full of cracks. "Choppy finger." Shak.

2. [Cf. Chop a change.] Rough, with short, tumultuous waves; as, a choppy sea.

Chops (chps), n. pl. [See Chop a jaw.] 1. The jaws; also, the fleshy parts about the mouth.

2. The sides or capes at the mouth of a river, channel, harbor, or bay; as, the chops of the English Channel.

Chop"stick" (chp"stk`), n. One of two small sticks of wood, ivory, etc., used by the Chinese and Japanese to convey food to the mouth.

Cho*rag"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?;, &?;.] Of or pertaining to a choragus.

Choragic monument, a building or column built by a victorious choragus for the reception and exhibition of the tripod which he received as a prize. Those of Lysicrates and Thrasyllus are still to be seen at Athens.

||Cho*ra"gus (?), n.; pl. Choragi (#). [L., fr. Gr. &?;, &?;; &?; chorus + &?; to lead.] (Gr. Antiq.) A chorus leader; esp. one who provided at his own expense and under his own supervision one of the choruses for the musical contents at Athens.

Cho"ral (?), a. [LL. choralis, fr. L. chorus. See Chorus.] Of or pertaining to a choir or chorus; singing, sung, or adapted to be sung, in chorus or harmony.

Choral service, a service of song.

Cho"ral, n. (Mus.) A hymn tune; a simple sacred tune, sung in unison by the congregation; as, the Lutheran chorals. [Sometimes written chorale.]

Cho"ral*ist (?), n. A singer or composer of chorals.

Cho"ral*ly, adv. In the manner of a chorus; adapted to be sung by a choir; in harmony.

Chord (kôrd), n. [L chorda a gut, a string made of a gut, Gr. chordh`. In the sense of a string or small rope, in general, it is written cord. See Cord.] 1. The string of a musical instrument. Milton.

2. (Mus.) A combination of tones simultaneously performed, producing more or less perfect harmony, as, the common chord.

3. (Geom.) A right line uniting the extremities of the arc of a circle or curve.

4. (Anat.) A cord. See Cord, n., 4.

5. (Engin.) The upper or lower part of a truss, usually horizontal, resisting compression or tension. Waddell.

Accidental, Common, ∧ Vocal chords. See under Accidental, Common, and Vocal. -- Chord of an arch. See Illust. of Arch. -- Chord of curvature, a chord drawn from any point of a curve, in the circle of curvature for that point. -- Scale of chords. See Scale.

Chord, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chorded; p. pr. & vb. n. Chording.] To provide with musical chords or strings; to string; to tune.

> When Jubal struck the chorded shell.
> Dryden.

> Even the solitary old pine tree chords his harp.
> Beecher.

Chord, v. i. (Mus.) To accord; to harmonize together; as, this note chords with that.

||Chor"da (?), n. [NL., fr. L. chorda. See Chord.] (Anat.) A cord.

||Chorda dorsalis (&?;). [NL., lit., cord of the back.] (Anat.) See Notochord.

Chor"dal (?), a. Of or pertaining to a chord.

||Chor*da"ta (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. chorda cord.] (Zoöl.) A comprehensive division of animals including all Vertebrata together with the Tunicata, or all those having a dorsal nervous cord.

Chor*dee" (?), n. [F. cordé, cordée, p. p. of corder to cord.] (Med.) A painful erection of the penis, usually with downward curvature, occurring in gonorrhea.

Chore (?), n. [The same word as char work done by the day.] A small job; in the pl., the regular or daily light work of a household or farm, either within or without doors. [U. S.]

Chore, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Chored (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Choring.] To do chores. [U. S.]

Chore (?), n. A choir or chorus. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

||Cho*re"a (?). n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; dance.] (Med.) St. Vitus's dance; a disease attended with convulsive twitchings and other involuntary movements of the muscles or limbs.

Cho*ree" (?), n. [F. chorée.] See Choreus.

{ Cho`re*graph"ic (?), Cho`re*graph"ic*al (?), } a. Pertaining to choregraphy.

Cho*reg"ra*phy (?), n. [GR. &?; d&?;nce + -graphy.] The art of representing dancing by signs, as music is represented by notes. Craig.

Cho*re"ic (?), a. Of the nature of, or pertaining to, chorea; convulsive.

Cho`re*pis"co*pal (?), a. Pertaining to a chorepiscopus or his charge or authority.

||Cho`re*pis"co*pus (?), n.; pl. Chorepiscopi (#). [L., fr. Gr. &?;; chw^ros, chw`ra, place, country + &?; bishop. Cf. Bishop.] (Eccl.) A "country" or suffragan bishop, appointed in the ancient church by a diocesan bishop to exercise episcopal jurisdiction in a rural district.

||Cho*re"us (?), Cho*ree" (&?;), n. [L. choreus, Gr. &?;, prop. an adj. meaning belonging to a chorus; cf. F. chorée.] (Anc. Pros.) (a) a trochee. (b) A tribrach.

Cho"ri*amb (?), n.; pl. Choriambs (&?;). Same as Choriambus.

Cho`ri*am"bic (?), a. [L. choriambicus, gr. &?;.] Pertaining to a choriamb. -- n. A choriamb.

Cho`ri*am"bus (?), n.; pl. L. Choriambi (#), E. Choriambuses (#). [L. choriambus, Gr. &?;; &?; a choreus + &?; iambus.] (Anc. Pros.) A foot consisting of four syllables, of which the first and last are long, and the other short (- -); that is, a choreus, or trochee, and an iambus united.

Cho"ric (?), a. [L. choricus, Gr. &?;.] Of or pertaining to a chorus.

> I remember a choric ode in the Hecuba.
> Coleridge.

||Cho"ri*on (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;.]

1. (Anat.) (a) The outer membrane which invests the fetus in the womb; also, the similar membrane investing many ova at certain stages of development. (b) The true skin, or cutis.

2. (Bot.) The outer membrane of seeds of plants.

||Cho"ri*sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; separation.] (Bot.) The separation of a leaf or floral organ into two more parts.

In collateral chorisis the parts are side by side. -- In parallel or median chorisis they are one in front of another.

Cho"rist (?), n. [F. choriste.] A singer in a choir; a chorister. [R.]

Chor"is*ter (?), n. [See Chorus.] 1. One of a choir; a singer in a chorus. Dryden.

2. One who leads a choir in church music. [U. S.]

Cho*ris"tic (?), a. Choric; choral. [R.]

Cho"ro*graph (?), n. [Gr. &?; place + -graph.] An instrument for constructing triangles in marine surveying, etc.

Cho*rog"ra*pher (?), n. 1. One who describes or makes a map of a district or region. "The chorographers of Italy." Sir T. Browne.

2. A geographical antiquary; one who investigates the locality of ancient places.

Cho`ro*graph"ic*al (?), a. Pertaining to chorography. -- Cho`ro*graph"ic*al*ly, adv.

Cho*rog"ra*phy (?), n. [L. chorographia, Gr. &?;; &?; place + &?; to describe.] the mapping or description of a region or district.

> The chorography of their provinces.
> Sir T. Browne.

Cho"roid (?), a. [gr. &?;; &?; chorion + &?; form.] (Anat.) resembling the chorion; as, the choroid plexuses of the ventricles of the brain, and the choroid coat of the eyeball. -- n. The choroid coat of the eye. See Eye.

Choroid plexus (Anat.), one of the delicate fringelike processes, consisting almost entirely of blood vessels, which project into the ventricles of the brain.

Cho*roid"al (?), a. (Anat.) Pertaining to the choroid coat.

Cho*rol"o*gy (?), n. [Gr. &?; place + -logy.] (Biol.) The science which treats of the laws of distribution of living organisms over the earth's surface as to latitude, altitude, locality, etc.

> Its distribution or chorology.
> Huxley.

Cho*rom"e*try (?), n. [Gr. &?; place + -metry.] The art of surveying a region or district.

Cho"rus (?), n.; pl. Choruses (#). [L., a dance in a ring, a dance accompanied with song; a chorus, a band of dancers and singers. Gr. &?;. See Choir.]

1. (Antiq.) A band of singers and dancers.

> The Grecian tragedy was at first nothing but a chorus of singers.
> Dryden.

2. (Gr. Drama) A company of persons supposed to behold what passed in the acts of a tragedy, and to sing the sentiments which the events suggested in couplets or verses between the acts; also, that which was thus sung by the chorus.

> What the lofty, grave tragedians taught
> In chorus or iambic.
> Milton.

3. An interpreter in a dumb show or play. [Obs.]

4. (Mus.) A company of singers singing in concert.

5. (Mus.) A composition of two or more parts, each of which is intended to be sung by a number of voices.

6. (Mus.) Parts of a song or hymn recurring at intervals, as at the end of stanzas; also, a company of singers who join with the singer or choir in singer or choir in singing such parts.

7. The simultaneous of a company in any noisy demonstration; as, a Chorus of shouts and catcalls.

Cho"rus, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Chorused (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Chorusing.] To sing in chorus; to exclaim simultaneously. W. D. Howells.

||Chose (?), n.; pl. Choses (#). [F., fr. L. causa cause, reason. See Cause.] (Law) A thing; personal property.

Chose in action, a thing of which one has not possession or actual enjoyment, but only a right to it, or a right to demand it by action at law, and which does not exist at the time in specie; a personal right to a thing not reduced to possession, but recoverable by suit at law; as a right to recover money due on a contract, or damages for a tort, which can not be enforced against a reluctant party without suit. -- Chose in possession, a thing in possession, as distinguished from a thing in action. -- Chose local, a thing annexed to a place, as a mill. -- Chose transitory, a thing which is movable. Cowell. Blount.

Chose (?), imp. & p. p. of Choose.

Cho"sen (?), p. p. of Choose. Selected from a number; picked out; choice.

> Seven hundred chosen men left-handed.
> Judg. xx. 16.

Cho"sen, n. One who, or that which is the object of choice or special favor.

Chou"an (?), n. [F.] One of the royalist insurgents in western France (Brittany, etc.), during and after the French revolution.

Chough (?), n. [OE. choughe, kowe (and cf. OE. ca), fr. AS. ceó; cf. also D. kauw, OHG. chha; perh. akin to E. caw. √22. Cf. Caddow.] (Zoöl.) A bird of the Crow family (Fregilus graculus) of Europe. It is of a black color, with a long, slender, curved bill and red legs; -- also called chauk, chauk-daw, chocard, Cornish chough, red-legged crow. The name is also applied to several allied birds, as the Alpine chough.

Cornish chough (Her.), a bird represented black, with red feet, and beak; -- called also aylet and sea swallow.

||Chou"i*cha (?), n. [Native name] (Zoöl.) The salmon of the Columbia River or California. See Quinnat.

||Chou"ka (?), n. [Native name] (Zoöl.) The Indian four-horned antelope; the chikara.

Choule (?), n. [Obs.] See Jowl. Sir W. Scott.

||Choul"try (?), n. See Choltry.

Chouse (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Choused (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Chousing.] [From Turk. chsh a messenger or interpreter, one of whom, attached to the Turkish embassy, in 1609 cheated the Turkish merchants resident in England out of £4,000.] To cheat, trick, defraud; -- followed by of, or out of; as, to chouse one out of his money. [Colloq.]

> The undertaker of the afore-cited poesy hath choused your highness.
> Landor.

Chouse, n. 1. One who is easily cheated; a tool; a simpleton; a gull. Hudibras.

2. A trick; sham; imposition. Johnson.

3. A swindler. B. Jonson.

||Chout (?), n. [Mahratta chauth one fourth part.] An assessment equal to a fourth part of the revenue. [India] J. Mill.

Chow"chow` (?), a. [Chin.] Consisting of several kinds mingled together; mixed; as, chowchow sweetmeats (preserved fruits put together).

<! p. 253 !>

Chowchow chop, the last lighter containing the small sundry packages sent off to fill up a ship. S. W. Williams.

Chow"chow` (chou"chou`), n. (Com.) A kind of mixed pickles.

Chow"der (-dr), n. [F. chaudière a kettle, a pot. Cf. Caldron.] 1. (Cookery) A dish made of fresh fish or clams, biscuit, onions, etc., stewed together.

2. A seller of fish. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Chowder beer, a liquor made by boiling black spruce in water and mixing molasses with the decoction.

Chow"der, v. t. To make a chowder of.

||Chow"ry (-r), n. [Hind. chaunri.] A whisk to keep off files, used in the East Indies. Malcom.

Chow"ter (-tr), v. t. [Cf. OE. chowre, and Prov. E. chow, to grumble.] To grumble or mutter like a froward child. [Obs.] E. Phillips.

Choy" root` (choi" rt`). See Chay root.

Chre`ma*tis"tics (?), n. [Gr. &?; 9sc. &?;) the art of traffic, fr. &?; goods, money, fr. &?; to use.] The science of wealth; the science, or a branch of the science, of political economy.

Chre`o*tech"nics (?), n. [Gr. &?; useful + &?; art.] The science of the useful arts, esp. agriculture, manufactures, and commerce. [R.]

Chres`to*math"ic (?), a. Teaching what is useful. "A chrestomathic school." Southey.

Chres*tom"a*thy (?), n. [Gr. &?;; &?; useful + &?;, &?;, to learn.] A selection of passages, with notes, etc., to be used in acquiring a language; as, a Hebrew chrestomathy.

Chrism (?), n. [OE. crisme, from AS. crisma; also OE. creme, fr. OF. cresme, like the AS. word fr. LL. chrisma, fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to anoint; perh. akin to L. friare, fricare, to rub, Skr. gharsh, E. friable, friction. Cf. Chrisom.] (Gr. & R. C. Church&?;s)

1. Olive oil mixed with balm and spices, consecrated by the bishop on Maundy Thursday, and used in the administration of baptism, confirmation, ordination, etc.

2. The same as Chrisom.

Chris"mal (?), a. [LL. chrismalis.] Of or pertaining to or used in chrism.

Chris*ma"tion (?), n. [LL. chrismatio.] The act of applying the chrism, or consecrated oil.

> Chrismation or cross-signing with ointment, was used in baptism.
> Jer. Taylor.

Chris"ma*to*ry (?), n. [LL. chrismatorium.] A cruet or vessel in which chrism is kept.

Chris"om (?), n. [See Chrism.]

1. A white cloth, anointed with chrism, or a white mantle thrown over a child when baptized or christened. [Obs.]

2. A child which died within a month after its baptism; -- so called from the chrisom cloth which was used as a shroud for it. [Obs.] Blount.

Christ (?), n. [L. Christus, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; anointed, fr. chri`ein to anoint. See Chrism.] The Anointed; an appellation given to Jesus, the Savior. It is synonymous with the Hebrew Messiah.

Christ"cross` (?), n. 1. The mark of the cross, as cut, painted, written, or stamped on certain objects, -- sometimes as the sign of 12 o'clock on a dial.

> The fescue of the dial is upon the christcross of noon.
> Old Play. Nares.

2. The beginning and the ending. [Obs.] Quarles.

Christ"cross-row` (?), The alphabet; -- formerly so called, either from the cross usually set before it, or from a superstitious custom, sometimes practiced, of writing it in the form of a cross, by way of a charm.

> From infant conning of the Christcross- row.
> Wordsworth.

Chris"ten (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Christened (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Christening.] [AS. cristnian to make a Christian, fr. cristen a Christian.]

1. To baptize and give a Christian name to.

2. To give a name; to denominate. "Christen the thing what you will." Bp. Burnet.

3. To Christianize. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

4. To use for the first time. [Colloq.]

Chris"ten*dom (?), n. [AS. cristend&?;m; cristen a Christian + -dom.] 1. The profession of faith in Christ by baptism; hence, the Christian religion, or the adoption of it. [Obs.] Shak.

2. The name received at baptism; or, more generally, any name or appelation. [Obs.]

> Pretty, fond, adoptious christendoms.
> Shak.

3. That portion of the world in which Christianity prevails, or which is governed under Christian institutions, in distinction from heathen or Mohammedan lands.

> The Arian doctrine which then divided Christendom.
> Milton

> A wide and still widening Christendom.
> Coleridge.

4. The whole body of Christians. Hooker.

Chris"tian (?), n. [L. christianus, Gr. &?;; cf. AS. cristen. See Christ.]

1. One who believes, or professes or is assumed to believe, in Jesus Christ, and the truth as taught by Him; especially, one whose inward and outward life is conformed to the doctrines of Christ.

> The disciples were called Christians first in Antioch.
> Acts xi. 26.

2. One born in a Christian country or of Christian parents, and who has not definitely becomes an adherent of an opposing system.

3. (Eccl.) (a) One of a Christian denomination which rejects human creeds as bases of fellowship, and sectarian names. They are congregational in church government, and baptize by immersion. They are also called Disciples of Christ, and Campbellites. (b) One of a sect (called Christian Connection) of open-communion immersionists. The Bible is their only authoritative rule of faith and practice.

In this sense, often pronounced, but not by the members of the sects, krs"chan.

Chris"tian (?), a. 1. Pertaining to Christ or his religion; as, Christian people.

3. Pertaining to the church; ecclesiastical; as, a Christian court. Blackstone.

4. Characteristic of Christian people; civilized; kind; kindly; gentle; beneficent.

> The graceful tact; the Christian art.
> Tennyson.

Christian Commission. See under Commission. -- Christian court. Same as Ecclesiastical court. -- Christian era, the present era, commencing with the birth of Christ. It is supposed that owing to an error of a monk (Dionysius Exiguus, d. about 556) employed to calculate the era, its commencement was fixed three or four years too late, so that 1890 should be 1893 or 1894. -- Christian name, the name given in baptism, as distinct from the family name, or surname.

Chris`tian*ism (?), n. [L. christianismus, Gr. &?;: cf. F. christianisme.] 1. The Christian religion. [Obs.] Milton.

2. The Christian world; Christendom. [Obs.] Johnson

Chris"tian*ite (?), n. [In sense (a) named after Christian Frederic, of Denmark; in sense (b) after Christian VII., of Denmark.] (Min.) (a) Same as Anorthite. [R.] (b) See Phillipsite.

Chris*tian"i*ty (?), n. [OE. cristiente, OF. cristienté, F. chrétienté, fr. L. christianitas. ]

1. The religion of Christians; the system of doctrines and precepts taught by Christ.

2. Practical conformity of one's inward and outward life to the spirit of the Christian religion

3. The body of Christian believers. [Obs.]

> To Walys fled the christianitee
> Of olde Britons.
> Chaucer.

Chris`tian*i*za"tion (?), n. The act or process of converting or being converted to a true Christianity.

Chris"tian*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Christianized (&?;); p. pr. vb. n. Christianizing.] [Cf. F. christianiser, L. christianizare, fr. Gr. &?;.]

1. To make Christian; to convert to Christianity; as, to Christianize pagans.

2. To imbue with or adapt to Christian principles.

> Christianized philosophers.
> I. Taylor.

Chris"tian*ize, v. i. To adopt the character or belief of a Christian; to become Christian.

> The pagans began to Christianize.
> Latham.

Chris"tian*like` (?), a. Becoming to a Christian.

> A virtuous and a Christianlike conclusion.
> Shak.

Chris"tian*ly, adv. In a manner becoming the principles of the Christian religion.

> Sufferings . . . patiently and Christianly borne.
> Sharp.

Chris"tian*ly, a. Christianlike. Longfellow.

Chris"tian*ness, n. Consonance with the doctrines of Christianity. [Obs.] Hammond.

Christ"less (?), a. Without faith in Christ; unchristian. Tennyson.

Christ"like` (?), a. Resembling Christ in character, actions, etc. -- Christ"like`ness, n.

Christ"ly, a. Christlike. H. Bushnell.

Christ"mas (?), n. [Christ + mass.] An annual church festival (December 25) and in some States a legal holiday, in memory of the birth of Christ, often celebrated by a particular church service, and also by special gifts, greetings, and hospitality.

Christmas box. (a) A box in which presents are deposited at Christmas. (b) A present or small gratuity given to young people and servants at Christmas; a Christmas gift. -- Christmas carol, a carol sung at, or suitable for, Christmas. -- Christmas day. Same as Christmas. -- Christmas eve, the evening before Christmas. -- Christmas fern (Bot.), an evergreen North American fern (Aspidium acrostichoides), which is much used for decoration in winter. -- Christmas flower, Christmas rose, the black hellebore, a poisonous plant of the buttercup family, which in Southern Europe often produces beautiful roselike flowers midwinter. -- Christmas tree, a small evergreen tree, set up indoors, to be decorated with bonbons, presents, etc., and illuminated on Christmas eve.

Christ"mas*tide` (?), n. [Christmas + tide time.] The season of Christmas.

Chris"to*cen"tric (?), a. [Christ + centric.] Making Christ the center, about whom all things are grouped, as in religion or history; tending toward Christ, as the central object of thought or emotion. J. W. Chadwick.

Chris*tol"o*gy (?), n. [Crist + -logy.] A treatise on Christ; that department of theology which treats of the personality, attributes, or life of Christ.

Chris"tom (?), n. See Chrisom. [Obs.] Shak.

Chris*toph"a*ny (?), n. [Christ + Gr. &?; to show.] An appearance of Christ, as to his disciples after the crucifixion.

Christ's-thorn` (?), n. (Bot.) One of several prickly or thorny shrubs found in Palestine, especially the Paliurus aculeatus, Zizyphus Spina-Christi, and Z. vulgaris. The last bears the fruit called jujube, and may be considered to have been the most readily obtainable for the Crown of Thorns.

Chro"ma*scope (?), n. [Gr. &?; color + -scope.] An instrument for showing the optical effects of color.

Chro"mate (?), n. [Cf. F. chromate. See Chrome.] (Chem.) A salt of chromic acid.

Chro*mat"ic (?), a. [L. chromaticus, Gr. &?;, suited for color, fr. &?;, &?;, color; akin to &?; color, &?; skin, color of the skin.] 1. Relating to color, or to colors.

2. (Mus.) Proceeding by the smaller intervals (half steps or semitones) of the scale, instead of the regular intervals of the diatonic scale.

The intermediate tones were formerly written and printed in colors.

Chromatic aberration. (Opt.) See Aberration, 4. -- Chromatic printing, printing from type or blocks covered with inks of various colors. -- Chromatic scale (Mus.), the scale consisting of thirteen tones, including the eight scale tones and the five intermediate tones.

Chro*mat"ic*al (?), a. Chromatic. [Obs.]

Chro*mat"ic*al*ly, adv. In a chromatic manner.

Chro*mat"ics (?), n. The science of colors; that part of optics which treats of the properties of colors.

Chro"ma*tin (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, color.] (Biol.) Tissue which is capable of being stained by dyes.

Chro"ma*tism (?), n. [Gr. &?; a coloring.]

1. (Optics) The state of being colored, as in the case of images formed by a lens.

2. (Bot.) An abnormal coloring of plants.

Chro`ma*tog"e*nous (?), a. [Gr. &?;, &?;, color + -genous.] Producing color.

Chro`ma*tog"ra*phy (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, color + -graphy.] A treatise on colors

Chro`ma*tol"o*gy (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, color + -logy.] A treatise on colors.

Chro"ma*to*phore` (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, color + &?; to bear.] 1. (Zoöl.) A contractile cell or vesicle containing liquid pigment and capable of changing its form or size, thus causing changes of color in the translucent skin of such animals as possess them. They are highly developed and numerous in the cephalopods.

2. (Bot.) One of the granules of protoplasm, which in mass give color to the part of the plant containing them.

Chro"ma*to*scope` (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, color + -scope.] (Astron.) A reflecting telescope, part of which is made to rotate eccentrically, so as to produce a ringlike image of a star, instead of a point; -- used in studying the scintillation of the stars.

Chro"ma*to*sphere` (?), n. A chromosphere. [R.]

Chro"ma*trope (?), n. [Gr. &?; color + &?; turn, rotation, &?; to turn.] 1. (Physics) An instrument for exhibiting certain chromatic effects of light (depending upon the persistence of vision and mixture of colors) by means of rapidly rotating disks variously colored.

2. A device in a magic lantern or stereopticon to produce kaleidoscopic effects.

Chro"ma*type (?), n. [Gr. &?; color + &?; type.]

1. (Photog.) A colored photographic picture taken upon paper made sensitive with potassium bichromate or some other salt of chromium.

2. The process by which such picture is made.

Chrome (?), n. Same as Chromium.

Chrome alum (Chem.), a dark violet substance, (SO4)3Cr2. K2SO4.24H2O, analogous to, and crystallizing like, common alum. It is regarded as a double sulphate of chromium and potassium. -- Chrome green (a) The green oxide of chromium, Cr2O3, used in enamel painting, and glass staining. (b) A pigment made by mixing chrome yellow with Prussian blue. -- Chrome red, a beautiful red pigment originally prepared from the basic chromate of lead, but now made from red oxide of lead. -- Chrome yellow, a brilliant yellow pigment, PbCrO4, used by painters.

Chro"mic (?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or obtained from, chromium; -- said of the compounds of chromium in which it has its higher valence.

Chromic acid, an acid, H2CrO4, analogous to sulphuric acid, not readily obtained in the free state, but forming well known salts, many of which are colored pigments, as chrome yellow, chrome red, etc. -- Chromic anhydride, a brilliant red crystalline substance, CrO3, regarded as the anhydride of chromic acid. It is one of the most powerful oxidizers known.

Chro"mid (?), n. [Gr. &?; a kind of fish.] (Zoöl.) One of the Chromidæ, a family of fresh-water fishes abundant in the tropical parts of America and Africa. Some are valuable food fishes, as the bulti of the Nile.

||Chro`mi*dro"sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; color + &?; sweat.] (Med.) Secretion of abnormally colored perspiration.

Chro"mism (?), n. Same as Chromatism.

Chro"mite (?), n. 1. (Min.) A black submetallic mineral consisting of oxide of chromium and iron; -- called also chromic iron.

2. (Chem.) A compound or salt of chromous hydroxide regarded as an acid. [R.]

Chro"mi*um (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; color.] (Chem.) A comparatively rare element occurring most abundantly in the mineral chromite. Atomic weight 52.5. Symbol Cr. When isolated it is a hard, brittle, grayish white metal, fusible with difficulty. Its chief commercial importance is for its compounds, as potassium chromate, lead chromate, etc., which are brilliantly colored and are used dyeing and calico printing. Called also chrome.

Chro"mo (?), n.; pl. Chromos (#). [Abbrev. from chromolithograph.] A chromolithograph.

Chro"mo*blast (?), n. [Gr. &?; color + -blast.] An embryonic cell which develops into a pigment cell.

Chro"mo*gen (?), [Gr. &?; color + -gen.]

1. (Biol.) Vegetable coloring matter other than green; chromule.

2. (Chem.) Any colored compound, supposed to contain one or more chromophores.

Chro"mo*gen"ic (?), a. (Biol.) Containing, or capable of forming, chromogen; as, chromogenic bacteria.

Chro"mo*graph (?), n. [Gr. &?; color + -graph.] An apparatus by which a number of copies of written matter, maps, plans, etc., can be made; -- called also hectograph.

<! p. 254 !>

Chro`mo*leu"cite (?), n. [Gr. &?; color + E. leucite.] (Bot.) A chromoplastid.

Chro`mo*lith"o*graph (?), n. [Gr. &?; color + E. lithograph.] A picture printed in tints and colors by repeated impressions from a series of stones prepared by the lithographic process.

Chro`mo*li*thog"ra*pher (?), n. One who is engaged in chromolithography.

Chro"mo*lith`o*graph"ic (?), a. Pertaining to, or made by, chromolithography.

Chro"mo*li*thog"ra*phy (?), n. Lithography adapted to printing in inks of various colors.

Chro"mo*phane (?), n. [Gr. &?; color + &?; to show.] (Physiol.) A general name for the several coloring matters, red, green, yellow, etc., present in the inner segments in the cones of the retina, held in solution by fats, and slowly decolorized by light; distinct from the photochemical pigments of the rods of the retina.

Chro"mo*phore (?), n. [Gr. &?; color + &?; to bear.] (Chem.) Any chemical group or residue (as NO2; N2; or O2) which imparts some decided color to the compound of which it is an ingredient.

Chro`mo*pho*tog"ra*phy (?), n. [Gr. &?; color + E. photography.] The art of producing photographs in colors.

Chro"mo*pho`to*lith"o*graph (?), n. A photolithograph printed in colors.

Chro`mo*plas"tid (?), n. [Gr. &?; + E. plastid.] (Bot.) A protoplasmic granule of some other color than green; -- also called chromoleucite.

Chro"mo*some` (?), n. [Gr. &?; color + &?; the body.] (Biol.) One of the minute bodies into which the chromatin of the nucleus is resolved during mitotic cell division; the idant of Weismann.

Chro"mo*sphere (?), n. [Gr. &?; color + E. sphere.] (Astron.) An atmosphere of rare matter, composed principally of incandescent hydrogen gas, surrounding the sun and enveloping the photosphere. Portions of the chromosphere are here and there thrown up into enormous tongues of flame.

Chro`mo*spher"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to the chromosphere.

Chro"mo*type (?), n. [Gr. &?; color + -type.] 1. A sheet printed in colors by any process, as a chromolithograph. See Chromolithograph.

2. A photographic picture in the natural colors.

Chro"mous (?), a. Of, pertaining to, or derived from, chromium, when this element has a valence lower than that in chromic compounds.

Chromous acid, a bluish gray powder, CrO.OH, of weak acid properties and regard as an acid.

Chro"mule (?), n. [Gr. &?; color + &?; matter.] (Bot.) A general name for coloring matter of plants other than chlorophyll, especially that of petals.

Chron"ic (?), a. [L. chronicus, Gr. &?; concerning time, from &?; time: cf. F. chronique.] 1. Relating to time; according to time.

2. Continuing for a long time; lingering; habitual.

Chronic disease, one which is inveterate, of long continuance, or progresses slowly, in distinction from an acute disease, which speedly terminates.

Chron"ic*al (?), a. Chronic.

> Partly on a chronical, and partly on a topical method.
> J. A. Alexander.

Chron"i*cle (?), n. [OE. cronicle, fr. cronique, OF. cronique, F. chronique, L. chronica, fr. Gr. &?;, neut. pl. of &?;. See Chronic.] 1. An historical register or account of facts or events disposed in the order of time.

2. A narrative of events; a history; a record.

3. pl. The two canonical books of the Old Testament in which immediately follow 2 Kings.

Syn. - Register; record; annals. See History.

Chron"i*cle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chronicled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Chronicling (?).] To record in a history or chronicle; to record; to register. Shak.

Chron"i*cler (?), n. A writer of a chronicle; a recorder of events in the order of time; an historian.

> Such an honest chronicler as Griffith.
> Shak.

||Chro`nique" (?), n. [F. See Chronicle.] A chronicle. L. Addison.

Chron"o*gram (?), n. [Gr. &?; time + &?; writing, character: cf. F. chronogramme.] 1. An inscription in which certain numeral letters, made to appear specially conspicuous, on being added together, express a particular date or epoch, as in the motto of a medal struck by Gustavus Adolphus in 1632: ChrIstVs DVX; ergo trIVMphVs. - the capitals of which give, when added as numerals, the sum 1632.

2. The record or inscription made by a chronograph.

{ Chron`o*gram*mat"ic (?), Chron`o*gram*mat"ic*al (?), } a. [Cf. F. chronogrammatique.] Belonging to a chronogram, or containing one.

Chron`o*gram"ma*tist (?), n. A writer of chronograms.

Chron"o*graph (?), n. [Gr. &?; time + -graph: cf. F. chronographe.] 1. An instrument for measuring or recording intervals of time, upon a revolving drum or strip of paper moved by clockwork. The action of the stylus or pen is controlled by electricity.

2. Same as Chronogram, 1. [R.]

3. A chronoscope.

Chro*nog"ra*pher (?), n. One who writes a chronography; a chronologer. Tooke.

Chron`o*graph"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to a chronograph.

Chro*nog"ra*phy (?), n. [Gr. &?;. See Chronograph.] A description or record of past time; history. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Chro*nol"o*ger (?), n. Same as Chronologist.

{ Chron`o*log"ic (?), Chron`o*log"ic*al (?), } a. [Gr. &?;.] Relating to chronology; containing an account of events in the order of time; according to the order of time; as, chronological tables. Raleigh. -- Chron`o*log"ic*al*ly, adv.

{ Chro*nol"o*gist (?), Chro*nol"o*ger (?) }, n. [Gr. &?;.] A person who investigates dates of events and transactions; one skilled in chronology.

> That learned noise and dust of the chronologist is wholly to be avoided.
> Locke.

> THe most exact chronologers tell us that Christ was born in October, and not in December.
> John Knox.

Chro*nol"o*gy (?), n.; pl. Chronologies (#). [Gr. &?;; &?; time + &?; discourse: cf. F. chronologie.] The science which treats of measuring time by regular divisions or periods, and which assigns to events or transactions their proper dates.

> If history without chronology is dark and confused, chronology without history is dry and insipid.
> A. Holmes.

Chro*nom"e*ter (?), n. [Gr. &?; time + -meter: cf. F. chronomètre.] 1. An instrument for measuring time; a timekeeper.

2. A portable timekeeper, with a heavy compensation balance, and usually beating half seconds; -- intended to keep time with great accuracy for use an astronomical observations, in determining longitude, etc.

3. (Mus.) A metronome.

Box chronometer. See under Box. -- Pocket chronometer, a chronometer in the form of a large watch. -- To rate a chronometer. See Rate, v. t.

{ Chron`o*met"ric (?), Chron`o*met"ric*al (?), } a. [Cf. F. chronométrique.] Pertaining to a chronometer; measured by a chronometer.

Chro*nom"e*try (?), n. [Cf. F. chronométrie.] The art of measuring time; the measuring of time by periods or divisions.

Chron"o*pher (?), n. [Gr. &?; time + &?; to carry.] An instrument signaling the correct time to distant points by electricity.

Chron"o*scope (?), n. [Gr. &?; time + -scope.] An instrument for measuring minute intervals of time; used in determining the velocity of projectiles, the duration of short-lived luminous phenomena, etc.

Chrys"a*lid (?), a. Pertaining to a chrysalis; resembling a chrysalis.

Chrys"a*lid, n.; pl. Chrysalids. See Chrysalis.

Chrys"a*lis (?), n.; pl. Chrysalides (#). [L. chrysallis the gold-colored pupa of butterflies, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; gold. Cf. Aurelia.] (Zoöl.) The pupa state of certain insects, esp. of butterflies, from which the perfect insect emerges. See Pupa, and Aurelia (a).

Chrys*an"i*line (?), n. [Gr. chryso`s gold + E. anilene.] (Chem.) A yellow substance obtained as a by-product in the manufacture of rosaniline. It dyes silk a fine golden-yellow color.

Chrys*an"the*mum (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;; chryso`s gold + &?; flower.] (Bot.) A genus of composite plants, mostly perennial, and of many species including the many varieties of garden chrysanthemums (annual and perennial), and also the feverfew and the oxeye daisy.

Chrys`a*ro"bin (?), n. [Gr. chryso`s gold + araroba a foreign name of Goa powder + -in.] (Chem.) A bitter, yellow substance forming the essential constituent of Goa powder, and yielding chrysophanic acid proper; hence formerly called also chrysphanic acid.

Chrys*au"rin (?), n. [Gr. chryso`s gold + L. aurum gold. So called from its color.] An orange-colored dyestuff, of artificial production.

Chrys`el*e*phan"tine (?), a. [Gr. chryso`s gold + &?; made of ivory, fr. &?; ivory, elephant.] Composed of, or adorned with, gold and ivory.

The chryselephantine statues of the Greeks were built up with inferior materials, veneered, as it were, with ivory for the flesh, and gold decorated with color for the hair and garments.

Chry"sene (?), n. [Gr. chryso`s gold.] (Chem.) One of the higher aromatic hydrocarbons of coal tar, allied to naphthalene and anthracene. It is a white crystalline substance, C18H12, of strong blue fluorescence, but generally colored yellow by impurities.

Chrys"o*ber`yl (?), n. [L. chrysoberyllus, Gr. &?;; chryso`s gold + &?; beryl.] (Min.) A mineral, found in crystals, of a yellow to green or brown color, and consisting of aluminia and glucina. It is very hard, and is often used as a gem.

Chrys"o*chlore (?), n. [Gr. chryso`s gold + chlwro`s light green: cf. F. chrysochlore.] (Zoöl.) A South African mole of the genus Chrysochloris; the golden mole, the fur of which reflects brilliant metallic hues of green and gold.

Chrys"o*col`la (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. chryso`kolla gold solder; chryso`s gold + &?; glue.] (Min.) A hydrous silicate of copper, occurring massive, of a blue or greenish blue color.

Chrys"o*gen (?), n. [Gr. chryso`s gold + -gen.] (Chem.) A yellow crystalline substance extracted from crude anthracene.

Chry*sog"ra*phy (?), n. [Gr. &?;; chryso`s gold + &?; to write.] 1. The art of writing in letters of gold.

2. A writing executed in letters of gold.

Chrys*o"ï*dine (?), n. [Gr. chryso`s gold + -oid + -ine.] (Chem.) An artificial, yellow, crystalline dye, C6H5N2.C6H3 (NH2)2. Also, one of a group of dyestuffs resembling chrysoïdine proper.

Chrys"o*lite (?), n. [L. chrysolithos, Gr. &?;; chryso`s gold + &?; stone: cf. F. chrysolithe.] (Min.) A mineral, composed of silica, magnesia, and iron, of a yellow to green color. It is common in certain volcanic rocks; -- called also olivine and peridot. Sometimes used as a gem. The name was also early used for yellow varieties of tourmaline and topaz.

Chry*sol"o*gy (?), n. [Gr. chryso`s gold + -logy.] That branch of political economy which relates to the production of wealth.

||Chrys*o"pa (?), n. [NL., from Gr. chryso`s gold + &?;, &?;, eye, face.] (Zoöl.) A genus of neuropterous insects. See Lacewing.

Chrys"o*phane (?), n. [Gr. chryso`s gold + &?; to show.] (Chem.) A glucoside extracted from rhubarb as a bitter, yellow, crystalline powder, and yielding chrysophanic acid on decomposition.

Chrys`o*phan"ic (?), a. Pertaining to, or derived from, or resembling, chrysophane.

Chrysophanic acid (Chem.), a yellow crystalline substance extracted from rhubarb, yellow dock, sienna, chrysarobin, etc., and shown to be a derivative of an anthracene. It is used in the treatment of skin diseases; -- called also rhein, rheic acid, rhubarbarin, etc.

Chrys"o*prase (?), n. [OE. crisopace, OF. crisoprace, F. chrysoprase, L. chrysoprasus, fr. Gr. &?;; chryso`s gold + &?; leek.] (Min.) An apple-green variety of chalcedony, colored by nickel. It has a dull flinty luster, and is sometimes used in jewelry.

||Chry*sop"ra*sus (?), n. [L.] See Chrysoprase. Rev. xxi. 20.

Chrys"o*sperm (?), n. [Gr. chryso`s gold + &?; seed.] The seed of gold; a means of creating gold. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Chrys"o*type (?), n. [Gr. chryso`s gold + -type.] 1. A photographic picture taken upon paper prepared by the use of a sensitive salt of iron and developed by the application of chloride of gold. Abney.

2. 2process, invented by Sir J.Herschel.

Chthon"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?;, &?;, the earth.] Pertaining to the earth; earthy; as, chthonic religions.

> [The] chthonic character of the wife of Zeus.
> Max Müller.

{ ||Chthon`o*pha"gi*a (?), Chtho*noph"a*gy (?), } n. [NL. chthonophagia; Gr. &?;, &?;, earth + &?; to eat.] A disease characterized by an irresistible desire to eat earth, observed in some parts of the southern United States, the West Indies, etc.

Chub (?), n. [This word seems to signify a large or thick fish. Cf. Sw. kubb a short and thick piece of wood, and perh. F. chabot chub.] (Zoöl.) A species to fresh-water fish of the Cyprinidæ or Carp family. The common European species is Leuciscus cephalus; the cheven. In America the name is applied to various fishes of the same family, of the genera Semotilus, Squalius, Ceratichthys, etc., and locally to several very different fishes, as the tautog, black bass, etc.

Chub mackerel (Zoöl.), a species of mackerel (Scomber colias) in some years found in abundance on the Atlantic coast, but absent in others; -- called also bull mackerel, thimble-eye, and big- eye mackerel. -- Chub sucker (Zoöl.), a fresh-water fish of the United States (Erimyzon sucetta); -- called also creekfish.

Chub"bed (?), a. Chubby. [R.] H. Brooke.

Chub"bed*ness, n. The state of being chubby.

Chub"by (?), a. Like a chub; plump, short, and thick. "Chubby faces." I. Taylor.

Chub"-faced` (?), a. Having a plump, short face.

Chuck (chk), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Chucked (chkt); p. pr. & vb. n. Chucking.] [Imitative of the sound.] 1. To make a noise resembling that of a hen when she calls her chickens; to cluck.

2. To chuckle; to laugh. [R.] Marston.

Chuck, v. t. To call, as a hen her chickens. Dryden.

Chuck, n. 1. The chuck or call of a hen.

2. A sudden, small noise.

3. A word of endearment; -- corrupted from chick. "Pray, chuck, come hither." Shak.

Chuck, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chucked (chkt); p. pr. & vb. n. Chucking.] [F. choquer to strike. Cf. Shock, v. t.] 1. To strike gently; to give a gentle blow to.

> Chucked the barmaid under the chin.
> W. Irving.

2. To toss or throw smartly out of the hand; to pitch. [Colloq.] "Mahomet Ali will just be chucked into the Nile." Lord Palmerson.

3. (Mech.) To place in a chuck, or hold by means of a chuck, as in turning; to bore or turn (a hole) in a revolving piece held in a chuck.

Chuck, n. 1. A slight blow or pat under the chin.

2. A short throw; a toss.

3. (Mach.) A contrivance or machine fixed to the mandrel of a lathe, for holding a tool or the material to be operated upon.

<! p. 255 !>

Chuck farthing, a play in which a farthing is pitched into a hole; pitch farthing. -- Chuck hole, a deep hole in a wagon rut. -- Elliptic chuck, a chuck having a slider and an eccentric circle, which, as the work turns round, give it a sliding motion across the center which generates an ellipse. Knight.

Chuck (chk), n. 1. A small pebble; -- called also chuckstone and chuckiestone. [Scot.]

2. pl. A game played with chucks, in which one or more are tossed up and caught; jackstones. [Scot.]

Chuck, n. A piece of the backbone of an animal, from between the neck and the collar bone, with the adjoining parts, cut for cooking; as, a chuck steak; a chuck roast. [Colloq.]

Chuc"kle (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chuckled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Chuckling (?).] [From 1st Chuck.]

1. To call, as a hen her chickens; to cluck. [Obs.] Dryden.

2. To fondle; to cocker. [Obs.] Dryden.

Chuc"kle, n. A short, suppressed laugh; the expression of satisfaction, exultation, or derision.

Chuc"kle, v. i. [From 1st Chuck.] To laugh in a suppressed or broken manner, as expressing inward satisfaction, exultation, or derision.

Chuc"kle*head` (?), n. A person with a large head; a numskull; a dunce. [Low] Knowles.

Chuc"kle*head`ed, a. Having a large head; thickheaded; dull; stupid. Smart.

Chuck`-Will's-wid"ow (?), n. (Zool.) A species of goatsucker (Antrostomus Carolinensis), of the southern United States; -- so called from its note.

Chud (?), v. t. [Cf. Chew, Cud.] To champ; to bite. [Obs.] A. Stafford.

Chu"et (?), n. [From Chew, v. t.] Minced meat. [Obs.] Bacon.

||Chu"fa (?), n. [Sp.] (Bot.) A sedgelike plant (Cyperus esculentus) producing edible tubers, native about the Mediterranean, now cultivated in many regions; the earth almond.

Chuff (?), n. [Perh. a modification of chub: cf. W. cyff stock, stump.] A coarse or stupid fellow. Shak.

Chuff, a. Stupid; churlish. [Prov. Eng.] Wright.

Chuff"i*ly (?), adv. Clownishly; surlily.

Chuff"i*ness, n. The quality of being chuffy.

Chuff"y (?), a. 1. Fat or puffed out in the cheeks.

2. Rough; clownish; surly.

Chu"lan (?), n. (Bot.) The fragrant flowers of the Chloranthus inconspicuus, used in China for perfuming tea.

Chum (?), n. [Perh. a contraction fr. comrade or chamber fellow: cf. also AS. cuma a comer, guest.] A roommate, especially in a college or university; an old and intimate friend.

Chum, v. i. [imp. p. p. Chummed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Chumming.] To occupy a chamber with another; as, to chum together at college. [U. S.]

Chum, n. Chopped pieces of fish used as bait. [U. S.]

Chump (?), n. [Cf. Icel. kumbr a chopping, E. chop.] A short, thick, heavy piece of wood. Morton.

Chump end, the thick end; as, the chump end of a joint of meat. Dickens.

||Chu*nam" (?), n. [Hind. chn, from Skr. crn.a powder, dust; or a Dravidian word.] Quicklime; also, plaster or mortar. [India] Whitworth.

Chunk (?), n. [Cf. Chump.] A short, thick piece of anything. [Colloq. U. S. & Prov. Eng.]

Chunk"y (?), a. Short and thick. [U. S.] Kane.

Church (?), n. [OE. chirche, chireche, cherche, Scot. kirk, from AS. circe, cyrice; akin to D. kerk, Icel. kirkja, Sw. kyrka, Dan. kirke, G. kirche, OHG. chirihha; all fr. Gr. &?; the Lord's house, fr. &?; concerning a master or lord, fr. &?; master, lord, fr. &?; power, might; akin to Skr. çra hero, Zend. çura strong, OIr. caur, cur, hero. Cf. Kirk.]

1. A building set apart for Christian worship.

2. A Jewish or heathen temple. [Obs.] Acts xix. 37.

3. A formally organized body of Christian believers worshiping together. "When they had ordained them elders in every church." Acts xiv. 23.

4. A body of Christian believers, holding the same creed, observing the same rites, and acknowledging the same ecclesiastical authority; a denomination; as, the Roman Catholic church; the Presbyterian church.

5. The collective body of Christians.

6. Any body of worshipers; as, the Jewish church; the church of Brahm.

7. The aggregate of religious influences in a community; ecclesiastical influence, authority, etc.; as, to array the power of the church against some moral evil.

> Remember that both church and state are properly the rulers of the people, only because they are their benefactors.
> Bulwer.

Church is often used in composition to denote something belonging or relating to the church; as, church authority; church history; church member; church music, etc.

Apostolic church. See under Apostolic. -- Broad church. See Broad Church. -- Catholic or Universal church, the whole body of believers in Christ throughout the world. -- Church of England, or English church, the Episcopal church established and endowed in England by law. -- Church living, a benefice in an established church. - - Church militant. See under Militant. -- Church owl (Zoöl.), the white owl. See Barn owl. -- Church rate, a tax levied on parishioners for the maintenance of the church and its services. -- Church session. See under Session. -- Church triumphant. See under Triumphant. -- Church work, work on, or in behalf of, a church; the work of a particular church for the spread of religion. -- Established church, the church maintained by the civil authority; a state church.

Church, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Churched (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Churching.] To bless according to a prescribed form, or to unite with in publicly returning thanks in church, as after deliverance from the dangers of childbirth; as, the churching of women.

Church"-ale` (?), n. A church or parish festival (as in commemoration of the dedication of a church), at which much ale was used. Wright. Nares.

Church"-bench` (?), n. A seat in the porch of a church. Shak.

Church"dom (?), n. The institution, government, or authority of a church. [R.] Bp. Pearson.

Church"go`er (?), n. One who attends church.

Church"go`ing, a. 1. Habitually attending church.

2. Summoning to church.

> The sound of the churchgoing bell.
> Cowper.

Church"-haw` (?), n. [Church + haw a yard.] Churchyard. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Church"ism (?), n. Strict adherence to the forms or principles of some church organization; sectarianism.

Church"less (?), a. Without a church. T. Fuller.

Church"like` (?), a. Befitting a church or a churchman; becoming to a clergyman. Shak.

Church"li*ness (?), n. Regard for the church.

Church"ly, a. Pertaining to, or suitable for, the church; ecclesiastical.

Church"man (?), n.; pl. Churchmen (#). 1. An ecclesiastic or clergyman.

2. An Episcopalian, or a member of the Established Church of England. "A zealous churchman." Macaulay.

3. One was is attached to, or attends, church.

Church"man*ly, a. Pertaining to, or becoming, a churchman. Milman.

Church"man*ship, n. The state or quality of being a churchman; attachment to the church.

Church" modes` (?). (Mus.) The modes or scales used in ancient church music. See Gregorian.

Church"ship, n. State of being a church. South.

Church"ward`en (?), n. 1. One of the officers (usually two) in an Episcopal church, whose duties vary in different dioceses, but always include the provision of what is necessary for the communion service.

2. A clay tobacco pipe, with a long tube. [Slang, Eng.]

> There was a small wooden table placed in front of the smoldering fire, with decanters, a jar of tobacco, and two long churchwardens.
> W. Black.

Church"ward`en*ship, n. The office of a churchwarden.

Church"y, a. Relating to a church; unduly fond of church forms. [Colloq.]

Church"yard` (?), n. The ground adjoining a church, in which the dead are buried; a cemetery.

> Like graves in the holy churchyard.
> Shak.

Syn. -- Burial place; burying ground; graveyard; necropolis; cemetery; God's acre.

Churl (?), n. [AS. ceorl a freeman of the lowest rank, man, husband; akin to D. karel, kerel, G. kerl, Dan. & Sw. karl, Icel. karl, and to the E. proper name Charles (orig., man, male), and perh. to Skr. jra lover. Cf. Carl, Charles's Wain.] 1. A rustic; a countryman or laborer. "A peasant or churl." Spenser.

> Your rank is all reversed; let men of cloth
> Bow to the stalwart churls in overalls.
> Emerson.

2. A rough, surly, ill-bred man; a boor.

> A churl's courtesy rarely comes, but either for gain or falsehood.
> Sir P. Sidney.

3. A selfish miser; an illiberal person; a niggard.

> Like to some rich churl hoarding up his pelf.
> Drayton.

Churl, a. Churlish; rough; selfish. [Obs.] Ford.

Churl"ish, a. 1. Like a churl; rude; cross-grained; ungracious; surly; illiberal; niggardly. "Churlish benefits." Ld. Burleigh.

> Half mankind maintain a churlish strife.
> Cowper.

2. Wanting pliancy; unmanageable; unyielding; not easily wrought; as, a churlish soil; the churlish and intractable nature of some minerals. Boyle.

Churl"ish*ly, adv. In a churlish manner.

Churl"ish*ness, n. Rudeness of manners or temper; lack of kindness or courtesy.

Churl"y (?), a. Rude; churlish; violent. Longfellow.

{ Churme (?), Chirm (?) }, n. [See Chirm.] Clamor, or confused noise; buzzing. [Obs.]

> The churme of a thousand taunts and reproaches.
> Bacon.

Churn (chûrn), n. [OE. chirne, cherne, AS. ceren, cyrin; akin to D. karn, Dan. kierne. See Churn, v. t.] A vessel in which milk or cream is stirred, beaten, or otherwise agitated (as by a plunging or revolving dasher) in order to separate the oily globules from the other parts, and obtain butter.

Churn, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Churned (chûrnd); p. pr. & vb. n. Churning.] [OE. chernen, AS. cernan; akin to LG. karnen, G. kernen, D. karnen, Dan. kierne, Sw. kärna, and also to E. corn, kernel, the meaning coming from the idea of extracting the kernel or marrow. See Kernel.] 1. To stir, beat, or agitate, as milk or cream in a churn, in order to make butter.

2. To shake or agitate with violence.

> Churned in his teeth, the foamy venom rose.
> Addison.

Churn, v. i. To perform the operation of churning.

Churn"ing, n. 1. The act of one who churns.

2. The quantity of butter made at one operation.

||Chur"rus (?), n. [Hind. charas.] A powerfully narcotic and intoxicating gum resin which exudes from the flower heads, seeds, etc., of Indian hemp.

Churr"worm` (?), n. [AS. cyrran, cerran, to turn.] (Zoöl.) An insect that turns about nimbly; the mole cricket; -- called also fan cricket. Johnson.

Chuse (?), v. t. See Choose. [Obs.]

Chute (?), n. [F. chute, prop. a fall.] 1. A framework, trough, or tube, upon or through which objects are made to slide from a higher to a lower level, or through which water passes to a wheel.

2. See Shoot.

{ Chut"ney (?), Chut"nee (?), } n. [Hind. chatn.] A warm or spicy condiment or pickle made in India, compounded of various vegetable substances, sweets, acids, etc.

Chy*la"ceous (?), a. (Physiol.) Possessed of the properties of chyle; consisting of chyle.

Chy*la"que*ous (?), a. [Chyle + aqueous.] (Zoöl.) Consisting of chyle much diluted with water; -- said of a liquid which forms the circulating fluid of some inferior animals.

Chyle (?), n. [NL. chylus, Gr. &?; juice, chyle, fr. &?; to pour: cf. F. chyle; prob. akin to E. fuse to melt.] (Physiol.) A milky fluid containing the fatty matter of the food in a state of emulsion, or fine mechanical division; formed from chyme by the action of the intestinal juices. It is absorbed by the lacteals, and conveyed into the blood by the thoracic duct.

Chyl`i*fac"tion (?), n. [Chyle + L. facere to make.] (Physiol.) The act or process by which chyle is formed from food in animal bodies; chylification, -- a digestive process.

Chyl`i*fac"tive (?), a. (Physiol.) Producing, or converting into, chyle; having the power to form chyle.

Chy*lif"er*ous (?), a. [Chyle + -ferous: cf. F. chylifère.] (Physiol.) Transmitting or conveying chyle; as, chyliferous vessels.

Chy*lif"ic (?), a. Chylifactive.

Chyl`i*fi*ca"tion (?), n. (Physiol.) The formation of chyle. See Chylifaction.

Chy*lif"i*ca*to*ry (? or ?), a. Chylifactive.

Chy"li*fy (?), v. t. & i. [Chyle + -ly.] (Physiol.) To make chyle of; to be converted into chyle.

Chy`lo*po*et"ic (?), a. [Gr. chylopoiei^n to make into juice, chylo`s juice, chyle + poiei^n to make.] (Physiol.) Concerned in the formation of chyle; as, the chylopoetic organs.

Chy"lous (?), a. [Cf. F. chyleux.] (Physiol.) Consisting of, or similar to, chyle.

||Chy*lu"ri*a (?), n. [NL. from Gr. &?; chyle + &?; urine.] (Med.) A morbid condition in which the urine contains chyle or fatty matter, giving it a milky appearance.

Chyme (?), n. [L. chymus chyle, Gr. &?; juice, like &?;, fr. &?; to pour: cf. F. chyme. See Chyle.] (Physiol.) The pulpy mass of semi-digested food in the small intestines just after its passage from the stomach. It is separated in the intestines into chyle and excrement. See Chyle.

{ Chym"ic (?), Chym"ist, Chym"is*try (?). } [Obs.] See Chemic, Chemist, Chemistry.

Chy*mif"er*ous (?), a. [Chyme + -ferous.] (Physiol.) Bearing or containing chyme.

Chym`i*fi*ca"tion (?), n. [Chyme + L. facere to make: cf. F. Chymification.] (Physiol.) The conversion of food into chyme by the digestive action of gastric juice.

Chym"i*fy (?), v. t. [Chyme + -fy: cf. F. chymifier.] (Physiol.) To form into chyme.

Chy"mous (?), a. Of or pertaining to chyme.

Chy*om"e*ter (?), n. [Gr. &?; to pour + -meter.] (Chem.) An instrument for measuring liquids. It consists of a piston moving in a tube in which is contained the liquid, the quantity expelled being indicated by the graduation upon the piston rod.

Ci*ba"ri*ous (?), a. [L. cibaruus, fr. cibus food.] Pertaining to food; edible. Johnson.

Ci*ba"tion (?), n. [L. cibatio, fr. cibare to feed.] 1. The act of taking food.

2. (Alchemy) The process or operation of feeding the contents of the crucible with fresh material. B. Jonson.

Cib"ol (?), n. [F. ciboule, LL. cepula, cepola, dim. of L. cepa, caepa, caepe, an onion. Cf. Chibbal, Cives.] A perennial alliaceous plant (Allium fistulosum), sometimes called Welsh onion. Its fistular leaves areused in cookery.

||Ci*bo"ri*um (?), n.: pl. Ciboria (#). [LL., fr. L. ciborium a cup, fr. Gr. &?; a seed vessel of the Egyptian bean; also, a cup made from its largeleaves, or resembling its seed vessel in shape.] 1. (Arch.) A canopy usually standing free and supported on four columns, covering the high altar, or, very rarely, a secondary altar.

2. (R. C. Ch.) The coffer or case in which the host is kept; the pyx.

Ci*ca"da (s*k"d), n.; pl. E. Cicadas (- dz), L. Cicadæ (-d). [L.] (Zoöl.) Any species of the genus Cicada. They are large hemipterous insects, with nearly transparent wings. The male makes a shrill sound by peculiar organs in the under side of the abdomen, consisting of a pair of stretched membranes, acted upon by powerful muscles. A noted American species (C. septendecim) is called the seventeen year locust. Another common species is the dogday cicada.

||Ci*ca"la (ch*kä"l), n. [It., fr. L. cicada.] A cicada. See Cicada. "At eve a dry cicala sung." Tennison.

Cic"a*trice (?), n. [F., fr. L. cicatrix.] A cicatrix.

Cic`a*tri"cial (?), a. (Med.) Relating to, or having the character of, a cicatrix. Dunglison.

Cic"a*tri`cle (?), n. [Cf. F. cicatricule, fr. L. cicatricula a small scar, fr. cicatrix a scar.] (Biol.) The germinating point in the embryo of a seed; the point in the yolk of an egg at which development begins.

Cic"a*tri`sive (?), a. Tending to promote the formation of a cicatrix; good for healing of a wound.

<! p. 256 !>

||Ci*ca"trix (?), n.; pl. Cicatrices (#). [L.] (Med.) The pellicle which forms over a wound or breach of continuity and completes the process of healing in the latter, and which subsequently contracts and becomes white, forming the scar.

Cic"a*tri`zant (?), n. [Cf. F. cicatrisant, properly p. pr. of cicatriser.] (Med.) A medicine or application that promotes the healing of a sore or wound, or the formation of a cicatrix.

Cic`a*tri*za"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. cicatrisation.] (Med.) The process of forming a cicatrix, or the state of being cicatrized.

Cic"a*trize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cicatrized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Cicatrizing.] [Cf. F. cicatriser, fr. cicatrice, L. cicatrix, scar.] (Med.) To heal or induce the formation of a cicatrix in, as in wounded or ulcerated flesh. Wiseman.

Cic"a*trize, v. i. (Med.) To heal; to have a new skin.

Cic"a*trose` (?), a. Full of scars. Craig.

Cic"e*ly (?), n. [L. seselis, Gr. &?;, &?;; perh. ultimately of Egyptian origin.] (Bot.) Any one of several umbelliferous plants, of the genera Myrrhis, Osmorrhiza, etc.

Cic"e*ro (?), n. (Print.) Pica type; -- so called by French printers.

||Ci`ce*ro"ne (?), n.; pl. It. Ciceroni (#), E. Cicerones (#). [It., fr. L. Cicero, the Roman orator. So called from the ordinary talkativeness of such a guide.] One who shows strangers the curiosities of a place; a guide.

> Every glib and loquacious hireling who shows strangers about their picture galleries, palaces, and ruins, is termed by them [the Italians] a cicerone, or a Cicero.
> Trench.

Cic`e*ro"ni*an (?), a. [L. Ciceronianus, fr. Cicero, the orator.] Resembling Cicero in style or action; eloquent.

Cic`e*ro"ni*an*ism (?), n. Imitation of, or resemblance to, the style or action Cicero; a Ciceronian phrase or expression. "Great study in Ciceronianism, the chief abuse of Oxford." Sir P. Sidney.

Cich`o*ra"ceous (?), a. [See Chicory.] Belonging to, or resembling, a suborder of composite plants of which the chicory (Cichorium) is the type.

Cich"-pea` (?), n. The chick- pea. Holland.

Ci*cis"be*ism (?), n. The state or conduct of a cicisbeo.

||Ci`cis*be"o (?), n.; pl. It. Cicisbei (#). [It.]

1. A professed admirer of a married woman; a dangler about women.

2. A knot of silk or ribbon attached to a fan, walking stick, etc. [Obs.]

Cic"la*toun` (?), n. [Of. ciclaton.] A costly cloth, of uncertain material, used in the Middle Ages. [Obs.] [Written also checklaton, chekelatoun.]

> His robe was of ciclatoun,
> That coste many a Jane.
> Chaucer.

Cic"u*rate (?), v. t. [L. cicurare to tame, fr. cicur tame.] To tame. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Cic`u*ra"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. cicuration.] The act of taming. [Obs.] Ray.

||Ci*cu"ta (?), n. [L., the poison hemlock.] (Bot.) a genus of poisonous umbelliferous plants, of which the water hemlock or cowbane is best known.

The name cicuta is sometimes erroneously applied to Conium maculatum, or officinal hemlock.

Cic`u*tox"in (?), n. (Chem.) The active principle of the water hemlock (Cicuta) extracted as a poisonous gummy substance.

Cid (?), n. [Sp., fr. Ar. seid lord.]

1. Chief or commander; in Spanish literature, a title of Ruy Diaz, Count of Bivar, a champion of Christianity and of the old Spanish royalty, in the 11th century.

2. An epic poem, which celebrates the exploits of the Spanish national hero, Ruy Diaz.

Ci"der (?), n. [F. cidre, OF. sidre, fr. L. sicera a kind of strong drink, Gr. &?;; of Oriental origin; cf. Heb. shkar to be intoxicated, shkr strong drink.] The expressed juice of apples. It is used as a beverage, for making vinegar, and for other purposes.

Cider was formerly used to signify the juice of other fruits, and other kinds of strong liquor, but was not applied to wine.

Cider brandy, a kind of brandy distilled from cider. -- Cider mill, a mill in which cider is made. -- Cider press, the press of a cider mill.

Ci`der*ist, n. A maker of cider. [Obs.] Mortimer.

Ci"der*kin (?), n. [Cider + -kin.] A kind of weak cider made by steeping the refuse pomace in water.

> Ciderkin is made for common drinking, and supplies the place of small beer.
> Mortimer.

||Ci`-de*vant" (?), a. [F., hitherto, formerly.] Former; previous; of times gone by; as, a ci-devant governor.

||Cierge (?), n. [F., fr. L. cera wax.] A wax candle used in religous rites.

Ci*gar" (s*gär"), n. [Sp. cigarro, orig., a kind of tobacco in the island of Cuba: cf. F. cigare.] A small roll of tobacco, used for smoking.

Cigar fish (Zoöl.), a fish (Decapterus punctatus), allied to the mackerel, found on the coast of the Gulf of Mexico.

Cig`a*rette" (?), n. [F. cigarette.] A little cigar; a little fine tobacco rolled in paper for smoking.

||Cil"i*a (?), n. pl. Cilium, the sing., is rarely used. [L. cilium eyelid.] 1. (Anat.) The eyelashes.

2. (Biol.) Small, generally microscopic, vibrating appendages lining certain organs, as the air passages of the higher animals, and in the lower animals often covering also the whole or a part of the exterior. They are also found on some vegetable organisms. In the Infusoria, and many larval forms, they are locomotive organs.

3. (Bot.) Hairlike processes, commonly marginal and forming a fringe like the eyelash.

4. (Zoöl.) Small, vibratory, swimming organs, somewhat resembling true cilia, as those of Ctenophora.

Cil"ia*ry (?), a. [Cf. F. ciliaire.]

1. (Anat.) Pertaining to the cilia, or eyelashes. Also applied to special parts of the eye itself; as, the ciliary processes of the choroid coat; the ciliary muscle, etc.

2. (Biol.) Pertaining to or connected with the cilia in animal or vegetable organisms; as, ciliary motion.

||Cil`i*a"ta (?), n. pl. [NL. See Cilia.] (Zoöl.) One of the orders of Infusoria, characterized by having cilia. In some species the cilia cover the body generally, in others they form a band around the mouth.

{ Cil"i*ate (?), Cil"i*a`ted (?), } a. Provided with, or surrounded by, cilia; as, a ciliate leaf; endowed with vibratory motion; as, the ciliated epithelium of the windpipe.

Cil"ice (?), n. [F. See Cilicious.] A kind of haircloth undergarment. Southey.

Ci*li"cian (?), a. Of or pertaining to Cilicia in Asia Minor. -- n. A native or inhabitant of Cilicia.

Ci*li"cious (?), a. [L. cilicium a covering, orig. made of Cilician goat's hair, fr. Cilicious Cilician, fr. Cilicia, a province of Asia Minor.] Made, or consisting, of hair. [Obs.]

> A Cilicious or sackcloth habit.
> Sir T. Browne.

{ Cil"i*form (?), Cil"i*i*form` (?), } a. [Cilium + -form] Having the form of cilia; very fine or slender.

Cil"i*o*grade (?), a. [Cilium + L. gradi to step: cf. F. ciliograde.] (Zoöl.) Moving by means of cilia, or cilialike organs; as, the ciliograde Medusæ.

||Cil"i*um (?), n. [L., eyelid.] See Cilia.

Cill (?), n. See Sill., n. a foundation.

||Cil*lo"sis (?), n. [NL., fr. L. cilium eyelid.] (Med.) A spasmodic trembling of the upper eyelid.

Ci"ma (?), n. (Arch.) A kind of molding. See Cyma.

Ci*mar" (?), n. See Simar.

Cim"bal (?), n. [It. ciambella.] A kind of confectionery or cake. [Obs.] Nares.

Cim"bi*a (?), n. (Arch.) A fillet or band placed around the shaft of a column as if to strengthen it. [Written also cimia.]

Cim"bri*an (?), a. Of or pertaining to the Cimbri. -- n. One of the Cimbri. See Cimbric.

Cim"bric (?), a. Pertaining to the Cimbri, an ancient tribe inhabiting Northern Germany. -- n. The language of the Cimbri.

Ci*me"li*arch (?), n. [L. cimeliarcha, Gr. &?;, treasurer.] A superintendent or keeper of a church's valuables; a churchwarden. [Obs.] Bailey.

Cim"e*ter (?), n. See Scimiter.

||Ci"mex (?), n.; pl. Cimices (#). [L., a bug.] (Zoöl.) A genus of hemipterous insects of which the bedbug is the best known example. See Bedbug.

Cim"i*a (?), n. (Arch.) See Cimbia.

Ci"miss (?), n. [L. cimex, -icis, a bug.] (Zoöl.) The bedbug. [Obs.] Wright.

Cim*me"ri*an (?), a. [L. Cimmerius.] [Written also Kimmerian.] 1. Pertaining to the Cimmerii, a fabulous people, said to have lived, in very ancient times, in profound and perpetual darkness.

2. Without any light; intensely dark.

> In dark Cimmerian desert ever dwell.
> Milton.

Cim"o*lite (?), n. [Gr. &?; (sc. &?;) Cimolian earth, fr. &?;, L. Cimolus, an island of the Cyclades.] (Min.) A soft, earthy, clayey mineral, of whitish or grayish color.

Cinch (?), n. [Sp. cincha, fr. L. cingere to gird.]

1. A strong saddle girth, as of canvas. [West. U. S.]

2. A tight grip. [Colloq.]

Cin*cho"na (?), n. [So named from the wife of Count Chinchon, viceroy of Peru in the seventeenth century, who by its use was freed from an intermittent fever, and after her return to Spain, contributed to the general propagation of this remedy.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of trees growing naturally on the Andes in Peru and adjacent countries, but now cultivated in the East Indies, producing a medicinal bark of great value.

2. (Med.) The bark of any species of Cinchona containing three per cent. or more of bitter febrifuge alkaloids; Peruvian bark; Jesuits' bark.

Cin`cho*na"ceous (?), a. Allied or pertaining to cinchona, or to the plants that produce it.

Cin*chon"ic (?), a. Belonging to, or obtained from, cinchona. Mayne.

Cin*chon"i*dine (?), n. [From Cinchona.] (Chem.) One of the quinine group of alkaloids, found especially in red cinchona bark. It is a white crystalline substance, C19H22N2O, with a bitter taste and qualities similar to, but weaker than, quinine; -- sometimes called also cinchonidia.

Cin"cho*nine (?), n. [From Cinchona: cf. F. cinchonine.] (Chem.) One of the quinine group of alkaloids isomeric with and resembling cinchonidine; -- called also cinchonia.

Cin"cho*nism (?), n. [From Cinchona.] (Med.) A condition produced by the excessive or long-continued use of quinine, and marked by deafness, roaring in the ears, vertigo, etc.

Cin"cho*nize (?), v. t. To produce cinchonism in; to poison with quinine or with cinchona.

Cin`cin*na"ti ep"och (?). (Geol.) An epoch at the close of the American lower Silurian system. The rocks are well developed near Cincinnati, Ohio. The group includes the Hudson River and Lorraine shales of New York.

Cinc"ture (?), n. [L. cinctura, fr. cingere, cinctum, to gird.] 1. A belt, a girdle, or something worn round the body, -- as by an ecclesiastic for confining the alb.

2. That which encompasses or incloses; an inclosure. "Within the cincture of one wall." Bacon.

3. (Arch.) The fillet, listel, or band next to the apophyge at the extremity of the shaft of a column.

Cinc"tured (?), n. Having or wearing a cincture or girdle.

Cin"der (sn"dr), n. [AS. sinder slag, dross; akin to Icel. sindr dross, Sw. sinder, G. sinter, D. sintel; perh. influenced by F. cendre ashes, fr. L. cinis. Cf. Sinter.] 1. Partly burned or vitrified coal, or other combustible, in which fire is extinct.

2. A hot coal without flame; an ember. Swift.

3. A scale thrown off in forging metal.

4. The slag of a furnace, or scoriaceous lava from a volcano.

Cinder frame, a framework of wire in front of the tubes of a locomotive, to arrest the escape of cinders. -- Cinder notch (Metal.), the opening in a blast furnace, through which melted cinder flows out.

Cin"der*y (?), a. Resembling, or composed of, cinders; full of cinders.

Cin`e*fac"tion (?), n. [LL. cinefactio: L. cinis ashes + facere to make: cf. F. cinéfaction.] Cineration; reduction to ashes. [Obs.]

{ Cin`e*mat"ic (?), Cin`e*mat"ic*al (?) }, a. See Kinematic.

Cin`e*mat"ics (?), n. sing. See Kinematics.

Cin`er*a"ceous (?), a. [L. cineraceus, fr. cinis ashes.] Like ashes; ash- colored; cinereous.

||Cin`e*ra"ri*a (?), n. [NL., fr. LL. cinerarius pert. to ashes, fr. cinis ashes. So called from the ash-colored down on the leaves.] (Bot.) A Linnæan genus of free-flowering composite plants, mostly from South Africa. Several species are cultivated for ornament.

Cin"er*a*ry (?), a. [L. cinerarius, fr. cinis ashes.] Pertaining to ashes; containing ashes.

Cinerary urns, vessels used by the ancients to preserve the ashes of the dead when burned.

Cin`er*a"tion (?), n. [L. cinis ashes: cf. F. cinération.] The reducing of anything to ashes by combustion; cinefaction.

Ci*ne"re*ous (?), a. [L. cinereus, fr. cinis ashes.] Like ashes; ash- colored; grayish.

Cin`er*es"cent (?), a. Somewhat cinereous; of a color somewhat resembling that of wood ashes.

Cin`er*i"tious (?), a. [L. cineritius, cinericius, fr. cinis ashes.] Like ashes; having the color of ashes, -- as the cortical substance of the brain.

Ci*ner"u*lent (?), a. Full of ashes. [Obs.]

Cin`ga*lese" (?), n. sing. & pl. [Cf. F. Cingalais.] A native or natives of Ceylon descended from its primitive inhabitants; also (sing.), the language of the Cingalese. -- a. Of or pertaining to the Cingalese. [Written also Singhalese.]

Ceylonese is applied to the inhabitants of the island in general.

Cin"gle (?), n. [L. cingula, cingulum, fr. cingere to gird.] A girth. [R.] See Surcingle.

||Cin"gu*lum (?), n. [L., a girdle.] (Zoöl.) (a) A distinct girdle or band of color; a raised spiral line as seen on certain univalve shells. (b) The clitellus of earthworms. (c) The base of the crown of a tooth.

Cin"na*bar (?), n. [L. cinnabaris, Gr. &?;; prob. of Oriental origin; cf. Per. qinbr, Hind. shangarf.]

1. (Min.) Red sulphide of mercury, occurring in brilliant red crystals, and also in red or brown amorphous masses. It is used in medicine.

2. The artificial red sulphide of mercury used as a pigment; vermilion.

Cinnabar Græcorum (&?;). [L. Graecorum, gen. pl., of the Greeks.] (Med.) Same as Dragon's blood. -- Green cinnabar, a green pigment consisting of the oxides of cobalt and zinc subjected to the action of fire. -- Hepatic cinnabar (Min.), an impure cinnabar of a liver-brown color and submetallic luster.

Cin"na*ba*rine (?), a. [Cf. F. cinabarin.] Pertaining to, or resembling, cinnabar; consisting of cinnabar, or containing it; as, cinnabarine sand.

Cin"na*mene (?), n. [From Cinnamic.] (Chem.) Styrene (which was formerly called cinnamene because obtained from cinnamic acid). See Styrene.

Cin*nam"ic (?), a. [From Cinnamon.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or obtained from, cinnamon.

Cinnamic acid (Chem.), a white, crystalline, odorless substance. C6H5. C2H2C2H2.CO2H, formerly obtained from storax and oil of cinnamon, now made from certain benzene derivatives in large quantities, and used for the artificial production of indigo.

Cin`na*mom"ic (?), a. [L. cinnamomum cinnamon.] (Chem.) See Cinnamic.

Cin"na*mon (?), n. [Heb. qinnmn; cf. Gr. &?;, &?;, cinnamomum, cinnamon. The Heb. word itself seems to have been borrowed from some other language; cf. Malay kj mnis sweet wood.] (a) The inner bark of the shoots of Cinnamomum Zeylanicum, a tree growing in Ceylon. It is aromatic, of a moderately pungent taste, and is one of the best cordial, carminative, and restorative spices. (b) Cassia.

Cinnamon stone (Min.), a variety of garnet, of a cinnamon or hyacinth red color, sometimes used in jewelry. -- Oil of cinnamon, a colorless aromatic oil obtained from cinnamon and cassia, and consisting essentially of cinnamic aldehyde, C6H5.C2H2.CHO. - - Wild cinnamon. See Canella.

Cin"na*mone (?), n. [Cinnamic + -one.] A yellow crystalline substance, (C6H5. C2H2)2CO, the ketone of cinnamic acid.

<! p. 257 !>

Cin"na*myl (?), n. [Cinnamic + -yl.] (Chem.) The hypothetical radical, (C6H5. C2H2)2C, of cinnamic compounds. [Formerly written also cinnamule.]

Cin"no*line (?), n. [Cinnamic + quinoline.] A nitrogenous organic base, C8H6N2, analogous to quinoline, obtained from certain complex diazo compounds.

Cinque (?), n. [F. cinq, fr. L. quinque five. See Five.] Five; the number five in dice or cards.

||Cin`que*cen"to (?), n. & a. [It., five hundred, abbrev. for fifteen hundred. The Cinquecento style was so called because it arose after the year 1500.] The sixteenth century, when applied to Italian art or literature; as, the sculpture of the Cinquecento; Cinquecento style.

Cinque"foil` (?), n. [Cinque five + foil, F. feuille leaf. See Foil.] 1. (Bot.) The name of several different species of the genus Potentilla; -- also called five-finger, because of the resemblance of its leaves to the fingers of the hand.

2. (Arch.) An ornamental foliation having five points or cups, used in windows, panels, etc. Gwilt.

Marsh cinquefoil, the Potentilla palustris, a plant with purple flowers which grows in fresh- water marshes.

Cinque"-pace` (?), n. [Cinque + pace.] A lively dance (called also galliard), the steps of which were regulated by the number five. [Obs.] Nares. Shak.

Cinque" Ports` (?). [Cinque + port.] (Eng. Hist.) Five English ports, to which peculiar privileges were anciently accorded; -- viz., Hastings, Romney, Hythe, Dover, and Sandwich; afterwards increased by the addition of Winchelsea, Rye, and some minor places.

Baron of the Cinque Ports. See under Baron.

Cinque"-spot`ted, a. Five- spotted. [R.] Shak.

Cin"ter (?), n. [F. cintre.] (Arch.) See Center.

||Ci*nu"ra (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; To move + &?; tail.] (Zoöl.) The group of Thysanura which includes Lepisma and allied forms; the bristletails. See Bristletail, and Lepisma.

Ci"on (?), n. [OF. cion. See Scion.] See Scion.

> The cion overruleth the stock; and the stock is but passive, and giveth aliment, but no motion, to the graft.
> Bacon.

Ci"pher (?), n. [OF. cifre zero, F. Chiffre figure (cf. Sp. cifra, LL. cifra), fr. Ar. çifrun, çafrun, empty, cipher, zero, fr. çafira to be empty. Cf. Zero.]

1. (Arith.) A character [0] which, standing by itself, expresses nothing, but when placed at the right hand of a whole number, increases its value tenfold.

2. One who, or that which, has no weight or influence.

> Here he was a mere cipher.
> W. Irving.

3. A character in general, as a figure or letter. [Obs.]

> This wisdom began to be written in ciphers and characters and letters bearing the forms of creatures.
> Sir W. Raleigh.

4. A combination or interweaving of letters, as the initials of a name; a device; a monogram; as, a painter's cipher, an engraver's cipher, etc. The cut represents the initials N. W.

5. A private alphabet, system of characters, or other mode of writing, contrived for the safe transmission of secrets; also, a writing in such characters.

> His father . . . engaged him when he was very young to write all his letters to England in cipher.
> Bp. Burnet.

Cipher key, a key to assist in reading writings in cipher.

Ci"pher, a. Of the nature of a cipher; of no weight or influence. "Twelve cipher bishops." Milton.

Ci"pher, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Ciphered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Ciphering.] To use figures in a mathematical process; to do sums in arithmetic.

> "T was certain he could write and cipher too.
> Goldsmith.

Ci"pher, v. t. 1. To write in occult characters.

> His notes he ciphered with Greek characters.
> Hayward.

2. To get by ciphering; as, to cipher out the answer.

3. To decipher. [Obs.] Shak.

4. To designate by characters. [Obs.] Shak.

Ci"pher*er (?), n. One who ciphers.

Ci"pher*hood (?), n. Nothingness. [R.] Goodwin.

Cip"o*lin (?), n. [It. cippollino, prop., a little onion, fr. cipolla onion (cf. E. cibol). So called because its veins consist, like onions, of different strata, one lying upon another.] (Min.) A whitish marble, from Rome, containiing pale greenish zones. It consists of calcium carbonate, with zones and cloudings of talc.

||Cip"pus (?), n.; pl. Cippi (#). [L., stake, post.] A small, low pillar, square or round, commonly having an inscription, used by the ancients for various purposes, as for indicating the distances of places, for a landmark, for sepulchral inscriptions, etc. Gwilt.

Circ (?), n. [See Circus.] An amphitheatrical circle for sports; a circus. [R.] T. Warton.

||Cir*car" (?), n. [See Sircar.] A district, or part of a province. See Sircar. [India]

Cir*cas"sian (?), a. Of or pertaining to Circassia, in Asia. -- n. A native or inhabitant of Circassia.

Cir*ce"an (?), a. [L. Circaeus.] Having the characteristics of Circe, daughter of Sol and Perseis, a mythological enchantress, who first charmed her victims and then changed them to the forms of beasts; pleasing, but noxious; as, a Circean draught.

{ Cir*cen"sial (?), Cir*cen"sian (?), } a. [L. Circensis, ludi Circenses, the games in the Circus Maximus.] Of or pertaining to, or held in, the Circus, In Rome.

> The pleasure of the Circensian shows.
> Holyday.

Cir"ci*nal (?), a. [Gr. &?; a circle.] (Bot.) Circinate.

Cir"ci*nate (?), a. [L. circinatus, p. p. of circinare to make round, fr. circinus a pair of compasses, from Gr. &?; a circle.] (Bot.) Rolled together downward, the tip occupying the center; -- a term used in reference to foliation or leafing, as in ferns. Gray.

Cir"ci*nate (?), v. t. To make a circle around; to encompass. [Obs.] Bailey.

Cir`ci*na"tion (?), n. [L. circinatio circle.]

1. An orbicular motion. [Obs.] bailey.

2. A circle; a concentric layer. [Obs.] "The circinations and spherical rounds of onions." Sir T. Browne.

Cir"cle (sr"k'l), n. [OE. cercle, F. cercle, fr. L. circulus (Whence also AS. circul), dim. of circus circle, akin to Gr. kri`kos, ki`rkos, circle, ring. Cf. Circus, Circum-.]

1. A plane figure, bounded by a single curve line called its circumference, every part of which is equally distant from a point within it, called the center.

2. The line that bounds such a figure; a circumference; a ring.

3. (Astron.) An instrument of observation, the graduated limb of which consists of an entire circle.

When it is fixed to a wall in an observatory, it is called a mural circle; when mounted with a telescope on an axis and in Y's, in the plane of the meridian, a meridian or transit circle; when involving the principle of reflection, like the sextant, a reflecting circle; and when that of repeating an angle several times continuously along the graduated limb, a repeating circle.

4. A round body; a sphere; an orb.

> It is he that sitteth upon the circle of the earth.
> Is. xi. 22.

5. Compass; circuit; inclosure.

> In the circle of this forest.
> Shak.

6. A company assembled, or conceived to assemble, about a central point of interest, or bound by a common tie; a class or division of society; a coterie; a set.

> As his name gradually became known, the circle of his acquaintance widened.
> Macaulay.

7. A circular group of persons; a ring.

8. A series ending where it begins, and repeating itself.

> Thus in a circle runs the peasant's pain.
> Dryden.

9. (Logic) A form of argument in which two or more unproved statements are used to prove each other; inconclusive reasoning.

> That heavy bodies descend by gravity; and, again, that gravity is a quality whereby a heavy body descends, is an impertinent circle and teaches nothing.
> Glanvill.

10. Indirect form of words; circumlocution. [R.]

> Has he given the lie,
> In circle, or oblique, or semicircle.
> J. Fletcher.

11. A territorial division or district.

The Circles of the Holy Roman Empire, ten in number, were those principalities or provinces which had seats in the German Diet.

Azimuth circle. See under Azimuth. -- Circle of altitude (Astron.), a circle parallel to the horizon, having its pole in the zenith; an almucantar. -- Circle of curvature. See Osculating circle of a curve (Below). -- Circle of declination. See under Declination. -- Circle of latitude. (a) (Astron.) A great circle perpendicular to the plane of the ecliptic, passing through its poles. (b) (Spherical Projection) A small circle of the sphere whose plane is perpendicular to the axis. -- Circles of longitude, lesser circles parallel to the ecliptic, diminishing as they recede from it. -- Circle of perpetual apparition, at any given place, the boundary of that space around the elevated pole, within which the stars never set. Its distance from the pole is equal to the latitude of the place. -- Circle of perpetual occultation, at any given place, the boundary of the space around the depressed pole, within which the stars never rise. -- Circle of the sphere, a circle upon the surface of the sphere, called a great circle when its plane passes through the center of the sphere; in all other cases, a small circle. -- Diurnal circle. See under Diurnal. -- Dress circle, a gallery in a theater, generally the one containing the prominent and more expensive seats. -- Druidical circles (Eng. Antiq.), a popular name for certain ancient inclosures formed by rude stones circularly arranged, as at Stonehenge, near Salisbury. -- Family circle, a gallery in a theater, usually one containing inexpensive seats. -- Horary circles (Dialing), the lines on dials which show the hours. -- Osculating circle of a curve (Geom.), the circle which touches the curve at some point in the curve, and close to the point more nearly coincides with the curve than any other circle. This circle is used as a measure of the curvature of the curve at the point, and hence is called circle of curvature. -- Pitch circle. See under Pitch. -- Vertical circle, an azimuth circle. -- Voltaic circle or circuit. See under Circuit. -- To square the circle. See under Square.

Syn. -- Ring; circlet; compass; circuit; inclosure.

Cir"cle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Circled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Circling (?).] [OE. cerclen, F. cercler, fr. L. circulare to make round. See Circle, n., and cf. Circulate.]

1. To move around; to revolve around.

> Other planets circle other suns.
> Pope.

2. To encompass, as by a circle; to surround; to inclose; to encircle. Prior. Pope.

> Their heads are circled with a short turban.
> Dampier.

> So he lies, circled with evil.
> Coleridge.

To circle in, to confine; to hem in; to keep together; as, to circle bodies in. Sir K. Digby.

Cir"cle, v. i. To move circularly; to form a circle; to circulate.

> Thy name shall circle round the gaping through.
> Byron.

Cir"cled (?), a. Having the form of a circle; round. "Monthly changes in her circled orb." Shak.

Cir"cler (?), n. A mean or inferior poet, perhaps from his habit of wandering around as a stroller; an itinerant poet. Also, a name given to the cyclic poets. See under Cyclic, a. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Cir"clet (?), n. 1. A little circle; esp., an ornament for the person, having the form of a circle; that which encircles, as a ring, a bracelet, or a headband.

> Her fair locks in circlet be enrolled.
> Spenser.

2. A round body; an orb. Pope.

> Fairest of stars . . . that crown'st the smiling morn
> With thy bright circlet.
> Milton.

3. A circular piece of wood put under a dish at table. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Cir"co*cele (?), n. See Cirsocele.

Cir"cuit (?), n. [F. circuit, fr. L. circuitus, fr. circuire or circumire to go around; circum around + ire to go.] 1. The act of moving or revolving around, or as in a circle or orbit; a revolution; as, the periodical circuit of the earth round the sun. Watts.

2. The circumference of, or distance round, any space; the measure of a line round an area.

> The circuit or compass of Ireland is 1,800 miles.
> J. Stow.

3. That which encircles anything, as a ring or crown.

> The golden circuit on my head.
> Shak.

4. The space inclosed within a circle, or within limits.

> A circuit wide inclosed with goodliest trees.
> Milton.

5. A regular or appointed journeying from place to place in the exercise of one's calling, as of a judge, or a preacher.

6. (a) (Law) A certain division of a state or country, established by law for a judge or judges to visit, for the administration of justice. Bouvier. (b) (Methodist Church) A district in which an itinerant preacher labors.

7. Circumlocution. [Obs.] "Thou hast used no circuit of words." Huloet.

Circuit court (Law), a court which sits successively in different places in its circuit (see Circuit, 6). In the United States, the federal circuit courts are commonly presided over by a judge of the supreme court, or a special circuit judge, together with the judge of the district court. They have jurisdiction within statutory limits, both in law and equity, in matters of federal cognizance. Some of the individual States also have circuit courts, which have general statutory jurisdiction of the same class, in matters of State cognizance. -- Circuit or Circuity of action (Law), a longer course of proceedings than is necessary to attain the object in view. -- To make a circuit, to go around; to go a roundabout way. -- Voltaic or Galvanic circuit or circle, a continous electrical communication between the two poles of a battery; an arrangement of voltaic elements or couples with proper conductors, by which a continuous current of electricity is established.

Cir"cuit, v. i. To move in a circle; to go round; to circulate. [Obs.] J. Philips.

Cir"cuit, v. t. To travel around. [Obs.] "Having circuited the air." T. Warton.

Cir`cuit*eer" (?), n. A circuiter. Pope.

Cir"cuit*er (?), n. One who travels a circuit, as a circuit judge. [R.] R. Whitlock.

Cir`cu*i"tion (?), n. [L. circuitio. See Circuit.] The act of going round; circumlocution. [R.]

Cir*cu"i*tous (?), a. [LL. circuitosus.] Going round in a circuit; roundabout; indirect; as, a circuitous road; a circuitous manner of accomplishing an end. -- Cir*cu"i*tous*ly, adv. -- Cir*cu"i*tous*ness, n.

Syn. -- Tortuous; winding; sinuous; serpentine.

Cir*cu"i*ty (?), n. A going round in a circle; a course not direct; a roundabout way of proceeding.

Cir"cu*la*ble (?), a. That may be circulated.

Cir"cu*lar (?), a. [L. circularis, fr. circulus circle: cf. F. circulaire. See Circle.]

1. In the form of, or bounded by, a circle; round.

2. repeating itself; ending in itself; reverting to the point of beginning; hence, illogical; inconclusive; as, circular reasoning.

3. Adhering to a fixed circle of legends; cyclic; hence, mean; inferior. See Cyclic poets, under Cyclic.

> Had Virgil been a circular poet, and closely adhered to history, how could the Romans have had Dido?
> Dennis.

4. Addressed to a circle, or to a number of persons having a common interest; circulated, or intended for circulation; as, a circular letter.

> A proclamation of Henry III., . . . doubtless circular throughout England.
> Hallam.

5. Perfect; complete. [Obs.]

> A man so absolute and circular
> In all those wished-for rarities that may take
> A virgin captive.
> Massinger.

Circular are, any portion of the circumference of a circle. -- Circular cubics (Math.), curves of the third order which are imagined to pass through the two circular points at infinity. -- Circular functions. (Math.) See under Function. -- Circular instruments, mathematical instruments employed for measuring angles, in which the graduation extends round the whole circumference of a circle, or 360°. -- Circular lines, straight lines pertaining to the circle, as sines, tangents, secants, etc. -- Circular note or letter. (a) (Com.) See under Credit. (b) (Diplomacy) A letter addressed in identical terms to a number of persons. -- Circular numbers (Arith.), those whose powers terminate in the same digits as the roots themselves; as 5 and 6, whose squares are 25 and 36. Bailey. Barlow. -- Circular points at infinity (Geom.), two imaginary points at infinite distance through which every circle in the plane is, in the theory of curves, imagined to pass. -- Circular polarization. (Min.) See under Polarization. -- Circular or Globular sailing (Naut.), the method of sailing by the arc of a great circle. -- Circular saw. See under Saw.

Cir"cu*lar, n. [Cf. (for sense 1) F. circulaire, lettre circulaire. See Circular, a.]

1. A circular letter, or paper, usually printed, copies of which are addressed or given to various persons; as, a business circular.

2. A sleeveless cloak, cut in circular form.

circularise v. 1. to canvass by distributing letters.
Syn. -- circularize.
[WordNet 1.5]

2. to distribute circulars to.
Syn. -- circularize.
[WordNet 1.5]

3. to to pass around, as information.
Syn. -- circulate, circularize, distribute, disseminate, propagate, broadcast, spread, diffuse, disperse.
[WordNet 1.5]

Cir`cu*lar"i*ty (?), n. [LL. circularitas.] The quality or state of being circular; a circular form.

Cir"cu*lar*ly (?), adv. In a circular manner.

Cir"cu*la*ry (?), a. Circular; illogical. [Obs. & .] "Cross and circulary speeches." Hooker.

Cir"cu*late (#), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Circulated; p. pr. & vb. n. Circulating.] [L. circulatus, p. p. of circulare, v. t., to surround, make round, circulari, v. i., to gather into a circle. See Circle.]

1. To move in a circle or circuitously; to move round and return to the same point; as, the blood circulates in the body. Boyle.

2. To pass from place to place, from person to person, or from hand to hand; to be diffused; as, money circulates; a story circulates.

<! p. 258 !>

Circulating decimal. See Decimal. -- Circulating library, a library whose books are loaned to the public, usually at certain fixed rates. -- Circulating medium. See Medium.

Cir"cu*late (?), v. t. To cause to pass from place to place, or from person to person; to spread; as, to circulate a report; to circulate bills of credit.

Circulating pump. See under Pump.

Syn. -- To spread; diffuse; propagate; disseminate.

Cir`cu*la"tion (?), n. [L. circulatio: cf. F. circulation.] 1. The act of moving in a circle, or in a course which brings the moving body to the place where its motion began.

> This continual circulation of human things.
> Swift.

2. The act of passing from place to place or person to person; free diffusion; transmission.

> The true doctrines of astronomy appear to have had some popular circulation.
> Whewell.

3. Currency; circulating coin; notes, bills, etc., current for coin.

4. The extent to which anything circulates or is circulated; the measure of diffusion; as, the circulation of a newspaper.

5. (Physiol.) The movement of the blood in the blood-vascular system, by which it is brought into close relations with almost every living elementary constituent. Also, the movement of the sap in the vessels and tissues of plants.

Cir"cu*la*tive (?), a. Promoting circulation; circulating. [R.] Coleridge.

Cir"cu*la`tor (?), n. [Cf. L. circulator a peddler.] One who, or that which, circulates.

Cir`cu*la*to"ri*ous (?), a. Travelling from house to house or from town to town; itinerant. [Obs.] "Circulatorious jugglers." Barrow.

Cir"cu*la*to*ry (?), a. [L. circulatorius pert. to a mountebank: cf. F. circulatoire.]

1. Circular; as, a circulatory letter. Johnson.

2. Circulating, or going round. T. Warton.

3. (Anat.) Subserving the purposes of circulation; as, circulatory organs; of or pertaining to the organs of circulation; as, circulatory diseases.

Cir"cu*la*to*ry, n. A chemical vessel consisting of two portions unequally exposed to the heat of the fire, and with connecting pipes or passages, through which the fluid rises from the overheated portion, and descends from the relatively colder, maintaining a circulation.

Cir"cu*let (?), n. A circlet. [Obs.] Spenser.

Cir"cu*line (?), a. Proceeding in a circle; circular. [Obs.] "With motion circuline". Dr. H. More.

Cir"cum- (?). [Akin to circle, circus.] A Latin preposition, used as a prefix in many English words, and signifying around or about.

Cir`cum*ag"i*tate (?), v. t. [Pref. circum + agitate.] To agitate on all sides. Jer. Taylor.

Cir`cum*am"bage (?), n. [Pref. circum- + ambage, obs. sing. of ambages.] A roundabout or indirect course; indirectness. [Obs.] S. Richardson.

Cir`cum*am"bi*en*cy (?), n. The act of surrounding or encompassing. Sir T. Browne.

Cir`cum*am"bi*ent (?), a. [Pref. circum- + ambient.] Surrounding; inclosing or being on all sides; encompassing. "The circumambient heaven." J. Armstrong.

Cir`cum*am"bu*late (?), v. t. [L. circumambulatus, p. p. of circumambulare to walk around; circum + ambulare. See Ambulate.] To walk round about. -- Cir`cum*am`bu*la"tion (#), n.

Cir`cum*bend"i*bus (?), n. A roundabout or indirect way. [Jocular] Goldsmith.

Cir`cum*cen"ter (?), n. (Geom.) The center of a circle that circumscribes a triangle.

Cir"cum*cise (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Circumcised (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Circumcising.] [L. circumcisus, p. p. of circumcidere to cut around, to circumcise; circum + caedere to cut; akin to E. cæsura, homicide, concise, and prob. to shed, v. t.] 1. To cut off the prepuce of foreskin of, in the case of males, and the internal labia of, in the case of females.

2. (Script.) To purify spiritually.

Cir"cum*ci`ser (?), n. One who performs circumcision. Milton.

Cir`cum*cision (?), n. [L. circumcisio.] 1. The act of cutting off the prepuce or foreskin of males, or the internal labia of females.

The circumcision of males is practiced as a religious rite by the Jews, Mohammedans, etc.

2. (Script.) (a) The Jews, as a circumcised people. (b) Rejection of the sins of the flesh; spiritual purification, and acceptance of the Christian faith.

Cir`cum*clu"sion (?), n. [L. circumcludere, -clusum, to inclose.] Act of inclosing on all sides. [R.]

Cir`cum*cur*sa"tion (?), n. [L. circumcursare, -satum, to run round about.] The act of running about; also, rambling language. [Obs.] Barrow.

Cir`cum*den`u*da"tion (?), n. [Pref. circum- + denudation.] (Geol.) Denudation around or in the neighborhood of an object.

Hills of circumdenudation, hills which have been produced by surface erosion; the elevations which have been left, after denudation of a mass of high ground. Jukes.

Cir`cum*duce" (?), v. t. [See Circumduct.] (Scots Law) To declare elapsed, as the time allowed for introducing evidence. Sir W. Scott.

Cir`cum*duct" (?), v. t. [L. circumductus, p. p. of circumducere to lead around; circum + ducere to lead.] 1. To lead about; to lead astray. [R.]

2. (Law) To contravene; to nullify; as, to circumduct acts of judicature. [Obs.] Ayliffe.

Cir`cum*duc"tion (?), n. [L. circumductio.] 1. A leading about; circumlocution. [R.] Hooker.

2. An annulling; cancellation. [R.] Ayliffe.

3. (Physiol.) The rotation of a limb round an imaginary axis, so as to describe a conical surface.

Cir`cum*e*soph"a*gal (?), a. [Pref. circum- + esophagal.] (Anat.) Surrounding the esophagus; -- in Zoöl. said of the nerve commissures and ganglia of arthropods and mollusks.

Cir`cum*e`so*phag"e*al (?), a. (Anat.) Circumesophagal.

Cir"cum*fer (?), v. t. [L. circumferre; circum- + ferre to bear. See 1st Bear.] To bear or carry round. [Obs.] Bacon.

Cir*cum"fer*ence (?), n. [L. circumferentia.]

1. The line that goes round or encompasses a circular figure; a periphery. Millon.

2. A circle; anything circular.

> His ponderous shield . . .
> Behind him cast. The broad circumference
> Hung on his shoulders like the moon.
> Milton.

3. The external surface of a sphere, or of any orbicular body.

Cir*cum"fer*ence, v. t. To include in a circular space; to bound. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Cir*cum`fer*en"tial (?), a. [LL. circumferentialis.] Pertaining to the circumference; encompassing; encircling; circuitous. Parkhurst.

Cir*cum`fer*en"tial*ly (?), adv. So as to surround or encircle.

Cir*cum`fer*en"tor (?), n. [See Circumfer.]

1. A surveying instrument, for taking horizontal angles and bearings; a surveyor's compass. It consists of a compass whose needle plays over a circle graduated to 360°, and of a horizontal brass bar at the ends of which are standards with narrow slits for sighting, supported on a tripod by a ball and socket joint.

2. A graduated wheel for measuring tires; a tire circle.

Cir"cum*flant (?), a. [L. circumflans, p. pr. of circumflare.] Blowing around. [Obs.] Evelyn.

Cir"cum*flect (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Circumflected; p. pr. & vb. n. Circumflecting.] [L. circumflectere. See Circumflex.] 1. To bend around.

2. To mark with the circumflex accent, as a vowel. [R.]

Cir`cum*flec"tion (?), n. See Circumflexion.

Cir"cum*flex (?), n. [L. circumflexus a bending round, fr. circumflectere, circumflexum, to bend or turn about; circum + flectere to bend. See Flexible.]

1. A wave of the voice embracing both a rise and fall or a fall and a rise on the same a syllable. Walker.

2. A character, or accent, denoting in Greek a rise and of the voice on the same long syllable, marked thus [~ or &?;]; and in Latin and some other languages, denoting a long and contracted syllable, marked [&?; or ^]. See Accent, n., 2.

Cir"cum*flex, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Circumflexed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Circumflexing (?).] To mark or pronounce with a circumflex. Walker.

Cir"cum*flex, a. [Cf. L. circumflexus, p. p.]

1. Moving or turning round; circuitous. [R.] Swift.

2. (Anat.) Curved circularly; -- applied to several arteries of the hip and thigh, to arteries, veins, and a nerve of the shoulder, and to other parts.

Cir`cum*flex"ion (?), n. 1. The act of bending, or causing to assume a curved form.

2. A winding about; a turning; a circuity; a fold.

Cir*cum"flu*ence (?), n. A flowing round on all sides; an inclosing with a fluid.

{ Cir*cum"flu*ent (?), Cir*cum"flu*ous (?), } a. [L. circumfluere, p. pr. of circumfluere; circum + fluere to flow; also L. circumfluus.] Flowing round; surrounding in the manner of a fluid. "The deep, circumfluent waves." Pope.

{ Cir`cum*fo*ra"ne*an (?), Cir`cum*fo*ra"ne*ous (?), } a. [L. circumforaneus found in markets; circum + forum a market place.] Going about or abroad; walking or wandering from house to house. Addison.

Cir`cum*ful"gent (?), a. [Pref. circum- + fulgent.] Shining around or about.

Cir`cum*fuse" (?), v. t. [L. circumfusus, p. p. of circumfundere to pour around; circum + fundere to pour.] To pour round; to spread round.

> His army circumfused on either wing.
> Milton.

Cir`cum*fu"sile (?), a. [Pref. circum- + L. fusilis fusil, a.] Capable of being poured or spread round. "Circumfusile gold." Pope.

Cir`cum*fu"sion (?), n. [L. circumfusio.] The act of pouring or spreading round; the state of being spread round. Swift.

Cir`cum*ges*ta"tion (?), n. [L. circumgestare to carry around; circum + gestare to carry.] The act or process of carrying about. [Obs.]

> Circumgestation of the eucharist to be adored.
> Jer. Taylor.

Cir`cum*gy"rate (?), v. t. & i. [Pref. circum- + gyrate.] To roll or turn round; to cause to perform a rotary or circular motion. Ray.

Cir`cum*gy*ra"tion (?), n. The act of turning, rolling, or whirling round.

> A certain turbulent and irregular circumgyration.
> Holland.

Cir`cum*gy"ra*to*ry (?), a. Moving in a circle; turning round. Hawthorne.

Cir`cum*gyre" (?), v. i. To circumgyrate. [Obs.]

Cir`cum*in*ces"sion (?), n. [Pref. circum- + L. incedere, incessum, to walk.] (Theol.) The reciprocal existence in each other of the three persons of the Trinity.

Cir`cum*ja"cence (?), n. Condition of being circumjacent, or of bordering on every side.

Cir`cum*ja"cent (?), a. [L. circumjacens, p. pr. of circumjacere; circum + jacre to lie.] Lying round; bordering on every side. T. Fuller.

Cir`cum*jo"vi*al (?), n. [Pref. circum- + L. Jupiter, gen. Jovis, Jove.] One of the moons or satellites of the planet Jupiter. [Obs.] Derham.

Cir`cum*lit"to*ral (?), a. [Pref. circum- + L. littus, littoris, shore; preferable form, litus, litoris.] Adjointing the shore.

Cir`cum*lo*cu"tion (?), n. [L. circumlocutio, fr. circumloqui, -locutus, to make use of circumlocution; circum + loqui to speak. See Loquacious.] The use of many words to express an idea that might be expressed by few; indirect or roundabout language; a periphrase.

> the plain Billingsgate way of calling names . . . would save abundance of time lost by circumlocution.
> Swift.

Circumlocution office, a term of ridicule for a governmental office where business is delayed by passing through the hands of different officials.

Cir`cum*lo*cu"tion*al (?), a. Relating to, or consisting of, circumlocutions; periphrastic; circuitous.

Cir`cum*loc"u*to*ry (?), a. Characterised by circumlocution; periphrastic. Shenstone.

> The officials set to work in regular circumlocutory order.
> Chambers's Journal.

Cir`cum*me*rid"i*an (?), a. [Pref. circum- + meridian.] About, or near, the meridian.

Cir`cum*mure" (?), v. t. [Pref. circum- + mure, v. t.] To encompass with a wall. Shak.

Cir`cum*nav"i*ga*ble (?), a. Capable of being sailed round. Ray.

Cir`cum*nav"i*gate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Circumnavigated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Circumnavigating (?).] [L. circumnavigatus, p. p. of circumnavigare to sail round; circum + navigare to navigate.] To sail completely round.

> Having circumnavigated the whole earth.
> T. Fuller.

Cir`cum*nav`i*ga"tion (?), n. The act of circumnavigating, or sailing round. Arbuthnot.

Cir`cum*nav"iga`tor (?), n. One who sails round. W. Guthrie.

Cir`cum*nu"tate (?), v. i. [Pref. circum- + nutate.] To pass through the stages of circumnutation.

Cir`cum*nu*ta"tion (?), n. (Bot.) The successive bowing or bending in different directions of the growing tip of the stems of many plants, especially seen in climbing plants.

Cir`cum*po"lar (?), a. [Pref. circum- + polar.] About the pole; -- applied to stars that revolve around the pole without setting; as, circumpolar stars.

Cir`cum*po*si"tion (?), n. [L. circumpositio, fr. circumponere, - positium, to place around.] The act of placing in a circle, or round about, or the state of being so placed. Evelyn.

{ Cir`cum*ro"tary (?), Cir`cum*ro"ta*to*ry (?), } a. [Pref. circum- + rotary, rotatory.] turning, rolling, or whirling round.

Cir`cum*ro"tate (?), v. t. & i. [L. circumrotare; circum + rotare to turn round.] To rotate about. [R.]

Cir`cum*ro*ta"tion (?), n. The act of rolling or revolving round, as a wheel; circumvolution; the state of being whirled round. J. Gregory.

Cir`cum*scis"sile (?), a. [Pref. circum- + scissle.] (Bot.) Dehiscing or opening by a transverse fissure extending around (a capsule or pod). See Illust. of Pyxidium.

Cir`cum*scrib"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being circumscribed.

Cir`cum*scribe" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Circumscribed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Circumscribing.] [L. circumscribere, -scriptum; circum + scribere to write, draw. See Soribe.]

1. to write or engrave around. [R.]

> Thereon is circumscribed this epitaph.
> Ashmole.

2. To inclose within a certain limit; to hem in; to surround; to bound; to confine; to restrain.

> To circumscribe royal power.
> Bancroft.

3. (Geom.) To draw a line around so as to touch at certain points without cutting. See Inscribe, 5.

Syn. -- To bound; limit; restrict; confine; abridge; restrain; environ; encircle; inclose; encompass.

Cir`cum*scrib"er (?), n. One who, or that which, circumscribes.

Cir`cum*scrip"ti*ble (?), a. Capable of being circumscribed or limited by bounds.

Cir`cum*scrip"tion (?), n. [L. circumscriptio. See Circumscribe.] 1. An inscription written around anything. [R.] Ashmole.

2. The exterior line which determines the form or magnitude of a body; outline; periphery. Ray.

3. The act of limiting, or the state of being limited, by conditions or restraints; bound; confinement; limit.

> The circumscriptions of terrestrial nature.
> Johnson.

> I would not my unhoused, free condition
> Put into circumscription and confine.
> Shak.

Cir`cum*scrip"tive (?), a. Circumscribing or tending to circumscribe; marcing the limits or form of.

Cir`cum*scrip"tive*ly, adv. In a limited manner.

Cir"cum*script`ly (?), adv. In a literal, limited, or narrow manner. [R.] Milton.

Cir"cum*spect (?), a. [L. circumspectus, p. p. of circumspicere to look about one's self, to observe; circum + spicere, specere, to look. See Spy.] Attentive to all the circumstances of a case or the probable consequences of an action; cautious; prudent; wary.

Syn. -- See Cautious.

Cir`cum*spec"tion (?), n. [L. circumspectio.] Attention to all the facts and circumstances of a case; caution; watchfulness.

> With silent circumspection, unespied.
> Milton.

Syn. -- Caution; prudence; watchfulness; deliberation; thoughtfulness; wariness; forecast.

<! p. 259 !>

Cir`cum*spec"tive (sr`km*spk"tv), a. Looking around every way; cautious; careful of consequences; watchful of danger. "Circumspective eyes." Pope.

Cir`cum*spec"tive*ly, adv. Circumspectly.

Cir"cum*spect"ly (-spkt"l>ycr/), adv. In a circumspect manner; cautiously; warily.

Cir"cum*spect"ness, n. Vigilance in guarding against evil from every quarter; caution.

> [Travel] forces circumspectness on those abroad, who at home are nursed in security.
> Sir H. Wotton.

Cir"cum*stance (?), n. [L. circumstantia, fr. circumstans, -antis, p. pr. of circumstare to stand around; circum + stare to stand. See Stand.] 1. That which attends, or relates to, or in some way affects, a fact or event; an attendant thing or state of things.

> The circumstances are well known in the country where they happened.
> W. Irving.

2. An event; a fact; a particular incident.

> The sculptor had in his thoughts the conqueror weeping for new worlds, or the like circumstances in history.
> Addison.

3. Circumlocution; detail. [Obs.]

> So without more circumstance at all
> I hold it fit that we shake hands and part.
> Shak.

4. pl. Condition in regard to worldly estate; state of property; situation; surroundings.

> When men are easy in their circumstances, they are naturally enemies to innovations.
> Addison.

Not a circumstance, of no account. [Colloq.] -- Under the circumstances, taking all things into consideration.

Syn. -- Event; occurrence; incident; situation; condition; position; fact; detail; item. See Event.

Cir"cum*stance, v. t. To place in a particular situation; to supply relative incidents.

> The poet took the matters of fact as they came down to him and circumstanced them, after his own manner.
> Addison.

Cir"cum*stanced (?), p. a. 1. Placed in a particular position or condition; situated.

> The proposition is, that two bodies so circumstanced will balance each other.
> Whewell.

2. Governed by events or circumstances. [Poetic & R.] "I must be circumstanced." Shak.

Cir"cum*stant (?), a. [L. circumstans. See Circumstance.] Standing or placed around; surrounding. [R.] "Circumstant bodies." Sir K. Digby.

Cir`cum*stan"tia*ble (?), a. Capable of being circumstantiated. [Obs.] Jer Taylor.

Cir`cum*stan"tial (?), a. [Cf. F. circonstanciel.]

1. Consisting in, or pertaining to, circumstances or particular incidents.

> The usual character of human testimony is substantial truth under circumstantial variety.
> Paley.

2. Incidental; relating to, but not essential.

> We must therefore distinguish between the essentials in religious worship . . . and what is merely circumstantial.
> Sharp.

3. Abounding with circumstances; detailing or exhibiting all the circumstances; minute; particular.

> Tedious and circumstantial recitals.
> Prior.

Circumstantial evidence (Law), evidence obtained from circumstances, which necessarily or usually attend facts of a particular nature, from which arises presumption. According to some authorities circumstantial is distinguished from positive evidence in that the latter is the testimony of eyewitnesses to a fact or the admission of a party; but the prevalent opinion now is that all such testimony is dependent on circumstances for its support. All testimony is more or less circumstantial. Wharton.

Syn. -- See Minute.

Cir`cum*stan"tial, n. Something incidental to the main subject, but of less importance; opposed to an essential; -- generally in the plural; as, the circumstantials of religion. Addison.

Cir`cum*stan`ti*al"i*ty (?), n. The state, characteristic, or quality of being circumstantial; particularity or minuteness of detail. "I will endeavor to describe with sufficient circumstantiality." De Quincey.

Cir`cum*stan"tial*ly (?), adv. 1. In respect to circumstances; not essentially; accidentally.

> Of the fancy and intellect, the powers are only circumstantially different.
> Glanvill.

2. In every circumstance or particular; minutely.

> To set down somewhat circumstantially, not only the events, but the manner of my trials.
> Boyle.

Cir`cum*stan"ti*ate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Circumstantiated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Circumstantiating (?).] [See Circumstantiating (&?;).]

1. To place in particular circumstances; to invest with particular accidents or adjuncts. [R.]

> If the act were otherwise circumstantiated, it might will that freely which now it wills reluctantly.
> Bramhall.

2. To prove or confirm by circumstances; to enter into details concerning.

> Neither will time permint to circumstantiate these particulars, which I have only touched in the general.
> State Trials (1661).

Cir`cum*ter*ra"ne*ous (?), a. [Pref. circum- + L. terra earth.] Being or dwelling around the earth. "Circumterraneous demouns." H. Hallywell.

Cir`cum*un"du*late (?), v. t. [Pref. circum- + undulate.] To flow round, as waves. [R.]

Cir`cum*val"late (?), v. t. [L. circumvallatus, p. p. of circumvallare to surround with a wall; circum + vallare to wall, fr. vallum rampart.] To surround with a rampart or wall. Johnson.

Cir`cum*val"late (?), a. 1. Surrounded with a wall; inclosed with a rampart.

2. (Anat.) Surrounded by a ridge or elevation; as, the circumvallate papillæ, near the base of the tongue.

Cir`cum*val*la"tion (?), n. (Mil.) (a) The act of surrounding with a wall or rampart. (b) A line of field works made around a besieged place and the besieging army, to protect the camp of the besiegers against the attack of an enemy from without.

Cir`cum*vec"tion (?), n. [L. circumvectio; circum + vehere to carry.] The act of carrying anything around, or the state of being so carried.

Cir`cum*vent" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Circumvented; p. pr. vb. n. Circumventing.] [L. circumventis, p. p. of circumvenire, to come around, encompass, deceive; circum + venire to come, akin to E. come.] To gain advantage over by arts, stratagem, or deception; to decieve; to delude; to get around.

> I circumvented whom I could not gain.
> Dryden.

Cir`cum*ven"tion (?), n. [L. circumventio.] The act of prevailing over another by arts, address, or fraud; deception; fraud; imposture; delusion.

> A school in which he learns sly circumvention.
> Cowper.

Cir`cum*vent"ive (?), a. Tending to circumvent; deceiving by artifices; deluding.

Cir`cum*vent"or (?), n. [L.] One who circumvents; one who gains his purpose by cunning.

Cir`cum*vest" (?), v. t. [L. circumvestire; circum + vestire to clothe.] To cover round, as with a garment; to invest. [Obs.]

> Circumvested with much prejudice.
> Sir H. Wotton.

Cir*cum"vo*lant (?), a. [L. circumvolans, p. pr. See Circumvolation.] Flying around.

> The circumvolant troubles of humanity.
> G. Macdonald.

Cir`cum*vo*la"tion (?), n. [L. circumvolate. -volatum, to fly around; circum + volare to fly.] The act of flying round. [R.]

Cir`cum*vo*lu"tion (?), n. [See Circumvolve.]

1. The act of rolling round; the state of being rolled.

2. A thing rolled round another. Arbuthnot.

3. A roundabout procedure; a circumlocution.

> He had neither time nor temper for sentimental circumvolutions.
> Beaconsfield.

Cir`cum*volve" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Circumvolved (?); p. pr. vb. n. Circumvolving.] [L. circumvolvere, -volutum; circum + volvere to roll.] To roll round; to cause to revolve; to put into a circular motion. Herrick.

Cir`cum*volve", v. i. To roll round; to revolve.

Cir"cus (?), n.; pl. Circuses (#). [L. circus circle, ring, circus (in sense 1). See Circle, and cf. Cirque.]

1. (Roman Antiq.) A level oblong space surrounded on three sides by seats of wood, earth, or stone, rising in tiers one above another, and divided lengthwise through the middle by a barrier around which the track or course was laid out. It was used for chariot races, games, and public shows.

The Circus Maximus at Rome could contain more than 100,000 spectators. Harpers' Latin Dict.

2. A circular inclosure for the exhibition of feats of horsemanship, acrobatic displays, etc. Also, the company of performers, with their equipage.

3. Circuit; space; inclosure. [R.]

> The narrow circus of my dungeon wall.
> Byron.

Cirl" bun`ting (?). [Cf. It. cirlo.] (Zoöl.) A European bunting (Emberiza cirlus).

Cirque (?), n. [F., fr. L. circus.]

1. A circle; a circus; a circular erection or arrangement of objects.

> A dismal cirque
> Of Druid stones upon a forlorn moor.
> Keats.

2. A kind of circular valley in the side of a mountain, walled around by precipices of great height.

Cir"rate (?), a. [L. cirratus having ringlets, fr. cirrus a curl.] (Zoöl.) Having cirri along the margin of a part or organ.

Cir*rhif"er*ous (?), a. See Cirriferous.

Cir"rhose (?), a. Same as Cirrose.

||Cir*rho"sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; orange-colored: cf. F. cirrhose. So called from the yellowish appearance which the diseased liver often presents when cut.] (Med.) A disease of the liver in which it usually becomes smaller in size and more dense and fibrous in consistence; hence sometimes applied to similar changes in other organs, caused by increase in the fibrous framework and decrease in the proper substance of the organ.

Cir*rhot"ic (?), a. Pertaining to, caused by, or affected with, cirrhosis; as, cirrhotic degeneration; a cirrhotic liver.

Cir"rhous (?), a. See Cirrose.

Cir"rhus (?), n. Same as Cirrus.

||Cir"ri (?), n. pl. See Cirrus.

Cir*rif"er*ous (?), a. [Cirrus + -ferous.] Bearing cirri, as many plants and animals.

Cir"ri*form (?), a. [Cirrus + -form.] (Biol.) Formed like a cirrus or tendril; -- said of appendages of both animals and plants.

Cir*rig"er*ous (?), a. [Cirrus + -gerous.] (Biol.) Having curled locks of hair; supporting cirri, or hairlike appendages.

Cir"ri*grade (?), a. [Cirrus + L. gradi to walk.] (Biol.) Moving or moved by cirri, or hairlike appendages.

Cir"ri*ped (?), n. (Zoöl.) One of the Cirripedia.

||Cir`ri*pe"di*a (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. cirrus curl + pes, pedis, foot.] (Zoöl.) An order of Crustacea including the barnacles. When adult, they have a calcareous shell composed of several pieces. From the opening of the shell the animal throws out a group of curved legs, looking like a delicate curl, whence the name of the group. See Anatifa.

||Cir`ro*bran`chi*a"ta (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. E. cirrus + L. branchiae gills.] (Zoöl.) A division of Mollusca having slender, cirriform appendages near the mouth; the Scaphopoda.

Cir`ro-cu"mu*lus (?), n. [Cirrus + cumulus.] (Meteor.) See under Cloud.

Cir"rose (?), a. [See Cirrus.] (Bot.) (a) Bearing a tendril or tendrils; as, a cirrose leaf. (b) Resembling a tendril or cirrus. [Spelt also cirrhose.]

||Cir`ros"to*mi (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. E. cirrus + Gr. &?; mouth.] (Zoöl.) The lowest group of vertebrates; -- so called from the cirri around the mouth; the Leptocardia. See Amphioxus.

Cir`ro-stra"tus (?), n. [Cirrus + stratus.] (Meteor.) See under Cloud.

Cir"rous (?), a. 1. (Bot.) Cirrose.

2. (Zoöl.) Tufted; -- said of certain feathers of birds.

||Cir"rus (?), n.; pl. Cirri (#). [L., lock, curl, ringlet.] [Also written cirrhus.]

1. (Bot.) A tendril or clasper.

2. (Zoöl.) (a) A soft tactile appendage of the mantle of many Mollusca, and of the parapodia of Annelida. Those near the head of annelids are Tentacular cirri; those of the last segment are caudal cirri. (b) The jointed, leglike organs of Cirripedia. See Annelida, and Polychæta.

In some of the inferior animals the cirri aid in locomotion; in others they are used in feeding; in the Annelida they are mostly organs of touch. Some cirri are branchial in function.

3. (Zoöl.) The external male organ of trematodes and some other worms, and of certain Mollusca.

4. (Meteor.) See under Cloud.

Cir"so*cele (?), n. [Gr. &?; a dilated vein + &?; tumor.] (Med.) The varicose dilatation of the spermatic vein.

Cir"soid (?), a. [Gr. &?; a dilated vein + -oid.] (Med.) Varicose.

Cirsoid aneurism, a disease of an artery in which it becomes dilated and elongated, like a varicose vein.

Cir*sot"o*my (?), n. [Gr. &?; a dilated vein + &?; to cut.] (Surg.) Any operation for the removal of varices by incision. Dunglison.

Cis- (?). A Latin preposition, sometimes used as a prefix in English words, and signifying on this side.

Cis*al"pine (?), a. [L. Cisalpinus; cis on this side + Alpinus Alpine.] On the hither side of the Alps with reference to Rome, that is, on the south side of the Alps; -- opposed to transalpine.

Cis`at*lan"tic (?), a. [Pref. cis- + Atlantic.] On this side of the Atlantic Ocean; -- used of the eastern or the western side, according to the standpoint of the writer. Story.

Cis"co (?), n. (Zoöl.) The Lake herring (Coregonus Artedi), valuable food fish of the Great Lakes of North America. The name is also applied to C. Hoyi, a related species of Lake Michigan.

||Ci`se*lure" (?), n. [F.] The process of chasing on metals; also, the work thus chased. Weale.

Cis*lei"than (?), a. [Pref. cis- + Leitha.] On the Austrian side of the river Leitha; Austrian.

Cis*mon"tane (?), a. [Pref. cis- + L. mons mountain.] On this side of the mountains. See under Ultramontane.

Cis"pa*dane` (?), a. [Pref. cis- + L. Padanus, pert. to the Padus or Po.] On the hither side of the river Po with reference to Rome; that is, on the south side.

Cis"soid (?), n. [Gr. &?; like ivy; &?; ivy + &?; form.] (Geom.) A curve invented by Diocles, for the purpose of solving two celebrated problems of the higher geometry; viz., to trisect a plane angle, and to construct two geometrical means between two given straight lines.

Cist (?), n. [L. cista box, chest, Gr. &?; Cf. Chest.]

1. (Antiq.) A box or chest. Specifically: (a) A bronze receptacle, round or oval, frequently decorated with engravings on the sides and cover, and with feet, handles, etc., of decorative castings. (b) A cinerary urn. See Illustration in Appendix.

2. See Cyst.

Cist"ed, a. Inclosed in a cyst. See Cysted.

Cis*ter"cian (?), n. [LL. Cistercium. F. Cîteaux, a convent not far from Dijon, in France: cf. F. cistercien.] (Eccl.) A monk of the prolific branch of the Benedictine Order, established in 1098 at Cîteaux, in France, by Robert, abbot of Molesme. For two hundred years the Cistercians followed the rule of St. Benedict in all its rigor. -- a. Of or pertaining to the Cistercians.

<! p. 260 !>

Cis"tern (?), n. [OE. cisterne, OF. cisterne, F. cisterne, fr. L. cisterna, fr. cista box, chest. See Cist, and cf. chest.] 1. An artificial reservoir or tank for holding water, beer, or other liquids.

2. A natural reservoir; a hollow place containing water. "The wide cisterns of the lakes." Blackmore.

Cist"ic (?), a. See Cystic.

Cit (&?;), n. [Contr. fr. citizen.] A citizen; an inhabitant of a city; a pert townsman; -- used contemptuously. "Insulted as a cit". Johnson

> Which past endurance sting the tender cit.
> Emerson.

Cit"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being cited.

Cit"a*del (?), n. [F. citadelle, It. citadella, di&?;. of citt&?; city, fr. L. civitas. See City.] A fortress in or near a fortified city, commanding the city and fortifications, and intended as a final point of defense.

Syn. -- Stronghold. See Fortress.

Cit"al (?), n. [From Cite] 1. Summons to appear, as before a judge. [R.] Johnson

2. Citation; quotation [R.] Johnson.

Ci*ta"tion (?), n. [F. citation, LL. citatio, fr.L. citare to cite. See Cite] 1. An official summons or notice given to a person to appear; the paper containing such summons or notice.

2. The act of citing a passage from a book, or from another person, in his own words; also, the passage or words quoted; quotation.

> This horse load of citations and fathers.
> Milton.

3. Enumeration; mention; as, a citation of facts.

4. (Law) A reference to decided cases, or books of authority, to prove a point in law.

Ci*ta"tor (?), n. One who cites. [R]

Ci"ta*to*ry (?), a. [LL. citatirius.] Having the power or form of a citation; as, letters citatory.

Cite (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cited; p. pr. & vb. n. Citing] [F. citer, fr. L. citare, intens. of cire, cire, to put in motion, to excite; akin to Gr.&?; to go, Skr. &?; to sharpen.] 1. To call upon officially or authoritatively to appear, as before a court; to summon.

> The cited dead,
> Of all past ages, to the general doom
> Shall hasten.
> Milton.

> Cited by finger of God.
> De Quincey.

2. To urge; to enjoin. [R.] Shak.

3. To quote; to repeat, as a passage from a book, or the words of another.

> The devil can cite Scripture for his purpose.
> Shak.

4. To refer to or specify, as for support, proof, illustration, or confirmation.

> The imperfections which you have cited.
> Shak.

5. To bespeak; to indicate. [Obs.]

> Aged honor cites a virtuous youth.
> Shak.

6. (Law) To notify of a proceeding in court. Abbot

Syn. -- To quote; mention, name; refer to; adduce; select; call; summon. See Quote.

Cit"er (?), n. One who cites.

Cit"ess (?), n. [From Cit.] A city woman [R.]

Cith"a*ra (?), n. [L. Cf. Cittern, Guitar.] (Mus.) An ancient instrument resembling the harp.

Cith`a*ris"tic (?), a. [Gr.&?;, fr.&?; cithara.] Pertaining, or adapted, to the cithara.

Cith"ern (?), n. See Cittern.

Cit"i*cism (?), n. [From cit.] The manners of a cit or citizen.

Cit"ied (?), a. 1. Belonging to, or resembling, a city. "Smoky, citied towns" [R.] Drayton.

2. Containing, or covered with, cities. [R.] "The citied earth." Keats.

Cit"i*fied (?), a. [City +-fy.] Aping, or having, the manners of a city.

||Cit`i*gra"dæ (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. citus swift (p. p. of cire, ciere, to move) + gradi to walk. See Cite.] (Zoöl.) A suborder of Arachnoidea, including the European tarantula and the wolf spiders (Lycosidae) and their allies, which capture their prey by rapidly running and jumping. See Wolf spider.

Cit"i*grade (?), a. [Cf. F. citigrade.] (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the Citigradæ. -- n. One of the Citigradæ.

Cit"i*ner (?), n. One who is born or bred in a city; a citizen. [Obs.] Champan.

Cit"i*zen (?), n. [OE. citisein, OF. citeain, F. citoyen, fr. cité city. See City, and cf. Cit.] 1. One who enjoys the freedom and privileges of a city; a freeman of a city, as distinguished from a foreigner, or one not entitled to its franchises.

> That large body of the working men who were not counted as citizens and had not so much as a vote to serve as an anodyne to their stomachs.
> G. Eliot.

2. An inhabitant of a city; a townsman. Shak.

3. A person, native or naturalized, of either sex, who owes allegiance to a government, and is entitled to reciprocal protection from it.

This protection is . . . national protection, recognition of the individual, in the face of foreign nations, as a member of the state, and assertion of his security and rights abroad as well as at home. Abbot

4. One who is domiciled in a country, and who is a citizen, though neither native nor naturalized, in such a sense that he takes his legal status from such country.

Cit"i*zen, a. 1. Having the condition or qualities of a citizen, or of citizens; as, a citizen soldiery.

2. Of or pertaining to the inhabitants of a city; characteristic of citizens; effeminate; luxurious. [Obs.]

> I am not well,
> But not so citizen a wanton as
> To seem to die ere sick.
> Shak.

Cit"i*zen*ess, n. A female citizen. [R.]

Cit"i*zen*ship, n. The state of being a citizen; the status of a citizen.

Cit"ole (?), n. [OF. citole, fr. L. cithara. See Cittern.] (Mus.) A musical instrument; a kind of dulcimer. [Obs.]

Cit`ra*con"ic (?), a. [Citric + aconitic.] Pertaining to, derived from, or having certain characteristics of, citric and aconitic acids.

Citraconic acid (Chem.), a white, crystalline, deliquescent substance, C3H4(CO2H)2, obtained by distillation of citric acid. It is a compound of the ethylene series.

Cit"rate (?), n. [From Citric.] (Chem.) A salt of citric acid.

Cit"ric (?), a. [Cf. F. citrique. See Citron.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or derived from, the citron or lemon; as, citric acid.

Citric acid (Chem.), an organic acid, C3H4OH.(CO2H)3, extracted from lemons, currants, gooseberries, etc., as a white crystalline substance, having a pleasant sour taste.

Cit`ri*na"tion (?), n. [See Citrine.] The process by which anything becomes of the color of a lemon; esp., in alchemy, the state of perfection in the philosopher's stone indicated by its assuming a deep yellow color. Thynne.

Cit"rine (?), a. [F. citrin. See Citron.] Like a citron or lemon; of a lemon color; greenish yellow.

Citrine ointment (Med.), a yellowish mercurial ointment, the unguentum hydrargyri nitratis.

Cit"rine, n. A yellow, pellucid variety of quartz.

Cit"ron (st"rn), n. [F. citron, LL. citro, fr. L. citrus citron tree (cf. citreum, sc. malum, a citron), from Gr. ki`tron citron] 1. (Bot) A fruit resembling a lemon, but larger, and pleasantly aromatic. The thick rind, when candied, is the citron of commerce.

2. A citron tree.

3. A citron melon.

Citron melon. (a) A small variety of muskmelon with sugary greenish flesh. (b) A small variety of watermelon, whose solid white flesh is used in making sweetmeats and preserves. -- Citron tree (Bot.), the tree which bears citrons. It was probably a native of northern India, and is now understood to be the typical form of Citrus Medica.

||Cit"rus (st"rs), n. [L., a citron tree.] (Bot.) A genus of trees including the orange, lemon, citron, etc., originally natives of southern Asia.

Cit"tern (?), n. [L. cithara, Gr. kiqa`ra. Cf. Cithara, Gittern.] (Mus.) An instrument shaped like a lute, but strung with wire and played with a quill or plectrum. [Written also cithern.] Shak.

Not to be confounded with zither.

Cit"tern-head` (?), n. Blockhead; dunce; -- so called because the handle of a cittern usually ended with a carved head. Marsion

Cit"y (st"), n.; pl. Cities (-z). [OE. cite, F. cité, fr. L. civitas citizenship, state, city, fr. civis citizen; akin to Goth. heiwa (in heiwafrauja man of the house), AS. hwan, pl., members of a family, servants, hred family, G. heirath marriage, prop., providing a house, E. hind a peasant.] 1. A large town.

2. A corporate town; in the United States, a town or collective body of inhabitants, incorporated and governed by a mayor and aldermen or a city council consisting of a board of aldermen and a common council; in Great Britain, a town corporate, which is or has been the seat of a bishop, or the capital of his see.

> A city is a town incorporated; which is, or has been, the see of a bishop; and though the bishopric has been dissolved, as at Westminster, it yet remaineth a city.
> Blackstone

> When Gorges constituted York a city, he of course meant it to be the seat of a bishop, for the word city has no other meaning in English law.
> Palfrey

3. The collective body of citizens, or inhabitants of a city. "What is the city but the people?" Shak.

Syn. -- See Village.

Cit"y, a. Of or pertaining to a city. Shak.

City council. See under Council. -- City court, The municipal court of a city. [U. S.] -- City ward, a watchman, or the collective watchmen, of a city. [Obs.] Fairfax.

Cive (sv), n. (Bot.) Same as Chive.

Civ"et (sv"t), n. [F. civette (cf. It. zibetto) civet, civet cat, fr. LGr. zape`tion, fr. Ar. zubd, zabd, civet.] 1. A substance, of the consistence of butter or honey, taken from glands in the anal pouch of the civet (Viverra civetta). It is of clear yellowish or brownish color, of a strong, musky odor, offensive when undiluted, but agreeable when a small portion is mixed with another substance. It is used as a perfume.

2. (Zoöl) The animal that produces civet (Viverra civetta); -- called also civet cat. It is carnivorous, from two to three feet long, and of a brownish gray color, with transverse black bands and spots on the body and tail. It is a native of northern Africa and of Asia. The name is also applied to other species of the subfamily Viverrinae.

Civ"et (?), v. t. To scent or perfume with civet. Cowper

Civ"ic (?), a. [L.civicus, fr. civis citizen. See City.] Relating to, or derived from, a city or citizen; relating to man as a member of society, or to civil affairs.

Civic crown (Rom. Antiq.), a crown or garland of oak leaves and acorns, bestowed on a soldier who had saved the life of a citizen in battle.

Civ"i*cism (?), n. The principle of civil government.

Civ"ics (?), n. The science of civil government.

Civ"il (?), a. [L. civilis, fr. civis citizen: cf. F. civil. See City.] 1. Pertaining to a city or state, or to a citizen in his relations to his fellow citizens or to the state; within the city or state.

2. Subject to government; reduced to order; civilized; not barbarous; -- said of the community.

> England was very rude and barbarous; for it is but even the other day since England grew civil.
> Spenser.

3. Performing the duties of a citizen; obedient to government; -- said of an individual.

> Civil men come nearer the saints of God than others; they come within a step or two of heaven.
> Preston

4. Having the manners of one dwelling in a city, as opposed to those of savages or rustics; polite; courteous; complaisant; affable.

"A civil man now is one observant of slight external courtesies in the mutual intercourse between man and man; a civil man once was one who fulfilled all the duties and obligations flowing from his position as a 'civis' and his relations to the other members of that 'civitas.'" Trench

5. Pertaining to civic life and affairs, in distinction from military, ecclesiastical, or official state.

6. Relating to rights and remedies sought by action or suit distinct from criminal proceedings.

Civil action, an action to enforce the rights or redress the wrongs of an individual, not involving a criminal proceeding. -- Civil architecture, the architecture which is employed in constructing buildings for the purposes of civil life, in distinction from military and naval architecture, as private houses, palaces, churches, etc. -- Civil death. (Law.) See under Death. - - Civil engineering. See under Engineering. -- Civil law. See under Law. -- Civil list. See under List. -- Civil remedy (Law), that given to a person injured, by action, as opposed to a criminal prosecution. -- Civil service, all service rendered to and paid for by the state or nation other than that pertaining to naval or military affairs. -- Civil service reform, the substitution of business principles and methods for the spoils system in the conduct of the civil service, esp. in the matter of appointments to office. -- Civil state, the whole body of the laity or citizens not included under the military, maritime, and ecclesiastical states. -- Civil suit. Same as Civil action. -- Civil war. See under War. -- Civil year. See under Year.

Ci*vil"ian (?), n. [From Civil] 1. One skilled in the civil law.

> Ancient civilians and writers upon government.
> Swift.

2. A student of the civil law at a university or college. R. Graves.

3. One whose pursuits are those of civil life, not military or clerical.

Civ"il*ist (?), n. A civilian. [R.] Warburton.

Ci*vil"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Civilities (#). [L. civilitas: cf. F. civilité. See Civil.] 1. The state of society in which the relations and duties of a citizen are recognized and obeyed; a state of civilization. [Obs.]

> Monarchies have risen from barbarrism to civility, and fallen again to ruin.
> Sir J. Davies.

> The gradual depature of all deeper signification from the word civility has obliged the creation of another word -- civilization.
> Trench.

2. A civil office, or a civil process [Obs.]

> To serve in a civility.
> Latimer.

3. Courtesy; politeness; kind attention; good breeding; a polite act or expression.

> The insolent civility of a proud man is, if possible, more shocking than his rudeness could be.
> Chesterfield.

> The sweet civilities of life.
> Dryden.

Syn. -- Urbanity; affability; complaisance.

Civ"i*li`za*ble (?), a. Capable of being civilized.

Civ`i*li*za"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. civilisation.] 1. The act of civilizing, or the state of being civilized; national culture; refinement.

> Our manners, our civilization, and all the good things connected with manners, and with civilization, have, in this European world of ours, depended for ages upon two principles -- . . . the spirit of a gentleman, and spirit of religion.
> Burke

2. (Law) Rendering a criminal process civil. [Obs.]

Civ"i*lize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Civilized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Civilizing.] [Cf. F. civilizer, fr.L. civilis civil. See Civil.] 1. To reclaim from a savage state; to instruct in the rules and customs of civilization; to educate; to refine.

> Yet blest that fate which did his arms dispose
> Her land to civilize, as to subdue.
> Dryden

2. To admit as suitable to a civilized state. [Obs. or R.] "Civilizing adultery." Milton.

Syn. -- To polish; refine; humanize.

Civ"i*lized (?), a. Reclaimed from savage life and manners; instructed in arts, learning, and civil manners; refined; cultivated.

> Sale of conscience and duty in open market is not reconcilable with the present state of civilized society.
> J. Quincy.

Civ"i*li*zer (?), n. One who, or that which, civilizes or tends to civilize.

Civ"i*ly (?), adv. In a civil manner; as regards civil rights and privileges; politely; courteously; in a well bred manner.

Civ"ism (?), n. [Cf. F. civisme, fr.L. civis citizen.] State of citizenship. [R.] Dyer.

Ciz"ar (?), v. i. [From Cizars.] To clip with scissors. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Ciz"ars (?), n. pl. Scissors. [Obs.] Swift.

Cize (?), n. Bulk; largeness. [Obs.] See Size.

Clab"ber (?), n. [See Bonnyclabber] Milk curdled so as to become thick.

Clab"ber, v. i. To become clabber; to lopper.

Clach"an (?), n. [Scot., fr. Gael.] A small village containing a church. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott

> Sitting at the clachon alehouse.
> R. L. Stevenson.

Clack (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Clacked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Clacking.] [Prob. of imitative origin; cf. F. claquer to clap, crack, D. klakken, MHG. klac crack, Ir. clagaim I make a noise, ring. Cf. Clack, n., Clatter, Click.] 1. To make a sudden, sharp noise, or a succesion of such noises, as by striking an object, or by collision of parts; to rattle; to click.

> We heard Mr.Hodson's whip clacking on the ahoulders of the poor little wretches.
> Thackeray.

<! p. 261 !>

2. To utter words rapidly and continually, or with abruptness; to let the tongue run.

Clack (?), v. t. 1. To cause to make a sudden, sharp noise, or succession of noises; to click.

2. To utter rapidly and inconsiderately. Feltham.

To clack wool, to cut off the sheep's mark, in order to make the wool weigh less and thus yield less duty. [Eng.]

Clack, n. [Cf. F. claque a slap or smack, MHG. klac crack, W. clec crack, gossip. See Clack, v. t.] 1. A sharp, abrupt noise, or succession of noises, made by striking an object.

2. Anything that causes a clacking noise, as the clapper of a mill, or a clack valve.

3. Continual or importunate talk; prattle; prating.

> Whose chief intent is to vaunt his spiritual clack.
> South.

Clack box (Mach.), the box or chamber in which a clack valve works. -- Clack dish, a dish with a movable lid, formerly carried by beggars, who clacked the lid to attract notice. Shak.

Clack door (Mining), removable cover of the opening through which access is had to a pump valve. -- Clack valve (Mach.), a valve; esp. one hinged at one edge, which, when raised from its seat, falls with a clacking sound.

Clack"er (?), n. 1. One who clacks; that which clacks; especially, the clapper of a mill.

2. A claqueur. See Claqueur.

Clad (?), v. t. To clothe. [Obs.] Holland.

Clad, imp. & p. p. of Clothe.

||Cla*doc"e*ra (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a sprout + &?; a horn.] (Zoöl.) An order of the Entomostraca.

They have a bivalve shell, covering the body but not the head, and from four to six pairs of legs and two pairs of antenæ, for use in swimming. They mostly inhabit fresh water.

Clad"o*phyll (?), n. [Gr. &?; a sprout + &?; a leaf.] (Bot.) A special branch, resembling a leaf, as in the apparent foliage of the broom (Ruscus) and of the common cultivated smilax (Myrsiphillum).

Clag"gy (?), a. [Cf. Clog.] Adhesive; -- said of a roof in a mine to which coal clings.

Claik (?), n. See Clake.

Claim (klm), v.&?;. [imp. & p. p. Claimed (klmd); p. pr. & vb. n. Claiming.] [OE. clamen, claimen, OF. clamer, fr. L. clamare to cry out, call; akin to calare to proclaim, Gr. &?; to call, Skr. kal to sound, G. holen to fetch, E. hale haul.] 1. To ask for, or seek to obtain, by virtue of authority, right, or supposed right; to challenge as a right; to demand as due.

2. To proclaim. [Obs.] Spenser.

3. To call or name. [Obs.] Spenser.

4. To assert; to maintain. [Colloq.]

Claim, v. i. To be entitled to anything; to deduce a right or title; to have a claim.

> We must know how the first ruler, from whom any one claims, came by his authority.
> Locke.

Claim, n. [Of. claim cry, complaint, from clamer. See Claim, v. t.] 1. A demand of a right or supposed right; a calling on another for something due or supposed to be due; an assertion of a right or fact.

2. A right to claim or demand something; a title to any debt, privilege, or other thing in possession of another; also, a title to anything which another should give or concede to, or confer on, the claimant. "A bar to all claims upon land." Hallam.

3. The thing claimed or demanded; that (as land) to which any one intends to establish a right; as a settler's claim; a miner's claim. [U.S. & Australia]

4. A loud call. [Obs.] Spenser

To lay claim to, to demand as a right. "Doth he lay claim to thine inheritance?" Shak.

Claim"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being claimed.

Claim"ant (?), n. [Cf. OF. clamant, p. pr. of clamer. Cf. Clamant.] One who claims; one who asserts a right or title; a claimer.

Claim"er (?), n. One who claims; a claimant.

Claim"less, a. Having no claim.

||Clair"-ob*scur" (&?;), n. [F. See Clare-obscure.] See Chiaroscuro.

Clair*voy"ance (?), n. [F.] A power, attributed to some persons while in a mesmeric state, of discering objects not perceptible by the senses in their normal condition.

Clair*voy"ant (?), a. [F., fr. clair clear + voyant, p. pr. of voir to see. See Clear, and Vision.] Pertaining to clairvoyance; discerning objects while in a mesmeric state which are not present to the senses.

Clair*voy"ant n. One who is able, when in a mesmeric state, to discern objects not present to the senses.

{ Clake, Claik (?), } n. (Zoöl.) The bernicle goose; -- called also clack goose.

Clam (?), n. [Cf. Clamp, Clam, v. t., Clammy.] 1. (Zoöl.) A bivalve mollusk of many kinds, especially those that are edible; as, the long clam (Mya arenaria), the quahog or round clam (Venus mercenaria), the sea clam or hen clam (Spisula solidissima), and other species of the United States. The name is said to have been given originally to the Tridacna gigas, a huge East Indian bivalve.

> You shall scarce find any bay or shallow shore, or cove of sand, where you may not take many clampes, or lobsters, or both, at your pleasure.
> Capt. John Smith (1616).

> Clams, or clamps, is a shellfish not much unlike a cockle; it lieth under the sand.
> Wood (1634).

2. (Ship Carp.) Strong pinchers or forceps.

3. pl. (Mech.) A kind of vise, usually of wood.

Blood clam. See under Blood.

Clam (clm), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clammed (klmd); p. pr. & vb. n. Clamming.] [Cf. AS. clæman to clam, smear; akin to Icel. kleima to smear, OHG. kleimjan, chleimen, to defile, or E. clammy.] To clog, as with glutinous or viscous matter.

> A swarm of wasps got into a honey pot, and there they cloyed and clammed Themselves till there was no getting out again.
> L'Estrange.

Clam, v. i. To be moist or glutinous; to stick; to adhere. [R.] Dryden

Clam, n. Claminess; moisture. [R.] "The clam of death." Carlyle.

Clam, n. [Abbrev. fr. clamor.] A crash or clangor made by ringing all the bells of a chime at once. Nares.

Clam, v. t. & i. To produce, in bell ringing, a clam or clangor; to cause to clang. Nares.

Cla"mant (?), a. [L. clamans, p. pr. of clamare to call. Cf. Claimant.] Crying earnestly, beseeching clamorously. "Clamant children." Thomson.

Cla*ma"tion (?), n. [LL. clamatio, fr. L. clamare to call.] The act of crying out. Sir T. Browne.

||Clam`a*to"res (?), n. pl. [L. clamator, pl. clamatores, a bawler.] (Zoöl.) A division of passerine birds in which the vocal muscles are but little developed, so that they lack the power of singing.

Clam`a*to"rial (?), a. (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to the Clamatores.

Clam"bake (?), n. The backing or steaming of clams on heated stones, between layers of seaweed; hence, a picnic party, gathered on such an occasion.

Clam"ber (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Clambered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Clambering.] [OE clambren, clameren, to heap together, climb; akin to Icel. klambra to clamp, G. klammern. Cf. Clamp, Climb.] To climb with difficulty, or with hands and feet; -- also used figuratively.

> The narrow street that clambered toward the mill.
> Tennyson.

Clam"ber, n. The act of clambering. T. Moore.

Clam"ber, v. t. To ascend by climbing with difficulty.

> Clambering the walls to eye him.
> Shak.

Clam*jam"phrie (?), n. Low, worthless people; the rabble. [Scot.] Jamieson.

Clam"mi*ly (?), adv. In a clammy manner. "Oozing so clammily." Hood.

Clam"mi*ness, n. State of being clammy or viscous.

Clam"my (?), a. [Compar. Clammier (?); superl. Clammiest.] [Cf. AS. clm clay. See Clam to clog, and cf. Clay.] Having the quality of being viscous or adhesive; soft and sticky; glutinous; damp and adhesive, as if covered with a cold perspiration.

Clam"or (?), n. [OF. clamour, clamur, F. clameur, fr. L. clamor, fr. clamare to cry out. See Claim.] 1. A great outcry or vociferation; loud and continued shouting or exclamation. Shak.

2. Any loud and continued noise. Addison.

3. A continued expression of dissatisfaction or discontent; a popular outcry. Macaulay.

Syn. -- Outcry; exclamation; noise; uproar.

Clam"or, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clamored (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Clamoring.] 1. To salute loudly. [R.]

> The people with a shout
> Rifted the air, clamoring their god with praise.
> Milton.

2. To stun with noise. [R.] Bacon.

3. To utter loudly or repeatedly; to shout.

> Clamored their piteous prayer incessantly.
> Longfellow.

> To clamor bells, to repeat the strokes quickly so as to produce a loud clang.
> Bp. Warbur&?;ion.

Clam"or, v. i. To utter loud sounds or outcries; to vociferate; to complain; to make importunate demands.

> The obscure bird
> Clamored the livelong night.
> Shak.

Clam"or*er (?), n. One who clamors.

Clam"or*ous (?), a. [LL. clamorosus, for L. Clamosus: cf. OF. clamoreux.] Speaking and repeating loud words; full of clamor; calling or demanding loudly or urgently; vociferous; noisy; bawling; loud; turbulent. "My young ones were clamorous for a morning's excursion." Southey.

-- Clam"or*ous*ly, adv. -- Clam"or*ous*ness, n.

Clamp (klmp), n. [Cf. LG. & D. klamp, Dan. klampe, also D. klampen to fasten, clasp. Cf. Clamber, Cramp.] 1. Something rigid that holds fast or binds things together; a piece of wood or metal, used to hold two or more pieces together.

2. (a) An instrument with a screw or screws by which work is held in its place or two parts are temporarily held together. (b) (Joinery) A piece of wood placed across another, or inserted into another, to bind or strengthen.

3. One of a pair of movable pieces of lead, or other soft material, to cover the jaws of a vise and enable it to grasp without bruising.

4. (Shipbuilding) A thick plank on the inner part of a ship's side, used to sustain the ends of beams.

5. A mass of bricks heaped up to be burned; or of ore for roasting, or of coal for coking.

6. A mollusk. See Clam. [Obs.]

Clamp nails, nails used to fasten on clamps in ships.

Clamp (klmp), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clamped (klmt; 215) p. pr. & vb. n. Clamping.] 1. To fasten with a clamp or clamps; to apply a clamp to; to place in a clamp.

2. To cover, as vegetables, with earth. [Eng.]

Clamp, n. [Prob. an imitative word. Cf. Clank.] A heavy footstep; a tramp.

Clamp, v. i. To tread heavily or clumsily; to clump.

> The policeman with clamping feet.
> Thackeray.

Clamp"er (?), n. An instrument of iron, with sharp prongs, attached to a boot or shoe to enable the wearer to walk securely upon ice; a creeper. Kane.

Clan (kln), n. [Gael. clann offspring, descendants; akin to Ir. clann, cland, offspring, tribe, family; perh. from L. plania scion, slip, cutting. Cf. Plant, n.] 1. A tribe or collection of families, united under a chieftain, regarded as having the same common ancestor, and bearing the same surname; as, the clan of Macdonald. "I have marshaled my clan." Campbell.

2. A clique; a sect, society, or body of persons; esp., a body of persons united by some common interest or pursuit; -- sometimes used contemptuously.

> Partidge and the rest of his clan may hoot me.
> Smolett.

> The whole clan of the enlightened among us.
> Burke.

Clan"cu*lar (?), a. [L. clancularius , from clanculum secretly, adv. dim. of clam secretly.] Conducted with secrecy; clandestine; concealed. [Obs.]

> Not close and clancular, but frank and open.
> Barrow.

Clan"cu*lar*ly, adv. privately; secretly. [Obs.]

Clan*des"tine (?), a. [L. clandestinus, fr. clam secretly; akin to celare, E. conceal: cf. F. clandestin.] Conducted with secrecy; withdrawn from public notice, usually for an evil purpose; kept secret; hidden; private; underhand; as, a clandestine marriage. Locke.

Syn. -- Hidden; secret; private; concealed; underhand; sly; stealthy; surreptitious; furtive; fraudulent.

-- Clan*des"tine*ly, adv. -- Clan*des"tine*ness, n.

Clan`des*tin"i*ty (?), n. Privacy or secrecy. [R.]

Clang (klng), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clanged (klngd); p. pr. & vb. n. Clanging.] [L. clangere; akin to Gr. kla`zein to clash, scream; or perh. to E. clank.] To strike together so as to produce a ringing metallic sound.

> The fierce Caretes . . . clanged their sounding arms.
> Prior.

Clang, v. i. To give out a clang; to resound. "Clanging hoofs." Tennyson.

Clang, n. 1. A loud, ringing sound, like that made by metallic substances when clanged or struck together.

> The broadsword's deadly clang,
> As if a thousand anvils rang.
> Sir W. Scott.

2. (Mus.) Quality of tone.

Clan"gor (kl"gr), n. [L., fr. clangere. See Clang, v. t.] A sharp, harsh, ringing sound. Dryden.

Clan"gor*ous (?), a. [LL. clangorosus.] Making a clangor; having a ringing, metallic sound.

Clan"gous (?), a. Making a clang, or a ringing metallic sound. [Obs.]

Clan*jam"frie (?), n. Same as Clamjamphrie. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Clank (klk), n. [Akin to clink, and of imitative origin; cf. G. klang sound, D. klank. Cf. Clang.] A sharp, brief, ringing sound, made by a collision of metallic or other sonorous bodies; -- usually expressing a duller or less resounding sound than clang, and a deeper and stronger sound than clink.

> But not in chains to pine,
> His spirit withered with tyeur clank.
> Byron.

Clank, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clanked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Clanking.] To cause to sound with a clank; as, the prisoners clank their chains.

Clank, v. i. To sound with a clank.

Clank"less, a. Without a clank. Byreon.

Clan"nish (?), a. Of or pertaining to a clan; closely united, like a clan; disposed to associate only with one's clan or clique; actuated by the traditions, prejudices, habits, etc., of a clan.

-- Clan"nish*ly, adv. -- Clan"nish*ness, n.

Clan"ship, n. A state of being united together as in a clan; an association under a chieftain.

Clans"man (?), n.; pl. Clansmen (#). One belonging to the same clan with another.

Clap (klp), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clapped (klpt); p. pr. & vb. n. Clapping.] [AS. clappan; akin to Icel. & Sw. klappa, D, klappen, to clap, prate, G. klaffen, v. i., to split open, yelp, klopfen, v. t. & i., to knock.] 1. To strike; to slap; to strike, or strike together, with a quick motion, so, as to make a sharp noise; as, to clap one's hands; a clapping of wings.

> Then like a bird it sits and sings,
> And whets and claps its silver wings.
> Marvell.

2. To thrust, drive, put, or close, in a hasty or abrupt manner; -- often followed by to, into, on, or upon.

> He had just time to get in and clap to the door.
> Locke

> Clap an extinguaisher upon your irony.
> Lamb.

3. To manifest approbation of, by striking the hands together; to applaud; as, to clap a performance.

To clap hands. (a) To pledge faith by joining hands. [Obs.] Shak. (b) To express contempt or derision. [Obs.] Lam. ii. 15. -- To clap hold of, to seize roughly or quickly. -- To clap up. (a) To imprison hastily or without due formality. (b) To make or contrive hastily. [Obs.] "Was ever match clapped up so suddenly?" Shak.

Clap (?), v. i. 1. To knock, as at a door. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. To strike the hands together in applause.

> Their ladies bid them clap.
> Shak.

3. To come together suddenly with noise.

> The doors around me clapped.
> Dryden.

4. To enter with alacrity and briskness; -- with to or into. [Obs.] "Shall we clap into it roundly, without . . . saying we are hoarse?" Shak.

5. To talk noisily; to chatter loudly. [Obs.] Chaucer.

<! p. 262 !>

Clap (klp), n. 1. A loud noise made by sudden collision; a bang. "Give the door such a clap, as you go out, as will shake the whole room." Swift.

2. A burst of sound; a sudden explosion.

> Horrible claps of thunder.
> Hakewill.

3. A single, sudden act or motion; a stroke; a blow.

> What, fifty of my followers at a clap!
> Shak.

4. A striking of hands to express approbation.

> Unextrected claps or hisses.
> Addison.

5. Noisy talk; chatter. [Obs.] Chaucer.

6. (Falconry) The nether part of the beak of a hawk.

Clap dish. See Clack dish, under Clack, n. -- Clap net, a net for taking birds, made to close or clap together.

Clap (?), n. [Cf. OF. clapoir.] Gonorrhea.

Clap"board (?), n. 1. A narrow board, thicker at one edge than at the other; -- used for weatherboarding the outside of houses. [U. S.]

2. A stave for a cask. [Eng.] Halliwell.

Clap"board, v. t. To cover with clapboards; as, to clapboard the sides of a house. [U. S.] Bartlett.

{ Clap"bread` (?), Clap"cake` (?) }, n. Oatmeal cake or bread clapped or beaten till it is thin. [Obs.] Halliwell.

Clape (?), n. (Zoöl.) A bird; the flicker.

Clap"per (?), n. 1. A person who claps.

2. That which strikes or claps, as the tongue of a bell, or the piece of wood that strikes a mill hopper, etc. See Illust. of Bell.

Clapper rail (Zoöl.), an Americam species of rail (Rallus scepitans).

Clap"per, n. [F. clapier.] A rabbit burrow. [Obs.]

Clap"per*claw (klp"pr*kl), v. t. [Clap + claw.] 1. To fight and scratch. C. Smart.

2. To abuse with the tongue; to revile; to scold.

Claps (klp), v. t. Variant of Clasp [Obs.] Chaucer.

Clap"trap` (klp"trp`), n. 1. A contrivance for clapping in theaters. [Obs.]

2. A trick or device to gain applause; humbug.

Clap"trap`, a. Contrived for the purpose of making a show, or gaining applause; deceptive; unreal.

||Claque (?), n. [F.] A collection of persons employed to applaud at a theatrical exhibition.

||Cla`queur" (?), n. [F.] One of the claque employed to applaud at a theater.

Clare (?), n. A nun of the order of St. Clare.

Clar"ence (?), n. A close four-wheeled carriage, with one seat inside, and a seat for the driver.

{ Clar"en*ceux, Clar"en*cieux } (?), n. (Her.) See King-at- arms.

Clar"en*don (?), n. A style of type having a narrow and heave face. It is made in all sizes.

This line is in nonpareil Clarendon.

Clare"-ob*scure" (?), n. [L. clarus clear + obscurus obscure; cf. F. clair- obscur. Cf. Chiaroscuro.] (Painting) See Chiaroscuro.

Clar"et (klr"t), n. [OE. claret, clare, clarry, OF. claret, claré, fr. cler, F. clair, clear, fr. L. clarus clear. See Clear.] The name first given in England to the red wines of Médoc, in France, and afterwards extended to all the red Bordeaux wines. The name is also given to similar wines made in the United States.

Clar`i*bel"la (?), n. [NL., from L. clarus clear + bellus fine.] (Mus.) A soft, sweet stop, or set of open wood pipes in an organ.

Clar"i*chord (?), n. [F. clatocorde, fr.L. clarus clear + chorda string. See Chord.] A musical instrument, formerly in use, in form of a spinet; -- called also manichord and clavichord.

Clar`i*fi*ca"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. clarification, L. clarificatio glorification.] 1. The act or process of making clear or transparent, by freeing visible impurities; as, the clarification of wine.

2. The act of freeing from obscurities.

> The clarification of men's ideas.
> Whewell.

Clar"i*fi`er (?), n. 1. That which clarifies.

2. A vessel in which the process of clarification is conducted; as, the clarifier in sugar works. Ure.

Clar"i*fy (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clarified (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Clarifying.] [F. clarifier, from L. clarificare; clarus clear + facere to make. See Clear, and Fact.] 1. To make clear or bright by freeing from feculent matter; to defecate; to fine; -- said of liquids, as wine or sirup. "Boiled and clarified." Ure.

2. To make clear; to free from obscurities; to brighten or illuminate.

> To clarify his reason, and to rectify his will.
> South.

3. To glorify. [Obs.]

> Fadir, clarifie thi name.
> Wyclif (John ii. 28).

Clar"i*fy, v. i. 1. To grow or become clear or transparent; to become free from feculent impurities, as wine or other liquid under clarification.

2. To grow clear or bright; to clear up.

> Whosoever hath his mind fraught with many thoughts, his wits and understanding do clarify and break up in the discoursing with another.
> Bacon.

Clar"i*gate (?), v. i. [L. clarigare] To declare war with certain ceremonies. [Obs.] Holland.

Clar"i*net` (?), n. [F. clarinette, dim. of clarine, from L. clarus. See Clear, and cf. Clarion.] (Mus.) A wind instrument, blown by a single reed, of richer and fuller tone than the oboe, which has a double reed. It is the leading instrument in a military band. [Often improperly called clarionet.]

||Cla*ri"no (?), n. [It. a trumpet.] (Mus.) A reed stop in an organ.

Clar"i*on (?), n. [OE. clarioun, OF. clarion, F. clairon, LL. clario, claro; so called from its clear tone, fr. L. clarus clear. See Clear.] A kind of trumpet, whose note is clear and shrill.

> He sounds his imperial clarion along the whole line of battle.
> E. Everett.

Clar`i*o*net" (?), n. [See Clarion, Clarinet.] (Mus.) See Clarinet.

Cla*ris"o*nus (?), a. [L. clarisonus; clarus + sonus.] Having a clear sound. [Obs.] Ash.

Clar"i*tude (?), n. [L. claritudo, fr. clarus clear.] Clearness; splendor. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Clar"i*ty (?), n. [L. claritas, fr. clarus clear: cf. F. clarté.] Clearness; brightness; splendor.

> Floods, in whose more than crystal clarity,
> Innumerable virgin graces row.
> Beaumont.

Cla"ro-ob*scu"ro (?), n. See Chiaroscuro.

Clar`ré", n. [See Claret.] Wine with a mixture of honey and species. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Clart (?), v. t. [Cf. Armor. kalar mud, mire, kalara to dirt, Sw. lort mud.] To daub, smear, or spread, as with mud, etc. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Clart"y (?), a. Sticky and foul; muddy; filthy; dirty. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Clar"y (?), v. i. [Cf. Clarion.] To make a loud or shrill noise. [Obs.] Golding.

Cla"ry (?), n. [Cf. LL. sclarea, scarlea, D. & G. scharlei, F. sclarée.] (Bot.) A plant (Salvia sclarea) of the Sage family, used in flavoring soups.

Clary water, a composition of clary flowers with brandy, etc., formerly used as a cardiac.

Clash (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Clashed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Clashing.] [Of imitative origin; cf. G. klatschen, Prov. G. kleschen, D. kletsen, Dan. klaske, E. clack.] 1. To make a noise by striking against something; to dash noisily together.

2. To meet in opposition; to act in a contrary direction; to come onto collision; to interfere.

> However some of his interests might clash with those of the chief adjacent colony.
> Palfrey.

Clash, v. t. To strike noisily against or together.

Clash n. 1. A loud noise resulting from collision; a noisy collision of bodies; a collision.

> The roll of cannon and clash of arms.
> Tennyson.

2. Opposition; contradiction; as between differing or contending interests, views, purposes, etc.

> Clashes between popes and kings.
> Denham.

Clash"ing*ly, adv. With clashing.

Clasp (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clasped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Clasping] [OE. claspen, clapsen, prob. akin to E. clap.] 1. To shut or fasten together with, or as with, a clasp; to shut or fasten (a clasp, or that which fastens with a clasp).

2. To inclose and hold in the hand or with the arms; to grasp; to embrace.

3. To surround and cling to; to entwine about. "Clasping ivy." Milton.

Clasp, n. 1. An adjustable catch, bent plate, or hook, for holding together two objects or the parts of anything, as the ends of a belt, the covers of a book, etc.

2. A close embrace; a throwing of the arms around; a grasping, as with the hand.

Clasp knife, a large knife, the blade of which folds or shuts into the handle. -- Clasp lock, a lock which closes or secures itself by means of a spring.

Clasp"er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, clasps, as a tendril. "The claspers of vines." Derham.

2. (Zoöl.) (a) One of a pair of organs used by the male for grasping the female among many of the Crustacea. (b) One of a pair of male copulatory organs, developed on the anterior side of the ventral fins of sharks and other elasmobranchs. See Illust. of Chimæra.

Clasp"ered (?), a. Furnished with tendrils.

Class (kls), n. [F. classe, fr. L. classis class, collection, fleet; akin to Gr. klh^sis a calling, kalei^n to call, E. claim, haul.] 1. A group of individuals ranked together as possessing common characteristics; as, the different classes of society; the educated class; the lower classes.

2. A number of students in a school or college, of the same standing, or pursuing the same studies.

3. A comprehensive division of animate or inanimate objects, grouped together on account of their common characteristics, in any classification in natural science, and subdivided into orders, families, tribes, genera, etc.

4. A set; a kind or description, species or variety.

> She had lost one class energies.
> Macaulay.

5. (Methodist Church) One of the sections into which a church or congregation is divided, and which is under the supervision of a class leader.

Class of a curve (Math.), the kind of a curve as expressed by the number of tangents that can be drawn from any point to the curve. A circle is of the second class. -- Class meeting (Methodist Church), a meeting of a class under the charge of a class leader, for counsel and relegious instruction.

Class (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Classed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Classing.] [Cf. F. classer. See Class, n.] 1. To arrange in classes; to classify or refer to some class; as, to class words or passages.

In scientific arrangement, to classify is used instead of to class. Dana.

2. To divide into classes, as students; to form into, or place in, a class or classes.

Class, v. i. To grouped or classed.

> The genus or famiky under which it classes.
> Tatham.

Class"i*ble (?), a. Capable of being classed.

{ Clas"sic (?), Clas"sic*al (?), } a. [L. classicus relating to the classes of the Roman people, and especially to the frist class; hence, of the first rank, superior, from classis class: cf. F. classique. See Class, n.] 1. Of or relating to the first class or rank, especially in literature or art.

> Give, as thy last memorial to the age,
> One classic drama, and reform the stage.
> Byron.

> Mr. Greaves may justly be reckoned a classical author on this subject [Roman weights and coins].
> Arbuthnot.

2. Of or pertaining to the ancient Greeks and Romans, esp. to Greek or Roman authors of the highest rank, or of the period when their best literature was produced; of or pertaining to places inhabited by the ancient Greeks and Romans, or rendered famous by their deeds.

> Though throned midst Latium's classic plains.
> Mrs. Hemans.

> The epithet classical, as applied to ancient authors, is determined less by the purity of their style than by the period at which they wrote.
> Brande & C.

> He [Atterbury] directed the classical studies of the undergraduates of his college.
> Macaulay.

3. Conforming to the best authority in literature and art; chaste; pure; refined; as, a classical style.

> Classical, provincial, and national synods.
> Macaulay.

Classicals orders. (Arch.) See under Order.

Clas"sic, n. 1. A work of acknowledged excellence and authority, or its author; -- originally used of Greek and Latin works or authors, but now applied to authors and works of a like character in any language.

> In is once raised him to the rank of a legitimate English classic.
> Macaulay.

2. One learned in the literature of Greece and Rome, or a student of classical literature.

Clas"sic*al*ism (?), n. 1. A classical idiom, style, or expression; a classicism.

2. Adherence to what are supposed or assumed to be the classical canons of art.

Clas"sic*al*ist, n. One who adheres to what he thinks the classical canons of art. Ruskin.

{ Clas`si*cal"i*ty (?), Clas"sic*al*ness (?), } n. The quality of being classical.

Clas"sic*al*ly, adv. 1. In a classical manner; according to the manner of classical authors.

2. In the manner of classes; according to a regular order of classes or sets.

Clas"si*cism (?), n. A classic idiom or expression; a classicalism. C. Kingsley.

Clas"si*cist (?), n. One learned in the classics; an advocate for the classics.

Clas"si*fi`a*ble (?), a. Capable of being classified.

Clas*sif"ic (?), a. Characterizing a class or classes; relating to classification.

Clas`si*fi*ca"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. classification.] The act of forming into a class or classes; a distribution into groups, as classes, orders, families, etc., according to some common relations or affinities.

Artificial classification. (Science) See under Artifitial.

Clas"si*fi*ca`to*ry (?), a. Pertaining to classification; admitting of classification. "A classificatory system." Earle.

Clas"si*fi`er (?), n. One who classifies.

Clas"si*fy (?), v. t. [imp. & pp. Classified (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Classifying.] [L. classis class + &?;] To distribute into classes; to arrange according to a system; to arrange in sets according to some method founded on common properties or characters.

Syn. -- To arrange; distribute; rank.

||Clas"sis (?), n.; pl. Classes (#). [L. See Class, n.] 1. A class or order; sort; kind. [Obs.]

> His opinion of that classis of men.
> Clarendon.

2. (Eccl.) An ecclesiastical body or judicatory in certain churches, as the Reformed Dutch. It is intermediate between the consistory and the synod, and corresponds to the presbytery in the Presbyterian church.

Class"man (?), n.; pl. Classmen(#). 1. A member of a class; a classmate.

2. A candidate for graduation in arts who is placed in an honor class, as opposed to a passman, who is not classified. [Oxford, Eng.]

Class"mate` (?), n. One who is in the same class with another, as at school or college.

Clas"tic (?), a. [Gr. &?; br&?;, fr. &?; to break.] 1. Pertaining to what may be taken apart; as, clastic anatomy (of models).

2. (Min.) Fragmental; made up of brok&?; fragments; as, sandstone is a clastic rock.

Clath"rate (klth"rt), a. [L. clathri lattice, Gr. klh,qra.] 1. (Bot.) Shaped like a lattice; cancellate. Gray.

2. (Zoöl.) Having the surface marked with raised lines resembling a lattice, as many shells.

Clat"ter (klt"tr), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Clattered (- trd); p. pr. & vb. n. Clattering.] [AS. clatrung a rattle, akin to D. klateren to rattle. Cf. Clack.] 1. To make a rattling sound by striking hard bodies together; to make a succession of abrupt, rattling sounds.

> Clattering loud with iron clank.
> Longfellow.

2. To talk fast and noisily; to rattle with the tongue.

> I see thou dost but clatter.
> Spenser.

Clat"ter, v. t. To make a rattling noise with.

> You clatter still your brazen kettle.
> Swift.

Clat"ter, n. 1. A rattling noise, esp. that made by the collision of hard bodies; also, any loud, abrupt sound; a repetition of abrupt sounds.

> The goose let fall a golden egg
> With cackle and with clatter.
> Tennyson.

2. Commotion; disturbance. "Those mighty feats which made such a clatter in story." Barrow.

<! p. 263 !>

3. Rapid, noisy talk; babble; chatter. "Hold still thy clatter." Towneley Myst. (15 th Cent. ).

> Throw by your clatter
> And handle the matter.
> B. Jonson

Clat"ter*er (?), n. One who clatters.

Clat"ter*ing*ly, adv. With clattering.

Claude" Lor*raine" glass` (?). [Its name is supposed to be derived from the similarity of the effects it gives to those of a picture by Claude Lorrain (often written Lorraine).] A slightly convex mirror, commonly of black glass, used as a toy for viewing the reflected landscape.

Clau"dent (?), a. [L. claudens, p. pr. of claudere to shut.] Shutting; confining; drawing together; as, a claudent muscle. [R.] Jonson

Clau"di*cant (?), a. [L. claudicans, p. pr. of claudicare to limp, fr. claudus lame.] Limping. [R.]

Clau`di*ca"tion (?), n. [L. claudicatio.] A halting or limping. [R.] Tatler.

Clause (?), n. [F. clause, LL. clausa, equiv. to L. clausula clause, prop., close of &?; rhetorical period, close, fr. claudere to shut, to end. See Close.] 1. A separate portion of a written paper, paragraph, or sentence; an article, stipulation, or proviso, in a legal document.

> The usual attestation clause to a will.
> Bouvier.

2. (Gram.) A subordinate portion or a subdivision of a sentence containing a subject and its predicate.

Clause, n. [Obs.] See Letters clause or close, under Letter.

Claus"tral (?), a. [F., fr. LL. claustralis, fr. L. claustrum. See Cloister.] Cloistral. Ayliffe

||Claus"trum (?), n.; pl. Claustra. [L., a bolt or bar.] (Anat.) A thin lamina of gray matter in each cerebral hemisphere of the brain of man. -- Claus"tral, a.

Clau"su*lar (?; 135), a. [From L. clausula. See Clause, n.] Consisting of, or having, clauses. Smart.

Clau"sure (?; 135), n. [L. clausura. See Closure.] The act of shutting up or confining; confinement. [R.] Geddes.

{ Cla"vate (?), Cla"va*ted (?), } a. [L. clava club.] (Bot. & Zoöl.) Club-shaped; having the form of a club; growing gradually thicker toward the top. [See Illust. of Antennae.]

Clave (?), imp. of Cleave. [Obs.]

Clav"e*cin (?), n. [F.] The harpsichord.

Cla"vel (?), n. See Clevis.

Clav"el*late (?), a. See Clavate.

Clav"el*la`ted (?), a. [Cf. LL. cineres clavelatti ashes of burnt lees or dregs of wine, F. clavel an inferior sort of soda, E. clavate.] (Old Chem.) Said of potash, probably in reference to its having been obtained from billets of wood by burning. [Obs.]

Clav"er (?), n. [Obs.] See Clover. Holland.

Clav"er, n. Frivolous or nonsensical talk; prattle; chattering. [Scot. & North of Eng.]

> Emmy found herself entirely at a loss in the midst of their clavers.
> Thackeray.

Clav"i*chord (?), n. [F. clavicorde, fr. L. clavis key + chorda string.] (Mus.) A keyed stringed instrument, now superseded by the pianoforte. See Clarichord.

Clav"i*cle (?), n. [F. clavicule, fr. L. clavicula a little key, tendril, dim. of clavis key, akin to claudere to shut. See Close, and cf. Clef.] (Anat.) The collar bone, which is joined at one end to the scapula, or shoulder blade, and at the other to the sternum, or breastbone. In man each clavicle is shaped like the letter &?;, and is situated just above the first rib on either side of the neck. In birds the two clavicles are united ventrally, forming the merrythought, or wishbone.

Clav"i*corn (?), a. [Cf. F. clavicorne.] (Zoöl.) Having club-shaped antennæ. See Antennæ -- n. One of the Clavicornes.

||Clav`i*cor"nes (?), n. pl. [NL.; Fr. L. clava club + cornu horn.] (Zoöl.) A group of beetles having club-shaped antennæ.

Cla*vic"u*lar (?), a. [Cf. F. claviculaire. See Clavicle.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the clavicle.

Cla"vi*er (? F. ?), n. [F., fr. L. clavis key.] (Mus.) The keyboard of an organ, pianoforte, or harmonium.

Clavier (&?;) is the German name for a pianoforte.

Clav"i*form (?), a. [L. clava club + -form.] (Bot.) Club- shaped; clavate. Craig.

||Clav"i*ger (?), n. [L., fr. clavis key + gerere to carry.] One who carries the keys of any place.

||Clav"i*ger, n. [L., fr. clava club + gerere to carry.] One who carries a club; a club bearer.

Cla*vig"er*ous (?), a. Bearing a club or a key.

||Cla"vis (?), n.; pl. L. Claves (#), E. Clavises (#). [L.] A key; a glossary.

||Cla"vus (?), n. [L., a nail.] A callous growth, esp. one the foot; a corn.

Cla"vy (?), n.; pl. Clavies (#). [Cf. F. claveau centerpiece of an arch.] (Arch.) A mantelpiece.

Claw (kl), n. [AS. clawu, cl, cleó; akin to D. klaauw, G. klaue, Icel. kl, Sw. & Dan. klo, and perh. to E. clew.] 1. A sharp, hooked nail, as of a beast or bird.

2. The whole foot of an animal armed with hooked nails; the pinchers of a lobster, crab, etc.

3. Anything resembling the claw of an animal, as the curved and forked end of a hammer for drawing nails.

4. (Bot.) A slender appendage or process, formed like a claw, as the base of petals of the pink. Gray.

Claw hammer, a hammer with one end of the metallic head cleft for use in extracting nails, etc. -- Claw hammer coat, a dress coat of the swallowtail pattern. [Slang] -- Claw sickness, foot rot, a disease affecting sheep.

Claw (kl), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clawed (kld); p. pr. & vb. n. Clawing.] [AS. clawan. See Claw, n.] 1. To pull, tear, or scratch with, or as with, claws or nails.

2. To relieve from some uneasy sensation, as by scratching; to tickle; hence, to flatter; to court. [Obs.]

> Rich men they claw, soothe up, and flatter; the poor they contemn and despise.
> Holland.

3. To rail at; to scold. [Obs.]

> In the aforesaid preamble, the king fairly claweth the great monasteries, wherein, saith he, religion, thanks be to God, is right well kept and observed; though he claweth them soon after in another acceptation.
> T. Fuller

Claw me, claw thee, stand by me and I will stand by you; -- an old proverb. Tyndale. -- To claw away, to scold or revile. "The jade Fortune is to be clawed away for it, if you should lose it." L'Estrange. -- To claw (one) on the back, to tickle; to express approbation. (Obs.) Chaucer. -- To claw (one) on the gall, to find fault with; to vex. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Claw, v. i. To scrape, scratch, or dig with a claw, or with the hand as a claw. "Clawing [in ash barrels] for bits of coal." W. D. Howells.

To claw off (Naut.), to turn to windward and beat, to prevent falling on a lee shore.

Claw"back` (?), n. A flatterer or sycophant. [Obs.] "Take heed of these clawbacks." Latimer.

Claw"back`, a. Flattering; sycophantic. [Obs.]

> Like a clawback parasite.
> Bp. Hall.

Claw"back`, v. t. To flatter. [Obs.] Warner.

Clawed (kld), a. Furnished with claws. N. Grew.

Claw"less, a. Destitute of claws.

Clay (kl), n. [AS. clg; akin to LG. klei, D. klei, and perh. to AS. clm clay, L. glus, gluten glue, Gr. gloio`s glutinous substance, E. glue. Cf. Clog.] 1. A soft earth, which is plastic, or may be molded with the hands, consisting of hydrous silicate of aluminium. It is the result of the wearing down and decomposition, in part, of rocks containing aluminous minerals, as granite. Lime, magnesia, oxide of iron, and other ingredients, are often present as impurities.

2. (Poetry & Script.) Earth in general, as representing the elementary particles of the human body; hence, the human body as formed from such particles.

> I also am formed out of the clay.
> Job xxxiii. 6.

> The earth is covered thick with other clay,
> Which her own clay shall cover.
> Byron.

Bowlder clay. See under Bowlder. -- Brick clay, the common clay, containing some iron, and therefore turning red when burned. -- Clay cold, cold as clay or earth; lifeless; inanimate. -- Clay ironstone, an ore of iron consisting of the oxide or carbonate of iron mixed with clay or sand. -- Clay marl, a whitish, smooth, chalky clay. -- Clay mill, a mill for mixing and tempering clay; a pug mill. -- Clay pit, a pit where clay is dug. -- Clay slate (Min.), argillaceous schist; argillite. -- Fatty clays, clays having a greasy feel; they are chemical compounds of water, silica, and aluminia, as halloysite, bole, etc. -- Fire clay , a variety of clay, entirely free from lime, iron, or an alkali, and therefore infusible, and used for fire brick. -- Porcelain clay, a very pure variety, formed directly from the decomposition of feldspar, and often called kaolin. - - Potter's clay, a tolerably pure kind, free from iron.

Clay, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clayed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Claying.] 1. To cover or manure with clay.

2. To clarify by filtering through clay, as sugar.

Clay"-brained` (?), a. Stupid. [Obs.] Shak.

Clayes (?), n. pl. [F. claie hurdle.] (Fort.) Wattles, or hurdles, made with stakes interwoven with osiers, to cover lodgments. [Obs.]

Clay"ey (?), a. Consisting of clay; abounding with clay; partaking of clay; like clay.

Clay"ish, a. Partaking of the nature of clay, or containing particles of it.

Clay"more` (?), n. [Gael. claidheamhmor a broadsword; Gael. claidheamh sword + mor great, large. Cf. Claymore.] A large two-handed sword used formerly by the Scottish Highlanders.

||Clay*to"ni*a (?), n. [Named after Dr.John Clayton, an American botanist.] (Bot.) An American genus of perennial herbs with delicate blossoms; -- sometimes called spring beauty.

Clead"ing (?), n. [Scot., clothing. See Cloth.]

1. A jacket or outer covering of wood, etc., to prevent radiation of heat, as from the boiler, cylinder. etc., of a steam engine.

2. The planking or boarding of a shaft, cofferdam, etc.

Clean (kln), a. [Compar. Cleaner (&?;); superl. Cleanest.] [OE. clene, AS. clne; akin to OHG. chleini pure, neat, graceful, small, G. klein small, and perh. to W. glan clean, pure, bright; all perh. from a primitive, meaning bright, shining. Cf. Glair.] 1. Free from dirt or filth; as, clean clothes.

2. Free from that which is useless or injurious; without defects; as, clean land; clean timber.

3. Free from awkwardness; not bungling; adroit; dexterous; as, a clean trick; a clean leap over a fence.

4. Free from errors and vulgarisms; as, a clean style.

5. Free from restraint or neglect; complete; entire.

> When ye reap the harvest of your land, thou shalt not make clean riddance of corners of thy field.
> Lev. xxiii. 22.

6. Free from moral defilement; sinless; pure.

> Create in me a clean heart, O God.
> Ps. li. 10

> That I am whole, and clean, and meet for Heaven
> Tennyson.

7. (Script.) Free from ceremonial defilement.

8. Free from that which is corrupting to the morals; pure in tone; healthy. "Lothair is clean." F. Harrison.

9. Well-proportioned; shapely; as, clean limbs.

A clean bill of health, a certificate from the proper authority that a ship is free from infection. -- Clean breach. See under Breach, n., 4. -- To make a clean breast. See under Breast.

Clean, adv. 1. Without limitation or remainder; quite; perfectly; wholly; entirely. "Domestic broils clean overblown." Shak.

"Clean contrary." Milton.

> All the people were passed clean over Jordan.
> Josh. iii. 17.

2. Without miscarriage; not bunglingly; dexterously. [Obs.] "Pope came off clean with Homer." Henley.

Clean (kln), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cleaned (klnd); p. pr. & vb. n. Cleaning.] [See Clean, a., and cf. Cleanse.] To render clean; to free from whatever is foul, offensive, or extraneous; to purify; to cleanse.

To clean out, to exhaust; to empty; to get away from (one) all his money. [Colloq.] De Quincey.

Clean"-cut` (kln"kt), a. See Clear-cut.

Clean"er (?), n. One who, or that which, cleans.

Clean"ing, n. 1. The act of making clean.

2. The afterbirth of cows, ewes, etc. Gardner.

Clean"li*ly (?), adv. In a cleanly manner.

Clean"-limbed` (?), a. With well-proportioned, unblemished limbs; as, a clean-limbed young fellow. Dickens.

Clean"li*ness (kln"l*ns), n. [From Cleanly.] State of being cleanly; neatness of person or dress.

> Cleanliness from head to heel.
> Swift.

Clean"ly (?), a. [Compar. Cleanlier (?); superl. Cleanliest.] [From Clean.] 1. Habitually clean; pure; innocent. "Cleanly joys." Glanvill.

> Some plain but cleanly country maid.
> Dryden.

> Displays her cleanly platter on the board.
> Goldsmith.

2. Cleansing; fitted to remove moisture; dirt, etc. [Obs.] "With cleanly powder dry their hair." Prior.

3. Adroit; skillful; dexterous; artful. [Obs.]

> Through his fine handling and his cleanly play.
> Spenser.

Clean"ly (?), adv. 1. In a clean manner; neatly.

> He was very cleanly dressed.
> Dickens.

2. Innocently; without stain. Shak.

3. Adroitly; dexterously. Middleton.

Clean"ness, n. [AS. cl&?;nnes. See Clean.] 1. The state or quality of being clean.

2. Purity of life or language; freedom from licentious courses. Chaucer.

Cleans"a*ble (klnz"*b'l), a. Capable of being cleansed. Sherwood.

Cleanse (klnz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cleansed (klnzd); p. pr. & vb. n. Cleansing.] [AS. clnsian, fr. clne clean. See Clean.] To render clean; to free from fith, pollution, infection, guilt, etc.; to clean.

> If we walk in the light . . . the blood of Jesus Christ his son cleanseth us from all sin.
> 1 John i. 7.

> Can'st thou not minister to a mind diseased,
> And with some sweet oblivious antidote
> Cleanse the suffed bosom of that perilous stuff
> Which weighs upon the heart?
> Shak.

Cleans"er (-r), n. [AS. clnsere.] One who, or that which, cleanses; a detergent. Arbuthnot.

Clean"-tim`bered (?), a. Well- proportioned; symmetrical. [Poetic] Shak.

Clear (klr), a. [Compar. Clearer (-r); superl. Clearest.] [OE. cler, cleer, OF. cler, F. clair, fr.L. clarus, clear, bright, loud, distinct, renowned; perh. akin to L. clamare to call, E. claim. Cf. Chanticleer, Clairvoyant, Claret, Clarify.] 1. Free from opaqueness; transparent; bright; light; luminous; unclouded.

> The stream is so transparent, pure, and clear.
> Denham.

> Fair as the moon, clear as the sun.
> Canticles vi. 10.

2. Free from ambiguity or indistinctness; lucid; perspicuous; plain; evident; manifest; indubitable.

> One truth is clear; whatever is, is right.
> Pope.

3. Able to perceive clearly; keen; acute; penetrating; discriminating; as, a clear intellect; a clear head.

> Mother of science! now I feel thy power
> Within me clear, not only to discern
> Things in their causes, but to trace the ways
> Of highest agents.
> Milton.

4. Not clouded with passion; serene; cheerful.

> With a countenance as clear
> As friendship wears at feasts.
> Shak.

5. Easily or distinctly heard; audible; canorous.

> Hark! the numbers soft and clear
> Gently steal upon the ear.
> Pope.

6. Without mixture; entirely pure; as, clear sand.

7. Without defect or blemish, such as freckles or knots; as, a clear complexion; clear lumber.

8. Free from guilt or stain; unblemished.

> Statesman, yet friend to truth! in soul sincere,
> In action faithful, and in honor clear.
> Pope.

9. Without diminution; in full; net; as, clear profit.

> I often wished that I had clear,
> For life, six hundred pounds a-year.
> Swift.

10. Free from impediment or obstruction; unobstructed; as, a clear view; to keep clear of debt.

> My companion . . . left the way clear for him.
> Addison.

11. Free from embarrassment; detention, etc.

> The cruel corporal whispered in my ear,
> Five pounds, if rightly tipped, would set me clear.
> Gay.

Clear breach. See under Breach, n., 4. -- Clear days (Law.), days reckoned from one day to another, excluding both the first and last day; as, from Sunday to Sunday there are six clear days. -- Clear stuff, boards, planks, etc., free from knots.

Syn. -- Manifest; pure; unmixed; pellucid; transparent; luminous; obvious; visible; plain; evident; apparent; distinct; perspicuous. See Manifest.

Clear (klr), n. (Carp.) Full extent; distance between extreme limits; especially; the distance between the nearest surfaces of two bodies, or the space between walls; as, a room ten feet square in the clear.

Clear, adv. 1. In a clear manner; plainly.

> Now clear I understand
> What oft . . . thoughts have searched in vain.
> Milton.

2. Without limitation; wholly; quite; entirely; as, to cut a piece clear off.

Clear, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cleared (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Clearing.] 1. To render bright, transparent, or undimmed; to free from clouds.

> He sweeps the skies and clears the cloudy north.
> Dryden.

2. To free from impurities; to clarify; to cleanse.

3. To free from obscurity or ambiguity; to relive of perplexity; to make perspicuous.

> Many knotty points there are
> Which all discuss, but few can clear.
> Prior.

4. To render more quick or acute, as the understanding; to make perspicacious.

> Our common prints would clear up their understandings.
> Addison

5. To free from impediment or incumbrance, from defilement, or from anything injurious, useless, or offensive; as, to clear land of trees or brushwood, or from stones; to clear the sight or the voice; to clear one's self from debt; -- often used with of, off, away, or out.

> Clear your mind of cant.
> Dr. Johnson.

> A statue lies hid in a block of marble; and the art of the statuary only clears away the superfluous matter.
> Addison.

6. To free from the imputation of guilt; to justify, vindicate, or acquit; -- often used with from before the thing imputed.

> I . . . am sure he will clear me from partiality.
> Dryden.

> How! wouldst thou clear rebellion?
> Addison.

7. To leap or pass by, or over, without touching or failure; as, to clear a hedge; to clear a reef.

8. To gain without deduction; to net.

> The profit which she cleared on the cargo.
> Macaulay.

To clear a ship at the customhouse, to exhibit the documents required by law, give bonds, or perform other acts requisite, and procure a permission to sail, and such papers as the law requires. -- To clear a ship for action, or To clear for action (Naut.), to remove incumbrances from the decks, and prepare for an engagement. -- To clear the land (Naut.), to gain such a distance from shore as to have sea room, and be out of danger from the land. -- To clear hawse (Naut.), to disentangle the cables when twisted. -- To clear up, to explain; to dispel, as doubts, cares or fears.

<! p. 264 !>

Clear (klr), v. i. 1. To become free from clouds or fog; to become fair; -- often followed by up, off, or away.

> So foul a sky clears not without a storm.
> Shak.

> Advise him to stay till the weather clears up.
> Swift.

2. To disengage one's self from incumbrances, distress, or entanglements; to become free. [Obs.]

> He that clears at once will relapse; for finding himself out of straits, he will revert to his customs; but he that cleareth by degrees induceth a habit of frugality.
> Bacon.

3. (Banking) To make exchanges of checks and bills, and settle balances, as is done in a clearing house.

4. To obtain a clearance; as, the steamer cleared for Liverpool to-day.

To clear out, to go or run away; to depart. [Colloq.]

Clear"age (?), n. The act of removing anything; clearance. [R.]

Clear"ance (-ans), n. 1. The act of clearing; as, to make a thorough clearance.

2. A certificate that a ship or vessel has been cleared at the customhouse; permission to sail.

> Every ship was subject to seizure for want of stamped clearances.
> Durke

3. Clear or net profit. Trollope.

4. (Mach.) The distance by which one object clears another, as the distance between the piston and cylinder head at the end of a stroke in a steam engine, or the least distance between the point of a cogwheel tooth and the bottom of a space between teeth of a wheel with which it engages.

Clearance space (Steam engine), the space inclosed in one end of the cylinder, between the valve or valves and the piston, at the beginning of a stroke; waste room. It includes the space caused by the piston's clearance and the space in ports, passageways, etc. Its volume is often expressed as a certain proportion of the volume swept by the piston in a single stroke.

Clear"-cut` (?), a. 1. Having a sharp, distinct outline, like that of a cameo.

> She has . . . a cold and clear-cut face.
> Tennyson.

2. Concisely and distinctly expressed.

Clear"ed*ness (?), n. The quality of being cleared.

> Imputed by his friends to the clearedness, by his foes to the searedness, of his conscience.
> T. Fuller.

Clear"er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, clears.

> Gold is a wonderful clearer of the understanding.
> Addison.

2. (Naut.) A tool of which the hemp for lines and twines, used by sailmakers, is finished.

Clear"-head`ed (klr"hd`d), a. Having a clear understanding; quick of perception; intelligent. "He was laborious and clear- headed." Macaulay.

-- Clear"-head`ed*ness, n.

Clear"ing, n. 1. The act or process of making clear.

> The better clearing of this point.
> South.

2. A tract of land cleared of wood for cultivation.

> A lonely clearing on the shores of Moxie Lake.
> J. Burroughs.

3. A method adopted by banks and bankers for making an exchange of checks held by each against the others, and settling differences of accounts.

In England, a similar method has been adopted by railroads for adjusting their accounts with each other.

4. The gross amount of the balances adjusted in the clearing house.

Clearing house, the establishment where the business of clearing is carried on. See above, 3.

Clear"ly, adv. In a clear manner.

Clear"ness, n. The quality or state of being clear.

Syn. -- Clearness, Perspicuity. Clearness has reference to our ideas, and springs from a distinct conception of the subject under consideration. Perspicuity has reference to the mode of expressing our ideas and belongs essentially to style. Hence we speak of a writer as having clear ideas, a clear arrangement, and perspicuous phraseology. We do at times speak of a person's having great clearness of style; but in such cases we are usually thinking of the clearness of his ideas as manifested in language. "Whenever men think clearly, and are thoroughly interested, they express themselves with perspicuity and force." Robertson.

Clear"-see`ing (?), a. Having a clear physical or mental vision; having a clear understanding.

Clear"-shin`ing (?), a. Shining brightly. Shak.

Clear"-sight`ed (-st`d), a. Seeing with clearness; discerning; as, clear-sighted reason.

Clear"-sight`ed*ness, n. Acute discernment.

Clear"starch` (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clearstarched (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Clearstraching.] To stiffen with starch, and then make clear by clapping with the hands; as, to clearstarch muslin.

Clear"starch`er (?), n. One who clearstarches.

{ Clear"sto`ry (?), Clere"sto`ry, } n. (Arch.) The upper story of the nave of a church, containing windows, and rising above the aisle roofs.

Clear"wing` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A lepidopterous insect with partially transparent wings, of the family Ægeriadæ, of which the currant and peach-tree borers are examples.

Cleat (klt), n. [OE. clete wedge; cf. D. kloot ball, Ger. kloss, klotz, lump. clod, MHG. klz lump, ball, wedge, OHG. chlz ball, round mass.]

1. (Carp.) A strip of wood or iron fastened on transversely to something in order to give strength, prevent warping, hold position, etc.

2. (Naut.) A device made of wood or metal, having two arms, around which turns may be taken with a line or rope so as to hold securely and yet be readily released. It is bolted by the middle to a deck or mast, etc., or it may be lashed to a rope.

Cleat, v. t. To strengthen with a cleat.

Cleav"a*ble (?), a. Capable of cleaving or being divided.

Cleav"age (?), n. 1. The act of cleaving or splitting.

2. (Crystallog.) The quality possessed by many crystallized substances of splitting readily in one or more definite directions, in which the cohesive attraction is a minimum, affording more or less smooth surfaces; the direction of the dividing plane; a fragment obtained by cleaving, as of a diamond. See Parting.

3. (Geol.) Division into laminæ, like slate, with the lamination not necessarily parallel to the plane of deposition; -- usually produced by pressure.

Basal cleavage, cleavage parallel to the base of a crystal, or to the plane of the lateral axes. -- Cell cleavage (Biol.), multiplication of cells by fission. See Segmentation. -- Cubic cleavage, cleavage parallel to the faces of a cube. -- Diagonal cleavage, cleavage parallel to ta diagonal plane. -- Egg clavage. (Biol.) See Segmentation. -- Lateral cleavage, cleavage parallel to the lateral planes. -- Octahedral, Dodecahedral, or Rhombohedral, cleavage, cleavage parallel to the faces of an octahedron, dodecahedron, or rhombohedron. -- Prismatic cleavage, cleavage parallel to a vertical prism.

Cleave (klv), v. i. [imp. Cleaved (klvd), Clave (klv, Obs.); p. p. Cleaved; p. pr. & vb. n. Cleaving.] [OE. cleovien, clivien, cliven, AS. cleofian, clifian; akin to OS. klibn, G. kleben, LG. kliven, D. kleven, Dan. klæbe, Sw. klibba, and also to G. kleiben to cleve, paste, Icel. klfa to climb. Cf. Climb.] 1. To adhere closely; to stick; to hold fast; to cling.

> My bones cleave to my skin.
> Ps. cii. 5.

> The diseases of Egypt . . . shall cleave unto thee.
> Deut. xxviii. 60.

> Sophistry cleaves close to and protects
> Sin's rotten trunk, concealing its defects.
> Cowper.

2. To unite or be united closely in interest or affection; to adhere with strong attachment.

> Therefore shall a man leave his father and his mother, and shall cleave unto his wife.
> Gen. ii. 24.

> Cleave unto the Lord your God.
> Josh. xxiii. 8.

3. To fit; to be adapted; to assimilate. [Poetic.]

> New honors come upon him,
> Like our strange garments, cleave not to their mold
> But with the aid of use.
> Shak.

Cleave (klv), v. t. [imp. Cleft (klft), Clave (klv, Obs.), Clove (klv, Obsolescent); p. p. Cleft, Cleaved (klvd) or Cloven (kl"v'n); p. pr. & vb. n. Cleaving.] [OE. cleoven, cleven, AS. cleófan; akin to OS. klioban, D. klooven, G. klieben, Icel. kljfa, Sw. klyfva, Dan. klöve and prob. to Gr. gly`fein to carve, L. glubere to peel. Cf. Cleft.] 1. To part or divide by force; to split or rive; to cut.

> O Hamlet, thou hast cleft my heart in twain.
> Shak.

2. To part or open naturally; to divide.

> Every beast that parteth the hoof, and cleaveth the cleft into two claws.
> Deut. xiv. 6.

Cleave, v. i. To part; to open; to crack; to separate; as parts of bodies; as, the ground cleaves by frost.

> The Mount of Olives shall cleave in the midst.
> Zech. xiv. 4.

Cleave"land*ite (?), n. [From Professor Parker Cleaveland.] (Min.) A variety of albite, white and lamellar in structure.

Cleav"er (?), n. One who cleaves, or that which cleaves; especially, a butcher's instrument for cutting animal bodies into joints or pieces.

Cleav"ers (?), n. [From Cleave to stick.] (Bot.) A species of Galium (G. Aparine), having a fruit set with hooked bristles, which adhere to whatever they come in contact with; -- called also, goose grass, catchweed, etc.

||Clé`ché" (?), a. [F. cléché.] (Her.) Charged with another bearing of the same figure, and of the color of the field, so large that only a narrow border of the first bearing remains visible; -- said of any heraldic bearing. Compare Voided.

Cle"chy (?), a. See Cléché.

Cledge (?), n. [Cf. Clay.] (Mining.) The upper stratum of fuller's earth.

Cledg"y (?), a. Stiff, stubborn, clayey, or tenacious; as, a cledgy soil. Halliwell.

Clee (kl), n. A claw. [Obs.] Holland.

Clee, n. (Zoöl.) The redshank.

Clef (klf; 277), n. [F. clef key, a key in music, fr. L. clavis key. See Clavicle.] (Mus.) A character used in musical notation to determine the position and pitch of the scale as represented on the staff.

The clefs are three in number, called the C, F, and G clefs, and are probably corruptions or modifications of these letters. They indicate that the letters of absolute pitch belonging to the lines upon which they are placed, are respectively C, F, and G. The F or bass clef, and the G or treble clef, are fixed in their positions upon the staff. The C clef may have three positions. It may be placed upon the first or lower line of the staff, in which case it is called soprano clef, upon the third line, in which case it called alto clef, or upon the fourth line, in which case tenor clef. It rarely or never is placed upon the second line, except in ancient music. See other forms of C clef under C, 2.

Alto clef, Bass clef. See under Alto, Bass.

Cleft (klft), imp. & p. p. from Cleave.

Cleft, a. 1. Divided; split; partly divided or split.

2. (Bot.) Incised nearly to the midrib; as, a cleft leaf.

Cleft, n. [OE. clift; cf. Sw. klyft cave, den, Icel. kluft cleft, Dan. klöft, G. kluft. See Cleave to split and cf. 2d Clift, 1st Clough.] 1. A space or opening made by splitting; a crack; a crevice; as, the cleft of a rock. Is. ii. 21.

2. A piece made by splitting; as, a cleft of wood.

3. (Far.) A disease in horses; a crack on the band of the pastern.

Branchial clefts. See under Branchial.

Syn. -- Crack; crevice; fissure; chink; cranny.

Cleft"-foot`ed (?), a. Having a cloven foot.

Cleft"graft` (?), v. t. To ingraft by cleaving the stock and inserting a scion. Mortimer.

Cleg (?), n. [Northern Eng. & Scot. gleg: cf. Gael. crethleag.] (Zoöl.) A small breeze or horsefly. [North of Eng. & Scot.] Jamieson.

{ Cleis`to*gam"ic (?), Cleis*tog"a*mous (?) } a. [Gr. &?; closed (fr. &?; to shut) + ga`mos marriage.] (Bot.) Having, beside the usual flowers, other minute, closed flowers, without petals or with minute petals; -- said of certain species of plants which possess flowers of two or more kinds, the closed ones being so constituted as to insure self-fertilization. Darwin.

Clem (klm), v. t. & i. [Cf. clam to clog, or G. klemmen to pinch, Icel. klömbra, E. clamp.] To starve; to famish. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Clem"a*tis (klm"*ts), n. [NL., fr. Gr. klhmati`s brushwood, also (from its long, lithe branches) clematis. fr. klh^ma twig, shoot, fr. kla^n to break off.] (Bot.) A genus of flowering plants, of many species, mostly climbers, having feathery styles, which greatly enlarge in the fruit; -- called also virgin's bower.

Clem"ence (?), n. Clemency. [Obs.] Spenser.

Clem"en*cy (?), n.; pl. Clemencies (#). [L. clementia, fr. clemens mild, calm.] 1. Disposition to forgive and spare, as offenders; mildness of temper; gentleness; tenderness; mercy.

> Great clemency and tender zeal toward their subjects.
> Stowe.

> They had applied for the royal clemency.
> Macaulay.

2. Mildness or softness of the elements; as, the clemency of the season.

Syn. -- Mildness; tenderness; indulgence; lenity; mercy; gentleness; compassion; kindness.

Clem"ent (?), a. [L. clemens; -entis; cf. F. cl&?;ment.] Mild in temper and disposition; merciful; compassionate. Shak.

-- Clem"ent*ly, adv.

Clem"ent*ine (?), a. Of or pertaining to Clement, esp. to St. Clement of Rome and the spurious homilies attributed to him, or to Pope Clement V. and his compilations of canon law.

Clench (?), n. & v. t. See Clinch.

Clepe (klp), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cleped (klp"d) or (klpt); p. pr. & vb. n. Cleping. Cf. Ycleped.] [AS. clepan, cleopian, clipian, clypian, to cry, call.] To call, or name. [Obs.]

> That other son was cleped Cambalo.
> Chaucer.

Clepe, v. i. To make appeal; to cry out. [Obs.]

> Wandering in woe, and to the heavens on high
> Cleping for vengeance of this treachery.
> Mir. for Mag.

||Clep"si*ne (?), n. (Zoöl.) A genus of fresh-water leeches, furnished with a proboscis. They feed upon mollusks and worms.

Clep"sy*dra (?; 277), n. [L. from Gr. &?;; &?; to steal, conceal + &?; water.] A water clock; a contrivance for measuring time by the graduated flow of a liquid, as of water, through a small aperture. See Illust. in Appendix.

<! p. 265 !>

||Clep`to*ma"ni*a (?), n. [NL.] See Kleptomania.

Clere"sto`ry (klr"st`r), n. Same as Clearstory.

Cler"geon (klr"jn), n. [F., dim. of clerc. See Clerk.] A chorister boy. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Cler"gi*al (?), a. Learned; erudite; clerical. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Cler"gi*cal (?), a. Of or pertaining to the clergy; clerical; clerkily; learned. [Obs.] Milton.

Cler"gy (?), n. [OE. clergie, clergi, clerge, OF. clergie, F. clergie (fr. clerc clerc, fr. L. clericus priest) confused with OF. clergié, F. clergé, fr. LL. clericatus office of priest, monastic life, fr. L. clericus priest, LL. scholar, clerc. Both the Old French words meant clergy, in sense 1, the former having also sense 2. See Clerk.]

1. The body of men set apart, by due ordination, to the service of God, in the Christian church, in distinction from the laity; in England, usually restricted to the ministers of the Established Church. Hooker.

2. Learning; also, a learned profession. [Obs.]

> Sophictry . . . rhetoric, and other cleargy.
> Guy of Warwick.

> Put their second sons to learn some clergy.
> State Papers (1515).

3. The privilege or benefit of clergy.

> If convicted of a clergyable felony, he is entitled equally to his clergy after as before conviction.
> Blackstone.

Benefit of clergy (Eng., Law), the exemption of the persons of clergymen from criminal process before a secular judge -- a privilege which was extended to all who could read, such persons being, in the eye of the law, clerici, or clerks. This privilege was abridged and modified by various statutes, and finally abolished in the reign of George IV. (1827). -- Regular clergy, Secular clergy See Regular, n., and Secular, a.

Cler"gy*a*ble (?), a. Entitled to, or admitting, the benefit of clergy; as, a clergyable felony. Blackstone.

Cler"gy*man (?), n.; pl. Clergymen (#). An ordained minister; a man regularly authorized to preach the gospel, and administer its ordinances; in England usually restricted to a minister of the Established Church.

Cler"ic (?), n. [AS., fr. L. clericus. See Clerk.] A clerk, a clergyman. [R.] Bp. Horsley.

Cler"ic (?), a. Same as Clerical.

Cler"ic*al (?), a. [LL. clericalis. See Clerk.] 1. Of or pertaining to the clergy; suitable for the clergy. "A clerical education." Burke.

2. Of or relating to a clerk or copyist, or to writing. "Clerical work." E. Everett.

A clerical error, an error made in copying or writing.

Cler"ic*al*ism (?), n. An excessive devotion to the interests of the sacerdotal order; undue influence of the clergy; sacerdotalism.

Cler*ic"i*ty (?), n. The state of being a clergyman.

Cler"i*sy (?), n. [LL. clericia. See Clergy.] 1. The literati, or well educated class.

2. The clergy, or their opinions, as opposed to the laity.

Clerk (klrk; in Eng. klärk; 277), n. [Either OF. clerc, fr. L. clericus a priest, or AS. clerc, cleric, clerk, priest, fr. L. clericus, fr. Gr. klhriko`s belonging to the clergy, fr. klh^ros lot, allotment, clergy; cf. Deut. xviii. 2. Cf. Clergy.] 1. A clergyman or ecclesiastic. [Obs.]

> All persons were styled clerks that served in the church of Christ.
> Ayliffe.

2. A man who could read; a scholar; a learned person; a man of letters. [Obs.] "Every one that could read . . . being accounted a clerk." Blackstone.

> He was no great clerk, but he was perfectly well versed in the interests of Europe.
> Burke.

3. A parish officer, being a layman who leads in reading the responses of the Episcopal church service, and otherwise assists in it. [Eng.] Hook.

> And like unlettered clerk still cry "Amen".
> Shak.

4. One employed to keep records or accounts; a scribe; an accountant; as, the clerk of a court; a town clerk.

> The clerk of the crown . . . withdrew the bill.
> Strype.

In some cases, clerk is synonymous with secretary. A clerk is always an officer subordinate to a higher officer, board, corporation, or person; whereas a secretary may be either a subordinate or the head of an office or department.

5. An assistant in a shop or store. [U. S.]

Clerk"-ale` (? in Eng. &?;), n. A feast for the benefit of the parish clerk. [Eng.] T. Warton.

Clerk"less, a. Unlearned. [Obs.] E. Waterhouse.

Clerk"like` (?), a. Scholarlike. [Obs.] Shak.

Clerk"li*ness (?), n. Scholarship. [Obs.]

Clerk"ly, a. Of or pertaining to a clerk. Cranmer.

Clerk"ly, adv. In a scholarly manner. [Obs.] Shak.

Clerk"ship, n. State, quality, or business of a clerk.

Cler"o*man`cy (?), n. [Gr. &?; lot + -mancy; cf. F. cléromancie.] A divination by throwing dice or casting lots.

Cle*ron"o*my (?), n. [Gr. &?; inheritance + &?; to possess.] Inheritance; heritage.

Cler"sto`ry (?), n. See Clearstory.

Clev"er (?), a. [Origin uncertain. Cf. OE. cliver eager, AS. clyfer (in comp.) cloven; or clifer a claw, perh. connected with E. cleave to divide, split, the meaning of E. clever perh. coming from the idea of grasping, seizing (with the mind).] 1. Possessing quickness of intellect, skill, dexterity, talent, or adroitness; expert.

> Though there were many clever men in England during the latter half of the seventeenth century, there were only two great creative minds.
> Macaulay.

> Be good, sweet maid, and let who will be clever.
> C. Kingsley.

2. Showing skill or adroitness in the doer or former; as, a clever speech; a clever trick. Byron.

3. Having fitness, propriety, or suitableness.

> "T would sound more clever
> To me and to my heirs forever.
> Swift.

4. Well-shaped; handsome. "The girl was a tight, clever wench as any was." Arbuthnot.

5. Good-natured; obliging. [U. S.]

Syn. -- See Smart.

Clev"er*ish (?), a. Somewhat clever. [R.]

Clev"er*ly, adv. In a clever manner.

> Never was man so clever absurd.
> C. Smart.

Clev"er*ness, n. The quality of being clever; skill; dexterity; adroitness.

Syn. -- See Ingenuity.

Clev"is (?), n. [Cf. Cleave to adhere, Clavel.] A piece of metal bent in the form of an oxbow, with the two ends perforated to receive a pin, used on the end of the tongue of a plow, wagen, etc., to attach it to a draft chain, whiffletree, etc.; -- called also clavel, clevy.

{ Clew (kl), Clue, } n. [OE. clewe, clowe, clue, AS. cleowen, cliwen, clywe ball of thread; akin to D. kluwen, OHG. chliwa, chliuwa, G. dim. kleuel, knäuel, and perch. to L. gluma hull, husk, Skr. glaus sort of ball or tumor. Perch. akin to E. claw. √26. Cf. Knawel.] 1. A ball of thread, yarn, or cord; also, The thread itself.

> Untwisting his deceitful clew.
> Spenser.

2. That which guides or directs one in anything of a doubtful or intricate nature; that which gives a hint in the solution of a mystery.

> The clew, without which it was perilous to enter the vast and intricate maze of countinental politics, was in his hands.
> Macaulay.

3. (Naut.) (a.) A lower corner of a square sail, or the after corner of a fore-and- aft sail. (b.) A loop and thimbles at the corner of a sail. (c.) A combination of lines or nettles by which a hammock is suspended.

Clew garnet (Naut.), one of the ropes by which the clews of the courses of square-rigged vessels are drawn up to the lower yards. -- Clew line (Naut.), a rope by which a clew of one of the smaller square sails, as topsail, topgallant sail, or royal, is run up to its yard. -- Clew-line block (Naut.), The block through which a clew line reeves. See Illust. of Block.

Clew, v. t. [imp. & p. p. & vb. n. Clewing.] [Cf. D. kluwenen. See Clew, n.] 1. To direct; to guide, as by a thread. [Obs.]

> Direct and clew me out the way to happiness.
> Beau. && Fl.

2. (Naut.) To move of draw (a sail or yard) by means of the clew garnets, clew lines, etc.; esp. to draw up the clews of a square sail to the yard.

To clew down (Naut.), to force (a yard) down by hauling on the clew lines. -- To clew up (Naut.), to draw (a sail) up to the yard, as for furling.

||Cli`ché" (?), n. [F. cliché, from clicher to stereotype.] A stereotype plate or any similar reproduction of ornament, or lettering, in relief.

Cliché casting, a mode of obtaining an impression from a die or woodcut, or the like, by striking it suddenly upon metal which has been fused and is just becoming solid; also, the casting so obtained.

Click (klk), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Clicked (klkt); p. pr. & vb. n. Clicking.] [Prob. an onomatopoetic word: cf. OF. cliquier. See Clack, and cf. Clink, Clique.] To make a slight, sharp noise (or a succession of such noises), as by gentle striking; to tick.

> The varnished clock that clicked behind the door.
> Goldsmith.

Click, v. t. 1. To move with the sound of a click.

> She clicked back the bolt which held the window sash.
> Thackeray.

2. To cause to make a clicking noise, as by striking together, or against something.

> [Jove] clicked all his marble thumbs.
> Ben Jonson.

> When merry milkmaids click the latch.
> Tennyson.

Click, n. 1. A slight sharp noise, such as is made by the cocking of a pistol.

2. A kind of articulation used by the natives of Southern Africa, consisting in a sudden withdrawal of the end or some other portion of the tongue from a part of the mouth with which it is in contact, whereby a sharp, clicking sound is produced. The sounds are four in number, and are called cerebral, palatal, dental, and lateral clicks or clucks, the latter being the noise ordinarily used in urging a horse forward.

Click, v. t. [OE. kleken, clichen. Cf. Clutch.] To snatch. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Click, n. [Cf. 4th Click, and OF. clique latch.] 1. A detent, pawl, or ratchet, as that which catches the cogs of a ratchet wheel to prevent backward motion. See Illust. of Ratched wheel.

2. The latch of a door. [Prov. Eng.]

Click" bee"tle (?). (Zoöl.) See Elater.

Click"er (?), n. 1. One who stands before a shop door to invite people to buy. [Low, Eng.]

2. (Print.) One who as has charge of the work of a companionship.

Click"et (?), n. [OF. cliquet the latch of a door. See 5th Click.] 1. The knocker of a door. [Prov. Eng.]

2. A latch key. [Eng.] Chaucer.

Click"y (?), a. Resembling a click; abounding in clicks. "Their strange clicky language." The Century.

||Cli*das"tes (?), n. [NL., prob. from Gr. klei`s key.] (Paleon.) A genus of extinct marine reptiles, allied to the Mosasaurus. See Illust. in Appendix.

Cli"en*cy (?), n. State of being a client.

Cli"ent (?), n. [L. cliens, -emtis, for cluens, one who hears (in relation to his protector), a client, fr. L. cluere to be named or called; akin to Gr. &?; to hear, Skr. çry, and E. loud: cf. F. client. See Loud.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) A citizen who put himself under the protection of a man of distinction and influence, who was called his patron.

2. A dependent; one under the protection of another.

> I do think they are your friends and clients,
> And fearful to disturb you.
> B. Jonson.

3. (Law) One who consults a legal adviser, or submits his cause to his management.

Cli"ent*age (?), n. 1. State of being client.

2. A body of clients. E. Everett.

Cli*en"tal (?), a. Of or pertaining to a client.

> A dependent and cliental relation.
> Burke.

> I sat down in the cliental chair.
> Dickens.

Cli"ent*ed (?), a. Supplied with clients. [R.]

> The least cliented pettifiggers.
> R. Carew.

Cli*en"te*lage (?), n. See Clientele, n., 2.

Cli`en*tele" (? or ?), n. [L. clientela: cf. F. clientèle.] 1. The condition or position of a client; clientship. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

2. The clients or dependents of a nobleman of patron.

3. The persons who make habitual use of the services of another person; one's clients, collectively; as, the clientele of a lawyer, doctor, notary, etc.

Cli"ent*ship (?), n. Condition of a client; state of being under the protection of a patron. Dryden.

Cliff (klf), n. [AS. clif, cloef; akin to OS. klif, D. klif, klip, Icel. klif, Dan. & G. klippe, Sw. klippa; perh. orig. a climbing place. See Climb.] A high, steep rock; a precipice.

Cliff swallow (Zoöl.), a North American swallow (Petrochelidon lunifrons), which builds its nest against cliffs; the eaves swallow.

Cliff, n. (Mus.) See Clef. [Obs.]

Cliff" lime"stone` (?). (Geol.) A series of limestone strata found in Ohio and farther west, presenting bluffs along the rivers and valleys, formerly supposed to be of one formation, but now known to be partly Silurian and partly Devonian.

Cliff"y (?), a. Having cliffs; broken; craggy.

Clift (?), n. [See 1st Cliff, n.] A cliff. [Obs.]

> That gainst the craggy clifts did loudly roar.
> Spenser.

Clift, n. [See Cleft, n.] 1. A cleft of crack; a narrow opening. [Obs.]

2. The fork of the legs; the crotch. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Clift"ed, a. [From Clift a cleft.] Broken; fissured.

> Climb the Ande&?; clifted side.
> Grainger.

Cli*mac"ter (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;, prop., round of a ladder, fr. &?; ladder: cf. F. climactère. See Climax.] See Climacteric, n.

Cli*mac"ter*ic (? or ?; 277), a. [L. climactericus, Gr. &?;. See Climacter.] Relating to a climacteric; critical.

Cli*mac"ter*ic, n. 1. A period in human life in which some great change is supposed to take place in the constitution. The critical periods are thought by some to be the years produced by multiplying 7 into the odd numbers 3, 5, 7, and 9; to which others add the 81st year.

2. Any critical period.

> It is your lot, as it was mine, to live during one of the grand climacterics of the world.
> Southey.

Grand or Great climacteric, the sixty-third year of human life.

> I should hardly yield my rigid fibers to be regenerated by them; nor begin, in my grand climacteric, to squall in their new accents, or to stammer, in my second cradle, the elemental sounds of their barbarous metaphysics.
> Burke.

Clim`ac*ter"ic*al (?), a. & n. See Climacteric. Evelyn.

Cli"ma*tal (?), a. Climatic. Dunglison.

Cli`ma*tar"chic (?), a. [Climate + Gr. &?; to rule.] Presiding over, or regulating, climates.

Cli"mate (?), n. [F. climat, L. clima, -atis, fr. Gr. &?;, &?;, slope, the supposed slope of the earth (from the equator toward the pole), hence a region or zone of the earth, fr. &?; to slope, incline, akin to E. lean, v. i. See Lean, v. i., and cf. Clime.] 1. (Anc. Geog.) One of thirty regions or zones, parallel to the equator, into which the surface of the earth from the equator to the pole was divided, according to the successive increase of the length of the midsummer day.

2. The condition of a place in relation to various phenomena of the atmosphere, as temperature, moisture, etc., especially as they affect animal or vegetable life.

Cli"mate, v. i. To dwell. [Poetic] Shak.

Cli*mat"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to a climate; depending on, or limited by, a climate.

Cli*mat"ic*al (?), a. Climatic.

Cli"ma*tize (?), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Climatized (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Climatizing.] To acclimate or become acclimated.

Cli`ma*tog"ra*phy (?), n. [Climate + -graphy.] A description of climates.

Cli`ma*to*log"ic*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to climatology.

Cli`ma*tol"o*gist (?), n. One versed in, or who studies, climatology.

Cli`ma*tol"o*gy (?), n. [Climate + -logy: cf. F. climatologie.] The science which treats of climates and investigates their phenomena and causes. Brande & C.

Cli"ma*ture (?; 135), n. [Cf. F. climature.] A climate. [Obs.] Shak.

Cli"max (?), n. [L., from Gr. &?; ladder, staircase, fr. &?; to make to bend, to lean. See Ladder, Lean, v. i.] 1. Upward movement; steady increase; gradation; ascent. Glanvill.

2. (Rhet.) A figure in which the parts of a sentence or paragraph are so arranged that each succeeding one rises above its predecessor in impressiveness.

> "Tribulation worketh patience, patience experience, and experience hope" -- a happy climax.
> J. D. Forbes.

3. The highest point; the greatest degree.

> We must look higher for the climax of earthly good.
> I. Taylor.

<! p. 266 !>

To cap the climax, to surpass everything, as in excellence or in absurdity. [Colloq.]

Climb (klm), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Climbed (klmd), Obs. or Vulgar Clomb (klm); p. pr. & vb. n. Climbing.] [AS. climban; akin to OHG. chlimban, G. & D. klimmen, Icel. klfa, and E. cleave to adhere.] 1. To ascend or mount laboriously, esp. by use of the hands and feet.

2. To ascend as if with effort; to rise to a higher point.

> Black vapors climb aloft, and cloud the day.
> Dryden.

3. (Bot.) To ascend or creep upward by twining about a support, or by attaching itself by tendrils, rootlets, etc., to a support or upright surface.

Climb, v. t. To ascend, as by means of the hands and feet, or laboriously or slowly; to mount.

Climb, n. The act of one who climbs; ascent by climbing. Warburton.

Climb"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being climbed.

Climb"er (?), n. One who, or that which, climbs: (a) (Bot.) A plant that climbs. (b) (Zoöl.) A bird that climbs, as a woodpecker or a parrot.

Climb"er, v. i. [From Climb; cf. Clamber.] To climb; to mount with effort; to clamber. [Obs.] Tusser.

Climb"ing, p. pr. & vb. n. of Climb.

Climbing fern. See under Fern. -- Climbing perch. (Zoöl.) See Anabas, and Labyrinthici.

Clime (?), n. [L. clima. See Climate.] A climate; a tract or region of the earth. See Climate.

> Turn we to sutvey,
> Where rougher climes a nobler race display.
> Goldsmith.

||Cli*nan"thi*um (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; bed + &?; flower.] (Bot.) The receptacle of the flowers in a composite plant; -- also called clinium.

Clinch (klnch; 224), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clinched (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Clinching.] [OE. clenchen, prop. causative of clink to cause to clink, to strike; cf. D. klinken to tinkle, rivet. See Clink.] 1. To hold firmly; to hold fast by grasping or embracing tightly. "Clinch the pointed spear." Dryden.

2. To set closely together; to close tightly; as, to clinch the teeth or the first. Swift.

3. To bend or turn over the point of (something that has been driven through an object), so that it will hold fast; as, to clinch a nail.

4. To make conclusive; to confirm; to establish; as, to clinch an argument. South.

Clinch, v. i. To hold fast; to grasp something firmly; to seize or grasp one another.

Clinch (klnch), n. 1. The act or process of holding fast; that which serves to hold fast; a grip; a grasp; a clamp; a holdfast; as, to get a good clinch of an antagonist, or of a weapon; to secure anything by a clinch.

2. A pun. Pope.

3. (Naut.) A hitch or bend by which a rope is made fast to the ring of an anchor, or the breeching of a ship's gun to the ringbolts.

Clinch"er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, clinches; that which holds fast. Pope.

2. That which ends a dispute or controversy; a decisive argument.

Clinch"er-built (?), a. See Clinker-built.

Cling (klng), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Clung (klng), Clong (klng), Obs.); p. pr. & vb. n. Clinging.] [AS. clingan to adhere, to wither; akin to Dan. klynge to cluster, crowd. Cf. Clump.] To adhere closely; to stick; to hold fast, especially by twining round or embracing; as, the tendril of a vine clings to its support; -- usually followed by to or together.

> And what hath life for thee
> That thou shouldst cling to it thus?
> Mrs. Hemans.

Cling, v. t. 1. To cause to adhere to, especially by twining round or embracing. [Obs.]

> I clung legs as close to his side as I could.
> Swift.

2. To make to dry up or wither. [Obs.]

> If thou speak'st false,
> Upon the next tree shalt thou hang alive,
> Till famine cling thee.
> Shak.

Cling, n. Adherence; attachment; devotion. [R.]

> A more tenacious cling to worldly respects.
> Milton.

Cling"stone` (?), a. Having the flesh attached closely to the stone, as in some kinds of peaches. -- n. A fruit, as a peach, whose flesh adheres to the stone.

Cling"y (?), a. Apt to cling; adhesive. [R.]

Clin"ic (?), n. [See Clinical.] 1. One confined to the bed by sickness.

2. (Eccl.) One who receives baptism on a sick bed. [Obs.] Hook.

3. (Med.) A school, or a session of a school or class, in which medicine or surgery is taught by the examination and treatment of patients in the presence of the pupils.

{ Clin"ic*al (kln"k*al), Clin"ic (kln"k) }, a. [Gr. kliniko`s, fr. kli`nh bed, fr. kli`nein to lean, recline: cf. F. clinique. See Lean, v. i.] 1. Of or pertaining to a bed, especially, a sick bed.

2. Of or pertaining to a clinic, or to the study of disease in the living subject.

Clinical baptism, baptism administered to a person on a sick bed. -- Clinical instruction, instruction by means of clinics. -- Clinical lecture (Med.), a discourse upon medical topics illustrated by the exhibition and examination of living patients. -- Clinical medicine, Clinical surgery, that part of medicine or surgery which is occupied with the investigation of disease in the living subject.

Clin"ic*al*ly, adv. In a clinical manner.

||Cli*nique" (?), n. [F.] (Med.) A clinic.

||Clin"i*um (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. kli`nh bed.] (Bot.) See Clinanthium.

Clink (klk), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clinked (klkt); p. pr. & vb. n. Clinking.] [OE. clinken; akin to G. klingen, D. klinken, SW. klinga, Dan. klinge; prob. of imitative origin. Cf. Clank, Clench, Click, v. i.] To cause to give out a slight, sharp, tinkling, sound, as by striking metallic or other sonorous bodies together.

> And let me the canakin clink.
> Shak.

Clink (klk), v. i. 1. To give out a slight, sharp, tinkling sound. "The clinking latch." Tennyson.

2. To rhyme. [Humorous]. Cowper.

Clink, n. A slight, sharp, tinkling sound, made by the collision of sonorous bodies. "Clink and fall of swords." Shak.

Clin"kant (kl"kant), a. See Clinquant.

Clink"er (klk"r), n. [From clink; cf. D. clinker a brick which is so hard that it makes a sonorous sound, from clinken to clink. Cf. Clinkstone.] 1. A mass composed of several bricks run together by the action of the fire in the kiln.

2. Scoria or vitrified incombustible matter, formed in a grate or furnace where anthracite coal in used; vitrified or burnt matter ejected from a volcano; slag.

3. A scale of oxide of iron, formed in forging.

4. A kind of brick. See Dutch clinker, under Dutch.

Clink"er-built (?), a. (Naut.) Having the side planks (af a boat) so arranged that the lower edge of each overlaps the upper edge of the plank next below it like clapboards on a house. See Lapstreak.

Clink"stone` (?; 110), n. [Clink + stone; -- from its sonorousness.] (Min.) An igneous rock of feldspathic composition, lamellar in structure, and clinking under the hammer. See Phonolite.

Cli`no*di*ag"o*nal (?), n. [Gr. kli`nein to incline + E. diagonal.] (Crystallog.) That diagonal or lateral axis in a monoclinic crystal which makes an oblique angle with the vertical axis. See Crystallization. -- a. Pertaining to, or the direction of, the clinodiagonal.

Cli"no*dome` (?), n. [Gr. kli`nein to incline + E. dome.] (Crystallog.) See under Dome.

Cli"no*graph"ic (?), a. [Gr. kli`nein to incline + -graph.] Pertaining to that mode of projection in drawing in which the rays of light are supposed to fall obliquely on the plane of projection.

Cli"noid (?), a. [Gr. kli`nh bed + -oid.] (Anat.) Like a bed; -- applied to several processes on the inner side of the sphenoid bone.

Cli*nom"e*ter (?), n. [Gr. kli`nein to incline + -meter.] (Geol.) An instrument for determining the dip of beds or strata, pr the slope of an embankment or cutting; a kind of plumb level. Dana.

Clin`o*met"ric (?), a. 1. Pertaining to, or ascertained by, the clinometer.

2. Pertaining to the oblique crystalline forms, or to solids which have oblique angles between the axes; as, the clinometric systems.

Cli*nom"e*try (?), n. (geol.) That art or operation of measuring the inclination of strata.

Cli`no*pin"a*coid (?), n. [Gr. kli`nein to incline + E. pinacoid.] (Crystallog.) The plane in crystals of the monoclinic system which is parallel to the vertical and the inclined lateral (clinidiagonal) axes.

Cli`no*rhom"bic (?), a. [Gr. kli`nein to incline + E. rhombic: cf. F. clinorhombique.] (Crystallog.) Possessing the qualities of a prism, obliquely inclined to a rhombic base; monoclinic.

Clin"quant (?), a. [F.] Glittering; dressed in, or overlaid with, tinsel finery. [Obs.] Shak.

Clin"quant, n. Tinsel; Dutch gold.

Cli"o (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?; the proclaimer, fr. &?; to call, tell of, make famous.] (Class. Myth.) The Muse who presided over history.

Cli*o"ne (?), n. A genus of naked pteropods. One species (Clione papilonacea), abundant in the Arctic Ocean, constitutes a part of the food of the Greenland whale. It is sometimes incorrectly called Clio.

Clip (klp), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clipped (klpt); p. pr. & vb. n. Clipping.] [OE. cluppen, clippen, to embrace, AS. clyran to embrace, clasp; cf. OHG. kluft tongs, shears, Icel, klpa to pinch, squeeze, also OE. clippen to cut, shear, Dan. klippe to clip, cut, SW. & Icel. klippa.] 1. To embrace, hence; to encompass.

> O . . . that Neptune's arms, who clippeth thee about,
> Would bear thee from the knowledge of thyself.
> Shak.

2. To cut off; as with shears or scissors; as, to clip the hair; to clip coin.

> Sentenced to have his ears clipped.
> Macaulay.

3. To curtail; to cut short.

> All my reports go with the modest truth;
> No more nor clipped, but so.
> Shak.

> In London they clip their words after one manner about the court, another in the city, and a third in the suburbs.
> Swift.

Clip (klp), v. i. To move swiftly; -- usually with indefinite it.

> Straight flies as chek, and clips it down the wind.
> Dryden.

Clip, n. 1. An embrace. Sir P. Sidney.

2. A cutting; a shearing.

3. The product of a single shearing of sheep; a season's crop of wool.

4. A clasp or holder for letters, papers, etc.

5. An embracing strap for holding parts together; the iron strap, with loop, at the ends of a whiffletree. Knight.

6. (Far.) A projecting flange on the upper edge of a horseshoe, turned up so as to embrace the lower part of the hoof; -- called also toe clip and beak. Youatt.

7. A blow or stroke with the hand; as, he hit him a clip. [Colloq. U. S.]

Clip"per (?), n. 1. One who clips; specifically, one who clips off the edges of coin.

> The value is pared off from it into the clipper's pocket.
> Locke.

2. A machine for clipping hair, esp. the hair of horses.

3. (Naut.) A vessel with a sharp bow, built and rigged for fast sailing. -- Clip"per- built` (&?;), a.

The name was first borne by "Baltimore clippers" famous as privateers in the early wars of the United States.

Clip"ping (?), n. 1. The act of embracing. [Obs.]

2. The act of cutting off, curtailing, or diminishing; the practice of clipping the edges of coins.

> clipping by Englishmen is robbing the honest man who receives clipped money.
> Locke.

3. That which is clipped off or out of something; a piece separated by clipping; as, newspaper clippings.

||Clique (?), n. [F., fr. OF. cliquer to click. See Click, v. i.] A narrow circle of persons associated by common interests or for the accomplishment of a common purpose; - - generally used in a bad sense.

Clique, v. i. To To associate together in a clannish way; to act with others secretly to gain a desired end; to plot; -- used with together.

Cli"quish (?), a. Of or pertaining to a clique; disposed to from cliques; exclusive in spirit.

-- Cli"*quish*ness, n.

Cli"quism (?), n. The tendency to associate in cliques; the spirit of cliques.

||Cli*tel"lus (?), n. [NL., prob. fr. L. clitellae a packsadle.] (Zoöl.) A thickened glandular portion of the body of the adult earthworm, consisting of several united segments modified for reproductive purposes.

||Cli"to*ris (? or ?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to shut up. It is concealed by the labia pudendi.] (Anat.) A small organ at the upper part of the vulva, homologous to the penis in the male.

Cliv"ers (? or ?), n. See Cleavers.

Cliv"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Clivities (#). [L. clivus hill.] Inclination; ascent or descent; a gradient. [R.]

||Clo"a"ca (?), n.; pl. Cloacæ (#). [L.] 1. A sewer; as, the Cloaca Maxima of Rome.

2. A privy.

3. (Anat.) The common chamber into which the intestinal, urinary, and generative canals discharge in birds, reptiles, amphibians, and many fishes.

Clo*a"cal (?), a. Of or pertaining to a cloaca.

Cloak (?; 110), n. [Of. cloque cloak (from the bell-like shape), bell, F. cloche bell; perh. of Celtic origin and the same word as E. clock. See 1st Clock.] 1. A loose outer garment, extending from the neck downwards, and commonly without sleeves. It is longer than a cape, and is worn both by men and by women.

2. That which conceals; a disguise or pretext; an excuse; a fair pretense; a mask; a cover.

> No man is esteemed any ways considerable for policy who wears religion otherwise than as a cloak.
> South.

Cloak bag, a bag in which a cloak or other clothes are carried; a portmanteau. Shak.

Cloak, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cloaked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Cloaking.] To cover with, or as with, a cloak; hence, to hide or conceal.

> Now glooming sadly, so to cloak her matter.
> Spenser.

Syn. -- See Palliate.

Cloak"ed*ly, adv. In a concealed manner.

Cloak"ing, n. 1. The act of covering with a cloak; the act of concealing anything.

> To take heed of their dissemblings and cloakings.
> Strype.

2. The material of which of which cloaks are made.

Cloak"room` (?), n. A room, attached to any place of public resort, where cloaks, overcoats, etc., may be deposited for a time.

Clock (?), n. [AS. clucge bell; akin to D. klok clock, bell, G. glocke, Dan. klokke, Sw. klocka, Icel. klukka bell, LL. clocca, cloca (whence F. cloche); al perh. of Celtic origin; cf. Ir. & Gael. clog bell, clock, W. cloch bell. Cf. Cloak.] 1. A machine for measuring time, indicating the hour and other divisions by means of hands moving on a dial plate. Its works are moved by a weight or a spring, and it is often so constructed as to tell the hour by the stroke of a hammer on a bell. It is not adapted, like the watch, to be carried on the person.

2. A watch, esp. one that strikes. [Obs.] Walton.

3. The striking of a clock. [Obs.] Dryden.

4. A figure or figured work on the ankle or side of a stocking. Swift.

The phrases what o'clock? it is nine o'clock, etc., are contracted from what of the clock? it is nine of the clock, etc.

Alarm clock. See under Alarm. -- Astronomical clock. (a) A clock of superior construction, with a compensating pendulum, etc., to measure time with great accuracy, for use in astronomical observatories; -- called a regulator when used by watchmakers as a standard for regulating timepieces. (b) A clock with mechanism for indicating certain astronomical phenomena, as the phases of the moon, position of the sun in the ecliptic, equation of time, etc. -- Electric clock. (a) A clock moved or regulated by electricity or electro-magnetism. (b) A clock connected with an electro-magnetic recording apparatus. -- Ship's clock (Naut.), a clock arranged to strike from one to eight strokes, at half hourly intervals, marking the divisions of the ship's watches. -- Sidereal clock, an astronomical clock regulated to keep sidereal time.

Clock (klk), v. t. To ornament with figured work, as the side of a stocking.

Clock, v. t. & i. To call, as a hen. See Cluck. [R.]

Clock, n. (Zoöl.) A large beetle, esp. the European dung beetle (Scarabæus stercorarius).

Clock"like` (klk"lk`), a. Like a clock or like clockwork; mechanical.

> Their services are clocklike, to be set
> Backward and forward at their lord's command.
> B. Jonson.

Clock"work` (-wûrk`), n. The machinery of a clock, or machinery resembling that of a clock; machinery which produces regularity of movement.

<! p. 267 !>

Clod (kld), n. [OE. clodde, latter form of clot. See Clot.] 1. A lump or mass, especially of earth, turf, or clay. "Clods of a slimy substance." Carew. "Clods of iron and brass." Milton. "Clods of blood." E. Fairfax.

> The earth that casteth up from the plow a great clod, is not so good as that which casteth up a smaller clod.
> Bacon.

2. The ground; the earth; a spot of earth or turf.

> The clod
> Where once their sultan's horse has trod.
> Swift.

3. That which is earthy and of little relative value, as the body of man in comparison with the soul.

> This cold clod of clay which we carry about with us.
> T. Burnet.

4. A dull, gross, stupid fellow; a dolt Dryden.

5. A part of the shoulder of a beef creature, or of the neck piece near the shoulder. See Illust. of Beef.

Clod (kld), v. i To collect into clods, or into a thick mass; to coagulate; to clot; as, clodded gore. See Clot.

> Clodded in lumps of clay.
> G. Fletcher.

Clod, v. t. 1. To pelt with clods. Jonson.

2. To throw violently; to hurl. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Clod"dish (?), a. Resembling clods; gross; low; stupid; boorish. Hawthorne.

-- Clod"dish*ness, n.

Clod"dy (?), a. Consisting of clods; full of clods.

Clod"hop`per (?), n. A rude, rustic fellow.

Clod"hop`ping, a. Boorish; rude. C. Bronté.

Clod"pate` (?), n. A blockhead; a dolt.

Clod"pat`ed (?), a. Stupid; dull; doltish.

Clod"poll` (?), n. [Clod + poll head.] A stupid fellow; a dolt. [Written also clodpole.] Shak.

Cloff (?; 115), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] Formerly an allowance of two pounds in every three hundred weight after the tare and tret are subtracted; now used only in a general sense, of small deductions from the original weight. [Written also clough.] McCulloch.

Clog (?), n. [OE. clogge clog, Scot. clag, n., a clot, v., to to obstruct, cover with mud or anything adhesive; prob. of the same origin as E. clay.] 1. That which hinders or impedes motion; hence, an encumbrance, restraint, or impediment, of any kind.

> All the ancient, honest, juridical principles and institutions of England are so many clogs to check and retard the headlong course of violence and opression.
> Burke.

2. A weight, as a log or block of wood, attached to a man or an animal to hinder motion.

> As a dog . . . but chance breaks loose,
> And quits his clog.
> Hudibras.

> A clog of lead was round my feet.
> Tennyson.

3. A shoe, or sandal, intended to protect the feet from wet, or to increase the apparent stature, and having, therefore, a very thick sole. Cf. Chopine.

> In France the peasantry goes barefoot; and the middle sort . . . makes use of wooden clogs.
> Harvey.

Clog almanac, a primitive kind of almanac or calendar, formerly used in England, made by cutting notches and figures on the four edges of a clog, or square piece of wood, brass, or bone; -- called also a Runic staff, from the Runic characters used in the numerical notation. -- Clog dance, a dance performed by a person wearing clogs, or thick-soled shoes. -- Clog dancer.

Clog, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clogged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Clogging.] 1. To encumber or load, especially with something that impedes motion; to hamper.

> The winds of birds were clogged with ace and snow.
> Dryden.

2. To obstruct so as to hinder motion in or through; to choke up; as, to clog a tube or a channel.

3. To burden; to trammel; to embarrass; to perplex.

> The commodities are clogged with impositions.
> Addison.

> You 'll rue the time
> That clogs me with this answer.
> Shak.

Syn. -- Impede; hinder; obstruct; embarrass; burden; restrain; restrict.

Clog, v. i. 1. To become clogged; to become loaded or encumbered, as with extraneous matter.

> In working through the bone, the teeth of the saw will begin to clog.
> S. Sharp.

2. To coalesce or adhere; to unite in a mass.

> Move it sometimes with a broom, that the seeds clog not together.
> Evelyn.

Clog"gi*ness (?), n. The state of being clogged.

Clog"ging, n. Anything which clogs. Dr. H. More.

Clog"gy (?), a. Clogging, or having power to clog.

||Cloi`son*né (?), a. [F., partitioned, fr. cloison a partition.] Inlaid between partitions: -- said of enamel when the lines which divide the different patches of fields are composed of a kind of metal wire secured to the ground; as distinguished from champlevé enamel, in which the ground is engraved or scooped out to receive the enamel. S. Wells Williams.

Clois"ter (?), n. [OF. cloistre, F. cloître, L. claustrum, pl. claustra, bar, bolt, bounds, fr. claudere, clausum, to close. See Close, v. t., and cf. Claustral.]

1. An inclosed place. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. A covered passage or ambulatory on one side of a court; (pl.) the series of such passages on the different sides of any court, esp. that of a monastery or a college.

> But let my due feet never fail
> To walk the studious cloister's pale.
> Milton.

3. A monastic establishment; a place for retirement from the world for religious duties.

> Fitter for a cloister than a crown.
> Daniel.

Cloister garth (Arch.), the garden or open part of a court inclosed by the cloisters.

Syn. -- Cloister, Monastery, Nunnery, Convent, Abbey, Priory. Cloister and convent are generic terms, and denote a place of seclusion from the world for persons who devote their lives to religious purposes. They differ is that the distinctive idea of cloister is that of seclusion from the world, that of convent, community of living. Both terms denote houses for recluses of either sex. A cloister or convent for monks is called a monastery; for nuns, a nunnery. An abbey is a convent or monastic institution governed by an abbot or an abbess; a priory is one governed by a prior or a prioress, and is usually affiliated to an abbey.

Clois"ter (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cloistered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Cloistering.] To confine in, or as in, a cloister; to seclude from the world; to immure.

> None among them are thought worthy to be styled religious persons but those that cloister themselves up in a monastery.
> Sharp.

Clois"ter*al (?), a. Cloistral. [Obs.] I. Walton.

Clois"tered (?), a. 1. Dwelling in cloisters; solitary. "Cloistered friars and vestal nuns." Hudibras.

> In cloistered state let selfish sages dwell,
> Proud that their heart is narrow as their cell.
> Shenstone.

2. Furnished with cloisters. Sir H. Wotton.

Clois"ter*er (?), n. [Cf. OF. cloistier.] One belonging to, or living in, a cloister; a recluse.

Clois"tral (?), a. Of, pertaining to, or confined in, a cloister; recluse. [Written also cloisteral.]

> Best become a cloistral exercise.
> Daniel.

Clois"tress (?), n. A nun. [R.] Shak.

Cloke (?), n. & v. See Cloak. [Obs.]

{ Clomb (?), Clomb"en (?), } imp. & p. p. of Climb (for climbed). [Obs.]

> The sonne, he sayde, is clomben up on hevene.
> Chaucer.

Clomp (?), n. See Clamp.

Clong (?), imp. of Cling. [Obs.]

Clon"ic (?), a. [Gr. klo`nos a violent, confused motion; cf. F. clonique.] (Med.) Having an irregular, convulsive motion. Dunglison.

Clonic spasm. (Med.) See under Spasm.

Cloom (?), v. t. [A variant of clam to clog.] To close with glutinous matter. [Obs.] Mortimer.

Cloop (?), n. [An onomatopœia.] The sound made when a cork is forcibly drawn from a bottle. "The cloop of a cork wrenched from a bottle." Thackeray.

Close (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Closed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Closing.] [From OF. & F. clos, p. p. of clore to close, fr. L. claudere; akin to G. schliessen to shut, and to E. clot, cloister, clavicle, conclude, sluice. Cf. Clause, n.] 1. To stop, or fill up, as an opening; to shut; as, to close the eyes; to close a door.

2. To bring together the parts of; to consolidate; as, to close the ranks of an army; -- often used with up.

3. To bring to an end or period; to conclude; to complete; to finish; to end; to consummate; as, to close a bargain; to close a course of instruction.

> One frugal supper did our studies close.
> Dryden.

4. To come or gather around; to inclose; to encompass; to confine.

> The depth closed me round about.
> Jonah ii. 5.

> But now thou dost thyself immure and close
> In some one corner of a feeble heart.
> Herbert.

A closed sea, a sea within the jurisdiction of some particular nation, which controls its navigation.

Close, v. i. 1. To come together; to unite or coalesce, as the parts of a wound, or parts separated.

> What deep wounds ever closed without a scar?
> Byron.

2. To end, terminate, or come to a period; as, the debate closed at six o'clock.

3. To grapple; to engage in hand-to-hand fight.

> They boldly closed in a hand-to-hand contest.
> Prescott.

To close on or upon, to come to a mutual agreement; to agree on or join in. "Would induce France and Holland to close upon some measures between them to our disadvantage." Sir W. Temple. -- To close with. (a) To accede to; to consent or agree to; as, to close with the terms proposed. (b) To make an agreement with. -- To close with the land (Naut.), to approach the land.

Close (?), n. 1. The manner of shutting; the union of parts; junction. [Obs.]

> The doors of plank were; their close exquisite.
> Chapman.

2. Conclusion; cessation; ending; end.

> His long and troubled life was drawing to a close.
> Macaulay.

3. A grapple in wrestling. Bacon.

4. (Mus.) (a) The conclusion of a strain of music; cadence. (b) A double bar marking the end.

> At every close she made, the attending throng
> Replied, and bore the burden of the song.
> Dryden.

Syn. -- Conclusion; termination; cessation; end; ending; extremity; extreme.

Close (? or ?), n. [OF. & F. clos an inclosure, fr. clos, p. p. of clore. See Close, v. t.] 1. An inclosed place; especially, a small field or piece of land surrounded by a wall, hedge, or fence of any kind; -- specifically, the precinct of a cathedral or abbey.

> Closes surrounded by the venerable abodes of deans and canons.
> Macaulay.

2. A narrow passage leading from a street to a court, and the houses within. [Eng.] Halliwell

3. (Law) The interest which one may have in a piece of ground, even though it is not inclosed. Bouvier.

Close (?), a. [Compar. Closer (?); superl. Closest.] [Of. & F. clos, p. p. of clore. See Close, v. t.] 1. Shut fast; closed; tight; as, a close box.

> From a close bower this dainty music flowed.
> Dryden.

2. Narrow; confined; as, a close alley; close quarters. "A close prison." Dickens.

3. Oppressive; without motion or ventilation; causing a feeling of lassitude; -- said of the air, weather, etc.

> If the rooms be low-roofed, or full of windows and doors, the one maketh the air close, . . . and the other maketh it exceeding unequal.
> Bacon.

4. Strictly confined; carefully quarded; as, a close prisoner.

5. Out of the way observation; secluded; secret; hidden. "He yet kept himself close because of Saul." 1 Chron. xii. 1

> "Her close intent."
> Spenser.

6. Disposed to keep secrets; secretive; reticent. "For secrecy, no lady closer." Shak.

7. Having the parts near each other; dense; solid; compact; as applied to bodies; viscous; tenacious; not volatile, as applied to liquids.

> The golden globe being put into a press, . . . the water made itself way through the pores of that very close metal.
> Locke.

8. Concise; to the point; as, close reasoning. "Where the original is close no version can reach it in the same compass." Dryden.

9. Adjoining; near; either in space; time, or thought; -- often followed by to.

> Plant the spring crocuses close to a wall.
> Mortimer.

> The thought of the Man of sorrows seemed a very close thing -- not a faint hearsay.
> G. Eliot.

10. Short; as, to cut grass or hair close.

11. Intimate; familiar; confidential.

> League with you I seek
> And mutual amity, so strait, so close,
> That I with you must dwell, or you with me.
> Milton.

12. Nearly equal; almost evenly balanced; as, a close vote. "A close contest." Prescott.

13. Difficult to obtain; as, money is close. Bartlett.

14. Parsimonious; stingy. "A crusty old fellow, as close as a vise." Hawthorne.

15. Adhering strictly to a standard or original; exact; strict; as, a close translation. Locke.

16. Accurate; careful; precise; also, attentive; undeviating; strict; not wandering; as, a close observer.

17. (Phon.) Uttered with a relatively contracted opening of the mouth, as certain sounds of e and o in French, Italian, and German; -- opposed to open.

Close borough. See under Borough. -- Close breeding. See under Breeding. -- Close communion, communion in the Lord's supper, restricted to those who have received baptism by immersion. -- Close corporation, a body or corporation which fills its own vacancies. -- Close fertilization. (Bot.) See Fertilization. -- Close harmony (Mus.), compact harmony, in which the tones composing each chord are not widely distributed over several octaves. -- Close time, a fixed period during which killing game or catching certain fish is prohibited by law. -- Close vowel (Pron.), a vowel which is pronounced with a diminished aperture of the lips, or with contraction of the cavity of the mouth. -- Close to the wind (Naut.), directed as nearly to the point from which the wind blows as it is possible to sail; closehauled; -- said of a vessel.

Close (?), adv. 1. In a close manner.

2. Secretly; darkly. [Obs.]

> A wondrous vision which did close imply
> The course of all her fortune and posterity.
> Spenser.

Close"-band`ed (?), a. Closely united.

Close"-barred` (?), a. Firmly barred or closed.

Close"-bod`ied (?), a. Fitting the body exactly; setting close, as a garment. Ayliffe.

Close"-fights` (?), n. pl. (Naut.) Barriers with loopholes, formerly erected on the deck of a vessel to shelter the men in a close engagement with an enemy's boarders; -- called also close quarters. [Obs.]

Close"fist`ed (?), a. Covetous; niggardly. Bp. Berkeley. "Closefisted contractors." Hawthorne.

Close"hand`ed (?), a. Covetous; penurious; stingy; closefisted. -- Close"hand`ed*ness, n.

Close"hauled` (?), a. (Naut.) Under way and moving as nearly as possible toward the direction from which the wind blows; -- said of a sailing vessel.

Close"ly, adv. 1. In a close manner.

2. Secretly; privately. [Obs.]

> That nought she did but wayle, and often steepe
> Her dainty couch with tears which
> closely she did weepe.
> Spenser.

Close"mouthed` (?), a. Cautious in speaking; secret; wary; uncommunicative.

Clos"en (?), v. t. To make close. [R.]

Close"ness, n. The state of being close.

> Half stifled by the closeness of the room.
> Swift.

> We rise not against the piercing judgment of Augustus, nor the extreme caution or closeness of Tiberius.
> Bacon.

> An affectation of closeness and covetousness.
> Addison.

Syn. -- Narrowness; oppressiveness; strictness; secrecy; compactness; conciseness; nearness; intimacy; tightness; stinginess; literalness.

Clos"er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, closes; specifically, a boot closer. See under Boot.

2. A finisher; that which finishes or terminates.

3. (Masonry) The last stone in a horizontal course, if of a less size than the others, or a piece of brick finishing a course. Gwilt.

Close"reefed` (?), a. (Naut.) Having all the reefs taken in; -- said of a sail.

Close"-stool` (?), n. A utensil to hold a chamber vessel, for the use of the sick and infirm. It is usually in the form of a box, with a seat and tight cover.

Clos"et (?), n. [OF. closet little inclosure, dim. of clos. See Close an inclosure.] 1. A small room or apartment for retirement; a room for privacy.

> A chair-lumbered closet, just twelve feet by nine.
> Goldsmith.

> When thou prayest, enter into thy closet.
> Matt. vi. 6.

2. A small apartment, or recess in the side of a room, for household utensils, clothing, etc. Dryden.

Closet sin, sin commited in privacy. Bp. Hall.

Clos"et, v. t. [imp. & p. pr. & vb. n. Closeting.] 1. To shut up in, or as in, a closet; to conceal. [R.]

> Bedlam's closeted and handcuffed charge.
> Cowper.

2. To make into a closet for a secret interview.

> He was to call a new legislature, to closet its members.
> Bancroft.

> He had been closeted with De Quadra.
> Froude.

Close"-tongued` (&?;), a. Closemouthed; silent. "Close-tongued treason." Shak.

<! p. 268 !>

Closh (?), n. [CF. F. clocher to limp, halt.] A disease in the feet of cattle; laminitis. Crabb.

Closh, n. [CF. D. klossen to play at bowls.] The game of ninepins. [Obs.] Halliwell.

Clo"sure (?, 135), n. [Of. closure, L. clausura, fr. clauedere to shut. See Close, v. t.] 1. The act of shutting; a closing; as, the closure of a chink.

2. That which closes or shuts; that by which separate parts are fastened or closed.

> Without a seal, wafer, or any closure whatever.
> Pope.

3. That which incloses or confines; an inclosure.

> O thou bloody prison . . .
> Within the guilty closure of thy walls
> Richard the Second here was hacked to death.
> Shak.

4. A conclusion; an end. [Obs.] Shak.

5. (Parliamentary Practice) A method of putting an end to debate and securing an immediate vote upon a measure before a legislative body. It is similar in effect to the previous question. It was first introduced into the British House of Commons in 1882. The French word clôture was originally applied to this proceeding.

Clot (?), n. [OE. clot, clodde, clod; akin to D. kloot ball, G. kloss clod, dumpling, klotz block, Dan. klods, Sw. klot bowl, globe, klots block; cf. AS. clte bur. Cf. Clod, n., Clutter to clot.] A concretion or coagulation; esp. a soft, slimy, coagulated mass, as of blood; a coagulum. "Clots of pory gore." Addison.

> Doth bake the egg into clots as if it began to poach.
> Bacon.

Clod and clot appear to be radically the same word, and are so used by early writers; but in present use clod is applied to a mass of earth or the like, and clot to a concretion or coagulation of soft matter.

Clot, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Clotted; p. pr. & vb. n. Clotting.] To concrete, coagulate, or thicken, as soft or fluid matter by evaporation; to become a cot or clod.

Clot, v. t. To form into a slimy mass.

Clot"bur` (?), n. [Cf. Clote.] 1. The burdock. [Prov. Engl.] Prior.

2. Same as Cocklebur.

Clote (?), n. [AS. cl&?;te: cf. G. klette.] The common burdock; the clotbur. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Cloth (?; 115), n.; pl. Cloths (#; 115), except in the sense of garments, when it is Clothes (klthz or klz). [OE. clath cloth, AS. clþ cloth, garment; akin to D. kleed, Icel. klæði, Dan. klæde, cloth, Sw. kläde, G. kleid garment, dress.] 1. A fabric made of fibrous material (or sometimes of wire, as in wire cloth); commonly, a woven fabric of cotton, woolen, or linen, adapted to be made into garments; specifically, woolen fabrics, as distinguished from all others.

2. The dress; raiment. [Obs.] See Clothes.

> I'll ne'er distust my God for cloth and bread.
> Quarles.

3. The distinctive dress of any profession, especially of the clergy; hence, the clerical profession.

> Appeals were made to the priesthood. Would they tamely permit so gross an insult to be offered to their cloth?
> Macaulay.

> The cloth, the clergy, are constituted for administering and for giving the best possible effect to . . . every axiom.
> I. Taylor.

Body cloth. See under Body. -- Cloth of gold, a fabric woven wholly or partially of threads of gold. -- Cloth measure, the measure of length and surface by which cloth is measured and sold. For this object the standard yard is usually divided into quarters and nails. -- Cloth paper, a coarse kind of paper used in pressing and finishing woolen cloth. -- Cloth shearer, one who shears cloth and frees it from superfluous nap.

Clothe (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clothed (&?;) or Clad (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Clothing.] [OE. clathen, clothen, clethen, AS. clðian, clæðan. See Cloth.] 1. To put garments on; to cover with clothing; to dress.

> Go with me, to clothe you as becomes you.
> Shak.

2. To provide with clothes; as, to feed and clothe a family; to clothe one's self extravagantly.

> Drowsiness shall clothe a man with rags.
> Prov. xxiii. 21.

> The naked every day he clad,
> When he put on his clothes.
> Goldsmith.

3. Fig.: To cover or invest, as with a garment; as, to clothe one with authority or power.

> Language in which they can clothe their thoughts.
> Watts.

> His sides are clothed with waving wood.
> J. Dyer.

> Thus Belial, with with words clothed in reason's garb.
> Milton.

Clothe (?), v. i. To wear clothes. [Poetic]

> Care no more to clothe eat.
> Shak.

Clothes (? or ?; 277), n. pl. [From Cloth.] 1. Covering for the human body; dress; vestments; vesture; -- a general term for whatever covering is worn, or is made to be worn, for decency or comfort.

> She . . . speaks well, and has excellent good clothes.
> Shak.

> If I may touch but his clothes, I shall be whole.
> Mark. v. 28.

2. The covering of a bed; bedclothes.

> She turned each way her frighted head,
> Then sunk it deep beneath the clothes.
> Prior.

Body clothes. See under Body. -- Clothes moth (Zoöl.), a small moth of the genus Tinea. The most common species (T. flavifrontella) is yellowish white. The larvæ eat woolen goods, furs, feathers, etc. They live in tubular cases made of the material upon which they feed, fastened together with silk.

Syn. -- Garments; dress; clothing; apparel; attire; vesture; raiment; garb; costume; habit; habiliments.

Clothes"horse` (-hôrs`), n. A frame to hang clothes on.

Clothes"line` (?), n. A rope or wire on which clothes are hung to dry.

Clothes"pin` (? or ?), n. A forked piece of wood, or a small spring clamp, used for fastening clothes on a line.

Clothes"press` (?), n. A receptacle for clothes.

Cloth"ier (?), n. 1. One who makes cloths; one who dresses or fulls cloth. Hayward.

2. One who sells cloth or clothes, or who makes and sells clothes.

Cloth"ing (?), n. 1. Garments in general; clothes; dress; raiment; covering.

> From others he shall stand in need of nothing,
> Yet on his brothers shall depend for clothing.
> Milton.

> As for me, . . . my clothing was sackloth.
> Ps. xxxv. 13

2. The art of process of making cloth. [R.]

> Instructing [refugees] in the art of clothing.
> Ray.

3. A covering of non-conducting material on the outside of a boiler, or steam chamber, to prevent radiation of heat. Knight.

4. (Mach.) See Card clothing, under 3d Card.

Clot"hred (?), p. p. Clottered. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Clot"poll` (?), n. See Clodpoll. [Obs.] Shak.

Clot"ted (?), a. Composed of clots or clods; having the quality or form of a clot; sticky; slimy; foul. "The clotted glebe." J. Philips.

> When lust . . .
> Lets in defilement to the inward parts,
> The soul grows clotted by contagion.
> Milton.

Clot"ter (?), v. i. [From Clot.] To concrete into lumps; to clot. [Obs.] "Clottered blood." Chapman.

Clot"ty (?), a. [From Clot, n.] Full of clots, or clods. "Clotty matter." Harvey.

||Clô`ture" (?), n. [F.] (Parliamentary Practice) See Closure, 5.

Clot"weed` (?), n. [See Clote.] Cocklebur.

Cloud (kloud), n. [Prob. fr. AS. cld a rock or hillock, the application arising from the frequent resemblance of clouds to rocks or hillocks in the sky or air.] 1. A collection of visible vapor, or watery particles, suspended in the upper atmosphere.

> I do set my bow in the cloud.
> Gen. ix. 13.

A classification of clouds according to their chief forms was first proposed by the meteorologist Howard, and this is still substantially employed. The following varieties and subvarieties are recognized: (a) Cirrus. This is the most elevated of all the forms of clouds; is thin, long-drawn, sometimes looking like carded wool or hair, sometimes like a brush or room, sometimes in curl-like or fleecelike patches. It is the cat's-tail of the sailor, and the mare's-tail of the landsman. (b) Cumulus. This form appears in large masses of a hemispherical form, or nearly so, above, but flat below, one often piled above another, forming great clouds, common in the summer, and presenting the appearance of gigantic mountains crowned with snow. It often affords rain and thunder gusts. (c) Stratus. This form appears in layers or bands extending horizontally. (d) Nimbus. This form is characterized by its uniform gray tint and ragged edges; it covers the sky in seasons of continued rain, as in easterly storms, and is the proper rain cloud. The name is sometimes used to denote a raining cumulus, or cumulostratus. (e) Cirro-cumulus. This form consists, like the cirrus, of thin, broken, fleecelice clouds, but the parts are more or less rounded and regulary grouped. It is popularly called mackerel sky. (f) Cirro-stratus. In this form the patches of cirrus coalesce in long strata, between cirrus and stratus. (g) Cumulo-stratus. A form between cumulus and stratus, often assuming at the horizon a black or bluish tint. -- Fog, cloud, motionless, or nearly so, lying near or in contact with the earth's surface. -- Storm scud, cloud lying quite low, without form, and driven rapidly with the wind.

2. A mass or volume of smoke, or flying dust, resembling vapor. "A thick cloud of incense." Ezek. viii. 11.

3. A dark vein or spot on a lighter material, as in marble; hence, a blemish or defect; as, a cloud upon one's reputation; a cloud on a title.

4. That which has a dark, lowering, or threatening aspect; that which temporarily overshadows, obscures, or depresses; as, a cloud of sorrow; a cloud of war; a cloud upon the intellect.

5. A great crowd or multitude; a vast collection. "So great a cloud of witnesses." Heb. xii. 1.

6. A large, loosely-knitted scarf, worn by women about the head.

Cloud on a (or the) title (Law), a defect of title, usually superficial and capable of removal by release, decision in equity, or legislation. -- To be under a cloud, to be under suspicion or in disgrace; to be in disfavor. -- In the clouds, in the realm of facy and imagination; beyond reason; visionary.

Cloud (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clouded; p. pr. & vb. n. Clouding.] 1. To overspread or hide with a cloud or clouds; as, the sky is clouded.

2. To darken or obscure, as if by hiding or enveloping with a cloud; hence, to render gloomy or sullen.

> One day too late, I fear me, noble lord,
> Hath clouded all thy happy days on earth.
> Shak.

> Be not disheartened, then, nor cloud those looks.
> Milton.

> Nothing clouds men's minds and impairs their honesty like prejudice.
> M. Arnold.

3. To blacken; to sully; to stain; to tarnish; to damage; -- esp. used of reputation or character.

> I would not be a stander-by to hear
> My sovereign mistress clouded so, without
> My present vengeance taken.
> Shak.

4. To mark with, or darken in, veins or sports; to variegate with colors; as, to cloud yarn.

> And the nice conduct of a clouded cane.
> Pope.

Cloud, v. i. To grow cloudy; to become obscure with clouds; -- often used with up.

> Worthies, away! The scene begins to cloud.
> Shak.

Cloud"age (?), n. Mass of clouds; cloudiness. [R.]

> A scudding cloudage of shapes.
> Coleridge.

Cloud"ber`ry (?), n. (Bot.) A species of raspberry (Rubus Chamæmerous) growing in the northern regions, and bearing edible, amber- colored fruit.

Cloud"-built (?), a. Built of, or in, the clouds; airy; unsubstantial; imaginary. Cowper.

> So vanished my cloud-built palace.
> Goldsmith.

Cloud"-burst` (?), n. A sudden copious rainfall, as if the whole cloud had been precipitated at once.

Cloud"-capped` (?), a. Having clouds resting on the top or head; reaching to the clouds; as, cloud-capped mountains.

Cloud"-com*pel`ler (?), n. Cloud-gatherer; -- an epithet applied to Zeus. [Poetic.] Pope.

Cloud"i*ly (?), adv. In a cloudy manner; darkly; obscurely. Dryden.

Cloud"i*ness, n. The state of being cloudy.

Cloud"ing, n. 1. A mottled appearance given to ribbons and silks in the process of dyeing.

2. A diversity of colors in yarn, recurring at regular intervals. Knight.

Cloud"land` (?), n. Dreamland.

Cloud"less, a. Without a cloud; clear; bright.

> A cloudless winter sky.
> Bankroft.

-- Cloud"less*ly, adv. -- Cloud"less*ness, n.

Cloud"let (?), n. A little cloud. R. Browning.

> Eve's first star through fleecy cloudlet peeping.
> Coleridge.

Cloud"y (&?;), a. [Compar. Cloudier (&?;); superl. Cloudiest.] [From Cloud, n.] 1. Overcast or obscured with clouds; clouded; as, a cloudy sky.

2. Consisting of a cloud or clouds.

> As Moses entered into the tabernacle, the cloudy pillar descended.
> Ex. xxxiii. 9

3. Indicating gloom, anxiety, sullenness, or ill-nature; not open or cheerful. "A cloudy countenance." Shak.

4. Confused; indistinct; obscure; dark.

> Cloudy and confused notions of things.
> Watts.

5. Lacking clearness, brightness, or luster. "A cloudy diamond." Boyle.

6. Marked with veins or sports of dark or various hues, as marble.

Clough (?), n. [OE. clough, cloghe, clou, clewch, AS. (assumed) clh, akin to G. klinge ravine.] 1. A cleft in a hill; a ravine; a narrow valley. Nares.

2. A sluice used in returning water to a channel after depositing its sediment on the flooded land. Knight.

Clough (?; 115), n. (Com.) An allowance in weighing. See Cloff.

Clout (?), n. [AS. clt a little cloth, piece of metal; cf. Sw. klut, Icel. kltr a kerchief, or W. clwt a clout, Gael. clud.] 1. A cloth; a piece of cloth or leather; a patch; a rag.

> His garments, nought but many ragged clouts,
> With thorns together pinned and patched was.
> Spenser.

> A clout upon that head where late the diadem stood.
> Shak.

2. A swadding cloth.

3. A piece; a fragment. [Obs.] Chaucer.

4. The center of the butt at which archers shoot; -- probably once a piece of white cloth or a nail head.

> A'must shoot nearer or he'll ne'er hit the clout.
> Shak.

5. An iron plate on an axletree or other wood to keep it from wearing; a washer.

6. A blow with the hand. [Low]

Clout nail, a kind of wrought-iron nail heaving a large flat head; -- used for fastening clouts to axletrees, plowshares, etc., also for studding timber, and for various purposes.

Clout, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clouted; p. pr. & vb. n. Clouting.] [OE. clutien. clouten, to patch. See Clout, n.] 1. To cover with cloth, leather, or other material; to bandage; patch, or mend, with a clout.

> And old shoes and clouted upon their feet.
> Josh. ix. 5.

> Paul, yea, and Peter, too, had more skill in . . . clouting an old tent than to teach lawyers.
> Latimer.

2. To join or patch clumsily.

> If fond Bavius vent his clouted song.
> P. Fletcher

3. To quard with an iron plate, as an axletree.

4. To give a blow to; to strike. [Low]

> The . . . queen of Spain took off one of her chopines and clouted Olivarez about the noddle with it.
> Howell.

5. To stud with nails, as a timber, or a boot sole.

Clouted cream, clotted cream, i. e., cream obtained by warming new milk. A. Philips.

"Clouted brogues" in Shakespeare and "clouted shoon" in Milton have been understood by some to mean shoes armed with nails; by others, patched shoes.

Clout"er*ly (?), a. [From Clout, n.] Clumsy; awkward. [Obs.]

> Rough-hewn, cloutery verses.
> E. Phillips.

Clove (?), imp. of Cleave. Cleft. Spenser.

Clove hitch (Naut.) See under Hitch. -- Clove hook (Naut.), an iron two-part hook, with jaws overlapping, used in bending chain sheets to the clews of sails; -- called also clip hook. Knight.

Clove, n. [D. kloof. See Cleave, v. t.] A cleft; a gap; a ravine; -- rarely used except as part of a proper name; as, Kaaterskill Clove; Stone Clove.

Clove, n. [OE. clow, fr. F. clou nail, clou de girofle a clove, lit. nail of clove, fr. L. clavus nail, perh. akin to clavis key, E. clavicle. The clove was so called from its resemblance to a nail. So in D. kruidnagel clove, lit. herb-nail or spice-nail. Cf. Cloy.] A very pungent aromatic spice, the unexpanded flower bud of the clove tree (Eugenia, or Caryophullus, aromatica), a native of the Molucca Isles.

Clove camphor. (Chem.) See Eugenin. -- Clove gillyflower, Clove pink (Bot.), any fragrant self-colored carnation.

Clove, n. [AS. clufe an ear of corn, a clove of garlic; cf. cleófan to split, E. cleave.] 1. (Bot.) One of the small bulbs developed in the axils of the scales of a large bulb, as in the case of garlic.

> Developing, in the axils of its skales, new bulbs, of what gardeners call cloves.
> Lindley.

<! p. 269 !>

2. A weight. A clove of cheese is about eight pounds, of wool, about seven pounds. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Clo"ven (?), p. p. & a. from Cleave, v. t.

To show the cloven foot or hoof, to reveal a devilish character, or betray an evil purpose, notwithstanding disguises, -- Satan being represented dramatically and symbolically as having cloven hoofs.

{ Clo"ven-foot`ed (?), Clo"ven-hoofed` (?) }, a. Having the foot or hoof divided into two parts, as the ox.

Clo"ver (kl"vr), n. [OE. claver, clover, AS. clfre; akin to LG. & Dan. klever, D. klaver, G. klee, Sw. klöfver.] (Bot.) A plant of different species of the genus Trifolium; as the common red clover, T. pratense, the white, T. repens, and the hare's foot, T. arvense.

Clover weevil (Zoöl.) a small weevil (Apion apricans), that destroys the seeds of clover. -- Clover worm (Zoöl.), the larva of a small moth (Asopia costalis), often very destructive to clover hay. -- In clover, in very pleasant circumstances; fortunate. [Colloq.] -- Sweet clover. See Meliot.

Clo"vered (?), a. Covered with growing clover.

> Flocks thick nibbling through the clovered vale.
> Thomson.

Clowe"-gi*lof`re (?), n. [See 3d Clove, and Gillyflower.] Spice clove. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Clown (kloun), n. [Cf. Icel. klunni a clumsy, boorish fellow, North Fries. klönne clown, dial. Sw. klunn log, Dan. klunt log, block, and E. clump, n.] 1. A man of coarse nature and manners; an awkward fellow; an ill-bred person; a boor. Sir P. Sidney.

2. One who works upon the soil; a rustic; a churl.

> The clown, the child of nature, without guile.
> Cowper.

3. The fool or buffoon in a play, circus, etc.

> The clown shall make those laugh whose lungs are tickle o'the sere.
> Shak.

Clown, v. i. To act as a clown; -- with it. [Obs.]

> Beshrew me, he clowns it properly indeed.
> B. Jonson.

Clown"age (?), n. Behavior or manners of a clown; clownery. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Clown"er*y (-r*), n. Clownishness. L'Estrange.

Clown"ish, a. Of or resembling a clown, or characteristic of a clown; ungainly; awkward. "Clownish hands." Spenser. "Clownish mimic." Prior.

-- Clown"ish*ly, adv.

Syn. -- Coarse; rough; clumsy; awkward; ungainly; rude; uncivil; ill-bred; boorish; rustic; untutored.

Clown"ish*ness, n. The manners of a clown; coarseness or rudeness of behavior.

> That plainness which the alamode people call clownishness.
> Locke.

Cloy (kloi), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cloyed (kloid); p. pr. & vb. n. Cloying.] [OE. cloer to nail up, F. clouer, fr. OF. clo nail, F. clou, fr. L. clavus nail. Cf. 3d Clove.] 1. To fill or choke up; to stop up; to clog. [Obs.]

> The duke's purpose was to have cloyed the harbor by sinking ships, laden with stones.
> Speed.

2. To glut, or satisfy, as the appetite; to satiate; to fill to loathing; to surfeit.

> [Who can] cloy the hungry edge of appetite
> By bare imagination of a feast?
> Shak.

> He sometimes cloys his readers instead of satisfying.
> Dryden.

3. To penetrate or pierce; to wound.

> Which, with his cruel tusk, him deadly cloyed.
> Spenser.

> He never shod horse but he cloyed him.
> Bacon.

4. To spike, as a cannon. [Obs.] Johnson.

5. To stroke with a claw. [Obs.] Shak.

Cloy"less, a. That does not cloy. Shak.

Cloy"ment (?), n. Satiety. [Obs.] Shak.

Club (klb), n. [Cf. Icel. klubba, klumba, club, klumbufir a clubfoot, SW. klubba club, Dan. klump lump, klub a club, G. klumpen clump, kolben club, and E. clump.] 1. A heavy staff of wood, usually tapering, and wielded with the hand; a weapon; a cudgel.

> But make you ready your stiff bats and clubs;
> Rome and her rats are at the point of battle.
> Shak.

2. [Cf. the Spanish name bastos, and Sp. baston staff, club.] Any card of the suit of cards having a figure like the trefoil or clover leaf. (pl.) The suit of cards having such figure.

3. An association of persons for the promotion of some common object, as literature, science, politics, good fellowship, etc.; esp. an association supported by equal assessments or contributions of the members.

> They talked
> At wine, in clubs, of art, of politics.
> Tennyson.

> He [Goldsmith] was one of the nine original members of that celebrated fraternity which has sometimes been called the Literary Club, but which has always disclaimed that epithet, and still glories in the simple name of the Club.
> Macaulay.

4. A joint charge of expense, or any person's share of it; a contribution to a common fund.

> They laid down the club.
> L'Estrange.

> We dined at a French house, but paid ten shillings for our part of the club.
> Pepys.

Club law, government by violence; lynch law; anarchy. Addison. -

Club moss (Bot.), an evergreen mosslike plant, much used in winter decoration. The best know species is Lycopodium clavatum, but other Lycopodia are often called by this name. The spores form a highly inflammable powder. -- Club root (Bot.), a disease of cabbages, by which the roots become distorted and the heads spoiled. -- Club topsail (Naut.), a kind of gaff topsail, used mostly by yachts having a fore-and-aft rig. It has a short "club" or "jack yard" to increase its spread.

Club (klb), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clubbed (klbd); p. pr. & vb. n. Clubbing.] 1. To beat with a club.

2. (Mil.) To throw, or allow to fall, into confusion.

> To club a battalion implies a temporary inability in the commanding officer to restore any given body of men to their natural front in line or column.
> Farrow.

3. To unite, or contribute, for the accomplishment of a common end; as, to club exertions.

4. To raise, or defray, by a proportional assesment; as, to club the expense.

To club a musket (Mil.), to turn the breach uppermost, so as to use it as a club.

Club (?), v. i. 1. To form a club; to combine for the promotion of some common object; to unite.

> Till grosser atoms, tumbling in the stream
> Of fancy, madly met, and clubbed into a dream.
> Dryden.

2. To pay on equal or proportionate share of a common charge or expense; to pay for something by contribution.

> The owl, the raven, and the bat,
> Clubbed for a feather to his hat.
> Swift.

3. (Naut.) To drift in a current with an anchor out.

Club"ba*ble (?), a. Suitable for membership in a club; sociable. [Humorous.] G. W. Curtis.

Clubbed (?), a. Shaped like a club; grasped like, or used as, a club. Skelton.

Club"ber (?), n. 1. One who clubs.

2. A member of a club. [R.] Massinger.

Club"bish (?), a. 1. Rude; clownish. [Obs.]

2. Disposed to club together; as, a clubbish set.

Club"bist (?), n. A member of a club; a frequenter of clubs. [R.] Burke.

Club"fist` (?), n. 1. A large, heavy fist.

2. A coarse, brutal fellow. [Obs.] Mir. for Mag.

Club"fist`ed, a. Having a large fist. Howell.

Club"foot (?), n. [Club + foot.] (Med.) A short, variously distorted foot; also, the deformity, usually congenital, which such a foot exhibits; talipes.

Club"foot`ed, a. Having a clubfoot.

Club"hand` (?), n. (Med.) A short, distorted hand; also, the deformity of having such a hand.

Club"haul` (?), v. t. (Naut.) To put on the other tack by dropping the lee anchor as soon as the wind is out of the sails (which brings the vessel's head to the wind), and by cutting the cable as soon as she pays off on the other tack. Clubhauling is attempted only in an exigency.

Club"house` (?), n. A house occupied by a club.

Club"room` (?), n. The apartment in which a club meets. Addison.

Club"-rush` (?), n. (Bot.) A rushlike plant, the reed mace or cat-tail, or some species of the genus Scirpus. See Bulrush.

Club"-shaped (?), a. Enlarged gradually at the end, as the antennæ of certain insects.

Cluck (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Clucked (?); p pr. & vb. n. Clucking.] [AS. cloccian; cf. D. klokken, G. glucken, glucksen, LG. klukken, Dan. klukke; all prob. of imitative origin.] To make the noise, or utter the call, of a brooding hen. Ray.

Cluck, v. t. To call together, or call to follow, as a hen does her chickens.

> She, poor hen, fond of no second brood,
> Has clucked three to the wars.
> Shak.

Cluck, n. 1. The call of a hen to her chickens.

2. A click. See 3d Click, 2.

Cluck"ing, n. The noise or call of a brooding hen.

Clue (kl), n. [See Clew, n.] A ball of thread; a thread or other means of guidance. Same as Clew.

> You have wound a goodly clue.
> Shak.

> This clue once found unravels all the rest.
> Pope.

> Serve as clues to guide us into further knowledge.
> Locke.

Clum (klm), interj. Silence; hush. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Clum"ber (klm"br), n. [Named from the estate of the Duke of Newcastle.] (Zoöl.) A kind of field spaniel, with short legs and stout body, which, unlike other spaniels, hunts silently.

Clump (klmp), n. [Cf. D. klomp lump, G. klump, klumpen, Dan. klump, Sw. klump; perh. akin to L. globus, E. globe. Cf. Club.] 1. An unshaped piece or mass of wood or other substance.

2. A cluster; a group; a thicket.

> A clump of shrubby trees.
> Hawthorne.

3. The compressed clay of coal strata. Brande & C.

Clump, v. t. To arrange in a clump or clumps; to cluster; to group. Blackmore.

Clump, v. i. To tread clumsily; to clamp. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Clump"er (?), v. t. [Cf. G. klümpern to clod. See Clump, n.] To form into clumps or masses. [Obs.]

> Vapors . . . clumpered in balls of clouds.
> Dr. H. More.

Clumps (?), n. A game in which questions are asked for the purpose of enabling the questioners to discover a word or thing previously selected by two persons who answer the questions; -- so called because the players take sides in two "clumps" or groups, the "clump" which guesses the word winning the game.

Clump"y (?), a. [From Clump, n.] Composed of clumps; massive; shapeless. Leigh Hunt.

Clum"si*ly (?), adv. In a clumsy manner; awkwardly; as, to walk clumsily.

Clum"si*ness, n. The quality of being clumsy.

> The drudging part of life is chiefly owing to clumsiness and ignorance.
> Collier.

Clum"sy (?), a. [Compar. Clumsier (?); superl. Clumsiest.] [OE. clumsed benumbed, fr. clumsen to be benumbed; cf. Icel. klumsa lockjaw, dial. Sw. klummsen benumbed with cold. Cf. 1st Clam, and 1st Clamp.] 1. Stiff or benumbed, as with cold. [Obs.]

2. Without skill or grace; wanting dexterity, nimbleness, or readiness; stiff; awkward, as if benumbed; unwieldy; unhandy; hence; ill-made, misshapen, or inappropriate; as, a clumsy person; a clumsy workman; clumsy fingers; a clumsy gesture; a clumsy excuse.

> But thou in clumsy verse, unlicked, unpointed,
> Hast shamefully defied the Lord's anointed.
> Dryden.

Syn. -- See Awkward.

Clunch (?), n. [Perh. fr. clinch to make fast] 1. (Mining) Indurated clay. See Bind, n., 3.

2. One of the hard beds of the lower chalk. Dana.

Clung (?), imp. & p. p. of Cling.

Clung, a. [Prop. p. p. fr. OE. clingen to wither. See Cling, v. i.] Wasted away; shrunken. [Obs.]

Clu"ni*ac (?), n. (Eccl. Hist.) A monk of the reformed branch of the Benedictine Order, founded in 912 at Cluny (or Clugny) in France. -- Also used as a.

Clu`ni*a*cen"sian (?), a. Cluniac.

Clu"pe*oid (?), a. [L. clupea a kind of fish, NL., generic name of the herring + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Herring family.

Clus"ter (kls"tr), n. [AS. cluster, clyster; cf. LG. kluster (also Sw. & Dan. klase a cluster of grapes, D. klissen to be entangled?.)] 1. A number of things of the same kind growing together; a bunch.

> Her deeds were like great clusters of ripe grapes,
> Which load the bunches of the fruitful vine.
> Spenser.

2. A number of similar things collected together or lying contiguous; a group; as, a cluster of islands. "Cluster of provinces." Motley.

3. A number of individuals grouped together or collected in one place; a crowd; a mob.

> As bees . . .
> Pour forth their populous youth about the hive
> In clusters.
> Milton.

> We loved him; but, like beasts
> And cowardly nobles, gave way unto your clusters,
> Who did hoot him out o' the city.
> Shak.

Clus"ter, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Clustered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Clustering.] To grow in clusters or assemble in groups; to gather or unite in a cluster or clusters.

> His sunny hair
> Cluster'd about his temples, like a god's.
> Tennyson.

> The princes of the country clustering together.
> Foxe.

Clus"ter, v. t. To collect into a cluster or clusters; to gather into a bunch or close body.

> Not less the bee would range her cells, . . .
> The foxglove cluster dappled bells.
> Tennyson.

> Or from the forest falls the clustered snow.
> Thomson.

Clustered column (Arch.), a column which is composed, or appears to be composed, of several columns collected together.

Clus"ter*ing*ly, adv. In clusters.

Clus"ter*y (?), a. [From Cluster, n.] Growing in, or full of, clusters; like clusters. Johnson.

Clutch (klch; 224), n. [OE. cloche, cloke, claw, Scot. clook, cleuck, also OE. cleche claw, clechen, cleken, to seize; cf. AS. gelæccan (where ge- is a prefix) to seize. Cf. Latch a catch.] 1. A gripe or clinching with, or as with, the fingers or claws; seizure; grasp. "The clutch of poverty." Cowper.

> An expiring clutch at popularity.
> Carlyle.

> But Age, with his stealing steps,
> Hath clawed me in his clutch.
> Shak.

2. pl. The hands, claws, or talons, in the act of grasping firmly; -- often figuratively, for power, rapacity, or cruelty; as, to fall into the clutches of an adversary.

> I must have . . . little care of myself, if I ever more come near the clutches of such a giant.
> Bp. Stillingfleet.

3. (Mach.) A device which is used for coupling shafting, etc., so as to transmit motion, and which may be disengaged at pleasure.

4. Any device for gripping an object, as at the end of a chain or tackle.

5. (Zoöl.) The nest complement of eggs of a bird.

Bayonet clutch (Mach.), a clutch in which connection is made by means of bayonets attached to arms sliding on a feathered shaft. The bayonets slide through holes in a crosshead fastened on the shaft.

Clutch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clutched (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Clutching.] [OE. clucchen. See Clutch, n.] 1. To seize, clasp, or gripe with the hand, hands, or claws; -- often figuratively; as, to clutch power.

> A man may set the poles together in his head, and clutch the whole globe at one intellectual grasp.
> Collier.

> Is this a dagger which I see before me . . . ?
> Come, let me clutch thee.
> Shak.

2. To close tightly; to clinch.

> Not that I have the power to clutch my hand.
> Shak.

Clutch, v. i. To reach (at something) as if to grasp; to catch or snatch; -- often followed by at.

> Clutching at the phantoms of the stock market.
> Bankroft.

Clut"ter (?), n. [Cf. W. cludair heap, pile, cludeirio to heap.] 1. A confused collection; hence, confusion; disorder; as, the room is in a clutter.

> He saw what a clutter there was with huge, overgrown pots, pans, and spits.
> L'Estrange.

2. Clatter; confused noise. Swift.

Clut"ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cluttered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Cluttering.] To crowd together in disorder; to fill or cover with things in disorder; to throw into disorder; to disarrange; as, to clutter a room.

Clut"ter, v. i. To make a confused noise; to bustle.

> It [the goose] cluttered here, it chuckled there.
> Tennyson.

Clut"ter, v. t. [From Clod, n.] To clot or coagulate, as blood. [Obs.] Holland.

Clyp`e*as"troid (?), a. [NL. Clypeaster (L. clupeus shield + aster star) + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Like or related to the genus Clupeaster; -- applied to a group of flattened sea urchins, with a rosette of pores on the upper side.

<! p. 270 !>

Clyp"e*ate (?), a. [L. clupeatus, p. p. of clupeare to arm with a shield, fr. clupeus, clipeus shield.] 1. (Bot.) Shaped like a round buckler or shield; scutate.

2. (Zoöl.) Furnished with a shield, or a protective plate or shell.

Clyp"e*i*form` (?), a. [L. clupeus shield + -form.] Shield-shaped; clypeate.

||Clyp"e*us (?), n.; pl. Clypei (#). [L., a shield.] (Zoöl.) The frontal plate of the head of an insect.

Clys"mi*an (?), a. [Gr. &?; a place washed by the waves, fr. &?;. See Clyster.] Connected with, or related to, the deluge, or to a cataclysm; as, clysmian changes. Smart.

Clys"mic (?), a. Washing; cleansing.

Clys"ter (?), n. [L., fr. G. &?;. fr. &?; to wash off or out; akin to Goth. hltrs pure, G. lauter: cf. F. clystère] (Med.) A liquid injected into the lower intestines by means of a syringe; an injection; an enema.

Clyster pipe, a tube or pipe used for injections.

Cne"mi*al (?), a. [Gr. &?; the tibia.] (Anat.) Pertaining to the shin bone.

Cnemial crest, a crestlike prominence on the proximal end of the tibia of birds and some reptiles.

||Cni"da (n"d), n.; pl. Cnidæ (n"d). [NL., fr. Gr. kni`dh nettle, sea nettle.] (Zoöl.) One of the peculiar stinging cells found in Cœlenterata; a nematocyst; a lasso cell.

||Cni*da"ri*a (n*d"r*), n. pl. [NL. See Cnida.] (Zoöl.) A comprehensive group equivalent to the true Cœlenterata, i. e., exclusive of the sponges. They are so named from presence of stinging cells (cnidae) in the tissues. See Coelenterata.

Cni"do*blast (?), n. [Cnida + -blast.] (Zoöl.) One of the cells which, in the Cœlenterata, develop into cnidæ.

Cni"do*cil (?), n. [Cnida + cilium eyelash.] (Zoöl.) The fine filiform process of a cnidoblast.

Co- (k-). A form of the prefix com-, signifying with, together, in conjunction, joint. It is used before vowels and some consonants. See Com-.

Co`a*cer"vate (?), a. [L. coacervatus, p. p. of coacervare to heap up; co- + acervare. See Acervate.] Raised into a pile; collected into a crowd; heaped. [R.] Bacon.

Co`a*cer"vate (?), v. t. To heap up; to pile. [R.]

Co*ac`er*va"tion (?), n. [L. coacervatio.] A heaping together. [R.] Bacon.

Coach (kch; 224), n. [F. coche, fr. It. cocchio, dim. of cocca little boat, fr. L. concha mussel, mussel shell, Gr. &?;, akin to Skr. çankha. Cf. Conch, Cockboat, Cockle.] 1. A large, closed, four- wheeled carriage, having doors in the sides, and generally a front and back seat inside, each for two persons, and an elevated outside seat in front for the driver.

Coaches have a variety of forms, and differ in respect to the number of persons they can carry. Mail coaches and tallyho coaches often have three or more seats inside, each for two or three persons, and seats outside, sometimes for twelve or more.

2. A special tutor who assists in preparing a student for examination; a trainer; esp. one who trains a boat's crew for a race. [Colloq.]

> Wareham was studying for India with a Wancester coach.
> G. Eliot.

3. (Naut.) A cabin on the after part of the quarter-deck, usually occupied by the captain. [Written also couch.] [Obs.]

> The commanders came on board and the council sat in the coach.
> Pepys.

4. (Railroad) A first-class passenger car, as distinguished from a drawing-room car, sleeping car, etc. It is sometimes loosely applied to any passenger car.

Coach, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Coached (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Coaching.] 1. To convey in a coach. Pope.

2. To prepare for public examination by private instruction; to train by special instruction. [Colloq.]

> I coached him before he got his scholarship.
> G. Eliot.

Coach, v. i. To drive or to ride in a coach; -- sometimes used with it. [Colloq.] "Coaching it to all quarters." E. Waterhouse.

Coach"box` (?). The seat of a coachman.

Coach"dog` (?; 115). (Zoöl.) One of a breed of dogs trained to accompany carriages; the Dalmatian dog.

Coach"ee (?), n. A coachman [Slang]

Coach"fel`low (?), n. One of a pair of horses employed to draw a coach; hence (Fig.), a comrade. Shak.

Coach"man (?), n.; pl. Coachmen (#). 1. A man whose business is to drive a coach or carriage.

2. (Zoöl.) A tropical fish of the Atlantic ocean (Dutes auriga); -- called also charioteer. The name refers to a long, lashlike spine of the dorsal fin.

Coach"man*ship (?), n. Skill in driving a coach.

Coach"whip` snake" (?). (Zoöl.) A large, slender, harmless snake of the southern United States (Masticophis flagelliformis).

Its long and tapering tail has the scales so arranged and colored as to give it a braided appearance, whence the name.

Co*act" (?), v. t. [L. coactare, intens. fr. cogere, coactum, to force. See Cogent.] To force; to compel; to drive. [Obs.]

> The faith and service of Christ ought to be voluntary and not coacted.
> Foxe.

Co*act", v. i. [Pref. co- + act, v. i.] To act together; to work in concert; to unite. [Obs.]

> But if I tell you how these two did coact.
> Shak.

Co*ac"tion (?), n. [L. coactio.] Force; compulsion, either in restraining or impelling. Sojth.

Co*ac"tive (?), a. [In sense 1, fr. 1st Coact; in sense 2, fr. 2d Coact.] 1. Serving to compel or constrain; compulsory; restrictive.

> Any coactive power or the civil kind.
> Bp. Warburton.

2. Acting in concurrence; united in action.

> With what's unreal thou coactive art.
> Shak.

Co*ac"tive*ly, adv. In a coactive manner.

Co`ac*tiv"i*ty (?), n. Unity of action.

Co*ad`ap*ta"tion (?), n. Mutual adaption. R. Owen.

Co`a*dapt"ed (?), a. Adapted one to another; as, coadapted pulp and tooth. R. Owen.

Co*ad"ju*ment (?), n. Mutual help; coöperation. [R.] Johnson.

Co`ad*just" (?), v. t. To adjust by mutual adaptations. R. Owen.

Co`ad*just"ment (?), n. Mutual adjustment.

Co*ad"ju*tant (?), a. Mutually assisting or operating; helping. J. Philips.

Co*ad"ju*tant, n. An assistant. R. North.

Co*ad"ju*ting, a. Mutually assisting. [Obs.] Drayton.

Co*ad"ju*tive (?), a. Rendering mutual aid; coadjutant. Feltham.

Co`ad*ju"tor (?), n. [L. See Co-, and Aid.] 1. One who aids another; an assistant; a coworker.

> Craftily outwitting her perjured coadjutor.
> Sheridan.

2. (R. C. Ch.) The assistant of a bishop or of a priest holding a benefice.

Co`ad*ju"tor*ship, n. The state or office of a coadjutor; joint assistance. Pope.

{ Co`ad*ju"tress (?), Co`ad*ju"trix (?), } n. A female coadjutor or assistant. Holland. Smollett.

Co*ad"ju*van*cy (?), n. Joint help; coöperation. Sir T. Browne.

Co*ad"ju*vant (?), a. Coöperating.

Co*ad"ju*vant, n. (Med.) An adjuvant.

Co*ad"u*nate (?; 135), a. [L. coadunatus, p. p. of coadunare to unite. See Adunation.] (Bot.) United at the base, as contiguous lobes of a leaf.

Co*ad`u*na"tion (?), n. [L. coadunatio.] Union, as in one body or mass; unity. Jer. Taylor.

> The coadunation of all the civilized provinces.
> Coleridge.

Co*ad`u*ni"tion (?), n. [Pref. co- + pref. ad- + unition.] Coadunation. [R.] Sir M. Hale.

Co`ad*ven"ture (?; 135), n. An adventure in which two or more persons are partakers.

Co`ad*ven"ture, v. i. To share in a venture. Howell.

Co`ad*ven"tur*er (?), n. A fellow adventurer.

Co`af*for"est (?), v. t. To convert into, or add to, a forest. Howell.

Coag (?), n. See Coak, a kind of tenon.

Co*a"gen*cy (?), n. Agency in common; joint agency or agent. Coleridge.

Co*a"gent (?), n. An associate in an act; a coworker. Drayton.

Co`ag*ment" (?), v. t. [L. coagmentare, fr. coagmentum a joining together, fr. cogere. See Cogent.] To join together. [Obs.] Glanvill.

Co*ag`men*ta"tion (?), n. [L. coagmentatio.] The act of joining, or the state of being joined, together; union. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Co*ag`u*la*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality of being coagulable; capacity of being coagulated. Ure.

Co*ag"u*la*ble (?), a. Capable of being coagulated. Boyle.

Co*ag"u*lant (?), n. [L. coagulans, p. pr.] That which produces coagulation.

Co*ag"u*late (?), a. [L. coagulatus, p. p. of coagulare to coagulate, fr. coagulum means of coagulation, fr. cogere, coactum, to drive together, coagulate. See Cogent.] Coagulated. [Obs.] Shak.

Co*ag"u*late (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Coagulated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Coagulating (?).] To cause (a liquid) to change into a curdlike or semisolid state, not by evaporation but by some kind of chemical reaction; to curdle; as, rennet coagulates milk; heat coagulates the white of an egg.

Co*ag"u*late, v. i. To undergo coagulation. Boyle.

Syn. -- To thicken; concrete; curdle; clot; congeal.

Co*ag"u*la`ted (?), a. Changed into, or contained in, a coagulum or a curdlike mass; curdled.

Coagulated proteid (Physiol. Chem.), one of a class of bodies formed in the coagulation of a albuminous substance by heat, acids, or other agents.

Co*ag`u*la"tion (?), n. [L. coagulatio.] 1. The change from a liquid to a thickened, curdlike, insoluble state, not by evaporation, but by some kind of chemical reaction; as, the spontaneous coagulation of freshly drawn blood; the coagulation of milk by rennet, or acid, and the coagulation of egg albumin by heat. Coagulation is generally the change of an albuminous body into an insoluble modification.

2. The substance or body formed by coagulation.

Co*ag"u*la*tive (?), a. Having the power to cause coagulation; as, a coagulative agent. Boyle.

Co*ag"u*la`tor (?), n. That which causes coagulation. Hixley.

Co*ag"u*la*to*ry (?), a. Serving to coagulate; produced by coagulation; as, coagulatory effects. Boyle.

Co*ag"u*lum (?), n.; pl. Coagula (#). [L. See Coagulate, a.] The thick, curdy precipitate formed by the coagulation of albuminous matter; any mass of coagulated matter, as a clot of blood.

||Co*ai"ta (k*ä"t), n. (Zoöl.) The native name of certain South American monkeys of the genus Ateles, esp. A. paniscus. The black-faced coaita is Ateles ater. See Illustration in Appendix.

Coak (kk), n. See Coke, n.

Coak, n. 1. (Carp.) A kind of tenon connecting the face of a scarfed timber with the face of another timber, or a dowel or pin of hard wood or iron uniting timbers. [Also spelt coag.]

2. A metallic bushing or strengthening piece in the center of a wooden block sheave.

Coak, v. t. (Carp.) To unite, as timbers, by means of tenons or dowels in the edges or faces. Totten.

Coal (?), n. [AS. col; akin to D. kool, OHG. chol, cholo, G. kohle, Icel. kol, pl., Sw. kol, Dan. kul; cf. Skr. jval to burn. Cf. Kiln, Collier.] 1. A thoroughly charred, and extinguished or still ignited, fragment from wood or other combustible substance; charcoal.

2. (Min.) A black, or brownish black, solid, combustible substance, dug from beds or veins in the earth to be used for fuel, and consisting, like charcoal, mainly of carbon, but more compact, and often affording, when heated, a large amount of volatile matter.

This word is often used adjectively, or as the first part of self-explaining compounds; as, coal-black; coal formation; coal scuttle; coal ship. etc.

In England the plural coals is used, for the broken mineral coal burned in grates, etc.; as, to put coals on the fire. In the United States the singular in a collective sense is the customary usage; as, a hod of coal.

Age of coal plants. See Age of Acrogens, under Acrogen. -- Anthracite or Glance coal. See Anthracite. -- Bituminous coal. See under Bituminous. -- Blind coal. See under Blind. -- Brown coal, or Lignite. See Lignite. -- Caking coal, a bituminous coal, which softens and becomes pasty or semi-viscid when heated. On increasing the heat, the volatile products are driven off, and a coherent, grayish black, cellular mass of coke is left. -- Cannel coal, a very compact bituminous coal, of fine texture and dull luster. See Cannel coal. -- Coal bed (Geol.), a layer or stratum of mineral coal. -- Coal breaker, a structure including machines and machinery adapted for crushing, cleansing, and assorting coal. -- Coal field (Geol.), a region in which deposits of coal occur. Such regions have often a basinlike structure, and are hence called coal basins. See Basin. -- Coal gas, a variety of carbureted hydrogen, procured from bituminous coal, used in lighting streets, houses, etc., and for cooking and heating. -- Coal heaver, a man employed in carrying coal, and esp. in putting it in, and discharging it from, ships. -- Coal measures. (Geol.) (a) Strata of coal with the attendant rocks. (b) A subdivision of the carboniferous formation, between the millstone grit below and the Permian formation above, and including nearly all the workable coal beds of the world. -- Coal oil, a general name for mineral oils; petroleum. -- Coal plant (Geol.), one of the remains or impressions of plants found in the strata of the coal formation. -- Coal tar. See in the Vocabulary. -- To haul over the coals, to call to account; to scold or censure. [Colloq.] -- Wood coal. See Lignite.

Coal, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Coaled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Coaling.] 1. To burn to charcoal; to char. [R.]

> Charcoal of roots, coaled into great pieces.
> Bacon.

2. To mark or delineate with charcoal. Camden.

3. To supply with coal; as, to coal a steamer.

Coal, v. i. To take in coal; as, the steamer coaled at Southampton.

Coal"-black` (-blk`), a. As black as coal; jet black; very black. Dryden.

Coal"er*y (?), n. [Obs.] See Colliery.

Co`a*lesce" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Coalesced (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Coalescing.] [L. coalescere, coalitium; co- + alescere to grow up, incho. fr. alere to nourish. See Aliment, n.] 1. To grow together; to unite by growth into one body; as, the parts separated by a wound coalesce.

2. To unite in one body or product; to combine into one body or community; as, vapors coalesce.

> The Jews were incapable of coalescing with other nations.
> Campbell.

> Certain combinations of ideas that, once coalescing, could not be shaken loose.
> De Quincey.

Syn. -- See Add.

Co`a*les"cence (?), n. The act or state of growing together, as similar parts; the act of uniting by natural affinity or attraction; the state of being united; union; concretion.

Co`a*les"cent (?), a. [L. coalescens, p. pr.] Growing together; cohering, as in the organic cohesion of similar parts; uniting.

Coal"fish` (?), n. [Named from the dark color of the back.] (Zoöl.) (a) The pollock; -- called also, coalsey, colemie, colmey, coal whiting, etc. See Pollock. (b) The beshow or candlefish of Alaska. (c) The cobia.

Coal"goose` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The cormorant; -- so called from its black color.

Co"a*lite (?), v. i. [L. coalitus, p. p. of coalescere. See Coalesce.] To unite or coalesce. [Obs.]

> Let them continue to coalite.
> Bolingbroke.

Co"a*lite, v. t. To cause to unite or coalesce. [Obs.]

> Time has by degrees blended . . . and coalited the conquered with the conquerors.
> Burke.

Co`a*li"tion (?), n. [LL. coalitio: cf. F. coalition. See Coalesce.] 1. The act of coalescing; union into a body or mass, as of separate bodies or parts; as, a coalition of atoms. Bentley.

<! p. 271 !>

2. A combination, for temporary purposes, of persons, parties, or states, having different interests.

> A coalition of the puritan and the blackleg.
> J. Randolph.

> The coalition between the religious and worldly enemies of popery.
> Macaulay.

Syn. -- Alliance; confederation; confederacy; league; combination; conjunction; conspiracy; union.

Co`a*li"tion*er (?), n. A coalitionist.

Co`a*li"tion*ist, n. One who joins or promotes a coalition; one who advocates coalition.

Co`-al*ly" (?), n.; pl. Co-allies (#). A joint ally. Kent.

Coal"-me`ter (?), n. A licensed or official coal measurer in London. See Meter. Simmonds.

Coal"mouse` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A small species of titmouse, with a black head; the coletit.

Coal"pit` (?), n. 1. A pit where coal is dug.

2. A place where charcoal is made. [U. S.]

Coal" tar` (?). A thick, black, tarry liquid, obtained by the distillation of bituminous coal in the manufacture of illuminating gas; used for making printer's ink, black varnish, etc. It is a complex mixture from which many substances have been obtained, especially hydrocarbons of the benzene or aromatic series.

Among its important ingredients are benzene, aniline, phenol, naphtalene, anthracene, etc., which are respectively typical of many dye stuffs, as the aniline dyes, the phthaleïns, indigo, alizarin, and many flavoring extracts whose artificial production is a matter of great commercial importance.

Coal"-whip`per (?), n. One who raises coal out of the hold of a ship. [Eng.] Dickens.

Coal" works (?). A place where coal is dug, including the machinery for raising the coal.

Coal"y (?), a. [From Coal, n.] Pertaining to, or resembling, coal; containing coal; of the nature of coal.

Coam"ings (?), n. pl. [Cf. Comb a crest.] (Naut.) Raised pieces of wood of iron around a hatchway, skylight, or other opening in the deck, to prevent water from running bellow; esp. the fore-and-aft pieces of a hatchway frame as distinguished from the transverse head ledges. [Written also combings.]

Co`an*nex" (?), v. t. To annex with something else.

Co`ap*ta"tion (?), n. [L. coaptatio, fr. coaptare to fit together; co- + aptare. See Aptate.] The adaptation or adjustment of parts to each other, as of a broken bone or dislocated joint.

{ Co*arct" (?), Co*arc"tate (?) }, v. t. [See Coarctate, a.] 1. To press together; to crowd; to straiten; to confine closely. [Obs.] Bacon.

2. To restrain; to confine. [Obs.] Ayliffe.

Co*arc"tate (?), a. [L. coarctatus, p. p. of coarctare to press together; co- + arctare to press together, from arctus, p. p. See Arctation.] (Zoöl.) Pressed together; closely connected; -- applied to insects having the abdomen separated from the thorax only by a constriction.

Coarctate pupa (Zoöl.), a pupa closely covered by the old larval skin, as in most Diptera.

Co`arc*ta"tion (?), n. [L. coarctatio.] 1. Confinement to a narrow space. [Obs.] Bacon.

2. Pressure; that which presses. [Obs.] Ray.

3. (Med.) A stricture or narrowing, as of a canal, cavity, or orifice.

Coarse (krs), a. [Compar. Coarser (krs"r); superl. Coarsest.] [As this word was anciently written course, or cours, it may be an abbreviation of of course, in the common manner of proceeding, common, and hence, homely, made for common domestic use, plain, rude, rough, gross, e. g., "Though the threads be course." Gascoigne. See Course.]

1. Large in bulk, or composed of large parts or particles; of inferior quality or appearance; not fine in material or close in texture; gross; thick; rough; -- opposed to fine; as, coarse sand; coarse thread; coarse cloth; coarse bread.

2. Not refined; rough; rude; unpolished; gross; indelicate; as, coarse manners; coarse language.

> I feel
> Of what coarse metal ye are molded.
> Shak.

> To copy, in my coarse English, his beautiful expressions.
> Dryden.

Syn. -- Large; thick; rough; gross; blunt; uncouth; unpolished; inelegant; indelicate; vulgar.

Coarse"-grained` (krs"grnd`), a. Having a coarse grain or texture, as wood; hence, wanting in refinement.

Coarse"ly, adv. In a coarse manner; roughly; rudely; inelegantly; uncivilly; meanly.

Coars"en (krs"'n), v. t. To make coarse or vulgar; as, to coarsen one's character. [R.] Graham.

Coarse"ness (krs"ns), n. The quality or state of being coarse; roughness; inelegance; vulgarity; grossness; as, coarseness of food, texture, manners, or language. "The coarseness of the sackcloth." Dr. H. More.

> Pardon the coarseness of the illustration.
> L'Estrange.

> A coarseness and vulgarity in all the proceedings.
> Burke.

Co`ar*tic`u*la"tion (?), n. (Anat.) The union or articulation of bones to form a joint.

Co`-as*sess"or (?), n. A joint assessor.

Coast (?), n. [OF. coste, F. côte, rib, hill, shore, coast, L. costa rib, side. Cf. Accost, v. t., Cutlet.] 1. The side of a thing. [Obs.] Sir I. Newton.

2. The exterior line, limit, or border of a country; frontier border. [Obs.]

> From the river, the river Euphrates, even to the uttermost sea, shall your coast be.
> Deut. xi. 24.

3. The seashore, or land near it.

> He sees in English ships the Holland coast.
> Dryden.

> We the Arabian coast do know
> At distance, when the species blow.
> Waller.

The coast is clear, the danger is over; no enemy in sight. Dryden. Fig.: There are no obstacles. "Seeing that the coast was clear, Zelmane dismissed Musidorus." Sir P. Sidney. -- Coast guard. (a) A body of men originally employed along the coast to prevent smuggling; now, under the control of the admiralty, drilled as a naval reserve. [Eng.] (b) The force employed in life-saving stations along the seacoast. [U. S.] -- Coast rat (Zoöl.), a South African mammal (Bathyergus suillus), about the size of a rabbit, remarkable for its extensive burrows; -- called also sand mole. -- Coast waiter, a customhouse officer who superintends the landing or shipping of goods for the coast trade. [Eng.]

Coast (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Coasted; p. pr. & vb. n. Coasting.] [OE. costien, costeien, costen, OF. costier, costoier, F. côtoyer, fr. Of. coste coast, F. côte. See Coast, n.] 1. To draw or keep near; to approach. [Obs.]

> Anon she hears them chant it lustily,
> And all in haste she coasteth to the cry.
> Shak.

2. To sail by or near the shore.

> The ancients coasted only in their navigation.
> Arbuthnot.

3. To sail from port to port in the same country.

4. [Cf. OF. coste, F. côte, hill, hillside.] To slide down hill; to slide on a sled, upon snow or ice. [Local, U. S.]

Coast, v. t. 1. To draw near to; to approach; to keep near, or by the side of. [Obs.] Hakluyt.

2. To sail by or near; to follow the coast line of.

> Nearchus, . . . not knowing the compass, was fain to coast that shore.
> Sir T. Browne.

3. To conduct along a coast or river bank. [Obs.]

> The Indians . . . coasted me along the river.
> Hakluyt.

Coast"al (?), a. Of or pertaining to a coast.

Coast"er (?), n. 1. A vessel employed in sailing along a coast, or engaged in the coasting trade.

2. One who sails near the shore.

Coast"ing (?), a. Sailing along or near a coast, or running between ports along a coast.

Coasting trade, trade carried on by water between neighboring ports of the same country, as distinguished from foreign trade or trade involving long voyages. -- Coasting vessel, a vessel employed in coasting; a coaster.

Coast"ing, n. 1. A sailing along a coast, or from port to port; a carrying on a coasting trade.

2. Sliding down hill; sliding on a sled upon snow or ice. [Local, U. S.]

{ Coast"wise` (-wz`), Coast"ways` (?), } adv. By way of, or along, the coast.

Coat (kt; 110), n. [OF. cote, F. cotte, petticoat, cotte d'armes coat of arms, cotte de mailles coat of mail, LL. cota, cotta, tunic, prob. of German origin; cf. OHG. chozzo coarse mantle, G. klotze, D. kot, hut, E. cot. Cf. Cot a hut.] 1. An outer garment fitting the upper part of the body; especially, such a garment worn by men.

> Let each
> His adamantine coat gird well.
> Milton.

2. A petticoat. [Obs.] "A child in coats." Locke.

3. The habit or vesture of an order of men, indicating the order or office; cloth.

> Men of his coat should be minding their prayers.
> Swift.

> She was sought by spirits of richest coat.
> Shak.

4. An external covering like a garment, as fur, skin, wool, husk, or bark; as, the horses coats were sleek.

> Fruit of all kinds, in coat
> Rough or smooth rined, or bearded husk, or shell.
> Milton.

5. A layer of any substance covering another; a cover; a tegument; as, the coats of the eye; the coats of an onion; a coat of tar or varnish.

6. Same as Coat of arms. See below.

> Hark, countrymen! either renew the fight,
> Or tear the lions out of England's coat.
> Shak.

7. A coat card. See below. [Obs.]

> Here's a trick of discarded cards of us! We were ranked with coats as long as old master lived.
> Massinger.

Coat armor. See under Armor. -- Coat of arms (Her.), a translation of the French cotte d'armes, a garment of light material worn over the armor in the 15th and 16th centuries. This was often charged with the heraldic bearings of the wearer. Hence, an heraldic achievement; the bearings of any person, taken together. -- Coat card, a card bearing a coated figure; the king, queen, or knave of playing cards. "‘I am a coat card indeed.' ‘Then thou must needs be a knave, for thou art neither king nor queen.'" Rowley. -- Coat link, a pair of buttons or studs joined by a link, to hold together the lappels of a double-breasted coat; or a button with a loop for a single-breasted coat. -- Coat of mail, a defensive garment of chain mail. See Chain mail, under Chain. -- Mast coat (Naut.), a piece of canvas nailed around a mast, where it passes through the deck, to prevent water from getting below. -- Sail coat (Naut.), a canvas cover laced over furled sails, and the like, to keep them dry and clean.

Coat (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Coated; p. pr. & vb. n. Coating.] 1. To cover with a coat or outer garment.

2. To cover with a layer of any substance; as, to coat a jar with tin foil; to coat a ceiling.

Coat*ee" (?), n. A coat with short flaps.

Co*a"ti (k*ä"t or k*"t), n. [From the native name: cf. F. coati.] (Zoöl.) A mammal of tropical America of the genus Nasua, allied to the raccoon, but with a longer body, tail, and nose.

The red coati (N. socialis), called also coati mondi, inhabits Mexico and Central America. The brown coati (N. narica) is found in Surinam and Brazil.

Coat"ing (?), n. 1. A coat or covering; a layer of any substance, as a cover or protection; as, the coating of a retort or vial.

2. Cloth for coats; as, an assortment of coatings.

Coat"less (?), a. Not wearing a coat; also, not possessing a coat.

Coax (?; 110), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Coaxed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Coaxing.] [Cf. OE. cokes fool, a person easily imposed upon, W. coeg empty, foolish; F. coquin knave, rogue.] To persuade by gentle, insinuating courtesy, flattering, or fondling; to wheedle; to soothe.

Syn. -- To wheedle; cajole; flatter; persuade; entice.

Coax, n. A simpleton; a dupe. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Co`ax*a"tion (?), n. [Gr. &?; the noise of frogs.] The act of croaking. [R] Dr. H. More.

Coax"er (?), n. One who coaxes.

Coax"ing*ly, adv. In a coaxing manner; by coaxing.

Cob (kb), n. [Cf. AS. cop, copp, head, top, D. kop, G. kopf, kuppe, LL. cuppa cup (cf. E. brainpan), and also W. cob tuft, spider, cop, copa, top, summit, cobio to thump. Cf. Cop top, Cup, n.] 1. The top or head of anything. [Obs.] W. Gifford.

2. A leader or chief; a conspicuous person, esp. a rich covetous person. [Obs.]

> All cobbing country chuffs, which make their bellies and their bags their god, are called rich cobs.
> Nash.

3. The axis on which the kernels of maize or indian corn grow. [U. S.]

4. (Zoöl.) A spider; perhaps from its shape; it being round like a head.

5. (Zoöl.) A young herring. B. Jonson.

6. (Zoöl.) A fish; -- also called miller's thumb.

7. A short-legged and stout horse, esp. one used for the saddle. [Eng.]

8. (Zoöl.) A sea mew or gull; esp., the black-backed gull (Larus marinus). [Written also cobb.]

9. A lump or piece of anything, usually of a somewhat large size, as of coal, or stone.

10. A cobnut; as, Kentish cobs. See Cobnut. [Eng.]

11. Clay mixed with straw. [Prov. Eng.]

> The poor cottager contenteth himself with cob for his walls, and thatch for his covering.
> R. Carew.

12. A punishment consisting of blows inflicted on the buttocks with a strap or a flat piece of wood. Wright.

13. A Spanish coin formerly current in Ireland, worth abiut 4s. 6d. [Obs.] Wright.

Cob coal, coal in rounded lumps from the size of an egg to that of a football; -- called also cobbles. Grose. -- Cob loaf, a crusty, uneven loaf, rounded at top. Wright. -- Cob money, a kind of rudely coined gold and silver money of Spanish South America in the eighteenth century. The coins were of the weight of the piece of eight, or one of its aliquot parts.

Cob, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cobbed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Cobbing.] 1. To strike [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

2. (Mining) To break into small pieces, as ore, so as to sort out its better portions. Raymond.

3. (Naut.) To punish by striking on the buttocks with a strap, a flat piece of wood, or the like.

Co*bæ"a (k*b"), n. [Named after D. Cobo, a Spanish botanist.] A genus of climbing plants, native of Mexico and South America. C. scandens is a conservatory climber with large bell-shaped flowers.

Co"balt (k"blt; 277, 74), n. [G. kobalt, prob. fr. kobold, kobel, goblin, MHG. kobolt; perh. akin to G. koben pigsty, hut, AS. cofa room, cofgodas household gods, Icel. kofi hut. If so, the ending - old stands for older -walt, -wald, being the same as -ald in E. herald and the word would mean ruler or governor in a house, house spirit, the metal being so called by miners, because it was poisonous and troublesome. Cf. Kobold, Cove, Goblin.] 1. (Chem.) A tough, lustrous, reddish white metal of the iron group, not easily fusible, and somewhat magnetic. Atomic weight 59.1. Symbol Co.

It occurs in nature in combination with arsenic, sulphur, and oxygen, and is obtained from its ores, smaltite, cobaltite, asbolite, etc. Its oxide colors glass or any flux, as borax, a fine blue, and is used in the manufacture of smalt. It is frequently associated with nickel, and both are characteristic ingredients of meteoric iron.

2. A commercial name of a crude arsenic used as fly poison.

Cobalt bloom. Same as Erythrite. -- Cobalt blue, a dark blue pigment consisting of some salt of cobalt, as the phosphate, ignited with alumina; -- called also cobalt ultramarine, and Thenard's blue. -- Cobalt crust, earthy arseniate of cobalt. -- Cobalt glance. (Min.) See Cobaltite. -- Cobalt green, a pigment consisting essentially of the oxides of cobalt and zinc; -- called also Rinman's green. -- Cobalt yellow (Chem.), a yellow crystalline powder, regarded as a double nitrite of cobalt and potassium.

Co*balt"ic (?; 74), a. [Cf. F. cobaltique.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, derived from, or containing, cobalt; -- said especially of those compounds in which cobalt has higher valence; as, cobaltic oxide.

Luteo-cobaltic compounds (Chem.), an extensive series of complex yellow compounds of ammonia and cobaltic salts. -- Roseo-cobaltic compounds (Chem.), an extensive series of complex red compounds of cobalt and ammonia. Modifications of these are the purpureo-cobaltic compounds.

Co`balt*if"er*ous (?), a. [Cobalt + -ferous.] (Min.) Containing cobalt.

{ Co"balt*ine (?), Co"balt*ite (?) } n. (Min.) A mineral of a nearly silver-white color, composed of arsenic, sulphur, and cobalt.

Co*balt"ous (?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, derived from, or containing, cobalt; -- said esp. of cobalt compounds in which the metal has its lower valence.

Cobaltous chloride, a crystalline compound, CoCl2, of a pale rose color when hydrous, blue when dehydrated. Its solution is used for a sympathetic ink, the writing being nearly colorless when dried in the air, owing to absorbed moisture, and becoming bright blue when warmed.

Cob"bing (?), a. Haughty; purse-proud. See Cob, n., 2. [Obs.] Withals (1608).

Cob"ble (?), n. A fishing boat. See Coble.

Cob"ble, n. [From Cob a lump. See Cob, n., 9, and cf. Copple, Copplestone.] 1. A cobblestone. "Their slings held cobbles round." Fairfax.

2. pl. Cob coal. See under Cob.

<! p. 272 !>

Cob"ble (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cobbled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Cobbling (?).] [OF. cobler, copler, to join or knit together, couple, F. coupler, L. copulare to couple, join. Cf. Couple, n. & v. t.] 1. To make or mend coarsely; to patch; to botch; as, to cobble shoes. Shak. "A cobbled saddle." Thackeray.

2. To make clumsily. "Cobbled rhymes." Dryden.

3. To pave with cobblestones.

Cob"bler (?), n. 1. A mender of shoes. Addison.

2. A clumsy workman. Shak.

3. A beverage. See Sherry cobbler, under Sherry.

Cobbler fish (Zoöl.), a marine fish (Blepharis crinitus) of the Atlantic. The name alludes to its threadlike fin rays.

Cob"ble*stone` (?), n. A large pebble; a rounded stone not too large to be handled; a small boulder; -- used for paving streets and for other purposes.

Cob"by (?), a. [From Cob, n.] 1. Headstrong; obstinate. [Obs.] Brockett.

2. Stout; hearty; lively. [Obs.]

Co`bel*lig"er*ent (?), a. Carrying on war in conjunction with another power.

Co`bel*lig"er*ent, n. A nation or state that carries on war in connection with another.

Co"bi*a (?), n. (Zoöl.) An oceanic fish of large size (Elacate canada); the crabeater; -- called also bonito, cubbyyew, coalfish, and sergeant fish.

Cob"i`ron (?), n. [From Cob the top.] An andiron with a knob at the top. Bacon.

Co`bish"op (?), n. A joint or coadjutant bishop. Ayliffe.

Co"ble (?), n. [AS. cuopel; cf. W. ceubal skiff, ferryboat.] A flat-floored fishing boat with a lug sail, and a drop rudder extending from two to four feet below the keel. It was originally used on the stormy coast of Yorkshire, England.

Cob"nut` (?), n. 1. (Com.) A large roundish variety of the cultivated hazelnut.

2. A game played by children with nuts.

Co*boose" (?), n. See Caboose.

Co"bourg (?), n. [Named from the town of Coburg in Germany.] A thin worsted fabric for women's dresses.

Co"bra (?), n. See Copra.

Co"bra, n. The cobra de capello.

||Co"bra de ca*pel"lo (?). [Pg., serpent of the hood.] (Zoöl.) The hooded snake (Naia tripudians), a highly venomous serpent inhabiting India.

Cob"stone` (?), n. Cobblestone. [Prov. Eng.]

Cob"swan` (?), n. A large swan. B. Jonson.

Cob"wall` (?), n. [Cob clay mixed with straw + wall.] A wall made of clay mixed with straw.

Cob"web` (?), n. [Cob a spider + web.] 1. The network spread by a spider to catch its prey.

2. A snare of insidious meshes designed to catch the ignorant and unwary.

> I can not but lament thy splendid wit
> Entangled in the cobwebs of the schools.
> Cowper.

3. That which is thin and unsubstantial, or flimsy and worthless; rubbish.

> The dust and cobwebs of that uncivil age.
> Sir P. Sidney.

4. (Zoöl.) The European spotted flycatcher.

Cobweb lawn, a fine linen, mentioned in 1640 as being in pieces of fifteen yards. Beck. Draper's Dict.

> Such a proud piece of cobweb lawn.
> Beau. & Fl.

-- Cobweb micrometer, a micrometer in which threads of cobweb are substituted for wires.

Cob"webbed` (?), a. Abounding in cobwebs. "The cobwebbed cottage." Young.

Cob"web`by (?), a. Abounding in cobwebs, or any fine web; resembling a cobweb.

Cob"work` (?), a. Built of logs, etc., laid horizontally, with the ends dovetailed together at the corners, as in a log house; in marine work, often surrounding a central space filled with stones; as, a cobwork dock or breakwater.

Co"ca (?), n. [Sp., fr. native name.] The dried leaf of a South American shrub (Erythroxylon Coca). In med., called Erythroxylon.

Coca leaves resemble tea leaves in size, shape, and odor, and are chewed (with an alkali) by natives of Peru and Bolivia to impart vigor in prolonged exertion, or to sustain strength in absence of food.

Mexican coca, an American herb (Richardsonia scabra), yielding a nutritious fodder. Its roots are used as a substitute for ipecacuanha.

Coc*agne" (?), n. [F. cocagne, pays de cocagne; of uncertian origin, cf. Prov. F. couque cake, Catal. coca, L. coquere to cook; as if the houses in this country were covered with cakes. Cf. Cook, Cockney.] 1. An imaginary country of idleness and luxury.

2. The land of cockneys; cockneydom; -- a term applied to London and its suburbs. Smart.

Co"ca*ine (?), n. (Chem.) A powerful alkaloid, C17H21NO4, obtained from the leaves of coca. It is a bitter, white, crystalline substance, and is remarkable for producing local insensibility to pain.

Coc*cif"er*ous (?), a. [L. coccum a berry + -ferous. See Coccus.] Bearing or producing berries; bacciferous; as, cocciferous trees or plants.

||Coc`ci*nel"la (?), n. [NL., fr. L. coccineus scarlet-colored. See Cochoneal.] (Zoöl.) A genus of small beetles of many species. They and their larvæ feed on aphids or plant lice, and hence are of great benefit to man. Also called ladybirds and ladybugs.

||Coc`co*bac*te"ri*um (?), n.; pl. Coccobacteria (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a grain + NL. bacterium. So called from its round shape.] (Biol.) One of the round variety of bacteria, a vegetable organism, generally less than a thousandth of a millimeter in diameter.

Coc"co*lite (?), n. [Gr. &?; a grain, seed + -lite: cf. F. coccalite.] (Min.) A granular variety of pyroxene, green or white in color.

Coc"co*lith (?), n. [Gr. &?; a grain, seed + -lith.] (Biol.) One of a kind of minute, calcareous bodies, probably vegetable, often abundant in deep-sea mud.

Coc"co*sphere (?), n. [Gr. &?; a grain, seed + E. sphere.] (Biol.) A small, rounded, marine organism, capable of braking up into coccoliths.

||Coc*cos"te*us (?), n. [NL., from Gr. &?; grain, seed + &?; bone.] (Paleon.) An extinct genus of Devonian ganoid fishes, having the broad plates about the head studded with berrylike tubercles.

||Coc"cu*lus In"di*cus (?), n. [NL. cocculus (dim. of L. coccum kermes berry) + L. Indicus of India.] (Bot.) The fruit or berry of the Anamirta Cocculus, a climbing plant of the East Indies. It is a poisonous narcotic and stimulant.

||Coc"cus (?), n.; pl. Cocci (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?; grain, seed. See Cochineal.] 1. (Bot.) One of the separable carpels of a dry fruit.

2. (Zoöl.) A genus of hemipterous insects, including scale insects, and the cochineal insect (Coccus cacti).

3. (Biol.) A form of bacteria, shaped like a globule.

Coc*cyg"e*al (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the coccyx; as, the coccygeal vertebræ.

Coccygeal glands (Zoöl.) , glands situated at the base of the tail of birds. They secrete the oil with which the plumage is dressed.

Coc*cyg"e*ous (?), a. Coccygeal. [R.]

||Coc"cyx (?), n.; pl. L. Coccyges (#). [L., cuckoo, Gr. &?;, cuckoo, coccyx. So called from its resemblance to the beak of a cuckoo.] (Anat.) The end of the vertebral column beyond the sacrum in man and tailless monkeys. It is composed of several vertebræ more or less consolidated.

Coch"i*neal (kch"*nl; 277), [Sp. cochinilla, dim. from L. coccineus, coccinus, scarlet, fr. coccum the kermes berry, G. ko`kkos berry, especially the kermes insect, used to dye scarlet, as the cochineal was formerly supposed to be the grain or seed of a plant, and this word was formerly defined to be the grain of the Quercus coccifera; but cf. also Sp. cochinilla wood louse, dim. of cochina sow, akin to F. cochon pig.] A dyestuff consisting of the dried bodies of females of the Coccus cacti, an insect native in Mexico, Central America, etc., and found on several species of cactus, esp. Opuntia cochinellifera.

These insects are gathered from the plant, killed by the application of heat, and exposed to the sun to dry. When dried they resemble small, rough berries or seeds, of a brown or purple color, and form the cochineal of the shops, which is used for making carmine, and also as a red dye.

Cochineal contains as its essential coloring matter carminic acid, a purple red amorphous substance which yields carmine red.

Coch"i*neal fig (?), (Bot.) A plant of Central and Southern America, of the Cactus family, extensively cultivated for the sake of the cochineal insect, which lives on it.

Co"chin fowl` (?), (Zoöl.) A large variety of the domestic fowl, originally from Cochin China (Anam).

||Coch"le*a (kk"l*), n. [L., a snail, or snail shell, Gr. kochli`as a snail, fr. ko`chlos a shellfish with a spiral shell.] (Anat.) An appendage of the labyrinth of the internal ear, which is elongated and coiled into a spiral in mammals. See Ear.

Coch"le*ar (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the cochlea.

||Coch`le*a"re (?), n. [L.] 1. A spoon. Andrews.

2. (Med) A spoonful. Dungleson.

Coch`le*ar"i*form (?), a. [Cochleare + -form.] Spoon-shaped.

Coch"le*a*ry (?), a. [L. cochlearum penfor snails (meaning formerly given, snail shell). See Cjchlea.] Same as Cochleate.

{ Coch"le*ate (?), Coch"le*a`ted (?), } a. [L. cochleatus spiral or screw- formed. See Cochlea.] Having the form of a snail shell; spiral; turbinated.

Cock (?), n. [AS. coc; of unknown origin, perh. in imitation of the cry of the cock. Cf. Chicken.] 1. The male of birds, particularly of gallinaceous or domestic fowls.

2. A vane in the shape of a cock; a weathercock.

> Drenched our steeples, drowned the cocks!
> Shak.

3. A chief man; a leader or master. [Humorous]

> Sir Andrew is the cock of the club, since he left us.
> Addison.

4. The crow of a cock, esp. the first crow in the morning; cockcrow. [Obs.]

> He begins at curfew, and walks till the first cock.
> Shak.

5. A faucet or valve.

Jonsons says, "The handle probably had a cock on the top; things that were contrived to turn seem anciently to have had that form, whatever was the reason." Skinner says, because it used to be constructed in forma critæ galli, i.e., in the form of a cock's comb.

6. The style of gnomon of a dial. Chambers.

7. The indicator of a balance. Johnson.

8. The bridge piece which affords a bearing for the pivot of a balance in a clock or watch. Knight.

Ball cock. See under Ball. - - Chaparral cock. See under Chaparral. -- Cock and bull story, an extravagant, boastful story; a canard. -- Cock of the plains (Zoöl.) See Sage cock. -- Cock of the rock (Zoöl.), a South American bird (Rupicola aurantia) having a beautiful crest. -- Cock of the walk, a chief or master; the hero of the hour; one who has overcrowed, or got the better of, rivals or competitors. -- Cock of the woods. See Capercailzie.

Cock (kk), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cocked (kkt); p. pr. & vb. n. Cocking.] [Cf. Gael. coc to cock.] 1. To set erect; to turn up.

> Our Lightfoot barks, and cocks his ears.
> Gay.

> Dick would cock his nose in scorn.
> Swift.

2. To shape, as a hat, by turning up the brim.

3. To set on one side in a pert or jaunty manner.

> They cocked their hats in each other's faces.
> Macaulay.

4. To turn (the eye) obliquely and partially close its lid, as an expression of derision or insinuation.

Cocked hat. (a) A hat with large, stiff flaps turned up to a peaked crown, thus making its form triangular; -- called also three-cornered hat. (b) A game similar to ninepins, except that only three pins are used, which are set up at the angles of a triangle.

Cock, v. i. To strut; to swagger; to look big, pert, or menacing. Addison.

Cock, n. The act of cocking; also, the turn so given; as, a cock of the eyes; to give a hat a saucy cock.

Cock, n. [It. cocca notch of an arrow.] 1. The notch of an arrow or crossbow.

2. The hammer in the lock of a firearm.

At cock, At full cock, with the hammer raised and ready to fire; -- said of firearms, also, jocularly, of one prepared for instant action. -- At half cock. See under Half. -- Cock feather (Archery), the feather of an arrow at right angles to the direction of the cock or notch. Nares.

Cock, v. t. To draw the hammer of (a firearm) fully back and set it for firing.

Cock, v. i. To draw back the hammer of a firearm, and set it for firing.

> Cocked, fired, and missed his man.
> Byron.

Cock, n. [Cf. Icel. kökkr lump, Dan. kok heap, or E. cock to set erect.] A small concial pile of hay.

Cock, v. t. To put into cocks or heaps, as hay.

> Under the cocked hay.
> Spenser.

Cock, n. [Of. coque, F. coche, a small vessel, L. concha muscle shell, a vessel. See Coach, and cf. Cog a small boat.] A small boat.

> Yond tall anchoring bark [appears]
> Diminished to her cock; her cock, a buoy
> Almost too small for sight.
> Shak.

Cock, n. A corruption or disguise of the word God, used in oaths. [Obs.] "By cock and pie." Shak.

Cock*ade" (kk*d"), n. [F. cocarble, fr. coquard vain, OF. coquart, fr. coq cock, prob. of imitative origin. The ornament is so named from its resemblance to the crest of a cock. Cf. Coquette.] A badge, usually in the form of a rosette, or knot, and generally worn upon the hat; -- used as an indication of military or naval service, or party allegiance, and in England as a part of the livery to indicate that the wearer is the servant of a military or naval officer.

> Seduced by military liveries and cockades.
> Burke.

Cock*ad"ed (-"dd), a. Wearing a cockade. Young.

Cock`-a-hoop" (?), a. Boastful; defiant; exulting. Also used adverbially.

Cock"al (kk"al), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] 1. A game played with sheep's bones instead of dice [Obs.]

2. The bone used in playing the game; -- called also huckle bone. [Obs.] Nares.

> A little transverse bone
> Which boys and bruckeled children call
> (Playing for points and pins) cockal.
> Herrick.

Cock`a*leek"ie (kk`*l"k), n. [From cock + leek.] A favorite soup in Scotland, made from a capon highly seasoned, and boiled with leeks and prunes.

Cock`a*ma*roo" (?), n. The Russian variety of bagatelle.

Cock"a*teel (kk`*tl"), n. (Zoöl.) An Australian parrot (Calopsitta Novæ-Hollandiæ); -- so called from its note.

Cock`a*too" (kk`*t"), n. [Malayan kakata.] (Zoöl.) A bird of the Parrot family, of the subfamily Cacatuinæ, having a short, strong, and much curved beak, and the head ornamented with a crest, which can be raised or depressed at will. There are several genera and many species; as the broad-crested (Plictolophus, or Cacatua, cristatus), the sulphur-crested (P. galeritus), etc. The palm or great black cockatoo of Australia is Microglossus aterrimus.

<! p. 273 !>

Cock"a*trice (-trs; 277), n. [OF. cocatrice crocodile, F. cocatrix, cocatrice. The word is a corruption from the same source as E. crocodile, but was confused with cock the bird, F. coq, whence arose the fable that the animal was produced from a cock's egg. See Crocodile.]

1. A fabulous serpent whose breath and look were said to be fatal. See Basilisk.

> That bare vowel, I, shall poison more
> Than the death-darting eye of cockatrice.
> Shak.

2. (Her.) A representation of this serpent. It has the head, wings, and legs of a bird, and tail of a serpent.

3. (Script.) A venomous serpent which which cannot now be identified.

> The weaned child shall put his hand on the cockatrice's [Rev. Ver. basilisk's] den.
> Is. xi. 8.

4. Any venomous or deadly thing.

> This little cockatrice of a king.
> Bacon.

Cock"bill (kk"bl`), v. t. [See Cock to set erect.] (Naut.) To tilt up one end of so as to make almost vertical; as, to cockbill the yards as a sign of mourning.

To cockbill the anchor, to suspend it from the cathead preparatory to letting it go. See Acockbill.

Cock"boat` (?), n. [See Cock a boat.] A small boat, esp. one used on rivers or near the shore.

Cock"-brained` (?), a. Giddy; rash. Milton.

Cock"chaf`er (?), n. [See Chafer the beetle.] (Zoöl.) A beetle of the genus Melolontha (esp. M. vulgaris) and allied genera; -- called also May bug, chafer, or dorbeetle.

{ Cock"crow (?), Cock"crow`ing, } n. The time at which cocks first crow; the early morning.

Cock"er (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cockered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Cockering.] [OE. cokeren; cf. W. cocru to indulge, fondle, E. cock the bird, F. coqueliner to dandle (Cotgrave), to imitate the crow of a cock, to run after the girls, and E. cockle, v.] To treat with too great tenderness; to fondle; to indulge; to pamper.

> Cocker thy child and he shall make thee afraid.
> Ecclesiasticus xxx. 9.

> Poor folks cannot afford to cocker themselves up.
> J. Ingelow.

Cock"er, n. [From Cock the bird.] 1. One given to cockfighting. [Obs.] Steele.

2. (Zoöl.) A small dog of the spaniel kind, used for starting up woodcocks, etc.

Cock"er, n. [OE. coker qyiver, boot, AS. cocer quiver; akin to G. köcher quiver, and perh. originally meaning receptacle, holder. Cf. Quiver (for arrows).] A rustic high shoe or half-boots. [Obs.] Drayton.

Cock"er*el (?), n. [Prob. a double dim. of cock.] A young cock.

Cock"et (?), a. [F. coquet coquettish. See Coquette, n.] Pert; saucy. [Obs.] Halliwell.

Cock"et, n. 1. (Eng. Law) A customhouse seal; a certified document given to a shipper as a warrant that his goods have been duly entered and have paid duty.

2. An office in a customhouse where goods intended for export are entered. [Eng.]

3. A measure for bread. [Obs.] Blount.

Cock"eye` (?), n. [From cock to turn up.] A squinting eye. Forby.

Cock"eye`, n. (Mach.) The socket in the ball of a millstone, which sits on the cockhead.

Cock"fight` (?), n. A match or contest of gamecocks.

Cock"fight`ing, n. The act or practice of pitting gamecocks to fight.

Cock"fight`ing, a. Addicted to cockfighting.

Cock"head` (?), n. (Mach.) The rounded or pointed top of a grinding mill spindle, forming a pivot on which the stone is balanced.

Cock"horse` (?), n. 1. A child's rocking-horse.

> Ride a cockhorse to Banbury cross.
> Mother Goose.

2. A high or tall horse. [R.]

Cock"horse`, a. 1. Lifted up, as one is on a tall horse.

2. Lofty in feeling; exultant; proud; upstart.

> Our painted fools and cockhorse peasantry.
> Marlowe.

Cock`ie*leek"ie (?), n. Same as Cockaleekie.

Cock"ing, n. Cockfighting. Ben Jonson.

Coc"kle (kk"k'l), n. [OE. cockes cockles, AS. scoccas sea cockles, prob, from Celtic; cf. W. cocs cockles, Gael. cochull husk. Perh. influenced by F. coquille shell, a dim. from the root of E. conch. Cf. Coach.] 1. (Zoöl.) A bivalve mollusk, with radiating ribs, of the genus Cardium, especially C. edule, used in Europe for food; -- sometimes applied to similar shells of other genera.

2. A cockleshell.

3. The mineral black tourmaline or schorl; -- so called by the Cornish miners. Raymond.

4. The fire chamber of a furnace. [Eng.] Knight.

5. A hop-drying kiln; an oast. Knight.

6. The dome of a heating furnace. Knight.

Cockle hat, a hat ornamented with a cockleshell, the badge of a pilgrim. Shak. -- Cockle stairs, winding or spiral stairs.

Coc"kle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cockled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Cockling (?).] [Of uncertian origin.] To cause to contract into wrinkles or ridges, as some kinds of cloth after a wetting.

Cockling sea, waves dashing against each other with a short and quick motion. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

Coc"kle, n. [AS. coccel, cocel; cf. Gael. cogall tares, husks, cockle.] (Bot.) (a) A plant or weed that grows among grain; the corn rose (Luchnis Githage). (b) The Lotium, or darnel.

Coc"kle*bur` (?), n. (Bot.) A coarse, composite weed, having a rough or prickly fruit; one of several species of the genus Xanthium; -- called also clotbur.

Coc"kled (?), a. Inclosed in a shell.

> The tender horns of cockled snails.
> Shak.

Coc"kled, a. Wrinkled; puckered.

> Showers soon drench the camlet's cockled grain.
> Gay.

Coc"kler (?), n. One who takes and sells cockles.

Coc"kle*shell` (?), n. 1. One of the shells or valves of a cockle.

2. A light boat.

> To board the cockleshell in those plunding waters.
> W. Black.

Cock"loft` (?; 115) n. [Prop., a loft where cocks roost.] An upper loft; a garret; the highest room in a building. Dryden. Swift.

Cock"mas`ter (?), n. One who breeds gamecocks. L'Estrange.

Cock"match` (?), n. A cockfight.

Cock"ney (kk"n), n.; pl. Cockneys (- nz). [OE. cocknay, cokenay, a spoiled child, effeminate person, an egg; prob. orig. a cock's egg, a small imperfect egg; OE. cok cock + nay, neye, for ey egg (cf. Newt), AS. æg. See 1st Cock, Egg, n.] 1. An effeminate person; a spoilt child. "A young heir or cockney, that is his mother's darling." Nash (1592).

> This great lubber, the world, will prove a cockney.
> Shak.

2. A native or resident of the city of London; -- used contemptuously.

> A cockney in a rural village was stared at as much as if he had entered a kraal of Hottentots.
> Macaulay.

Cock"ney, a. Of or relating to, or like, cockneys.

Cock"ney*dom (kk"n*dm), n. The region or home of cockneys; cockneys, collectively. Thackeray.

Cock"ney*fy (-f), v. t. [Cockney + -fy.] To form with the manners or character of a cockney. [Colloq.]

Cock"ney*ish, a. Characteristic of, or resembling, cockneys.

Cock"ney*ism (kk"n*z'm), n. The characteristics, manners, or dialect, of a cockney.

Cock"-pad`dle (?), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Zoöl.) See Lumpfish. [Scot.]

Cock"pit` (kk"pt), n. 1. A pit, or inclosed area, for cockfights.

> Henry the Eighth had built . . . a cockpit.
> Macaulay.

2. The Privy Council room at Westminster; -- so called because built on the site of the cockpit of Whitehall palace. Brande & C.

3. (Naut.) (a) That part of a war vessel appropriated to the wounded during an engagement. (b) In yachts and other small vessels, a space lower than the rest of the deck, which affords easy access to the cabin.

Cock"roach (?), n. [Sp. cucaracha.] (Zoöl.) An orthopterous insect of the genus Blatta, and allied genera.

The species are numerous, especially in hot countries. Those most commonly infesting houses in Europe and North America are Blatta orientalis, a large species often called black beetle, and the Croton bug (Ectobia Germanica).

Cocks"comb` (kks"km`), n. [1st cock, n. + comb crest.] 1. See Coxcomb.

2. (Bot.) A plant (Celosia cristata), of many varieties, cultivated for its broad, fantastic spikes of brilliant flowers; -- sometimes called garden cockscomb. Also the Pedicularis, or lousewort, the Rhinanthus Crista-galli, and the Onobrychis Crista-galli.

Cocks"head` (?), n. (Bot.) A leguminous herb (Onobrychis Caput-galli), having small spiny-crested pods.

Cock"shut` (?), n. A kind of net to catch woodcock. [Obs.] Nares.

Cockshut time or light, evening twilight; nightfall; -- so called in allusion to the tome at which the cockshut used to be spread. [Obs.] Shak. B. Jonson.

Cock"shy` (?), n. 1. A game in which trinkets are set upon sticks, to be thrown at by the players; -- so called from an ancient popular sport which consisted in "shying" or throwing cudgels at live cocks.

2. An object at which stones are flung.

> "Making a cockshy of him," replied the hideous small boy.
> Dickens.

Cock"spur (?), n. (Bot.) A variety of Cratægus, or hawthorn (C. Crus- galli), having long, straight thorns; -- called also Cockspur thorn.

Cock"sure` (?), a. 1. Perfectly safe. [Obs.]

> We steal as in a castle, cocksure: . . . we walk invisible.
> Shak.

2. Quite certain. [Colloq.]

> I thought myself cocksure of the horse which he readily promised me.
> Pope.

Cock"swain (?, colloq. ?), n. [Cock a boat + swain; hence, the master of a boat.] The steersman of a boat; a petty officer who has charge of a boat and its crew.

Cock"tail` (?), n. 1. A beverage made of brandy, whisky, or gin, iced, flavored, and sweetened. [U. S.]

2. (Stock Breeding) A horse, not of pure breed, but having only one eighth or one sixteenth impure blood in his veins. Darwin.

3. A mean, half-hearted fellow; a coward. [Slang, Eng.]

> It was in the second affair that poor little Barney showed he was a cocktail.
> Thackeray.

4. (Zoöl.) A species of rove beetle; -- so called from its habit of elevating the tail.

Cock"up (?), n. (Zoöl.) A large, highly esteemed, edible fish of India (Lates calcarifer); -- also called begti.

Cock"weed (?), n. (Bot.) Peppergrass. Johnson.

Cock"y (?), a. [See Cocket.] Pert. [Slang]

{ Co"co (k"k), n. or Co"co palm (k"k päm`).} See Cocoa.

{ Co"coa (k"k), n., Co"coa palm` (päm`) } [Sp. & Pg. coco cocoanut, in Sp. also, cocoa palm. The Portuguese name is said to have been given from the monkeylike face at the base of the nut, fr. Pg. coco a bugbear, an ugly mask to frighten children. Cf., however, Gr. koy^ki the cocoa palm and its fruit, ko`i:x, ko`i:kos, a kind of Egyptian palm.] (Bot.) A palm tree producing the cocoanut (Cocos nucifera). It grows in nearly all tropical countries, attaining a height of sixty or eighty feet. The trunk is without branches, and has a tuft of leaves at the top, each being fifteen or twenty feet in length, and at the base of these the nuts hang in clusters; the cocoanut tree.

Co"coa, n. [Corrupted fr. cacao.] A preparation made from the seeds of the chocolate tree, and used in making, a beverage; also the beverage made from cocoa or cocoa shells.

Cocoa shells, the husks which separate from the cacao seeds in preparing them for use.

Co"coa*nut` (-nt`), n. The large, hard-shelled nut of the cocoa palm. It yields an agreeable milky liquid and a white meat or albumen much used as food and in making oil.

{ ||Co`co*bo"lo (?), Co`co*bo"las (?) }, n. [Sp. cocobolo.] (Bot.) A very beautiful and hard wood, obtained in the West India Islands. It is used in cabinetmaking, for the handles of tools, and for various fancy articles.

Co*coon" (?), n. [F. cocon, dim. of coque shell of egge and insects, fr. L. concha mussel shell. See Conch.] 1. An oblong case in which the silkworm lies in its chrysalis state. It is formed of threads of silk spun by the worm just before leaving the larval state. From these the silk of commerce is prepared.

2. (Zoöl.) (a) The case constructed by any insect to contain its larva or pupa. (b) The case of silk made by spiders to protect their eggs. (c) The egg cases of mucus, etc., made by leeches and other worms.

Co*coon"er*y (?), n. A building or apartment for silkworms, when feeding and forming cocoons.

Coc"ti*ble (?), a. [See Coctile.] Capable of being cooked. Blount.

Coc"tile (?), a. [L. coctilis, fr. coguere. See Cook.] Made by baking, or exposing to heat, as a brick.

Coc"tion (?), n. [L. coctio.] 1. Act of boiling.

2. (Med.) (a) Digestion. [Obs.] (b) The change which the humorists believed morbific matter undergoes before elimination. [Obs.] Dunglison.

Co"cus wood` (?). A West Indian wood, used for making flutes and other musical instruments.

Cod (kd), n. [AS. codd small bag; akin to Icel. koddi pillow, Sw. kudde cushion; cf. W. cod, cwd, bag, shell.]

1. A husk; a pod; as, a peascod. [Eng.] Mortimer.

2. A small bag or pouch. [Obs.] Halliwell.

3. The scrotum. Dunglison.

4. A pillow or cushion. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Cod, n. [Cf. G. gadde, and (in Heligoland) gadden, L. gadus merlangus.] (Zoöl.) An important edible fish (Gadus morrhua), taken in immense numbers on the northern coasts of Europe and America. It is especially abundant and large on the Grand Bank of Newfoundland. It is salted and dried in large quantities.

There are several varieties; as shore cod, from shallow water; bank cod, from the distant banks; and rock cod, which is found among ledges, and is often dark brown or mottled with red. The tomcod is a distinct species of small size. The bastard, blue, buffalo, or cultus cod of the Pacific coast belongs to a distinct family. See Buffalo cod, under Buffalo.

Cod fishery, the business of fishing for cod. -- Cod line, an eighteen-thread line used in catching codfish. McElrath.

||Co"da (k"d), n. [It., tail, fr. L. cauda.] (Mus.) A few measures added beyond the natural termination of a composition.

Cod"der (?), n. A gatherer of cods or peas. [Obs. or Prov.] Johnson.

Cod"ding (?), a. Lustful. [Obs.] Shak.

Cod"dle (kd"d'l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Coddled (-d'ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Coddling (- dlng).] [Cf. Prov. E. caddle to coax, spoil, fondle, and Cade, a. & v. t.] [Written also codle.] 1. To parboil, or soften by boiling.

> It [the guava fruit] may be coddled.
> Dampier.

2. To treat with excessive tenderness; to pamper.

> How many of our English princes have been coddled at home by their fond papas and mammas!
> Thackeray.

> He [Lord Byron] never coddled his reputation.
> Southey.

<! p. 274 !>

Cod"dy*mod"dy (kd"d*md"d), n. (Zoöl.) A gull in the plumage of its first year.

Code (kd), n. [F., fr. L. codex, caudex, the stock or stem of a tree, a board or tablet of wood smeared over with wax, on which the ancients originally wrote; hence, a book, a writing.] 1. A body of law, sanctioned by legislation, in which the rules of law to be specifically applied by the courts are set forth in systematic form; a compilation of laws by public authority; a digest.

The collection of laws made by the order of Justinian is sometimes called, by way of eminence. "The Code" Wharton.

2. Any system of rules or regulations relating to one subject; as, the medical code, a system of rules for the regulation of the professional conduct of physicians; the naval code, a system of rules for making communications at sea means of signals.

Code civil or Code Napoleon, a code enacted in France in 1803 and 1804, embodying the law of rights of persons and of property generally. Abbot.

Co`de*fend"ant (?), n. A joint defendant. Blackstone.

Co*de"ine (?), n. [Gr. &?; poppy head: cf. F. cod&?;ine.] (Chem.) One of the opium alkaloids; a white crystalline substance, C18H21NO3, similar to and regarded as a derivative of morphine, but much feebler in its action; -- called also codeia.

||Co*det"ta (?), n. [It., dim. of coda tail.] (Mus.) A short passage connecting two sections, but not forming part of either; a short coda.

||Co"dex (?), n.; pl. Codices (#). [L. See Code.] 1. A book; a manuscript.

2. A collection or digest of laws; a code. Burrill.

3. An ancient manuscript of the Sacred Scriptures, or any part of them, particularly the New Testament.

4. A collection of canons. Shipley.

Cod"fish (?), n. (Zoöl.) A kind of fish. Same as Cod.

Codg"er (?), n. [Cf. Cadger.] 1. A miser or mean person.

2. A singular or odd person; -- a familiar, humorous, or depreciatory appellation. [Colloq.]

> A few of us old codgers met at the fireside.
> Emerson.

Cod"i*cal (?), a. Relating to a codex, or a code.

Cod"i*cil (?), n. [L. codicillus, dim. of codex: cf. F. codicille. See Code.] (Law) A clause added to a will.

Cod`i*cil"la*ry (?), a. [L. codicillaris, codicillarius.] Of the nature of a codicil.

Co`di*fi*ca"tion (? or ?), n. [Cf. F. codification.] The act or process of codifying or reducing laws to a code.

Co"di*fi`er (? or ?), n. One who codifies.

Co"di*fy (? or ?; 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Codified (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Codifying.] [Code + - fy: cf. F. codifier.] To reduce to a code, as laws.

Co*dil"la (?), n. [Cf. L. codicula a little tail, dim. of cauda tail.] (Com.) The coarse tow of flax and hemp. McElrath.

Co*dille" (?), n. [F. codile.] A term at omber, signifying that the game is won. Pope.

Co"dist (?), n. A codifier; a maker of codes. [R.]

Co"dle (?), v. t. See Coddle.

{ Cod"lin (?), Cod"ling (?) }, n. [Cf. AS. codæppel a quince.] (a) An apple fit to stew or coddle. (b) An immature apple.

> A codling when 't is almost an apple.
> Shak.

Codling moth (Zoöl.), a small moth (Carpocapsa Pomonella), which in the larval state (known as the apple worm) lives in apples, often doing great damage to the crop.

Cod"ling, n. [Dim. of cod the fish.] (Zoöl.) A young cod; also, a hake.

Cod" liv`er (?), n. The liver of the common cod and allied species.

Cod-liver oil, an oil obtained from the liver of the codfish, and used extensively in medicine as a means of supplying the body with fat in cases of malnutrition.

Cod"piece` (?), n. [Cod, n., &?; + piece.] A part of male dress in front of the breeches, formerly made very conspicuous. Shak. Fosbroke.

Cœ*cil"i*an (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Cæcilian.

Co*ed`u*ca"tion (?; 135), n. An educating together, as of persons of different sexes or races.

Co*ed`u*ca"tion*al (&?;), a.

Co*ef"fi*ca*cy (?), n. Joint efficacy.

Co`ef*fi"cien*cy (?), n. Joint efficiency; coöperation. Glanvill.

Co`ef*fi"cient (?), a. Coöperating; acting together to produce an effect.

Co`ef*fi"cient*ly, adv.

Co`ef*fi"cient, n. 1. That which unites in action with something else to produce the same effect.

2. [Cf. F. coefficient.] (Math.) A number or letter put before a letter or quantity, known or unknown, to show how many times the latter is to be taken; as, 6x; bx; here 6 and b are coefficients of x.

3. (Physics) A number, commonly used in computation as a factor, expressing the amount of some change or effect under certain fixed conditions as to temperature, length, volume, etc.; as, the coefficient of expansion; the coefficient of friction.

Arbitrary coefficient (Math.), a literal coefficient placed arbitrarily in an algebraic expression, the value of the coefficient being afterwards determined by the conditions of the problem.

Coe"horn (?), n. [From its inventor, Baron Coehorn.] (Mil.) A small bronze mortar mounted on a wooden block with handles, and light enough to be carried short distances by two men.

Cœl"a*canth (? or &?;), a. [Gr. koi^los hollow + &?; spine.] (Zoöl.) Having hollow spines, as some ganoid fishes.

{ ||Cœ*len"te*ra (?) or ||Cœ*len`te*ra"ta, } n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. koi^los hollow + &?; intestines.] (Zoöl.) A comprehensive group of Invertebrata, mostly marine, comprising the Anthozoa, Hydrozoa, and Ctenophora. The name implies that the stomach and body cavities are one. The group is sometimes enlarged so as to include the sponges.

Cœ*len"ter*ate (?), a. (Zoöl.) Belonging to the Cœlentera. -- n. One of the Cœlentera.

||Cœ"li*a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a cavity of the body, a ventricle.] (Anat.) A cavity.

The word is applied to the ventricles of the brain, the different ventricles being indicated by prefixes like those characterizing the parts of the brain in which the cavities are found; as, epicœlia, mesocœlia, metacœlia, procœlia, etc. B. G. Wilder.

{ Cœ"li*ac, Ce"li*ac (?), } a. [L. coeliacus, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; belly, fr. koi^los hollow.] Relating to the abdomen, or to the cavity of the abdomen.

Cœliac artery (Anat.), the artery which issues from the aorta just below the diaphragm; -- called also cœliac axis. -- Cœliac flux, Cœliac passion (Med.), a chronic flux or diarrhea of undigested food.

Cœ"lo*dont (?), a. [Gr. koi^los hollow + &?;, &?;, tooth.] (Zoöl.) Having hollow teeth; -- said of a group lizards. -- n. One of a group of lizards having hollow teeth.

Cœl`o*sper"mous (? or &?;), a. [Gr. koi^los hollow + &?; seed.] (Bot.) Hollow-seeded; having the ventral face of the seedlike carpels incurved at the ends, as in coriander seed.

||Cœ"lum (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a hollow, neut. of koi^los hollow.] (Anat.) See Body cavity, under Body.

Co*emp"tion (?; 215), n. [L. coëmptio, fr. coëmere to buy up. See Emption.] The act of buying the whole quantity of any commodity. [R.] Bacon.

||Co*en"doo (?), n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) The Brazilian porcupine (Cercolades, or Sphingurus, prehensiles), remarkable for its prehensile tail.

{ Cœ*nen"chym (?), ||Cœ*nen"chy*ma (?) } n. [NL. coenenchyma, fr. Gr. koino`s common + &?; something poured in. Formed like parenchyma.] (Zoöl.) The common tissue which unites the polyps or zooids of a compound anthozoan or coral. It may be soft or more or less ossified. See Coral.

||Cœn`es*the"sis (? or ?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. koino`s common + &?; sensation.] (Physiol.) Common sensation or general sensibility, as distinguished from the special sensations which are located in, or ascribed to, separate organs, as the eye and ear. It is supposed to depend on the ganglionic system.

Cœn"o*bite (? or ?), n. See Cenobite.

||Cœ*nœ"ci*um (? or ?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. koino`s common + &?; house.] (Zoöl.) The common tissue which unites the various zooids of a bryozoan.

Cœ*nog"a*my (?), n. [Gr. &?;; koino`s common + &?; marraige.] The state of a community which permits promiscuous sexual intercourse among its members; -- as in certain primitive tribes or communistic societies. [Written also cenogamy.]

Cœn"o*sarc (? or ?), n. [Gr. koino`s common + &?;, &?;, flesh.] (Zoöl.) The common soft tissue which unites the polyps of a compound hydroid. See Hydroidea.

||Cœ*nu"rus (?), n. [NL. fr. Gr. koino`s common + &?; tail.] (Zoöl.) The larval stage of a tapeworm (Tænia cœnurus) which forms bladderlike sacs in the brain of sheep, causing the fatal disease known as water brain, vertigo, staggers or gid.

This bladder worm has on its surface numerous small heads, each of which, when swallowed by a dog, becomes a mature tapeworm in the dog's intestine.

Co*e"qual (?), a. [L. coaequalis; co- + aequalis equal.] Being on an equality in rank or power. -- n. One who is on an equality with another.

> In once he come to be a cardinal,
> He'll make his cap coequal with the crown.
> Shak.

Co`e*qual"i*ty (?), n. The state of being on an equality, as in rank or power.

Co*e"qual*ly (?), adv. With coequality.

Co*erce" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Coerced (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Coercing.] [L. coërcere; co- + arcere to shut up, to press together. See Ark.] 1. To restrain by force, especially by law or authority; to repress; to curb. Burke.

> Punishments are manifold, that they may coerce this profligate sort.
> Ayliffe.

2. To compel or constrain to any action; as, to coerce a man to vote for a certain candidate.

3. To compel or enforce; as, to coerce obedience.

Syn. -- To Coerce, Compel. To compel denotes to urge on by force which cannot be resisted. The term aplies equally to physical and moral force; as, compelled by hunger; compelled adverse circumstances; compelled by parental affection. Coerce had at first only the negative sense of checking or restraining by force; as, to coerce a bad man by punishments or a prisoner with fetters. It has now gained a positive sense., viz., that of driving a person into the performance of some act which is required of him by another; as, to coerce a man to sign a contract; to coerce obedience. In this sense (which is now the prevailing one), coerce differs but little from compel, and yet there is a distinction between them. Coercion is usually acomplished by indirect means, as threats and intimidation, physical force being more rarely employed in coercing.

Co"er"ci*ble (?), a. Capable of being coerced.

-- Co*er"ci*ble*ness, n.

Co*er"cion (?), n. [L. coercio, fr. coercere. See Coerce.] 1. The act or process of coercing.

2. (Law) The application to another of either physical or moral force. When the force is physical, and cannot be resisted, then the act produced by it is a nullity, so far as concerns the party coerced. When the force is moral, then the act, though voidable, is imputable to the party doing it, unless he be so paralyzed by terror as to act convulsively. At the same time coercion is not negatived by the fact of submission under force. "Coactus volui" (I consented under compulsion) is the condition of mind which, when there is volition forced by coercion, annuls the result of such coercion. Wharton.

Co*er"ci*tive (?), a. Coercive. "Coercitive power in laws." Jer. Taylor.

Co*er"cive (?), a. Serving or intended to coerce; having power to constrain.

-- Co*er"cive*ly, adv. -- Co*er"cive*ness, n.

> Coercive power can only influence us to outward practice.
> Bp. Warburton.

Coercive or Coercitive force (Magnetism), the power or force which in iron or steel produces a slowness or difficulty in imparting magnetism to it, and also interposes an obstacle to the return of a bar to its natural state when active magnetism has ceased. It plainly depends on the molecular constitution of the metal. Nichol.

> The power of resisting magnetization or demagnization is sometimes called coercive force.
> S. Thompson.

Cœ`ru*lig"none (?), n. [L. coeruleus cerulean + lignum wood + E. quinone.] (Chem.) A bluish violet, crystalline substance obtained in the purification of crude wood vinegar. It is regarded as a complex quinone derivative of diphenyl; -- called also cedriret.

Co`es*sen"tial (?), a. Partaking of the same essence. -- Co`es*sen"tial*ly, adv.

> We bless and magnify that coessential Spirit, eternally proceeding from both [The Father and the Son].
> Hooker.

Co`es*sen`ti*al"i*ty (? or ?; 106), n. Participation of the same essence. Johnson.

Co`es*tab"lish*ment (?), n. Joint establishment. Bp. Watson.

Co`es*tate" (?), n. Joint estate. Smolett.

Co`e*ta"ne*an (?), n. A person coetaneous with another; a contemporary. [R.]

> A . . . coetanean of the late earl of Southampton.
> Aubrey.

Co`e*ta"ne*ous (?), a. [L. coaetaneus; co- + aetas age.] Of the same age; beginning to exist at the same time; contemporaneous.

-- Co`e*ta"ne*ous*ly, adv.

> And all [members of the body] are coetaneous.
> Bentley.

Co`e*ter"nal (?), a. Equally eternal. -- Co`e*ter"nal*ly, adv.

> Hail, holy Light, offspring of Heaven first born!
> Or of the Eternal coeternal beam.
> Milton.

Co`e*ter"ni*ty (?), n. Existence from eternity equally with another eternal being; equal eternity.

Co*e"val (?), a. [L. coaevus; co- + aevum lifetime, age. See Age, n.] Of the same age; existing during the same period of time, especially time long and remote; -- usually followed by with.

> Silence! coeval with eternity!
> Pope.

> Oaks coeval spread a mournful shade.
> Cowper.

Co*e"val, n. One of the same age; a contemporary.

> As if it were not enough to have outdone all your coevals in wit.
> Pope.

Co*e"vous (?), a. Coeval [Obs.] South.

Co`ex*ec"u*tor (?), n. A joint executor.

Co`ex*ec"u*trix (?), n. A joint executrix.

Co`ex*ist (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Coexisted; p. pr. & vb. n. Coexisting.] To exist at the same time; -- sometimes followed by with.

> Of substances no one has any clear idea, farther than of certain simple ideas coexisting together.
> Locke.

> So much purity and integrity . . . coexisting with so much decay and so many infirmities.
> Warburton.

Co`ex*ist"ence (?), n. Existence at the same time with another; -- contemporary existence.

> Without the help, or so much as the coexistence, of any condition.
> Jer. Taylor.

Co`ex*ist"ent (?), a. Existing at the same time with another. -- n. That which coexists with another.

> The law of coexistent vibrations.
> Whewell.

Co`ex*ist"ing, a. Coexistent. Locke.

Co`ex*tend, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Coextended; p. pr. & vb. n. Coextending.] To extend through the same space or time with another; to extend to the same degree.

> According to which the least body may be coextended with the greatest.
> Boyle.

> Has your English language one single word that is coextended through all these significations?
> Bentley.

<! p. 275 !>

Co`ex*ten"sion (k`ks*tn"shn), n. The act of extending equally, or the state of being equally extended.

Co`ex*ten"sive (?), a. Equally extensive; having equal extent; as, consciousness and knowledge are coextensive. Sir W. Hamilton. -- Co`ex*ten"sive*ly, adv. -- Co`ex*ten"sive*ness, n.

Cof"fee (?; 115), n. [Turk. qahveh, Ar. qahuah wine, coffee, a decoction of berries. Cf. Café.] 1. The "beans" or "berries" (pyrenes) obtained from the drupes of a small evergreen tree of the genus Coffea, growing in Abyssinia, Arabia, Persia, and other warm regions of Asia and Africa, and also in tropical America.

2. The coffee tree.

There are several species of the coffee tree, as, Coffea Arabica, C. occidentalis, and C. Liberica. The white, fragrant flowers grow in clusters at the root of the leaves, and the fruit is a red or purple cherrylike drupe, with sweet pulp, usually containing two pyrenes, commercially called "beans" or "berries".

3. The beverage made from the roasted and ground berry.

> They have in Turkey a drink called coffee. . . . This drink comforteth the brain and heart, and helpeth digestion.
> Bacon.

The use of coffee is said to have been introduced into England about 1650, when coffeehouses were opened in Oxford and London.

Coffee bug (Zoöl.), a species of scale insect (Lecanium coffæa), often very injurious to the coffee tree. -- Coffee rat (Zoöl.) See Musang.

Cof"fee*house` (?), n. A house of entertainment, where guests are supplied with coffee and other refreshments, and where men meet for conversation.

> The coffeehouse must not be dismissed with a cursory mention. It might indeed, at that time, have been not improperly called a most important political institution. . . . The coffeehouses were the chief organs through which the public opinion of the metropolis vented itself. . . . Every man of the upper or middle class went daily to his coffeehouse to learn the news and discuss it. Every coffeehouse had one or more orators, to whose eloquence the crowd listened with admiration, and who soon became what the journalists of our own time have been called -- a fourth estate of the realm.
> Macaulay.

Cof"fee*man (?), n. One who keeps a coffeehouse. Addison.

Cof"fee*pot (?), n. A covered pot in which coffee is prepared, or is brought upon the table for drinking.

Cof"fee*room` (?), n. A public room where coffee and other refreshments may be obtained.

Cof"fer (?; 115), n. [OF. cofre, F. coffre, L. cophinus basket, fr. Gr. &?;. Cf. Coffin, n.] 1. A casket, chest, or trunk; especially, one used for keeping money or other valuables. Chaucer.

> In ivory coffers I have stuffed my crowns.
> Shak.

2. Fig.: Treasure or funds; -- usually in the plural.

> He would discharge it without any burden to the queen's coffers, for honor sake.
> Bacon.

> Hold, here is half my coffer.
> Shak.

3. (Arch.) A panel deeply recessed in the ceiling of a vault, dome, or portico; a caisson.

4. (Fort.) A trench dug in the bottom of a dry moat, and extending across it, to enable the besieged to defend it by a raking fire.

5. The chamber of a canal lock; also, a caisson or a cofferdam.

Coffer dam. (Engin.) See Cofferdam, in the Vocabulary. -- Coffer fish. (Zoöl.) See Cowfish.

Cof"fer, v. t. 1. To put into a coffer. Bacon.

2. (Mining.) To secure from leaking, as a shaft, by ramming clay behind the masonry or timbering. Raymond.

3. To form with or in a coffer or coffers; to furnish with a coffer or coffers.

Cof"fer*dam (?), n. A water- tight inclosure, as of piles packed with clay, from which the water is pumped to expose the bottom (of a river, etc.) and permit the laying of foundations, building of piers, etc.

Cof"fer*er (?), n. One who keeps treasures in a coffer. [R.]

Cof"fer*work` (?), n. (Masonry) Rubblework faced with stone. Knight.

Cof"fin (?; 115), n. [OE., a basket, receptacle, OF. cofin, fr. L. cophinus. See Coffer, n.] 1. The case in which a dead human body is inclosed for burial.

> They embalmed him [Joseph], and he was put in a coffin.
> Gen. 1. 26.

2. A basket. [Obs.] Wyclif (matt. xiv. 20).

3. A casing or crust, or a mold, of pastry, as for a pie.

> Of the paste a coffin I will rear.
> Shak.

4. A conical paper bag, used by grocers. [Obs.] Nares.

5. (Far.) The hollow crust or hoof of a horse's foot, below the coronet, in which is the coffin bone.

Coffin bone, the foot bone of the horse and allied animals, inclosed within the hoof, and corresponding to the third phalanx of the middle finger, or toe, of most mammals. -- Coffin joint, the joint next above the coffin bone.

Cof"fin, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Coffined (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Coffining.] To inclose in, or as in, a coffin.

> Would'st thou have laughed, had I come coffined home?
> Shak.

> Devotion is not coffined in a cell.
> John Hall (1646).

Cof"fin*less, a. Having no coffin.

Cof"fle (?; 115), n. [Ar. kafala caravan.] A gang of negro slaves being driven to market.

Cog (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cogged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Cogging.] [Cf. W. coegio to make void, to beceive, from coeg empty, vain, foolish. Cf. Coax, v. t.]

1. To seduce, or draw away, by adulation, artifice, or falsehood; to wheedle; to cozen; to cheat. [R.]

> I'll . . . cog their hearts from them.
> Shak.

2. To obtrude or thrust in, by falsehood or deception; as, to cog in a word; to palm off. [R.]

> Fustian tragedies . . . have, by concerted applauses, been cogged upon the town for masterpieces.
> J. Dennis

> To cog a die, to load so as to direct its fall; to cheat in playing dice.
> Swift.

Cog (?), v. i. To deceive; to cheat; to play false; to lie; to wheedle; to cajole.

> For guineas in other men's breeches,
> Your gamesters will palm and will cog.
> Swift.

Cog, n. A trick or deception; a falsehood. Wm. Watson.

Cog, n. [Cf. Sw. kugge a cog, or W. cocos the cogs of a wheel.] 1. (Mech.) A tooth, cam, or catch for imparting or receiving motion, as on a gear wheel, or a lifter or wiper on a shaft; originally, a separate piece of wood set in a mortise in the face of a wheel.

2. (Carp.) (a) A kind of tenon on the end of a joist, received into a notch in a bearing timber, and resting flush with its upper surface. (b) A tenon in a scarf joint; a coak. Knight.

3. (Mining.) One of the rough pillars of stone or coal left to support the roof of a mine.

Cog, v. t. To furnish with a cog or cogs.

Cogged breath sound (Auscultation), a form of interrupted respiration, in which the interruptions are very even, three or four to each inspiration. Quain.

Cog, n. [OE. cogge; cf. D. kog, Icel. kuggr Cf. Cock a boat.] A small fishing boat. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

Co"gen*cy (?), n. [See Cogent.] The quality of being cogent; power of compelling conviction; conclusiveness; force.

> An antecedent argument of extreme cogency.
> J. H. Newman.

Co*ge"ni*al (?), a. Congenial. [Obs.]

Co"gent (k"jnt), a. [L. cogens, p. pr. of cogere to drive together, to force; co- + agere to drive. See Agent, a., and cf. Coact to force, Coagulate, p. a.] 1. Compelling, in a physical sense; powerful. [Obs.]

> The cogent force of nature.
> Prior.

2. Having the power to compel conviction or move the will; constraining; conclusive; forcible; powerful; not easily reasisted.

> No better nor more cogent reason.
> Dr. H. More.

> Proofs of the most cogent description.
> Tyndall.

> The tongue whose strains were cogent as commands,
> Revered at home, and felt in foreign lands.
> Cowper.

Syn. -- Forcible; powerful; potent; urgent; strong; persuasive; convincing; conclusive; influential.

Co"gent*ly, adv. In a cogent manner; forcibly; convincingly; conclusively. Locke.

Cog"ger (kg"gr), n. [From Cog to wheedle.] A flatterer or deceiver; a sharper.

Cog"ger*y, n. Trick; deception. Bp. Watson.

Cog"gle (?), n. [See Cog small boat.] A small fishing boat. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

Cog"gle, n. [Cf. Cobble a cobblestone.] A cobblestone. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Cog`i*ta*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality of being cogitable; conceivableness.

Cog"i*ta*ble (?), a. [L. cogitabilis, fr. cogitare to think.] Capable of being brought before the mind as a thought or idea; conceivable; thinkable.

> Creation is cogitable by us only as a putting forth of divine power.
> Sir W. Hamilton.

Cog"i*ta*bund` (?), a. [L. cogitabundus.] Full of thought; thoughtful. [R.] Leigh Hunt.

Cog"i*tate (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cogitated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Cogitating.] [L. cogitatus, p. p. of cogitare to reflect upon, prob. fr. co- + the root of aio I say; hence, prop., to discuss with one's self. Cf. Adage.] To engage in continuous thought; to think.

> He that calleth a thing into his mind, whether by impression or recordation, cogitateth and considereth, and he that employeth the faculty of his fancy also cogitateth.
> Bacon.

Cog"i*tate, v. t. To think over; to plan.

> He . . . is our witness, how we both day and night, revolving in our minds, did cogitate nothing more than how to satisfy the parts of a good pastor.
> Foxe.

Cog`i*ta"tion (?), n. [L. cogitatio: cf. F. cogitation.] The act of thinking; thought; meditation; contemplation. "Fixed in cogitation deep." Milton.

Cog"i*ta*tive (?), a. [Cf. LL. cogitativus.] 1. Possessing, or pertaining to, the power of thinking or meditating. "Cogitative faculties." Wollaston.

2. Given to thought or contemplation. Sir H. Wotton.

Cog"man (?), n. A dealer in cogware or coarse cloth. [Obs.] Wright.

Co"gnac` (?), n. [F.] A kind of French brandy, so called from the town of Cognac.

Cog"nate (?), a. [L. cognatus; co- + gnatus, natus, p. p. of nasci, anciently gnasci, to be born. See Nation, and cf. Connate.] 1. Allied by blood; kindred by birth; specifically (Law), related on the mother's side.

2. Of the same or a similar nature; of the same family; proceeding from the same stock or root; allied; kindred; as, a cognate language.

Cog"nate, n. 1. (Law) One who is related to another on the female side. Wharton.

2. One of a number of things allied in origin or nature; as, certain letters are cognates.

Cog"nate*ness, n. The state of being cognate.

||Cog*na"ti (?), n. pl. [L.] (Law) Relatives by the mother's side. Wharton.

Cog*na"tion (?), n. [L. cognatio.] 1. Relationship by blood; descent from the same original; kindred.

> As by our cognation to the body of the first Adam.
> Jer. Taylor.

2. Participation of the same nature. Sir T. Browne.

> A like temper and cognation.
> Sir K. Digby.

3. (Law) That tie of consanguinity which exists between persons descended from the same mother; -- used in distinction from agnation.

||Cog*na"tus (?), n. [L., a kinsman.] (Law) A person connected through cognation.

{ Cog`ni*sor" (? or ?), Cog`ni*see (?), } n. See Cognizor, Cognizee.

Cog*ni"tion (?), n. [L. cognitio, fr. cognoscere, cognitum, to become acquainted with, to know; co- + noscere, gnoscere, to get a knowledge of. See Know, v. t.] 1. The act of knowing; knowledge; perception.

> I will not be myself nor have cognation
> Of what I feel: I am all patience.
> Shak.

2. That which is known.

Cog"ni*tive (?), a. Knowing, or apprehending by the understanding; as, cognitive power. South.

Cog"ni*za*ble (? or &?;), a. [F. connaissable, fr. connaître to know, L. cognoscere. See Cognition.] 1. Capable of being known or apprehended; as, cognizable causes.

2. Fitted to be a subject of judicial investigation; capable of being judicially heard and determined.

> Cognizable both in the ecclesiastical and secular courts.
> Ayliffe.

Cog"ni*za*bly, adv. In a cognizable manner.

Cog"ni*zance (? or ?; 277), n. [OF. conissance, conoissance, F. connaissance, LL. cognoscentia, fr. L. cognoscere to know. See Cognition, and cf. Cognoscence, Connoisseur.] 1. Apprehension by the understanding; perception; observation.

> Within the cognizance and lying under the control of their divine Governor.
> Bp. Hurd

2. Recollection; recognition.

> Who, soon as on that knight his eye did glance,
> Eftsoones of him had perfect cognizance.
> Spenser.

3. (Law) (a) Jurisdiction, or the power given by law to hear and decide controversies. (b) The hearing a matter judicially. (c) An acknowledgment of a fine of lands and tenements or confession of a thing done. [Eng.] (d) A form of defense in the action of replevin, by which the defendant insists that the goods were lawfully taken, as a distress, by defendant, acting as servant for another. [Eng.] Cowell. Mozley & W.

4. The distinguishing mark worn by an armed knight, usually upon the helmet, and by his retainers and followers: Hence, in general, a badge worn by a retainer or dependent, to indicate the person or party to which he belonged; a token by which a thing may be known.

> Wearing the liveries and cognizance of their master.
> Prescott.

> This pale and angry rose,
> As cognizance of my blood-drinking hate.
> Shak.

Cog"ni*zant (? or ?), a. [See Cognizance, and cf. Connusant.] Having cognizance or knowledge. (of).

Cog"nize (?), v. t. [Cf. Cognizant, Recognize.] To know or perceive; to recognize.

> The reasoning faculty can deal with no facts until they are cognized by it.
> H. Spencer.

Cog`ni*zee" (? or ?), n. (Law) One to whom a fine of land was acknowledged. Blackstone.

Cog`ni*zor (?), n. [See Cognizance.] (Law) One who acknowledged the right of the plaintiff or cognizee in a fine; the defendant. Blackstone.

Cog*no"men (?), n. [L.: co- + (g)nomen name.] 1. The last of the three names of a person among the ancient Romans, denoting his house or family.

2. (Eng. Law) A surname.

Cog*nom"i*nal (?), a. Of or pertaining to a cognomen; of the nature of a surname.

Cog*nom"i*nal, n. One bearing the same name; a namesake. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Cog*nom`i*na"tion (?), n. [L. cognominatio.] A cognomen or surname. [R.] Jer. Taylor.

Cog*nos"cence (?), n. [LL. cognoscentia. See Cognizance.] Cognizance. [R.] Dr. H. More.

||Cog`nos*cen"te (?), n.; pl. Cognoscenti (#). [OIt. cognoscente, p. pr. of cognoscere, It. conoscere to know.] A connoisseur. Mason.

Cog*nos`ci*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality of being cognoscible. Cudworth.

Cog*nos"ci*ble (?), a. 1. Capable of being known. "Matters intelligible and cognoscible." Sir M. Hale.

2. Liable to judicial investigation. Jer. Taylor.

Cog*nos"ci*tive (?), a. Having the power of knowing. [Obs.] "An innate cognoscitive power." Cudworth.

||Cog*no"vit (?), n. [L., he has acknowledged.] (Law) An instrument in writing whereby a defendant in an action acknowledges a plaintiff's demand to be just. Mozley & W.

Co*guard"i*an (?), n. A joint guardian.

Cogue (?), n. [Cf. Cog a small boat.] A small wooden vessel; a pail. [Scot.] Jamieson.

Cog"ware` (?), n. A coarse, narrow cloth, like frieze, used by the lower classes in the sixteenth century. Halliwell.

Cog"wheel` (?), n. A wheel with cogs or teeth; a gear wheel. See Illust. of Gearing.

Co*hab"it (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cohabited; p. pr. & vb. n. Cohabiting.] [L. cohabitare; co- + habitare to dwell, to have possession of (a place), freg. of habere to have. See Habit, n. & v.] 1. To inhabit or reside in company, or in the same place or country.

> The Philistines were worsted by the captived ark . . . : they were not able to cohabit with that holy thing.
> South.

2. To dwell or live together as husband and wife.

> The law presumes that husband and wife cohabit together, even after a voluntary separation has taken place between them.
> Bouvier.

By the common law as existing in the United States, marriage is presumed when a man and woman cohabit permanently together, being reputed by those who know them to be husband and wife, and admitting the relationship. Wharton.

Co*hab"it*ant (?), n. [L. cohabitans, p. pr.] One who dwells with another, or in the same place or country.

> No small number of the Danes became peaceable cohabitants with the Saxons in England.
> Sir W. Raleigh.

<! p. 276 !>

Co*hab"i*ta"tion (?), n. [L. cohabitatio.] 1. The act or state of dwelling together, or in the same place with another. Feltham.

2. (Law) The living together of a man and woman in supposed sexual relationship.

> That the duty of cohabitation is released by the cruelty of one of the parties is admitted.
> Lord Stowell.

Co*hab"it*er (?), n. A cohabitant. Hobbes.

Co*heir (?), n. A joint heir; one of two or more heirs; one of several entitled to an inheritance.

Co*heir"ess (?), n. A female heir who inherits with other heiresses; a joint heiress.

Co*heir"ship, n. The state of being a coheir.

Co*her"ald (?), n. A joint herald.

Co*here" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cohered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Cohering (?).] [L. cohaerere, cohaesum; co- + haerere to stick, adhere. See Aghast, a.] 1. To stick together; to cleave; to be united; to hold fast, as parts of the same mass.

> Neither knows he . . . how the solid parts of the body are united or cohere together.
> Locke.

2. To be united or connected together in subordination to one purpose; to follow naturally and logically, as the parts of a discourse, or as arguments in a train of reasoning; to be logically consistent.

> They have been inserted where they best seemed to cohere.
> Burke.

3. To suit; to agree; to fit. [Obs.]

> Had time cohered with place, or place with wishing.
> Shak.

Syn. -- To cleave; unite; adhere; stick; suit; agree; fit; be consistent.

{ Co*her"ence (?), Co*her"en*cy (?) }, n. [L. cohaerentia: cf. F. cohérence.] 1. A sticking or cleaving together; union of parts of the same body; cohesion.

2. Connection or dependence, proceeding from the subordination of the parts of a thing to one principle or purpose, as in the parts of a discourse, or of a system of philosophy; consecutiveness.

> Coherence of discourse, and a direct tendency of all the parts of it to the argument in hand, are most eminently to be found in him.
> Locke.

Co*her"ent (?), a. [L. cohaerens, p. pr. See Cohere.] 1. Sticking together; cleaving; as the parts of bodies; solid or fluid. Arbuthnot.

2. Composed of mutually dependent parts; making a logical whole; consistent; as, a coherent plan, argument, or discourse.

3. Logically consistent; -- applied to persons; as, a coherent thinker. Watts.

4. Suitable or suited; adapted; accordant. [Obs.]

> Instruct my daughter how she shall persever,
> That time and place, with this deceit so lawful,
> May prove coherent.
> Shak.

Co*her"ent*ly, adv. In a coherent manner.

Co*he`si*bil"i*ty (? or ?), n. The state of being cohesible. Good.

Co*he"si*ble (?), a. Capable of cohesion.

Co*he"sion (?), n. [Cf. F. cohésion. See Cohere.] 1. The act or state of sticking together; close union.

2. (Physics) That from of attraction by which the particles of a body are united throughout the mass, whether like or unlike; -- distinguished from adhesion, which unites bodies by their adjacent surfaces.

> Solids and fluids differ in the degree of cohesion, which, being increased, turns a fluid into a solid.
> Arbuthnot.

3. Logical agreement and dependence; as, the cohesion of ideas. Locke.

Co*he"sive (?), a. 1. Holding the particles of a homogeneous body together; as, cohesive attraction; producing cohesion; as, a cohesive force.

2. Cohering, or sticking together, as in a mass; capable of cohering; tending to cohere; as, cohesive clay.

Cohesive attraction. See under Attraction.

-- Co*he"sive*ly, adv. -- Co*he"sive*ness, n.

Co*hib"it (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cohibited; p. pr. & vb. n. Cohibiting.] [L. cohibitus, p. p. of cohibere to confine; co- + habere to hold.] To restrain. [Obs.] Bailey.

Co`hi*bi"tion (?), n. [L. cohibitio.] Hindrance; restraint. [Obs.]

Co`ho*bate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cohobated; p. pr. & vb. n. Cohobating.] [LL. cohobare; prob. of Arabic origin: cf. F. cohober.] (Anc. Chem.) To repeat the distillation of, pouring the liquor back upon the matter remaining in the vessel. Arbuthnot.

Co`ho*ba"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. cohobation.] (Anc. Chem.) The process of cohobating. Grew.

Co"horn (?), n. (Mil.) See Coehorn.

Co"hort (?), n. [L. cohors, prop. an inclosure: cf. F. cohorte. See Court, n.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) A body of about five or six hundred soldiers; the tenth part of a legion.

2. Any band or body of warriors.

> With him the cohort bright
> Of watchful cherubim.
> Milton.

3. (Bot.) A natural group of orders of plants, less comprehensive than a class.

Co"hosh (?), n. (Bot.) A perennial American herb (Caulophyllum thalictroides), whose rootstock is used in medicine; -- also called pappoose root. The name is sometimes also given to the Cimicifuga racemosa, and to two species of Actæa, plants of the Crowfoot family.

Coif (koif), n. [OF. coife, F. coiffe, LL. cofea, cuphia, fr. OHG. kuppa, kuppha, miter, perh. fr. L. cupa tub. See Cup, n.; but cf. also Cop, Cuff the article of dress, Quoif, n.] A cap. Specifically: (a) A close-fitting cap covering the sides of the head, like a small hood without a cape. (b) An official headdress, such as that worn by certain judges in England. [Written also quoif.]

> From point and saucy ermine down
> To the plain coif and russet gown.
> H. Brocke.

> The judges, . . . althout they are not of the first magnitude, nor need be of the degree of the coif, yet are they considerable.
> Bacon.

Coif (koif), v. t. [Cf. F. coiffer.] To cover or dress with, or as with, a coif.

> And coif me, where I'm bald, with flowers.
> J. G. Cooper.

Coifed (koift), a. Wearing a coif.

Coif"fure (?), n. [F., fr. coiffer. See Coif.] A headdress, or manner of dressing the hair. Addison.

Coigne (koin), n. [See Coin, n.] A quoin.

> See you yound coigne of the Capitol? yon corner stone?
> Shak.

{ Coigne, Coign"y (?), } n. The practice of quartering one's self as landlord on a tenant; a quartering of one's self on anybody. [Ireland] Spenser.

Coil (koil), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Coiled (koild); p. pr. & vb. n. Coiling.] [OF. coillir, F. cueillir, to collect, gather together, L. coligere; col- + legere to gather. See Legend, and cf. Cull, v. t., Collect.] 1. To wind cylindrically or spirally; as, to coil a rope when not in use; the snake coiled itself before springing.

2. To encircle and hold with, or as with, coils. [Obs. or R.] T. Edwards.

Coil, v. i. To wind itself cylindrically or spirally; to form a coil; to wind; -- often with about or around.

> You can see his flery serpents . . .
> Coiting, playing in the water.
> Longfellow.

Coil, n. 1. A ring, series of rings, or spiral, into which a rope, or other like thing, is wound.

> The wild grapevines that twisted their coils from trec to tree.
> W. Irving.

2. Fig.: Entanglement; toil; mesh; perplexity.

3. A series of connected pipes in rows or layers, as in a steam heating apparatus.

Induction coil. (Elec.) See under Induction. -- Ruhmkorff's coil (Elec.), an induction coil, sometimes so called from Ruhmkorff (&?;), a prominent manufacturer of the apparatus.

Coil, n. [Of Celtic origin; cf. Gael. goil fume, rage.] A noise, tumult, bustle, or confusion. [Obs.] Shak.

Coi"lon (?), n. [F. See Cullion.] A testicle. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Coin (koin), n. [F. coin, formerly also coing, wedge, stamp, corner, fr. L. cuneus wedge; prob. akin to E. cone, hone. See Hone, n., and cf. Coigne, Quoin, Cuneiform.] 1. A quoin; a corner or external angle; a wedge. See Coigne, and Quoin.

2. A piece of metal on which certain characters are stamped by government authority, making it legally current as money; -- much used in a collective sense.

> It is alleged that it [a subsidy] exceeded all the current coin of the realm.
> Hallam.

3. That which serves for payment or recompense.

> The loss of present advantage to flesh and blood is repaid in a nobler coin.
> Hammond.

Coin balance. See Illust. of Balance. -- To pay one in his own coin, to return to one the same kind of injury or ill treatment as has been received from him. [Colloq.]

Coin, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Coined (koind); p. pr. & vb. n. Coining.] 1. To make of a definite fineness, and convert into coins, as a mass of metal; to mint; to manufacture; as, to coin silver dollars; to coin a medal.

2. To make or fabricate; to invent; to originate; as, to coin a word.

> Some tale, some new pretense, he daily coined,
> To soothe his sister and delude her mind.
> Dryden.

3. To acquire rapidly, as money; to make.

> Tenants cannot coin rent just at quarter day.
> Locke.

Coin, v. i. To manufacture counterfeit money.

> They cannot touch me for coining.
> Shak.

Coin"age (?), n. [From Coin, v. t., cf. Cuinage.] 1. The act or process of converting metal into money.

> The care of the coinage was committed to the inferior magistrates.
> Arbuthnot.

2. Coins; the aggregate coin of a time or place.

3. The cost or expense of coining money.

4. The act or process of fabricating or inventing; formation; fabrication; that which is fabricated or forged. "Unnecessary coinage . . . of words." Dryden.

> This is the very coinage of your brain.
> Shak.

Co`in*cide" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Coincided (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Coinciding.] [L. co- + incidere to fall on; in + cadere to fall: cf. F. coïncider. See Chance, n.] 1. To occupy the same place in space, as two equal triangles, when placed one on the other.

> If the equator and the ecliptic had coincided, it would have rendered the annual revoluton of the earth useless.
> Cheyne.

2. To occur at the same time; to be contemporaneous; as, the fall of Granada coincided with the discovery of America.

3. To correspond exactly; to agree; to concur; as, our aims coincide.

> The rules of right jugdment and of good ratiocination often coincide with each other.
> Watts.

Co*in"ci*dence (k*n"s*dens), n. [Cf. F. coïncidence.] 1. The condition of occupying the same place in space; as, the coincidence of circles, surfaces, etc. Bentley.

2. The condition or fact of happening at the same time; as, the coincidence of the deaths of John Adams and Thomas Jefferson.

3. Exact correspondence in nature, character, result, circumstances, etc.; concurrence; agreement.

> The very concurrence and coincidence of so many evidences . . . carries a great weight.
> Sir M. Hale.

> Those who discourse . . . of the nature of truth . . . affirm a perfect coincidence between truth and goodness.
> South.

Co*in"ci*den*cy (?), n. Coincidence. [R.]

Co*in"ci*dent (k*n"s*dent), a. [Cf. F. coïncident.] Having coincidence; occupying the same place; contemporaneous; concurrent; -- followed by with.

> Christianity teaches nothing but what is perfectly suitable to, and coincident with, the ruling principles of a virtuous and well-inclined man.
> South.

Co*in"ci*dent (?), n. One of two or more coincident events; a coincidence. [R.] "Coincidents and accidents." Froude.

Co*in`ci*den"tal (?), a. Coincident.

Co*in"ci*dent*ly (?), adv. With coincidence.

Co`in*cid"er (?), n. One who coincides with another in an opinion.

Co*in`di*ca"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. coïdication.] One of several signs or symptoms indicating the same fact; as, a coindication of disease.

Coin"er (?), n. 1. One who makes or stamps coin; a maker of money; -- usually, a maker of counterfeit money.

> Precautions such as are employed by coiners and receivers of stolen goods.
> Macaulay.

2. An inventor or maker, as of words. Camden.

Co`in*hab"it*ant (?), n. One who dwells with another, or with others. "Coinhabitants of the same element." Dr. H. More.

Co`in*here" (?), v. i. To inhere or exist together, as in one substance. Sir W. Hamilton.

Co`in*her"it*ance (?), n. Joint inheritance.

Co`in*her"it*or (?), n. A coheir.

Co`in*i"tial (?), a. (Math.) Having a common beginning.

Co*in"qui*nate (?), v. t. [L. coinquinatus, p. p. of coinquinare to defile. See Inquinate.] To pollute. [Obs.] Skelton.

Co*in`qui*na"tion (?), n. Defilement. [Obs.]

Co*in"stan*ta"ne*ous (?), a. Happening at the same instant. C. Darwin.

Co`intense" (?), a. Equal in intensity or degree; as, the relations between 6 and 12, and 8 and 16, are cointense. H. Spencer.

Co`in*ten"sion (?), n. The condition of being of equal in intensity; -- applied to relations; as, 3:6 and 6:12 are relations of cointension.

> Cointension . . . is chosen indicate the equality of relations in respect of the contrast between their terms.
> H. Spencer.

Coir (koir), n. [Tamil kayiru.] 1. A material for cordage, matting, etc., consisting of the prepared fiber of the outer husk of the cocoanut. Homans.

2. Cordage or cables, made of this material.

Cois"tril (?), n. [Prob. from OF. coustillier groom or lad. Cf. Custrel.] 1. An inferior groom or lad employed by an esquire to carry the knight's arms and other necessaries. [Written also coistrel.]

2. A mean, paltry fellow; a coward. [Obs.] Shak.

Coit (koit), n. [See Quoit.] A quoit. [Obs.] Carew.

Coit, v. t. To throw, as a stone. [Obs.] See Quoit.

Co*i"tion (?), n. [L. coitio, fr. coire to come together; co- + ire to go.] A coming together; sexual intercourse; copulation. Grew.

Co*join" (?), v. t. To join; to conjoin. [R.] Shak.

Co*ju"ror (?), n. One who swears to another's credibility. W. Wotton.

Coke (?), n. [Perh. akin to cake, n.] Mineral coal charred, or depriver of its bitumen, sulphur, or other volatile matter by roasting in a kiln or oven, or by distillation, as in gas works. It is lagerly used where &?; smokeless fire is required. [Written also coak.]

Gas coke, the coke formed in gas retorts, as distinguished from that made in ovens.

Coke, v. t. To convert into coke.

Coke"nay (?), n. A cockney. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Co"ker*nut` (?), n. (Com.) The cocoanut.

A mode of spelling introduced by the London customhouse to distinguish more widely between this and other articles spelt much in the same manner.

Cokes (?), n. [OE. Cf. Coax.] A simpleton; a gull; a dupe. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Coke"wold (?), n. Cuckold. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Col- (&?;). A prefix signifying with, together. See Com-.

||Col (?), n. [F., neck, fr. L. collum neck.] A short ridge connecting two higher elevations or mountains; the pass over such a ridge.

Co*la"bor*er (?), n. One who labors with another; an associate in labor.

Col"an*der (?), n. [L. colans, -antis, p. pr. of colare to filter, to strain, fr. colum a strainer. Cf. Cullis, Culvert.] A utensil with a bottom perforated with little holes for straining liquids, mashed vegetable pulp, etc.; a strainer of wickerwork, perforated metal, or the like.

Co*la"tion (?), n. [See Colander.] The act or process of straining or filtering. [R.]

Co*lat"i*tude (?; 134), n. [Formed like cosine. See Cosine.] The complement of the latitude, or the difference between any latitude and ninety degrees.

Col"a*ture (?; 135), n. [L. colatura, from colare: cf. F. colature. See Colander.] The process of straining; the matter strained; a strainer. [R.]

Col"ber*tine (?), n. [From Jean Baptiste Colbert, a minister of Louis XIV., who encouraged the lace manufacture in France.] A kind of lace. [Obs.]

> Pinners edged with colbertine.
> Swift.

> Difference rose between
> Mechlin, the queen of lace, and colbertine.
> Young.

Col"chi*cine (? or ?), n. [Cf. F. colchicine.] (Chem.) A powerful vegetable alkaloid, C17H19NO5, extracted from the Colchicum autumnale, or meadow saffron, as a white or yellowish amorphous powder, with a harsh, bitter taste; -- called also colchicia.

Col"chi*cum (?), n. [L., a plant with a poisonous root, fr. Colchicus Colchian, fr. Colchis, Gr. &?;, an ancient province in Asia, east of the Black Sea, where was the home of Media the sorceress.] (Bot.) A genus of bulbous-rooted plants found in many parts of Europe, including the meadow saffron.

Preparations made from the poisonous bulbs and seeds, and perhaps from the flowers, of the Colchicum autumnale (meadow saffron) are used as remedies for gout and rheumatism.

<! p. 277 !>

Col"co*thar (kl"k*thr), n. [NL. colcothar vitrioli, fr. Ar. qolqoar.] (Chem.) Polishing rouge; a reddish brown oxide of iron, used in polishing glass, and also as a pigment; -- called also crocus Martis.

Cold (kld), a. [Compar. Colder (-r); superl. Coldest.] [OE. cold, cald, AS. cald, ceald; akin to OS. kald, D. koud, G. kalt, Icel. kaldr, Dan. kold, Sw. kall, Goth. kalds, L. gelu frost, gelare to freeze. Orig. p. p. of AS. calan to be cold, Icel. kala to freeze. Cf. Cool, a., Chill, n.] 1. Deprived of heat, or having a low temperature; not warm or hot; gelid; frigid. "The snowy top of cold Olympis." Milton.

2. Lacking the sensation of warmth; suffering from the absence of heat; chilly; shivering; as, to be cold.

3. Not pungent or acrid. "Cold plants." Bacon

4. Wanting in ardor, intensity, warmth, zeal, or passion; spiritless; unconcerned; reserved.

> A cold and unconcerned spectator.
> T. Burnet.

> No cold relation is a zealous citizen.
> Burke.

5. Unwelcome; disagreeable; unsatisfactory. "Cold news for me." "Cold comfort." Shak.

6. Wanting in power to excite; dull; uninteresting.

> What a deal of cold business doth a man misspend the better part of life in!
> B. Jonson.

> The jest grows cold . . . when in comes on in a second scene.
> Addison.

7. Affecting the sense of smell (as of hunting dogs) but feebly; having lost its odor; as, a cold scent.

8. Not sensitive; not acute.

> Smell this business with a sense as cold
> As is a dead man's nose.
> Shak.

9. Distant; -- said, in the game of hunting for some object, of a seeker remote from the thing concealed.

10. (Paint.) Having a bluish effect. Cf. Warm, 8.

Cold abscess. See under Abscess. -- Cold blast See under Blast, n., 2. -- Cold blood. See under Blood, n., 8. -- Cold chill, an ague fit. Wright. -- Cold chisel, a chisel of peculiar strength and hardness, for cutting cold metal. Weale. -- Cold cream. See under Cream. -- Cold slaw. See Cole slaw. -- In cold blood, without excitement or passion; deliberately.

> He was slain in cold blood after the fight was over.
> Sir W. Scott.

To give one the cold shoulder, to treat one with neglect.

Syn. -- Gelid; bleak; frigid; chill; indifferent; unconcerned; passionless; reserved; unfeeling; stoical.

Cold, n. 1. The relative absence of heat or warmth.

2. The sensation produced by the escape of heat; chilliness or chillness.

> When she saw her lord prepared to part,
> A deadly cold ran shivering to her heart.
> Dryden.

3. (Med.) A morbid state of the animal system produced by exposure to cold or dampness; a catarrh.

Cold sore (Med.), a vesicular eruption appearing about the mouth as the result of a cold, or in the course of any disease attended with fever. -- To leave one out in the cold, to overlook or neglect him. [Colloq.]

Cold, v. i. To become cold. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Cold"-blood`ed (?), a. 1. Having cold blood; -- said of fish or animals whose blood is but little warmer than the water or air about them.

2. Deficient in sensibility or feeling; hard-hearted.

3. Not thoroughbred; -- said of animals, as horses, which are derived from the common stock of a country.

Cold"finch` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A British wagtail.

Cold"-heart`ed (?), a. Wanting passion or feeling; indifferent.

-- Cold"-heart`ed*ness, n.

Cold"ish (?), a. Somewhat cold; cool; chilly.

Cold"ly, adv. In a cold manner; without warmth, animation, or feeling; with indifference; calmly.

> Withdraw unto some private place,
> And reason coldly of your grievances.
> Shak.

Cold"ness, n. The state or quality of being cold.

Cold"-short` (?), a. Brittle when cold; as, cold-short iron.

Cold"-shut` (?), a. (Metal.) Closed while too cold to become thoroughly welded; -- said of a forging or casting. -- n. An imperfection caused by such insufficient welding.

Cole (?), n. [OE. col, caul, AS. cawl, cawel, fr. L. caulis, the stalk or stem of a plant, esp. a cabbage stalk, cabbage, akin to Gr. &?;. Cf. Cauliflower, Kale.] (Bot.) A plant of the Brassica or Cabbage genus; esp. that form of B. oleracea called rape and coleseed.

Co-leg`a*tee" (?), n. A joint legatee.

Cole"goose` (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Coalgoose.

Cole"man*ite (?), n. [From W.T. Coleman of San Francisco.] (Min.) A hydrous borate of lime occurring in transparent colorless or white crystals, also massive, in Southern California.

Cole"mouse` (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Coletit.

Co`le*op"ter (?), n. (Zoöl.) One of the Coleoptera.

||Co`le*op"te*ra (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; sheath-winged; &?; sheath + &?; wing.] (Zoöl.) An order of insects having the anterior pair of wings (elytra) hard and horny, and serving as coverings for the posterior pair, which are membranous, and folded transversely under the others when not in use. The mouth parts form two pairs of jaws (mandibles and maxillæ) adapted for chewing. Most of the Coleoptera are known as beetles and weevils.

{ Co`le*op"ter*al (?), Co`le*op"ter*ous (?) } a. [Gr. &?;.] (Zoöl.) Having wings covered with a case or sheath; belonging to the Coleoptera.

Co`le*op"ter*an (?), n. (Zoöl.) One of the order of Coleoptera.

Co`le*op"ter*ist, n. One versed in the study of the Coleoptera.

||Co`le*o*rhi"za (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; sheath + &?; root.] A sheath in the embryo of grasses, inclosing the caulicle. Gray.

Cole"perch` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A kind of small black perch.

Col"e*ra (?), n. [L. cholera. See Choler.] Bile; choler. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Cole*ridg"i*an (?), a. Pertaining to Samuel Taylor Coleridge, or to his poetry or metaphysics.

Cole"seed` (?), n. The common rape or cole.

Cole"slaw` (?), n. [D. kool slaa cabbage salad.] A salad made of sliced cabbage.

Co`-les*see" (?), n. A partner in a lease taken.

Co`-les*sor" (?), n. A partner in giving a lease.

Cole"staff` (?), n. See Colstaff.

{ Col"et (?), Col"let }[Corrupted fr. acolyte.] An inferior church servant. [Obs.] See Acolyte.

{ Cole"tit` or Coal"tit (?), } n. (Zoöl.) A small European titmouse (Parus ater), so named from its black color; -- called also coalmouse and colemouse.

||Co"le*us (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a sheath; -- referring to the manner in which the stamens are united.] (Bot.) A plant of several species of the Mint family, cultivated for its bright-colored or variegated leaves.

Cole"wort` (?), n. [AS. cawlwyrt; cawl cole + wyrt wort. Cf. Collards.] 1. A variety of cabbage in which the leaves never form a compact head.

2. Any white cabbage before the head has become firm.

Col"fox` (?), n. A crafty fox. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Col"ic (?), n. [F. colique, fr. L. colicus sick with the colic, GR. &?;, fr. &?;, &?;, the colon. The disease is so named from its being seated in or near the colon. See Colon.] (Med.) A severe paroxysmal pain in the abdomen, due to spasm, obstruction, or distention of some one of the hollow viscera.

Hepatic colic, the severe pain produced by the passage of a gallstone from the liver or gall bladder through the bile duct. -- Intestinal colic, or Ordinary colic, pain due to distention of the intestines by gas. -- Lead colic, Painter's colic, a violent form of intestinal colic, associated with obstinate constipation, produced by chronic lead poisoning. -- Renal colic, the severe pain produced by the passage of a calculus from the kidney through the ureter. -- Wind colic. See Intestinal colic, above.

Col"ic, a. 1. Of or pertaining to colic; affecting the bowels. Milton.

2. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the colon; as, the colic arteries.

Col"ic*al (?), a. Of, pertaining to, or of the nature of, colic. Swift.

Col"ick*y (?), a. Pertaining to, or troubled with, colic; as, a colicky disorder.

Col"ic*root` (?), n. A bitter American herb of the Bloodwort family, with the leaves all radical, and the small yellow or white flowers in a long spike (Aletris farinosa and A. aurea). Called sometimes star grass, blackroot, blazing star, and unicorn root.

Col"in (?), n. [F. colin; prop. a dim. of Colas, contr. fr. Nicolas Nicholas.] (Zoöl.) The American quail or bobwhite. The name is also applied to other related species. See Bobwhite.

Col`i*se"um (?), n. [NL. (cf. It. coliseo, colosseo), fr. L. colosseus colossal, fr. colossus a colossus. See Colossus, and cf. Colosseum.] The amphitheater of Vespasian at Rome, the largest in the world. [Written also Colosseum.]

||Co*li"tis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; + -itis.] (Med.) An inflammation of the large intestine, esp. of its mucous membrane; colonitis.

Coll (?), v. t. [OF. coler, fr. L. collum neck.] To embrace. [Obs.] "They coll and kiss him." Latimer.

||Col*la`bo*ra*teur" (?), n. [F.] See Collaborator.

Col*lab`o*ra"tion (?), n. The act of working together; united labor.

Col*lab"o*ra`tor (?), n. [L. collaborare to labor together; col- + laborare to labor: cf. F. collaborateur.] An associate in labor, especially in literary or scientific labor.

Col"la*gen (?), n. [Gr. ko`lla glue + -gen.] (Physiol. Chem.) The chemical basis of ordinary connective tissue, as of tendons or sinews and of bone. On being boiled in water it becomes gelatin or glue.

Col*lag"e*nous (?), a. (Physiol.) Containing or resembling collagen.

Col*lapse" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Collapsed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Collapsing] [L. collapsus, p. p. of collabi to collapse; col- + labi to fall, slide. See Lapse.] 1. To fall together suddenly, as the sides of a hollow vessel; to close by falling or shrinking together; to have the sides or parts of (a thing) fall in together, or be crushed in together; as, a flue in the boiler of a steam engine sometimes collapses.

> A balloon collapses when the gas escapes from it.
> Maunder.

2. To fail suddenly and completely, like something hollow when subject to too much pressure; to undergo a collapse; as, Maximilian's government collapsed soon after the French army left Mexico; many financial projects collapse after attaining some success and importance.

Col*lapse" (?), n. 1. A falling together suddenly, as of the sides of a hollow vessel.

2. A sudden and complete failure; an utter failure of any kind; a breakdown. [Colloq.]

3. (Med.) Extreme depression or sudden failing of all the vital powers, as the result of disease, injury, or nervous disturbance.

Col*lap"sion (?), n. [L. collapsio.] Collapse. [R.] Johnson.

Col"lar (?), n. [OE. coler, coller, OF. colier, F. collier, necklace, collar, fr. OF. col neck, F. cou, fr. L. collum; akin to AS. heals, G. & Goth. hals. Cf. Hals, n.] 1. Something worn round the neck, whether for use, ornament, restraint, or identification; as, the collar of a coat; a lady's collar; the collar of a dog.

2. (Arch.) (a) A ring or cincture. (b) A collar beam.

3. (Bot.) The neck or line of junction between the root of a plant and its stem. Gray.

4. An ornament worn round the neck by knights, having on it devices to designate their rank or order.

5. (Zoöl.) (a) A ringlike part of a mollusk in connection with esophagus. (b) A colored ring round the neck of a bird or mammal.

6. (Mech.) A ring or round flange upon, surrounding, or against an object, and used for restraining motion within given limits, or for holding something to its place, or for hiding an opening around an object; as, a collar on a shaft, used to prevent endwise motion of the shaft; a collar surrounding a stovepipe at the place where it enters a wall. The flanges of a piston and the gland of a stuffing box are sometimes called collars.

7. (Naut.) An eye formed in the bight or bend of a shroud or stay to go over the masthead; also, a rope to which certain parts of rigging, as dead-eyes, are secured.

8. (Mining) A curb, or a horizontal timbering, around the mouth of a shaft. Raymond.

Collar beam (Arch.), a horizontal piece of timber connecting and tying together two opposite rafters; -- also, called simply collar. -- Collar of brawn, the quantity of brawn bound up in one parcel. [Eng.] Johnson. -- Collar day, a day of great ceremony at the English court, when persons, who are dignitaries of honorary orders, wear the collars of those orders. -- To slip the collar, to get free; to disentangle one's self from difficulty, labor, or engagement. Spenser.

Col"lar, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Collared (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Collaring.] 1. To seize by the collar.

2. To put a collar on.

To collar beef (or other meat), to roll it up, and bind it close with a string preparatory to cooking it.

Col"lar bone` (?). (Anat.) The clavicle.

Col"lards (?), n. pl. [Corrupted fr. colewort.] Young cabbage, used as "greens"; esp. a kind cultivated for that purpose; colewort. [Colloq. Souther U. S.]

Col"lared (?), a. 1. Wearing a collar. "Collared with gold." Chaucer.

2. (Her.) Wearing a collar; -- said of a man or beast used as a bearing when a collar is represented as worn around the neck or loins.

3. Rolled up and bound close with a string; as, collared beef. See To collar beef, under Collar, v. t.

Col*lat"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being collated. Coleridge.

Col*late" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Collated; p. pr. & vb. n. Collating.] [From Collation.] 1. To compare critically, as books or manuscripts, in order to note the points of agreement or disagreement.

> I must collage it, word, with the original Hebrew.
> Coleridge.

2. To gather and place in order, as the sheets of a book for binding.

3. (Eccl.) To present and institute in a benefice, when the person presenting is both the patron and the ordinary; -- followed by to.

4. To bestow or confer. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

Col*late", v. i. (Ecl.) To place in a benefice, when the person placing is both the patron and the ordinary.

> If the bishop neglets to collate within six months, the right to do it devolves on the archbishop.
> Encyc. Brit.

Col*lat"er*al (?), a. [LL. collateralis; col- + lateralis lateral. See Lateral.] 1. Coming from, being on, or directed toward, the side; as, collateral pressure. "Collateral light." Shak.

2. Acting in an indirect way.

> If by direct or by collateral hand
> They find us touched, we will our kingdom give . . .
> To you in satisfaction.
> Shak.

3. Related to, but not strictly a part of, the main thing or matter under consideration; hence, subordinate; not chief or principal; as, collateral interest; collateral issues.

> That he [Attebury] was altogether in the wrong on the main question, and on all the collateral questions springing out of it, . . . is true.
> Macaulay.

4. Tending toward the same conclusion or result as something else; additional; as, collateral evidence.

> Yet the attempt may give
> Collateral interest to this homely tale.
> Wordsworth.

5. (Genealogy) Descending from the same stock or ancestor, but not in the same line or branch or one from the other; -- opposed to lineal.

Lineal descendants proceed one from another in a direct line; collateral relations spring from a common ancestor, but from different branches of that common stirps or stock. Thus the children of brothers are collateral relations, having different fathers, but a common grandfather. Blackstone.

<! p. 278 !>

Collateral assurance, that which is made, over and above the deed itself. -- Collateral circulation (Med. & Physiol.), circulation established through indirect or subordinate branches when the supply through the main vessel is obstructed. -- Collateral issue. (Law) (a) An issue taken upon a matter aside from the merits of the case. (b) An issue raised by a criminal convict who pleads any matter allowed by law in bar of execution, as pardon, diversity of person, etc. (c) A point raised, on cross-examination, aside from the issue fixed by the pleadings, as to which the answer of the witness, when given, cannot subsequently be contradicted by the party asking the question. -- Collateral security, security for the performance of covenants, or the payment of money, besides the principal security,

Col*lat"er*al (?), n. 1. A collateral relative. Ayliffe.

2. Collateral security; that which is pledged or deposited as collateral security.

Col*lat"er*al*ly, adv. 1. Side by side; by the side.

> These pulleys . . . placed collaterally.
> Bp. Wilkins.

2. In an indirect or subordinate manner; indirectly.

> The will hath force upon the conscience collaterally and indirectly.
> Jer. Taylor.

3. In collateral relation; not lineally.

Col*lat"er*al*ness, n. The state of being collateral.

Col*la"tion (?), n. [OE. collacioun speech, conference, reflection, OF. collacion, F. collation, fr. L. collatio a bringing together, comparing, fr. collatum (used as the supine of conferre); col- + latium (used as the supine of ferre to bear), for tlatum. See Tolerate, v. t.] 1. The act of collating or comparing; a comparison of one copy er thing (as of a book, or manuscript) with another of a like kind; comparison, in general. Pope.

2. (Print.) The gathering and examination of sheets preparatory to binding.

3. The act of conferring or bestowing. [Obs.]

> Not by the collation of the king . . . but by the people.
> Bacon.

4. A conference. [Obs.] Chaucer.

5. (Eccl. Law) The presentation of a clergyman to a benefice by a bishop, who has it in his own gift.

6. (Law) (a) The act of comparing the copy of any paper with its original to ascertain its conformity. (b) The report of the act made by the proper officers.

7. (Scots Law) The right which an heir has of throwing the whole heritable and movable estates of the deceased into one mass, and sharing it equally with others who are of the same degree of kindred.

This also obtains in the civil law, and is found in the code of Louisiana. Bouvier.

8. (Eccles.) A collection of the Lives of the Fathers or other devout work read daily in monasteries.

9. A light repast or luncheon; as, a cold collation; -- first applied to the refreshment on fast days that accompanied the reading of the collation in monasteries.

> A collation of wine and sweetmeats.
> Whiston.

Collation of seals (Old Law), a method of ascertaining the genuinendss of a$seal by'compariog it with another known to be genuine. Bouvier.

Col*la"tion, v. i. To partake of a collation. [Obs.]

> May 20, 1658, I . . . collationed in Spring Garden.
> Evelyn.

Col*la"tion*er (?), n. (Print.) One who examines the sheets of a book that has just been printed, to ascertain whether they are correctly printed, paged, etc. [Eng.]

Col`la*ti"tious (?), a. [L. collatitius. See Collation.] Brought together; contributed; done by contributions. [Obs.] Bailey.

Col*la"tive (?), a. [L. collativus brought together. ] Passing or held by collation; -- said of livings of which the bishop and the patron are the same person.

Col*la"tor (?), n. [L.] 1. One who collates manuscripts, books, etc. Addison.

2. (Eccl. Law) One who collates to a benefice.

3. One who confers any benefit. [Obs.] Feltham.

Col*laud" (?), v. t. [L. collaudare; col- + laudare to praise.] To join in praising. [Obs.] Howell.

Col"league (kl"lg), n. [F. collègue, L. collega one chosen at the same time with another, a partner in office; col- + legare to send or choose as deputy. See Legate.] A partner or associate in some civil or ecclesiastical office or employment. It is never used of partners in trade or manufactures.

Syn. -- Helper; assistant; coadjutor; ally; associate; companion; confederate.

Col*league" (kl*lg"), v. t. & i. To unite or associate with another or with others. [R.] Shak.

Col"league*ship, n. Partnership in office. Milton.

Col*lect" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Collected; p. pr. & vb. n. Collecting.] [L. collecrus, p. p. of collerige to bind together; col- + legere to gather: cf. OF. collecter. See Legend, and cf. Coil, v. t., Cull, v. t.] 1. To gather into one body or place; to assemble or bring together; to obtain by gathering.

> A band of men
> Collected choicely from each country.
> Shak.

> 'Tis memory alone that enriches the mind, by preserving what our labor and industry daily collect.
> Watts.

2. To demand and obtain payment of, as an account, or other indebtedness; as, to collect taxes.

3. To infer from observed facts; to conclude from premises. [Archaic.] Shak.

> Which sequence, I conceive, is very ill collected.
> Locke.

To collect one's self, to recover from surprise, embarrassment, or fear; to regain self- control.

Syn. -- To gather; assemble; congregate; muster; accumulate; garner; aggregate; amass; infer; deduce.

Col*lect", v. i. 1. To assemble together; as, the people collected in a crowd; to accumulate; as, snow collects in banks.

2. To infer; to conclude. [Archaic]

> Whence some collect that the former word imports a plurality of persons.
> South.

Col"lect, n. [LL. collecta, fr. L. collecta a collection in money; an assemblage, fr. collerige: cf. F. collecte. See Collect, v. t.] A short, comprehensive prayer, adapted to a particular day, occasion, or condition, and forming part of a liturgy.

> The noble poem on the massacres of Piedmont is strictly a collect in verse.
> Macaulay.

||Col`lec*ta"ne*a (?), n. pl. [Neut. pl. from L. collectaneus collected, fr. colligere. See Collect, v. t.] Passages selected from various authors, usually for purposes of instruction; miscellany; anthology.

Col*lect"ed (?), a. 1. Gathered together.

2. Self-possessed; calm; composed.

Col*lect"ed*ly, adv. Composedly; coolly.

Col*lect"ed*ness, n. A collected state of the mind; self-possession.

Col*lect"i*ble (?), a. Capable of being collected.

Col*lec"tion (?), n. [L. collectio: cf. F. collection.] 1. The act or process of collecting or of gathering; as, the collection of specimens.

2. That which is collected; as: (a) A gathering or assemblage of objects or of persons. "A collection of letters." Macaulay. (b) A gathering of money for charitable or other purposes, as by passing a contribution box for freewill offerings. "The collection for the saints." 1 Cor. xvi. 1 (c) (Usually in pl.) That which is obtained in payment of demands. (d) An accumulation of any substance. "Collections of moisture." Whewell. "A purulent collection." Dunglison.

3. The act of inferring or concluding from premises or observed facts; also, that which is inferred. [Obs.]

> We may safely say thus, that wrong collections have been hitherto made out of those words by modern divines.
> Milton.

4. The jurisdiction of a collector of excise. [Eng.]

Syn. -- Gathering; assembly; assemblage; group; crowd; congregation; mass; heap; compilation.

Col*lec"tion*al (-al), a. Of or pertaining to collecting.

> The first twenty-five [years] must have been wasted for collectional purposes.
> H. A. Merewether.

Col*lect"ive (?), a. [L. collectivus: cf. F. collectif.] 1. Formed by gathering or collecting; gathered into a mass, sum, or body; congregated or aggregated; as, the collective body of a nation. Bp. Hoadley.

2. Deducing consequences; reasoning; inferring. [Obs.] "Critical and collective reason." Sir T. Browne.

3. (Gram.) Expressing a collection or aggregate of individuals, by a singular form; as, a collective name or noun, like assembly, army, jury, etc.

4. Tending to collect; forming a collection.

> Local is his throne . . . to fix a point,
> A central point, collective of his sons.
> Young.

5. Having plurality of origin or authority; as, in diplomacy, a note signed by the representatives of several governments is called a collective note.

Collective fruit (Bot.), that which is formed from a mass of flowers, as the mulberry, pineapple, and the like; -- called also multiple fruit. Gray.

Col*lect"ive, n. (Gram.) A collective noun or name.

Col*lect"ive*ly, adv. In a mass, or body; in a collected state; in the aggregate; unitedly.

Col*lect"ive*ness, n. A state of union; mass.

Col*lect"iv*ism (?), n. [Cf. F. collectivisme.] (Polit. Econ.) The doctrine that land and capital should be owned by society collectively or as a whole; communism. W. G. Summer.

Col*lect"iv*ist, n. [Cf. F. collectiviste.] An advocate of collectivism. -- a. Relating to, or characteristic of, collectivism.

Col*lect"or (?), n. [LL. collector one who collects: cf. F. collecteur.] 1. One who collects things which are separate; esp., one who makes a business or practice of collecting works of art, objects in natural history, etc.; as, a collector of coins.

> I digress into Soho to explore a bookstall. Methinks I have been thirty years a collector.
> Lamb.

2. A compiler of books; one who collects scattered passages and puts them together in one book.

> Volumes without the collector's own reflections.
> Addison.

3. (Com.) An officer appointed and commissioned to collect and receive customs, duties, taxes, or toll.

> A great part of this is now embezzled . . . by collectors, and other officers.
> Sir W. Temple.

4. One authorized to collect debts.

5. A bachelor of arts in Oxford, formerly appointed to superintend some scholastic proceedings in Lent. Todd.

Col*lect"or*ate (?), n. The district of a collector of customs; a collectorship.

Col*lect"or*ship, n. The office of a collector of customs or of taxes.

Col*leg"a*ta*ry (?), n. [L. collegetarius. See Legatary.] (Law) A joint legatee.

Col"lege (?), n. [F. collège, L. collegium, fr. collega colleague. See Colleague.] 1. A collection, body, or society of persons engaged in common pursuits, or having common duties and interests, and sometimes, by charter, peculiar rights and privileges; as, a college of heralds; a college of electors; a college of bishops.

> The college of the cardinals.
> Shak.

> Then they made colleges of sufferers; persons who, to secure their inheritance in the world to come, did cut off all their portion in this.
> Jer. Taylor.

2. A society of scholars or friends of learning, incorporated for study or instruction, esp. in the higher branches of knowledge; as, the colleges of Oxford and Cambridge Universities, and many American colleges.

In France and some other parts of continental Europe, college is used to include schools occupied with rudimentary studies, and receiving children as pupils.

3. A building, or number of buildings, used by a college. "The gate of Trinity College." Macaulay.

4. Fig.: A community. [R.]

> Thick as the college of the bees in May.
> Dryden.

College of justice, a term applied in Scotland to the supreme civil courts and their principal officers. -- The sacred college, the college or cardinals at Rome.

Col*le"gi*al (?), n. [LL. collegialis.] Collegiate. [R.]

Col*le"gi*an (?), n. A member of a college, particularly of a literary institution so called; a student in a college.

Col*le"gi*ate (?), a. [L. collegiatus.] Of or pertaining to a college; as, collegiate studies; a collegiate society. Johnson.

Collegiate church. (a) A church which, although not a bishop's seat, resembles a cathedral in having a college, or chapter of canons (and, in the Church of England, a dean), as Westminster Abbey. (b) An association of churches, possessing common revenues and administered under the joint pastorate of several ministers; as, the Reformed (Dutch) Collegiate Church of New York.

Col*le"gi*ate, n. A member of a college. Burton.

||Col*lem"bo*la (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ko`lla glue + 'e`mbolon wedge, peg; -- so called from their having collophores.] (Zoöl.) The division of Thysanura which includes Podura, and allied forms.

||Col*len"chy*ma (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ko`lla glue + &?; an infusion. Formed like parenchyma.] (Bot.) A tissue of vegetable cells which are thickend at the angles and (usually) elongated.

Col"let (?), n. [F. collet, dim. fr. L. collum neck. See Collar.] 1. A small collar or neckband. Foxe.

2. (Mech.) A small metal ring; a small collar fastened on an arbor; as, the collet on the balance arbor of a watch; a small socket on a stem, for holding a drill.

3. (Jewelry) (a) The part of a ring containing the bezel in which the stone is set. (b) The flat table at the base of a brilliant. See Illust. of Brilliant.

> How full the collet with his jewel is!
> Cowley.

Col`le*te"ri*al (?), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the colleterium of insects. R. Owen.

||Col`le*te"ri*um (?), n. [NL. See Colletic.] (Zoöl.) An organ of female insects, containing a cement to unite the ejected ova.

Col*let"ic (?), a. [L. colleticus suitable for gluing, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to glue, ko`lla glue.] Agglutinant. -- n. An agglutinant.

Col"ley (?), n. See Collie.

Col*lide" (?), v. i. [L. collidere, collisum; col- + laedere to strike. See Lesion.] To strike or dash against each other; to come into collision; to clash; as, the vessels collided; their interests collided.

> Across this space the attraction urges them. They collide, they recoil, they oscillate.
> Tyndall.

> No longer rocking and swaying, but clashing and colliding.
> Carlyle.

Col*lide", v. t. To strike or dash against. [Obs.]

> Scintillations are . . . inflammable effluencies from the bodies collided.
> Sir T. Browne.

Col"li*dine (?), n. [Gr. ko`lla glue.] (Chem.) One of a class of organic bases, C8H11N, usually pungent oily liquids, belonging to the pyridine series, and obtained from bone oil, coal tar, naphtha, and certain alkaloids.

Col"lie (?), n. [Gael. cuilean whelp, puppy, dog.] (Zoöl.) The Scotch shepherd dog. There are two breeds, the rough-haired and smooth-haired. It is remarkable for its intelligence, displayed especially in caring for flocks. [Written also colly, colley.]

Col"lied (?), p. & a. Darkened. See Colly, v. t.

Col"lier (?), n. [OE. colier. See Coal.] 1. One engaged in the business of digging mineral coal or making charcoal, or in transporting or dealing in coal.

2. A vessel employed in the coal trade.

Col"lier*y (?), n.; pl. Collieries (#). [Cf. Coalery, Collier.] 1. The place where coal is dug; a coal mine, and the buildings, etc., belonging to it.

2. The coal trade. [Obs.] Johnson.

Col"li*flow`er (?), n. See Cauliflower.

Col"li*gate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Colligated; p. pr. & vb. n. Colligating.] [L. colligatus, p. p. of colligare to collect; co- + ligare to bind.] 1. To tie or bind together.

> The pieces of isinglass are colligated in rows.
> Nicholson.

2. (Logic) To bring together by colligation; to sum up in a single proposition.

> He had discovered and colligated a multitude of the most wonderful . . . phenomena.
> Tundall.

Col"li*gate, a. Bound together.

Col`li*ga"tion (?), n. [L. colligatio.] 1. A binding together. Sir T. Browne.

2. (Logic) That process by which a number of isolated facts are brought under one conception, or summed up in a general proposition, as when Kepler discovered that the various observed positions of the planet Mars were points in an ellipse. "The colligation of facts." Whewell.

> Colligation is not always induction, but induction is always colligation.
> J. S. Mill.

Col"li*mate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Collimated; p. p. & vb. n. Collimating.] [See Collimation.] (Physics & Astron.) To render parallel to a certain line or direction; to bring into the same line, as the axes of telescopes, etc.; to render parallel, as rays of light.

<! p. 279 !>

Collimating eyepiece, an eyepiece with a diagonal reflector for illumination, used to determine the error of collimation in a transit instrument by observing the image of a cross wire reflected from mercury, and comparing its position in the field with that of the same wire seen directly. -- Collimating lens (Optics), a lens used for producing parallel rays of light.

Col`li*ma"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. collimation, fr. a false reading (collimare) for L. collineare to direct in a straight line; col- + linea line. Cf. Collineation.] The act of collimating; the adjustment of the line of the sights, as the axial line of the telescope of an instrument, into its proper position relative to the other parts of the instrument.

Error of collimation, the deviation of the line collimation of an astronomical instrument from the position it ought to have with respect to the axis of motion of the instrument. -- Line of collimation, the axial line of the telescope of an astronomical or geodetic instrument, or the line which passes through the optical center of the object glass and the intersection of the cross wires at its focus.

Col"li*ma`tor (?), n. 1. (Astron.) A telescope arranged and used to determine errors of collimation, both vertical and horizontal. Nichol.

2. (Optics) A tube having a convex lens at one end and at the other a small opening or slit which is at the principal focus of the lens, used for producing a beam of parallel rays; also, a lens so used.

Col"lin (?), n. [Gr. ko`lla glue.] A very pure form of gelatin.

Col"line (?), n. [F. colline, fr. L. collis a hill.] A small hill or mount. [Obs.]

> And watered park, full of fine collines and ponds.
> Evelyn.

Col*lin`e*a"tion (?), n. [L. collineare to direct in a straight line. See Collimation.] The act of aiming at, or directing in a line with, a fixed object. [R.] Johnson.

Coll"ing (?), n. [From Coll, v. t.] An embrace; dalliance. [Obs.] Halliwell.

Coll"ing*ly, adv. With embraces. [Obs.] Gascoigne.

Col*lin"gual (?), a. Having, or pertaining to, the same language.

Col*liq"ua*ble (?), a. Liable to melt, grow soft, or become fluid. [Obs.] Harvey.

Col*liq"ua*ment (?), n. The first rudiments of an embryo in generation. Dr. H. More.

Col"li*quate (?), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Colliquated; p. pr. & vb. n. Colliquating.] [Pref. col- + L. liquare, liquatum, to melt.] To change from solid to fluid; to make or become liquid; to melt. [Obs.]

> The ore of it is colliquated by the violence of the fire.
> Boyle.

> [Ice] will colliquate in water or warm oil.
> Sir T. Browne.

Col`li*qua"tion (?), n. 1. A melting together; the act of melting; fusion.

> When sand and ashes are well melted together and suffered to cool, there is generated, by the colliquation, that sort of concretion we call "glass".
> Boyle.

2. (Med.) A processive wasting or melting away of the solid parts of the animal system with copious excretions of liquids by one or more passages. [Obs.]

Col*liq"ua*tive (?), a. Causing rapid waste or exhaustion; melting; as, colliquative sweats.

Col*liq`ue*fac"tion (?), n. [L. colliquefactus melted; col- + liquefacere; liqure to be liquid + facere to make.] A melting together; the reduction of different bodies into one mass by fusion.

> The incorporation of metals by simple colliquefaction.
> Bacon.

Col"lish (?), n. (Shoemaking) A tool to polish the edge of a sole. Knight.

Col*li"sion (?), n. [L. collisio, fr. collidere. See Collide.] 1. The act of striking together; a striking together, as of two hard bodies; a violent meeting, as of railroad trains; a clashing.

2. A state of opposition; antagonism; interference.

> The collision of contrary false principles.
> Bp. Warburton.

> Sensitive to the most trifling collisions.
> W. Irving.

Syn. -- Conflict; clashing; encounter; opposition.

Col*li"sive (?), a. Colliding; clashing. [Obs.]

Col*lit"i*gant (?), a. Disputing or wrangling. [Obs.] -- n. One who litigates or wrangles. [Obs.]

Col"lo*cate (?), a. [L. collocatus, p. p. of collocare. See Couch.] Set; placed. [Obs.] Bacon.

Col"lo*cate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Collocated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Collocating (?).] To set or place; to set; to station.

> To marshal and collocate in order his battalions.
> E. Hall.

Col`lo*ca"tion (?), n. [L. collocatio.] The act of placing; the state of being placed with something else; disposition in place; arrangement.

> The choice and collocation of words.
> Sir W. Jones.

Col`lo*cu"tion (?), n. [L. collocutio, fr. colloqui, -locutum, to converse; col- + loqui to speak. See Loquacious.] A speaking or conversing together; conference; mutual discourse. Bailey.

Col"lo*cu`tor (?), n. [L. collocutor] One of the speakers in a dialogue. Derham.

Col*lo"di*on (?), n. [Gr. &?; like glue; ko`lla glue + &?; form. Cf. Colloid.] (Chem.) A solution of pyroxylin (soluble gun cotton) in ether containing a varying proportion of alcohol. It is strongly adhesive, and is used by surgeons as a coating for wounds; but its chief application is as a vehicle for the sensitive film in photography.

Collodion process (Photog.), a process in which a film of sensitized collodion is used in preparing the plate for taking a picture. -- Styptic collodion, collodion containing an astringent, as tannin.

Col*lo"di*on*ize (?), v. t. To prepare or treat with collodion. R. Hunt.

Col*lo"di*o*type (?), n. A picture obtained by the collodion process; a melanotype or ambrotype.

Col*lo"di*um (?), n. See Collodion.

Col*logue" (?), v. i. [Cf. L. colloqui and E. dialogue. Cf. Collocution.] To talk or confer secretly and confidentially; to converse, especially with evil intentions; to plot mischief. [Archaic or Colloq.]

> Pray go in; and, sister, salve the matter,
> Collogue with her again, and all shall be well.
> Greene.

> He had been colloguing with my wife.
> Thackeray.

Col"loid (?), a. [Gr. ko`lla glue + -oid. Cf. Collodion.] Resembling glue or jelly; characterized by a jellylike appearance; gelatinous; as, colloid tumors.

Col"loid (?), n. 1. (Physiol. Chem.) A substance (as albumin, gum, gelatin, etc.) which is of a gelatinous rather than a crystalline nature, and which diffuses itself through animal membranes or vegetable parchment more slowly than crystalloids do; -- opposed to crystalloid.

2. (Med.) A gelatinous substance found in colloid degeneration and colloid cancer.

Styptic colloid (Med.), a preparation of astringent and antiseptic substances with some colloid material, as collodion, for ready use.

Col*loid"al (?), a. Pertaining to, or of the nature of, colloids.

Col`loi*dal"i*ty (?), n. The state or quality of being colloidal.

Col"lop (?), n. [Of uncertain origin; cf. OF. colp blow, stroke, piece, F. coup, fr. L. colophus buffet, cuff, Gr. &?;] [Written also colp.] 1. A small slice of meat; a piece of flesh.

> God knows thou art a collop of my flesh.
> Shak.

> Sweetbread and collops were with skewers pricked.
> Dryden.

2. A part or piece of anything; a portion.

> Cut two good collops out of the crown land.
> Fuller.

Col"loped (?), a. Having ridges or bunches of flesh, like collops.

> With that red, gaunt, and colloped neck astrain.
> R. Browning.

Col"lo*phore (?), n. [Gr. ko`lla glue + &?; to bear.] (Zoöl.) (a) A suckerlike organ at the base of the abdomen of insects belonging to the Collembola. (b) An adhesive marginal organ of the Lucernariae.

Col*lo"qui*al (?), a. [See Colloqui.] Pertaining to, or used in, conversation, esp. common and familiar conversation; conversational; hence, unstudied; informal; as, colloquial intercourse; colloquial phrases; a colloquial style. -- Col*lo"qui*al*ly, adv.

> His [Johnson's] colloquial talents were, indeed, of the highest order.
> Macaulay.

Col*lo"qui*al*ism (?), n. A colloquial expression, not employed in formal discourse or writing.

Col*lo"qui*al*ize (?), v. t. To make colloquial and familiar; as, to colloquialize one's style of writing.

Col"lo*quist (?), n. A speaker in a colloquy or dialogue. Malone.

Col"lo*quy (?), n.; pl. Colloquies (#). [L. colloquium. See Collocution.] 1. Mutual discourse of two or more persons; conference; conversation.

> They went to Worms, to the colloquy there about religion.
> A. Wood.

2. In some American colleges, a part in exhibitions, assigned for a certain scholarship rank; a designation of rank in collegiate scholarship.

Col"low (?), n. Soot; smut. See 1st Colly. [Obs.]

Col*luc"tan*cy (?), n. [L. colluctari to struggle with.] A struggling to resist; a striving against; resistance; opposition of nature. [Obs.]

Col`luc*ta"tion (?), n. [L. colluctatio, fr. colluctari to struggle with; col- + luctari to struggle.] A struggling; a contention. [Obs.]

> Colluctation with old hags and hobgoblins.
> Dr. H. More.

Col*lude" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Colluded; p. pr. & vb. n. Colluding.] [L. colludere, - lusum; col- + ludere to play. See Ludicrous.] To have secretly a joint part or share in an action; to play into each other's hands; to conspire; to act in concert.

> If they let things take their course, they will be represented as colluding with sedition.
> Burke.

Col*lud"er (?), n. One who conspires in a fraud.

||Col"lum (?), n.; pl. Colla (#). [L., neck.]

1. (Anat.) A neck or cervix. Dunglison.

2. (Bot.) Same as Collar. Gray.

Col*lu"sion (?), n. [L. collusio: cf. F. collusion. See Collude.] 1. A secret agreement and cooperation for a fraudulent or deceitful purpose; a playing into each other's hands; deceit; fraud; cunning.

> The foxe, maister of collusion.
> Spenser.

> That they [miracles] be done publicly, in the face of the world, that there may be no room to suspect artifice and collusion.
> Atterbury.

> By the ignorance of the merchants or dishonesty of the weavers, or the collusion of both, the ware was bad and the price excessive.
> Swift.

2. (Law) An agreement between two or more persons to defraud a person of his rights, by the forms of law, or to obtain an object forbidden by law. Bouvier. Abbott.

Syn. -- Collusion, Connivance. A person who is guilty of connivance intentionally overlooks, and thus sanctions what he was bound to prevent. A person who is guilty of collusion unites with others (playing into their hands) for fraudulent purposes.

Col*lu"sive (?), a. 1. Characterized by collusion; done or planned in collusion. "Collusive and sophistical arguings." J. Trapp. "Collusive divorces." Strype.

2. Acting in collusion. "Collusive parties." Burke.

-- Col*lu"sive*ly, adv. -- Col*lu"sive*ness, n.

Col*lu"so*ry (?), a. [L. collusorius.] Collusive.

Col"lu*to*ry (?), n. [L. colluere, collutum, to wash.] (Med.) A medicated wash for the mouth.

Col"ly (?), n. [From Coal.] The black grime or soot of coal. [Obs.] Burton.

Col"ly, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Collied (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Collying.] To render black or dark, as of with coal smut; to begrime. [Archaic.]

> Thou hast not collied thy face enough.
> B. Jonson.

> Brief as the lighting in the collied night.
> Shak.

Col"ly (?), n. A kind of dog. See Collie.

Col"ly*bist (?), n. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; a small coin.] A money changer. [Obs.]

> In the face of these guilty collybists.
> Bp. Hall.

Col*lyr"i*um (?), n.; pl. E. Collyriums (#), L. Collyria (#). [L., fr. Gr. &?;.] (Med.) An application to the eye, usually an eyewater.

||Col`o*co"lo (?), n. (Zoöl.) A South American wild cat (Felis colocolo), of the size of the ocelot.

Col"ocynth (?), n. [L. colocynthis, Gr. &?;. Cf. Coloquintida.] (Med.) The light spongy pulp of the fruit of the bitter cucumber (Citrullus, or Cucumis, colocynthis), an Asiatic plant allied to the watermelon; coloquintida. It comes in white balls, is intensely bitter, and a powerful cathartic. Called also bitter apple, bitter cucumber, bitter gourd.

Col`o*cyn"thin (?), n. [Cf. F. colocynthine.] (Chem.) The active medicinal principle of colocynth; a bitter, yellow, crystalline substance, regarded as a glucoside.

Co*logne" (?), n. [Originally made in Cologne, the French name of Köln, a city in Germany.] A perfumed liquid, composed of alcohol and certain aromatic oils, used in the toilet; -- called also cologne water and eau de cologne.

Co*logne" earth` (?). [From Cologne the city.] (Min.) An earth of a deep brown color, containing more vegetable than mineral matter; an earthy variety of lignite, or brown coal.

Col"om*bier (?), n. [F.] A large size of paper for drawings. See under Paper.

Co*lom"bin (?), n. (Chem.) See Calumbin.

Co*lom"bo (?), n. (Med.) See Calumba.

Co"lon (?), n. [L. colon, colum, limb, member, the largest of the intestines, fr. Gr. &?;, and in sense of the intestine, &?;: cf. F. colon. Cf. Colic.] 1. (Anat.) That part of the large intestines which extends from the cæcum to the rectum. [See Illust of Digestion.]

2. (Gram.) A point or character, formed thus [:], used to separate parts of a sentence that are complete in themselves and nearly independent, often taking the place of a conjunction.

Colo"nel (?), n. [F. colonel, It. colonello, prop., the chief or commander of a column, fr. colonna column, L. columna. See Column.] (Mil.) The chief officer of a regiment; an officer ranking next above a lieutenant colonel and next below a brigadier general.

Colo"nel*cy (?), n. (Mil.) The office, rank, or commission of a colonel.

Colo"nel*ship, n. Colonelcy. Swift.

Col"o*ner (?), n. A colonist. [Obs.] Holland

Co*lo"ni*al (?), a. [Cf. F. colonial.] Of or pertaining to a colony; as, colonial rights, traffic, wars.

Co*lon"i*cal (?), a. [L. colonus husbandman.] Of or pertaining to husbandmen. [Obs.]

Col"o*nist (?), n. A member or inhabitant of a colony.

||Col`o*ni"tis (?), n. (Med.) See Colitis.

Col`o*ni*za"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. colonisation.] The act of colonizing, or the state of being colonized; the formation of a colony or colonies.

> The wide continent of America invited colonization.
> Bancroft.

Col`o*ni*za"tion*ist, n. A friend to colonization, esp. (U. S. Hist) to the colonization of Africa by emigrants from the colored population of the United States.

Col"o*nize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Colonized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Colonizing.] [Cf. F. coloniser.] To plant or establish a colony or colonies in; to people with colonists; to migrate to and settle in. Bacon.

> They that would thus colonize the stars with inhabitants.
> Howell.

Col"o*nize, v. i. To remove to, and settle in, a distant country; to make a colony. C. Buchanan.

Col"o*ni`zer (?), n. One who promotes or establishes a colony; a colonist. Bancroft.

Col`on*nade" (?), n. [F. colonnade, It. colonnata, fr. colonna column. See Colonel.] (Arch.) A series or range of columns placed at regular intervals with all the adjuncts, as entablature, stylobate, roof, etc.

When in front of a building, it is called a portico; when surrounding a building or an open court or square, a peristyle.

Col"o*ny (?), n.; pl. Colonies (#). [L. colonia, fr. colonus farmer, fr. colere to cultivate, dwell: cf. F. colonie. Cf. Culture.] 1. A company of people transplanted from their mother country to a remote province or country, and remaining subject to the jurisdiction of the parent state; as, the British colonies in America.

> The first settlers of New England were the best of Englishmen, well educated, devout Christians, and zealous lovers of liberty. There was never a colony formed of better materials.
> Ames.

2. The district or country colonized; a settlement.

3. A company of persons from the same country sojourning in a foreign city or land; as, the American colony in Paris.

4. (Nat. Hist.) A number of animals or plants living or growing together, beyond their usual range.

Col"o*pha`ny (? or ?), n. See Colophony.

Co"lo*phene (? or ?), n. (Chem.) A colorless, oily liquid, formerly obtained by distillation of colophony. It is regarded as a polymeric form of terebenthene. Called also diterebene.

<! p. 280 !>

Col"o*phon (kl"*fn), n. [L. colophon finishing stroke, Gr. kolofw`n; cf. L. culmen top, collis hill. Cf. Holm.] An inscription, monogram, or cipher, containing the place and date of publication, printer's name, etc., formerly placed on the last page of a book.

> The colophon, or final description, fell into disuse, and . . . the title page had become the principal direct means of identifying the book.
> De Morgan.

> The book was uninjured from title page to colophon.
> Sir W. Scott.

Col"o*pho*nite (kl"*f*nt or k*lf"*nt), n. [Cf. F. colophonite. So named from its resemblance to the color of colophony.] (Min.) A coarsely granular variety of garnet.

Col"o*pho`ny (kl"*f*n or k*lf"*n; 277), n. [Gr. 'h kolofwni`a (sc. "rhti`nh resin, gum) resin, fr. Kolofw`nios of or from Colophon in Ionia.] Rosin.

Col`o*quin"ti*da (?), n. See Colocynth. Shak.

Col"or (?), n. [Written also colour.] [OF. color, colur, colour, F. couleur, L. color; prob. akin to celare to conceal (the color taken as that which covers). See Helmet.] 1. A property depending on the relations of light to the eye, by which individual and specific differences in the hues and tints of objects are apprehended in vision; as, gay colors; sad colors, etc.

The sensation of color depends upon a peculiar function of the retina or optic nerve, in consequence of which rays of light produce different effects according to the length of their waves or undulations, waves of a certain length producing the sensation of red, shorter waves green, and those still shorter blue, etc. White, or ordinary, light consists of waves of various lengths so blended as to produce no effect of color, and the color of objects depends upon their power to absorb or reflect a greater or less proportion of the rays which fall upon them.

2. Any hue distinguished from white or black.

3. The hue or color characteristic of good health and spirits; ruddy complexion.

> Give color to my pale cheek.
> Shak.

4. That which is used to give color; a paint; a pigment; as, oil colors or water colors.

5. That which covers or hides the real character of anything; semblance; excuse; disguise; appearance.

> They had let down the boat into the sea, under color as though they would have cast anchors out of the foreship.
> Acts xxvii. 30.

> That he should die is worthy policy;
> But yet we want a color for his death.
> Shak.

6. Shade or variety of character; kind; species.

> Boys and women are for the most part cattle of this color.
> Shak.

7. A distinguishing badge, as a flag or similar symbol (usually in the plural); as, the colors or color of a ship or regiment; the colors of a race horse (that is, of the cap and jacket worn by the jockey).

> In the United States each regiment of infantry and artillery has two colors, one national and one regimental.
> Farrow.

8. (Law) An apparent right; as where the defendant in trespass gave to the plaintiff an appearance of title, by stating his title specially, thus removing the cause from the jury to the court. Blackstone.

Color is express when it is averred in the pleading, and implied when it is implied in the pleading.

Body color. See under Body. -- Color blindness, total or partial inability to distinguish or recognize colors. See Daltonism. -- Complementary color, one of two colors so related to each other that when blended together they produce white light; -- so called because each color makes up to the other what it lacks to make it white. Artificial or pigment colors, when mixed, produce effects differing from those of the primary colors, in consequence of partial absorption. -- Of color (as persons, races, etc.), not of the white race; -- commonly meaning, esp. in the United States, of negro blood, pure or mixed. -- Primary colors, those developed from the solar beam by the prism, viz., red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet, which are reduced by some authors to three, -- red, green, and violet-blue. These three are sometimes called fundamental colors. -- Subjective or Accidental color, a false or spurious color seen in some instances, owing to the persistence of the luminous impression upon the retina, and a gradual change of its character, as where a wheel perfectly white, and with a circumference regularly subdivided, is made to revolve rapidly over a dark object, the teeth of the wheel appear to the eye of different shades of color varying with the rapidity of rotation. See Accidental colors, under Accidental.

Col"or (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Colored (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Coloring.] [F. colorer.] 1. To change or alter the hue or tint of, by dyeing, staining, painting, etc.; to dye; to tinge; to paint; to stain.

> The rays, to speak properly, are not colored; in them there is nothing else than a certain power and disposition to stir up a sensation of this or that color.
> Sir I. Newton.

2. To change or alter, as if by dyeing or painting; to give a false appearance to; usually, to give a specious appearance to; to cause to appear attractive; to make plausible; to palliate or excuse; as, the facts were colored by his prejudices.

> He colors the falsehood of Æneas by an express command from Jupiter to forsake the queen.
> Dryden.

3. To hide. [Obs.]

> That by his fellowship he color might
> Both his estate and love from skill of any wight.
> Spenser.

Col"or, v. i. To acquire color; to turn red, especially in the face; to blush.

Col"or*a*ble (?), a. Specious; plausible; having an appearance of right or justice. "Colorable pretense for infidelity." Bp. Stillingfleet.

-- Col"or*a*ble*ness, n. -- Col"or*a*bly, adv.

> Colorable and subtle crimes, that seldom are taken within the walk of human justice.
> Hooker.

Col`o*ra"do bee"tle (?). (Zoöl.) A yellowish beetle (Doryphora decemlineata), with ten longitudinal, black, dorsal stripes. It has migrated eastwards from its original habitat in Colorado, and is very destructive to the potato plant; -- called also potato beetle and potato bug. See Potato beetle.

Col`o*ra"do group (?). (Geol.) A subdivision of the cretaceous formation of western North America, especially developed in Colorado and the upper Missouri region.

Col`o*ra"do*ite (?), n. (Min.) Mercury telluride, an iron-black metallic mineral, found in Colorado.

Col"or*ate (?), a. [L. coloratus, p. p. of colorare to color.] Colored. [Obs.] Ray.

Col`or*a"tion (?), n. The act or art of coloring; the state of being colored. Bacon.

> The females . . . resemble each other in their general type of coloration.
> Darwin.

Col"or*a*ture (?; 135), n. [Cf. G. coloratur, fr. LL. coloratura.] (Mus.) Vocal music colored, as it were, by florid ornaments, runs, or rapid passages.

Col"or-blind (?), a. Affected with color blindness. See Color blindness, under Color, n.

Col"ored (?), a. 1. Having color; tinged; dyed; painted; stained.

> The lime rod, colored as the glede.
> Chaucer.

> The colored rainbow arched wide.
> Spenser.

2. Specious; plausible; adorned so as to appear well; as, a highly colored description. Sir G. C. Lewis.

> His colored crime with craft to cloke.
> Spenser.

3. Of some other color than black or white.

4. (Ethnol.) Of some other color than white; specifically applied to negroes or persons having negro blood; as, a colored man; the colored people.

5. (Bot.) Of some other color than green.

> Colored, meaning, as applied to foliage, of some other color than green.
> Gray.

In botany, green is not regarded as a color, but white is. Wood.

Col`or*if"ic (?; 277), a. [L. color color + facere to make: cf. F. colorifique.] Capable of communicating color or tint to other bodies.

Col`or*im"e*ter (?), n. [Color + -meter: cf. F. colorimètre.] An instrument for measuring the depth of the color of anything, especially of a liquid, by comparison with a standard liquid.

Col"or*ing (?), n. 1. The act of applying color to; also, that which produces color.

2. Change of appearance as by addition of color; appearance; show; disguise; misrepresentation.

> Tell the whole story without coloring or gloss.
> Compton Reade.

Dead coloring. See under Dead.

Col"or*ist (?), n. [Cf. F. coloriste.] One who colors; an artist who excels in the use of colors; one to whom coloring is of prime importance.

> Titian, Paul Veronese, Van Dyck, and the rest of the good colorists.
> Dryden.

Col"or*less, a. 1. Without color; not distinguished by any hue; transparent; as, colorless water.

2. Free from any manifestation of partial or peculiar sentiment or feeling; not disclosing likes, dislikes, prejudice, etc.; as, colorless music; a colorless style; definitions should be colorless.

Col"or*man (?), n.; pl. Colormen (#). A vender of paints, etc. Simmonds.

Col"or ser"geant. See under Sergeant.

Co*los"sal (?), a. [Cf. F. colossal, L. colosseus. See Colossus.] 1. Of enormous size; gigantic; huge; as, a colossal statue. "A colossal stride." Motley.

2. (Sculpture & Painting) Of a size larger than heroic. See Heroic.

Col`os*se"an (?), a. Colossal. [R.]

Col`os*se"um (?), n. [Neut., fr. L. colosseus gigantic. See Coliseum.] The amphitheater of Vespasian in Rome. [Also written Coliseum.]

Co*los"sus (?), n.; pl. L. Colossi (#), E. Colossuses (#). [L., fr. Gr. &?;.] 1. A statue of gigantic size. The name was especially applied to certain famous statues in antiquity, as the Colossus of Nero in Rome, the Colossus of Apollo at Rhodes.

> He doth bestride the narrow world
> Like a colossus.
> Shak.

There is no authority for the statement that the legs of the Colossus at Rhodes extended over the mouth of the harbor. Dr. Wm. Smith.

2. Any man or beast of gigantic size.

||Co*los"trum (?), n. [L., biestings.] (Med.) (a) The first milk secreted after delivery; biestings. (b) A mixture of turpentine and the yolk of an egg, formerly used as an emulsion.

Co*lot"o*my (?), n. [Gr. &?; colon + &?; cutting.] (Surg.) An operation for opening the colon

Col"our (?), n. See Color.

Colp (?), n. See Collop.

Col"por`tage (?), n. [F.] The distribution of religious books, tracts, etc., by colporteurs.

Col"por`ter (?), n. Same as Colporteur.

Col"por`teur (?; 277), n. [F. colporteur one who carries on his neck, fr. colporter to carry on one's neck; col (L. collum) neck + porter (L. portare) to carry.] A hawker; specifically, one who travels about selling and distributing religious tracts and books.

Col"staff` (?), n. [F. col neck + E. staff. Cf. Coll.] A staff by means of which a burden is borne by two persons on their shoulders.

Colt (?; 110), n. [OE. colt a young horse, ass, or camel, AS. colt; cf. dial. Sw. kullt a boy, lad.] 1. The young of the equine genus or horse kind of animals; -- sometimes distinctively applied to the male, filly being the female. Cf. Foal.

In sporting circles it is usual to reckon the age of colts from some arbitrary date, as from January 1, or May 1, next preceding the birth of the animal.

2. A young, foolish fellow. Shak.

3. A short knotted rope formerly used as an instrument of punishment in the navy. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

Colt's tooth, an imperfect or superfluous tooth in young horses. -- To cast one's colt's tooth, to cease from youthful wantonness. "Your colt's tooth is not cast yet." Shak. -- To have a colt's tooth, to be wanton. Chaucer.

Colt (?; 110), v. i. To frisk or frolic like a colt; to act licentiously or wantonly. [Obs.]

> They shook off their bridles and began to colt.
> Spenser.

Colt, v. t. 1. To horse; to get with young. Shak.

2. To befool. [Obs.] Shak.

Col"ter (?), n. [AS. culter, fr. L. culter plowshare, knife. Cf. Cutlass.] A knife or cutter, attached to the beam of a plow to cut the sward, in advance of the plowshare and moldboard. [Written also coulter.]

Colt"ish (?), a. Like a colt; wanton; frisky.

> He was all coltish, full of ragery.
> Chaucer.

-- Colt"ish*ly, adv. -- Colt"ish*ness, n.

Colts"foot` (?), n. (Bot.) A perennial herb (Tussilago Farfara), whose leaves and rootstock are sometimes employed in medicine.

Butterbur coltsfoot (Bot.), a European plant (Petasites vulgaris).

Colt's" tooth` (?). See under Colt.

||Col"u*ber (?), n. [L., a serpent.] (Zoöl.) A genus of harmless serpents.

Linnæus placed in this genus all serpents, whether venomous or not, whose scales beneath the tail are arranged in pairs; but by modern writers it is greatly restricted.

Col"u*brine (?), a. [L. colubrinus.] 1. (Zoöl.) like or related to snakes of the genus Coluber.

2. Like a snake; cunning; crafty. Johnson.

||Co*lu"go (?), n. [Prob. an aboriginal name.] (Zoöl.) A peculiar East Indian mammal (Galleopithecus volans), having along the sides, connecting the fore and hind limbs, a parachutelike membrane, by means of which it is able to make long leaps, like the flying squirrel; -- called also flying lemur.

Co*lum"ba (?), n. (Med.) See Calumba.

||Co*lum"bæ (?), n. pl.; [L. columba pigeon.] (Zoöl.) An order of birds, including the pigeons.

||Col`um*ba"ri*um (?), n.; pl. L. Columbaria (#) [L. See Columbary.] (Rom. Antiq.) (a) A dovecote or pigeon house. (b) A sepulchral chamber with niches for holding cinerary urns.

Col"um*ba*ry (?), n.; pl. Columbaries (#). [L. columbarium, fr. columba a dove.] A dovecote; a pigeon house. Sir T. Browne.

Co*lum"bate (?), n. [Cf. F. colombate. See Columbium.] (Chem.) A salt of columbic acid; a niobate. See Columbium.

Co*lum"batz fly` (?). [From Kolumbatz, a mountain in Germany.] (Zoöl.) See Buffalo fly, under Buffalo.

||Col`um*bel"la (?), n. [NL., dim. of L. columba a dove. So called from a fancied resemblance in color and form, of some species.] (Zoöl.) A genus of univalve shells, abundant in tropical seas. Some species, as Columbella mercatoria, were formerly used as shell money.

Co*lum"bi*a (?), n. America; the United States; -- a poetical appellation given in honor of Columbus, the discoverer. Dr. T. Dwight.

Co*lum"bi*ad (?), n. [From Columbia the United States.] (Mil.) A form of seacoast cannon; a long, chambered gun designed for throwing shot or shells with heavy charges of powder, at high angles of elevation.

Since the War of 1812 the Columbiad has been much modified, especially by General Rodman, and the improved form now used in seacoast defense is often called the Rodman gun.

Co*lum"bi*an (?), a. [From Columbia.] Of or pertaining to the United States, or to America.

Co*lum"bic (?), a. [From Columbium.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or containing, columbium or niobium; niobic.

Columbic acid (Chem.), a weak acid derived from columbic or niobic oxide, Nb2O5; -- called also niobic acid.

Co*lum"bic, a. [From Columbo.] Pertaining to, or derived from, the columbo root.

Columbic acid (Chem.), an organic acid extracted from the columbo root as a bitter, yellow, amorphous substance.

Co*lum"bi*er (?), n. See Colombier.

Col"um*bif"er*ous (?), a. [Columbium + -ferous.] Producing or containing columbium.

Co*lum"bin (?), n. (Chem.) A white, crystalline, bitter substance. See Calumbin.

Col"um*bine (?), a. [L. columbinus, fr. columba dove.] Of or pertaining to a dove; dovelike; dove-colored. "Columbine innocency." Bacon.

Col"um*bine, n. [LL. columbina, L. columbinus dovelike, fr. columba dove: cf. F. colombine. Perh. so called from the beaklike spurs of its flowers.] 1. (Bot.) A plant of several species of the genus Aquilegia; as, A. vulgaris, or the common garden columbine; A. Canadensis, the wild red columbine of North America.

2. The mistress or sweetheart of Harlequin in pantomimes. Brewer.

Co*lum"bite (?), n. [Cf. F. colombite. See Columbium.] (Min.) A mineral of a black color, submetallic luster, and high specific specific gravity. It is a niobate (or columbate) of iron and manganese, containing tantalate of iron; -- first found in New England.

<! p. 281 !>

Co*lum"bi*um (?), n. [NL., fr. Columbia America.] (Chem.) A rare element of the vanadium group, first found in a variety of the mineral columbite occurring in Connecticut, probably at Haddam. Atomic weight 94.2. Symbol Cb or Nb. Now more commonly called niobium.

Co*lum"bo (?), n. (Med.) See Calumba.

Col`u*mel"la (?), n. [L., dim. of columen column. See Column.] 1. (Bot.) (a) An axis to which a carpel of a compound pistil may be attached, as in the case of the geranium; or which is left when a pod opens. (b)A columnlike axis in the capsules of mosses.

2. (Anat.) A term applied to various columnlike parts; as, the columella, or epipterygoid bone, in the skull of many lizards; the columella of the ear, the bony or cartilaginous rod connecting the tympanic membrane with the internal ear.

3. (Zoöl.) (a) The upright pillar in the axis of most univalve shells. (b) The central pillar or axis of the calicles of certain corals.

Col`u*mel"li*form (?), a. [Columella + -form.] Shaped like a little column, or columella.

Col"umn (?), n. [L. columna, fr. columen, culmen, fr. cellere (used only in comp.), akin to E. excel, and prob. to holm. See Holm, and cf. Colonel.] 1. (Arch.) A kind of pillar; a cylindrical or polygonal support for a roof, ceiling, statue, etc., somewhat ornamented, and usually composed of base, shaft, and capital. See Order.

2. Anything resembling, in form or position, a column in architecture; an upright body or mass; a shaft or obelisk; as, a column of air, of water, of mercury, etc.; the Column Vendôme; the spinal column.

3. (Mil.) (a) A body of troops formed in ranks, one behind the other; -- contradistinguished from line. Compare Ploy, and Deploy. (b) A small army.

4. (Naut.) A number of ships so arranged as to follow one another in single or double file or in squadrons; -- in distinction from "line", where they are side by side.

5. (Print.) A perpendicular set of lines, not extending across the page, and separated from other matter by a rule or blank space; as, a column in a newspaper.

6. (Arith.) A perpendicular line of figures.

7. (Bot.) The body formed by the union of the stamens in the Mallow family, or of the stamens and pistil in the orchids.

Attached column. See under Attach, v. t. -- Clustered column. See under Cluster, v. t. -- Column rule, a thin strip of brass separating columns of type in the form, and making a line between them in printing.

Co*lum"*nar (?), a. [L. columnaris, fr. columna.] Formed in columns; having the form of a column or columns; like the shaft of a column.

Columnar epithelium (Anat.), epithelium in which the cells are prismatic in form, and set upright on the surface they cover. -- Columnar structure (Geol.), a structure consisting of more or less regular columns, usually six-sided, but sometimes with eight or more sides. The columns are often fractured transversely, with a cup joint, showing a concave surface above. This structure is characteristic of certain igneous rocks, as basalt, and is due to contraction in cooling.

Col`um*nar"i*ty (?), n. The state or quality of being columnar.

Co*lum"na*ted (?), a. Having columns; as, columnated temples.

Col"umned (?), a. Having columns.

> Troas and Ilion's columned citadel.
> Tennyson.

Co*lum`ni*a"tion (?), n. The employment or arrangement of columns in a structure. Gwilt.

Co*lure" (?), n.; pl. Colures (#). [F. colure, L. coluri, pl., fr. Gr. ko`loyros dock-tailed, a"i ko`loyroi (sc. grammai` lines) the colures; fr. ko`los docked, stunted + o'yra` tail. So named because a part is always beneath the horizon.] (Astron. & Geog.) One of two great circles intersecting at right angles in the poles of the equator. One of them passes through the equinoctial points, and hence is denominated the equinoctial colure; the other intersects the equator at the distance of 90° from the former, and is called the solstitial colure.

> Thrice the equinoctial line
> He circled; four times crossed the car of night
> From pole to pole, traversing each colure.
> Milton.

Co"ly (?), n.; pl. Colies (#). [NL. colius, prob. fr. Gr. &?; a kind of woodpecker.] Any bird of the genus Colius and allied genera. They inhabit Africa.

Col"za (?), n. [F., fr. D. koolzaad, prop., cabbage seed; kool (akin to E. cole) + zaad, akin to E. seed.] (Bot.) A variety of cabbage (Brassica oleracea), cultivated for its seeds, which yield an oil valued for illuminating and lubricating purposes; summer rape.

Com-. A prefix from the Latin preposition cum, signifying with, together, in conjunction, very, etc. It is used in the form com- before b, m, p, and sometimes f, and by assimilation becomes col- before l, cor- before r, and con- before any consonant except b, h, l, m, p, r, and w. Before a vowel com- becomes co-; also before h, w, and sometimes before other consonants.

||Co"ma (k"m), n. [NL., fr. Gr. kw^ma lethargy, fr. koima^n to put to sleep. See Cemetery.] A state of profound insensibility from which it is difficult or impossible to rouse a person. See Carus.

||Co"ma, n. [L., hair, fr. Gr. ko`mh.] 1. (Astron.) The envelope of a comet; a nebulous covering, which surrounds the nucleus or body of a comet.

2. (Bot.) A tuft or bunch, -- as the assemblage of branches forming the head of a tree; or a cluster of bracts when empty and terminating the inflorescence of a plant; or a tuft of long hairs on certain seeds.

Coma Berenices (&?;) [L.] (Astron.), a small constellation north of Virgo; -- called also Berenice's Hair.

Co*man"ches (? or ?), n. pl.; sing. Comanche (? or ?). (Ethnol.) A warlike, savage, and nomadic tribe of the Shoshone family of Indians, inhabiting Mexico and the adjacent parts of the United States; -- called also Paducahs. They are noted for plundering and cruelty.

Co"mart` (?), n. A covenant. [Obs.] Shak.

Co"mate (?; 277), a. [L. comatus, fr. comare to clothe with hair, fr. coma hair.] Encompassed with a coma, or bushy appearance, like hair; hairy.

Co"-mate` (?), n. [Pref. co- + mate.] A companion. Shak.

Co"ma*tose` (? or ?; 277), a. [From Coma lethargy.] Relating to, or resembling, coma; drowsy; lethargic; as, comatose sleep; comatose fever.

Co"ma*tous (?), a. Comatose.

||Co*mat"u*la (?; 135), n. [NL., fr. L. comatulus having hair neatly curled, dim. fr. coma hair.] (Zoöl.) A crinoid of the genus Antedon and related genera. When young they are fixed by a stem. When adult they become detached and cling to seaweeds, etc., by their dorsal cirri; -- called also feather stars.

Co*mat"u*lid (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any crinoid of the genus Antedon or allied genera.

Comb (?; 110), n. [AS. camb; akin to Sw., Dan., & D. kam, Icel. kambr, G. kamm, Gr. &?; a grinder tooth, Skr. jambha tooth.] 1. An instrument with teeth, for straightening, cleansing, and adjusting the hair, or for keeping it in place.

2. An instrument for currying hairy animals, or cleansing and smoothing their coats; a currycomb.

3. (Manuf. & Mech.) (a) A toothed instrument used for separating and cleansing wool, flax, hair, etc. (b) The serrated vibratory doffing knife of a carding machine. (c) A former, commonly cone-shaped, used in hat manufacturing for hardening the soft fiber into a bat. (d) A tool with teeth, used for chasing screws on work in a lathe; a chaser. (e) The notched scale of a wire micrometer. (f) The collector of an electrical machine, usually resembling a comb.

4. (Zoöl.) (a) The naked fleshy crest or caruncle on the upper part of the bill or hood of a cock or other bird. It is usually red. (b) One of a pair of peculiar organs on the base of the abdomen of scorpions.

5. The curling crest of a wave.

6. The waxen framework forming the walls of the cells in which bees store their honey, eggs, etc.; honeycomb. "A comb of honey." Wyclif.

> When the bee doth leave her comb.
> Shak.

7. The thumbpiece of the hammer of a gunlock, by which it may be cocked.

Comb, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Combed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Combing.] To disentangle, cleanse, or adjust, with a comb; to lay smooth and straight with, or as with, a comb; as, to comb hair or wool. See under Combing.

> Comb down his hair; look, look! it stands upright.
> Shak.

Comb, v. i. [See Comb, n., 5.] (Naut.) To roll over, as the top or crest of a wave; to break with a white foam, as waves.

{ Comb, Combe (? or ?), } n. [AS. comb, prob. of Celtic origin; cf. W. cwm a dale, valley.] That unwatered portion of a valley which forms its continuation beyond and above the most elevated spring that issues into it. [Written also coombe.] Buckland.

> A gradual rise the shelving combe
> Displayed.
> Southey.

Comb, n. A dry measure. See Coomb.

Com"bat (? or ?; 277), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Combated; p. pr. & vb. n. Combating.] [F. combattre; pref. com- + battre to beat, fr. L. battuere to strike. See Batter.] To struggle or contend, as with an opposing force; to fight.

> To combat with a blind man I disdain.
> Milton.

> After the fall of the republic, the Romans combated only for the choice of masters.
> Gibbon.

Com"bat, v. t. To fight with; to oppose by force, argument, etc.; to contend against; to resist.

> When he the ambitious Norway combated.
> Shak.

> And combated in silence all these reasons.
> Milton.

> Minds combat minds, repelling and repelled.
> Goldsmith.

Syn. -- To fight against; resist; oppose; withstand; oppugn; antagonize; repel; resent.

Com"bat, n. [Cf. F. combat.] 1. A fight; a contest of violence; a struggle for supremacy.

> My courage try by combat, if thou dar'st.
> Shak.

> The noble combat that 'twixt joy and sorrow was fought in Paulina.
> Shak.

2. (Mil.) An engagement of no great magnitude; or one in which the parties engaged are not armies.

Single combat, one in which a single combatant meets a single opponent, as in the case of David and Goliath; also, a duel.

Syn. -- A battle; engagement; conflict; contest; contention; struggle; fight, strife. See Battle, Contest.

Com"bat*a*ble (? or ?), a. [Cf. F. combattable.] Such as can be, or is liable to be, combated; as, combatable foes, evils, or arguments.

Com"bat*ant (?), a. [F. combattant, p. pr.] Contending; disposed to contend. B. Jonson.

Com"bat*ant, n. [F. combattant.] One who engages in combat. "The mighty combatants." Milton.

> A controversy which long survived the original combatants.
> Macaulay

Com"bat*er (?), n. One who combats. Sherwood.

Com"bat*ive (? or &?;), a. Disposed to engage in combat; pugnacious.

Com"bat*ive*ness, n. 1. The quality of being combative; propensity to contend or to quarrel.

2. (Phren.) A cranial development supposed to indicate a combative disposition.

||Com`bat`tant" (?), a. [F.] (Her.) In the position of fighting; -- said of two lions set face to face, each rampant.

Comb"broach` (?), n. A tooth of a wool comb. [Written also combrouch.]

Combe (? or ?), n. See Comb.

Comb"er (?), n. 1. One who combs; one whose occupation it is to comb wool, flax, etc. Also, a machine for combing wool, flax, etc.

2. A long, curling wave.

Com"ber (?), v. t. To cumber. [Obs.] Spenser.

Com"ber, n. Encumbrance. [Obs.]

Com"ber (?), n. (Zoöl.) The cabrilla. Also, a name applied to a species of wrasse. [Prov. Eng.]

Com*bin"a*ble (?), a. [Cf. F. combinable.] Capable of combining; consistent with. [R.] M. Arnold.

-- Com*bin"a*ble*ness, n.

Com"bi*nate (?), a. [LL. combinatus, p. p.] United; joined; betrothed. [R.]

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Com`bi*na"tion (?), n. [LL. combinatio. See Combine.] 1. The act or process of combining or uniting persons and things.

> Making new compounds by new combinations.
> Boyle.

> A solemn combination shall be made
> Of our dear souls.
> Shak.

2. The result of combining or uniting; union of persons or things; esp. a union or alliance of persons or states to effect some purpose; -- usually in a bad sense.

> A combination of the most powerful men in Rome who had conspired my ruin.
> Melmoth.

3. (Chem.) The act or process of uniting by chemical affinity, by which substances unite with each other in definite proportions by weight to form distinct compounds.

4. pl. (Math.) The different arrangements of a number of objects, as letters, into groups.

In combinations no regard is paid to the order in which the objects are arranged in each group, while in variations and permutations this order is respected. Brande & C.

Combination car, a railroad car containing two or more compartments used for different purposes. [U. S.] -- Combination lock, a lock in which the mechanism is controlled by means of a movable dial (sometimes by several dials or rings) inscribed with letters or other characters. The bolt of the lock can not be operated until after the dial has been so turned as to combine the characters in a certain order or succession. -- Combination room, in the University of Cambridge, Eng., a room into which the fellows withdraw after dinner, for wine, dessert, and conversation. -- Combination by volume (Chem.), the act, process, or ratio by which gaseous elements and compounds unite in definite proportions by volume to form distinct compounds. -- Combination by weight (Chem.), the act, process, or ratio, in which substances unite in proportions by weight, relatively fixed and exact, to form distinct compounds. See Law of definite proportions, under Definite.

Syn. -- Cabal; alliance; association; league; union; confederacy; coalition; conspiracy. See Cabal.

Com*bine" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Combined (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Combining.] [LL. combinare, combinatum; L. com- + binus, pl. bini, two and two, double: cf. F. combiner. See Binary.] 1. To unite or join; to link closely together; to bring into harmonious union; to cause or unite so as to form a homogeneous substance, as by chemical union.

> So fitly them in pairs thou hast combined.
> Milton.

> Friendship is the cement which really combines mankind.
> Dr. H. More.

> And all combined, save what thou must combine
> By holy marriage.
> Shak.

> Earthly sounds, though sweet and well combined.
> Cowper.

2. To bind; to hold by a moral tie. [Obs.]

> I am combined by a sacred vow.
> Shak.

Com*bine", v. i. 1. To form a union; to agree; to coalesce; to confederate.

> You with your foes combine,
> And seem your own destruction to design
> Dryden.

> So sweet did harp and voice combine.
> Sir W. Scott.

2. To unite by affinity or natural attraction; as, two substances, which will not combine of themselves, may be made to combine by the intervention of a third.

3. (Card Playing) In the game of casino, to play a card which will take two or more cards whose aggregate number of pips equals those of the card played.

Combining weight (Chem.), that proportional weight, usually referred to hydrogen as a standard, and for each element fixed and exact, by which an element unites with another to form a distinct compound. The combining weights either are identical with, or are multiples or submultiples of, the atomic weight. See Atomic weight, under Atomic, a.

Com*bined" (?), a. United closely; confederated; chemically united.

Com*bin"ed*ly (?), adv. In combination or coöperation; jointly.

Com*bin"er (?), n. One who, or that which, combines.

Comb"ing (?), n. 1. The act or process of using a comb or a number of combs; as, the combing of one's hair; the combing of wool.

The process of combing is used in straightening wool of long staple; short wool is carded.

2. pl. (a) That which is caught or collected with a comb, as loose, tangled hair. (b) Hair arranged to be worn on the head.

> The baldness, thinness, and . . . deformity of their hair is supplied by borders and combings.
> Jer. Taylor.

(c) (Naut.) See Coamings.

Combing machine (Textile Manuf.), a machine for combing wool, flax, cotton, etc., and separating the longer and more valuable fiber from the shorter. See also Carding machine, under Carding.

Comb"less, a. Without a comb or crest; as, a combless cock.

||Com`bo*lo"io (km`b*l"y), n. A Mohammedan rosary, consisting of ninety-nine beads. Byron.

Comb"-shaped` (?), a. (Bot.) Pectinate.

Com*bust" (?), a. [L. combustus, p. p. of comburere to burn up; com- + burere (only in comp.), of uncertain origin; cf. bustum funeral pyre, prurire to itch, pruna a live coal, Gr. pyrso`s firebrand, Skr. plush to burn.] 1. Burnt; consumed. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. (Astron.) So near the sun as to be obscured or eclipsed by his light, as the moon or planets when not more than eight degrees and a half from the sun. [Obs.]

> Planets that are oft combust.
> Milton.

Com*bus`ti*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality of being combustible.

Com*bus"ti*ble (?), a. [Cf. F. combustible.] 1. Capable of taking fire and burning; apt to catch fire; inflammable.

> Sin is to the soul like fire to combustible matter.
> South.

2. Easily kindled or excited; quick; fiery; irascible.

> Arnold was a combustible character.
> W. Irving.

Com*bus"ti*ble (?), n. A substance that may be set on fire, or which is liable to take fire and burn.

> All such combustibles as are cheap enough for common use go under the name of fuel.
> Ure.

Com*bus"ti*ble*ness, n. Combustibility.

Com*bus"tion (?; 106), n. [L. combustio: cf. F. combustion.] 1. The state of burning.

2. (Chem.) The combination of a combustible with a supporter of combustion, producing heat, and sometimes both light and heat.

> Combustion results in common cases from the mutual chemical action and reaction of the combustible and the oxygen of the atmosphere, whereby a new compound is formed.
> Ure.

Supporter of combustion (Chem.), a gas, as oxygen, the combination of which with a combustible, as coal, constitutes combustion.

3. Violent agitation; confusion; tumult. [Obs.]

> There [were] great combustions and divisions among the heads of the university.
> Mede.

> But say from whence this new combustion springs.
> Dryden.

Com*bus"tious (?), a. Inflammable. [Obs.] Shak.

Come (?), v. i. [imp. Came (?); p. p. Come (?); p. pr & vb. n. Coming.] [OE. cumen, comen, AS. cuman; akin to OS. kuman, D. komen, OHG. queman, G. kommen, Icel. koma, Sw. komma, Dan. komme, Goth. giman, L. venire (gvenire), Gr. &?; to go, Skr. gam. √23. Cf. Base, n., Convene, Adventure.] 1. To move hitherward; to draw near; to approach the speaker, or some place or person indicated; -- opposed to go.

> Look, who comes yonder?
> Shak.

> I did not come to curse thee.
> Tennyson.

2. To complete a movement toward a place; to arrive.

> When we came to Rome.
> Acts xxviii. 16.

> Lately come from Italy.
> Acts xviii. 2.

3. To approach or arrive, as if by a journey or from a distance. "Thy kingdom come." Matt. vi. 10.

> The hour is coming, and now is.
> John. v. 25.

> So quick bright things come to confusion.
> Shak.

4. To approach or arrive, as the result of a cause, or of the act of another.

> From whence come wars?
> James iv. 1.

> Both riches and honor come of thee !
> 1 Chron. xxix. 12.

5. To arrive in sight; to be manifest; to appear.

> Then butter does refuse to come.
> Hudibras.

6. To get to be, as the result of change or progress; -- with a predicate; as, to come untied.

> How come you thus estranged?
> Shak.

> How come her eyes so bright?
> Shak.

Am come, is come, etc., are frequently used instead of have come, has come, etc., esp. in poetry. The verb to be gives a clearer adjectival significance to the participle as expressing a state or condition of the subject, while the auxiliary have expresses simply the completion of the action signified by the verb.

> Think not that I am come to destroy.
> Matt. v. 17.

> We are come off like Romans.
> Shak.

> The melancholy days are come, the saddest of the year.
> Bryant.

Come may properly be used (instead of go) in speaking of a movement hence, or away, when there is reference to an approach to the person addressed; as, I shall come home next week; he will come to your house to-day. It is used with other verbs almost as an auxiliary, indicative of approach to the action or state expressed by the verb; as, how came you to do it? Come is used colloquially, with reference to a definite future time approaching, without an auxiliary; as, it will be two years, come next Christmas; i. e., when Christmas shall come.

> They were cried
> In meeting, come next Sunday.
> Lowell.

Come, in the imperative, is used to excite attention, or to invite to motion or joint action; come, let us go. "This is the heir; come, let us kill him." Matt. xxi. 38. When repeated, it sometimes expresses haste, or impatience, and sometimes rebuke. "Come, come, no time for lamentation now." Milton.

To come, yet to arrive, future. "In times to come." Dryden. "There's pippins and cheese to come." Shak. -- To come about. (a) To come to pass; to arrive; to happen; to result; as, how did these things come about? (b) To change; to come round; as, the ship comes about. "The wind is come about." Shak.

> On better thoughts, and my urged reasons,
> They are come about, and won to the true side.
> B. Jonson.

-- To come abroad. (a) To move or be away from one's home or country. "Am come abroad to see the world." Shak. (b) To become public or known. [Obs.] "Neither was anything kept secret, but that it should come abroad." Mark. iv. 22. -- To come across, to meet; to find, esp. by chance or suddenly. "We come across more than one incidental mention of those wars." E. A. Freeman. "Wagner's was certainly one of the strongest and most independent natures I ever came across." H. R. Haweis. -- To come after. (a) To follow. (b) To come to take or to obtain; as, to come after a book. -- To come again, to return. "His spirit came again and he revived." Judges. xv. 19. - - To come and go. (a) To appear and disappear; to change; to alternate. "The color of the king doth come and go." Shak. (b) (Mech.) To play backward and forward. -- To come at. (a) To reach; to arrive within reach of; to gain; as, to come at a true knowledge of ourselves. (b) To come toward; to attack; as, he came at me with fury. -- To come away, to part or depart. -- To come between, to intervene; to separate; hence, to cause estrangement. -- To come by. (a) To obtain, gain, acquire. "Examine how you came by all your state." Dryden. (b) To pass near or by way of. -- To come down. (a) To descend. (b) To be humbled. -- To come down upon, to call to account, to reprimand. [Colloq.] Dickens. -- To come home. (a) To return to one's house or family. (b) To come close; to press closely; to touch the feelings, interest, or reason. (c) (Naut.) To be loosened from the ground; -- said of an anchor. -- To come in. (a) To enter, as a town, house, etc. "The thief cometh in." Hos. vii. 1. (b) To arrive; as, when my ship comes in. (c) To assume official station or duties; as, when Lincoln came in. (d) To comply; to yield; to surrender. "We need not fear his coming in" Massinger. (e) To be brought into use. "Silken garments did not come in till late." Arbuthnot. (f) To be added or inserted; to be or become a part of. (g) To accrue as gain from any business or investment. (h) To mature and yield a harvest; as, the crops come in well. (i) To have sexual intercourse; -- with to or unto. Gen. xxxviii. 16. (j) To have young; to bring forth; as, the cow will come in next May. [U. S.] -- To come in for, to claim or receive. "The rest came in for subsidies." Swift. -- To come into, to join with; to take part in; to agree to; to comply with; as, to come into a party or scheme. - - To come it over, to hoodwink; to get the advantage of. [Colloq.] -- To come near or nigh, to approach in place or quality; to be equal to. "Nothing ancient or modern seems to come near it." Sir W. Temple. -- To come of. (a) To descend or spring from. "Of Priam's royal race my mother came." Dryden. (b) To result or follow from. "This comes of judging by the eye." L'Estrange. -- To come off. (a) To depart or pass off from. (b) To get free; to get away; to escape. (c) To be carried through; to pass off; as, it came off well. (d) To acquit one's self; to issue from (a contest, etc.); as, he came off with honor; hence, substantively, a come-off, an escape; an excuse; an evasion. [Colloq.] (e) To pay over; to give. [Obs.] (f) To take place; to happen; as, when does the race come off? (g) To be or become after some delay; as, the weather came off very fine. (h) To slip off or be taken off, as a garment; to separate. (i) To hurry away; to get through. Chaucer. -- To come off by, to suffer. [Obs.] "To come off by the worst." Calamy. -- To come off from, to leave. "To come off from these grave disquisitions." Felton. -- To come on. (a) To advance; to make progress; to thrive. (b) To move forward; to approach; to supervene. -- To come out. (a) To pass out or depart, as from a country, room, company, etc. "They shall come out with great substance." Gen. xv. 14. (b) To become public; to appear; to be published. "It is indeed come out at last." Bp. Stillingfleet. (c) To end; to result; to turn out; as, how will this affair come out? he has come out well at last. (d) To be introduced into society; as, she came out two seasons ago. (e) To appear; to show itself; as, the sun came out. (f) To take sides; to take a stand; as, he came out against the tariff. -- To come out with, to give publicity to; to disclose. -- To come over. (a) To pass from one side or place to another. "Perpetually teasing their friends to come over to them." Addison. (b) To rise and pass over, in distillation. -- To come over to, to join. -- To come round. (a) To recur in regular course. (b) To recover. [Colloq.] (c) To change, as the wind. (d) To relent. J. H. Newman. (e) To circumvent; to wheedle. [Colloq.] -- To come short, to be deficient; to fail of attaining. "All have sinned and come short of the glory of God." Rom. iii. 23. -- To come to. (a) To consent or yield. Swift. (b) (Naut.) (with the accent on to) To luff; to bring the ship's head nearer the wind; to anchor. (c) (with the accent on to) To recover, as from a swoon. (d) To arrive at; to reach. (e) To amount to; as, the taxes come to a large sum. (f) To fall to; to be received by, as an inheritance. Shak. -- To come to blows. See under Blow. -- To come to grief. See under Grief. -- To come to a head. (a) To suppurate, as a boil. (b) To mature; to culminate; as a plot. -- To come to one's self, to recover one's senses. -- To come to pass, to happen; to fall out. -- To come to the scratch. (a) (Prize Fighting) To step up to the scratch or mark made in the ring to be toed by the combatants in beginning a contest; hence: (b) To meet an antagonist or a difficulty bravely. [Colloq.] -- To come to time. (a) (Prize Fighting) To come forward in order to resume the contest when the interval allowed for rest is over and "time" is called; hence: (b) To keep an appointment; to meet expectations. [Colloq.] -- To come together. (a) To meet for business, worship, etc.; to assemble. Acts i. 6. (b) To live together as man and wife. Matt. i. 18. -- To come true, to happen as predicted or expected. -- To come under, to belong to, as an individual to a class. -- To come up (a) to ascend; to rise. (b) To be brought up; to arise, as a question. (c) To spring; to shoot or rise above the earth, as a plant. (d) To come into use, as a fashion. -- To come up the capstan (Naut.), to turn it the contrary way, so as to slacken the rope about it. -- To come up the tackle fall (Naut.), to slacken the tackle gently. Totten. -- To come up to, to rise to; to equal. -- To come up with, to overtake or reach by pursuit. -- To come upon. (a) To befall. (b) To attack or invade. (c) To have a claim upon; to become dependent upon for support; as, to come upon the town. (d) To light or chance upon; to find; as, to come upon hid treasure.

Come (?), v. t. To carry through; to succeed in; as, you can't come any tricks here. [Slang]

To come it, to succeed in a trick of any sort. [Slang]

Come, n. Coming. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Co-med"dle (?), v. t. To mix; to mingle, to temper. [Obs.] Shak.

Co*me"di*an (?), n. [Cf. F. comédien.] 1. An actor or player in comedy. "The famous comedian, Roscius." Middleton.

2. A writer of comedy. Milton.

||Co*mé`di*enne" (?), n. [F., fem. of comédien.] A women who plays in comedy.

||Co*me`di*et"ta (?), n. [It.] A dramatic sketch; a brief comedy.

||Com"e*do (?), n.; pl. Comedones (#). [L., a glutton. See Comestible.] (Med.) A small nodule or cystic tumor, common on the nose, etc., which on pressure allows the escape of a yellow wormlike mass of retained oily secretion, with a black head (dirt).

Come"down` (?), n. A downfall; an humiliation. [Colloq.]

Com"e*dy (?), n.; pl. Comedies (#). [F. comédie, L. comoedia, fr. Gr. &?;; &?; a jovial festivity with music and dancing, a festal procession, an ode sung at this procession (perh. akin to &?; village, E. home) + &?; to sing; for comedy was originally of a lyric character. See Home, and Ode.] A dramatic composition, or representation of a bright and amusing character, based upon the foibles of individuals, the manners of society, or the ludicrous events or accidents of life; a play in which mirth predominates and the termination of the plot is happy; -- opposed to tragedy.

> With all the vivacity of comedy.
> Macaulay.

> Are come to play a pleasant comedy.
> Shak.

Come"li*ly (?), adv. In a suitable or becoming manner. [R.] Sherwood.

<! p. 283 !>

Come"li*ness (?), n. [See Comely.] The quality or state of being comely.

> Comeliness is a disposing fair
> Of things and actions in fit time and place.
> Sir J. Davies.

> Strength, comeliness of shape, or amplest merit.
> Milton.

> Comeliness signifies something less forcible than beauty, less elegant than grace, and less light than prettiness.
> Johnson.

Come"ly (km"l), a. [Compar. Comelier (?); superl. Comeliest.] [OE. comeliche, AS. cymlc; cyme suitable (fr. cuman to come, become) + lc like.] 1. Pleasing or agreeable to the sight; well- proportioned; good-looking; handsome.

> He that is comely when old and decrepit, surely was very beautiful when he was young.
> South.

> Not once perceive their foul disfigurement
> But boast themselves more comely than before.
> Milton.

2. Suitable or becoming; proper; agreeable.

> This is a happier and more comely time
> Than when these fellows ran about the streets,
> Crying confusion.
> Shak.

> It is good to sing praises unto our God; for it is pleasant; and praise is comely.
> Ps. cxlvii. 1.

Come"ly, adv. In a becoming manner. Ascham.

Come-out"er (?), n. One who comes out or withdraws from a religious or other organization; a radical reformer. [Colloq. U. S.]

Com"er (?), n. One who comes, or who has come; one who has arrived, and is present.

All comers, all who come, or offer, to take part in a matter, especially in a contest or controversy. "To prove it against all comers." Bp. Stillingfleet.

||Co"mes (?), n. [L., a companion.] (Mus.) The answer to the theme (dux) in a fugue.

Com`es*sa"tion (?), n. [L. comissatio, comessatio.] A reveling; a rioting. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Co*mes"ti*ble (?), a. [F. comestible, fr. L. comesus, comestus, p. p. of comedere to eat; com- + edere to eat.] Suitable to be eaten; eatable; esculent.

> Some herbs are most comestible.
> Sir T. Elyot.

Co*mes"ti*ble, n. Something suitable to be eaten; -- commonly in the plural. Thackeray.

Com"et (?), n. [L. cometes, cometa, from Gr. &?; comet, prop. long-haired, fr. &?; to wear long hair, fr. &?; hair, akin to L. coma: cf. F. comète.] (Astron.) A member of the solar system which usually moves in an elongated orbit, approaching very near to the sun in its perihelion, and receding to a very great distance from it at its aphelion. A comet commonly consists of three parts: the nucleus, the envelope, or coma, and the tail; but one or more of these parts is frequently wanting. See Illustration in Appendix.

||Com`e*ta"ri*um (?), n. [NL.] (Astron.) An instrument, intended to represent the revolution of a comet round the sun. Hutton.

Com"et*a*ry (?), a. [Cf. F. cométaire.] Pertaining to, or resembling, a comet. Cheyne.

{ Com"et-find`er (?), or Com"et- seek`er (?) }, n. (Astron.) A telescope of low power, having a large field of view, used for finding comets.

Co*met"ic (?), a. Relating to a comet.

Com`et*og"ra*pher (?), n. One who describes or writes about comets.

Com`et*og"ra*phy (?), n. [Comet + -graphy: cf. F. cométographie.] A description of, or a treatise concerning, comets.

Com`et*ol"o*gy (?), n. [Comet + -logy.] The department of astronomy relating to comets.

Com"fit (?), n. [F. confit, prop. a p. p., fr. confire to preserve, pickle, fr. L. conficere to prepare; con- + facere to make. See Fact, and cf. Confect.] A dry sweetmeat; any kind of fruit, root, or seed preserved with sugar and dried; a confection.

Com"fit, v. t. To preserve dry with sugar.

> The fruit which does so quickly waste, . . .
> Thou comfitest in sweets to make it last.
> Cowley.

Com"fi*ture (?; 135), n. [F. confiture; cf. LL. confecturae sweetmeats, confectura a preparing. See Comfit, and cf. Confiture.] See Comfit, n.

Com"fort (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Comforted; p. pr. & vb. n. Comforting.] [F. conforter, fr. L. confortare to strengthen much; con- + fortis strong. See Fort.] 1. To make strong; to invigorate; to fortify; to corroborate. [Obs.] Wyclif.

> God's own testimony . . . doth not a little comfort and confirm the same.
> Hooker.

2. To assist or help; to aid. [Obs.]

> I . . . can not help the noble chevalier:
> God comfort him in this necessity!
> Shak.

3. To impart strength and hope to; to encourage; to relieve; to console; to cheer.

> Light excelleth in comforting the spirits of men.
> Bacon.

> That we may be able to comfort them that are in any affliction.
> 2 Cor. i. 4 (Rev. Ver.).

> A perfect woman, nobly planned,
> To warn, to comfort, and command.
> Wordsworth.

Syn. -- To cheer; solace; console; revive; encourage; enliven; invigorate; inspirit; gladden; recreate; exhilarate; refresh; animate; confirm; strengthen. -- To Comfort, Console, Solace. These verbs all suppose some antecedent state of suffering or sorrow. Console is confined to the act giving sympathetic relief to the mind under affliction or sorrow, and points to some definite source of that relief; as, the presence of his friend consoled him; he was much consoled by this intelligence. The act of consoling commonly implies the inculcation of resignation. Comfort points to relief afforded by the communication of positive pleasure, hope, and strength, as well as by the diminution of pain; as, "They brought the young man alive, and were not a little comforted." Acts xx. 12. Solace is from L. solacium, which means according to Dumesnil, consolation inwardly felt or applied to the case of the sufferer. Hence, the verb to solace denotes the using of things for the purpose of affording relief under sorrow or suffering; as, to solace one's self with reflections, with books, or with active employments.

Com"fort (?), n. [OF. confort, fr. conforter.] 1. Assistance; relief; support. [Obs. except in the phrase "aid and comfort." See 5 below.] Shak.

2. Encouragement; solace; consolation in trouble; also, that which affords consolation.

> In comfort of her mother's fears.
> Shak.

> Cheer thy spirit with this comfort.
> Shak.

> Speaking words of endearment where words of comfort availed not.
> Longfellow.

3. A state of quiet enjoyment; freedom from pain, want, or anxiety; also, whatever contributes to such a condition.

> I had much joy and comfort in thy love.
> Phil. 7 (Rev. Ver.).

> He had the means of living in comfort.
> Macaulay.

4. A wadded bedquilt; a comfortable. [U. S.]

5. (Law) Unlawful support, countenance, or encouragement; as, to give aid and comfort to the enemy.

Syn. -- Comfort, Consolation. Comfort has two meanings: 1. Strength and relief received under affliction; 2. Positive enjoyment, of a quiet, permanent nature, together with the sources thereof; as, the comfort of love; surrounded with comforts; but it is with the former only that the word consolation is brought into comparison. As thus compared, consolation points to some specific source of relief for the afflicted mind; as, the consolations of religion. Comfort supposes the relief to be afforded by imparting positive enjoyment, as well as a diminution of pain. "Consolation, or comfort, signifies some alleviation to that pain to which it is not in our power to afford the proper and adequate remedy; they imply rather an augmentation of the power of bearing, than a diminution of the burden." Johnson.

Com"fort*a*ble (?), a. [OF. confortable.] 1. Strong; vigorous; valiant. [Obs.] Wyclif.

> Thy conceit is nearer death than thy powers. For my sake be comfortable; hold death a while at the arm's end.
> Shak.

2. Serviceable; helpful. [Obs.]

> Be comfortable to my mother, your mistress, and make much of her.
> Shak.

3. Affording or imparting comfort or consolation; able to comfort; cheering; as, a comfortable hope. "Kind words and comfortable." Cowper.

> A comfortable provision made for their subsistence.
> Dryden.

4. In a condition of comfort; having comforts; not suffering or anxious; hence, contented; cheerful; as, to lead a comfortable life.

> My lord leans wondrously to discontent;
> His comfortable temper has forsook him:
> He is much out of health.
> Shak.

5. Free, or comparatively free, from pain or distress; -- used of a sick person. [U. S.]

Com"fort*a*ble, n. A stuffed or quilted coverlet for a bed; a comforter; a comfort. [U. S.]

Com"fort*a*ble*ness, n. State of being comfortable.

Com"fort*a*bly, adv. In a comfortable or comforting manner.

> Speak ye comfortably to Jerusalem.
> Is. xl. 2.

Com"fort*er (?), n. 1. One who administers comfort or consolation.

> Let no comforter delight mine ear
> But such a one whose wrongs do suit with mine.
> Shak.

2. (Script.) The Holy Spirit, -- referring to his office of comforting believers.

> But the Comforter, which is the Holy Ghost, whom the Father will send in my name, he shall teach you all things.
> John xiv. 26.

3. A knit woolen tippet, long and narrow. [U. S.]

> The American schoolboy takes off his comforter and unbuttons his jacket before going in for a snowball fight.
> Pop. Sci. Monthly.

4. A wadded bedquilt; a comfortable. [U. S.]

Job's comforter, a boil. [Colloq.]

Com"fort*less, a. Without comfort or comforts; in want or distress; cheerless.

> Comfortless through tyranny or might.
> Spenser.

Syn. -- Forlorn; desolate; cheerless; inconsolable; disconsolate; wretched; miserable.

-- Com"fort*less*ly, adv. -- Com"fort*less*ness, n.

> When all is coldly, comfortlessly costly.
> Milton.

Com"fort*ment (?), n. Act or process of administering comfort. [Obs.]

> The gentle comfortment and entertainment of the said embassador.
> Hakluyt.

Com"fort*ress (?), n. A woman who comforts.

> To be your comfortress, and to preserve you.
> B. Jonson.

Com"frey (?), n. [Prob. from F. conferve, L. conferva, fr. confervere to boil together, in medical language, to heal, grow together. So called on account of its healing power, for which reason it was also called consolida.] (Bot.) A rough, hairy, perennial plant of several species, of the genus Symphytum.

A decoction of the mucilaginous root of the "common comfrey" (S. officinale) is used in cough mixtures, etc.; and the gigantic "prickly comfrey" (S. asperrimum) is somewhat cultivated as a forage plant.

Com"ic (?), a. [L. comicus pertaining to comedy, Gr. &?;: cf. F. comique. See Comedy.] 1. Relating to comedy, as distinct from tragedy.

> I can not for the stage a drama lay,
> Tragic or comic, but thou writ'st the play.
> B. Jonson.

2. Causing mirth; ludicrous. "Comic shows." Shak.

Com"ic, n. A comedian. [Obs.] Steele.

Com"ic*al (?), a. 1. Relating to comedy.

> They deny it to be tragical because its catastrophe is a wedding, which hath ever been accounted comical.
> Gay.

2. Exciting mirth; droll; laughable; as, a comical story. "Comical adventures." Dryden.

Syn. -- Humorous; laughable; funny. See Droll.

-- Com"ic*al*ly, adv. -- Com"ic*al"ness, n.

Com`i*cal"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Comicalities (#). The quality of being comical; something comical.

Com"ic*ry (?), n. The power of exciting mirth; comicalness. [R.] H. Giles.

Com"ing (?), a. 1. Approaching; of the future, especially the near future; the next; as, the coming week or year; the coming exhibition.

> Welcome the coming, speed the parting, guest.
> Pope.

> Your coming days and years.
> Byron.

2. Ready to come; complaisant; fond. [Obs.] Pope.

Com"ing, n. 1. Approach; advent; manifestation; as, the coming of the train.

2. Specifically: The Second Advent of Christ.

Coming in. (a) Entrance; entrance way; manner of entering; beginning. "The goings out thereof, and the comings in thereof." Ezek. xliii. 11 (b) Income or revenue. "What are thy comings in?" Shak.

||Co*mi"ti*a (?), n. pl. [L.] (Rom. Antiq.) A public assembly of the Roman people for electing officers or passing laws.

There were three kinds of comitia: comitia curiata, or assembly of the patricians, who voted in curiæ; comitia centuriata, or assembly of the whole Roman people, who voted by centuries; and comitia tributa, or assembly of the plebeians according to their division into tribes.

Co*mi"tial (?), a. [L. comitialis.] Relating to the comitia, or popular assemblies of the Romans for electing officers and passing laws. Middleton.

Com"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Comities (#). [L. comitas, fr. comis courteous, kind.] Mildness and suavity of manners; courtesy between equals; friendly civility; as, comity of manners; the comity of States.

Comity of nations (International Law), the courtesy by which nations recognize within their own territory, or in their courts, the peculiar institutions of another nation or the rights and privileges acquired by its citizens in their own land. By some authorities private international law rests on this comity, but the better opinion is that it is part of the common law of the land, and hence is obligatory as law.

Syn. -- Civility; good breeding; courtesy; good will.

Com"ma (?), n. [L. comma part of a sentence, comma, Gr. &?; clause, fr. &?; to cut off. Cf. Capon.] 1. A character or point [,] marking the smallest divisions of a sentence, written or printed.

2. (Mus.) A small interval (the difference between a major and minor half step), seldom used except by tuners.

Comma bacillus (Physiol.), a variety of bacillus shaped like a comma, found in the intestines of patients suffering from cholera. It is considered by some as having a special relation to the disease; -- called also cholera bacillus. -- Comma butterfly (Zoöl.), an American butterfly (Grapta comma), having a white comma-shaped marking on the under side of the wings.

Com*mand" (?; 61), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Commanded; p. pr. & vb. n. Commanding.] [OE. comaunden, commanden, OF. comander, F. commander, fr. L. com- + mandare to commit to, to command. Cf. Commend, Mandate.] 1. To order with authority; to lay injunction upon; to direct; to bid; to charge.

> We are commanded to forgive our enemies, but you never read that we are commanded to forgive our friends.
> Bacon.

> Go to your mistress:
> Say, I command her come to me.
> Shak.

2. To exercise direct authority over; to have control of; to have at one's disposal; to lead.

> Monmouth commanded the English auxiliaries.
> Macaulay.

> Such aid as I can spare you shall command.
> Shak.

3. To have within a sphere of control, influence, access, or vision; to dominate by position; to guard; to overlook.

> Bridges commanded by a fortified house.
> Motley.

> Up to the eastern tower,
> Whose height commands as subject all the vale.
> Shak.

> One side commands a view of the finest garden.
> Addison.

4. To have power or influence of the nature of authority over; to obtain as if by ordering; to receive as a due; to challenge; to claim; as, justice commands the respect and affections of the people; the best goods command the best price.

> 'Tis not in mortals to command success.
> Addison.

5. To direct to come; to bestow. [Obs.]

> I will command my blessing upon you.
> Lev. xxv. 21.

Syn. -- To bid; order; direct; dictate; charge; govern; rule; overlook.

Com*mand", v. i. 1. To have or to exercise direct authority; to govern; to sway; to influence; to give an order or orders.

> And reigned, commanding in his monarchy.
> Shak.

> For the king had so commanded concerning [Haman].
> Esth. iii. 2.

2. To have a view, as from a superior position.

> Far and wide his eye commands.
> Milton.

Com*mand", n. 1. An authoritative order requiring obedience; a mandate; an injunction.

> Awaiting what command their mighty chief
> Had to impose.
> Milton.

2. The possession or exercise of authority.

> Command and force may often create, but can never cure, an aversion.
> Locke.

3. Authority; power or right of control; leadership; as, the forces under his command.

4. Power to dominate, command, or overlook by means of position; scope of vision; survey.

> The steepy stand
> Which overlooks the vale with wide command.
> Dryden.

5. Control; power over something; sway; influence; as, to have command over one's temper or voice; the fort has command of the bridge.

> He assumed an absolute command over his readers.
> Dryden.

6. A body of troops, or any naval or military force or post, or the whole territory under the authority or control of a particular officer.

Word of command (Mil.), a word or phrase of definite and established meaning, used in directing the movements of soldiers; as, aim; fire; shoulder arms, etc.

Syn. -- Control; sway; power; authority; rule; dominion; sovereignty; mandate; order; injunction; charge; behest. See Direction.

<! p. 284 !>

Com*mand"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being commanded.

Com`man*dant" (?), n. [F., orig. p. pr. of commander.] A commander; the commanding officer of a place, or of a body of men; as, the commandant of a navy-yard.

Com*mand"a*to*ry (?), a. Mandatory; as, commandatory authority. [Obs.]

Com*mand"er (?), n. [Cf. F. commandeur. Cf. Commodore, Commender.] 1. A chief; one who has supreme authority; a leader; the chief officer of an army, or of any division of it.

> A leader and commander to the people.
> Is. lv. 4.

2. (Navy) An officer who ranks next below a captain, -- ranking with a lieutenant colonel in the army.

3. The chief officer of a commandery.

4. A heavy beetle or wooden mallet, used in paving, in sail lofts, etc.

Commander in chief, the military title of the officer who has supreme command of the land or naval forces or the united forces of a nation or state; a generalissimo. The President is commander in chief of the army and navy of the United States.

Syn. -- See Chief.

Com*mand"er*ship, n. The office of a commander.

Com*mand"er*y (?), n.; pl. Commanderies (#). [F. commanderie.] 1. The office or rank of a commander. [Obs.]

2. A district or a manor with lands and tenements appertaining thereto, under the control of a member of an order of knights who was called a commander; -- called also a preceptory.

3. An assembly or lodge of Knights Templars (so called) among the Freemasons. [U. S.]

4. A district under the administration of a military commander or governor. [R.] Brougham.

Com*mand"ing, a. 1. Exercising authority; actually in command; as, a commanding officer.

2. Fitted to impress or control; as, a commanding look or presence.

3. Exalted; overlooking; having superior strategic advantages; as, a commanding position.

Syn. -- Authoritative; imperative; imperious.

Com*mand"ing*ly, adv. In a commanding manner.

Com*mand"ment (?), n. [OF. commandement, F. commandement.] 1. An order or injunction given by authority; a command; a charge; a precept; a mandate.

> A new commandment I give unto you, that ye love one another.
> John xiii. 34.

2. (Script.) One of the ten laws or precepts given by God to the Israelites at Mount Sinai.

3. The act of commanding; exercise of authority.

> And therefore put I on the countenance
> Of stern commandment.
> Shak.

4. (Law) The offense of commanding or inducing another to violate the law.

The Commandments, The Ten Commandments, the Decalogue, or summary of God's commands, given to Moses at Mount Sinai. (Ex. xx.)

Com*mand"ress (?), n. A woman invested with authority to command. Hooker.

Com*mand"ry (?), n. See Commandery.

Com"mark` (?), n. [OF. comarque, or LL. commarca, commarcha; com- + marcha, boundary. See March a confine.] The frontier of a country; confines. [Obs.] Shelton.

Com`ma*te"ri*al (?), a. Consisting of the same material. [Obs.] Bacon.

Com*mat"ic (?), a. [L. commaticus, Gr. &?;. See Comma.] Having short clauses or sentences; brief; concise.

Com"ma*tism (?), n. [See Commatic.] Conciseness in writing. Bp. Horsley.

Com*meas"ur*a*ble (?), a. [Cf. Commensurable.] Having the same measure; commensurate; proportional.

> She being now removed by death, a commeasurable grief took as full possession of him as joy had done.
> I. Walton.

Com*meas"ure (?), v. t. To be commensurate with; to equal. Tennyson.

Com*mem"o*ra"ble (?), a. [L. commemorabilis.] Worthy to be commemorated.

Com*mem"o*rate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Commemorated; p. pr. & vb. n. Commemorating.] [L. commemoratus, p. p. of commemorare to remember; com- + memorare to mention, fr. memor mindful. See Memory.] To call to remembrance by a special act or observance; to celebrate with honor and solemnity; to honor, as a person or event, by some act of respect or affection, intended to preserve the remembrance of the person or event; as, to commemorate the sufferings and dying love of our Savior by the sacrament of the Lord's Supper; to commemorate the Declaration of Independence by the observance of the Fourth of July.

> We are called upon to commemorate a revolution.
> Atterbury.

Syn. -- See Celebrate.

Com*mem`o*ra"tion (?), n. [L. commemoratio.] 1. The act of commemorating; an observance or celebration designed to honor the memory of some person or event.

> This sacrament was designed to be a standing commemoration of the death and passion of our Lord.
> Abp. Tillotson.

> The commonwealth which . . . chooses the most flagrant act of murderous regicide treason for a feast of eternal commemoration.
> Burke.

2. Whatever serves the purpose of commemorating; a memorial.

Commemoration day, at the University of Oxford, Eng., an annual observance or ceremony in honor of the benefactors of the University, at which time honorary degrees are conferred.

Com*mem"o*ra*tive (?), a. Tending or intended to commemorate. "A sacrifice commemorative of Christ's offering up his body for us." Hammond.

> An inscription commemorative of his victory.
> Sir G. C. Lewis.

Com*mem"o*ra`tor (?), n. [L.] One who commemorates.

Com*mem"o*ra*to*ry (?), a. Serving to commemorate; commemorative. Bp. Hooper.

Com*mence" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Commenced (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Commencing.] [F. commencer, OF. comencier, fr. L. com- + initiare to begin. See Initiate.] 1. To have a beginning or origin; to originate; to start; to begin.

> Here the anthem doth commence.
> Shak.

> His heaven commences ere the world be past.
> Goldsmith.

2. To begin to be, or to act as. [Archaic]

> We commence judges ourselves.
> Coleridge.

3. To take a degree at a university. [Eng.]

> I question whether the formality of commencing was used in that age.
> Fuller.

Com*mence", v. t. To enter upon; to begin; to perform the first act of.

> Many a wooer doth commence his suit.
> Shak.

It is the practice of good writers to use the verbal noun (instead of the infinitive with to) after commence; as, he commenced studying, not he commenced to study.

Com*mence"ment (?), n. [F. commencement.] 1. The first existence of anything; act or fact of commencing; rise; origin; beginning; start.

> The time of Henry VII. . . . nearly coincides with the commencement of what is termed "modern history."
> Hallam.

2. The day when degrees are conferred by colleges and universities upon students and others.

Com*mend" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Commended; p. pr. & vb. n. Commending.] [L. commendare; com- + mandare to intrust to one's charge, enjoin, command. Cf. Command, Mandate.] 1. To commit, intrust, or give in charge for care or preservation.

> His eye commends the leading to his hand.
> Shak.

> Father, into thy hands I commend my spirit.
> Luke xxiii. 46.

2. To recommend as worthy of confidence or regard; to present as worthy of notice or favorable attention.

> Among the objects of knowledge, two especially commend themselves to our contemplation.
> Sir M. Hale.

> I commend unto you Phebe our sister.
> Rom. xvi. 1.

3. To mention with approbation; to praise; as, to commend a person or an act.

> Historians commend Alexander for weeping when he read the actions of Achilles.
> Dryden.

4. To mention by way of courtesy, implying remembrance and good will. [Archaic]

> Commend me to my brother.
> Shak.

Com*mend", n. 1. Commendation; praise. [Obs.]

> Speak in his just commend.
> Shak.

2. pl. Compliments; greetings. [Obs.]

> Hearty commends and much endeared love to you.
> Howell.

Com*mend"a*ble (?), a. (Formerly accented on the first syllable.) [L. commendabilis.] Worthy of being commended or praised; laudable; praiseworthy.

> Order and decent ceremonies in the church are not only comely but commendable.
> Bacon.

-- Com*mend"a*ble*ness, n. -- Com*mend"a*bly, adv.

Com*men"dam (?), n. [LL. dare in commendam to give into trust.] (Eng. Eccl. Law) A vacant living or benefice commended to a cleric (usually a bishop) who enjoyed the revenue until a pastor was provided. A living so held was said to be held in commendam. The practice was abolished by law in 1836.

> There was [formerly] some sense for commendams.
> Selden.

Partnership in commendam. See under Partnership.

Com*mend"a*ta*ry (?), n. [Cf. F. commendataire, LL. commendatarius.] One who holds a living in commendam.

Com`men*da"tion (?), n. [L. commendatio.] 1. The act of commending; praise; favorable representation in words; recommendation.

> Need we . . . epistles of commendation?
> 2 Cor. iii. 1.

> By the commendation of the great officers.
> Bacon.

2. That which is the ground of approbation or praise.

> Good nature is the most godlike commendation of a man.
> Dryden.

3. pl. A message of affection or respect; compliments; greeting. [Obs.]

> Hark you, Margaret;
> No princely commendations to my king?
> Shak.

Com*mend"a*tor (? or ?), n. [LL.] One who holds a benefice in commendam; a commendatary. Chalmers.

Com*mend"a*to*ry (?), a. [L. commendatorius.] 1. Serving to commend; containing praise or commendation; commending; praising. "Commendatory verses." Pope.

2. Holding a benefice in commendam; as, a commendatory bishop. Burke.

Commendatory prayer (Book of Common Prayer), a prayer read over the dying. "The commendatory prayer was said for him, and, as it ended, he [William III.] died." Bp. Burnet.

Com*mend"a*to*ry, n. A commendation; eulogy. [R.] "Commendatories to our affection." Sharp.

Com*mend"er (?), n. One who commends or praises.

Com*men"sal (?), n. [LL. commensalis; L. com- + mensa table: cf. F. commensal. Cf. Mensal.] 1. One who eats at the same table. [Obs.]

2. (Zoöl.) An animal, not truly parasitic, which lives in, with, or on, another, partaking usually of the same food. Both species may be benefited by the association.

Com*men"sal (?), a. Having the character of a commensal.

Com*men"sal*ism (?), n. The act of eating together; table fellowship.

Com`men*sal"i*ty (?), n. Fellowship at table; the act or practice of eating at the same table. [Obs.] "Promiscuous commensality." Sir T. Browne.

Com`men*sa"tion (?), n. Commensality. [Obs.]

> Daniel . . . declined pagan commensation.
> Sir T. Browne.

Com*men`su*ra*bil"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. commensurabilité.] The quality of being commensurable. Sir T. Browne.

Com*men"su*ra*ble (?), a. [L. commensurabilis; pref. com- + mensurable. See Commensurate, and cf. Commeasurable.] Having a common measure; capable of being exactly measured by the same number, quantity, or measure. -- Com*men"su*ra*ble*ness, n.

Commensurable numbers or quantities (Math.), those that can be exactly expressed by some common unit; thus a foot and yard are commensurable, since both can be expressed in terms of an inch, one being 12 inches, the other 36 inches. -- Numbers, or Quantities, commensurable in power, those whose squares are commensurable.

Com*men"su*ra*bly (?), adv. In a commensurable manner; so as to be commensurable.

Com*men"su*rate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Commensurated; p. pr. & vb. n. Commensurating.] [Pref. com- + mensurate.] 1. To reduce to a common measure. Sir T. Browne.

2. To proportionate; to adjust. T. Puller

Com*men"su*rate (?), a. 1. Having a common measure; commensurable; reducible to a common measure; as, commensurate quantities.

2. Equal in measure or extent; proportionate.

> Those who are persuaded that they shall continue forever, can not choose but aspire after a happiness commensurate to their duration.
> Tillotson.

Com*men"su*rate*ly, adv. 1. In a commensurate manner; so as to be equal or proportionate; adequately.

2. With equal measure or extent. Goodwin.

Com*men"su*rate*ness, n. The state or quality of being commensurate. Foster.

Com*men`su*ra"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. commensuration.] The act of commensurating; the state of being commensurate.

> All fitness lies in a particular commensuration, or proportion of one thing to another.
> South.

Com"ment (?; 277), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Commented; p. pr. & vb. n. Commenting.] [F. commenter, L. commentari to meditate upon, explain, v. intens. of comminisci, commentus, to reflect upon, invent; com- + the root of meminisse to remember, mens mind. See Mind.] To make remarks, observations, or criticism; especially, to write notes on the works of an author, with a view to illustrate his meaning, or to explain particular passages; to write annotations; -- often followed by on or upon.

> A physician to comment on your malady.
> Shak.

> Critics . . . proceed to comment on him.
> Dryden.

> I must translate and comment.
> Pope.

Com"ment, v. t. To comment on. [Archaic.] Fuller.

Com"ment, n. [Cf. OF. comment.] 1. A remark, observation, or criticism; gossip; discourse; talk.

> Their lavish comment when her name was named.
> Tennyson.

2. A note or observation intended to explain, illustrate, or criticise the meaning of a writing, book, etc.; explanation; annotation; exposition.

> All the volumes of philosophy,
> With all their comments.
> Prior.

Com"men*ta*ry (?), n.; pl. Commentaries (#). [L. commentarius, commentarium, note book, commentary: cf. F. commentaire. See Comment, v. i.] 1. A series of comments or annotations; esp., a book of explanations or expositions on the whole or a part of the Scriptures or of some other work.

> This letter . . . was published by him with a severe commentary.
> Hallam.

2. A brief account of transactions or events written hastily, as if for a memorandum; -- usually in the plural; as, Caesar's Commentaries on the Gallic War.

Com"men*tate (?), v. t. & i. [L. commentatus, p. p. of commentari to meditate.] To write comments or notes upon; to make comments. [R.]

> Commentate upon it, and return it enriched.
> Lamb.

Com`men*ta"tion (?), n. 1. The act or process of commenting or criticising; exposition. [R.]

> The spirit of commentation.
> Whewell.

2. The result of the labors of a commentator.

Com"men*ta`tor (?), n. [L. commentator: cf. F. commentateur.] One who writes a commentary or comments; an expositor; an annotator.

> The commentator's professed object is to explain, to enforce, to illustrate doctrines claimed as true.
> Whewell.

Com`men*ta*to"ri*al (? or ?), a. Pertaining to the making of commentaries. Whewell.

Com"men*ta`tor*ship (?), n. The office or occupation of a commentator.

<! p. 285 !>

Com"ment`er (?), n. One who makes or writes comments; a commentator; an annotator.

Com`men*ti"tious (?), a. [L. commentitius.] Fictitious or imaginary; unreal; as, a commentitious system of religion. [Obs.] Warburton.

Com"merce (?), n. (Formerly accented on the second syllable.) [F. commerce, L. commercium; com- + merx, mercis, merchandise. See Merchant.] 1. The exchange or buying and selling of commodities; esp. the exchange of merchandise, on a large scale, between different places or communities; extended trade or traffic.

> The public becomes powerful in proportion to the opulence and extensive commerce of private men.
> Hume.

2. Social intercourse; the dealings of one person or class in society with another; familiarity.

> Fifteen years of thought, observation, and commerce with the world had made him [Bunyan] wiser.
> Macaulay.

3. Sexual intercourse. W. Montagu.

4. A round game at cards, in which the cards are subject to exchange, barter, or trade. Hoyle.

Chamber of commerce. See Chamber.

Syn. -- Trade; traffic; dealings; intercourse; interchange; communion; communication.

Com*merce" (? or ?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Commerced (#); p>. pr. & vb. n. Commercing.] [Cf. F. commercer, fr. LL. commerciare.] 1. To carry on trade; to traffic. [Obs.]

> Beware you commerce not with bankrupts.
> B. Jonson.

2. To hold intercourse; to commune. Milton.

> Commercing with himself.
> Tennyson.

> Musicians . . . taught the people in angelic harmonies to commerce with heaven.
> Prof. Wilson.

Com*mer"cial (?), a. [Cf. F. commercial.] Of or pertaining to commerce; carrying on or occupied with commerce or trade; mercantile; as, commercial advantages; commercial relations. "Princely commercial houses." Macaulay.

Commercial college, a school for giving instruction in commercial knowledge and business. -- Commercial law. See under Law. -- Commercial note paper, a small size of writing paper, usually about 5 by 7½ or 8 inches. -- Commercial paper, negotiable paper given in due course of business. It includes bills of exchange, promissory notes, bank checks, etc. -- Commercial traveler, an agent of a wholesale house who travels from town to town to solicit orders.

Syn. -- See Mercantile.

Com*mer"cial*ism (?), n. The commercial spirit or method. C. Kingsley.

Com*mer"cial*ly, adv. In a commercial manner.

Com"mi*grate (?), v. i. [L. commigrare, commigratum.] To migrate together. [R.]

Com`mi*gra"tion (?), n. [L. commigratio.] Migration together. [R.] Woodward.

Com`mi*na"tion (?), n. [L. comminatio, from comminari to threaten; com- + minari to threaten: cf. F. commination.] 1. A threat or threatening; a denunciation of punishment or vengeance.

> With terrible comminations to all them that did resist.
> Foxe.

> Those thunders of commination.
> I. Taylor.

2. An office in the liturgy of the Church of England, used on Ash Wednesday, containing a recital of God's anger and judgments against sinners.

Com*min"a*to"ry (?), a. [Cf. F. comminatoire.] Threatening or denouncing punishment; as, comminatory terms. B. Jonson.

Com*min"gle (?), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Commingled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Commingling (?).] To mingle together; to mix in one mass, or intimately; to blend. Bacon.

Com"mi*nute (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Comminuted; p. pr. & vb. n. Comminuting.] [L. comminutus, p. p. of comminuere to comminute; com- + minuere to lessen. See Minute.] To reduce to minute particles, or to a fine powder; to pulverize; to triturate; to grind; as, to comminute chalk or bones; to comminute food with the teeth. Pennant.

Comminuted fracture. See under Fracture.

Com`mi*nu"tion (?), n. 1. The act of reducing to a fine powder or to small particles; pulverization; the state of being comminuted. Bentley.

2. (Surg.) Fracture (of a bone) into a number of pieces. Dunglison.

3. Gradual diminution by the removal of small particles at a time; a lessening; a wearing away.

> Natural and necessary comminution of our lives.
> Johnson.

Com*mis"er*a*ble (?), a. Pitiable. [Obs.] Bacon.

Com*mis"er*ate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Commiserated; p. pr. & vb. n. Commiserating.] [L. commiseratus, p. p. of commiserari to commiserate; com- + miserari to pity. See Miserable.] To feel sorrow, pain, or regret for; to pity.

> Then must we those, who groan, beneath the weight
> Of age, disease, or want, commiserate.
> Denham.

> We should commiserate our mutual ignorance.
> Locke.

Syn. -- To pity; compassionate; lament; condole.

Com*mis`er*a"tion (?), n. [F. commisération, fr. L. commiseratio a part of an oration intended to excite compassion.] The act of commiserating; sorrow for the wants, afflictions, or distresses of another; pity; compassion.

> And pluck commiseration of his state
> From brassy bosoms and rough hearts of flint.
> Shak.

Syn. -- See Sympathy.

Com*mis"er*a*tive (?), a. Feeling or expressing commiseration. Todd.

Com*mis"er*a`tor (?), n. One who pities.

Com`mis*sa"ri*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to a commissary.

Com`mis*sa"ri*at (?; 277), n. [F. commissariat.] (Mil.) (a) The organized system by which armies and military posts are supplied with food and daily necessaries. (b) The body of officers charged with such service.

Com"mis*sa*ry (?), n.; pl. Commissaries (#). [LL. commissarius, fr. L. commissus, p. p. of committere to commit, intrust to. See Commit.] 1. One to whom is committed some charge, duty, or office, by a superior power; a commissioner.

> Great Destiny, the Commissary of God.
> Donne.

2. (Eccl.) An officer of the bishop, who exercises ecclesiastical jurisdiction in parts of the diocese at a distance from the residence of the bishop. Ayliffe.

3. (Mil.) (a) An officer having charge of a special service; as, the commissary of musters. (b) An officer whose business is to provide food for a body of troops or a military post; -- officially called commissary of subsistence. [U. S.]

> Washington wrote to the President of Congress . . . urging the appointment of a commissary general, a quartermaster general, a commissary of musters, and a commissary of artillery.
> W. Irving

Commissary general, an officer in charge of some special department of army service; as: (a) The officer in charge of the commissariat and transport department, or of the ordnance store department. [Eng.] (b) The commissary general of subsistence. [U. S.] -- Commissary general of subsistence (Mil. U. S.), the head of the subsistence department, who has charge of the purchase and issue of provisions for the army.

Com"mis*sa*ry*ship (?), n. The office or employment of a commissary. Ayliffe.

Com*mis"sion (?), n. [F., fr. L. commissio. See Commit.] 1. The act of committing, doing, or performing; the act of perpetrating.

> Every commission of sin introduces into the soul a certain degree of hardness.
> South.

2. The act of intrusting; a charge; instructions as to how a trust shall be executed.

3. The duty or employment intrusted to any person or persons; a trust; a charge.

4. A formal written warrant or authority, granting certain powers or privileges and authorizing or commanding the performance of certain duties.

> Let him see our commission.
> Shak.

5. A certificate conferring military or naval rank and authority; as, a colonel's commission.

6. A company of persons joined in the performance of some duty or the execution of some trust; as, the interstate commerce commission.

> A commission was at once appointed to examine into the matter.
> Prescott.

7. (Com.) (a) The acting under authority of, or on account of, another. (b) The thing to be done as agent for another; as, I have three commissions for the city. (c) The brokerage or allowance made to a factor or agent for transacting business for another; as, a commission of ten per cent on sales. See Del credere.

Commission of array. (Eng. Hist.) See under Array. -- Commission of bankruptcy, a commission appointing and empowering certain persons to examine into the facts relative to an alleged bankruptcy, and to secure the bankrupt's lands and effects for the creditors. -- Commission of lunacy, a commission authorizing an inquiry whether a person is a lunatic or not. -- Commission merchant, one who buys or sells goods on commission, as the agent of others, receiving a rate per cent as his compensation. -- Commission, or Commissioned, officer (Mil.), one who has a commission, in distinction from a noncommissioned or warrant officer. -- Commission of the peace, a commission under the great seal, constituting one or more persons justices of the peace. [Eng.] -- To put a vessel into commission (Naut.), to equip and man a government vessel, and send it out on service after it has been laid up; esp., the formal act of taking command of a vessel for service, hoisting the flag, reading the orders, etc. -- To put a vessel out of commission (Naut.), to detach the officers and crew and retire it from active service, temporarily or permanently. -- To put the great seal, or the Treasury, into commission, to place it in the hands of a commissioner or commissioners during the abeyance of the ordinary administration, as between the going out of one lord keeper and the accession of another. [Eng.] -- The United States Christian Commission, an organization among the people of the North, during the Civil War, which afforded material comforts to the Union soldiers, and performed services of a religious character in the field and in hospitals. -- The United States Sanitary Commission, an organization formed by the people of the North to coöperate with and supplement the medical department of the Union armies during the Civil War.

Syn. -- Charge; warrant; authority; mandate; office; trust; employment.

Com*mis"sion (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Commissioned (?); p. pr & vb. n. Commissioning.] 1. To give a commission to; to furnish with a commission; to empower or authorize; as, to commission persons to perform certain acts; to commission an officer.

2. To send out with a charge or commission.

> A chosen band
> He first commissions to the Latian land.
> Dryden.

Syn. -- To appoint; depute; authorize; empower; delegate; constitute; ordain.

{ Com*mis"sion*al (?), Com*mis"sion*a*ry (?) } a. Of, pertaining to, or conferring, a commission; conferred by a commission or warrant. [R.]

> Delegate or commissionary authority.
> Bp. Hall.

Com*mis"sion*ate (?), v. t. To commission [Obs.]

Com*mis"sion*er (?), n. 1. A person who has a commission or warrant to perform some office, or execute some business, for the government, corporation, or person employing him; as, a commissioner to take affidavits or to adjust claims.

> To another address which requested that a commission might be sent to examine into the state of things in Ireland, William returned a gracious answer, and desired the Commons to name the commissioners.
> Macaulay.

2. An officer having charge of some department or bureau of the public service.

> Herbert was first commissioner of the Admiralty.
> Macaulay.

> The commissioner of patents, the commissioner of the land office, the commissioner of Indian affairs, are subordinates of the secretary of the interior.
> Bartlett.

Commissioner of deeds, an officer having authority to take affidavits, depositions, acknowledgment of deeds, etc., for use in the State by which he is appointed. [U. S.] -- County commissioners, certain administrative officers in some of the States, invested by local laws with various powers in reference to the roads, courthouses, financial matters, etc., of the county. [U. S.]

||Com*mis`sion*naire" (?; F. ?), n. [F., fr. L. commissio.] 1. An agent or factor; a commission merchant.

2. One of a class of attendants, in some European cities, who perform miscellaneous services for travelers.

Com*mis"sion*ship (?), n. The office of commissioner. Sir W. Scott.

Com*mis"sive (?), a. Relating to commission; of the nature of, or involving, commission. [R.]

Com*mis"su*ral (? or ?), a. Of or pertaining to a commissure.

Com*mis"sure (? or ?; 134-6), n. [L. commissura a joining together: cf. F. commissure. See Commit.] 1. A joint, seam, or closure; the place where two bodies, or parts of a body, meet and unite; an interstice, cleft, or juncture.

2. (Anat. & Zoöl.) (a) The point of union between two parts, as the angles of the lips or eyelids, the mandibles of a bird, etc. (b) A collection of fibers connecting parts of the brain or spinal marrow; a chiasma.

3. (Bot.) The line of junction or cohering face of two carpels, as in the parsnip, caraway, etc.

Com*mit" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Committed; p. pr. & vb. n. Committing.] [L. committere, commissum, to connect, commit; com- + mittere to send. See Mission.] 1. To give in trust; to put into charge or keeping; to intrust; to consign; -- used with to, unto.

> Commit thy way unto the Lord.
> Ps. xxxvii. 5.

> Bid him farewell, commit him to the grave.
> Shak.

2. To put in charge of a jailor; to imprison.

> These two were committed.
> Clarendon.

3. To do; to perpetrate, as a crime, sin, or fault.

> Thou shalt not commit adultery.
> Ex. xx. 14.

4. To join for a contest; to match; -- followed by with. [R.] Dr. H. More.

5. To pledge or bind; to compromise, expose, or endanger by some decisive act or preliminary step; -- often used reflexively; as, to commit one's self to a certain course.

> You might have satisfied every duty of political friendship, without commiting the honor of your sovereign.
> Junius.

> Any sudden assent to the proposal . . . might possibly be considered as committing the faith of the United States.
> Marshall.

6. To confound. [An obsolete Latinism.]

> Committing short and long [quantities].
> Milton.

To commit a bill (Legislation), to refer or intrust it to a committee or others, to be considered and reported. -- To commit to memory, or To commit, to learn by heart; to memorize.

Syn. -- To Commit, Intrust, Consign. These words have in common the idea of transferring from one's self to the care and custody of another. Commit is the widest term, and may express only the general idea of delivering into the charge of another; as, to commit a lawsuit to the care of an attorney; or it may have the special sense of intrusting with or without limitations, as to a superior power, or to a careful servant, or of consigning, as to writing or paper, to the flames, or to prison. To intrust denotes the act of committing to the exercise of confidence or trust; as, to intrust a friend with the care of a child, or with a secret. To consign is a more formal act, and regards the thing transferred as placed chiefly or wholly out of one's immediate control; as, to consign a pupil to the charge of his instructor; to consign goods to an agent for sale; to consign a work to the press.

Com"mit, v. i. To sin; esp., to be incontinent. [Obs.]

> Commit not with man's sworn spouse.
> Shak.

Com*mit"ment (?), n. 1. The act of committing, or putting in charge, keeping, or trust; consignment; esp., the act of committing to prison.

> They were glad to compound for his bare commitment to the Tower, whence he was within few days enlarged.
> Clarendon.

2. A warrant or order for the imprisonment of a person; -- more frequently termed a mittimus.

3. The act of referring or intrusting to a committee for consideration and report; as, the commitment of a petition or a bill.

4. A doing, or perpetration, in a bad sense, as of a crime or blunder; commission.

5. The act of pledging or engaging; the act of exposing, endangering, or compromising; also, the state of being pledged or engaged. Hamilton.

Com*mit"ta*ble (?), a. Capable of being committed.

Com*mit"tal (?), n. The act of committing, or the state of being committed; commitment.

Com*mit"tee (?), n. [Cf. OF. comité company, and LL. comitatus jurisdiction or territory of a count, county, assize, army. The word was apparently influenced by the verb commit, but not directly formed from it. Cf. County.] One or more persons elected or appointed, to whom any matter or business is referred, either by a legislative body, or by a court, or by any collective body of men acting together.

Committee of the whole [house], a committee, embracing all the members present, into which a legislative or deliberative body sometimes resolves itself, for the purpose of considering a particular measure under the operation of different rules from those governing the general legislative proceedings. The committee of the whole has its own chairman, and reports its action in the form of recommendations. -- Standing committee. See under Standing.

<! p. 286 !>

Com`mit*tee" (?), n. [From Commit, v. t.] (Law) One to whom the charge of the person or estate of another, as of a lunatic, is committed by suitable authority; a guardian.

Com*mit"tee*man (?), n. A member of a committee.

Com*mit"ter (?), n. 1. One who commits; one who does or perpetrates. South.

2. A fornicator. [Obs.] T. Decker.

Com*mit"ti*ble (?), a. Capable of being committed; liable to be committed. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Com*mix" (?), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Commixed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Commixing.] [Pref. com- + mix: cf. L. commixtus, p. p. of commiscere. See Mix.] To mix or mingle together; to blend.

> The commixed impressions of all the colors do stir up and beget a sensation of white.
> Sir I. Newton.

> To commix
> With winds that sailors rail at.
> Shak.

Com*mix"ion (?), n. [See Commix.] Commixture. Shak.

Com*mix"tion (?; 106), n. [L. commixtio.] Commixture; mingling. [R.]

> An exact commixtion of the ingredients.
> Boyle.

Com*mix"ture (?; 135), n. [L. commixtura.] 1. The act or process of mixing; the state of being mingled; the blending of ingredients in one mass or compound.

> In the commixture of anything that is more oily or sweet, such bodies are least apt to putrefy.
> Bacon.

2. The mass formed by mingling different things; a compound; a mixture. Bacon.

Com"mo*date (?), n. [L. commodatum thing lent, loan.] (Scots Law) A gratuitous loan.

Com*mode" (?), n. [F. commode, fr. commode convenient, L. commodus; com- + modus measure, mode. See Mode.] 1. A kind of headdress formerly worn by ladies, raising the hair and fore part of the cap to a great height.

> Or under high commodes, with looks erect.
> Granville.

2. A piece of furniture, so named according to temporary fashion; as: (a) A chest of drawers or a bureau. (b) A night stand with a compartment for holding a chamber vessel. (c) A kind of close stool. (d) A movable sink or stand for a wash bowl, with closet.

Com*mo"di*ous (?), a. [LL. commodiosus, fr. L. commodum convenience, fr. commodus. See Commode.] Adapted to its use or purpose, or to wants and necessities; serviceable; spacious and convenient; roomy and comfortable; as, a commodious house. "A commodious drab." Shak. "Commodious gold." Pope.

> The haven was not commodious to winter in.
> Acts xxvii. 12.

Syn. -- Convenient; suitable; fit; proper; advantageous; serviceable; useful; spacious; comfortable.

Com*mo"di*ous*ly, adv. In a commodious manner.

> To pass commodiously this life.
> Milton.

Com*mo"di*ous*ness, n. State of being commodious; suitableness for its purpose; convenience; roominess.

> Of cities, the greatness and riches increase according to the commodiousness of their situation.
> Sir W. Temple.

> The commodiousness of the harbor.
> Johnson.

Com*mod"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Commodities (#). [F. commodité, fr. L. commoditas. See Commode.] 1. Convenience; accommodation; profit; benefit; advantage; interest; commodiousness. [Obs.]

> Drawn by the commodity of a footpath.
> B. Jonson.

> Men may seek their own commodity, yet if this were done with injury to others, it was not to be suffered.
> Hooker.

2. That which affords convenience, advantage, or profit, especially in commerce, including everything movable that is bought and sold (except animals), -- goods, wares, merchandise, produce of land and manufactures, etc.

3. A parcel or quantity of goods. [Obs.]

> A commodity of brown paper and old ginger.
> Shak.

Com"mo*dore` (?), n. [Prob. a corruption of commander, or Sp. comendador a knight of a military order who holds a commandery; also a superior of a monastery, fr. LL. commendare to command. Cf. Commend, Command, Commander.] 1. (U. S. Navy) An officer who ranks next above a captain; sometimes, by courtesy, the senior captain of a squadron. The rank of commodore corresponds with that of brigadier general in the army.

2. (British Navy) A captain commanding a squadron, or a division of a fleet, or having the temporary rank of rear admiral.

3. A title given by courtesy to the senior captain of a line of merchant vessels, and also to the chief officer of a yachting or rowing club.

4. A familiar for the flagship, or for the principal vessel of a squadron or fleet.

Com"mon (?), a. [Compar. Commoner (?); superl. Commonest.] [OE. commun, comon, OF. comun, F. commun, fr. L. communis; com- + munis ready to be of service; cf. Skr. mi to make fast, set up, build, Goth. gamains common, G. gemein, and E. mean low, common. Cf. Immunity, Commune, n. & v.] 1. Belonging or relating equally, or similarly, to more than one; as, you and I have a common interest in the property.

> Though life and sense be common to men and brutes.
> Sir M. Hale.

2. Belonging to or shared by, affecting or serving, all the members of a class, considered together; general; public; as, properties common to all plants; the common schools; the Book of Common Prayer.

> Such actions as the common good requireth.
> Hooker.

> The common enemy of man.
> Shak.

3. Often met with; usual; frequent; customary.

> Grief more than common grief.
> Shak.

4. Not distinguished or exceptional; inconspicuous; ordinary; plebeian; -- often in a depreciatory sense.

> The honest, heart-felt enjoyment of common life.
> W. Irving.

> This fact was infamous
> And ill beseeming any common man,
> Much more a knight, a captain and a leader.
> Shak.

> Above the vulgar flight of common souls.
> A. Murphy.

5. Profane; polluted. [Obs.]

> What God hath cleansed, that call not thou common.
> Acts x. 15.

6. Given to habits of lewdness; prostitute.

> A dame who herself was common.
> L'Estrange.

Common bar (Law) Same as Blank bar, under Blank. -- Common barrator (Law), one who makes a business of instigating litigation. -- Common Bench, a name sometimes given to the English Court of Common Pleas. -- Common brawler (Law), one addicted to public brawling and quarreling. See Brawler. -- Common carrier (Law), one who undertakes the office of carrying (goods or persons) for hire. Such a carrier is bound to carry in all cases when he has accommodation, and when his fixed price is tendered, and he is liable for all losses and injuries to the goods, except those which happen in consequence of the act of God, or of the enemies of the country, or of the owner of the property himself. -- Common chord (Mus.), a chord consisting of the fundamental tone, with its third and fifth. -- Common council, the representative (legislative) body, or the lower branch of the representative body, of a city or other municipal corporation. -- Common crier, the crier of a town or city. -- Common divisor (Math.), a number or quantity that divides two or more numbers or quantities without a remainder; a common measure. -- Common gender (Gram.), the gender comprising words that may be of either the masculine or the feminine gender. -- Common law, a system of jurisprudence developing under the guidance of the courts so as to apply a consistent and reasonable rule to each litigated case. It may be superseded by statute, but unless superseded it controls. Wharton. It is by others defined as the unwritten law (especially of England), the law that receives its binding force from immemorial usage and universal reception, as ascertained and expressed in the judgments of the courts. This term is often used in contradistinction from statute law. Many use it to designate a law common to the whole country. It is also used to designate the whole body of English (or other) law, as distinguished from its subdivisions, local, civil, admiralty, equity, etc. See Law. -- Common lawyer, one versed in common law. -- Common lewdness (Law), the habitual performance of lewd acts in public. -- Common multiple (Arith.) See under Multiple. -- Common noun (Gram.), the name of any one of a class of objects, as distinguished from a proper noun (the name of a particular person or thing). -- Common nuisance (Law), that which is deleterious to the health or comfort or sense of decency of the community at large. -- Common pleas, one of the three superior courts of common law at Westminster, presided over by a chief justice and four puisne judges. Its jurisdiction is confined to civil matters. Courts bearing this title exist in several of the United States, having, however, in some cases, both civil and criminal jurisdiction extending over the whole State. In other States the jurisdiction of the common pleas is limited to a county, and it is sometimes called a county court. Its powers are generally defined by statute. -- Common prayer, the liturgy of the Church of England, or of the Protestant Episcopal church of the United States, which all its clergy are enjoined to use. It is contained in the Book of Common Prayer. -- Common school, a school maintained at the public expense, and open to all. -- Common scold (Law), a woman addicted to scolding indiscriminately, in public. -- Common seal, a seal adopted and used by a corporation. -- Common sense. (a) A supposed sense which was held to be the common bond of all the others. [Obs.] Trench. (b) Sound judgment. See under Sense. -- Common time (Mus.), that variety of time in which the measure consists of two or of four equal portions. -- In common, equally with another, or with others; owned, shared, or used, in community with others; affecting or affected equally. -- Out of the common, uncommon; extraordinary. -- Tenant in common, one holding real or personal property in common with others, having distinct but undivided interests. See Joint tenant, under Joint. -- To make common cause with, to join or ally one's self with.

Syn. -- General; public; popular; national; universal; frequent; ordinary; customary; usual; familiar; habitual; vulgar; mean; trite; stale; threadbare; commonplace. See Mutual, Ordinary, General.

Com"mon (?), n. 1. The people; the community. [Obs.] "The weal o' the common." Shak.

2. An inclosed or uninclosed tract of ground for pleasure, for pasturage, etc., the use of which belongs to the public; or to a number of persons.

3. (Law) The right of taking a profit in the land of another, in common either with the owner or with other persons; -- so called from the community of interest which arises between the claimant of the right and the owner of the soil, or between the claimants and other commoners entitled to the same right.

Common appendant, a right belonging to the owners or occupiers of arable land to put commonable beasts upon the waste land in the manor where they dwell. -- Common appurtenant, a similar right applying to lands in other manors, or extending to other beasts, besides those which are generally commonable, as hogs. -- Common because of vicinage or neighborhood, the right of the inhabitants of each of two townships, lying contiguous to each other, which have usually intercommoned with one another, to let their beasts stray into the other's fields. - - Common in gross or at large, a common annexed to a man's person, being granted to him and his heirs by deed; or it may be claimed by prescriptive right, as by a parson of a church or other corporation sole. Blackstone. -- Common of estovers, the right of taking wood from another's estate. -- Common of pasture, the right of feeding beasts on the land of another. Burill. -- Common of piscary, the right of fishing in waters belonging to another. -- Common of turbary, the right of digging turf upon the ground of another.

Com"mon, v. i. 1. To converse together; to discourse; to confer. [Obs.]

> Embassadors were sent upon both parts, and divers means of entreaty were commoned of.
> Grafton.

2. To participate. [Obs.] Sir T. More.

3. To have a joint right with others in common ground. Johnson.

4. To board together; to eat at a table in common.

Com"mon*a*ble (?), a. 1. Held in common. "Forests . . . and other commonable places." Bacon.

2. Allowed to pasture on public commons.

> Commonable beasts are either beasts of the plow, or such as manure the ground.
> Blackstone.

Com"mon*age (?), n. [Cf. OF. communage.] The right of pasturing on a common; the right of using anything in common with others.

> The claim of commonage . . . in most of the forests.
> Burke.

Com"mon*al*ty (?), n.; pl. Commonalties (#). [OF. communalté; F. communauté, fr. communal. See Communal.] 1. The common people; those classes and conditions of people who are below the rank of nobility; the commons.

> The commonalty, like the nobility, are divided into several degrees.
> Blackstone.

> The ancient fare of our kings differed from that of the commonalty in plenteousness only.
> Landon.

2. The majority or bulk of mankind. [Obs.] Hooker.

Com"mon*er (?), n. 1. One of the common people; one having no rank of nobility.

> All below them [the peers] even their children, were commoners, and in the eye of the law equal to each other.
> Hallam.

2. A member of the House of Commons.

3. One who has a joint right in common ground.

> Much good land might be gained from forests . . . and from other commonable places, so as always there be a due care taken that the poor commoners have no injury.
> Bacon.

4. One sharing with another in anything. [Obs.] Fuller.

5. A student in the university of Oxford, Eng., who is not dependent on any foundation for support, but pays all university charges; - - at Cambridge called a pensioner.

6. A prostitute. [Obs.] Shak.

Com"mon*ish, a. Somewhat common; commonplace; vulgar.

Com`mo*ni"tion (?), n. [L. commonitio. See Monition.] Advice; warning; instruction. [Obs.] Bailey.

Com*mon"i*tive (?), a. Monitory. [Obs.]

> Only commemorative and commonitive.
> Bp. Hall.

Com*mon"i*to*ry (?), a. [L. commonitorius.] Calling to mind; giving admonition. [Obs.] Foxe.

Com"mon*ly (?), adv. 1. Usually; generally; ordinarily; frequently; for the most part; as, confirmed habits commonly continue through life.

2. In common; familiarly. [Obs.] Spenser.

Com"mon*ness, n. 1. State or quality of being common or usual; as, the commonness of sunlight.

2. Triteness; meanness.

Com"mon*place` (?), a. Common; ordinary; trite; as, a commonplace person, or observation.

Com"mon*place`, n. 1. An idea or expression wanting originality or interest; a trite or customary remark; a platitude.

2. A memorandum; something to be frequently consulted or referred to.

> Whatever, in my reading, occurs concerning this our fellow creature, I do never fail to set it down by way of commonplace.
> Swift.

Commonplace book, a book in which records are made of things to be remembered.

Com"mon*place`, v. t. To enter in a commonplace book, or to reduce to general heads. Felton.

Com"mon*place`, v. i. To utter commonplaces; to indulge in platitudes. [Obs.] Bacon.

Com"mon*place`ness, n. The quality of being commonplace; commonness.

Com"mons (?), n. pl., 1. The mass of the people, as distinguished from the titled classes or nobility; the commonalty; the common people. [Eng.]

> 'T is like the commons, rude unpolished hinds,
> Could send such message to their sovereign.
> Shak.

> The word commons in its present ordinary signification comprises all the people who are under the rank of peers.
> Blackstone.

2. The House of Commons, or lower house of the British Parliament, consisting of representatives elected by the qualified voters of counties, boroughs, and universities.

> It is agreed that the Commons were no part of the great council till some ages after the Conquest.
> Hume.

3. Provisions; food; fare, -- as that provided at a common table in colleges and universities.

> Their commons, though but coarse, were nothing scant.
> Dryden.

4. A club or association for boarding at a common table, as in a college, the members sharing the expenses equally; as, to board in commons.

5. A common; public pasture ground.

> To shake his ears, and graze in commons.
> Shak.

Doctors' Commons, a place near St. Paul's Churchyard in London where the doctors of civil law used to common together, and where were the ecclesiastical and admiralty courts and offices having jurisdiction of marriage licenses, divorces, registration of wills, etc. -- To be on short commons, to have a small allowance of food. [Colloq.]

Com"mon sense" (?). See Common sense, under Sense.

Com"mon*ty (?), n. (Scots Law) A common; a piece of land in which two or more persons have a common right. Bell.

Com"mon*weal" (?), n. [Common + weal.] Commonwealth.

> Such a prince,
> So kind a father of the commonweal.
> Shak.

Com"mon*wealth` (?; 277), n. [Common + wealth well-being.] 1. A state; a body politic consisting of a certain number of men, united, by compact or tacit agreement, under one form of government and system of laws.

> The trappings of a monarchy would set up an ordinary commonwealth.
> Milton.

This term is applied to governments which are considered as free or popular, but rarely, or improperly, to an absolute government. The word signifies, strictly, the common well-being or happiness; and hence, a form of government in which the general welfare is regarded rather than the welfare of any class.

2. The whole body of people in a state; the public.

3. (Eng. Hist.) Specifically, the form of government established on the death of Charles I., in 1649, which existed under Oliver Cromwell and his son Richard, ending with the abdication of the latter in 1659.

Syn. -- State; realm; republic.

<! p. 287 !>

Com"mo*rance (?), n. See Commorancy.

Com"mo*ran*cy (?), n. 1. (Law) A dwelling or ordinary residence in a place; habitation.

> Commorancy consists in usually lying there.
> Blackstone.

2. (Am. Law) Residence temporarily, or for a short time.

Com"mo*rant (?), n. [L. commorans, p. pr. of commorari to abide; com- + morari to delay.] 1. (Law) Ordinarily residing; inhabiting.

> All freeholders within the precinct . . . and all persons commorant therein.
> Blackstone.

2. (Am. Law) Inhabiting or occupying temporarily.

Com"mo*rant, n. A resident. Bp. Hacket.

Com`mo*ra"tion (?), n. [L. commoratio.] The act of staying or residing in a place. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Com*mo"ri*ent (?), a. [L. commoriens, p. pr. of commoriri.] Dying together or at the same time. [R.] Sir G. Buck.

Com*morse" (?), n. [L. commorsus, p. p. of commordere to bite sharply.] Remorse. [Obs.] "With sad commorse." Daniel.

Com*mote" (?), v. t. [See Commove.] To commove; to disturb; to stir up. [R.]

> Society being more or less commoted and made uncomfortable.
> Hawthorne.

Com*mo"tion (?), n. [L. commotio: cf. F. commotion. See Motion.] 1. Disturbed or violent motion; agitation.

> [What] commotion in the winds !
> Shak.

2. A popular tumult; public disturbance; riot.

> When ye shall hear of wars and commotions.
> Luke xxi. 9.

3. Agitation, perturbation, or disorder, of mind; heat; excitement. "He could not debate anything without some commotion." Clarendon.

Syn. -- Excitement; agitation; perturbation; disturbance; tumult; disorder; violence.

Com*move" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Commoved (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Commoving.] [L. commovere, commotum; com- + movere to move.] 1. To urge; to persuade; to incite. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. To put in motion; to disturb; to unsettle. [R.]

> Straight the sands,
> Commoved around, in gathering eddies play.
> Thomson.

Com"mu*nal (? or ?), a. [Cf. F. communal.] Pertaining to a commune.

Com"mu*nal*ism (?), n. A French theory of government which holds that commune should be a kind of independent state, and the national government a confederation of such states, having only limited powers. It is advocated by advanced French republicans; but it should not be confounded with communism.

Com"mu*nal*ist, n. [Cf. F. communaliste.] An advocate of communalism.

Com`mu*nal*is"tic (?), a. Pertaining to communalism.

Com*mune" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Communed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Communing.] [OF. communier, fr. L. communicare to communicate, fr. communis common. See Common, and cf. Communicate.] 1. To converse together with sympathy and confidence; to interchange sentiments or feelings; to take counsel.

> I would commune with you of such things
> That want no ear but yours.
> Shak.

2. To receive the communion; to partake of the eucharist or Lord's supper.

> To commune under both kinds.
> Bp. Burnet.

To commune with one's self or one's heart, to think; to reflect; to meditate.

Com"mune (?), n. Communion; sympathetic intercourse or conversation between friends.

> For days of happy commune dead.
> Tennyson.

Com"mune (?), n. [F., fr. commun. See Common.] 1. The commonalty; the common people. [Obs.] Chaucer.

> In this struggle -- to use the technical words of the time -- of the "commune", the general mass of the inhabitants, against the "prudhommes" or "wiser" few.
> J. R. Green.

2. A small territorial district in France under the government of a mayor and municipal council; also, the inhabitants, or the government, of such a district. See Arrondissement.

3. Absolute municipal self- government.

The Commune of Paris, or The Commune (a) The government established in Paris (1792-94) by a usurpation of supreme power on the part of representatives chosen by the communes; the period of its continuance is known as the "Reign of Terror." (b) The revolutionary government, modeled on the commune of 1792, which the communists, so called, attempted to establish in 1871.

Com*mu`ni*ca*bil"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. communicabilité.] The quality of being communicable; capability of being imparted.

Com*mu"ni*ca*ble (?), a. [Cf. F. communicable, LL. communicabilis.] 1. Capable of being communicated, or imparted; as, a communicable disease; communicable knowledge.

2. Communicative; free-speaking. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

-- Com*mu"ni*ca*ble*ness, n. -- Com*mu"ni*ca"bly, adv.

Com*mu"ni*cant (?), n. [L. communicans, p. pr.] 1. One who partakes of, or is entitled to partake of, the sacrament of the Lord's supper; a church member.

> A never-failing monthly communicant.
> Atterbury.

2. One who communicates. Foxe.

Com*mu"ni*cant (?), a. Communicating. [R.] Coleridge.

Com*mu"ni*cate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Communicated; p. pr. & vb. n. Communicating.] [L. communicatus, p. p. of communicare to communicate, fr. communis common. See Commune, v. i.] 1. To share in common; to participate in. [Obs.]

> To thousands that communicate our loss.
> B. Jonson

2. To impart; to bestow; to convey; as, to communicate a disease or a sensation; to communicate motion by means of a crank.

> Where God is worshiped, there he communicates his blessings and holy influences.
> Jer. Taylor.

3. To make known; to recount; to give; to impart; as, to communicate information to any one.

4. To administer the communion to. [R.]

> She [the church] . . . may communicate him.
> Jer. Taylor.

This verb was formerly followed by with before the person receiving, but now usually takes to after it.

> He communicated those thoughts only with the Lord Digby.
> Clarendon.

Syn. -- To impart; bestow; confer; reveal; disclose; tell; announce; recount; make known. -- To Communicate, Impart, Reveal. Communicate is the more general term, and denotes the allowing of others to partake or enjoy in common with ourselves. Impart is more specific. It is giving to others a part of what we had held as our own, or making them our partners; as, to impart our feelings; to impart of our property, etc. Hence there is something more intimate in imparting intelligence than in communicating it. To reveal is to disclose something hidden or concealed; as, to reveal a secret.

Com*mu"ni*cate, v. i. 1. To share or participate; to possess or enjoy in common; to have sympathy.

> Ye did communicate with my affliction.
> Philip. iv. 4.

2. To give alms, sympathy, or aid.

> To do good and to communicate forget not.
> Heb. xiii. 16.

3. To have intercourse or to be the means of intercourse; as, to communicate with another on business; to be connected; as, a communicating artery.

> Subjects suffered to communicate and to have intercourse of traffic.
> Hakluyt.

> The whole body is nothing but a system of such canals, which all communicate with one another.
> Arbuthnot.

4. To partake of the Lord's supper; to commune.

> The primitive Christians communicated every day.
> Jer. Taylor.

Com*mu`ni*ca"tion (?), n. [L. communicatio.] 1. The act or fact of communicating; as, communication of smallpox; communication of a secret.

2. Intercourse by words, letters, or messages; interchange of thoughts or opinions, by conference or other means; conference; correspondence.

> Argument . . . and friendly communication.
> Shak.

3. Association; company.

> Evil communications corrupt good manners.
> 1 Cor. xv. 33.

4. Means of communicating; means of passing from place to place; a connecting passage; connection.

> The Euxine Sea is conveniently situated for trade, by the communication it has both with Asia and Europe.
> Arbuthnot.

5. That which is communicated or imparted; intelligence; news; a verbal or written message.

6. Participation in the Lord's supper. Bp. Pearson.

7. (Rhet.) A trope, by which a speaker assumes that his hearer is a partner in his sentiments, and says we, instead of I or you. Beattie.

Syn. -- Correspondence; conference; intercourse.

Com*mu"ni*ca*tive (?), a. [Cf. F. Communicatif, LL. communicativus.] Inclined to communicate; ready to impart to others.

> Determine, for the future, to be less communicative.
> Swift.

Com*mu"ni*ca*tive*ness, n. The quality of being communicative. Norris.

Com*mu"ni*ca`tor (?), n. [L.] One who communicates. Boyle.

Com*mu"ni*ca"to*ry (?), a. [LL. communicatorius.] Imparting knowledge or information.

> Canonical and communicatory letters.
> Barrow.

Com*mun"ion (?), n. [L. communio: cf. F. communion. See Common.] 1. The act of sharing; community; participation. "This communion of goods." Blackstone.

2. Intercourse between two or more persons; esp., intimate association and intercourse implying sympathy and confidence; interchange of thoughts, purposes, etc.; agreement; fellowship; as, the communion of saints.

> We are naturally induced to seek communion and fellowship with others.
> Hooker.

> What communion hath light with darkness?
> 2 Cor. vi. 14.

> Bare communion with a good church can never alone make a good man.
> South.

3. A body of Christians having one common faith and discipline; as, the Presbyterian communion.

4. The sacrament of the eucharist; the celebration of the Lord's supper; the act of partaking of the sacrament; as, to go to communion; to partake of the communion.

Close communion. See under Close, a. -- Communion elements, the bread and wine used in the celebration of the Lord's supper. -- Communion service, the celebration of the Lord's supper, or the office or service therefor. -- Communion table, the table upon which the elements are placed at the celebration of the Lord's supper. -- Communion in both kinds, participation in both the bread and wine by all communicants. -- Communion in one kind, participation in but one element, as in the Roman Catholic Church, where the laity partake of the bread only.

Syn. -- Share; participation; fellowship; converse; intercourse; unity; concord; agreement.

Com"mu*nism (?), n. [F. communisme, fr. commun common.] A scheme of equalizing the social conditions of life; specifically, a scheme which contemplates the abolition of inequalities in the possession of property, as by distributing all wealth equally to all, or by holding all wealth in common for the equal use and advantage of all.

At different times, and in different countries, various schemes pertaining to socialism in government and the conditions of domestic life, as well as in the distribution of wealth, have been called communism.

Com"mu*nist (?), n. [F. communiste.] 1. An advocate for the theory or practice of communism.

2. A supporter of the commune of Paris.

Com`mu*nis"tic (?), a. 1. Of or pertaining to communism or communists; as, communistic theories.

2. (Zoöl.) Living or having their nests in common, as certain birds.

Com*mu"ni*ty (?), n.; pl. Communities (#). [L. communitas: cf. OF. communité. Cf. Commonalty, and see Common.] 1. Common possession or enjoyment; participation; as, a community of goods.

> The original community of all things.
> Locke.

> An unreserved community of thought and feeling.
> W. Irving.

2. A body of people having common rights, privileges, or interests, or living in the same place under the same laws and regulations; as, a community of monks. Hence a number of animals living in a common home or with some apparent association of interests.

> Creatures that in communities exist.
> Wordsworth.

3. Society at large; a commonwealth or state; a body politic; the public, or people in general.

> Burdens upon the poorer classes of the community.
> Hallam.

In this sense, the term should be used with the definite article; as, the interests of the community.

4. Common character; likeness. [R.]

> The essential community of nature between organic growth and inorganic growth.
> H. Spencer.

5. Commonness; frequency. [Obs.]

> Eyes . . . sick and blunted with community.
> Shak.

Com*mu`ta*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality of being commutable.

Com*mut"a*ble (?), a. [L. commutabilis.] Capable of being commuted or interchanged.

> The predicate and subject are not commutable.
> Whately.

Com*mut"a*ble*ness, n. The quality of being commutable; interchangeableness.

Com`mu*ta"tion (?), n. [L. commutatio: cf. F. commutation.] 1. A passing from one state to another; change; alteration; mutation. [R.]

> So great is the commutation that the soul then hated only that which now only it loves.
> South.

2. The act of giving one thing for another; barter; exchange. [Obs.]

> The use of money is . . . that of saving the commutation of more bulky commodities.
> Arbuthnot.

3. (Law) The change of a penalty or punishment by the pardoning power of the State; as, the commutation of a sentence of death to banishment or imprisonment.

> Suits are allowable in the spiritual courts for money agreed to be given as a commutation for penance.
> Blackstone.

4. A substitution, as of a less thing for a greater, esp. a substitution of one form of payment for another, or one payment for many, or a specific sum of money for conditional payments or allowances; as, commutation of tithes; commutation of fares; commutation of copyright; commutation of rations.

Angle of commutation (Astron.), the difference of the geocentric longitudes of the sun and a planet. -- Commutation of tithes, the substitution of a regular payment, chargeable to the land, for the annual tithes in kind. -- Commutation ticket, a ticket, as for transportation, which is the evidence of a contract for service at a reduced rate. See 2d Commute, 2.

Com*mut"a*tive (?), a. [CF. F. commutatif.] Relative to exchange; interchangeable; reciprocal. -- Com*mut"a*tive"ly, adv.

> Rich traders, from their success, are presumed . . . to have cultivated an habitual regard to commutative justice.
> Burke.

Com"mu*ta`tor (?), n. (Elec.) A piece of apparatus used for reversing the direction of an electrical current; an attachment to certain electrical machines, by means of which alternating currents are made to be continuous or to have the same direction.

Com*mute" (km*mt"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Commuted; p. pr. & vb. n. Commuting.] [L. commutare, -mutatum; com- + mutare to change. See Mutation.] To exchange; to put or substitute something else in place of, as a smaller penalty, obligation, or payment, for a greater, or a single thing for an aggregate; hence, to lessen; to diminish; as, to commute a sentence of death to one of imprisonment for life; to commute tithes; to commute charges for fares.

> The sounds water and fire, being once annexed to those two elements, it was certainly more natural to call beings participating of the first "watery", and the last "fiery", than to commute the terms, and call them by the reverse.
> J. Harris

> The utmost that could be obtained was that her sentence should be commuted from burning to beheading.
> Macaulay.

Com*mute", v. i. 1. To obtain or bargain for exemption or substitution; to effect a commutation.

> He . . . thinks it unlawful to commute, and that he is bound to pay his vow in kind.
> Jer. Taylor.

2. To pay, or arrange to pay, in gross instead of part by part; as, to commute for a year's travel over a route.

Com*mut"er (km*m"tr), n. One who commutes; especially, one who commutes in traveling.

Com*mu"tu*al (?; 135), a. [Pref. com- + mutual.] Mutual; reciprocal; united. [R.]

> There, with commutual zeal, we both had strove.
> Pope.

Co"mose (k"ms or k*ms"), a. [L. comosus hairy, from coma hair.] (Bot.) Bearing a tuft of soft hairs or down, as the seeds of milkweed. Gray.

<! p. 288 !>

Com*pact" (km*pkt"), p. p. & a [L. compactus, p. p. of compingere to join or unite; com- + pangere to fasten, fix: cf. F. compacte. See Pact.] 1. Joined or held together; leagued; confederated. [Obs.] "Compact with her that's gone." Shak.

> A pipe of seven reeds, compact with wax together.
> Peacham.

2. Composed or made; -- with of. [Poetic]

> A wandering fire,
> Compact of unctuous vapor.
> Milton.

3. Closely or firmly united, as the particles of solid bodies; firm; close; solid; dense.

> Glass, crystal, gems, and other compact bodies.
> Sir I. Newton.

4. Brief; close; pithy; not diffuse; not verbose; as, a compact discourse.

Syn. -- Firm; close; solid; dense; pithy; sententious.

Com*pact", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Compacted; p. pr. & vb. n. Compacting.] 1. To thrust, drive, or press closely together; to join firmly; to consolidate; to make close; -- as the parts which compose a body.

> Now the bright sun compacts the precious stone.
> Blackstone.

2. To unite or connect firmly, as in a system.

> The whole body fitly joined together and compacted by that which every joint supplieth.
> Eph. iv. 16.

Com"pact (km"pkt), n. [L. compactum, fr. compacisci, p. p. compactus, to make an agreement with; com- + pacisci to make an agreement. See Pact.] An agreement between parties; a covenant or contract.

> The law of nations depends on mutual compacts, treaties, leagues, etc.
> Blackstone.

> Wedlock is described as the indissoluble compact.
> Macaulay.

> The federal constitution has been styled a compact between the States by which it was ratified.
> Wharton.

Syn. -- See Covenant.

Com*pact"ed (km*pkt"d), a. Compact; pressed close; concentrated; firmly united.

Com*pact"ed*ly, adv. In a compact manner.

Com*pact"ed*ness, n. A state of being compact.

Com*pact"er (?), n. One who makes a compact.

Com*pact"i*ble (?), a. That may be compacted.

Com*pac"tion (?), n. [L. compactio.] The act of making compact, or the state of being compact. [Obs.] Bacon.

Com*pact"ly (?), adv. In a compact manner; with close union of parts; densely; tersely.

Com*pact"ness, n. The state or quality of being compact; close union of parts; density.

Com*pac"ture (?; 135), n. [L. compactura.] Close union or connection of parts; manner of joining; construction. [Obs.] "With comely compass and compacture strong." Spenser.

||Com*pa"ges (?), n. sing & pl. [L., fr. compingere. See Compact, v. t.] A system or structure of many parts united.

> A regular compages of pipes and vessels.
> Ray.

Com*pag"i*nate (?), v. t. [L. compaginare, compaginatum.] To unite or hold together; as, the side pieces compaginate the frame. [Obs.] W. Montagu.

Com*pag`i*na"tion (?), n. [L. compaginatio.] Union of parts; structure. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

Com"pa*na*ble (?), a. [OF. compaignable.] Companionable; sociable. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Com"pa*na`tor (?), n. [LL. companatores, pl.] (Eccl.) Same as Impanator.

Com*pan"i*a*ble (?), a. Companionable; sociable. [Obs.] Bacon.

Com*pan"ion (?), n. [F. compagnon, OF. compaing, fr. an assumed LL. companio (cf. companium fellowship, a mess), fr. L. com- + panis bread. See Pantry.] 1. One who accompanies or is in company with another for a longer or shorter period, either from choice or casually; one who is much in the company of, or is associated with, another or others; an associate; a comrade; a consort; a partner.

> The companions of his fall.
> Milton.

> The companion of fools shall smart for it.
> Prov. xiii. 20 (Rev. Ver.).

> Here are your sons again; and I must lose
> Two of the sweetest companions in the world.
> Shak.

> A companion is one with whom we share our bread; a messmate.
> Trench.

2. A knight of the lowest rank in certain orders; as, a companion of the Bath.

3. A fellow; -- in contempt. [Obs.] Shak.

4. [Cf. OSp. compaña an outhouse, office.] (Naut.) (a) A skylight on an upper deck with frames and sashes of various shapes, to admit light to a cabin or lower deck. (b) A wooden hood or penthouse covering the companion way; a companion hatch.

Companion hatch (Naut.), a wooden porch over the entrance or staircase of the cabin. -- Companion ladder (Naut.), the ladder by which officers ascend to, or descend from, the quarter- deck. Totten. -- Companion way (Naut.), a staircase leading to the cabin. -- Knights companions, in certain honorary orders, the members of the lowest grades as distinguished from knights commanders, knights grand cross, and the like.

Syn. -- Associate; comrade; mate; compeer; partner; ally; confederate; coadjutor; accomplice.

Com*pan"ion, v. t. 1. To be a companion to; to attend on; to accompany. [R.] Ruskin.

2. To qualify as a companion; to make equal. [Obs.]

> Companion me with my mistress.
> Shak.

Com*pan"ion*a*ble (?), a. Fitted to be a companion; fit for good fellowship; agreeable; sociable. "Each companionable guest." Mallett. "Companionable wit." Clarendon.

-- Com*pan"ion*a*ble*ness, n. -- Com*pan"ion*a*bly, adv.

Com*pan"ion*less, a. Without a companion.

Com*pan"ion*ship, n. Fellowship; association; the act or fact of keeping company with any one. Shak.

> He never seemed to avail himself of my sympathy other than by mere companionship.
> W. Irving

Com"pa*ny (km"p*n), n.; pl. Companies (- nz). [F. compagnie, fr. OF. compaing. See Companion.] 1. The state of being a companion or companions; the act of accompanying; fellowship; companionship; society; friendly intercourse. Shak.

> Evil company doth corrupt good manners.
> 1 Cor. xv. 33. (Rev. Ver.).

> Brethren, farewell: your company along
> I will not wish.
> Milton.

2. A companion or companions.

> To thee and thy company I bid
> A hearty welcome.
> Shak.

3. An assemblage or association of persons, either permanent or transient.

> Thou shalt meet a company of prophets.
> 1 Sam. x. 5.

4. Guests or visitors, in distinction from the members of a family; as, to invite company to dine.

5. Society, in general; people assembled for social intercourse.

> Nature has left every man a capacity of being agreeable, though not of shining in company.
> Swift.

6. An association of persons for the purpose of carrying on some enterprise or business; a corporation; a firm; as, the East India Company; an insurance company; a joint-stock company.

7. Partners in a firm whose names are not mentioned in its style or title; -- often abbreviated in writing; as, Hottinguer & Co.

8. (Mil.) A subdivision of a regiment of troops under the command of a captain, numbering in the United States (full strength) 100 men.

9. (Naut.) The crew of a ship, including the officers; as, a whole ship's company.

10. The body of actors employed in a theater or in the production of a play.

To keep company with. See under Keep, v. t.

Syn. -- Assemblage; assembly; society; group; circle; crowd; troop; crew; gang; corporation; association; fraternity; guild; partnership; copartnery; union; club; party; gathering.

Com"pa*ny (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Companied (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Companying.] To accompany or go with; to be companion to. [Obs.]

Com"pa*ny, v. i. 1. To associate.

> Men which have companied with us all the time.
> Acts i. 21.

2. To be a gay companion. [Obs.] Spenser.

3. To have sexual commerce. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Com"pa*ra*ble (?), a. [L. comparabilis: cf. F. comparable.] Capable of being compared; worthy of comparison.

> There is no blessing of life comparable to the enjoyment of a discreet and virtuous friend.
> Addison.

-- Com"pa*ra*ble*ness, n. -- Com"pa*ra*bly, adv.

Com"pa*rate (?), n. [L. comparatum, fr. comparatus, p. p. of comparare. See 1st Compare.] (Logic) One of two things compared together.

Com`pa*ra"tion (?), n. [L. comparatio. See Compare to get.] A making ready; provision. [Obs.]

Com*par"a*tive (?), a. [L. comparativus: cf. F. comparatif.] 1. Of or pertaining to comparison. "The comparative faculty." Glanvill.

2. Proceeding from, or by the method of, comparison; as, the comparative sciences; the comparative anatomy.

3. Estimated by comparison; relative; not positive or absolute, as compared with another thing or state.

> The recurrence of comparative warmth and cold.
> Whewell.

> The bubble, by reason of its comparative levity to the fluid that incloses it, would necessarily ascend to the top.
> Bentley.

4. (Gram.) Expressing a degree greater or less than the positive degree of the quality denoted by an adjective or adverb. The comparative degree is formed from the positive by the use of -er, more, or less; as, brighter, more bright, or less bright.

Comparative sciences, those which are based on a comprehensive comparison of the range of objects or facts in any branch or department, and which aim to study out and treat of the fundamental laws or systems of relation pervading them; as, comparative anatomy, comparative physiology, comparative philology.

Com*par"a*tive, n. (Gram.) The comparative degree of adjectives and adverbs; also, the form by which the comparative degree is expressed; as, stronger, wiser, weaker, more stormy, less windy, are all comparatives.

> In comparatives is expressed a relation of two; as in superlatives there is a relation of many.
> Angus.

2. An equal; a rival; a compeer. [Obs.]

> Gerard ever was
> His full comparative.
> Beau. & Fl.

3. One who makes comparisons; one who affects wit. [Obs.] "Every beardless vain comparative." Shak.

Com*par"a*tive*ly, adv. According to estimate made by comparison; relatively; not positively or absolutely.

> With but comparatively few exceptions.
> Prescott.

Com"pa*ra`tor (? or ?), n. [L., a comparer.] (Physics) An instrument or machine for comparing anything to be measured with a standard measure; -- applied especially to a machine for comparing standards of length.

Com*pare" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Compared (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Comparing.] [L. comparare, fr. compar like or equal to another; com- + par equal: cf. F. comparer. See Pair, Peer an equal, and cf. Compeer.] 1. To examine the character or qualities of, as of two or more persons or things, for the purpose of discovering their resemblances or differences; to bring into comparison; to regard with discriminating attention.

> Compare dead happiness with living woe.
> Shak.

> The place he found beyond expression bright,
> Compared with aught on earth.
> Milton.

> Compare our faces and be judge yourself.
> Shak.

> To compare great things with small.
> Milton.

2. To represent as similar, for the purpose of illustration; to liken.

> Solon compared the people unto the sea, and orators and counselors to the winds; for that the sea would be calm and quiet if the winds did not trouble it.
> Bacon.

3. (Gram.) To inflect according to the degrees of comparison; to state positive, comparative, and superlative forms of; as, most adjectives of one syllable are compared by affixing "- er" and "-est" to the positive form; as, black, blacker, blackest; those of more than one syllable are usually compared by prefixing "more" and "most", or "less" and "least", to the positive; as, beautiful, more beautiful, most beautiful.

Syn. -- To Compare, Compare with, Compare to. Things are compared with each other in order to learn their relative value or excellence. Thus we compare Cicero with Demosthenes, for the sake of deciding which was the greater orator. One thing is compared to another because of a real or fanciful likeness or similarity which exists between them. Thus it has been common to compare the eloquence of Demosthenes to a thunderbolt, on account of its force, and the eloquence of Cicero to a conflagration, on account of its splendor. Burke compares the parks of London to the lungs of the human body.

Com*pare" (?), v. i. 1. To be like or equal; to admit, or be worthy of, comparison; as, his later work does not compare with his earlier.

> I should compare with him in excellence.
> Shak.

2. To vie; to assume a likeness or equality.

> Shall pack horses . . . compare with Cæsars?
> Shak.

Com*pare", n. 1. Comparison. [Archaic]

> His mighty champion, strong beyond compare.
> Milton.

> Their small galleys may not hold compare
> With our tall ships.
> Waller.

2. Illustration by comparison; simile. [Obs.]

> Rhymes full of protest, of oath, and big compare.
> Shak.

Beyond compare. See Beyond comparison, under Comparison.

Com*pare", v. t. [L. comparare to prepare, procure; com- + parare. See Prepare, Parade.] To get; to procure; to obtain; to acquire [Obs.]

> To fill his bags, and richesse to compare.
> Spenser.

Com*par"er (?), n. One who compares.

Com*par"i*son (? or ?), n. [F. comparaison, L. comparatio. See 1st Compare.] 1. The act of comparing; an examination of two or more objects with the view of discovering the resemblances or differences; relative estimate.

> As sharp legal practitioners, no class of human beings can bear comparison with them.
> Macaulay.

> The miracles of our Lord and those of the Old Testament afford many interesting points of comparison.
> Trench.

2. The state of being compared; a relative estimate; also, a state, quality, or relation, admitting of being compared; as, to bring a thing into comparison with another; there is no comparison between them.

3. That to which, or with which, a thing is compared, as being equal or like; illustration; similitude.

> Whereto shall we liken the kingdom of God? Or with what comparison shall we compare it?
> Mark iv. 30.

4. (Gram.) The modification, by inflection or otherwise, which the adjective and adverb undergo to denote degrees of quality or quantity; as, little, less, least, are examples of comparison.

5. (Rhet.) A figure by which one person or thing is compared to another, or the two are considered with regard to some property or quality, which is common to them both; e.g., the lake sparkled like a jewel.

6. (Phren.) The faculty of the reflective group which is supposed to perceive resemblances and contrasts.

Beyond comparison, so far superior as to have no likeness, or so as to make comparison needless. -- In comparison of, In comparison with, as compared with; in proportion to. [Archaic] "So miserably unpeopled in comparison of what it once was." Addison. -- Comparison of hands (Law), a mode of proving or disproving the genuineness of a signature or writing by comparing it with another proved or admitted to be genuine, in order to ascertain whether both were written by the same person. Bouvier. Burrill.

Com*par"i*son, v. t. To compare. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Com*part" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Comparted; p. pr. & vb. n. Comparting.] [L. compartiri; com- + partiri, partire to share, pars, partis, part, share: cf. OF. compartir. See Part, v. t.] To divide; to mark out into parts or subdivisions. [R.]

> The crystal surface is comparted all
> In niches verged with rubies.
> Glover.

Com`par*ti"tion (?), n. [LL. compartitio.] The act of dividing into parts or compartments; division; also, a division or compartment. [Obs.]

> Their temples . . . needed no compartitions.
> Sir H. Wotton.

Com*part"ment (?), n. [F. compartiment, OF. compartir to divide. See Compart.] 1. One of the parts into which an inclosed portion of space is divided, as by partitions, or lines; as, the compartments of a cabinet, a house, or a garden.

> In the midst was placed a large compartment composed of grotesque work.
> Carew.

2. (Shipbuilding) One of the sections into which the hold of a ship is divided by water-tight bulkheads.

Com*part"ner (?), n. See Copartner. [Obs.]

Com"pass (km"pas), n. [F. compas, fr. LL. compassus circle, prop., a stepping together; com- + passus pace, step. See Pace, Pass.] 1. A passing round; circuit; circuitous course.

> They fetched a compass of seven day's journey.
> 2 Kings iii. 9.

> This day I breathed first; time is come round,
> And where I did begin, there shall I end;
> My life is run his compass.
> Shak.

2. An inclosing limit; boundary; circumference; as, within the compass of an encircling wall.

3. An inclosed space; an area; extent.

> Their wisdom . . . lies in a very narrow compass.
> Addison.

<! p. 289 !>

4. Extent; reach; sweep; capacity; sphere; as, the compass of his eye; the compass of imagination.

> The compass of his argument.
> Wordsworth.

5. Moderate bounds, limits of truth; moderation; due limits; -- used with within.

> In two hundred years before (I speak within compass), no such commission had been executed.
> Sir J. Davies.

6. (Mus.) The range of notes, or tones, within the capacity of a voice or instrument.

> You would sound me from my lowest note to the top of my compass.
> Shak.

7. An instrument for determining directions upon the earth's surface by means of a magnetized bar or needle turning freely upon a pivot and pointing in a northerly and southerly direction.

> He that first discovered the use of the compass did more for the supplying and increase of useful commodities than those who built workhouses.
> Locke.

8. A pair of compasses. [R.] See Compasses.

> To fix one foot of their compass wherever they please.
> Swift.

9. A circle; a continent. [Obs.]

> The tryne compas [the threefold world containing earth, sea, and heaven. Skeat.]
> Chaucer.

Azimuth compass. See under Azimuth. -- Beam compass. See under Beam. -- Compass card, the circular card attached to the needles of a mariner's compass, on which are marked the thirty-two points or rhumbs. -- Compass dial, a small pocket compass fitted with a sundial to tell the hour of the day. -- Compass plane (Carp.), a plane, convex in the direction of its length on the under side, for smoothing the concave faces of curved woodwork. -- Compass plant, Compass flower (Bot.), a plant of the American prairies (Silphium laciniatum), not unlike a small sunflower; rosinweed. Its lower and root leaves are vertical, and on the prairies are disposed to present their edges north and south.

> Its leaves are turned to the north as true as the magnet:
> This is the compass flower.
> Longefellow.

-- Compass saw, a saw with a narrow blade, which will cut in a curve; -- called also fret saw and keyhole saw. -- Compass timber (Shipbuilding), curved or crooked timber. -- Compass window (Arch.), a circular bay window or oriel window. -- Mariner's compass, a kind of compass used in navigation. It has two or more magnetic needles permanently attached to a card, which moves freely upon a pivot, and is read with reference to a mark on the box representing the ship's head. The card is divided into thirty-two points, called also rhumbs, and the glass- covered box or bowl containing it is suspended in gimbals within the binnacle, in order to preserve its horizontal position. -- Surveyor's compass, an instrument used in surveying for measuring horizontal angles. See Circumferentor. -- Variation compass, a compass of delicate construction, used in observations on the variations of the needle. -- To fetch a compass, to make a circuit.

Com"pass (km"pas), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Compassed (- past); p. pr. & vb. n. Compassing.] [F. compasser, LL. compassare.] 1. To go about or entirely round; to make the circuit of.

> Ye shall compass the city seven times.
> Josh. vi. 4.

> We the globe can compass soon.
> Shak.

2. To inclose on all sides; to surround; to encircle; to environ; to invest; to besiege; -- used with about, round, around, and round about.

> With terrors and with clamors compassed round.
> Milton.

> Now all the blessings
> Of a glad father compass thee about.
> Shak.

> Thine enemies shall cast a trench about thee, and compass thee round.
> Luke xix. 43.

3. To reach round; to circumvent; to get within one's power; to obtain; to accomplish.

> If I can check my erring love, I will:
> If not, to compass her I'll use my skill.
> Shak.

> How can you hope to compass your designs?
> Denham.

4. To curve; to bend into a circular form. [Obs. except in carpentry and shipbuilding.] Shak.

5. (Law) To purpose; to intend; to imagine; to plot.

> Compassing and imagining the death of the king are synonymous terms; compassing signifying the purpose or design of the mind or will, and not, as in common speech, the carrying such design to effect.
> Blackstone.

Com"pass*a*ble (?), a. Capable of being compassed or accomplished. Burke.

Com"passed (?), a. Rounded; arched. [Obs.]

> She came . . . into the compassed window.
> Shak.

Com"pass*es (?), n., pl. An instrument for describing circles, measuring figures, etc., consisting of two, or (rarely) more, pointed branches, or legs, usually joined at the top by a rivet on which they move.

The compasses for drawing circles have adjustable pen points, pencil points, etc.; those used for measuring without adjustable points are generally called dividers. See Dividers.

Bow compasses. See Bow- compass. -- Caliber compasses, Caliper compasses. See Calipers. -- Proportional, Triangular, etc., compasses. See under Proportional, etc.

Com"pass*ing (?), a. (Shipbuilding) Curved; bent; as, compassing timbers.

Com*pas"sion (?), n. [F., fr. L. compassio, fr. compati to have compassion; com- + pati to bear, suffer. See Patient.] Literally, suffering with another; a sensation of sorrow excited by the distress or misfortunes of another; pity; commiseration.

> Womanly ingenuity set to work by womanly compassion.
> Macaulay.

Syn. -- Pity; sympathy; commiseration; fellow-feeling; mercy; condolence. See Pity.

Com*pas"sion, v. t. To pity. [Obs.] Shak.

Com*pas"sion*a*ble (?), a. Deserving compassion or pity; pitiable. [R.] Barrow.

Com*pas"sion*ate (?), a. 1. Having a temper or disposition to pity; sympathetic; merciful.

> There never was any heart truly great and generous, that was not also tender and compassionate.
> South.

2. Complaining; inviting pity; pitiable. [R.] Shak.

Syn. -- Sympathizing; tender; merciful; pitiful.

Com*pas"sion*ate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Compassionated (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Compassionating (#).] To have compassion for; to pity; to commiserate; to sympathize with.

> Compassionates my pains, and pities me.
> Addison.

Com*pas"sion*ate*ly (?), adv. In a compassionate manner; mercifully. Clarendon.

Com*pas"sion*ate*ness, n. The quality or state of being compassionate.

Com"pass*less (?), a. Having no compass. Knowles.

Com`pa*ter"ni*ty (?), n. [LL. compaternitas, fr. compater godfather; com- + pater father.] The relation of a godfather to a person. [Obs.]

> The relation of gossipred or compaternity by the canon law is a spiritual affinity.
> Sir J. Davies.

Com*pat`i*bil"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. compatibilité.] The quality or power of being compatible or congruous; congruity; as, a compatibility of tempers; a compatibility of properties.

Com*pat"i*ble (?), a. [F., fr. LL. compatibilis, fr. L. compati. See Compassion.] Capable of existing in harmony; congruous; suitable; not repugnant; -- usually followed by with.

> Our poets have joined together such qualities as are by nature the most compatible.
> Broome.

Syn. -- Consistent; suitable; agreeable; accordant.

Com*pat"i*ble*ness, n. Compatibility; consistency; fitness; agreement.

Com*pat"i*bly, adv. In a compatible manner.

Com*pa"tient (?), a. [L. compatients, p. pr. of compati. See Compassion.] Suffering or enduring together. [Obs.] Sir G. Buck.

Com*pa"tri*ot (?), n. [F. compatriote, LL. compatriotus; com- + patriota a native. See Patriot, and cf. Copatriot.] One of the same country, and having like interests and feeling.

> The distrust with which they felt themselves to be regarded by their compatriots in America.
> Palfrey.

Com*pa"tri*ot, a. Of the same country; having a common sentiment of patriotism.

> She [Britain] rears to freedom an undaunted race,
> Compatriot, zealous, hospitable, kind.
> Thomson.

Com*pa"tri*ot*ism (?), n. The condition of being compatriots.

Com*pear" (?), v. i. [F. comparoir, L. comparre; com- + parre to appear.] 1. To appear. [Obs.]

2. (Law) To appear in court personally or by attorney. [Scot.]

Com*peer" (?), [OE. comper, through French fr. L. compar; com- + par equal. See Peer an equal, and cf. 1st Compare.] An equal, as in rank, age, prowess, etc.; a companion; a comrade; a mate.

> And him thus answer'd soon his bold compeer.
> Milton.

> His compeer in arms.
> Ford.

Com*peer", v. t. To be equal with; to match. [R.]

> In my rights,
> By me invested, he compeers the best.
> Shak.

{ Com*peer", Com*peir" (?), } v. i. See Compear.

Com*pel" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Compelled (?); p. pr. & vb. n Compelling.] [L. compellere, compulsum, to drive together, to compel, urge; com- + pellere to drive: cf. OF. compellir. See Pulse.] 1. To drive or urge with force, or irresistibly; to force; to constrain; to oblige; to necessitate, either by physical or moral force.

> Wolsey . . . compelled the people to pay up the whole subsidy at once.
> Hallam.

> And they compel one Simon . . . to bear his cross.
> Mark xv. 21.

2. To take by force or violence; to seize; to exact; to extort. [R.]

> Commissions, which compel from each
> The sixth part of his substance.
> Shak.

3. To force to yield; to overpower; to subjugate.

> Easy sleep their weary limbs compelled.
> Dryden.

> I compel all creatures to my will.
> Tennyson.

4. To gather or unite in a crowd or company. [A Latinism] "In one troop compelled." Dryden.

5. To call forth; to summon. [Obs.] Chapman.

> She had this knight from far compelled.
> Spenser.

Syn. -- To force; constrain; oblige; necessitate; coerce. See Coerce.

Com*pel" (?), v. i. To make one yield or submit. "If she can not entreat, I can compel." Shak.

Com*pel"la*ble (?), a. Capable of being compelled or constrained. Blackstone.

Com*pel"la*bly, adv. By compulsion.

Com`pel*la"tion (?), n. [L. compellatio, fr. compellare to accost, fr. compellere. See Compel.] Style of address or salutation; an appellation. "Metaphorical compellations." Milton.

> He useth this endearing compellation, "My little children."
> Bp. Beveridge.

> The peculiar compellation of the kings in France is by "Sire," which is nothing else but father.
> Sir W. Temple.

Com*pel"la*tive (?), n. (Gram.) The name by which a person is addressed; an appellative.

Com*pel"la*to*ry (?), a. Serving to compel; compulsory. [R.]

Com*pel"ler (?), n. One who compels or constrains.

Com"pend (?), n. A compendium; an epitome; a summary.

> A compend and recapitulation of the Mosaical law.
> Bp. Burnet.

Com*pen`di*a"ri*ous (?), a. [L. compendiarius.] Short; compendious. [Obs.] Bailey.

Com*pen"di*ate (?), v. t. [L. compendiatus, p. p. of compendiare to shorten, fr. compendium.] To sum or collect together. [Obs.] Bp. King.

Com*pen"di*ous (?), a. [L. compendiosus.] Containing the substance or general principles of a subject or work in a narrow compass; abridged; summarized.

> More compendious and expeditious ways.
> Woodward.

> Three things be required in the oration of a man having authority -- that it be compendious, sententious, and delectable.
> Sir T. Elyot.

Syn. -- Short; summary; abridged; condensed; comprehensive; succinct; brief; concise.

Com*pen"di*ous*ly, adv. In a compendious manner.

> Compendiously expressed by the word chaos.
> Bentley.

Com*pen"di*ous*ness, n. The state or quality of being compendious.

Com*pen"di*um (?), n.; pl. E. Compendiums (#), L. Compendia (#). [L. compendium that which is weighed, saved, or shortened, a short way, fr. compendere to weigh; com- + pendere to weigh. See Pension, and cf. Compend.] A brief compilation or composition, containing the principal heads, or general principles, of a larger work or system; an abridgment; an epitome; a compend; a condensed summary.

> A short system or compendium of a science.
> I. Watts.

Syn. -- See Abridgment.

Com"pen*sate (? or ?; 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Compensated; p. pr. & vb. n. Compensating.] [L. compensatus, p. p. of compensare, prop., to weigh several things with one another, to balance with one another, verb intens. fr. compendere. See Compendium.] 1. To make equal return to; to remunerate; to recompense; to give an equivalent to; to requite suitably; as, to compensate a laborer for his work, or a merchant for his losses.

2. To be equivalent in value or effect to; to counterbalance; to make up for; to make amends for.

> The length of the night and the dews thereof do compensate the heat of the day.
> Bacon.

> The pleasures of life do not compensate the miseries.
> Prior.

Syn. -- To recompense; remunerate; indemnify; reward; requite; counterbalance.

Com"pen*sate, v. i. To make amends; to supply an equivalent; -- followed by for; as, nothing can compensate for the loss of reputation.

Com`pen*sa"tion (?), n. [L. compensatio a weighing, a balancing of accounts.] 1. The act or principle of compensating. Emerson.

2. That which constitutes, or is regarded as, an equivalent; that which makes good the lack or variation of something else; that which compensates for loss or privation; amends; remuneration; recompense.

> The parliament which dissolved the monastic foundations . . . vouchsafed not a word toward securing the slightest compensation to the dispossessed owners.
> Hallam.

> No pecuniary compensation can possibly reward them.
> Burke.

3. (Law) (a)The extinction of debts of which two persons are reciprocally debtors by the credits of which they are reciprocally creditors; the payment of a debt by a credit of equal amount; a set-off. Bouvier. Wharton. (b) A recompense or reward for some loss or service. (c) An equivalent stipulated for in contracts for the sale of real estate, in which it is customary to provide that errors in description, etc., shall not avoid, but shall be the subject of compensation.

Compensation balance, or Compensated balance, a kind of balance wheel for a timepiece. The rim is usually made of two different metals having different expansibility under changes of temperature, so arranged as to counteract each other and preserve uniformity of movement. -- Compensation pendulum. See Pendulum.

Syn. -- Recompense; reward; indemnification; consideration; requital; satisfaction; set-off.

Com*pen"sa*tive (?), a. [LL. compensativus.] Affording compensation.

Com*pen"sa*tive, n. Compensation. [R.] Lamb.

Com"pen*sa`tor (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, compensates; -- a name applied to various mechanical devices.

2. (Naut.) An iron plate or magnet placed near the compass on iron vessels to neutralize the effect of the ship's attraction on the needle.

Com*pen"sa*to*ry (?), a. Serving for compensation; making amends. Jer. Taylor.

<! p. 290 !>

Com*pense" (?), v. t. [F. compenser. See Compensate.] To compensate. [Obs.] Bacon.

Com`pe*ren"di*nate (?), v. t. [L. comperendinatus, p. p. of comperendinare to defer (the time of trial.)] To delay. Bailey.

Com*pesce" (?), v. t. [L. compescere.] To hold in check; to restrain. [R.] Carlyle.

Com*pete" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Competed; p. pr. & vb. n. Competing.] [L. completere, competitum; com- + petere to seek. See Petition.] To contend emulously; to seek or strive for the same thing, position, or reward for which another is striving; to contend in rivalry, as for a prize or in business; as, tradesmen compete with one another.

> The rival statesmen, with eyes fixed on America, were all the while competing for European alliances.
> Bancroft.

{ Com"pe*tence (?), Com"pe*ten*cy (?) }, n. [Cf. F. compétence, from L. competentia agreement.] 1. The state of being competent; fitness; ability; adequacy; power.

> The loan demonstrates, in regard to instrumental resources, the competency of this kingdom to the assertion of the common cause.
> Burke.

> To make them act zealously is not in the competence of law.
> Burke.

2. Property or means sufficient for the necessaries and conveniences of life; sufficiency without excess.

> Reason's whole pleasure, all the joys of sense,
> Lie in three words -- health, peace, and competence.
> Pope.

> Superfluity comes sooner by white hairs, but competency lives longer.
> Shak.

3. (Law) (a) Legal capacity or qualifications; fitness; as, the competency of a witness or of a evidence. (b) Right or authority; legal power or capacity to take cognizance of a cause; as, the competence of a judge or court. Kent.

Com"pe*tent (km"p*tent; 94), a. [F. compétent, p. pr. of compéter to be in the competency of, LL. competere to strive after together, to agree with; hence, to be fit. See Compete.] 1. Answering to all requirements; adequate; sufficient; suitable; capable; legally qualified; fit. "A competent knowledge of the world." Atterbury. "Competent age." Grafton. "Competent statesmen." Palfrey. /"A competent witness." Bouvier.

2. Rightfully or properly belonging; incident; -- followed by to. [Rare, except in legal usage.]

> That is the privilege of the infinite Author of things, . . . but is not competent to any finite being.
> Locke.

Syn. -- See Qualified.

Com"pe*tent*ly, adv. In a competent manner; adequately; suitably.

Com*pet"i*ble (?), a. Compatible; suitable; consistent. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale.

Com`pe*ti"tion (?), n. [L. competition. See Compete.] The act of seeking, or endeavoring to gain, what another is endeavoring to gain at the same time; common strife for the same objects; strife for superiority; emulous contest; rivalry, as for approbation, for a prize, or as where two or more persons are engaged in the same business and each seeking patronage; -- followed by for before the object sought, and with before the person or thing competed with.

> Competition to the crown there is none, nor can be.
> Bacon.

> A portrait, with which one of Titian's could not come in competition.
> Dryden.

> There is no competition but for the second place.
> Dryden.

> Where competition does not act at all there is complete monopoly.
> A. T. Hadley.

Syn. -- Emulation; rivalry; rivalship; contest; struggle; contention; opposition; jealousy. See Emulation.

Com*pet"i*tive (?), a. Of or pertaining to competition; producing competition; competitory; as, a competitive examination.

Com*pet"i*tor (?), n. [L.: cf. F. compétiteur.] 1. One who seeks what another seeks, or claims what another claims; one who competes; a rival.

> And can not brook competitors in love.
> Shak.

2. An associate; a confederate. [Obs.]

> Every hour more competitors
> Flock to their aid, and still their power increaseth.
> Shak.

Com*pet"i*to*ry (?), a. Acting in competition; competing; rival.

Com*pet"i*tress (?), n. A woman who competes.

Com*pet"i*trix (?), n. [L.] A competitress.

Com"pi*la"tion (?), n. [L. compilatio: cf. F. compilation.] 1. The act or process of compiling or gathering together from various sources.

2. That which is compiled; especially, a book or document composed of materials gathering from other books or documents.

> His [Goldsmith's] compilations are widely distinguished from the compilations of ordinary bookmakers.
> Macaulay.

Com"pi*la`tor (?), n. [L.] Compiler. [Obs.]

Com*pile" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Compiled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Compiling.] [F. compiler, fr.L. compilare to plunder, pillage; com- + pilare to plunder. See Pill, v. t., Pillage.] 1. To put together; to construct; to build. [Obs.]

> Before that Merlin died, he did intend
> A brazen wall in compass to compile.
> Spenser.

2. To contain or comprise. [Obs.]

> Which these six books compile.
> Spenser.

3. To put together in a new form out of materials already existing; esp., to put together or compose out of materials from other books or documents.

> He [Goldsmith] compiled for the use of schools a History of Rome.
> Macaulay.

4. To write; to compose. [Obs.] Sir W. Temple.

Com*pile"ment (?), n. Compilation. [R.]

Com*pil"er (?), n. [OE. compiluor; cf. OF. compileor, fr. L. compilator.] One who compiles; esp., one who makes books by compilation.

Com*pinge" (?), v. t. [L. compingere.] To compress; to shut up. [Obs.] Burton.

{ Com*pla"cence (?), Com*pla"cen*cy (?) }, n. [LL. complacentia: cf. F. complaisance. See Complacent, and cf. Complaisance.] 1. Calm contentment; satisfaction; gratification.

> The inward complacence we find in acting reasonably and virtuously.
> Atterbury.

> Others proclaim the infirmities of a great man with satisfaction and complacency, if they discover none of the like in themselves.
> Addison.

2. The cause of pleasure or joy. "O thou, my sole complacence." Milton.

3. The manifestation of contentment or satisfaction; good nature; kindness; civility; affability.

> Complacency, and truth, and manly sweetness,
> Dwell ever on his tongue, and smooth his thoughts.
> Addison.

> With mean complacence ne'er betray your trust.
> Pope.

Com*pla"cent (?), a. [L. complacens very pleasing, p. pr. of complacere; com- + placere to please: cf. F. complaisant. See Please and cf. Complaisant.] Self-satisfied; contented; kindly; as, a complacent temper; a complacent smile.

> They look up with a sort of complacent awe . . . to kings.
> Burke.

Com`pla*cen"tial (?), a. Marked by, or causing, complacence. [Obs.] "Complacential love." Baxter.

Com*pla"cent*ly (?), adv. In a complacent manner.

Com*plain" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Complained (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Complaining.] [F. complaindre, LL. complangere; com- + L. plangere to strike, beat, to beat the breast or head as a sign of grief, to lament. See Plaint.] 1. To give utterance to expression of grief, pain, censure, regret. etc.; to lament; to murmur; to find fault; -- commonly used with of. Also, to creak or squeak, as a timber or wheel.

> O loss of sight, of thee I most complain!
> Milton.

2. To make a formal accusation; to make a charge.

> Now, Master Shallow, you'll complain of me to the king?
> Shak.

Syn. -- To repine; grumble; deplore; bewail; grieve; mourn; regret; murmur.

Com*plain", v. t. To lament; to bewail. [Obs.]

> They might the grievance inwardly complain.
> Daniel.

> By chaste Lucrece's soul that late complain'd
> Her wrongs to us.
> Shak.

Com*plain"a*ble (?), a. That may be complained of. [R.] Feltham.

Com*plain"ant (?), n. [F. complaignant, p. pr. of complaindre.] 1. One who makes complaint.

> Eager complainants of the dispute.
> Collier.

2. (Law) (a) One who commences a legal process by a complaint. (b) The party suing in equity, answering to the plaintiff at common law.

> He shall forfeit one moiety to the use of the town, and the other moiety to the use of the complainant.
> Statutes of Mass.

Com*plain"er (?), n. One who complains or laments; one who finds fault; a murmurer. Beattie.

> Speechless complainer, I will learn thy thought.
> Shak.

Com*plaint" (?), n. [F. complainte. See Complain.] 1. Expression of grief, regret, pain, censure, or resentment; lamentation; murmuring; accusation; fault-finding.

> I poured out my complaint before him.
> Ps. cxlii. 2.

> Grievous complaints of you.
> Shak.

2. Cause or subject of complaint or murmuring.

> The poverty of the clergy in England hath been the complaint of all who wish well to the church.
> Swift.

3. An ailment or disease of the body.

> One in a complaint of his bowels.
> Arbuthnot.

4. (Law) A formal allegation or charge against a party made or presented to the appropriate court or officer, as for a wrong done or a crime committed (in the latter case, generally under oath); an information; accusation; the initial bill in proceedings in equity.

Syn. -- Lamentation; murmuring; sorrow; grief; disease; illness; disorder; malady; ailment.

Com*plaint"ful (?), a. Full of complaint. [Obs.]

Com"plai*sance` (?; 277), n. [F. complaisance. See Complaisant, and cf. Complacence.] Disposition to please or oblige; obliging compliance with the wishes of others; a deportment indicative of a desire to please; courtesy; civility.

> These [ladies] . . . are by the just complaisance and gallantry of our nation the most powerful part of our people.
> Addison.

> They strive with their own hearts and keep them down,
> In complaisance to all the fools in town.
> Young.

Syn. -- Civility; courtesy; urbanity; suavity; affability; good breeding.

Com"plai*sant (?), a. [F. complaisant, p. pr. of complaire to acquiesce as a favor, fr. L. complacere. See Complacent.] Desirous to please; courteous; obliging; compliant; as, a complaisant gentleman.

> There are to whom my satire seems too bold:
> Scarce to wise Peter complaisant enough.
> Pope.

Syn. -- Obliging; courteous; affable; gracious; civil; polite; well-bred. See Obliging.

-- Com"plai*sant`ly, adv. -- Com"plai*sant`ness, n.

Com*pla"nar (?), a. See Coplanar.

Com"pla*nate (? or &?;), a. [L. complanatus, p. p. of complanare to make plane. See Plane, v. t.] Flattened to a level surface. [R.]

Com"pla*nate (?), v. t. To make level. [R.]

Com*plect"ed (?), a. Complexioned. [Low, New Eng.]

Com"ple*ment (?), n. [L. complementun: cf. F. complément. See Complete, v. t., and cf. Compliment.] 1. That which fills up or completes; the quantity or number required to fill a thing or make it complete.

2. That which is required to supply a deficiency, or to complete a symmetrical whole.

> History is the complement of poetry.
> Sir J. Stephen.

3. Full quantity, number, or amount; a complete set; completeness.

> To exceed his complement and number appointed him which was one hundred and twenty persons.
> Hakluyt.

4. (Math.) A second quantity added to a given quantity to make it equal to a third given quantity.

5. Something added for ornamentation; an accessory. [Obs.]

> Without vain art or curious complements.
> Spenser.

6. (Naut.) The whole working force of a vessel.

7. (Mus.) The interval wanting to complete the octave; -- the fourth is the complement of the fifth, the sixth of the third.

8. A compliment. [Obs.] Shak.

Arithmetical compliment of a logarithm. See under Logarithm. -- Arithmetical complement of a number (Math.), the difference between that number and the next higher power of 10; as, 4 is the complement of 6, and 16 of 84. -- Complement of an arc or angle (Geom.), the difference between that arc or angle and 90°. -- Complement of a parallelogram. (Math.) See Gnomon. -- In her complement (Her.), said of the moon when represented as full.

Com"ple*ment (?), v. t. 1. To supply a lack; to supplement. [R.]

2. To compliment. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

Com`ple*men"tal (?), a. 1. Supplying, or tending to supply, a deficiency; fully completing. "Complemental ceremony." Prynne.

2. Complimentary; courteous. [Obs.] Shak.

Complemental air (Physiol.), the air (averaging 100 cubic inches) which can be drawn into the lungs in addition to the tidal air, by the deepest possible inspiration. -- Complemental males (Zoöl.), peculiar small males living parasitically on the ordinary hermaphrodite individuals of certain barnacles.

Com`ple*men"ta*ry (?), a. Serving to fill out or to complete; as, complementary numbers.

Complementary colors. See under Color. -- Complementary angles (Math.), two angles whose sum is 90°.

Com`ple*men"ta*ry, n. [See Complimentary.] One skilled in compliments. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Com*plete" (?), a. [L. completus, p. p. of complere to fill up; com- + plere to fill. See Full, a., and cf. Comply, Compline.] 1. Filled up; with no part or element lacking; free from deficiency; entire; perfect; consummate. "Complete perfections." Milton.

> Ye are complete in him.
> Col. ii. 10.

> That thou, dead corse, again in complete steel
> Revisit'st thus the glimpses of the moon.
> Shak.

2. Finished; ended; concluded; completed; as, the edifice is complete.

> This course of vanity almost complete.
> Prior.

3. (Bot.) Having all the parts or organs which belong to it or to the typical form; having calyx, corolla, stamens, and pistil.

Syn. -- See Whole.

Com*plete", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Completed; p. pr. & vb. n. Completing.] To bring to a state in which there is no deficiency; to perfect; to consummate; to accomplish; to fulfill; to finish; as, to complete a task, or a poem; to complete a course of education.

> Bred only and completed to the taste
> Of lustful appetence.
> Milton.

> And, to complete her bliss, a fool for mate.
> Pope.

Syn. -- To perform; execute; terminate; conclude; finish; end; fill up; achieve; realize; effect; consummate; accomplish; effectuate; fulfill; bring to pass.

Com*plete"ly, adv. In a complete manner; fully.

Com*plete"ment (?), n. Act of completing or perfecting; completion. [Obs.] Dryden.

Com*plete"ness, n. The state of being complete.

Com*ple"tion (?), n. [L. completio a filling, a fulfillment.] 1. The act or process of making complete; the getting through to the end; as, the completion of an undertaking, an education, a service.

> The completion of some repairs.
> Prescott.

2. State of being complete; fulfillment; accomplishment; realization.

> Predictions receiving their completion in Christ.
> South.

Com*ple"tive (?), a. [L. completivus: cf. F. complétif.] Making complete. [R.] J. Harris.

Com*ple"to*ry (?), a. Serving to fulfill.

> Completory of ancient presignifications.
> Barrow.

Com"ple*to"ry (? or ?), n. [L. completorium.] (Eccl.) Same as Compline.

Com"plex (km"plks), a. [L. complexus, p. p. of complecti to entwine around, comprise; com- + plectere to twist, akin to plicare to fold. See Plait, n.] 1. Composed of two or more parts; composite; not simple; as, a complex being; a complex idea.

> Ideas thus made up of several simple ones put together, I call complex; such as beauty, gratitude, a man, an army, the universe.
> Locke.

2. Involving many parts; complicated; intricate.

> When the actual motions of the heavens are calculated in the best possible way, the process is difficult and complex.
> Whewell.

Complex fraction. See Fraction. -- Complex number (Math.), in the theory of numbers, an expression of the form a + b√-1, when a and b are ordinary integers.

Syn. -- See Intricate.

Com"plex, n. [L. complexus] Assemblage of related things; collection; complication.

> This parable of the wedding supper comprehends in it the whole complex of all the blessings and privileges exhibited by the gospel.
> South.

Complex of lines (Geom.), all the possible straight lines in space being considered, the entire system of lines which satisfy a single relation constitute a complex; as, all the lines which meet a given curve make up a complex. The lines which satisfy two relations constitute a congruency of lines; as, the entire system of lines, each one of which meets two given surfaces, is a congruency.

<! p. 291 !>

Com*plexed" (km*plkst"), a. Complex, complicated. [Obs.] "Complexed significations." Sir T. Browne.

Com*plex"ed*ness (km*plks"d*ns), n. The quality or state of being complex or involved; complication.

> The complexedness of these moral ideas.
> Locke.

Com*plex"ion (km*plk"shn), n. [F. complexion, fr. L. complexio. See Complex, a.] 1. The state of being complex; complexity. [Obs.]

> Though the terms of propositions may be complex, yet . . . it is properly called a simple syllogism, since the complexion does not belong to the syllogistic form of it.
> I. Watts.

2. A combination; a complex. [Archaic]

> This paragraph is . . . a complexion of sophisms.
> Coleridge.

3. The bodily constitution; the temperament; habitude, or natural disposition; character; nature. [Obs.]

> If his complexion incline him to melancholy.
> Milton.

> It is the complexion of them all to leave the dam.
> Shak.

4. The color or hue of the skin, esp. of the face.

> Tall was her stature, her complexion dark.
> Wordsworth.

> Between the pale complexion of true love,
> And the red glow of scorn and proud disdain.
> Shak.

5. The general appearance or aspect; as, the complexion of the sky; the complexion of the news.

Com*plex"ion*al (-al), a. Of or pertaining to constitutional complexion.

> A moral rather than a complexional timidity.
> Burke.

Com*plex"ion*al*ly, adv. Constitutionally. [R.]

> Though corruptible, not complexionally vicious.
> Burke.

Com*plex"ion*a*ry (?), a. Pertaining to the complexion, or to the care of it. Jer. Taylor.

Com*plex"ioned (km*plk"shnd), a. Having (such) a complexion; -- used in composition; as, a dark-complexioned or a ruddy- complexioned person.

> A flower is the best-complexioned grass, as a pearl is the best-colored clay.
> Fuller.

Com*plex"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Complexities (#). [Cf. F. complexité.] 1. The state of being complex; intricacy; entanglement.

> The objects of society are of the greatest possible complexity.
> Burke.

2. That which is complex; intricacy; complication.

> Many-corridored complexities
> Of Arthur's palace.
> Tennyson.

Com"plex`ly (?), adv. In a complex manner; not simply.

Com"plex`ness, n. The state of being complex; complexity. A. Smith.

||Com*plex"us (?), n. [L., an embracing.] A complex; an aggregate of parts; a complication.

Com*pli"a*ble (?), a. Capable of bending or yielding; apt to yield; compliant.

> Another compliable mind.
> Milton.

> The Jews . . . had made their religion compliable, and accommodated to their passions.
> Jortin.

Com*pli"ance (?), n. [See Comply.] 1. The act of complying; a yielding; as to a desire, demand, or proposal; concession; submission.

> What compliances will remove dissension?
> Swift.

> Ready compliance with the wishes of his people.
> Macaulay.

2. A disposition to yield to others; complaisance.

> A man of few words and of great compliance.
> Clarendon.

Syn. -- Concession; submission; consent; obedience; performance; execution; acquiescence; assent.

Com*pli"an*cy (?), n. Compliance; disposition to yield to others. Goldsmith.

Com*pli"ant (?), a. Yielding; bending; pliant; submissive. "The compliant boughs." Milton.

Com*pli"ant*ly, adv. In a compliant manner.

Com"pli*ca*cy (?), n. A state of being complicate or intricate. Mitford.

Com"pli*cant (?), a. [L. complicans, p. pr.] (Zoöl.) Overlapping, as the elytra of certain beetles.

Com"pli*cate (?), a. [L. complicatus, p. p. of complicare to fold together. See Complex.] 1. Composed of two or more parts united; complex; complicated; involved.

> How poor, how rich, how abject, how august,
> How complicate, how wonderful is man!
> Young.

2. (Bot.) Folded together, or upon itself, with the fold running lengthwise.

Com"pli*cate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Complicated; p. pr. & vb. n. Complicating.] To fold or twist together; to combine intricately; to make complex; to combine or associate so as to make intricate or difficult.

> Nor can his complicated sinews fail.
> Young.

> Avarice and luxury very often become one complicated principle of action.
> Addison.

> When the disease is complicated with other diseases.
> Arbuthnot.

Com"pli*cate*ly (?), adv. In a complex manner.

Com"pli*cate*ness, n. Complexity. Sir M. Hale.

Com`pli*ca"tion (?), n. [L. compliasion: cf. F. complication.] 1. The act or process of complicating; the state of being complicated; intricate or confused relation of parts; entanglement; complexity.

> A complication of diseases.
> Macaulay.

> Through and beyond these dark complications of the present, the New England founders looked to the great necessities of future times.
> Palfrey.

2. (Med.) A disease or diseases, or adventitious circumstances or conditions, coexistent with and modifying a primary disease, but not necessarily connected with it.

Com"plice (?), n.; pl. Complices (#). [F., fr. L. complex, - plicis, closely connected with one, confederate. See Complicate, and cf. Accomplice.] An accomplice. [Obs.]

> To quell the rebels and their complices.
> Shak.

Com*plic"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Complicities (#). [F. complicité.] The state of being an accomplice; participation in guilt.

Com*pli"er (?), n. One who complies, yields, or obeys; one of an easy, yielding temper. Swift.

Com"pli*ment (?), n. [F. compliment. It complimento, fr. comlire to compliment, finish, suit, fr. L. complere to fill up. See Complete, and cf. Complement.] An expression, by word or act, of approbation, regard, confidence, civility, or admiration; a flattering speech or attention; a ceremonious greeting; as, to send one's compliments to a friend.

> Tedious waste of time, to sit and hear
> So many hollow compliments and lies.
> Milton.

> Many a compliment politely penned.
> Cowper.

To make one a compliment, to show one respect; to praise one in a flattering way. Locke. -- To make one's compliments to, to offer formal courtesies to. -- To stand on compliment, to treat with ceremony.

Syn. -- See Adulation.

Com"pli*ment (?), v. t. To praise, flatter, or gratify, by expressions of approbation, respect, or congratulation; to make or pay a compliment to.

> Monarchs should their inward soul disguise; . . .
> Should compliment their foes and shun their friends.
> Prior.

Syn. -- To praise; flatter; adulate; commend.

Com"pli*ment, v. i. To pass compliments; to use conventional expressions of respect.

> I make the interlocutors, upon occasion, compliment with one another.
> Boyle.

Com`pli*men"tal (?), a. Complimentary. [Obs.]

> Languages . . . grow rich and abundant in complimental phrases, and such froth.
> Sir H. Wotton.

-- Com`pli*men"tal*ly, adv. [Obs.] Boyle. -- Com`pli*men"tal*ness, n. [Obs.] Hammond.

Com`pli*men"ta*ry (?), a. Expressive of regard or praise; of the nature of, or containing, a compliment; as, a complimentary remark; a complimentary ticket. "Complimentary addresses." Prescott.

Com`pli*men"ta*tive (?), a. Complimentary. [R.] Boswell.

Com"pli*ment`er (?), n. One who compliments; one given to complimenting; a flatterer.

{ Com"pline, Com"plin } (?), n. [From OE. complie, OF. complie, F. complies, pl., fr. LL. completa (prop. fem. of L. completus) the religious exercise which completes and closes the service of the day. See Complete.] (Eccl.) The last division of the Roman Catholic breviary; the seventh and last of the canonical hours of the Western church; the last prayer of the day, to be said after sunset.

> The custom of godly man been to shut up the evening with a compline of prayer at nine of the night.
> Hammond.

Com"plot (?), n. [F. complot, prob. for comploit, fr.L. complicitum, prop. p. p. of complicare, but equiv. to complicatio complication, entangling. See Complicate, and cf. Plot.] A plotting together; a confederacy in some evil design; a conspiracy.

> I know their complot is to have my life.
> Shak.

Com*plot" (?), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Complotted; p. pr. & vb. n. Complotting.] [Cf. F. comploter, fr. complot.] To plot or plan together; to conspire; to join in a secret design.

> We find them complotting together, and contriving a new scene of miseries to the Trojans.
> Pope.

Com*plot"ment (?), n. A plotting together. [R.]

Com*plot"ter (?), n. One joined in a plot. Dryden.

Com`plu*ten"sian (?), a. Of or pertaining to Complutum (now Alcala de Henares) a city near Madrid; as, the Complutensian Bible.

||Com*plu"vi*um (?), n. [L.] (Arch.) A space left unroofed over the court of a Roman dwelling, through which the rain fell into the impluvium or cistern.

Com*ply" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Complied (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Complying.] [Perh. formed fr. compliment, influenced by ply, pliant, which are of different origin: cf. It. complire to compliment, finish, suit. See Compliment, Complete.] 1. To yield assent; to accord; agree, or acquiesce; to adapt one's self; to consent or conform; -- usually followed by with.

> Yet this be sure, in nothing to comply,
> Scandalous or forbidden in our law.
> Milton.

> They did servilely comply with the people in worshiping God by sensible images.
> Tillotson.

> He that complies against his will
> Is of his own opinion still.
> Hudibras.

2. To be ceremoniously courteous; to make one's compliments. [Obs.] Shak.

Com*ply", v. t. [See comply, v. i.] 1. To fulfill; to accomplish. [Obs.] Chapman.

2. [Cf. L. complicare to fold up. See Ply.] To infold; to embrace. [Obs.]

> Seemed to comply,
> Cloudlike, the daintie deitie.
> Herrick.

Com*pone" (-pn"), v. t. [L. componere. See Compound.] To compose; to settle; to arrange. [Obs.]

> A good pretense for componing peace.
> Strype.

||Com*po"ne (km*p"n), a. [F.] See Compony.

Com*po"nent (km*p"nent), a. [L. componens, p. pr. of componere. See Compound, v. t.] Serving, or helping, to form; composing; constituting; constituent.

> The component parts of natural bodies.
> Sir I. Newton.

Com*po"nent, n. A constituent part; an ingredient.

Component of force (Mech.), a force which, acting conjointly with one or more forces, produces the effect of a single force or resultant; one of a number of forces into which a single force may be resolved.

{ Com*po"ny (?), ||Com*po"né (?) }, a. [F. componé.] (Her.) Divided into squares of alternate tinctures in a single row; -- said of any bearing; or, in the case of a bearing having curved lines, divided into patches of alternate colors following the curve. If there are two rows it is called counter- compony.

Com*port" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Comported; p. pr. & vb. n. Comporting.] [F. comporter, LL. comportare, fr.L. comportare to bring together; com- + portare to carry. See Port demeanor.] 1. To bear or endure; to put up (with); as, to comport with an injury. [Obs.] Barrow.

2. To agree; to accord; to suit; -- sometimes followed by with.

> How ill this dullness doth comport with greatness.
> Beau. & Fl.

> How their behavior herein comported with the institution.
> Locke.

Com*port" (?), v. t. 1. To bear; to endure; to brook; to put with. [Obs.]

> The malcontented sort
> That never can the present state comport.
> Daniel.

2. To carry; to conduct; -- with a reflexive pronoun.

> Observe how Lord Somers . . . comported himself.
> Burke.

Com"port (?, formerly &?;), n. [Cf. OF. comport.] Manner of acting; behavior; conduct; deportment. [Obs.]

> I knew them well, and marked their rude comport.
> Dryden.

Com*port"a*ble (?), a. Suitable; consistent. [Obs.] "Some comportable method." Wotton.

Com*port"ance (?), n. Behavior; comport. [Obs.]

> Goodly comportance each to other bear.
> Spenser.

Com`por*ta"tion (?), n. [L. comportatio.] A bringing together. [Obs.] Bp. Richardson.

Com*port"ment (?), n. [F. comportement.] Manner of acting; behavior; bearing.

> A graceful comportment of their bodies.
> Cowley.

> Her serious and devout comportment.
> Addison.

Com*pose" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Composed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Composing.] [F. composer; com- + poser to place. The sense is that of L. componere, but the origin is different. See Pose, v. t.] 1. To form by putting together two or more things or parts; to put together; to make up; to fashion.

> Zeal ought to be composed of the highest degrees of all pious affection.
> Bp. Sprat.

2. To form the substance of, or part of the substance of; to constitute.

> Their borrowed gold composed
> The calf in Oreb.
> Milton.

> A few useful things . . . compose their intellectual possessions.
> I. Watts.

3. To construct by mental labor; to design and execute, or put together, in a manner involving the adaptation of forms of expression to ideas, or to the laws of harmony or proportion; as, to compose a sentence, a sermon, a symphony, or a picture.

> Let me compose
> Something in verse as well as prose.
> Pope.

> The genius that composed such works as the "Standard" and "Last Supper".
> B. R. Haydon.

4. To dispose in proper form; to reduce to order; to put in proper state or condition; to adjust; to regulate.

> In a peaceful grave my corpse compose.
> Dryden.

> How in safety best we may
> Compose our present evils.
> Milton.

5. To free from agitation or disturbance; to tranquilize; to soothe; to calm; to quiet.

> Compose thy mind;
> Nor frauds are here contrived, nor force designed.
> Dryden.

6. (Print.) To arrange (types) in a composing stick in order for printing; to set (type).

Com*pose", v. i. To come to terms. [Obs.] Shak.

Com*posed" (?), a. Free from agitation; calm; sedate; quiet; tranquil; self- possessed.

> The Mantuan there in sober triumph sate,
> Composed his posture, and his look sedate.
> Pope.

-- Com*pos"ed*ly (&?;), adv. -- Com*pos"ed*ness, n.

Com*pos"er (?), n. 1. One who composes; an author. Specifically, an author of a piece of music.

> If the thoughts of such authors have nothing in them, they at least . . . show an honest industry and a good intention in the composer.
> Addison.

> His [Mozart's] most brilliant and solid glory is founded upon his talents as a composer.
> Moore (Encyc. of Mus.).

2. One who, or that which, quiets or calms; one who adjusts a difference.

> Sweet composers of the pensive soul.
> Gay.

Com*pos"ing, a. 1. Tending to compose or soothe.

2. Pertaining to, or used in, composition.

Composing frame (Print.), a stand for holding cases of type when in use. -- Composing rule (Print.), a thin slip of brass or steel, against which the type is arranged in a composing stick, or by the aid of which stickfuls or handfuls or type are lifted; -- called also setting rule. -- Composing stick (Print.), an instrument usually of metal, which the compositor holds in his left hand, and in which he arranges the type in words and lines. It has one open side, and one adjustable end by means of which the length of the lines, and consequently the width of the page or column, may be determined.

||Com*pos"i*tæ (?), n. pl. [NL., from L. compositus made up of parts. See Composite.] (Bot.) A large family of dicotyledonous plants, having their flowers arranged in dense heads of many small florets and their anthers united in a tube. The daisy, dandelion, and asters, are examples.

Com*pos"ite (?; 277), a. [L. compositus made up of parts, p. p. of componere. See Compound, v. t., and cf. Compost.] 1. Made up of distinct parts or elements; compounded; as, a composite language.

> Happiness, like air and water . . . is composite.
> Landor.

2. (Arch.) Belonging to a certain order which is composed of the Ionic order grafted upon the Corinthian. It is called also the Roman or the Italic order, and is one of the five orders recognized by the Italian writers of the sixteenth century. See Capital.

<! p. 292 !>

3. (Bot.) Belonging to the order Compositæ; bearing involucrate heads of many small florets, as the daisy, thistle, and dandelion.

Composite carriage, a railroad car having compartments of different classes. [Eng.] -- Composite number (Math.), one which can be divided exactly by a number exceeding unity, as 6 by 2 or 3.. -- Composite photograph or portrait, one made by a combination, or blending, of several distinct photographs. F. Galton. -- Composite sailing (Naut.), a combination of parallel and great circle sailing. -- Composite ship, one with a wooden casing and iron frame.

Com*pos"ite (?; 277), n. That which is made up of parts or compounded of several elements; composition; combination; compound. [R.]

Com`po*si"tion (?), n. [F. composition, fr. L. compositio. See Composite.] 1. The act or art of composing, or forming a whole or integral, by placing together and uniting different things, parts, or ingredients. In specific uses: (a) The invention or combination of the parts of any literary work or discourse, or of a work of art; as, the composition of a poem or a piece of music. "The constant habit of elaborate composition." Macaulay. (b) (Fine Arts) The art or practice of so combining the different parts of a work of art as to produce a harmonious whole; also, a work of art considered as such. See 4, below. (c) The act of writing for practice in a language, as English, Latin, German, etc. (d) (Print.) The setting up of type and arranging it for printing.

2. The state of being put together or composed; conjunction; combination; adjustment.

> View them in composition with other things.
> I. Watts.

> The elementary composition of bodies.
> Whewell.

3. A mass or body formed by combining two or more substances; as, a chemical composition.

> A composition that looks . . . like marble.
> Addison.

4. A literary, musical, or artistic production, especially one showing study and care in arrangement; -- often used of an elementary essay or translation done as an educational exercise.

5. Consistency; accord; congruity. [Obs.]

> There is no composition in these news
> That gives them credit.
> Shak.

6. Mutual agreement to terms or conditions for the settlement of a difference or controversy; also, the terms or conditions of settlement; agreement.

> Thus we are agreed:
> I crave our composition may be written.
> Shak.

7. (Law) The adjustment of a debt, or avoidance of an obligation, by some form of compensation agreed on between the parties; also, the sum or amount of compensation agreed upon in the adjustment.

> Compositions for not taking the order of knighthood.
> Hallam.

> Cleared by composition with their creditors.
> Blackstone.

8. Synthesis as opposed to analysis.

> The investigation of difficult things by the method of analysis ought ever to precede the method of composition.
> Sir I. Newton.

Composition cloth, a kind of cloth covered with a preparation making it waterproof. -- Composition deed, an agreement for composition between a debtor and several creditors. -- Composition plane (Crystallog.), the plane by which the two individuals of a twin crystal are united in their reserved positions. -- Composition of forces (Mech.), the finding of a single force (called the resultant) which shall be equal in effect to two or more given forces (called the components) when acting in given directions. Herbert. -- Composition metal, an alloy resembling brass, which is sometimes used instead of copper for sheathing vessels; -- also called Muntz metal and yellow metal. -- Composition of proportion (Math.), an arrangement of four proportionals so that the sum of the first and second is to the second as the sum of the third and fourth to the fourth.

Com*pos"i*tive (?), a. [L. compositivus.] Having the quality of entering into composition; compounded. [R.]

Com*pos"i*tor (?), n. [L., an arranger.] 1. One who composes or sets in order.

2. (Print.) One who sets type and arranges it for use.

Com*pos"i*tous (?), a. (Bot.) Belonging to the Compositæ; composite. [R.] Darwin.

Com*pos"si*ble (?), a. [Pref. com- + possible.] Able to exist with another thing; consistent. [R.] Chillingworth.

Com"post (?; 277), n.[OF. compost, fr. L. compositus, p. p. See Composite.] 1. A mixture; a compound. [R.]

> A sad compost of more bitter than sweet.
> Hammond.

2. (Agric.) A mixture for fertilizing land; esp., a composition of various substances (as muck, mold, lime, and stable manure) thoroughly mingled and decomposed, as in a compost heap.

> And do not spread the compost on the weeds
> To make them ranker.
> Shak.

Com"post, v. t. 1. To manure with compost.

2. To mingle, as different fertilizing substances, in a mass where they will decompose and form into a compost.

Com*pos"ture (?; 135), n. [L. compositura, -postura, a joining.] Manure; compost. [Obs.] Shak.

Com*po"sure (?), n. [From Compose.] 1. The act of composing, or that which is composed; a composition. [Obs.]

> Signor Pietro, who had an admirable way both of composure [in music] and teaching.
> Evelyn.

2. Orderly adjustment; disposition. [Obs.]

> Various composures and combinations of these corpuscles.
> Woodward.

3. Frame; make; temperament. [Obs.]

> His composure must be rare indeed
> Whom these things can not blemish.
> Shak.

4. A settled state; calmness; sedateness; tranquillity; repose. "We seek peace and composure." Milton.

> When the passions . . . are all silent, the mind enjoys its most perfect composure.
> I. Watts.

5. A combination; a union; a bond. [Obs.] Shak.

Com`po*ta"tion (?), n. [L. compotatio; com- + potare to drink.] The act of drinking or tippling together. [R.]

> The fashion of compotation.
> Sir W. Scott.

Com"po*ta`tor (?), n. [L.] One who drinks with another. [R.] Pope.

||Com"pote (?), n. [F. See Compost.] A preparation of fruit in sirup in such a manner as to preserve its form, either whole, halved, or quartered; as, a compote of pears. Littré.

||Com"pound (km"pound), n. [Malay kompung a village.] In the East Indies, an inclosure containing a house, outbuildings, etc.

Com*pound" (km*pound"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Compounded; p. pr. & vb. n. Compounding.] [OE. componen, compounen, L. componere, compositum; com-+ ponere to put set. The d is excrescent. See Position, and cf. Componé.] 1. To form or make by combining different elements, ingredients, or parts; as, to compound a medicine.

> Incapacitating him from successfully compounding a tale of this sort.
> Sir W. Scott.

2. To put together, as elements, ingredients, or parts, in order to form a whole; to combine, mix, or unite.

> We have the power of altering and compounding those images into all the varieties of picture.
> Addison.

3. To modify or change by combination with some other thing or part; to mingle with something else.

> Only compound me with forgotten dust.
> Shak.

4. To compose; to constitute. [Obs.]

> His pomp and all what state compounds.
> Shak.

5. To settle amicably; to adjust by agreement; to compromise; to discharge from obligation upon terms different from those which were stipulated; as, to compound a debt.

> I pray, my lords, let me compound this strife.
> Shak.

To compound a felony, to accept of a consideration for forbearing to prosecute, such compounding being an indictable offense. See Theftbote.

Com*pound", v. i. To effect a composition; to come to terms of agreement; to agree; to settle by a compromise; -- usually followed by with before the person participating, and for before the thing compounded or the consideration.

> Here's a fellow will help you to-morrow; . . . compound with him by the year.
> Shak.

> They were at last glad to compound for his bare commitment to the Tower.
> Clarendon.

> Cornwall compounded to furnish ten oxen after Michaelmas for thirty pounds.
> R. Carew.

> Compound for sins they are inclined to
> By damning those they have no mind to.
> Hudibras.

Com"pound (?), a. [OE. compouned, p. p. of compounen. See Compound, v. t.] Composed of two or more elements, ingredients, parts; produced by the union of several ingredients, parts, or things; composite; as, a compound word.

> Compound substances are made up of two or more simple substances.
> I. Watts.

Compound addition, subtraction, multiplication, division (Arith.), the addition, subtraction, etc., of compound numbers. -- Compound crystal (Crystallog.), a twin crystal, or one seeming to be made up of two or more crystals combined according to regular laws of composition. -- Compound engine (Mech.), a form of steam engine in which the steam that has been used in a high- pressure cylinder is made to do further service in a larger low- pressure cylinder, sometimes in several larger cylinders, successively. -- Compound ether. (Chem.) See under Ether. -- Compound flower (Bot.), a flower head resembling a single flower, but really composed of several florets inclosed in a common calyxlike involucre, as the sunflower or dandelion. -- Compound fraction. (Math.) See Fraction. -- Compound fracture. See Fracture. -- Compound householder, a householder who compounds or arranges with his landlord that his rates shall be included in his rents. [Eng.] -- Compound interest. See Interest. -- Compound larceny. (Law) See Larceny. -- Compound leaf (Bot.), a leaf having two or more separate blades or leaflets on a common leafstalk. -- Compound microscope. See Microscope. -- Compound motion. See Motion. -- Compound number (Math.), one constructed according to a varying scale of denomination; as, 3 cwt., 1 qr., 5 lb.; - - called also denominate number. -- Compound pier (Arch.), a clustered column. -- Compound quantity (Alg.), a quantity composed of two or more simple quantities or terms, connected by the sign + (plus) or - (minus). Thus, a + b - c, and bb - b, are compound quantities. -- Compound radical. (Chem.) See Radical. -- Compound ratio (Math.), the product of two or more ratios; thus ab:cd is a ratio compounded of the simple ratios a:c and b:d. -- Compound rest (Mech.), the tool carriage of an engine lathe. -- Compound screw (Mech.), a screw having on the same axis two or more screws with different pitch (a differential screw), or running in different directions (a right and left screw). -- Compound time (Mus.), that in which two or more simple measures are combined in one; as, 6-8 time is the joining of two measures of 3-8 time. -- Compound word, a word composed of two or more words; specifically, two or more words joined together by a hyphen.

Com"pound, n. 1. That which is compounded or formed by the union or mixture of elements ingredients, or parts; a combination of simples; a compound word; the result of composition. Shak.

> Rare compound of oddity, frolic, and fun.
> Goldsmith.

> When the word "bishopric" was first made, it was made as a compound.
> Earle.

2. (Chem.) A union of two or more ingredients in definite proportions by weight, so combined as to form a distinct substance; as, water is a compound of oxygen and hydrogen.

Every definite chemical compound always contains the same elements, united in the same proportions by weight, and with the same internal arrangement.

Binary compound (Chem.). See under Binary. -- Carbon compounds (Chem.). See under Carbon.

Com*pound"a*ble (?), a. That may be compounded.

Com*pound"er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, compounds or mixes; as, a compounder of medicines.

2. One who attempts to bring persons or parties to terms of agreement, or to accomplish, ends by compromises. "Compounders in politics." Burke.

3. One who compounds a debt, obligation, or crime.

> Religious houses made compounders
> For the horrid actions of their founders.
> Hudibras.

4. One at a university who pays extraordinary fees for the degree he is to take. [Eng.] A. Wood.

5. (Eng. Hist.) A Jacobite who favored the restoration of James II, on condition of a general amnesty and of guarantees for the security of the civil and ecclesiastical constitution of the realm.

||Com`pra*dor (?), n. [Pg., a buyer.] A kind of steward or agent. [China] S. W. Williams

Com`pre*ca"tion (?), n. [L. comprecatio, fr. comprecari to pray to. See Precarious.] A praying together. [Obs.] Bp. Wilkins.

Com`pre*hend" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Comprehended; p. pr. & vb. n. Comprehending.] [L. comprehendere, comprehensum; com- + prehendere to grasp, seize; prae before + hendere (used only in comp.). See Get, and cf. Comprise.] 1. To contain; to embrace; to include; as, the states comprehended in the Austrian Empire.

> Who hath . . . comprehended the dust of the earth in a measure.
> Is. xl. 12.

2. To take in or include by construction or implication; to comprise; to imply.

> Comprehended all in this one word, Discretion.
> Hobbes.

> And if there be any other commandment, it is briefly comprehended in this saying.
> Rom. xiii. 9.

3. To take into the mind; to grasp with the understanding; to apprehend the meaning of; to understand.

> At a loss to comprehend the question.
> W. Irwing.

> Great things doeth he, which we can not comprehend.
> Job. xxxvii. 5.

Syn. -- To contain; include; embrace; comprise; inclose; grasp; embody; involve; imply; apprehend; imagine; conceive; understand. See Apprehend.

Com`pre*hen`si*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being comprehensible; capability of being understood.

Com"pre*hen"si*ble (?), a. [L. comprehensibilis: cf. F. compreéhensible.] 1. Capable of being comprehended, included, or comprised.

> Lest this part of knowledge should seem to any not comprehensible by axiom, we will set down some heads of it.
> Bacon.

2. Capable of being understood; intelligible; conceivable by the mind.

> The horizon sets the bounds . . . between what is and what is not comprehensible by us.
> Locke.

Com`pre*hen"si*ble*ness, n. The quality of being comprehensible; comprehensibility.

Com`pre*hen"si*bly, adv. 1. With great extent of signification; comprehensively. Tillotson.

2. Intelligibly; in a manner to be comprehended or understood.

Com`pre*hen"sion (?), n. [L. comprehensio: cf. F. compréhension.] 1. The act of comprehending, containing, or comprising; inclusion.

> In the Old Testament there is a close comprehension of the New; in the New, an open discovery of the Old.
> Hooker.

2. That which is comprehended or inclosed within narrow limits; a summary; an epitome. [Obs.]

> Though not a catalogue of fundamentals, yet . . . a comprehension of them.
> Chillingworth.

3. The capacity of the mind to perceive and understand; the power, act, or process of grasping with the intellect; perception; understanding; as, a comprehension of abstract principles.

4. (Logic) The complement of attributes which make up the notion signified by a general term.

5. (Rhet.) A figure by which the name of a whole is put for a part, or that of a part for a whole, or a definite number for an indefinite.

Com`pre*hen"sive (?), a. [Cf. F. compréhensif.] 1. Including much; comprising many things; having a wide scope or a full view.

> A very comprehensive definition.
> Bentley.

> Large and comprehensive idea.
> Channing.

2. Having the power to comprehend or understand many things. "His comprehensive head." Pope.

3. (Zoöl.) Possessing peculiarities that are characteristic of several diverse groups.

The term is applied chiefly to early fossil groups which have a combination of structures that appear in more fully developed or specialized forms in later groups. Synthetic, as used by Agassiz, is nearly synonymous.

Syn. -- Extensive; wide; large; full; compendious.

Com`pre*hen"sive*ly, adv. In a comprehensive manner; with great extent of scope.

Com`pre*hen"sive*ness, n. The quality of being comprehensive; extensiveness of scope.

> Compare the beauty and comprehensiveness of legends on ancient coins.
> Addison.

Com`pre*hen"sor (?), n. One who comprehends; one who has attained to a full knowledge. [Obs.]

> When I shall have dispatched this weary pilgrimage, and from a traveler shall come to be a comprehensor, farewell faith and welcome vision.
> Bp. Hall.

Com*press" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Compressed (?); p. pr & vb. n. Compressing.] [L. compressus, p. p. of comprimere to compress: com- + premere to press. See Press.] 1. To press or squeeze together; to force into a narrower compass; to reduce the volume of by pressure; to compact; to condense; as, to compress air or water.

> Events of centuries . . . compressed within the compass of a single life.
> D. Webster.

> The same strength of expression, though more compressed, runs through his historical harangues.
> Melmoth.

2. To embrace sexually. [Obs.] Pope.

Syn. -- To crowd; squeeze; condense; reduce; abridge.

<! p. 293 !>

Com"press (?), n. [F. compresse.] (Surg.) A folded piece of cloth, pledget of lint, etc., used to cover the dressing of wounds, and so placed as, by the aid of a bandage, to make due pressure on any part.

Com*pressed" (?), a. 1. Pressed together; compacted; reduced in volume by pressure.

2. (Bot.) Flattened lengthwise.

Compressed-air engine, an engine operated by the elastic force of compressed air.

Com*press`i*bil"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. compressibilité.] The quality of being compressible of being compressible; as, the compressibility of elastic fluids.

Com*press"i*ble (?), a. [Cf. F. compressible.] Capable of being pressed together or forced into a narrower compass, as an elastic or spongy substance.

Com*press"ible*ness, n. The quality of being compressible; compressibility.

Com*pres"sion (?), n. [L. compressio: cf. F. compression.] The act of compressing, or state of being compressed. "Compression of thought." Johnson.

Com*press"ive (?), a. [Cf. F. compressif.] Compressing, or having power or tendency to compress; as, a compressive force.

Com*press"or (?), n. [L.] Anything which serves to compress; as: (a) (Anat.) A muscle that compresses certain parts. (b) (Surg.) An instrument for compressing an artery (esp., the femoral artery) or other part. (c) An apparatus for confining or flattening between glass plates an object to be examined with the microscope; -- called also compressorium. (d) (Mach.) A machine for compressing gases; especially, an air compressor.

Com*pres"sure (?; 135), n. Compression.

Com*print" (?), v. t. & i. 1. To print together.

2. (O. Eng. Law) To print surreptitiously a work belonging to another. E. Phillips.

Com"print (?), n. (O. Eng. Law) The surreptitious printing of another's copy or book; a work thus printed.

Com*pris"al (?), n. The act of comprising or comprehending; a compendium or epitome.

> A comprisal . . . and sum of all wickedness.
> Barrow.

Com*prise" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Comprised (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Comprising.] [From F. compris, comprise, p. p. of comprendre, L. comprehendere. See Comprehend.] To comprehend; to include.

> Comprise much matter in few words.
> Hocker.

> Friendship does two souls in one comprise.
> Roscommon.

Syn. -- To embrace; include; comprehend; contain; encircle; inclose; involve; imply.

Com"pro*bate (?), v. i. [L. comprobatus, p. p. of comprobare, to approve wholly.] To agree; to concur. [Obs.] Sir T. Elyot.

Com`pro*ba"tion (?), n. [L. comprobatio.] 1. Joint attestation; proof. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

2. Approbation. [Obs.] Foxe.

Com"pro*mise (?), n. [F. compromis, fr. L. compromissum a mutual promise to abide by the decision of an arbiter, fr. compromittere to make such a promise; com- + promittere to promise. See Promise.] 1. A mutual agreement to refer matters in dispute to the decision of arbitrators. [Obs.] Burrill.

2. A settlement by arbitration or by mutual consent reached by concession on both sides; a reciprocal abatement of extreme demands or rights, resulting in an agreement.

> But basely yielded upon compromise
> That which his noble ancestors achieved with blows.
> Shak.

> All government, indeed every human benefit and enjoyment, every virtue and every prudent act, is founded on compromise and barter.
> Burke.

> An abhorrence of concession and compromise is a never failing characteristic of religious factions.
> Hallam.

3. A committal to something derogatory or objectionable; a prejudicial concession; a surrender; as, a compromise of character or right.

> I was determined not to accept any fine speeches, to the compromise of that sex the belonging to which was, after all, my strongest claim and title to them.
> Lamb.

Com"pro*mise, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Compromised (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Compromising.] [From Compromise, n.; cf. Compromit.] 1. To bind by mutual agreement; to agree. [Obs.]

> Laban and himself were compromised
> That all the eanlings which were streaked and pied
> Should fall as Jacob's hire.
> Shak.

2. To adjust and settle by mutual concessions; to compound.

> The controversy may easily be compromised.
> Fuller.

3. To pledge by some act or declaration; to endanger the life, reputation, etc., of, by some act which can not be recalled; to expose to suspicion.

> To pardon all who had been compromised in the late disturbances.
> Motley.

Com"pro*mise, v. i. 1. To agree; to accord. [Obs.]

2. To make concession for conciliation and peace.

Com"pro*mi`ser (?), n. One who compromises.

Com`pro*mis*so"ri*al (?), a. Relating to compromise. [R.] Chalmers.

Com"pro*mit` (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Compromitted; p. pr. & vb. n. Compromitting.] [L. compromittere. See Compromise, n.] 1. To pledge by some act or declaration; to promise. State Trials (1529).

2. To put to hazard, by some indiscretion; to endanger; to compromise; as, to compromit the honor or the safety of a nation.

Com`pro*vin"cial (?), a. Belonging to, or associated in, the same province. [Obs.] -- n. One who belongs to the same province. [Obs.]

> The six islands, comprovincial
> In ancient times unto Great Britain.
> Spenser.

||Comp*sog"na*thus (kmp*sg"n*ths), n. [NL., fr. Gr. kompo`s elegant, pretty + gna`qos jaw.] (Zoöl.) A genus of Dinosauria found in the Jurassic formation, and remarkable for having several birdlike features.

Compt (kount, formerly kmt; 215), n. [F. compte. See Count an account.] Account; reckoning; computation. [Obs.] Shak.

Compt, v. t. [F. compter. See Count, v. t.] To compute; to count. [Obs.] See Count.

Compt, a. [L. comptus, p. p. of comere to care for, comb, arrange, adorn.] Neat; spruce. [Obs.] Cotgrave.

Compt"er (?), n. A counter. [Obs.] Shak.

||Compte" ren`du (?). [F.] A report of an officer or agent.

Compt"i*ble (?), a. [See Compt, v. t.] Accountable; responsible; sensitive. [Obs.]

> I am very comptible even to the least sinister usage.
> Shak.

Compt"ly (?), adv. Neatly. [Obs.] Sherwood.

Comp*trol" (?), n. & v. See Control.

Comp*trol"er (?), n. A controller; a public officer whose duty it is to examine certify accounts.

Com*pul"sa*tive (?), a. [From L. compulsare, v. intens. of compellere. See Compel.] Compulsatory. [R.] Shak.

Com*pul"sa*tive*ly, adv. By compulsion. [R.]

Com*pul"sa*to*ry (?), a. Operating with force; compelling; forcing; constraining; resulting from, or enforced by, compulsion. [R.]

> To recover of us, by strong hand
> And terms compulsatory, those foresaid lands.
> Shak.

Com*pul"sion (?), n. [L. compulsio. See Compel.] The act of compelling, or the state of being compelled; the act of driving or urging by force or by physical or moral constraint; subjection to force.

> If reasons were as plentiful as blackberries, I would give no man a reason upon compulsion.
> Shak.

> With what compulsion and laborious flight
> We sunk thus low.
> Milton.

Syn. -- See Constraint.

Com*pul"sive (?), a. Having power to compel; exercising or applying compulsion.

> Religion is . . . inconsistent with all compulsive motives.
> Sharp.

Com*pul"sive*ly, adv. By compulsion; by force.

Com*pul"so*ri*ly (?), adv. In a compulsory manner; by force or constraint.

Com*pul"so*ry (?), a. [LL. compulsorius.] 1. Having the power of compulsion; constraining.

2. Obligatory; enjoined by authority; necessary; due to compulsion.

> This contribution threatening to fall infinitely short of their hopes, they soon made it compulsory.
> Burke.

Com*punct" (?), a. [LL. compunctus, p. p.] Affected with compunction; conscience-stricken. [Obs.]

Com*punc"tion (?), n. [OF. compunction, F. componction, L. compunctio, fr. compungere, compunctum, to prick; com- + pungere to prick, sting. See Pungent.] 1. A pricking; stimulation. [Obs.]

> That acid and piercing spirit which, with such activity and compunction, invadeth the brains and nostrils.
> Sir T. Browne.

2. A picking of heart; poignant grief proceeding from a sense of guilt or consciousness of causing pain; the sting of conscience.

> He acknowledged his disloyalty to the king, with expressions of great compunction.
> Clarendon.

Syn. -- Compunction, Remorse, Contrition. Remorse is anguish of soul under a sense of guilt or consciousness of having offended God or brought evil upon one's self or others. Compunction is the pain occasioned by a wounded and awakened conscience. Neither of them implies true contrition, which denotes self-condemnation, humiliation, and repentance. We speak of the gnawings of remorse; of compunction for a specific act of transgression; of deep contrition in view of our past lives. See Regret.

Com*punc"tion*less, a. Without compunction.

Com*punc"tious (?), a. Of the nature of compunction; caused by conscience; attended with, or causing, compunction.

> That no compunctious visitings of nature
> Shake my fell purpose.
> Shak.

Com*punc"tious*ly, adv. With compunction.

Com*punc"tive (?), a. Sensitive in respect of wrongdoing; conscientious. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

Com`pur*ga"tion (?), n. [L. compurgatio, fr. compurgare to purify wholly; com- + purgare to make pure. See Purge, v. t.] 1. (Law) The act or practice of justifying or confirming a man's veracity by the oath of others; -- called also wager of law. See Purgation; also Wager of law, under Wager.

2. Exculpation by testimony to one's veracity or innocence.

> He was privileged from his childhood from suspicion of incontinency and needed no compurgation.
> Bp. Hacket.

Com"pur*ga`tor (?), n. [LL.] One who bears testimony or swears to the veracity or innocence of another. See Purgation; also Wager of law, under Wager.

> All they who know me . . . will say they have reason in this matter to be my compurgators.
> Chillingworth.

Com*pur`ga*to"ri*al (?), a. Relating to a compurgator or to compurgation. "Their compurgatorial oath." Milman.

Com*put"a*ble (?), a. [L. computabilis.] Capable of being computed, numbered, or reckoned.

> Not easily computable by arithmetic.
> Sir M. Hale.

Com`pu*ta"tion (?), n. [L. computatio: cf. F. computation.] 1. The act or process of computing; calculation; reckoning.

> By just computation of the time.
> Shak.

> By a computation backward from ourselves.
> Bacon.

2. The result of computation; the amount computed.

Syn. -- Reckoning; calculation; estimate; account.

Com*pute" (km*pt"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Computed; p. pr. & vb. n. Computing.] [L. computare. See Count, v. t.] To determine by calculation; to reckon; to count.

> Two days, as we compute the days of heaven.
> Milton.

> What's done we partly may compute,
> But know not what's resisted.
> Burns.

Syn. -- To calculate; number; count; reckon; estimate; enumerate; rate. See Calculate.

Com*pute", n. [L. computus: cf. F. comput.] Computation. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Com*put"er (-pt"r), n. One who computes.

Com"pu*tist (?), n. A computer.

Com"rade (? or ?; 277), n. [Sp. camarada, fr. L. camara, a chamber; hence, a chamber-fellowship, and then a chamber-fellow: cf. F. camarade. Cf. Chamber.] A mate, companion, or associate.

> And turned my flying comrades to the charge.
> J. Baillie.

> I abjure all roofs, and choose . . .
> To be a comrade with the wolf and owl.
> Shak.

Com"rade*ry (?), n. [Cf. F. camarederie.] The spirit of comradeship; comradeship. [R.]

> "Certainly", said Dunham, with the comradery of the smoker.
> W. D. Howells.

Com"rade*ship, n. The state of being a comrade; intimate fellowship.

Com"rogue` (?), n. A fellow rogue. [Obs.]

Com"tism (? or ?), n. [Named after the French philosopher, Auguste Comte.] Positivism; the positive philosophy. See Positivism.

Com"tist (?), n. A disciple of Comte; a positivist.

Con- (&?;). A prefix, fr. L. cum, signifying with, together, etc. See Com- .

Con, adv. [Abbrev. from L. contra against.] Against the affirmative side; in opposition; on the negative side; -- The antithesis of pro, and usually in connection with it. See Pro.

Con, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Conned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Conning.] [AS. cunnan to know, be able, and (derived from this) cunnian to try, test. See Can, v. t. & i.] 1. To know; to understand; to acknowledge. [Obs.]

> Of muses, Hobbinol, I con no skill.
> Spenser.

> They say they con to heaven the highway.
> Spenser.

2. To study in order to know; to peruse; to learn; to commit to memory; to regard studiously.

> Fixedly did look
> Upon the muddy waters which he conned
> As if he had been reading in a book.
> Wordsworth.

> I did not come into Parliament to con my lesson.
> Burke.

To con answer, to be able to answer. [Obs.] -- To con thanks, to thank; to acknowledge obligation. [Obs.] Shak.

Con, v. t. [See Cond.] (Naut.) To conduct, or superintend the steering of (a vessel); to watch the course of (a vessel) and direct the helmsman how to steer.

Con*a"cre (?), v. t. To underlet a portion of, for a single crop; -- said of a farm. [Ireland]

Con*a"cre, n. A system of letting a portion of a farm for a single crop. [Ireland] Also used adjectively; as, the conacre system or principle. Mozley & W.

||Co*na"ri*um (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. kwna`rion.] (Anat.) The pineal gland.

Co*na"tion (?), n. [L. conatio.] (Philos.) The power or act which directs or impels to effort of any kind, whether muscular or psychical.

> Of conation, in other words, of desire and will.
> J. S. Mill.

Co"na*tive (? or ?), a. [See Conatus.] Of or pertaining to conation.

> This division of mind into the three great classes of the cognitive faculties, the feelings, . . . and the exertive or conative powers, . . . was first promulgated by Kant.
> Sir W. Hamilton.

||Co*na"tus (?), n. [L., fr. conatus, p. p. of conari to attempt.] A natural tendency inherent in a body to develop itself; an attempt; an effort.

> What conatus could give prickles to the porcupine or hedgehog, or to the sheep its fleece?
> Paley.

Con*cam"er*ate (kn*km"r*t), v. t. [L. concameratus, p. p. of concamerare to arch over. See Camber.] 1. To arch over; to vault.

> Of the upper beak an inch and a half consisteth of one concamerated bone.
> Grew.

2. To divide into chambers or cells. Woodward.

Con*cam`er*a"tion (-"shn), n. [L. concameratio.] 1. An arch or vault.

2. A chamber of a multilocular shell. Glanvill.

Con*cat"e*nate (kn*kt"*nt), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Concatenated; p. pr. & vb. n. Concatenating.] [L. concatenatus, p. p. of concatenare to concatenate. See Catenate.] To link together; to unite in a series or chain, as things depending on one another.

> This all things friendly will concatenate.
> Dr. H. More

Con*cat`e*na"tion (-n"shn), n. [L. concatenatio.] A series of links united; a series or order of things depending on each other, as if linked together; a chain, a succession.

> The stoics affirmed a fatal, unchangeable concatenation of causes, reaching even to the illicit acts of man's will.
> South.

> A concatenation of explosions.
> W. Irving.

Con*cause" (-kz"), n. A joint cause. Fotherby.

<! p. 294 !>

Con`ca*va"tion (k`k*v"shn), n. The act of making concave.

Con"cave (k*k*v" or kn"-; 277), a. [L. concavus; con- + cavus hollow: cf. F. concave. See Cave a hollow.] 1. Hollow and curved or rounded; vaulted; -- said of the interior of a curved surface or line, as of the curve of the of the inner surface of an eggshell, in opposition to convex; as, a concave mirror; the concave arch of the sky.

2. Hollow; void of contents. [R.]

> As concave . . . as a worm-eaten nut.
> Shak.

Con"cave, n. [L. concavum.] 1. A hollow; an arched vault; a cavity; a recess.

> Up to the fiery concave towering hight.
> Milton.

2. (Mech.) A curved sheath or breasting for a revolving cylinder or roll.

Con"cave, v. t. [imp. & p. p. concaved (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Concaving.] To make hollow or concave.

Con"caved (?), a. (Her.) Bowed in the form of an arch; -- called also arched.

Con"cave*ness, n. Hollowness; concavity.

Con*cav"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Concavities (#). [L. concavitas: cf. F. concavité. See Concave.] A concave surface, or the space bounded by it; the state of being concave.

Con*ca`vo-con"cave (?), a. Concave or hollow on both sides; double concave.

Con*ca`vo-con"vex (?), a. 1. Concave on one side and convex on the other, as an eggshell or a crescent.

2. (Optics) Specifically, having such a combination of concave and convex sides as makes the focal axis the shortest line between them. See Illust. under Lens.

Con*ca*"vous (?), a. [L. concavus.] Concave. Abp. potter.

-- Con*ca"vous*ly, adv.

Con*ceal" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Concealed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Concealing.] [OF. conceler, L. concelare; con- + celareto hide; akin to AS. helan, G. hehlen, E. hele (to cover), helmet. See Hell, Helmet.] To hide or withdraw from observation; to cover; to cover or keep from sight; to prevent the discovery of; to withhold knowledge of.

> It is the glory of God to conceal a thing.
> Prov. xxv. 2.

> Declare ye among the nations, . . . publish and conceal not.
> Jer. l. 2.

> He which finds him shall deserve our thanks, . . .
> He that conceals him, death.
> Shak.

Syn. -- To hide; secrete; screen; cover; disguise; dissemble; mask; veil; cloak; screen. -- To Conceal, Hide, Disguise, Dissemble, Secrete. To hide is the generic term, which embraces all the rest. To conceal is simply not make known what we wish to keep secret. In the Bible hide often has the specific meaning of conceal. See 1 Sam. iii. 17, 18. To disguise or dissemble is to conceal by assuming some false appearance. To secrete is to hide in some place of secrecy. A man may conceal facts, disguise his sentiments, dissemble his feelings, secrete stolen goods.

> Bur double griefs afflict concealing hearts.
> Spenser.

> Both dissemble deeply their affections.
> Shak.

> We have in these words a primary sense, which reveals a future state, and a secondary sense, which hides and secretes it.
> Warburton.

Con*ceal"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being concealed.

Con*cealed" (?), a. Hidden; kept from sight; secreted.

-- Con*ceal"ed*ly (&?;), adv. -- Con*ceal"ed*ness, n.

Concealed weapons (Law), dangerous weapons so carried on the person as to be knowingly or willfully concealed from sight, -- a practice forbidden by statute.

Con*ceal"er (?), n. One who conceals.

Con*ceal"ment (?), n. [OF. concelement.] 1. The act of concealing; the state of being concealed.

> But let concealment, like a worm i' the bud,
> Feed on her damask cheek.
> Shak.

> Some dear cause
> Will in concealment wrap me up awhile.
> Shak.

2. A place of hiding; a secret place; a retreat frem observation.

> The cleft tree
> Offers its kind concealment to a few.
> Thomson.

3. A secret; out of the way knowledge. [Obs.]

> Well read in strange concealments.
> Shak.

4. (Law) Suppression of such facts and circumstances as in justice ought to be made known. Wharton.

Con*cede" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Conceded; p. pr. & vb. n. Conceding.] [L. concedere, concessum; con- + cedere to go along, give way, yield: cf. F. concéder. See Cede.] 1. To yield or suffer; to surrender; to grant; as, to concede the point in question. Boyle.

2. To grant, as a right or privilege; to make concession of.

3. To admit to be true; to acknowledge.

> We concede that their citizens were those who lived under different forms.
> Burke.

Syn. -- To grant; allow; admit; yield; surrender.

Con*cede", v. i. To yield or make concession.

> I wished you to concede to America, at a time when she prayed concession at our feet.
> Burke.

Con*ceit" (?), n. [Through French, fr. L. conceptus a conceiving, conception, fr. concipere to conceive: cf. OF. p. p. nom. conciez conceived. See Conceive, and cf. Concept, Deceit.] 1. That which is conceived, imagined, or formed in the mind; idea; thought; image; conception.

> In laughing, there ever procedeth a conceit of somewhat ridiculous.
> Bacon.

> A man wise in his own conceit.
> Prov. xxvi. 12.

2. Faculty of conceiving ideas; mental faculty; apprehension; as, a man of quick conceit. [Obs.]

> How often, alas! did her eyes say unto me that they loved! and yet I, not looking for such a matter, had not my conceit open to understand them.
> Sir P. Sidney.

3. Quickness of apprehension; active imagination; lively fancy.

> His wit's as thick as Tewksbury mustard; there's more conceit in him than is in a mallet.
> Shak.

4. A fanciful, odd, or extravagant notion; a quant fancy; an unnatural or affected conception; a witty thought or turn of expression; a fanciful device; a whim; a quip.

> On his way to the gibbet, a freak took him in the head to go off with a conceit.
> L'Estrange.

> Some to conceit alone their works confine,
> And glittering thoughts struck out at every line.
> Pope.

> Tasso is full of conceits . . . which are not only below the dignity of heroic verse but contrary to its nature.
> Dryden.

5. An overweening idea of one's self; vanity.

> Plumed with conceit he calls aloud.
> Cotton.

6. Design; pattern. [Obs.] Shak.

In conceit with, in accord with; agreeing or conforming. -- Out of conceit with, not having a favorable opinion of; not pleased with; as, a man is out of conceit with his dress. -- To put [one] out of conceit with, to make one indifferent to a thing, or in a degree displeased with it.

Con*ceit" (?), v. t. To conceive; to imagine. [Archaic]

> The strong, by conceiting themselves weak, are therebly rendered as inactive . . . as if they really were so.
> South.

> One of two bad ways you must conceit me,
> Either a coward or a flatterer.
> Shak.

Con*ceit", v. i. To form an idea; to think. [Obs.]

> Those whose . . . vulgar apprehensions conceit but low of matrimonial purposes.
> Milton.

Con*ceit"ed, a. 1. Endowed with fancy or imagination. [Obs.]

> He was . . . pleasantly conceited, and sharp of wit.
> Knolles.

2. Entertaining a flattering opinion of one's self; vain.

> If you think me too conceited
> Or to passion quickly heated.
> Swift.

> Conceited of their own wit, science, and politeness.
> Bentley.

3. Curiously contrived or designed; fanciful. [Obs.]

> A conceited chair to sleep in.
> Evelyn.

Syn. -- Vain; proud; opinionated; egotistical.

Con*ceit"ed*ly, adv. 1. In an egotistical manner.

2. Fancifully; whimsically.

Con*ceit"ed*ness, n. The state of being conceited; conceit; vanity. Addison.

Con*ceit"less, a. Without wit; stupid. [Obs.]

> Think'st thou I am so shallow, so conceitless.
> To be seduced by thy flattery?
> Shak.

Con*ceiv"a*ble (?), a. [Cf. F. concevable.] Capable of being conceived, imagined, or understood. "Any conceivable weight." Bp. Wilkins.

> It is not conceivable that it should be indeed that very person whose shape and voice it assumed.
> Atterbury.

-- Con*ceiv"a*ble*ness, n. -- Con*ceiv"a*bly, adv.

Con*ceive" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Conceived (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Conceiving.] [OF. conzoivre, concever, conceveir, F. concevoir, fr. L. oncipere to take, to conceive; con- + capere to seize or take. See Capable, and cf. Conception.] 1. To receive into the womb and begin to breed; to begin the formation of the embryo of.

> She hath also conceived a son in her old age.
> Luke i. 36.

2. To form in the mind; to plan; to devise; to generate; to originate; as, to conceive a purpose, plan, hope.

> It was among the ruins of the Capitol that I first conceived the idea of a work which has amused and exercised near twenty years of my life.
> Gibbon.

> Conceiving and uttering from the heart words of falsehood.
> Is. lix. 13.

3. To apprehend by reason or imagination; to take into the mind; to know; to imagine; to comprehend; to understand. "I conceive you." Hawthorne.

> O horror, horror, horror! Tongue nor heart
> Cannot conceive nor name thee!
> Shak.

> You will hardly conceive him to have been bred in the same climate.
> Swift.

Syn. -- To apprehend; imagine; suppose; understand; comprehend; believe; think.

Con*ceive", v. i. 1. To have an embryo or fetus formed in the womb; to breed; to become pregnant.

> A virgin shall conceive, and bear a son.
> Isa. vii. 14.

2. To have a conception, idea, or opinion; think; -- with of.

> Conceive of things clearly and distinctly in their own natures.
> I. Watts.

Con*ceiv"er (?), n. One who conceives.

Con*cel"e*brate (?), v. t. [L. concelebratus, p. p. of concelebrare to concelebrate.] To celebrate together. [Obs.] Holland.

Con*cent" (?), n. [L. concentus, fr. concinere to sing together; con- + canere to sing.] 1. Concert of voices; concord of sounds; harmony; as, a concent of notes. [Archaic.] Bacon.

> That undisturbed song of pure concent.
> Milton.

2. Consistency; accordance. [Obs.]

> In concent to his own principles.
> Atterbury.

{ Con*cen"ter, Con*cen"tre } (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Concentered or Concentred (&?;); p. pr & vb. n. Concentering (?) or Concentring (&?;).] [F. concentrer, fr. L. con- + centrum center. See Center, and cf. Concentrate] To come to one point; to meet in, or converge toward, a common center; to have a common center.

> God, in whom all perfections concenter.
> Bp. Beveridge.

{ Con*cen"ter, Con*cen"tre }, v. t. To draw or direct to a common center; to bring together at a focus or point, as two or more lines; to concentrate.

> In thee concentering all their precious beams.
> Milton.

> All is concentered in a life intense.
> Byren.

Con*cen"trate (? or ?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Concentrated; p. pr. & vb. n. Concentrating.] [Pref. con- + L. centrum center. Cf. Concenter.] 1. To bring to, or direct toward, a common center; to unite more closely; to gather into one body, mass, or force; to fix; as, to concentrate rays of light into a focus; to concentrate the attention.

> (He) concentrated whole force at his own camp.
> Motley.

2. To increase the strength and diminish the bulk of, as of a liquid or an ore; to intensify, by getting rid of useless material; to condense; as, to concentrate acid by evaporation; to concentrate by washing; -- opposed to dilute.

> Spirit of vinegar concentrated and reduced to its greatest strength.
> Arbuthnot.

Syn. -- To combine; to condense; to consolidate.

Con*cen"trate (? or ?), v. i. To approach or meet in a common center; to consolidate; as, population tends to concentrate in cities.

Con`cen*tra"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. concentration.] 1. The act or process of concentrating; the process of becoming concentrated, or the state of being concentrated; concentration.

> Concentration of the lunar beams.
> Boyle.

> Intense concetration of thought.
> Sir J. Herschel.

2. The act or process of reducing the volume of a liquid, as by evaporation.

> The acid acquires a higher degree of concentration.
> Knight.

3. (Metal.) The act or process of removing the dress of ore and of reducing the valuable part to smaller compass, as by currents of air or water.

Con*cen"tra*tive (?), a. Serving or tending to concentrate; characterized by concentration.

> A discrimination is only possible by a concentrative act, or act of attention.
> Sir W. Hamilton.

Con*cen"tra*tive*ness, n. 1. The quality of concentrating.

2. (Phren.) The faculty or propensity which has to do with concentrating the intellectual the intellectual powers. Combe.

Con"cen*tra`tor (?), n. (Mining) An apparatus for the separation of dry comminuted ore, by exposing it to intermittent puffs of air. Knight.

{ Con*cen"tric (?), Con*cen"tric*al (?) }, a. [F. concentrique. See Concenter.] Having a common center, as circles of different size, one within another.

> Concentric circles upon the surface of the water.
> Sir I. Newton.

> Concentrical rings like those of an onion.
> Arbuthnot.

Con*cen"tric, n. That which has a common center with something else.

> Its pecular relations to its concentrics.
> Coleridge.

Con*cen"tric*al*ly, adv. In a concentric manner.

Con`cen*tric"i*ty (?), n. The state of being concentric.

Con*cen"tu*al (?), a. [From Concent.] Possessing harmony; accordant. [R.] Warton.

Con"cept (?), n. [L. conceptus (cf. neut. conceptum fetus), p. p. of concipere to conceive: cf. F. concept. See Conceit.] An abstract general conception; a notion; a universal.

> The words conception, concept, notion, should be limited to the thought of what can not be represented in the imagination; as, the thought suggested by a general term.
> Sir W. Hamilton.

Con*cep"ta*cle (?), n. [L. conceptaculum, fr. concipere to receive. See Conceive.] 1. That in which anything is contained; a vessel; a receiver or receptacle. [Obs.] Woodward.

2. (Bot.) (a) A pericarp, opening longitudinally on one side and having the seeds loose in it; a follicle; a double follicle or pair of follicles. (b) One of the cases containing the spores, etc., of flowerless plants, especially of algae.

Con*cep`ti*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality of being conceivable; conceivableness. Cudworth.

Con*cep"ti*ble (?), a. [See Conceive.] Capable of being conceived; conceivable. Sir M. Hale.

Con*cep"tion (?), n. [F. conception, L. conceptio, fr. concipere to conceive. See Conceive.] 1. The act of conceiving in the womb; the initiation of an embryonic animal life.

> I will greaty multiply thy sorrow and thy conception.
> Gen. iii. 16.

2. The state of being conceived; beginning.

> Joy had the like conception in our eyes.
> Shak.

3. The power or faculty of apprehending of forming an idea in the mind; the power of recalling a past sensation or perception.

> Under the article of conception, I shall confine myself to that faculty whose province it is to enable us to form a notion of our past sensations, or of the objects of sense that we have formerly perceived.
> Stewart.

4. The formation in the mind of an image, idea, or notion, apprehension.

> Conception consists in a conscious act of the understanding, bringing any given object or impression into the same class with any number of other objects or impression, by means of some character or characters common to them all.
> Coleridge.

5. The image, idea, or notion of any action or thing which is formed in the mind; a concept; a notion; a universal; the product of a rational belief or judgment. See Concept.

> He [Herodotus] says that the sun draws or attracts the water; a metaphorical term obviously intended to denote some more general and abstract conception than that of the visible operation which the word primarily signifies.
> Whewell.

6. Idea; purpose; design.

> Note this dangerous conception.
> Shak.

7. Conceit; affected sentiment or thought. [Obs.]

> He . . . is full of conceptions, points of epigram, and witticism.
> Dryden.

Syn. -- Idea; notion; perception; apprehemsion; comprehension.

<! p. 295 !>

Con*cep"tion*al (?), a. Pertaining to conception.

Con*cep"tion*al*ist, n. A conceptualist.

Con*cep"tious, a. Apt to conceive; fruitful. [Obs.] Shak.

Con*cep"tive (?), a. [Cf. F. conceptif, L. conceptivus.] Capable of conceiving. Sir T. Browne

Con*cep"tu*al (?), a. Pertaining to conception.

Con*cep"tu*al*ism (?), n. (Metaph.) A theory, intermediate between realism and nominalism, that the mind has the power of forming for itself general conceptions of individual or single objects. Stewart.

Con*cep"tu*al*ist, n. (Metaph.) One who maintains the theory of conceptualism. Stewart.

Con*cern" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Concerned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Concerning.] [F. concerner, LL. concernere to regard, concern, fr. L. concernere to mix or mingle together, as in a sieve for separating; con- + cernere to separate, sift, distinguish by the senses, and especially by the eyes, to perceive, see. See Certain.] 1. To relate or belong to; to have reference to or connection with; to affect the interest of; to be of importance to.

> Preaching the kingdom of God, and teaching those things which concern the Lord Jesus Christ.
> Acts xxviii. 31.

> Our wars with France have affected us in our most tender interests, and concerned us more than those with any other nation.
> Addison.

> It much concerns a preacher first to learn
> The genius of his audience and their turn.
> Dodsley.

> Ignorant, so far as the usual instruction is concerned.
> J. F. Cooper.

2. To engage by feeling or sentiment; to interest; as, a good prince concerns himself in the happiness of his subjects.

> They think themselves out the reach of Providence, and no longer concerned to solicit his favor.
> Rogers.

Con*cern", v. i. To be of importance. [Obs.]

> Which to deny concerns more than avails.
> Shak.

Con*cern", n. 1. That which relates or belongs to one; business; affair.

> The private concerns of fanilies.
> Addison.

2. That which affects the welfare or happiness; interest; moment.

> Mysterious secrets of a high concern.
> Roscommon.

3. Interest in, or care for, any person or thing; regard; solicitude; anxiety.

> O Marcia, let me hope thy kind concerns
> And gentle wishes follow me to battle.
> Addison.

4. (Com.) Persons connected in business; a firm and its business; as, a banking concern.

The whole concern, all connected with a particular affair or business.

Syn. -- Care; anxiety; solicitude; interest; regard; business; affair; matter; moment. See Care.

Con*cerned" (?), a. [See Concern, v. t., 2.] Disturbed; troubled; solicitous; as, to be much concerned for the safety of a friend.

Con*cern"ed*ly (?), adv. In a concerned manner; solicitously; sympathetically.

Con*cern"ing, prep. Pertaining to; regarding; having relation to; respecting; as regards.

> I have accepted thee concerning this thing.
> Gen. xix. 21.

> The Lord hath spoken good concerning Israel.
> Num. x. 29.

Con*cern"ing, a. Important. [Archaic]

> So great and so concerning truth.
> South.

Con*cern"ing (?), n. 1. That in which one is concerned or interested; concern; affair; interest. "Our everlasting concernments." I. Watts.

> To mix with thy concernments I desist.
> Milton.

2. Importance; moment; consequence.

> Let every action of concernment to begun with prayer.
> Jer. Taylor.

3. Concern; participation; interposition.

> He married a daughter to the earl without any other approbation of her father or concernment in it, than suffering him and her come into his presence.
> Clarendon.

4. Emotion of mind; solicitude; anxiety.

> While they are so eager to destroy the fame of others, their ambition is manifest in their concernment.
> Dryden.

Con*cert" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Concerted; p. pr. & vb. n. Concerting.] [F. concerter, It. concertare, conertare, prob. from L. consertus, p. p. of conserere to join together; con- + serere to join together, influenced by concertare to contend; con- + centare to strive; properly, to try to decide; fr. cernere to distinguish. See Series, and cf. Concern.] 1. To plan together; to settle or adjust by conference, agreement, or consultation.

> It was concerted to begin the siege in March.
> Bp. Burnet.

2. To plan; to devise; to arrange.

> A commander had more trouble to concert his defense before the people than to plan . . . the campaign.
> Burke.

Con*cert", v. i. To act in harmony or conjunction; to form combined plans.

> The ministers of Denmark were appointed to concert with Talbot.
> Bp. Burnet

Con"cert (kn"srt), n. [F. concert, It. concerto, conserto, fr. concertare. See Concert, v. t.] 1. Agreement in a design or plan; union formed by mutual communication of opinions and views; accordance in a scheme; harmony; simultaneous action.

> All these discontents, how ruinous soever, have arisen from the want of a due communication and concert.
> Swift.

2. Musical accordance or harmony; concord.

> Let us in concert to the season sing.
> Cowper.

3. A musical entertainment in which several voices or instruments take part.

> Visit by night your lady's chamber window
> With some sweet concert.
> Shak.

> And boding screech owls make the concert full.
> Shak.

Concert pitch. See under Pitch.

Con`cer*tan"te (?; It. ?), n. [It., orig p. pr. of concertare to form or perform a concert. See Concert.] (Mus.) A concert for two or more principal instruments, with orchestral accompaniment. Also adjectively; as, concertante parts.

Con`cer*ta"tion (?), n. [L. concertatio.] Strife; contention. [Obs.] Bailey.

Con*cer"ta*tive (?), a. [L. concertativus.] Contentious; quarrelsome. [Obs.] Bailey.

Con*cert"ed (?), a. Mutually contrived or planned; agreed on; as, concerted schemes, signals.

Concerted piece (Mus.), a composition in parts for several voices or instrument, as a trio, a quartet, etc.

Con`cer*ti"na (?), n. [From It. concerto a concert.] A small musical instrument on the principle of the accordion. It is a small elastic box, or bellows, having free reeds on the inside, and keys and handles on the outside of each of the two hexagonal heads.

Con`cer*ti"no (?), n. [See Concertina.] (Mus.) A piece for one or more solo instruments with orchestra; -- more concise than the concerto.

Con*cer"tion (?), n. Act of concerting; adjustment. [R.] Young.

||Con*cert`meis"ter (?), n. [G.] (Mus.) The head violinist or leader of the strings in an orchestra; the sub-leader of the orchestra; concert master.

Con*cer"to (?; It. ?), n.; pl. Concertos (#). [It. See Concert, n.] (Mus.) A composition (usually in symphonic form with three movements) in which one instrument (or two or three) stands out in bold relief against the orchestra, or accompaniment, so as to display its qualities or the performer's skill.

Con*ces"sion (?), n. [L. concessio, fr. concedere: cf. F. concession. See Concede.] 1. The act of conceding or yielding; usually implying a demand, claim, or request, and thus distinguished from giving, which is voluntary or spontaneous.

> By mutual concession the business was adjusted.
> Hallam.

2. A thing yielded; an acknowledgment or admission; a boon; a grant; esp. a grant by government of a privilege or right to do something; as, a concession to build a canal.

> This is therefore a concession, that he doth . . . believe the Scriptures to be sufficiently plain.
> Sharp.

> When a lover becomes satisfied by small compliances without further pursuits, then expect to find popular assemblies content with small concessions.
> Swift.

Con*ces"sion*ist, n. One who favors concession.

Con*ces"sive (?), a. [L. concessivus.] Implying concession; as, a concessive conjunction. Lowth.

Con*ces"sive*ly, adv. By way of concession.

Con*ces"so*ry (?), a. Conceding; permissive.

Con*cet"tism (?), n. The use of concetti or affected conceits. [R.] C. Kingsley.

||Con*cet"to (?; It. ?), n.; pl. Concetti (#). [It., fr. L. conceptus. See Conceit.] Affected wit; a conceit. Chesterfield.

Conch (?), n. [L. concha, Gr. &?;. See Coach, n.] 1. (Zoöl.) A name applied to various marine univalve shells; esp. to those of the genus Strombus, which are of large size. S. gigas is the large pink West Indian conch. The large king, queen, and cameo conchs are of the genus Cassis. See Cameo.

The conch is sometimes used as a horn or trumpet, as in fogs at sea, or to call laborers from work.

2. In works of art, the shell used by Tritons as a trumpet.

3. One of the white natives of the Bahama Islands or one of their descendants in the Florida Keys; -- so called from the commonness of the conch there, or because they use it for food.

4. (Arch.) See Concha, n.

5. The external ear. See Concha, n., 2.

||Con"cha (?), n. [LL. (in sense 1), fr. &?; concha. See Conch.] 1. (Arch.) The plain semidome of an apse; sometimes used for the entire apse.

2. (Anat.) The external ear; esp. the largest and deepest concavity of the external ear, surrounding the entrance to the auditory canal.

Con"chal (?), a. (Anat.) Pertaining to the concha, or external ear; as, the conchal cartilage.

Con"chi*fer (?), n. [Cf. F. conchofère.] (Zoöl.) One of the Conchifera.

||Con*chif"e*ra (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. concha + ferre to bear.] (Zoöl.) That class of Mollusca which includes the bivalve shells; the Lamellibranchiata. See Mollusca.

Con*chif"er*ous (?), a. Producing or having shells.

Con"chi*form, a. [Conch + -form.] Shaped like one half of a bivalve shell; shell-shaped.

Con"chi*nine (? or ?), n. [Formed by transposition fr. cinchonine.] See Quinidine.

Con"chite (?), n. [Cf. F. conchite. See Conch.] (Paleon.) A fossil or petrified conch or shell.

Con*chit"ic (?), a. Composed of shells; containing many shells.

Con"choid (?), n. [Gr. &?;; &?; shell + &?; form: cf. F. conchoïde.] (Geom.) A curve, of the fourth degree, first made use of by the Greek geometer, Nicomedes, who invented it for the purpose of trisecting an angle and duplicating the cube.

Con*choid"al (?), a. [Cf. F. conchoïdal.] (Min.) Having elevations or depressions in form like one half of a bivalve shell; -- applied principally to a surface produced by fracture.

Con`cho*log"ic*al (?), a. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to, or connected with, conchology.

Con*chol"o*gist (?), n. (Zoöl.) One who studies, or is versed in, conchology.

Con*chol"o*gy (?), n. [Conch + -logy.] (Zoöl.) The science of Mollusca, and of the shells which they form; malacology.

Con*chom"e*ter (?), n. [Conch + -meter.] (Zoöl.) An instrument for measuring shells, or the angle of their spire.

Con*chom"e*try (?), n. (Zoöl.) The art of measuring shells or their curves; conchyliometry.

Con`cho-spi"ral (?), n. A kind of spiral curve found in certain univalve shells. Agassiz.

{ Con`chy*la"ceous (?), Con*chyl`i*a"ceous (?) }, a. [L. conchylium shell, Gr. &?;, dim. of &?;, equiv. to &?;. See Conch.] Of or pertaining to shells; resembling a shell; as, conchyliaceous impressions. Kirwan.

{ Con*chyl`i*ol"o*gist (?), n., Con*chyl`i*ol"o*gy (?), } n. See Conchologist, and Conchology.

Con*chyl`i*om"e*try (?), n. [Gr. &?; + -metry.] Same as Conchometry.

Con*chyl"i*ous (?), a. Conchylaceous.

Con"ci*a`tor (?), n. [It. conciatore, fr. conciare to adjust, dress, fr. L. comtus, p. p. See Compt, a.] (Glass Works) The person who weighs and proportions the materials to be made into glass, and who works and tempers them.

||Con`cierge" (?), n. [F.] One who keeps the entrance to an edifice, public or private; a doorkeeper; a janitor, male or female.

Con*cil"i*a*ble (?), n. [L. conciliabulum, fr. concitium assembly: cf. F. conciliabule. See Council.] A small or private assembly, especially of an ecclesiastical nature. [Obs.] Bacon.

Con*cil"i*a*ble, a. [Cf. F. conciliable.] Capable of being conciliated or reconciled. Milton.

Con*cil"i*a*bule (?), n. [See Conciliable, n.] An obscure ecclesiastical council; a conciliable. Milman.

{ Con*cil"i*ar (?), Con*cil"i*a*ry (?) } a. [Cf. F. conciliare.] Of or pertaining to, or issued by, a council. Jer. Taylor.

Con*cil"i*ate (?; 106), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Conciliated; p. pr & vb. n. Conciliating.] [L. conciliatus, p. p. of conciliare to draw or bring together, unite, from concilium council. See Council.] To win ower; to gain from a state of hostility; to gain the good will or favor of; to make friendly; to mollify; to propitiate; to appease.

> The rapacity of his father's administration had excited such universal discontent, that it was found expedient to conciliate the nation.
> Hallam.

Syn. -- To reconcile; propitiate; appease; pacify.

Con*cil`i*a"tion (?), n. [L. conciliatio.] The act or process of conciliating; the state of being conciliated.

> The house has gone further; it has declared conciliation admissible previous to any submission on the part of America.
> Burke.

Con*cil"i*a*tive (?), a. Conciliatory. Coleridge.

Con*cil"i*a`tor (?), n. [L.] One who conciliates.

Con*cil"i*a*to*ry (?; 106), a. Tending to conciliate; pacific; mollifying; propitiating.

> The only alternative, therefore, was to have recourse to the conciliatory policy.
> Prescott.

Con*cin"nate (?), v. t. [L. concinnatus, p. p. of concinnare to concinnate. See Concinnity.] To place fitly together; to adapt; to clear. [Obs.] Holland.

Con*cin"ni*ty (?), n. [L. concinnitas, fr. concinnus skillfully put together, beautiful. Of uncertain origin.] Internal harmony or fitness; mutual adaptation of parts; elegance; -- used chiefly of style of discourse. [R.]

> An exact concinnity and eveness of fancy.
> Howell.

Con*cin"nous (?), a. [L. concinnus.] Characterized by concinnity; neat; elegant. [R.]

> The most concinnous and most rotund of proffessors, M. Heyne.
> De Quiency.

Con"cio*nate (?), v. i. [L. concionatus, p. p. of concionari to adress.] To preach. [Obs.] Lithgow.

Con"cio*na`tor (?), n. [L.] 1. An haranguer of the people; a preacher.

2. (Old Law) A common councilman. [Obs.]

Con"cio*na`to*ry (?; 106), a. Of or pertaining to preaching or public addresses. [Obs.] Howell.

Con*cise" (?), a. [L. concisus cut off, short, p. p. of concidere to cut to pieces; con- + caedere to cut; perh. akin to scindere to cleave, and to E. shed, v. t.; cf. F. concis.] Expressing much in a few words; condensed; brief and compacted; -- used of style in writing or speaking.

> The concise style, which expresseth not enough, but leaves somewhat to be understood.
> B. Jonson.

> Where the author is . . . too brief and concise, amplify a little.
> I. Watts.

Syn. -- Laconic; terse; brief; short; compendious; summary; succinct. See Laconic, and Terse.

Con*cise"ly, adv. In a concise manner; briefly.

Con*cise"ness, n. The quality of being concise.

Con*ci"sion (?), n. [L. concisio: cf. F. concision. See Concise.] A cutting off; a division; a schism; a faction. South.

Con`ci*ta"tion (?), n. [L. concitatio. See Concite.] The act of stirring up, exciting, or agitating. [Obs.] "The concitation of humors." Sir T. Browne.

Con*cite" (?), v. t. [L. concitare; con- + citare. See Cite.] To excite or stir up. [Obs.] Cotgrave.

<! p. 296 !>

Con`cla*ma"tion (?), n. [L. conclamatio.] An outcry or shout of many together. [R.]

> Before his funeral conclamation.
> May (Lucan).

Con"clave (? or ?; 277), n. [F., fr. L. conclave a room that may locked up; con- + clavis key. See Clavicle.] 1. The set of apartments within which the cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church are continuously secluded while engaged in choosing a pope.

2. The body of cardinals shut up in the conclave for the election of a pope; hence, the body of cardinals.

> It was said a cardinal, by reason of his apparent likelihood to step into St. Peter's chair, that in two conclaves he went in pope and came out again cardinal.
> South.

3. A private meeting; a close or secret assembly.

> The verdicts pronounced by this conclave (Johnson's Club) on new books, were speedily known over all London.
> Macaulay.

To be in conclave, to be engaged in a secret meeting; -- said of several, or a considerable number of, persons.

Con"cla`vist (?), n. [Cf. F. conclaviste, It. conclavista.] One of the two ecclesiastics allowed to attend a cardinal in the conclave.

Con*clude" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Concluded; p. pr. & vb. n. Concluding.] [L. concludere, conclusum; con- + claudere to shut. See Close, v. t.] 1. To shut up; to inclose. [Obs.]

> The very person of Christ [was] concluded within the grave.
> Hooker.

2. To include; to comprehend; to shut up together; to embrace. [Obs.]

> For God hath concluded all in unbelief.
> Rom. xi. 32.

> The Scripture hath concluded all under sin.
> Gal. iii. 22.

3. To reach as an end of reasoning; to infer, as from premises; to close, as an argument, by inferring; -- sometimes followed by a dependent clause.

> No man can conclude God's love or hatred to any person by anything that befalls him.
> Tillotson.

> Therefore we conclude that a man is justified by faith.
> Rom. iii. 28.

4. To make a final determination or judgment concerning; to judge; to decide.

> But no frail man, however great or high,
> Can be concluded blest before he die.
> Addison.

> Is it concluded he shall be protector?
> Shak.

5. To bring to an end; to close; to finish.

> I will conclude this part with the speech of a counselor of state.
> Bacon.

6. To bring about as a result; to effect; to make; as, to conclude a bargain. "If we conclude a peace." Shak.

7. To shut off; to restrain; to limit; to estop; to bar; -- generally in the passive; as, the defendant is concluded by his own plea; a judgment concludes the introduction of further evidence argument.

> If therefore they will appeal to revelation for their creation they must be concluded by it.
> Sir M. Hale.

Syn. -- To infer; decide; determine; settle; close; finish; terminate; end.

Con*clude", v. i. 1. To come to a termination; to make an end; to close; to end; to terminate.

> A train of lies,
> That, made in lust, conclude in perjuries.
> Dryden.

> And, to conclude,
> The victory fell on us.
> Shak.

2. To form a final judgment; to reach a decision.

> Can we conclude upon Luther's instability?
> Bp. Atterbury.

> Conclude and be agreed.
> Shak.

Con*clud"en*cy (?), n. Deduction from premises; inference; conclusion. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale.

Con*clud"ent (?), a. [L. concludens, p. pr.] Bringing to a close; decisive; conclusive. [Obs.]

> Arguments highly consequential and concludent to my purpose.
> Sir M. Hale.

Con*clud"er (?), n. One who concludes.

Con*clud"ing*ly, adv. Conclusively. [R.] Digby.

Con*clu"si*ble (?), a. Demonstrable; determinable. [Obs.] Hammond.

Con*clu"sion (?), n. [F., fr. L. conclusio. See Conclude.] 1. The last part of anything; close; termination; end.

> A fluorish of trumpets announced the conclusion of the contest.
> Prescott.

2. Final decision; determination; result.

> And the conclusion is, she shall be thine.
> Shak.

3. Any inference or result of reasoning.

4. (Logic) The inferred proposition of a syllogism; the necessary consequence of the conditions asserted in two related propositions called premises. See Syllogism.

> He granted him both the major and minor, but denied him the conclusion.
> Addison.

5. Drawing of inferences. [Poetic]

> Your wife Octavia, with her modest eyes
> And still conclusion.
> Shak.

6. An experiment, or something from which a conclusion may be drawn. [Obs.]

> We practice likewise all conclusions of grafting and inoculating.
> Bacon.

7. (Law) (a) The end or close of a pleading, e.g., the formal ending of an indictment, "against the peace," etc. (b) An estoppel or bar by which a person is held to a particular position. Wharton.

Conclusion to the country (Law), the conclusion of a pleading by which a party "puts himself upon the country," i.e., appeals to the verdict of a jury. Mozley & W. -- In conclusion. (a) Finally. (b) In short. -- To try conclusions, to make a trial or an experiment.

> Like the famous ape,
> To try conclusions, in the basket creep.
> Shak.

Syn. -- Inference; deduction; result; consequence; end; decision. See Inference.

Con*clu"sive (?), a. [Cf. F. conclusif.] Belonging to a close or termination; decisive; convincing; putting an end to debate or question; leading to, or involving, a conclusion or decision.

> Secret reasons . . . equally conclusive for us as they were for them.
> Rogers.

Conclusive evidence (Law), that of which, from its nature, the law allows no contradiction or explanation. -- Conclusive presumption (Law), an inference which the law makes so peremptorily that it will not allow it to be overthrown by any contrary proof, however strong.

Syn. -- Final; ultimate; unanswerable. See Final.

Con*clu"sive*ly (?), adv. In the way of conclusion; decisively; positively. Burke.

Con*clu"sive*ness, n. The quality of being conclusive; decisiveness.

Con*clu"so*ry (?), a. Conclusive. [R.]

Con*coct" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Concocted; p. pr. & vb. n. Concocting.] [L. concoctus, p. p. of concoquere to cook together, to digest, mature; con- + coquere to cook. See Cook.] 1. To digest; to convert into nourishment by the organs of nutrition. [Obs.]

> Food is concocted, the heart beats, the blood circulates.
> Cheyne.

2. To purify or refine chemically. [Obs.] Thomson.

3. To prepare from crude materials, as food; to invent or prepare by combining different ingredients; as, to concoct a new dish or beverage.

4. To digest in the mind; to devise; to make up; to contrive; to plan; to plot.

> He was a man of a feeble stomach, unable to concoct any great fortune.
> Hayward.

5. To mature or perfect; to ripen. [Obs.] Bacon.

Con*coct"er (?), n. One who concocts.

Con*coc"tion (?), n. [L. concoctio.] 1. A change in food produced by the organs of nutrition; digestion. [Obs.]

2. The act of concocting or preparing by combining different ingredients; also, the food or compound thus prepared.

3. The act of digesting in the mind; planning or devising; rumination. Donne.

4. (Med.) Abatement of a morbid process, as a fever and return to a normal condition. [Obs.]

5. The act of perfecting or maturing. [Obs.] Bacon.

Con*coct"ive (?), a. Having the power of digesting or ripening; digestive.

> Hence the concoctive powers, with various art,
> Subdue the cruder aliments to chyle.
> J. Armstrong.

Con"col`or (?), a. [L. concolor; con- + color color.] Of the same color; of uniform color. [R.] "Concolor animals." Sir T. Browne.

Con"col`or*ous (?), a. (Zoöl.) Of the same color throughout.

{ Con*com"i*tance (?), Con*com"i*tan*cy (?) }, n. [Cf. F. concomitance, fr. LL. concomitantia.] 1. The state of accompanying; accompaniment.

> The secondary action subsisteth not alone, but in concomitancy with the other.
> Sir T. Browne.

2. (R.C.Ch.) The doctrine of the existence of the entire body of Christ in the eucharist, under each element, so that the body and blood are both received by communicating in one kind only.

Con*com"i*tant (?), a. [F., fr. L. con- + comitari to accompany, comes companion. See Count a nobleman.] Accompanying; conjoined; attending.

> It has pleased our wise Creator to annex to several objects, as also to several of our thoughts, a concomitant pleasure.
> Locke.

Con*com"i*tant, n. One who, or that which, accompanies, or is collaterally connected with another; a companion; an associate; an accompaniment.

> Reproach is a concomitant to greatness.
> Addison.

> The other concomitant of ingratitude is hardheartedness.
> South.

Con*com"i*tant*ly, adv. In company with others; unitedly; concurrently. Bp. pearson.

Con"cord (?), n. [F. concorde, L. concordia, fr. concors of the same mind, agreeing; con- + cor, cordis, heart. See Heart, and cf. Accord.] 1. A state of agreement; harmony; union.

> Love quarrels oft in pleasing concord end.
> Milton.

2. Agreement by stipulation; compact; covenant; treaty or league. [Obs.]

> The concord made between Henry and Roderick.
> Davies.

3. (Gram.) Agreement of words with one another, in gender, number, person, or case.

4. (Old Law) An agreement between the parties to a fine of land in reference to the manner in which it should pass, being an acknowledgment that the land in question belonged to the complainant. See Fine. Burril.

5. [Prob. influenced by chord.] (Mus.) An agreeable combination of tones simultaneously heard; a consonant chord; consonance; harmony.

Con"cord, n. A variety of American grape, with large dark blue (almost black) grapes in compact clusters.

Con*cord" (?), v. i. [F. concorder, L. concordare.] To agree; to act together. [Obs.] Clarendon.

Con*cord"a*ble (?), a. [L. concordabilis.] Capable of according; agreeing; harmonious.

Con*cord"ance (?), n. [F., fr. LL. concordantia.] 1. Agreement; accordance.

> Contrasts, and yet concordances.
> Carlyle.

2. (Gram.) Concord; agreement. [Obs.] Aschlam.

3. An alphabetical verbal index showing the places in the text of a book where each principal word may be found, with its immediate context in each place.

> His knowledge of the Bible was such, that he might have been called a living concordance.
> Macaulay.

4. A topical index or orderly analysis of the contents of a book.

Con*cord"an*cy (?), n. Agreement. W. Montagu.

Con*cord"ant (?), a. [L. concordans, p. pr. of concordare: cf. F. concordant. See Concord.] Agreeing; correspondent; harmonious; consonant.

> Were every one employed in points concordant to their natures, professions, and arts, commonwealths would rise up of themselves.
> Sir T. Browne

Con*cord"ant*ly, adv. In a concordant manner.

Con*cor"dat (?), n. [F. concordat, L. concordato, prop. p. p. of concordare. See Concord.] 1. A compact, covenant, or agreement concerning anything.

2. An agreement made between the pope and a sovereign or government for the regulation of ecclesiastical matters with which both are concerned; as, the concordat between Pope Pius VII and Bonaparte in 1801. Hook.

Con*cord"ist (?), n. The compiler of a concordance.

Con*cor"po*rate (?), v. t. & i. [L. concorporatus, p. p. of concorporare.] To unite in one mass or body; to incorporate. [Archaic.] Jer. Taylor.

Con*cor"po*rate (?), a. United in one body; incorporated. [Archaic] B. Jonson.

Con*cor`po*ra"tion (?), n. [L. concorporatio.] Union of things in one mass or body. [R.] Dr. H. More.

Con"course (?), n. [F. concours, L. concursus, fr. concurrere to run together. See Concur.] 1. A moving, flowing, or running together; confluence.

> The good frame of the universe was not the product of chance or fortuitous concourse of particles of matter.
> Sir M. Hale.

2. An assembly; a gathering formed by a voluntary or spontaneous moving and meeting in one place.

> Amidst the concourse were to be seen the noble ladies of Milan, in gay, fantastic cars, shining in silk brocade.
> Prescott.

3. The place or point of meeting or junction of two bodies. [Obs.]

> The drop will begin to move toward the concourse of the glasses.
> Sir I. Newton.

4. An open space where several roads or paths meet; esp. an open space in a park where several roads meet.

5. Concurrence; coöperation. [Obs.]

> The divine providence is wont to afford its concourse to such proceeding.
> Barrow.

Con`cre*ate" (? or ?), v. t. To create at the same time.

> If God did concreate grace with Adam.
> Jer. Taylor.

Con`cre*ma"tion (? or ?), n. [L. concrematio, fr. concremare. See Cremate.] The act of burning different things together. [Obs.]

Con"cre*ment (?), n. [L. concrementum, fr. concrescere. See Concrete.] A growing together; the collection or mass formed by concretion, or natural union. [Obs.]

> The concrement of a pebble or flint.
> Sir M. Hale

Con*cres"cence (?), n. [L. concrescentia.] Coalescence of particles; growth; increase by the addition of particles. [R.] Sir W. Raleigh.

Con*cres"ci*ble (?), a. [F.] Capable of being changed from a liquid to a solid state. [Obs.]

> They formed a . . . fixed concrescible oil.
> Fourcroy (Trans. ).

Con*cres"cive (?), a. Growing together, or into union; uniting. [R.] Eclec. Rev.

Con"crete (? or ?), a. [L. concretus, p. p. of concrescere to grow together; con- + crescere to grow; cf. F. concret. See Crescent.] 1. United in growth; hence, formed by coalition of separate particles into one mass; united in a solid form.

> The first concrete state, or consistent surface, of the chaos must be of the same figure as the last liquid state.
> Bp. Burnet.

2. (Logic) (a) Standing for an object as it exists in nature, invested with all its qualities, as distinguished from standing for an attribute of an object; -- opposed to abstract. Hence: (b) Applied to a specific object; special; particular; -- opposed to general. See Abstract, 3.

> Concrete is opposed to abstract. The names of individuals are concrete, those of classes abstract.
> J. S. Mill.

> Concrete terms, while they express the quality, do also express, or imply, or refer to, some subject to which it belongs.
> I. Watts.

Concrete number, a number associated with, or applied to, a particular object, as three men, five days, etc., as distinguished from an abstract number, or one used without reference to a particular object. -- Concrete quantity, a physical object or a collection of such objects. Davies & Peck. -- Concrete science, a physical science, one having as its subject of knowledge concrete things instead of abstract laws. -- Concrete sound or movement of the voice, one which slides continuously up or down, as distinguished from a discrete movement, in which the voice leaps at once from one line of pitch to another. Rush.

Con"crete, n. 1. A compound or mass formed by concretion, spontaneous union, or coalescence of separate particles of matter in one body.

> To divide all concretes, minerals and others, into the same number of distinct substances.
> Boyle.

2. A mixture of gravel, pebbles, or broken stone with cement or with tar, etc., used for sidewalks, roadways, foundations, etc., and esp. for submarine structures.

3. (Logic) A term designating both a quality and the subject in which it exists; a concrete term.

> The concretes "father" and "son" have, or might have, the abstracts "paternity" and "filiety".
> J. S. Mill.

4. (Sugar Making) Sugar boiled down from cane juice to a solid mass.

Con*crete" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Concreted; p. pr & vb. n. Concreting.] To unite or coalesce, as separate particles, into a mass or solid body.

Applied to some substances, it is equivalent to indurate; as, metallic matter concretes into a hard body; applied to others, it is equivalent to congeal, thicken, inspissate, coagulate, as in the concretion of blood. "The blood of some who died of the plague could not be made to concrete." Arbuthnot.

Con*crete", v. t. 1. To form into a mass, as by the cohesion or coalescence of separate particles.

> There are in our inferior world divers bodies that are concreted out of others.
> Sir M. Hale.

2. To cover with, or form of, concrete, as a pavement.

Con*crete"ly, adv. In a concrete manner.

Con*crete"ness, n. The quality of being concrete.

Con*cre"tion (?), n. [L. concretio.] 1. The process of concreting; the process of uniting or of becoming united, as particles of matter into a mass; solidification.

<! p. 297 !>

2. A mass or nodule of solid matter formed by growing together, by congelation, condensation, coagulation, induration, etc.; a clot; a lump; a calculus.

> Accidental ossifications or deposits of phosphates of lime in certain organs . . . are called osseous concretions.
> Dunglison.

3. (Geol.) A rounded mass or nodule produced by an aggregation of the material around a center; as, the calcareous concretions common in beds of clay.

Con*cre"tion*al (?), a. Concretionary.

Con*cre"tion*a*ry (?), a. Pertaining to, or formed by, concretion or aggregation; producing or containing concretions.

Con*cre"tive (?), a. Promoting concretion. Sir T. Browne.

Con*cre"tive*ly, adv. In a concrete manner.

Con*cre"ture (?; 135), n. A mass formed by concretion. [Obs.] Johnson.

Con*crew" (?), v. i. [See Concrete, a., and Accrue.] To grow together. [Obs.] Spenser.

Con*crim`i*na"tion (?), n. A joint accusation.

Con*cu"bi*na*cy (?), n. The practice of concubinage. [Obs.] Strype.

Con*cu"bi*nage (?), n. 1. The cohabiting of a man and a woman who are not legally married; the state of being a concubine.

In some countries, concubinage is marriage of an inferior kind, or performed with less solemnity than a true or formal marriage; or marriage with a woman of inferior condition, to whom the husband does not convey his rank or quality. Under Roman law, it was the living of a man and woman in sexual relations without marriage, but in conformity with local law.

2. (Law) A plea, in which it is alleged that the woman suing for dower was not lawfully married to the man in whose lands she seeks to be endowed, but that she was his concubine.

Con*cu"bi*nal (?), a. [L. concubinalis.] Of or pertaining to concubinage.

Con*cu`bi*na"ri*an (?), a. & n. Concubinary.

> The married and concubinarian, as well as looser clergy.
> Milman.

Con*cu"bi*na*ry (?), a. [LL. concubinarius.] Relating to concubinage; living in concubinage.

Con*cu"bi*na*ry, n.; pl. Concubinaries (#). One who lives in concubinage. Jer. Taylor.

Con*cu"bi*nate (?), n. [L. concubinatus.] Concubinage. [Obs.] Johnson.

Con"cu*bine (?), n. [F., fr. L. concubina; con- + cubare to lie down, concumbere to lie together, akin to E. cubit.] 1. A woman who cohabits with a man without being his wife; a paramour.

Concubine has been sometimes, but rarely, used of a male paramour as well as of a female. Trench.

2. A wife of inferior condition; a lawful wife, but not united to the man by the usual ceremonies, and of inferior condition. Such were Hagar and Keturah, the concubines of Abraham; and such concubines were allowed by the Roman laws. Their children were not heirs of their father.

Con*cul"cate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Concultated; p. pr. & vb. n. Conculcating.] [L. conculcatus, p. p. of conculcare to conculcate fr. calx heel.] To tread or trample under foot. [Obs.] Bp. Montagu

-- Con`cul*ca"tion (&?;), n. [Obs.]

Con*cu"pis*cence (?), n. [F., fr. L. concupiscentia.] Sexual lust; morbid carnal passion.

> Concupiscence like a pestilence walketh in darkness.
> Horne.

Con*cu"pis*cent (?), a. [L. concupiscens, p. pr. of concupiscere, v. incho. of concupere to long for; con- + cupere. See Covet.] Having sexual lust; libidinous; lustful; lecherous; salacious. Johnson.

Con*cu`pis*cen"tial (?), a. Relating to concupiscence. [Obs.] Johnson.

Con*cu`pis*cen"tious (?), a. Concupiscent. [Obs.]

Con*cu`pis*ci*ble (?), a. [Cf. F. concupiscible.] 1. Exciting to, or liable to be affected by, concupiscence; provoking lustful desires. Shak.

2. Exciting desire, good or evil.

> The schools reduce all the passions to these two heads, the concupiscible and irascible appetite.
> South.

Con*cu"pis*ci*ble*ness, n. The state of being concupiscible. [Obs.]

Con"cu*py (?), n. Concupiscence. [Used only in "Troilus and Cressida"] Shak.

Con*cur" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Concurred (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Concurring.] [L. concurrere to run together, agree; con- + currere to run. See Current.] 1. To run together; to meet. [Obs.]

> Anon they fierce encountering both concurred
> With grisly looks and faces like their fates.
> J. Hughes.

2. To meet in the same point; to combine or conjoin; to contribute or help toward a common object or effect.

> When outward causes concur.
> Jer. Colier.

3. To unite or agree (in action or opinion); to join; to act jointly; to agree; to coincide; to correspond.

> Mr. Burke concurred with Lord Chatham in opinion.
> Fox.

> Tories and Whigs had concurred in paying honor to Walker.
> Makaulay.

> This concurs directly with the letter.
> Shak.

4. To assent; to consent. [Obs.] Milton.

Syn. -- To agree; unite; combine; conspire; coincide; approve; acquiesce; assent.

Con*cur"rence (?), n. [F., competition, equality of rights, fr. LL. concurrentia competition.] 1. The act of concurring; a meeting or coming together; union; conjunction; combination.

> We have no other measure but our own ideas, with the concurence of other probable reasons, to persuade us.
> Locke.

2. A meeting of minds; agreement in opinion; union in design or act; -- implying joint approbation.

> Tarquin the Proud was expelled by the universal concurrence of nobles and people.
> Swift.

3. Agreement or consent, implying aid or contribution of power or influence; coöperation.

> We collect the greatness of the work, and the necessity of the divine concurrence to it.
> Rogers.

> An instinct that works us to its own purposes without our concurrence.
> Burke.

4. A common right; coincidence of equal powers; as, a concurrence of jurisdiction in two different courts.

Con*cur"ren*cy (?), n. Concurrence.

Con*cur"rent (?), a. [F. concurrent, L. concurrens, p. pr. of concurrere.] 1. Acting in conjunction; agreeing in the same act or opinion; contributing to the same event or effect; coöperating.

> I join with these laws the personal presence of the kings' son, as a concurrent cause of this reformation.
> Sir J. Davies.

> The concurrent testimony of antiquity.
> Bp. Warburton.

2. Conjoined; associate; concomitant; existing or happening at the same time.

> There is no difference the concurrent echo and the iterant but the quickness or slowness of the return.
> Bacon.

> Changes . . . concurrent with the visual changes in the eye.
> Tyndall.

3. Joint and equal in authority; taking cognizance of similar questions; operating on the same objects; as, the concurrent jurisdiction of courts.

4. (Geom.) Meeting in one point.

Syn. -- Meeting; uniting; accompanying; conjoined; associated; coincident; united.

Con*cur"rent, n. 1. One who, or that which, concurs; a joint or contributory cause.

> To all affairs of importance there are three necessary concurrents . . . time, industry, and faculties.
> Dr. H. More.

2. One pursuing the same course, or seeking the same objects; hence, a rival; an opponent.

> Menander . . . had no concurrent in his time that came near unto him.
> Holland.

3. (Chron.) One of the supernumerary days of the year over fifty-two complete weeks; -- so called because they concur with the solar cycle, the course of which they follow.

Con*cur"rent*ly, adv. With concurrence; unitedly.

Con*cur"rent*ness, n. The state or quality of being concurrent; concurrence.

Con*cur"ring (?), a. Agreeing.

Concurring figure (Geom.), one which, being laid on another, exactly meets every part of it, or one which corresponds with another in all its parts.

Con*cuss" (?), v. t. [L. concussus, p. p. of concutere. See Concussion.] 1. To shake or agitate. "Concussed with uncertainty." Daniel.

2. (Law) To force (a person) to do something, or give up something, by intimidation; to coerce. Wharton.

Con`cus*sa"tion (?), n. A violent shock or agitation. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Con*cus"sion (?), n. [L. concussio, fr. concutere, concussum, to shake violenty; con- + quatere to shake. See Cashier, Quash.] 1. A shaking or agitation; a shock; caused by the collision of two bodies.

> It is believed that great ringing of bells, in populous cities, hath dissipated pestilent air; which may be from the concussion of the air.
> Bacon.

2. (Med.) A condition of lowered functional activity, without visible structural change, produced in an organ by a shock, as by fall or blow; as, a concussion of the brain.

3. (Civil Law) The unlawful forcing of another by threats of violence to yield up something of value.

> Then concussion, rapine, pilleries,
> Their catalogue of accusations fill.
> Daniel.

Concussion fuse (Mil.), one that is ignited by the concussion of the shell when it strikes.

Syn. -- See Shock.

Con*cus"sive (?), a. Having the power or quality of shaking or agitating. Johnson.

Cond (?), v. t. [OE. conduen, condien, F. conduire to conduct, fr. L. conducere. See Conduct, and cf. Con (Naut.), Conn. Cun.] (Naut.) To con, as a ship.

Con*demn" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Condemned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Condemning (? or &?;).] [L. condemnare; con- + damnare to condemn: cf. F. condamner. See Damn.] 1. To pronounce to be wrong; to disapprove of; to censure.

> Condemn the fault, and not the actor of it!
> Why, every fault's condemned ere it be done.
> Shak.

> Wilt thou condemn him that is most just?
> Job xxxiv. 17.

2. To declare the guilt of; to make manifest the faults or unworthiness of; to convict of guilt.

> The queen of the south shall rise up in the judgment with this generation, and shall condemn it.
> Matt. xii. 42.

3. To pronounce a judicial sentence against; to sentence to punishment, suffering, or loss; to doom; -- with to before the penalty.

> Driven out from bliss, condemned
> In this abhorred deep to utter woe.
> Milton.

> To each his sufferings; all are men,
> Condemned alike to groan.
> Gray.

> And they shall condemn him to death.
> Matt. xx. 18.

> The thief condemned, in law already dead.
> Pope.

> No flocks that range the valley free,
> To slaughter I condemn.
> Goldsmith.

4. To amerce or fine; -- with in before the penalty.

> The king of Egypt . . . condemned the land in a hundred talents of silver.
> 2 Cron. xxxvi. 3.

5. To adjudge or pronounce to be unfit for use or service; to adjudge or pronounce to be forfeited; as, the ship and her cargo were condemned.

6. (Law) To doom to be taken for public use, under the right of eminent domain.

Syn. -- To blame; censure; reprove; reproach; upbraid; reprobate; convict; doom; sentence; adjudge.

Con"dem*na"ble (?), a. [L. condemnabilis.] Worthy of condemnation; blamable; culpable.

Con"dem*na"tion (?), n. [L. condemnatio.] 1. The act of condemning or pronouncing to be wrong; censure; blame; disapprobation.

> In every other sense of condemnation, as blame, censure, reproof, private judgment, and the like.
> Paley.

2. The act of judicially condemning, or adjudging guilty, unfit for use, or forfeited; the act of dooming to punishment or forfeiture.

> A legal and judicial condemnation.
> Paley.

> Whose condemnation is pronounced.
> Shak.

3. The state of being condemned.

> His pathetic appeal to posterity in the hopeless hour of condemnation.
> W. Irving.

4. The ground or reason of condemning.

> This is the condemnation, that light is come into the world, and men loved darkness rather light, because their deeds were evil.
> John iii. 19.

Con*dem"na*to*ry (?), a. Condemning; containing or imposing condemnation or censure; as, a condemnatory sentence or decree.

Con*demned" (?), a. 1. Pronounced to be wrong, guilty, worthless, or forfeited; adjudged or sentenced to punishment, destruction, or confiscation.

2. Used for condemned persons.

> Richard Savage . . . had lain with fifty pounds weight of irons on his legs in the condemned ward of Newgate.
> Macaulay.

Con*dem"ner (? or ?), n. One who condemns or censures.

Con*den`sa*bil"i*ty (?), n. Capability of being condensed.

Con*den"sa*ble (?), a. [Cf. F. condensable.] Capable of being condensed; as, vapor is condensable.

Con*den"sate (?), a. [L. condensatus, p. p. of condensare. See Condense, v. t.] Made dense; condensed.

> Water . . . thickened or condensate.
> Peacham.

Con*den"sate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Condensated; p. pr. & vb. n. Condensating.] To condense. [R.] Hammond.

Con`den*sa"tion (?), n. [L. condensatio: cf. F. condensation.] 1. The act or process of condensing or of being condensed; the state of being condensed.

> He [Goldsmith] was a great and perhaps an unequaled master of the arts of selection and condensation.
> Macaulay.

2. (Physics) The act or process of reducing, by depression of temperature or increase of pressure, etc., to another and denser form, as gas to the condition of a liquid or steam to water.

3. (Chem.) A rearrangement or concentration of the different constituents of one or more substances into a distinct and definite compound of greater complexity and molecular weight, often resulting in an increase of density, as the condensation of oxygen into ozone, or of acetone into mesitylene.

Condensation product (Chem.), a substance obtained by the polymerization of one substance, or by the union of two or more, with or without separation of some unimportant side products. -- Surface condensation, the system of condensing steam by contact with cold metallic surfaces, in distinction from condensation by the injection of cold water.

Con*den"sa*tive (?), a. [Cf. F. condensatif.] Having the property of condensing.

Con*dense" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Condensed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Condensing.] [L. condensare; con- + densare to make thick or dense, densus thick, dense: cf. F. condenser. See Dense, and cf. Condensate.] 1. To make more close, compact, or dense; to compress or concentrate into a smaller compass; to consolidate; to abridge; to epitomize.

> In what shape they choose,
> Dilated or condensed, bright or obscure.
> Milton.

> The secret course pursued at Brussels and at Madrid may be condensed into the usual formula, dissimulation, procrastination, and again dissimulation.
> Motley.

2. (Chem. & Physics) To reduce into another and denser form, as by cold or pressure; as, to condense gas into a liquid form, or steam into water.

Condensed milk, milk reduced to the consistence of very thick cream by evaporation (usually with addition of sugar) for preservation and transportation. -- Condensing engine, a steam engine in which the steam is condensed after having exerted its force on the piston.

Syn. -- To compress; contract; crowd; thicken; concentrate; abridge; epitomize; reduce.

Con*dense", v. i. 1. To become more compact; to be reduced into a denser form.

> Nitrous acid is gaseous at ordinary temperatures, but condenses into a very volatile liquid at the zero of Fahrenheit.
> H. Spencer.

2. (Chem.) (a) To combine or unite (as two chemical substances) with or without separation of some unimportant side products. (b) To undergo polymerization.

Con*dense", a. [L. condensus.] Condensed; compact; dense. [R.]

> The huge condense bodies of planets.
> Bentley.

Con*dens"er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, condenses.

2. (Physic) (a) An instrument for condensing air or other elastic fluids, consisting of a cylinder having a movable piston to force the air into a receiver, and a valve to prevent its escape. (b) An instrument for concentrating electricity by the effect of induction between conducting plates separated by a nonconducting plate. (c) A lens or mirror, usually of short focal distance, used to concentrate light upon an object.

<! p. 298 !>

3. (Chem.) An apparatus for receiving and condensing the volatile products of distillation to a liquid or solid form, by cooling.

4. (Steam Engine) An apparatus, separate from the cylinder, in which the exhaust steam is condensed by the action of cold water or air. See Illust. of Steam engine.

Achromatic condenser (Optics), an achromatic lens used as a condenser. -- Bull's-eye condenser, or Bull's-eye (Optics), a lens of short focal distance used for concentrating rays of light. -- Injection condenser, a vessel in which steam is condensed by the direct contact of water. -- Surface condenser, an apparatus for condensing steam, especially the exhaust of a steam engine, by bringing it into contact with metallic surface cooled by water or air.

Con*den"si*ble (?), a. Capable of being condensed; as, a gas condensible to a liquid by cold.

Cond"er (?), n. [From Cond.] One who watches shoals of fish; a balker. See Balker.

Con`de*scend" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Condescended; p. pr. & vb. n. Condescending.] [F. condescendre, LL. condescendere, fr. L. con- + descendere. See Descend.] 1. To stoop or descend; to let one's self down; to submit; to waive the privilege of rank or dignity; to accommodate one's self to an inferior. "Condescend to men of low estate." Rom. xii. 16.

> Can they think me so broken, so debased
> With corporal servitude, that my mind ever
> Will condescend to such absurd commands?
> Milton.

> Spain's mighty monarch,
> In gracious clemency, does condescend,
> On these conditions, to become your friend.
> Dryden.

Often used ironically, implying an assumption of superiority.

> Those who thought they were honoring me by condescending to address a few words to me.
> F. W. Robinson.

2. To consent. [Obs.]

> All parties willingly condescended heruento.
> R. Carew.

Syn. -- To yield; stoop; descend; deign; vouchsafe.

{ Con`de*scend"ence (?), Con`de*scend"en*cy (?) }, n. [Cf. F. condescendance.] Condescension. [Obs.]

Con`de*scend"ing*ly (?), adv. In a condescending manner. Atterbury.

Con`de*scen"sion (?), n. [L. condescensio.] The act of condescending; voluntary descent from one's rank or dignity in intercourse with an inferior; courtesy toward inferiors.

> It forbids pride . . . and commands humility, modesty, and condescension to others.
> Tillotson.

> Such a dignity and condescension . . . as are suitable to a superior nature.
> Addison.

Syn. -- Complaisance; courtesy; affability.

Con`de*scent" (?), n. [Cf. Condescend, Descent.] An act of condescension. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Con*dign" (?), a. [F. condigne, L. condignus very worthy; con- + dignus worthy. See Deign, and cf. Digne.] 1. Worthy; suitable; deserving; fit. [Obs.]

> Condign and worthy praise.
> Udall.

> Herself of all that rule she deemend most condign.
> Spenser.

2. Deserved; adequate; suitable to the fault or crime. "Condign censure." Milman.

> Unless it were a bloody murderer . . .
> I never gave them condign punishment.
> Shak.

Con*dig"ni*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. condignité.] (Scholastic Theol.) Merit, acquired by works, which can claim reward on the score of general benevolence.

> Such a worthiness of condignity, and proper merit of the heavenly glory, cannot be found in any the best, most perfect, and excellent of created beings.
> Bp. Bull.

Con*dign"ly (?), adv. According to merit.

Con*dign"ness, n. Agreeableness to deserts; suitableness.

Con"di*ment (?), n. [L. condimentum, fr. condire. See Condite.] Something used to give relish to food, and to gratify the taste; a pungment and appetizing substance, as pepper or mustard; seasoning.

> As for radish and the like, they are for condiments, and not for nourishment.
> Bacon.

Con`dis*ci"ple (?), n. [L. condiscipulus. See Disciple.] A schoolfellow; a fellow-student. [R.]

Con"dite (?), a. [L. conditus, p. p. of condire to preserve, pickle, season. See Recondite.] Preserved; pickled. [Obs.] Burton.

Con*dite" (?), v. t. To pickle; to preserve; as, to condite pears, quinces, etc. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

Con*di"tion (?), n. [F., fr. L. conditio (better condicio) agreement, compact, condition; con- + a root signifying to show, point out, akin to dicere to say, dicare to proclaim, dedicate. See Teach, Token.] 1. Mode or state of being; state or situation with regard to external circumstances or influences, or to physical or mental integrity, health, strength, etc.; predicament; rank; position, estate.

> I am in my condition
> A prince, Miranda; I do think, a king.
> Shak.

> And O, what man's condition can be worse
> Than his whom plenty starves and blessings curse?
> Cowley.

> The new conditions of life.
> Darwin.

2. Essential quality; property; attribute.

> It seemed to us a condition and property of divine powers and beings to be hidden and unseen to others.
> Bacon.

3. Temperament; disposition; character. [Obs.]

> The condition of a saint and the complexion of a devil.
> Shak.

4. That which must exist as the occasion or concomitant of something else; that which is requisite in order that something else should take effect; an essential qualification; stipulation; terms specified.

> I had as lief take her dowry with this condition, to be whipped at the high cross every morning.
> Shak.

> Many are apt to believe remission of sins, but they believe it without the condition of repentance.
> Jer. Taylor.

5. (Law) A clause in a contract, or agreement, which has for its object to suspend, to defeat, or in some way to modify, the principal obligation; or, in case of a will, to suspend, revoke, or modify a devise or bequest. It is also the case of a future uncertain event, which may or may not happen, and on the occurrence or non-occurrence of which, the accomplishment, recission, or modification of an obligation or testamentary disposition is made to depend. Blount. Tomlins. Bouvier. Wharton.

Equation of condition. (Math.) See under Equation. -- On or Upon condition (that), used for if in introducing conditional sentences. "Upon condition thou wilt swear to pay him tribute . . . thou shalt be placed as viceroy under him." Shak. -- Conditions of sale, the terms on which it is proposed to sell property by auction; also, the instrument containing or expressing these terms.

Syn. -- State; situation; circumstances; station; case; mode; plight; predicament; stipulation; qualification; requisite; article; provision; arrangement. See State.

Con*di"tion (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Conditioned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Conditioning.] 1. To make terms; to stipulate.

> Pay me back my credit,
> And I'll condition with ye.
> Beau. & Fl.

2. (Metaph.) To impose upon an object those relations or conditions without which knowledge and thought are alleged to be impossible.

> To think of a thing is to condition.
> Sir W. Hamilton.

Con*di"tion, v. t. [Cf. LL. conditionare. See Condition, n.] 1. To invest with, or limit by, conditions; to burden or qualify by a condition; to impose or be imposed as the condition of.

> Seas, that daily gain upon the shore,
> Have ebb and flow conditioning their march.
> Tennyson.

2. To contract; to stipulate; to agree.

> It was conditioned between Saturn and Titan, that Saturn should put to death all his male children.
> Sir W. Raleigh.

3. (U. S. Colleges) To put under conditions; to require to pass a new examination or to make up a specified study, as a condition of remaining in one's class or in college; as, to condition a student who has failed in some branch of study.

4. To test or assay, as silk (to ascertain the proportion of moisture it contains). McElrath.

Con*di"tion*al (?), a. [L. conditionalis.] 1. Containing, implying, or depending on, a condition or conditions; not absolute; made or granted on certain terms; as, a conditional promise.

> Every covenant of God with man . . . may justly be made (as in fact it is made) with this conditional punishment annexed and declared.
> Bp. Warburton.

2. (Gram. & Logic) Expressing a condition or supposition; as, a conditional word, mode, or tense.

> A conditional proposition is one which asserts the dependence of one categorical proposition on another.
> Whately.

> The words hypothetical and conditional may be . . . used synonymously.
> J. S. Mill.

Con*di"tion*al, n. 1. A limitation. [Obs.] Bacon.

2. A conditional word, mode, or proposition.

> Disjunctives may be turned into conditionals.
> L. H. Atwater.

Con*di`tion*al"i*ty (?), n. The quality of being conditional, or limited; limitation by certain terms.

Con*di"tion*al*ly (?), adv. In a conditional manner; subject to a condition or conditions; not absolutely or positively. Shak.

Con*di"tion*ate (?), a. [LL. conditionatus, p. p. See Condition, v. t.] Conditional. [Obs.]

> Barak's answer is faithful, though conditionate.
> Bp. Hall.

Con*di"tion*ate (?), v. t. 1. To qualify by conditions; to regulate. [Obs.]

2. To put under conditions; to render conditional.

Con*di"tioned (?), a. 1. Surrounded; circumstanced; in a certain state or condition, as of property or health; as, a well conditioned man.

> The best conditioned and unwearied spirit.
> Shak.

2. Having, or known under or by, conditions or relations; not independent; not absolute.

> Under these, thought is possible only in the conditioned interval.
> Sir W. Hamilton.

Con*di"tion*ly, adv. Conditionally. [Obs.]

Con"di*to*ry (?), n.; pl. Conditories (#). [L. conditorium, fr. condere to hide. See Recondite.] A repository for holding things; a hinding place.

Con*dog" (?; 115), v. i. [A punning corruption of concur.] To concur; to agree. [Burlesque]

This word appears in early dictionaries as a synonym for the word agree; thus. "Agree; concurre, cohere, condog, condescend." Cockeram.

Con*do"la*to*ry (?), a. Expressing condolence. Smart.

Con*dole" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Condoled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Condoling.] [L. condolere; con- + dolere to feel pain, grieve. See Doleful.] To express sympathetic sorrow; to grieve in sympathy; -- followed by with.

> Your friends would have cause to rejoice, rather than condole with you.
> Sir W. Temple.

Con*dole", v. t. To lament or grieve over. [R.]

> I come not, Samson, to condole thy chance.
> Milton.

Con*dole"ment (?), n. 1. Condolence. "A pitiful condolement." Milton.

2. Sorrow; mourning; lamentation. Shak.

Con*do"lence (?), n. [Cf. F. condoléance.] Expression of sympathy with another in sorrow or grief.

> Their congratulations and their condolences.
> Steele.

> A special mission of condolence.
> Macaulay.

Con*dol"er (?), n. One who condoles.

Con`do*na"tion (?), n. [L. condonatio a giving away.] 1. The act of condoning or pardoning.

2. (Law) Forgiveness, either express or implied, by a husband of his wife or by a wife of her husband, for a breach of marital duty, as adultery, with an implied condition that the offense shall not be repeated. Bouvier. Wharton.

Con*done" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Condoned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Condoning.] [L. condonare, - donatum, to give up, remit, forgive; con- + donare to give. See Donate.] 1. To pardon; to forgive.

> A fraud which he had either concocted or condoned.
> W. Black.

> It would have been magnanimous in the men then in power to have overlooked all these things, and, condoning the politics, to have rewarded the poetry of Burns.
> J. C. Shairp.

2. (Law) To pardon; to overlook the offense of; esp., to forgive for a violation of the marriage law; -- said of either the husband or the wife.

Con"dor (?), n. [Sp. condor, fr. Peruvian cuntur.] (Zoöl.) A very large bird of the Vulture family (Sarcorhamphus gryphus), found in the most elevated parts of the Andes.

||Con`dot*tie"re (?), n.; pl. Condottieri (#). [It., captain.] A military adventurer of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, who sold his services, and those of his followers, to any party in any contest.

Con*duce" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Conduced (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Conducing.] [L. conducere to bring together, conduce, hire; con- + ducere to lead. See Duke and cf. Conduct, n., Cond.] To lead or tend, esp. with reference to a favorable or desirable result; to contribute; -- usually followed by to or toward.

> He was sensible how much such a union would conduce to the happiness of both.
> Macaulay.

> The reasons you allege do more conduce
> To the hot passion of distemper'd blood.
> Shak.

Syn. -- To contribute; aid; assist; tend; subserve.

Con*duce", v. t. To conduct; to lead; to guide. [Obs.]

> He was sent to conduce hither the princess.
> Sir H. Wotton.

Con*du"cent (?), a. [L. conducens, p. pr.] Conducive; tending.

> Conducent to the good success of this business.
> Abp. Laud.

Con*du"ci*bil"i*ty (?), n. The state or quality of being conducible; conducibleness. Bp. Wilkins.

Con*du"ci*ble (kn*d"s*b'l), a. [L. conducibilis.] Conducive; tending; contributing. Bacon.

> All his laws are in themselves conducible to the temporal interest of them that observe them.
> Bentley.

Con*du"ci*ble*ness, n. Quality of being conducible.

Con*du"ci*bly, adv. In a manner to promote. [R.]

Con*du"cive (kn*d"sv), a. Loading or tending; helpful; contributive; tending to promote.

> However conducive to the good or our country.
> Addison.

Con*du"cive*ness, n. The quality of conducing.

Con"duct (kn"dkt), n. [LL. conductus defense, escort, fr. L. conductus, p. p. of conducere. See Conduce, and cf. Conduit.] 1. The act or method of conducting; guidance; management.

> Christianity has humanized the conduct of war.
> Paley.

> The conduct of the state, the administration of its affairs.
> Ld. Brougham.

2. Skillful guidance or management; generalship.

> Conduct of armies is a prince's art.
> Waller.

> Attacked the Spaniards . . . with great impetuosity, but with so little conduct, that his forces were totally routed.
> Robertson.

3. Convoy; escort; guard; guide. [Archaic]

> I will be your conduct.
> B. Jonson.

> In my conduct shall your ladies come.
> Shak.

4. That which carries or conveys anything; a channel; a conduit; an instrument. [Obs.]

> Although thou hast been conduct of my shame.
> Shak.

5. The manner of guiding or carrying one's self; personal deportment; mode of action; behavior.

> All these difficulties were increased by the conduct of Shrewsbury.
> Macaulay.

> What in the conduct of our life appears
> So well designed, so luckily begun,
> But when we have our wish, we wish undone?
> Dryden.

6. Plot; action; construction; manner of development.

> The book of Job, in conduct and diction.
> Macaulay.

Conduct money (Naut.), a portion of a seaman's wages retained till the end of his engagement, and paid over only if his conduct has been satisfactory.

Syn. -- Behavior; carriage; deportment; demeanor; bearing; management; guidance. See Behavior.

Con*duct" (kn*dkt"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Conducted; p. pr. & vb. n. Conducting.] [See Conduct, n.] 1. To lead, or guide; to escort; to attend.

> I can conduct you, lady, to a low
> But loyal cottage, where you may be safe.
> Milton.

2. To lead, as a commander; to direct; to manage; to carry on; as, to conduct the affairs of a kingdom.

> Little skilled in the art of conducting a siege.
> Prescott.

3. To behave; -- with the reflexive; as, he conducted himself well.

4. (Physics) To serve as a medium for conveying; to transmit, as heat, light, electricity, etc.

5. (Mus.) To direct, as the leader in the performance of a musical composition.

Con*duct", v. i. 1. To act as a conductor (as of heat, electricity, etc.); to carry.

2. To conduct one's self; to behave. [U. S.]

Con*duct`i*bil"i*ty (kn*dk`t*bl"*t), n. [Cf. F. conductibilité.] 1. Capability of being conducted; as, the conductibility of heat or electricity.

2. Conductivity; capacity for receiving and transmitting.

Con*duct"i*ble (-b'l), a. Capable of being conducted.

<! p. 299 !>

Con*duc"tion (kn*dk"shn), n. [L. conductio a bringing together: cf. F. conduction.] 1. The act of leading or guiding. Sir W. Raleigh.

2. The act of training up. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

3. (Physics) Transmission through, or by means of, a conductor; also, conductivity.

> [The] communication [of heat] from one body to another when they are in contact, or through a homogenous body from particle to particle, constitutes conduction.
> Amer. Cyc.

Con*duct"ive (-dk"tv), a. Having the quality or power of conducting; as, the conductive tissue of a pistil.

> The ovarian walls . . . are seen to be distinctly conductive.
> Goodale (Gray's Bot. ).

Con`duc*tiv"i*ty (kn`dk*tv"*t), n. The quality or power of conducting, or of receiving and transmitting, as heat, electricity, etc.; as, the conductivity of a nerve.

Thermal conductivity (Physics), the quantity of heat that passes in unit time through unit area of a plate whose thickness is unity, when its opposite faces differ in temperature by one degree. J. D. Everett. - - Thermometic conductivity (Physics), the thermal conductivity when the unit of heat employed is the heat required to raise a unit volume of the substance one degree.

Con*duct"or (kn*dk"tr), n. [LL., a carrier, transporter, L., a lessee.] 1. One who, or that which, conducts; a leader; a commander; a guide; a manager; a director.

> Zeal, the blind conductor of the will.
> Dryden.

2. One in charge of a public conveyance, as of a railroad train or a street car. [U. S.]

3. (Mus.) The leader or director of an orchestra or chorus.

4. (Physics) A substance or body capable of being a medium for the transmission of certain forces, esp. heat or electricity; specifically, a lightning rod.

5. (Surg.) A grooved sound or staff used for directing instruments, as lithontriptic forceps, etc.; a director.

6. (Arch.) Same as Leader.

Prime conductor (Elec.), the largest conductor of an electrical machine, serving to collect, accumulate, or retain the electricity.

Con*duct"o*ry (?), a. [LL. conductorius.] Having the property of conducting. [R.]

Con*duct"ress (?), n. A woman who leads or directs; a directress.

Con"duit (? or ?; 277), n. [F., fr. LL. conductus escort, conduit. See Conduct.] 1. A pipe, canal, channel, or passage for conveying water or fluid.

> All the conduits of my blood froze up.
> Shak.

> This is the fountain of all those bitter waters, of which, through a hundred different conduits, we have drunk.
> Burke.

2. (Arch.) (a) A structure forming a reservoir for water. Oxf. Gloss.

(b) A narrow passage for private communication.

Con*du"pli*cate (?), a. [L. conduplicatus, p. p. of conduplicare. See Duplicate.] (Bot.) Folded lengthwise along the midrib, the upper face being within; -- said of leaves or petals in vernation or æstivation.

Con*du`pli*ca"tion (?), n. [L. conduplicatio.] A doubling together or folding; a duplication. [R.]

Con`du*ran"go (?), n. (Med.) See Cundurango.

Con*dur"rite (?), n. (Min.) A variety of the mineral domeykite, or copper arsenide, from the Condurra mine in Cornwall, England.

Con"dy*lar (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to a condyle.

Condylar foramen (Anat.), a formen in front of each condyle of the occipital bone; -- sometimes called the anterior condylar foramen when a second, or posterior, foramen is present behind the condyle, as often happens in man.

Con"dyle (? or ?), n. [L. condylus knuckle, joint, Gr. ko`ndylos: cf. F. condyle.] (Anat.) A bony prominence; particularly, an eminence at the end of a bone bearing a rounded articular surface; -- sometimes applied also to a concave articular surface.

Con"dy*loid (?), a. [Condyle + -oid: cf. F. condyloïde.] (Anat.) Shaped like or pertaining to a condyle.

{ ||Con`dy*lo"ma (-l"m), ||Con"dy*lome (-lm) }, n.; pl. Condylomata (#) or (#), E. Condylomes (-lmz). [NL. condyloma, fr. Gr. &?;, from ko`ndylos knuckle. See -oma.] (Med.) A wartlike new growth on the outer skin or adjoining mucous membrane.

There are two kinds of condylomata, the pointed and the broad, the latter being of syphilitic origin.

||Con*dyl"o*pod (?), n. [Gr. ko`ndylos knuckle (or joint) + -pod.] (Zoöl.) An arthropod.

||Cone (?), n. [L. conus cone (in sense 1), Gr. &?;; akin to Skr. çana whetstone, L. cuneus wedge, and prob. to E. hone. See Hone, n.] 1. (Geom.) A solid of the form described by the revolution of a right-angled triangle about one of the sides adjacent to the right angle; -- called also a right cone. More generally, any solid having a vertical point and bounded by a surface which is described by a straight line always passing through that vertical point; a solid having a circle for its base and tapering to a point or vertex.

2. Anything shaped more or less like a mathematical cone; as, a volcanic cone, a collection of scoriæ around the crater of a volcano, usually heaped up in a conical form.

> Now had Night measured with her shadowy cone
> Half way up hill this vast sublunar vault.
> Milton.

3. (Bot.) The fruit or strobile of the Coniferæ, as of the pine, fir, cedar, and cypress. It is composed of woody scales, each one of which has one or two seeds at its base.

4. (Zoöl.) A shell of the genus Conus, having a conical form.

Cone of rays (Opt.), the pencil of rays of light which proceed from a radiant point to a given surface, as that of a lens, or conversely. -- Cone pulley. See in the Vocabulary. -- Oblique or Scalene cone, a cone of which the axis is inclined to the plane of its base. -- Eight cone. See Cone, 1.

Cone (?), v. t. To render cone-shaped; to bevel like the circular segment of a cone; as, to cone the tires of car wheels.

Cone"-in-cone" (?), a. (Geol.) Consisting of a series of parallel cones, each made up of many concentric cones closely packed together; -- said of a kind of structure sometimes observed in sedimentary rocks.

Co*ne"ine (? or ?; 104), n. (Chem.) See Conine.

{ Co"ne*pate (?), Co"ne*patl (?) }, n. [Mexican conepatl and epatl.] (Zoöl.) The skunk.

Cone" pul"ley (?). A pulley for driving machines, etc., having two or more parts or steps of different diameters; a pulley having a conical shape.

Co"ney (? or ?), n. 1. (Zoöl.) A rabbit. See Cony.

2. (Zoöl.) A fish. See Cony.

Con"fab (?), n. [Contr. from confabulation.] Familiar talk or conversation. [Colloq.]

Con*fab"u*late (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Confabulated; p. pr. & vb. n. Confabulating.] [L. confabulatus, p. p. of confabulary, to converse together; con- + fabulary to speak, fr. fabula. See Fable.] To talk familiarly together; to chat; to prattle.

> I shall not ask Jean Jaques Rousseau
> If birds confabulate or no.
> Cowper.

Con*fab`u*la"tion (?), n. [L. confabulatio.] Familiar talk; easy, unrestrained, unceremonious conversation.

> Friends' confabulations are comfortable at all times, as fire in winter.
> Burton.

Con*fab"u*la*to*ry (?), a. Of the nature of familiar talk; in the form of a dialogue. Weever.

Con"fa*lon (?), n. [F. See Confalon.] (R. C. Ch.) One of a fraternity of seculars, also called Penitents.

Con*far`re*a"tion (?), n. [L. confarreatio, fr. confarreare to marry; con- + farreum (sc. libum cake) a spelt cake, fr. farreus made of spelt, fr. far a sort of grain.] (Antiq.) A form of marriage among the Romans, in which an offering of bread was made, in presence of the high priest and at least ten witnesses.

Con*fat"ed (?), p. a. Fated or decreed with something else. [R.] A. Tucker.

Con*fect" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Confected; p. pr. & vb. n. Confecting.] [L. confectus, p. p. of conficere to prepare. See Comfit.] 1. To prepare, as sweetmeats; to make a confection of. [Obs.]

> Saffron confected in Cilicia.
> W. Browne.

2. To construct; to form; to mingle or mix. [Obs.]

> Of this were confected the famous everlasting lamps and tapers.
> Sir T. Herbert.

> [My joys] are still confected with some fears.
> Stirling.

Con"fect (?), n. A comfit; a confection. [Obs.]

> At supper eat a pippin roasted and sweetened with sugar of roses and caraway confects.
> Harvey.

Con*fec"tion (?), n. [F., fr. L. confectio.] 1. A composition of different materials. [Obs.]

> A new confection of mold.
> Bacon.

2. A preparation of fruits or roots, etc., with sugar; a sweetmeat.

> Certain confections . . . are like to candied conserves, and are made of sugar and lemons.
> Bacon.

3. A composition of drugs. Shak.

4. (Med.) A soft solid made by incorporating a medicinal substance or substances with sugar, sirup, or honey.

The pharmacopœias formerly made a distinction between conserves (made of fresh vegetable substances and sugar) and electuaries (medicinal substances combined with sirup or honey), but the distinction is now abandoned and all are called confections.

Con*fec"tion*a*ry (?), n. [Cf. LL. confectionaris a pharmacist.] A confectioner. [Obs.]

> He will take your daughters to be confectionaries, and to be cooks.
> 1 Sam. viii. 13.

Con*fec"tion*a*ry, a. Prepared as a confection.

> The biscuit or confectionary plum.
> Cowper.

Con*fec"tion*er (?), n. 1. A compounder. [Obs.]

> Canidia Neapolitana was confectioner of unguents.
> Haywood.

2. One whose occupation it is to make or sell confections, candies, etc.

Con*fec"tion*er*y (?), n. 1. Sweetmeats, in general; things prepared and sold by a confectioner; confections; candies.

2. A place where candies, sweetmeats, and similar things are made or sold.

Con*fec"to*ry (?), a. Pertaining to the art of making sweetmeats. [Obs.] Beaumont.

Con*fec"ture (?), n. Same as Confiture. [Obs.]

Con*fed"er (kn*fd"r), v. i. [Cf. F. confédérer. See Confederate.] To confederate. [Obs.] Sir T. North.

Con*fed"er*a*cy (?), n.; pl. Confederacies (#). [From Confederate, a.] 1. A league or compact between two or more persons, bodies of men, or states, for mutual support or common action; alliance.

> The friendships of the world are oft
> Confederacies in vice or leagues of pleasure.
> Addison.

> He hath heard of our confederacy.
> Shak.

> Virginia promoted a confederacy.
> Bancroft.

2. The persons, bodies, states, or nations united by a league; a confederation.

> The Grecian common wealth, . . . the most heroic confederacy that ever existed.
> Harris.

> Virgil has a whole confederacy against him.
> Dryden.

3. (Law) A combination of two or more persons to commit an unlawful act, or to do a lawful act by unlawful means. See Conspiracy.

Syn. -- League; compact; alliance; association; union; combination; confederation.

Con*fed"er*ate (?), a. [L. confoederatus, p. p. of confoederare to join by a league; con- + foederare to establish by treaty or league, fr. foedus league, compact. See Federal.] 1. United in a league; allied by treaty; engaged in a confederacy; banded together; allied.

> All the swords
> In Italy, and her confederate arms,
> Could not have made this peace.
> Shak.

2. (Amer. Hist.) Of or pertaining to the government of the eleven Southern States of the United States which (1860-1865) attempted to establish an independent nation styled the Confederate States of America; as, the Confederate congress; Confederate money.

Con*fed"er*ate, n. 1. One who is united with others in a league; a person or a nation engaged in a confederacy; an ally; also, an accomplice in a bad sense.

> He found some of his confederates in gaol.
> Macaulay.

2. (Amer. Hist.) A name designating an adherent to the cause of the States which attempted to withdraw from the Union (1860-1865).

Con*fed"er*ate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Confederated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Confederating (?).] To unite in a league or confederacy; to ally.

> With these the Piercies them confederate.
> Daniel.

Con*fed"er*ate, v. i. To unite in a league; to join in a mutual contract or covenant; to band together.

> By words men . . . covenant and confederate.
> South.

Con*fed"er*a`ter (?), n. A confederate.

Con*fed`er*a"tion (?), n. [L. confoederatio: cf. F. confédération.] 1. The act of confederating; a league; a compact for mutual support; alliance, particularly of princes, nations, or states.

> The three princes enter into some strict league and confederation among themselves.
> Bacon.

> This was no less than a political confederation of the colonies of New England.
> Palfrey.

2. The parties that are confederated, considered as a unit; a confederacy.

Articles of confederation. See under Article.

Con*fed"er*a*tive (? or ?), a. Of or pertaining to a confederation.

Con*fed"er*a`tor (?), n. A confederate. Grafton.

Con*fer" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Conferred (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Conferring.] [L. conferre to bring together, contribute, consult; con- + ferre to bear: cf. F. conférer. See 1st Bear.] 1. To bring together for comparison; to compare. [Obs.]

> If we confer these observations with others of the like nature, we may find cause to rectify the general opinion.
> Boyle.

2. To grant as a possession; to bestow.

> The public marks of honor and reward
> Conferred upon me.
> Milton.

3. To contribute; to conduce. [Obs.]

> The closeness and compactness of the parts resting together doth much confer to the strength of the union.
> Glanvill.

Con*fer", v. i. To have discourse; to consult; to compare views; to deliberate.

> Festus, when he had conferred with the council, answered.
> Acts xxv. 12.

> You shall hear us confer of this.
> Shak.

Syn. -- To counsel; advise; discourse; converse.

Con`fer*ee" (?), n. [Cf. Referee.] 1. One who is conferred with, or who takes part in a conference; as, the conferees on the part of the Senate.

2. One upon whom something is conferred.

Con"fer*ence (?), n. [F. conférence. See Confer.] 1. The act of comparing two or more things together; comparison. [Obs.]

> Helps and furtherances which . . . the mutual conference of all men's collections and observations may afford.
> Hocker.

2. The act of consulting together formally; serious conversation or discussion; interchange of views.

> Nor with such free and friendly conference
> As he hath used of old.
> Shak.

3. A meeting for consultation, discussion, or an interchange of opinions.

4. A meeting of the two branches of a legislature, by their committees, to adjust between them.

5. (Methodist Church) A stated meeting of preachers and others, invested with authority to take cognizance of ecclesiastical matters.

6. A voluntary association of Congregational churches of a district; the district in which such churches are.

Conference meeting, a meeting for conference. Specifically, a meeting conducted (usually) by laymen, for conference and prayer. [U. S.] -- Conference room, a room for conference and prayer, and for the pastor's less formal addresses. [U. S.]

Con`fer*en"tial (?), a. Relating to conference. [R.] Clarke.

Con*fer"ra*ble (#) a. Capable of being conferred.

Con`fer*ree" (kn`fr*r"), n. Same as Conferee.

<! p. 300 !>

Con*fer"rer (kn*fr"rr), n. 1. One who confers; one who converses. Johnson.

2. One who bestows; a giver.

{ Con`fer*ru"mi*nate (?), Con`fer*ru"mi*na`ted (?) }, a. [L. conferruminare to cement. See Ferruminate.] (Bot.) Closely united by the coalescence, or sticking together, of contiguous faces, as in the case of the cotyledons of the live-oak acorn.

||Con*fer"va (?), n.; pl. Confervæ (#). [L., a kind of water plant. See Comfrey.] (Bot.) Any unbranched, slender, green plant of the fresh-water algae. The word is frequently used in a wider sense.

Con`fer*va"ceous (?), a. Belonging to the confervae.

Con*fer"void (?), a. [Conferva + -oid.] Like, or related to, the confervae. Loudon.

Con*fer"vous (?), a. Pertaining to confervae; consisting of, or resembling, the confervae.

> Yon exiguous pool's confervous scum.
> O. W. Holmes.

Con*fess" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Confessed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Confessing.] [F. confesser, fr. L. confessus, p. p. of confiteri to confess; con- + fateri to confess; akin to fari to speak. See 2d Ban, Fame.] 1. To make acknowledgment or avowal in a matter pertaining to one's self; to acknowledge, own, or admit, as a crime, a fault, a debt.

> And there confess
> Humbly our faults, and pardon beg.
> Milton.

> I must confess I was most pleased with a beautiful prospect that none of them have mentioned.
> Addison.

2. To acknowledge faith in; to profess belief in.

> Whosoever, therefore, shall confess me before men, him will I confess, also, before my Father which is in heaven.
> Matt. x. 32.

> For the Sadducees say that there is no resurrection, neither angel, nor spirit; but the Pharisees confess both.
> Acts xxiii. 8.

3. To admit as true; to assent to; to acknowledge, as after a previous doubt, denial, or concealment.

> I never gave it him. Send for him hither,
> And let him confess a truth.
> Shak.

> As I confess it needs must be.
> Tennyson.

> As an actor confessed without rival to shine.
> Goldsmith.

4. (Eccl.) (a) To make known or acknowledge, as one's sins to a priest, in order to receive absolution; -- sometimes followed by the reflexive pronoun.

> Our beautiful votary took an opportunity of confessing herself to this celebrated father.
> Addison.

(b) To hear or receive such confession; - - said of a priest.

> He . . . heard mass, and the prince, his son, with him, and the most part of his company were confessed.
> Ld. Berners.

5. To disclose or reveal, as an effect discloses its cause; to prove; to attest.

> Tall thriving trees confessed the fruitful mold.
> Pope.

Syn. -- Admit; grant; concede; avow; own; assent; recognize; prove; exhibit; attest. -- To Confess, Acknowledge, Avow. Acknowledge is opposed to conceal. We acknowledge what we feel must or ought to be made known. (See Acknowledge.) Avow is opposed to withhold. We avow when we make an open and public declaration, as against obloquy or opposition; as, to avow one's principles; to avow one's participation in some act. Confess is opposed to deny. We confess (in the ordinary sense of the word) what we feel to have been wrong; as, to confess one's errors or faults. We sometimes use confess and acknowledge when there is no admission of our being in the wrong; as, this, I confess, is my opinion; I acknowledge I have always thought so; but in these cases we mean simply to imply that others may perhaps think us in the wrong, and hence we use the words by way of deference to their opinions. It was in this way that the early Christians were led to use the Latin confiteor and confessio fidei to denote the public declaration of their faith in Christianity; and hence the corresponding use in English of the verb confess and the noun confession.

Con*fess", v. i. 1. To make confession; to disclose sins or faults, or the state of the conscience.

> Every tongue shall confess to God.
> Rom. xiv. 11.

2. To acknowledge; to admit; to concede.

> But since
> (And I confess with right) you think me bound.
> Tennyson.

Con*fess"ant (?), n. [F. confessant.] One who confesses to a priest. [Obs.] Bacon.

Con*fess"a*ry (?), n. [LL. confessarius.] One who makes a confession. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Con*fess"ed*ly (?), adv. By confession; without denial. [Written also confessly.]

Con*fess"er (?), n. One who makes a confession.

Con*fes"sion (?), n. [F. confession, L. confessio.] 1. Acknowledgment; avowal, especially in a matter pertaining to one's self; the admission of a debt, obligation, or crime.

> With a crafty madness keeps aloof,
> When we would bring him on to some confession
> Of his true state.
> Shak.

2. Acknowledgment of belief; profession of one's faith.

> With the mouth confession is made unto salvation.
> Rom. x. 10.

3. (Eccl.) The act of disclosing sins or faults to a priest in order to obtain sacramental absolution.

> Auricular confession . . . or the private and special confession of sins to a priest for the purpose of obtaining his absolution.
> Hallam.

4. A formulary in which the articles of faith are comprised; a creed to be assented to or signed, as a preliminary to admission to membership of a church; a confession of faith.

5. (Law) An admission by a party to whom an act is imputed, in relation to such act. A judicial confession settles the issue to which it applies; an extrajudical confession may be explained or rebutted. Wharton.

Confession and avoidance (Law), a mode of pleading in which the party confesses the facts as stated by his adversary, but alleges some new matter by way of avoiding the legal effect claimed for them. Mozley & W.

Confession of faith, a formulary containing the articles of faith; a creed. -- General confession, the confession of sins made by a number of persons in common, as in public prayer. -- Westminster Confession. See Westminster Assembly, under Assembly.

Con*fes"sion*al (?), n. [F. confessional.] The recess, seat, or inclosed place, where a priest sits to hear confessions; often a small structure furnished with a seat for the priest and with a window or aperture so that the penitent who is outside may whisper into the priest's ear without being seen by him or heard by others.

Con*fes"sion*al, a. Pertaining to a confession of faith.

Confessional equality, equality before the law of persons confessing different creeds.

Con*fes"sion*al*ism (?), n. (Eccl.) An exaggerated estimate of the importance of giving full assent to any particular formula of the Christian faith. Shaff.

Con*fes"sion*al*ist, n. A priest hearing, or sitting to hear, confession. [R.] Boucher

Con*fes"sion*a*ry (?), n. [LL. confessionarium.] A confessional. [Obs.] Johnson.

Con*fes"sion*a*ry, a. Pertaining to auricular confession; as, a confessionary litany.

Con*fes"sion*ist, n. [Cf. F. confessioniste.] One professing a certain faith. Bp. Montagu.

Con*fess"or (?; 277), n. [OF. confessor, F. confesseur, fr. L. & LL. confessor.] 1. One who confesses; one who acknowledges a fault, or the truth of a charge, at the risk of suffering; specifically, one who confesses himself a follower of Christ and endures persecution for his faith.

> He who dies for religion is a martyr; he who suffers for it is a confessor.
> Latham.

> Our religion which hath been sealed with the blood of so many martyrs and confessors.
> Bacon.

2. A priest who hears the confessions of others and is authorized to grant them absolution.

Con*fess"or*ship, n. The act or state of suffering persecution for religious faith.

> Our duty to contend even to confessorship.
> J. H. Newman.

Con*fest"ly (?), adv. See Cofessedly.

{ Con`fi*dant" (?); 277), n. masc., Con`fi*dante" (?; 277), n. fem. }[F. confident, confidente, formerly also spelt confidant, confidante. See Confide, and cf. Confident.] One to whom secrets, especially those relating to affairs of love, are confided or intrusted; a confidential or bosom friend.

> You love me for no other end
> Than to become my confidant and friend;
> As such I keep no secret from your sight.
> Dryden.

Con*fide" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Confided; p. pr. & vb. n. Confiding.] [L. confidere; con- + fidere to trust. See Faith, and cf. Affiance.] To put faith (in); to repose confidence; to trust; -- usually followed by in; as, the prince confides in his ministers.

> By thy command I rise or fall,
> In thy protection I confide.
> Byron.

> Judge before friendships, then confide till death.
> Young.

Con*fide", v. t. To intrust; to give in charge; to commit to one's keeping; -- followed by to.

> Congress may . . . confide to the Circuit jurisdiction of all offenses against the United States.
> Story.

Con"fi*dence (?), n. [L. confidentia firm trust in, self-confidence: cf. F. confidence.] 1. The act of confiding, trusting, or putting faith in; trust; reliance; belief; -- formerly followed by of, now commonly by in.

> Society is built upon trust, and trust upon confidence of one another's integrity.
> South.

> A cheerful confidence in the mercy of God.
> Macaulay.

2. That in which faith is put or reliance had.

> The Lord shall be thy confidence.
> Prov. iii. 26.

3. The state of mind characterized by one's reliance on himself, or his circumstances; a feeling of self-sufficiency; such assurance as leads to a feeling of security; self-reliance; -- often with self prefixed.

> Your wisdom is consumed in confidence;
> Do not go forth to-day.
> Shak.

> But confidence then bore thee on secure
> Either to meet no danger, or to find
> Matter of glorious trial.
> Milton.

4. Private conversation; (pl.) secrets shared; as, there were confidences between them.

> Sir, I desire some confidence with you.
> Shak.

Confidence game, any swindling operation in which advantage is taken of the confidence reposed by the victim in the swindler. -- Confidence man, a swindler. -- To take into one's confidence, to admit to a knowledge of one's feelings, purposes, or affairs.

Syn. -- Trust; assurance; expectation; hope.

> I am confident that very much be done.
> Boyle.

2. Trustful; without fear or suspicion; frank; unreserved.

> Be confident to speak, Northumberland;
> We three are but thyself.
> Shak.

3. Having self-reliance; bold; undaunted.

> As confident as is the falcon's flight
> Against a bird, do I with Mowbray fight.
> Shak.

4. Having an excess of assurance; bold to a fault; dogmatical; impudent; presumptuous.

> The fool rageth and is confident.
> Prov. xiv. 16.

5. Giving occasion for confidence. [R.]

> The cause was more confident than the event was prosperous.
> Jer. Taylor.

Con"fi*dent, n. See Confidant. South. Dryden.

Con`fi*den"tial (?), a. [Cf. F. confidentiel.] 1. Enjoying, or treated with, confidence; trusted in; trustworthy; as, a confidential servant or clerk.

2. Communicated in confidence; secret. "Confidential messages." Burke.

Confidential communication (Law) See Privileged communication, under Privileged. -- Confidential creditors, those whose claims are of such a character that they are entitled to be paid before other creditors. -- Confidential debts, debts incurred for borrowed money, and regarded as having a claim to be paid before other debts. McElrath.

Con`fi*den"tial*ly (?), adv. In confidence; in reliance on secrecy.

Con"fi*dent*ly (?), adv. With confidence; with strong assurance; positively.

Con"fi*dent*ness, n. The quality of being confident.

Con*fid"er (?), n. One who confides.

Con*fid"ing, a. That confides; trustful; unsuspicious. -- Con*fid"ing*ly, adv. -- Con*fid"ing*ness, n.

Con*fig"ur*ate (?), v. i. [L. configuratus, p. p. of configurare to form or after; con- + figurare to form, figura form. See Figure.] To take form or position, as the parts of a complex structure; to agree with a pattern.

> Known by the name of uniformity;
> Where pyramids to pyramids relate
> And the whole fabric doth configurate.
> Jordan.

Con*fig`u*ra"tion (?), n. [L. configuratio.] 1. Form, as depending on the relative disposition of the parts of a thing; shape; figure.

> It is the variety of configurations [of the mouth] . . . which gives birth and origin to the several vowels.
> Harris.

2. (Astrol.) Relative position or aspect of the planets; the face of the horoscope, according to the relative positions of the planets at any time.

> They [astrologers] undertook . . . to determine the course of a man's character and life from the configuration of the stars at the moment of his birth.
> Whewell.

3. (Chem.) the spatial arrangement of atoms in a molecule as determined by the covalent bonds between them; the three-dimensional structure that cannot be changed without breaking the covalent bonds between atoms of a molecule. It is distinguished from conformation, which is the exact relative location in space of all of the atoms of a molecule, which may vary at different times or in different environments.
[PJC]

4. (Computers) a specification of the parts of a computer system, consisting of the essential components of the computer plus the complete set of all internal and external devices directly attached to it; as, by the year 2000, a microcomputer configuration without a CD-ROM or DVD drive will be unsalable.
[PJC]

Con*fig"ure (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Configured (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Configuring.] [L. configurare: cf. F. configurer. See Configurate.] To arrange or dispose in a certain form, figure, or shape. Bentley.

Con*fin"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being confined, restricted, or limited.

> Not confinable to any limits.
> Bp. Hall.

Con*fine" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Confined (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Confining.] [F. confiner to border upon, LL. confinare to set bounds to; con- + finis boundary, end. See Final, Finish.] To restrain within limits; to restrict; to limit; to bound; to shut up; to inclose; to keep close.

> Now let not nature's hand
> Keep the wild flood confined! let order die!
> Shak.

> He is to confine himself to the compass of numbers and the slavery of rhyme.
> Dryden.

To be confined, to be in childbed.

Syn. -- To bound; limit; restrain; imprison; immure; inclose; circumscribe; restrict.

Con"fine (? or &?;); 277), v. i. To have a common boundary; to border; to lie contiguous; to touch; -- followed by on or with. [Obs.]

> Where your gloomy bounds
> Confine with heaven.
> Milton.

> Bewixt heaven and earth and skies there stands a place.
> Confining on all three.
> Dryden.

Con"fine (?), n. 1. Common boundary; border; limit; -- used chiefly in the plural.

> Events that came to pass within the confines of Judea.
> Locke.

> And now in little space
> The confines met of empyrean heaven,
> And of this world.
> Milton.

> On the confines of the city and the Temple.
> Macaulay.

2. Apartment; place of restraint; prison. [Obs.]

> Confines, wards, and dungeons.
> Shak.

> The extravagant and erring spirit hies
> To his confine.
> Shak.

Con"fine`less (? or ?), a. Without limitation or end; boundless. Shak.

Con*fine"ment (?), n. 1. Restraint within limits; imprisonment; any restraint of liberty; seclusion.

> The mind hates restraint, and is apt to fancy itself under confinement when the sight is pent up.
> Addison.

2. Restraint within doors by sickness, esp. that caused by childbirth; lying-in.

Con*fin"er (?), n. One who, or that which, limits or restrains.

Con"fi`ner (? or &?;), n. One who lives on confines, or near the border of a country; a borderer; a near neighbor. [Obs.] Bacon.

> Happy confiners you of other lands,
> That shift your soil, and oft 'scape tyrants' hands.
> Daniel.

Con*fin"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. confinité.] Community of limits; contiguity. [R.] Bailey.

Con*firm" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Confrmed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Confirming.] [OE. confermen, confirmen, OF. confermer, F. confirmer, fr. L. confirmare; con- + firmare to make firm, fr. firmus firm. See Firm.] 1. To make firm or firmer; to add strength to; to establish; as, health is confirmed by exercise.

> Confirm the crown to me and to mine heirs.
> Shak.

> And confirmed the same unto Jacob for a law.
> Ps. cv. 10.

2. To strengthen in judgment or purpose.

> Confirmed, then, I resolve
> Adam shall share with me in bliss or woe.
> Milton.

3. To give new assurance of the truth of; to render certain; to verify; to corroborate; as, to confirm a rumor.

> Your eyes shall witness and confirm my tale.
> Pope.

> These likelihoods confirm her flight.
> Shak.

4. To render valid by formal assent; to complete by a necessary sanction; to ratify; as, to confirm the appoinment of an official; the Senate confirms a treaty.

> That treaty so prejudicial ought to have been remitted rather than confimed.
> Swift.

5. (Eccl.) To administer the rite of confirmation to. See Confirmation, 3.

> Those which are thus confirmed are thereby supposed to be fit for admission to the sacrament.
> Hammond.

Syn. -- To strengthen; corroborate; substantiate; establish; fix; ratify; settle; verify; assure.

<! p. 301 !>

Con*firm"a*ble (?), a. That may be confirmed.

Con*firm"ance (?), n. Confirmation. [Obs.]

Con`fir*ma"tion (?), n. [F. confirmation, L. confirmatio.] 1. The act of confirming or strengthening; the act of establishing, ratifying, or sanctioning; as, the confirmation of an appointment.

> Their blood is shed
> In confirmation of the noblest claim.
> Cowper.

2. That which confirms; that which gives new strength or assurance; as to a statement or belief; additional evidence; proof; convincing testimony.

> Trifles light as air
> Are to the jealous confirmations strong
> As proofs of holy writ.
> Shak.

3. (Eccl.) A rite supplemental to baptism, by which a person is admitted, through the laying on of the hands of a bishop, to the full privileges of the church, as in the Roman Catholic, the Episcopal Church, etc.

> This ordinance is called confirmation, because they who duly receive it are confirmed or strengthened for the fulfillment of their Christian duties, by the grace therein bestowed upon them.
> Hook.

4. (Law) A conveyance by which a voidable estate is made sure and not voidable, or by which a particular estate is increased; a contract, express or implied, by which a person makes that firm and binding which was before voidable.

Con*firm"a*tive (?), a. [L. confirmativus: cf. F. confirmatif.] Tending to confirm or establish. Sherwood.

-- Con*firm"a*tive*ly, adv.

Con"fir*ma`tor (?), n. [L.] One who, or that which, confirms; a confirmer. Sir T. Browne.

Con*firm"a*to*ry (?), a. . Serving to confirm; corroborative.

> A fact confirmatory of the conclusion.
> I. Taylor.

2. Pertaining to the rite of confirmation. Compton.

Con*firm"ed*ly (?), adv. With confirmation.

Con*firm"ed*ness, n. A fixed state.

Con`fir*mee" (?), n. [F. confirmé, p. p. of confirmer.] (Law) One to whom anything is confirmed.

Con*firm"er (?), n. One who, or that which, confirms, establishes, or ratifies; one who corroborates. Shak.

Con*firm"ing*ly, adv. In a confirming manner.

Con*fis"ca*ble (?), a. [Cf. F. confiscable.] Capable of being confiscated; liable to forfeiture.

Con"fis*cate (? or &?;), a. [L. confiscatus, p. p. of confiscare to confiscate, prop., to lay up in a chest; con- + fiscus basket, purse, treasury. See Fiscal.] Seized and appropriated by the government to the public use; forfeited.

> Lest that your goods too soon be confiscate.
> Shak.

Con"fis*cate (? or &?;; 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Confiscated; p. pr. & vb. n. Confiscating.] To seize as forfeited to the public treasury; to appropriate to the public use.

> It was judged that he should be banished and his whole estate confiscated and seized.
> Bacon.

Con`fis*ca"tion (?), n. [L. confiscatio.] The act or process of taking property or condemning it to be taken, as forfeited to the public use.

> The confiscations following a subdued rebellion.
> Hallam.

Con"fis*ca`tor (?), n. [L., a treasurer.] One who confiscates. Burke.

Con*fis"ca*to*ry (?), a. Effecting confiscation; characterized by confiscations. "Confiscatory and exterminatory periods." Burke.

Con"fit (?), n. Same as Comfit. [Obs.]

Con"fi*tent (?), n. [L. confitens, p. pr.] One who confesses his sins and faults. [Obs.]

||Con*fit"e*or (?), n. [L., I confess. See Confess.] (R.C.Ch.) A form of prayer in which public confession of sins is made.

Con"fi*ture (?; 135), n. [F. See Confiture.] Composition; preparation, as of a drug, or confection; a sweetmeat. [Obs.] "Confitures and pies." Bacon.

Con*fix" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Confixed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Confixing.] [L. confixus, p. p. of configere to fasten together.] To fix; to fasten. [Obs.] Shak.

Con*fix"ure (?; 135), n. Act of fastening. [Obs.]

Con*fla"grant (?), a. [L. conflagrans, p. pr. of conflagrare; con- + flagrare to blaze. See Flagrant.] Burning together in a common flame. [R.] "The conflagrant mass." Milton.

Con`fla*gra"tion (?), n. [L. conflagratio: cf. F. conflagration.] A fire extending to many objects, or over a large space; a general burning.

> Till one wide conflagration swallows all.
> Pope.

Con*flate" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Conflated; p. pr. & vb. n. Conflating.] [L. conflatus, p. p. of conflare to blow together; con- + flare to blow.] To blow together; to bring together; to collect; to fuse together; to join or weld; to consolidate.

> The State-General, created and conflated by the passionate effort of the whole nation.
> Carlyle.

Con*fla"tion (?), n. [L. conflatio.] A blowing together, as of many instruments in a concert, or of many fires in a foundry. [R.] Bacon.

Con"flict (?), n. [L. conflictus a striking together, fr. confligere, -flictum, to strike together, to fight: cf. F. conflit, formerly also conflict. See Conflict, v.] 1. A striking or dashing together; violent collision; as, a conflict of elements or waves.

2. A strife for the mastery; hostile contest; battle; struggle; fighting.

> As soon as he [Atterbury] was himself again, he became eager for action and conflict.
> Macaulay.

> An irrepressible conflict between opposing and enduring forces.
> W. H. Seward.

Conflict of laws, that branch of jurisprudence which deals with individual litigation claimed to be subject to the conflicting laws of two or more states or nations; -- often used as synonymous with Private international law.

Syn. -- Contest; collision; struggle; combat; strife; contention; battle; fight; encounter. See Contest.

Con*flict" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Conflicted; p. pr. & vb. n. Conflicting.] [L. conflictus, p. p. of confligere to conflict (cf. conflictare); con- + fligere to strike; cf. Gr. fli`bein, qli`bein, to press, L. flagrum whip.] 1. To strike or dash together; to meet in violent collision; to collide. Shak.

> Fire and water conflicting together.
> Bacon.

2. To maintain a conflict; to contend; to engage in strife or opposition; to struggle.

> A man would be content to . . . conflict with great difficulties, in hopes of a mighty reward.
> Abp. Tillotson.

3. To be in opposition; to be contradictory.

> The laws of the United States and of the individual States may, in some cases, conflict with each other.
> Wheaton.

Syn. -- To fight; contend; contest; resist; struggle; combat; strive; battle.

Con*flict"ing, a. Being in conflict or collision, or in opposition; contending; contradictory; incompatible; contrary; opposing.

> Torn with sundry conflicting passions.
> Bp. Hurd.

Con*flict"ive (?), a. Tending to conflict; conflicting. Sir W. Hamilton.

Con"flu*ence (?), n. [L. confluentia.] 1. The act of flowing together; the meeting or junction of two or more streams; the place of meeting.

> New York stood at the confluence of two rivers.
> Bancroft.

2. Any running together of separate streams or currents; the act of meeting and crowding in a place; hence, a crowd; a concourse; an assemblage.

> You see this confluence, this great flood of vistors.
> Shak.

> The confluence . . . of all true joys.
> Boyle.

Con"flu*ent (?), a. [L. confluens, -entis, p. pr. of confluere, - fluxum; con- + fluere to flow. See Fluent.] 1. Flowing together; meeting in their course; running one into another.

> These confluent steams make some great river's head.
> Blackmore.

2. (Bot.) Blended into one; growing together, so as to obliterate all distinction.

3. (Med.) (a) Running together or uniting, as pimples or pustules. (b) Characterized by having the pustules, etc., run together or unite, so as to cover the surface; as, confluent smallpox. Dunglison.

Con"flu*ent, n. 1. A small steam which flows into a large one.

2. The place of meeting of steams, currents, etc. [Obs.] Holland.

Con"flux (?), n. [From L. confluxus, p. p. See Confluent.] 1. A flowing together; a meeting of currents. "The conflux of meeting sap." Shak.

> The general conflux and concourse of the whole people.
> Clarendon.

2. A large assemblage; a passing multitude.

> To the gates cast round thine eye, and see
> What conflux issuing forth, or entering in.
> Milton.

Con*flux`i*bil"i*ty (?), n. The tendency of fluids to run together. [R.] Boyle.

Con*flux"i*ble (?), a. Inclined to flow or run together. -- Con*flux"i*ble*ness, n.

Con*fo"cal (?), a. (Math.) Having the same foci; as, confocal quadrics.

Con*form" (?), a. [L. conformis; con- + forma form: cf. F. conforme.] Of the same form; similar in import; conformable. Bacon.

> Care must be taken that the interpretation be every way conform to the analogy of faith.
> Bp.Hall.

Con*form", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Conformed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Conforming.] [F. conformer, L. conformare, -formatum; con- + formare to form, forma form. See Form.] To shape in accordance with; to make like; to bring into harmony or agreement with; -- usually with to or unto.

> Demand of them wherefore they conform not themselves unto the order of the church.
> Hooker.

Con*form", v. i. 1. To be in accord or harmony; to comply; to be obedient; to submit; -- with to or with.

> A rule to which experience must conform.
> Whewell.

2. (Eng. Eccl. Hist.) To comply with the usages of the Established Church; to be a conformist.

> About two thousand ministers whose consciences did not suffer them to conform were driven from their benefices in a day.
> Macaulay.

Con*form`a*bil"i*ty (?), n. 1. The state of being conformable.

2. (Geol.) The parallelism of two sets of strata which are in contact.

Con*form"a*ble (?), a. 1. Corresponding in form, character, opinions, etc.; similar; like; consistent; proper or suitable; -- usually followed by to.

> The fragments of Sappho give us a taste of her way of writing perfectly conformable with that character.
> Addison.

> Conformable to Scripture as well as to philosophy.
> Whewell.

> To make matters somewhat conformable for the old knight.
> Sir W. Scott.

2. Disposed to compliance or obedience; ready to follow directions; submissive; compliant.

> I have been to you a true and humble wife,
> At all times to your will conformable.
> Shak.

3. (Geol.) Parallel, or nearly so; -- said of strata in contact.

Con*form"a*ble*ness (?), n. The quality of being conformable; conformability.

Con*form"a*bly, adv. With conformity or in conformity; suitably; agreeably.

> Conformably to the law and nature of God.
> Bp. Beveridge.

Con*form"ance (?), n. Conformity. [R.] Marston.

Con*form"ate (?), a. [L. conformatus, p. p. See Conform.] Having the same form. [R.]

Con`for*ma"tion (?), n. [L. conformatio: cf. F. conformation.] 1. The act of conforming; the act of producing conformity.

> The conformation of our hearts and lives to the duties of true religion and morality.
> I. Watts.

2. The state of being conformed; agreement; hence; structure, as depending on the arrangement of parts; form; arrangement.

> In Hebrew poetry, there may be observed a certain conformation of the sentences.
> Lowth.

> A structure and conformation of the earth.
> Woodward.

Con*form"er (?), n. One who conforms; one who complies with established forms or doctrines.

Con*form"ist, n. One who conforms or complies; esp., one who conforms to the Church of England, or to the Established Church, as distinguished from a dissenter or nonconformist.

> A cheeful conformist to your judgment.
> Jer.Taylor.

Con*form"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Conformities (#). [Cf. F. conformité.] 1. Correspondence in form, manner, or character; resemblance; agreement; congruity; -- followed by to, with, or between.

> By our conformity to God.
> Tillotson.

> The end of all religion is but to draw us to a conformity with God.
> Dr. H.More.

> A conformity between the mental taste and the sensitive taste.
> Addison.

2. (Eng. Eccl. Hist.) Compliance with the usages of the Established Church.

> The king [James I.] soon afterward put forth a proclamation requiring all ecclesiastical and civil officers to do their duty by enforcing conformity.
> Hallam.

Con`for*ta"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. confortation, LL. confortatio. Cf. Comfort.] The act of strengthening. [Obs.] Bacon.

Con*found" (kn*found"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Confounded; p. pr. & vb. n. Confounding.] [F. confondre, fr. L. confundere, -fusum, to pour together; con- + fundere to pour. See Fuse to melt, and cf. Confuse.] 1. To mingle and blend, so that different elements can not be distinguished; to confuse.

> They who strip not ideas from the marks men use for them, but confound them with words, must have endless dispute.
> Locke.

> Let us go down, and there confound their language.
> Gen. xi. 7.

2. To mistake for another; to identify falsely.

> They [the tinkers] were generally vagrants and pilferers, and were often confounded with the gypsies.
> Macaulay.

3. To throw into confusion or disorder; to perplex; to strike with amazement; to dismay.

> The gods confound...
> The Athenians both within and out that wall.
> Shak.

> They trusted in thee and were not confounded.
> Ps. xxii. 5.

> So spake the Son of God, and Satan stood
> A while as mute, confounded what to say.
> Milton.

4. To destroy; to ruin; to waste. [Obs.]

> One man's lust these many lives confounds.
> Shak.

> How couldst thou in a mile confound an hour?
> Shak.

Syn. -- To abash; confuse; baffle; dismay; astonish; defeat; terrify; mix; blend; intermingle. See Abash.

Con*found"ed, a. 1. Confused; perplexed.

> A cloudy and confounded philosopher.
> Cudworth.

2. Excessive; extreme; abominable. [Colloq.]

> He was a most confounded tory.
> Swift.

> The tongue of that confounded woman.
> Sir. W. Scott.

Con*found"ed*ly, adv. Extremely; odiously; detestably. [Colloq.] "Confoundedly sick." Goldsmith.

Con*found"ed*ness, n. The state of being confounded.

> Their witty descant of my confoundedness.
> Milton.

Con*found"er (?), n. One who confounds.

Con"fract` (?), a. [L. confractus, p. p. of confringere.] Broken in pieces; severed. [Obs.]

Con`fra*gose" (?), a. [L. confragosus; con- + fragosus, fr. frangere. See Fragile.] Broken; uneven. [Obs.] "Confragose cataracts." Evelyn.

Con`fra*ter"ni*ty (?), n.; pl. Confraternities (#). [LL. confraternitas: cf. F. confraternité. See Fraternity.] A society or body of men united for some purpose, or in some profession; a brotherhood.

> These live in one society and confraternity.
> Stow.

||Con`frere" (&?;), n. [F.] Fellow member of a fraternity; intimate associate.

Con`fri*ca"tion (?), n. [L. confricatio, fr. confricare to rub vigorously.] A rubbing together; friction. [Obs.] Bacon.

Con*fri"er (?), n. [Cf. F. confrère. See Friar.] A confrère. [Obs.] Weever.

Con*front" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Confronted; p. pr. & vb. n. Confronting.] [F. confronter; L. con- + frons the forehead or front. See Front.] 1. To stand facing or in front of; to face; esp. to face hostilely; to oppose with firmness.

> We four, indeed, confronted were with four
> In Russian habit.
> Shak.

> He spoke and then confronts the bull.
> Dryden.

> Hester caught hold of Pearl, and drew her forcibly into her arms, confronting the old Puritan magistrate with almost a fierce expression.
> Hawthorne.

> It was impossible at once to confront the might of France and to trample on the liberties of England.
> Macaulay.

2. To put face to face; to cause to face or to meet; as, to confront one with the proofs of his wrong doing.

3. To set in opposition for examination; to put in contrast; to compare.

> When I confront a medal with a verse, I only show you the same design executed by different hands.
> Addison.

<! p. 302 !>

Con`fron*ta"tion (?), n. [LL. confrontatio.] Act of confronting. H. Swinburne.

||Con`fron`té" (&?;), a. [F., p. p. confronter.] (Her.) Same as Affronté.

Con*front"er (?), n. One who confronts.

> A confronter in authority.
> Speed.

confronting n. dealing with (a person or problem) directly; taking the bull by the horns.
Syn. -- braving, coping with, grappling, tackling.
[WordNet 1.5 +PJC]

Con*front"ment (?), n. The act of confronting; the state of being face to face.

Con*front"ment (?), n. The act of confronting; the state of being face to face.

Con*fu"cian (?), a. Of, or relating to, Confucius, the great Chinese philosopher and teacher. -- n. A Confucianist.

Con*fu"cian*ism (?), n. The political morality taught by Confucius and his disciples, which forms the basis of the Chinese jurisprudence and education. It can hardly be called a religion, as it does not inculcate the worship of any god. S. W. Williams.

Con*fu"cian*ist, n. A follower of Confucius; a Confucian. S. W. Williams.

Con*fus (?), a. [F. See Confuse, a.] Confused, disturbed. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Con*fus`a*bil"i*ty (?), n. Capability of being confused.

Con*fus"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being confused.

Con*fuse" (?), a. [F. confus, L. confusus, p. p. of confundere. See Confound.] Mixed; confounded. [Obs.] Baret.

Con*fuse" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Confused (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Confusing.] 1. To mix or blend so that things can not be distinguished; to jumble together; to confound; to render indistinct or obscure; as, to confuse accounts; to confuse one's vision.

> A universal hubbub wild
> Of stunning sounds and voices all confused.
> Milton.

2. To perplex; to disconcert; to abash; to cause to lose self-possession.

> Nor thou with shadowed hint confuse
> A life that leads melodious days.
> Tennyson.

> Confused and sadly she at length replied.
> Pope.

Syn. -- To abash; disorder; disarrange; disconcert; confound; obscure; distract. See Abash.

Con*fus"ed*ly (?), adv. In a confused manner.

Con*fus"ed*ness, n. A state of confusion. Norris.

Con*fuse"ly (?), adv. Confusedly; obscurely. [Obs.]

Con*fu"sion (?), n. [F. confusion, L. confusio.] 1. The state of being mixed or blended so as to produce indistinctness or error; indistinct combination; disorder; tumult.

> The confusion of thought to which the Aristotelians were liable.
> Whewell.

> Moody beggars starving for a time
> Of pellmell havoc and confusion.
> Shak.

2. The state of being abashed or disconcerted; loss self-possession; perturbation; shame.

> Confusion dwelt in every face
> And fear in every heart.
> Spectator.

3. Overthrow; defeat; ruin.

> Ruin seize thee, ruthless king,
> Confusion on thy banners wait.
> Gray.

4. One who confuses; a confounder. [Obs.] Chapmen.

Confusion of goods (Law), the intermixture of the goods of two or more persons, so that their respective portions can no longer be distinguished. Blackstone. Bouvier.

Con*fu"sive (?), a. Confusing; having a tendency to confusion. Bp. Hall.

Con*fut"a*ble (?), a. That may be confuted.

> A conceit . . . confutable by daily experience.
> Sir T.Browne.

Con*fut"ant (?), n. [L. confutans, p. pr. of confutare.] One who undertakes to confute. Milton.

Con`fu*ta"tion (?), n. [L. confutatio: cf. F. confutation.] The act or process of confuting; refutation. "For the edification of some and the confutation of others." Bp. Horne.

Con*fut"a*tive (?), a. Adapted or designed to confute. Bp. Warburton

Con*fute (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Confuted; p. pr. & vb. n. Confuting.] [L. confutare to chek (a boiling liquid), to repress, confute; con- + a root seen in futis a water vessel), prob. akin to fundere to pour: cf. F. confuter. See Fuse to melt.] To overwhelm by argument; to refute conclusively; to prove or show to be false or defective; to overcome; to silence.

> Satan stood . . . confuted and convinced
> Of his weak arguing fallacious drift.
> Milton.

> No man's error can be confuted who doth not . . . grant some true principle that contradicts his error.
> Chillingworth.

> I confute a good profession with a bad conversation.
> Fuller.

Syn. -- To disprove; overthrow; sed aside; refute; oppugn. -- To Confute, Refute. Refute is literally to and decisive evidence; as, to refute a calumny, charge, etc. Confute is literally to check boiling, as when cold water is poured into hot, thus serving to allay, bring down, or neutralize completely. Hence, as applied to arguments (and the word is never applied, like refute, to charges), it denotes, to overwhelm by evidence which puts an end to the case and leaves an opponent nothing to say; to silence; as, "the atheist is confuted by the whole structure of things around him."

Con*fute"ment (?), n. Confutation. [Obs.] Milton.

Con*fut"er (?), n. One who confutes or disproves.

Cong (?), n. (Med.) An abbreviation of Congius.

||Con`gé" (kôN`zh"; E. kn"j; 277), n. [F., leave, permission, fr. L. commeatus a going back and forth, a leave of absence, furlough, fr. commeare, -meatum, to go and come; com- + meare to go. Cf. Permeate.] [Formerly written congie.] 1. The act of taking leave; parting ceremony; farewell; also, dismissal.

> Should she pay off old Briggs and give her her congé?
> Thackeray.

2. The customary act of civility on any occasion; a bow or a courtesy.

> The captain salutes you with congé profound.
> Swift.

3. (Arch.) An apophyge. Gwilt.

||Congé d'élire (&?;) [F., leave to choose] (Eccl.), the sovereign's license or permission to a dean and chapter to choose as bishop the person nominated in the missive.

Con"ge (?), v. i. [Imp. & p. p. Congeed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Congeing.] [OF. congier, congeer, F. congédier, fr. congé. See Congé, n.] To take leave with the customary civilities; to bow or courtesy.

> I have congeed with the duke, done my adieu with his nearest.
> Shak.

Con"ge*a*ble (?), a. (O. Eng. Law) Permissible; done lawfully; as, entry congeable.

Con*geal" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Congealed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Congealing.] [F. congeler, L. congelare, -gelatumn; con- + gelare to freeze, gelu frost. See Gelid.] 1. To change from a fluid to a solid state by cold; to freeze.

> A vapory deluge lies to snow congealed.
> Thomson.

2. To affect as if by freezing; to check the flow of, or cause to run cold; to chill.

> As if with horror to congeal his blood.
> Stirling.

Con*geal", v. i. To grow hard, stiff, or thick, from cold or other causes; to become solid; to freeze; to cease to flow; to run cold; to be chilled.

> Lest zeal, now melted . . .
> Cool and congeal again to what it was.
> Shak.

Con*geal"a*ble (?), a. [Cf. F. congelable.] Capable of being congealed. -- Con*geal"a*ble*ness, n.

Con*geal"ed*ness (?), n. The state of being congealed. Dr. H.More.

Con*geal"ment (?), n. 1. The act or the process of congealing; congeliation.

2. That which is formed by congelation; a clot. [Obs.]

> Wash the congealment from your wounds.
> Shak.

Con"gee (?), n. & v. See Congé, Conge. [Obs.]

> And unto her his congee came to take.
> Spenser.

Con*gee" (?), n. 1. [Tamil ka&?;shi boilings.] Boiled rice; rice gruel. [India]

2. A jail; a lockup. [India]

Congee discharges, rice water discharges. Dunglison. -- Congee water, water in which rice has been boiled.

Con`ge*la"tion (?), n. [F. congélation, L. congelatio.] 1. The act or process of passing, or causing to pass, from a fluid to a solid state, as by the abstraction of heat; the act or process of freezing.

> The capillary tubes are obstructed either by outward compression or congelation of the fluid.
> Arbuthnot.

2. The state of being congealed.

3. That which is congealed.

> Sugar plums . . . with a multitude of congelations in jellies of various colors.
> Taller.

Con"ge*ner (?; 277), n. [From L. congener. See Congenerous.] A thing of the same genus, species, or kind; a thing allied in nature, character, or action.

> The cherry tree has been often grafted on the laurel, to which it is a congener.
> P. Miller.

> Our elk is more polygamous in his habits than any other deer except his congener, the red deer of Europe.
> Caton.

Con*gen"er*a*cy (?), n. Similarity of origin; affinity. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

{ Con`ge*ner"ic (?), Con`ge*ner"ic*al (?) }, a. Belonging to the same genus; allied in origin, nature, or action. R. Owen.

Con*gen"er*ous (?), a. [L. congener; con- + genus, generis, birth, kind, race. See Genus, and cf. Congener.] Allied in origin or cause; congeneric; as, congenerous diseases. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

-- Con*gen"er*ous*ness, n. [Obs.] Hallywell.

Con*gen"ial (&?;; 106), a. [Pref. con- + genial.] 1. Partaking of the same nature; allied by natural characteristics; kindred; sympathetic.

> Congenial souls! whose life one avarice joins.
> Pope.

2. Naturally adapted; suited to the disposition. "Congenial clime." C. J. Fox.

> To defame the excellence with which it has no sympathy . . . is its congenial work.
> I. Taylor.

Con*ge`ni*al"i*ty (? or ?; 106), n. The state or quality of being congenial; natural affinity; adaptation; suitableness. Sir J. Reynolds.

> If congeniality of tastes could have made a marriage happy, that union should have been thrice blessed.
> Motley.

Con*gen"ial*ize (?), v. t. To make congenial. [R.]

Con*gen"ial*ly, adv. In a congenial manner; as, congenially married or employed.

Con*gen"ial*ness, n. Congeniality.

Con*gen"ious (?), a. Congeneric. [Obs.]

Con*gen"i*tal (?), a. [From Congenite.] Existing at, or dating from, birth; pertaining to one from birth; born with one; connate; constitutional; natural; as, a congenital deformity. See Connate.

Con*gen"i*tal*ly, adv. In a congenital manner.

Con*gen"ite (?), a. [L. congenitus; con- + genitus, p. p. of gignere to beget. See Generate.] Congenital; connate; inborn. See Congenital. [Obs.]

> Many conclusions, of moral and intellectual truths, seem . . . to be congenite with us.
> Sir M. Hale.

Con"ger (?), n. [L. conger, congrus, akin to Gr. &?;: cf. F. congre.] (Zoöl.) The conger eel; -- called also congeree.

Conger sea (Zoöl.), the sea eel; a large species of eel (Conger vulgaris), which sometimes grows to the length of ten feet.

Con*ge"ri*es (?), n. sing & pl. [L., fr. congerere. See Congest.] A collection of particles or bodies into one mass; a heap; an aggregation.

Con*gest" (#), v. t. [L. congestus, p. p. of congere to bring together; con- + gerere. See Gerund.]

1. To collect or gather into a mass or aggregate; to bring together; to accumulate.

> To what will thy congested guilt amount?
> Blackmore.

2. (Med.) To cause an overfullness of the blood vessels (esp. the capillaries) of an organ or part.

Con*gest"ed (?), a. 1. (Bot.) Crowded together. Gray.

2. (Med.) Containing an unnatural accumulation of blood; hyperæmic; -- said of any part of the body.

Con*ges"tion (?; 106), n. [L. congestio: cf. F. congestion.] 1. The act of gathering into a heap or mass; accumulation. [Obs.]

> The congestion of dead bodies one upon another.
> Evelyn.

2. (Med.) Overfullness of the capillary and other blood vessels, etc., in any locality or organ (often producing other morbid symptoms); local hyperæmia, active or passive; as, arterial congestion; venous congestion; congestion of the lungs.

Con*gest"ive (?), a. (Med.) Pertaining to, indicating, or attended with, congestion in some part of the body; as, a congestive fever.

Con"gi*a*ry (?), n.; pl. Congiaries (#). [L. congiarium, fr. congius a liquid measure.] A present, as of corn, wine, or oil, made by a Roman emperor to the soldiers or the people; -- so called because measured to each in a congius. Addison.

In later years, when gifts of money were distributed, the name congius was retained.

||Con"gi*us (?), n. [L.] 1. (Roman Antiq.) A liquid measure containing about three quarts.

2. (Med.) A gallon, or four quarts. [Often abbreviated to cong.]

Con*gla"ci*ate (?; 221), v. t. & i. [L. conglaciatus, p. p. of conglaciare. See Glaciate.] To turn to ice; to freeze. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Con*gla`ci*a"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. conglaciation.] The act or process of changing into ice, or the state of being converted to ice; a freezing; congelation; also, a frost. Bacon.

Con*glo"bate (?; 277), a. [L. conglobatus, p. p. of conglobare to conglobate. See Globate.] Collected into, or forming, a rounded mass or ball; as, the conglobate [lymphatic] glands; conglobate flowers.

Con*glo"bate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Conglobated; p. pr. & vb. n. Conglobating.] [Cf. Conglore.] To collect or form into a ball or rounded mass; to gather or mass together.

> Conglobated bubbles undissolved.
> Wordsworth.

Con`glo*ba"tion (?), n. [L. conglobatio: cf. F. conglobation.] 1. The act or process of forming into a ball. Sir T. Browne.

2. A round body.

Con*globe" (#), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Conglobed (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Conglobing.] [L. conglobare: cf. F. conglober. Cf. Conglobate.] To gather into a ball; to collect into a round mass.

> Then founded, then conglobed
> Like things to like.
> Milton.

Con*globe", v. i. To collect, unite, or coalesce in a round mass. Milton.

Con*glob"u*late (?), v. i. [Pref. con- + globule.] To gather into a small round mass.

Con*glom"er*ate (?), a. [L. conglomeratus, p. p. of conglomerare to roll together; con- + glomerare to wind into a ball. See Glomerate.] 1. Gathered into a ball or a mass; collected together; concentrated; as, conglomerate rays of light.

> Beams of light when they are multiplied and conglomerate.
> Bacon.

> Fluids are separated in the liver and the other conglobate and conglomerate glands.
> Cheyne.

2. (Bot.) Closely crowded together; densly clustered; as, conglomerate flowers. Gray.

3. (Geol.) Composed of stones, pebbles, or fragments of rocks, cemented together.

Con*glom"er*ate (?), n. 1. That which is heaped together in a mass or conpacted from various sources; a mass formed of fragments; collection; accumulation.

> A conglomerate of marvelous anecdotes, marvelously heaped together.
> Trench.

2. (Geol.) A rock, composed or rounded fragments of stone cemented together by another mineral substance, either calcareous, siliceous, or argillaceous; pudding stone; -- opposed to agglomerate. See Breccia.

> A conglomerate, therefore, is simply gravel bound together by a cement.
> Lyell.

Con*glom"er*ate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Conglomerated; p. pr. & vb. n. Conglomerating.] To gather into a ball or round body; to collect into a mass.

Con*glom`er*a"tion (?), n. [L. conglomeratio: cf. F. conglomeration.] The act or process of gathering into a mass; the state of being thus collected; collection; accumulation; that which is conglomerated; a mixed mass. Bacon.

Con*glu"tin (?), n. [From Conglutinate.] (Chem.) A variety of vegetable casein, resembling legumin, and found in almonds, rye, wheat, etc.

Con*glu"ti*nant (?), a. [L., conglutinans, p. pr.] Cementing together; uniting closely; causing to adhere; promoting healing, as of a wound or a broken bone, by adhesion of the parts.

Con*glu"ti*nate (?), a. [L. conglutinatus, p. p. of conglutinare to glue; con- + glutinare to glue, gluten glue.] Glued together; united, as by some adhesive substance.

Con*glu"ti*nate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Conglutinated; p. pr. & vb. n. Conglutinating.] To glue together; to unite by some glutinous or tenacious substance; to cause to adhere or to grow together.

> Bones . . . have had their broken parts conglutinated within three or four days.
> Boyle.

Con*glu"ti*nate, v. i. To unite by the intervention of some glutinous substance; to coalesce.

<! p. 303 !>

Con*glu`ti*na"tion (?), n. [L. conglutinatio: cf. F. conglutination.] A gluing together; a joining by means of some tenacious substance; junction; union.

> Conglutination of parts separated by a wound.
> Arbuthnot.

Con*glu"ti*na"tive (?), a. [Cf. F. conglutinatif.] Conglutinant.

{ Con"gou (?), Con"go (?) }, n. [Chin. kung-foo labor.] Black tea, of higher grade (finer leaf and less dusty) than the present bohea. See Tea.

> Of black teas, the great mass is called Congou, or the "well worked", a name which took the place of the Bohea of 150 years ago, and is now itself giving way to the term "English breakfast tea."
> S. W. Williams.

Con"go snake" (?). (Zoöl.) An amphibian (Amphiuma means) of the order Urodela, found in the southern United States. See Amphiuma.

Con*grat"u*lant (?), a. [L. congratulans, p. pr.] Rejoicing together; congratulatory.

> With like joy
> Congratulant approached him.
> Milton.

Con*grat"u*late (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Congratulated; p. pr. & vb. n. Congratulating.] [L. congratulatus, p. p. of congratulari to wish joy abundantly; con- + gratulari to wish joy, from gratus pleasing. See Grateful.] To address with expressions of sympathetic pleasure on account of some happy event affecting the person addressed; to wish joy to.

> It is the king's most sweet pleasure and affection to congratulate the princess at her pavilion.
> Shak.

To congratulate one's self, to rejoice; to feel satisfaction; to consider one's self happy or fortunate.

Syn. -- To Congratulate, Felicitate. To felicitate is simply to wish a person joy. To congratulate has the additional signification of uniting in the joy of him whom we congratulate. Hence they are by no means synonymous. One who has lost the object of his affections by her marriage to a rival, might perhaps felicitate that rival on his success, but could never be expected to congratulate him on such an event.

> Felicitations are little better than compliments; congratulations are the expression of a genuine sympathy and joy.
> Trench.

Con*grat"u*late, v. i. To express of feel sympathetic joy; as, to congratulate with one's country. [R.] Swift.

> The subjects of England may congratulate to themselves.
> Dryden.

Con*grat`u*la"tion (?), n. [L. congratulatio: cf. F. congratulation.] The act of congratulating; an expression of sympathetic pleasure.

> With infinite congratulations for our safe arrival.
> Dr. J. Scott.

Con*grat"u*la`tor (?), n. One who offers congratulation. Milton.

Con*grat"u*la*to*ry (?), a. Expressive of sympathetic joy; as, a congratulatory letter.

Con*gree" (?), v. i. [Pref. on- + L. gratus pleasing. Cf. Agree.] To agree. [bs.] Shak.

Con*greet" (?), v. t. To salute mutually. [Obs.]

Con"gre*gate (?), a. [L. congregatus, p. p. of congregare to congregate; on- + gregare to collect into a flock, fr. grex flock, herd. See Gregarious.] Collected; compact; close. [R.] Bacon.

Con"gre*gate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Congregated; p. pr. & vb. n. Congregating] To collect into an assembly or assemblage; to assemble; to bring into one place, or into a united body; to gather together; to mass; to compact.

> Any multitude of Christian men congregated may be termed by the name of a church.
> Hooker.

> Cold congregates all bodies.
> Coleridge.

> The great receptacle
> Of congregated waters he called Seas.
> Milton.

Con"gre*gate, v. i. To come together; to assemble; to meet.

> Even there where merchants most do congregate.
> Shak.

Con`gre*ga"tion (?), n. [L. congregatio: cf. F. congrégation.] 1. The act of congregating, or bringing together, or of collecting into one aggregate or mass.

> The means of reduction in the fire is but by the congregation of homogeneal parts.
> Bacon.

2. A collection or mass of separate things.

> A foul and pestilent congregation of vapors.
> Shak.

3. An assembly of persons; a gathering; esp. an assembly of persons met for the worship of God, and for religious instruction; a body of people who habitually so meet.

> He [Bunyan] rode every year to London, and preached there to large and attentive congregations.
> Macaulay.

4. (Anc. Jewish Hist.) The whole body of the Jewish people; -- called also Congregation of the Lord.

> It is a sin offering for the congregation.
> Lev. iv. 21.

5. (R. C. Ch.) (a) A body of cardinals or other ecclesiastics to whom as intrusted some department of the church business; as, the Congregation of the Propaganda, which has charge of the missions of the Roman Catholic Church. (b) A company of religious persons forming a subdivision of a monastic order.

6. The assemblage of Masters and Doctors at Oxford or Cambrige University, mainly for the granting of degrees. [Eng.]

7. (Scotch Church Hist.) the name assumed by the Protestant party under John Knox. The leaders called themselves (1557) Lords of the Congregation.

Con`gre*ga"tion*al (?), a. 1. Of or pertaining to a congregation; conducted, or participated in, by a congregation; as, congregational singing.

2. Belonging to the system of Congregationalism, or to Congregationalist; holding to the faith and polity of Congregationalism; as, a Congregational church.

Con`gre*ga"tion*al*ism (?), n. 1. That system of church organization which vests all ecclesiastical power in the assembled brotherhood of each local church.

2. The faith and polity of the Congregational churches, taken collectively.

In this sense (which is its usual signification) Congregationalism is the system of faith and practice common to a large body of evangelical Trinitarian churches, which recognize the local brotherhood of each church as independent of all dictation in ecclesiastical matters, but are united in fellowship and joint action, as in councils for mutual advice, and in consociations, conferences, missionary organizations, etc., and to whose membership the designation "Congregationalists" is generally restricted; but Unitarian and other churches are Congregational in their polity.

Con`gre*ga"tion*al*ist, n. One who belongs to a Congregational church or society; one who holds to Congregationalism.

Con"gress (?), n.; pl. Congresses (#). [L. congressus, fr. congredi, p. p. -gressus, to go or come together; con- + grati to go or step, gradus step: cf. F. congr&?;s. See Grade.] 1. A meeting of individuals, whether friendly or hostile; an encounter. [Obs.]

> Here Pallas urges on, and Lausus there;
> Their congress in the field great Jove withstands.
> Dryden.

2. A sudden encounter; a collision; a shock; -- said of things. [Obs.]

> From these laws may be deduced the rules of the congresses and reflections of two bodies.
> Cheyne.

3. The coming together of a male and female in sexual commerce; the act of coition. Pennant.

4. A gathering or assembly; a conference.

5. A formal assembly, as of princes, deputies, representatives, envoys, or commissioners; esp., a meeting of the representatives of several governments or societies to consider and determine matters of common interest.

> The European powers strove to . . . accommodate their differences at the congress of Vienna.
> Alison.

6. The collective body of senators and representatives of the people of a nation, esp. of a republic, constituting the chief legislative body of the nation.

In the Congress of the United States (which took the place of the Federal Congress, March 4, 1789), the Senate consists of two Senators from each State, chosen by the State legislature for a term of six years, in such a way that the terms of one third of the whole number expire every year; the House of Representatives consists of members elected by the people of the several Congressional districts, for a term of two years, the term of all ending at the same time. The united body of Senators and Representatives for any term of two years for which the whole body of Representatives is chosen is called one Congress. Thus the session which began in December, 1887, was the first (or long) session, and that which began in December, 1888, was the second (or short) session, of the Fiftieth Congress. When an extra session is had before the date of the first regular meeting of a Congress, that is called the first session, and the following regular session is called the second session.

7. The lower house of the Spanish Cortes, the members of which are elected for three years.

The Continental Congress, an assembly of deputies from the thirteen British colonies in America, appointed to deliberate in respect to their common interests. They first met in 1774, and from time thereafter until near the close of the Revolution. -- The Federal Congress, the assembly of representatives of the original States of the American Union, who met under the Articles of Confederation from 1781 till 1789. -- Congress boot or gaiter, a high shoe or half-boot, coming above the ankle, and having the sides made in part of some elastic material which stretches to allow the boot to be drawn on and off. [U.S.] -- Congress water, a saline mineral water from the Congress spring at Saratoga, in the State of New York.

Syn. -- Assembly; meeting; convention; convocation; council; diet; conclave; parliament; legislature.

Con*gres"sion (? or &?;), n. [L. congressio.] A coming or bringing together, as in a public meeting, in a dispute, in the act of comparing, or in sexual intercourse. [R.] Jer. Taylor.

Con*gres"sion*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to a congress, especially, to the Congress of the United States; as, congressional debates.

> Congressional and official labor.
> E. Everett.

Congressional District, one of the divisions into which a State is periodically divided (according to population), each of which is entitled to elect a Representative to the Congress of the United States.

Con*gres"sive (?), a. Encountering, or coming together. Sir T. Browne.

Con"gress*man (?), n.; pl. Congressmen (&?;). A member of the Congress of the United States, esp. of the House of Representatives.

Con"greve rock"et (?). See under Rocket.

Con"grue" (?), v. i. [L. congruere. See Congruous.] To agree; to be suitable. [Obs.] Shak.

Con"gru*ence (?), n. [L. congruentia: cf. OF. cornguence.] Suitableness of one thing to another; agreement; consistency. Holland.

Con"gru*en*cy (? or ?), n. Congruence.

Congruency of lines. (Geom.) See Complex of lines, under Complex, n.

Con"gru*ent (?), a. [L. congruens, p. pr. of congruere: cf. F. congruent.] Possessing congruity; suitable; agreeing; corresponding.

> The congruent and harmonious fitting of parts in a sentence.
> B. Jonson.

Congruent figures (Geom.), concurring figures.

Con"gru*ism (?), n. [Cf. F. congruisme.] (Scholastic Theol.) See Congruity.

Con*gru"i*ty (? or &?;), n.; pl. Congruities (#). [Cf. F. congruit&?;.] 1. The state or quality of being congruous; the relation or agreement between things; fitness; harmony; correspondence; consistency.

> With what congruity doth the church of Rome deny that her enemies do at all appertain to the church of Christ?
> Hooker.

> A whole sentence may fail of its congruity by wanting one particle.
> Sir P. Sidney.

2. (Geom.) Coincidence, as that of lines or figures laid over one another.

3. (Scholastic Theol.) That, in an imperfectly good persons, which renders it suitable for God to bestow on him gifts of grace.

Con"gru*ous (?), a. [L. congruus, fr. congruere to come together, to coincide, to agree. Of uncertain origin.] Suitable or concordant; accordant; fit; harmonious; correspondent; consistent.

> Not congruous to the nature of epic poetry.
> Blair.

> It is no ways congruous that God should be always frightening men into an acknowledgment of the truth.
> Atterbury.

Con"gru*ous*ly, adv. In a congruous manner.

Con*hy"drine (? or &?;), n. [Conium + hydrate.] (Chem.) A vegetable alkaloid found with conine in the poison hemlock (Conium maculatum). It is a white crystalline substance, C8H17NO, easily convertible into conine.

||Co*ni"a (? or &?;), n. [NL. See Conium.] (Chem.) Same as Conine.

{ Con"ic (?), Con"ic*al (?) }, a. [Gr. &?;: cf. F. conique. See Cone.] 1. Having the form of, or resembling, a geometrical cone; round and tapering to a point, or gradually lessening in circumference; as, a conic or conical figure; a conical vessel.

2. Of or pertaining to a cone; as, conic sections.

Conic section (Geom.), a curved line formed by the intersection of the surface of a right cone and a plane. The conic sections are the parabola, ellipse, and hyperbola. The right lines and the circle which result from certain positions of the plane are sometimes, though not generally included. -- Conic sections, that branch of geometry which treats of the parabola, ellipse, and hyperbola. -- Conical pendulum. See Pendulum. -- Conical projection, a method of delineating the surface of a sphere upon a plane surface as if projected upon the surface of a cone; -- much used by makers of maps in Europe. -- Conical surface (Geom.), a surface described by a right line moving along any curve and always passing through a fixed point that is not in the plane of that curve.

Con"ic, n. (Math.) A conic section.

Con`i*cal"i*ty (?), n. Conicalness.

Con"ic*al*ly (?), adv. In the form of a cone.

Con"ic*al*ness, n. State or quality of being conical.

Con"i*co- (&?;), a. [See Conic.] A combining form, meaning somewhat resembling a cone; as, conico-cylindrical, resembling a cone and a cylinder; conico-hemispherical; conico-subulate.

Con"i*coid (?), a. [Conic + -oid.] (Math.) Same as Conoidal.

Con"ics (?), n. 1. That branch of geometry which treats of the cone and the curves which arise from its sections.

2. Conic sections.

||Co*nid"i*um (?), n.; pl. Conida (#). [NL.] (Bot.) A peculiar kind of reproductive cell found in certain fungi, and often containing zoöspores.

Co"ni*fer (?), n. [L. conifer; conus cone + ferre to bear: cf. F. conifère.] (Bot.) A tree or shrub bearing cones; one of the order Coniferae, which includes the pine, cypress, and (according to some) the yew.

Co*nif"er*in (?), n. (Chem.) A glucoside extracted from the cambium layer of coniferous trees as a white crystalline substance.

Co*nif"er*ous (?), a. (a) Bearing cones, as the pine and cypress. (b) Pertaining to the order Coniferae, of which the pine tree is the type.

Co"ni*form (?), a. [Cone + -form: cf. F. coniforme.] Cone-shaped; conical.

Co*ni"ine (? or &?;), n. See Conine.

Co"ni*mene (?), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Chem.) Same as Olibene.

Co"nine (? or &?;), n. [From Conium.] (Chem.) A powerful and very poisonous vegetable alkaloid found in the hemlock (Conium maculatum) and extracted as a colorless oil, C8H17N, of strong repulsive odor and acrid taste. It is regarded as a derivative of piperidine and likewise of one of the collidines. It occasions a gradual paralysis of the motor nerves. Called also coniine, coneine, conia, etc. See Conium, 2.

||Co`ni*ros"ter (?), n. [NL.] (Zoöl.) One of the Conirostres.

Co`ni*ros"tral (?), a. (Zoöl.) Belonging to the Conirostres.

||Co`ni*ros"tres (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. conus cone + rostrum beak: cf. F. conirostre.] (Zoöl.) A tribe of perching birds, including those which have a strong conical bill, as the finches.

Con`i*sor" (?), n. [Obs.] See Cognizor.

||Co*nis"tra (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; dust.] (Greek Antiq.) Originally, a part of the palestra, or gymnasium among the Greeks; either the place where sand was stored for use in sprinkling the wrestlers, or the wrestling ground itself. Hence, a part of the orchestra of the Greek theater.

Co"nite (?), n. [Gr. &?; dust: cf. F. conite. So called on account of its gray color.] (Min.) A magnesian variety of dolomite.

||Co*ni"um (? or &?;), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; hemlock.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of biennial, poisonous, white-flowered, umbelliferous plants, bearing ribbed fruit ("seeds") and decompound leaves.

<! p. 304 !>

2. (Med.) The common hemlock (Conium maculatum, poison hemlock, spotted hemlock, poison parsley), a roadside weed of Europe, Asia, and America, cultivated in the United States for medicinal purpose. It is an active poison. The leaves and fruit are used in medicine.

Con*ject" (?), v. t. [L. conjectus, p. p. of conjicere. See Conjecture, n.] To throw together, or to throw. [Obs.] Bp. Montagu.

Con*ject", v. t. To conjecture; also, to plan. [Obs.]

Con*ject"or (?), n. [L.] One who guesses or conjectures. [Obs.]

> A great conjector at other men by their writings.
> Milton.

Con*jec"tur*a*ble (?; 135), a. Capable of being conjectured or guessed.

Con*jec"tur*al (?), a. [L. conjecturalis: cf. F. conjectural.] Dependent on conjecture; fancied; imagined; guessed at; undetermined; doubtful.

> And mak'st conjectural fears to come into me.
> Shak.

> A slight expense of conjectural analogy.
> Hugh Miller.

> Who or what such editor may be, must remain conjectural.
> Carlyle.

Con*jec"tur*al*ist, n. A conjecturer. [R.] Month. rev.

Con*jec`tur*al"ly (?), n. That which depends upon guess; guesswork. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Con*jec`tur*al*ly, adv. In a conjectural manner; by way of conjecture. Boyle.

Con*jec"ture (; 135?), n. [L. conjectura, fr. conjicere, conjectum, to throw together, infer, conjecture; con- + jacere to throw: cf. F. conjecturer. See Jet a shooting forth.] An opinion, or judgment, formed on defective or presumptive evidence; probable inference; surmise; guess; suspicion.

> He [Herodotus] would thus have corrected his first loose conjecture by a real study of nature.
> Whewell.

> Conjectures, fancies, built on nothing firm.
> Milton.

Con*jec"ture, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Conjectured (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Conjecturing.] [Cf. F. conjecturer. Cf. Conject.] To arrive at by conjecture; to infer on slight evidence; to surmise; to guess; to form, at random, opinions concerning.

> Human reason can then, at the best, but conjecture what will be.
> South.

Con*jec"ture, v. i. To make conjectures; to surmise; to guess; to infer; to form an opinion; to imagine.

Con*jec"tur*er (?), n. One who conjectures. Hobbes.

Con*join (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Conjoined (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Conjoining.] [F. conjoindre, fr. L. conjungere, -junctum; con- + jungere to join. See Join, and cf. Conjugate, Conjunction.] To join together; to unite.

> The English army, that divided was
> Into two parties, is now conjoined in one.
> Shak.

> If either of you know any inward impediment why you should not be conjoined.
> Shak.

> Let that which he learns next be nearly conjoined with what he knows already.
> Locke.

Con*join", v. i. To unite; to join; to league. Shak.

Con*joined" (?), a. (Her.) Joined together or touching.

Con*joint" (?), a. [F. conjoint, p. p. of conjoindre. See Conjoin, and cf. Conjunct.] United; connected; associated. "Influence conjoint." Glover.

Conjoint degrees (Mus.), two notes which follow each other immediately in the order of the scale, as ut and re. Johnson. -- Conjoint tetrachords (Mus.), two tetrachords or fourths, where the same note is the highest of one and the lowest of the other; -- also written conjunct.

Con*joint"ly, adv. In a conjoint manner; untitedly; jointly; together. Sir T. Browne.

Con*joint"ness, n. The quality of being conjoint.

Con*ju"bi*lant (?), a. Shouting together for joy; rejoicing together. [R.] Neale.

Con"ju*gal (?), a. [L. conjugalis, fr. conjux husband, wife, consort, fr. conjungere to unite, join in marriage. See Conjoin.] Belonging to marriage; suitable or appropriate to the marriage state or to married persons; matrimonial; connubial. "Conjugal affection." Milton.

Con`ju*gal"i*ty (?), n. The conjugal state; sexual intercourse. [R.] Milton.

Con"ju*gal*ly (?), adv. In a conjugal manner; matrimonially; connubially.

Con"ju*gate (?), a. [L. conjugatus, p. p. or conjugare to unite; con- + jugare to join, yoke, marry, jugum yoke; akin to jungere to join. See Join.] 1. United in pairs; yoked together; coupled.

2. (Bot.) In single pairs; coupled.

3. (Chem.) Containing two or more radicals supposed to act the part of a single one. [R.]

4. (Gram.) Agreeing in derivation and radical signification; -- said of words.

5. (Math.) Presenting themselves simultaneously and having reciprocal properties; -- frequently used in pure and applied mathematics with reference to two quantities, points, lines, axes, curves, etc.

Conjugate axis of a hyperbola (Math.), the line through the center of the curve, perpendicular to the line through the two foci. -- Conjugate diameters (Conic Sections), two diameters of an ellipse or hyperbola such that each bisects all chords drawn parallel to the other. -- Conjugate focus (Opt.) See under Focus. -- Conjugate mirrors (Optics), two mirrors so placed that rays from the focus of one are received at the focus of the other, especially two concave mirrors so placed that rays proceeding from the principal focus of one and reflected in a parallel beam are received upon the other and brought to the principal focus. -- Conjugate point (Geom.), an acnode. See Acnode, and Double point. -- Self-conjugate triangle (Conic Sections), a triangle each of whose vertices is the pole of the opposite side with reference to a conic.

Con`ju*gate (?), n. [L. conjugatum a combining, etymological relationship.] 1. A word agreeing in derivation with another word, and therefore generally resembling it in signification.

> We have learned, in logic, that conjugates are sometimes in name only, and not in deed.
> Abp. Bramhall.

2. (Chem.) A complex radical supposed to act the part of a single radical. [R.]

Con"ju*gate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Conjugated; p. pr. & vb. n. Conjugating.] 1. To unite in marriage; to join. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton.

2. (Gram.) To inflect (a verb), or give in order the forms which it assumes in its several voices, moods, tenses, numbers, and persons.

Con"ju*gate, v. i. (Biol.) To unite in a kind of sexual union, as two or more cells or individuals among the more simple plants and animals.

Con`ju*ga"tion (?), n. [L. conjugatio conjugation (in senses 1 & 3).] 1. the act of uniting or combining; union; assemblage. [Obs.]

> Mixtures and conjugations of atoms.
> Bentley.

2. Two things conjoined; a pair; a couple. [Obs.]

> The sixth conjugations or pair of nerves.
> Sir T. Browne.

3. (Gram.) (a) The act of conjugating a verb or giving in order its various parts and inflections. (b) A scheme in which are arranged all the parts of a verb. (c) A class of verbs conjugated in the same manner.

4. (Biol.) A kind of sexual union; -- applied to a blending of the contents of two or more cells or individuals in some plants and lower animals, by which new spores or germs are developed.

Con`ju*ga"tion*al (?), a. relating to conjugation. Ellis.

Con*ju"gi*al (?), a. [L. conjugialis, fr. conjugium. Cf. Conjugal.] Conjugal. [R.] Swedenborg.

||Con*ju"gi*um (?), n. [L.] (Rom. Law) The marriage tie.

Con*junct" (?), a. [L. conjunctus, p. p. See Conjoin.] 1. United; conjoined; concurrent. [Archaic]

2. (Her.) Same as Conjoined.

Con*junc"tion (?), n. [L. conjunctio: cf. F. conjunction. See Conjoin.] 1. The act of conjoining, or the state of being conjoined, united, or associated; union; association; league.

> He will unite the white rose and the red:
> Smille heaven upon his fair conjunction.
> Shak.

> Man can effect no great matter by his personal strength but as he acts in society and conjunction with others.
> South.

2. (Astron.) The meeting of two or more stars or planets in the same degree of the zodiac; as, the conjunction of the moon with the sun, or of Jupiter and Saturn. See the Note under Aspect, n., 6.

Heavenly bodies are said to be in conjunction when they are seen in the same part of the heavens, or have the same longitude or right ascension. The inferior conjunction of an inferior planet is its position when in conjunction on the same side of the sun with the earth; the superior conjunction of a planet is its position when on the side of the sun most distant from the earth.

3. (Gram.) A connective or connecting word; an indeclinable word which serves to join together sentences, clauses of a sentence, or words; as, and, but, if.

> Though all conjunctions conjoin sentences, yet, with respect to the sense, some are conjunctive and some disjunctive.
> Harris.

Con*junc"tion*al (?), a. Relating to a conjunction.

||Con`junc*ti"va (?), n. [NL., from L. conjunctivus connective.] (Anat.) The mucous membrane which covers the external surface of the ball of the eye and the inner surface of the lids; the conjunctival membrane.

Con`junc*ti"val (?), a. 1. Joining; connecting.

2. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the conjunctiva.

Con*junc"tive (?), a. [L. conjunctivus.] 1. Serving to unite; connecting together.

2. Closely united. [Obs.] Shak.

Conjunctive mood (Gram.), the mood which follows a conjunction or expresses contingency; the subjunctive mood. -- Conjunctive tissue (Anat.), the tissue found in nearly all parts of most animals. It yields gelatin on boiling, and consists of vriously arranged fibers which are imbedded protoplasmic cells, or corpuscles; -- called also cellular tissue and connective tissue. Adipose or fatty tissue is one of its many forms, and cartilage and bone are sometimes included by the phrase.

Con*junc"tive*ly, adv. In conjunction or union; together. Sir T. Browne.

Con*junc"tive*ness, n. The state or quality of being conjunctive. Johnson.

Con*junc`ti*vi"tis (? or &?;), n. (Med.) Inflammation of the conjunctiva.

Con*junct"ly (?), adv. In union; conjointly; unitedly; together. Sir W. Hamilton.

Con*junc"ture (?; 135), n. [Cf. F. conjoncture, LL. conjunctura.] 1. The act of joining, or state of being joined; union; connection; combination.

> The conjuncture of philosophy and divinity.
> Hobbes.

> A fit conjuncture or circumstances.
> Addison.

2. A crisis produced by a combination of circumstances; complication or combination of events or circumstances; plight resulting from various conditions.

> He [Chesterfield] had recently governed Ireland, at a momentous conjuncture, with eminent firmness, wisdom, and humanity.
> Macaulay.

Con`ju*ra"tion (?), n. [L. conjuratio, cf. F. conjuration.] 1. The act of calling or summoning by a sacred name, or in solemn manner; the act of binding by an oath; an earnest entreaty; adjuration.

> We charge you, in the name of God, take heed; . . .
> Under this conjuration speak, my lord.
> Shak.

2. The act or process of invoking supernatural aid by the use of a magical form of words; the practice of magic arts; incantation; enchantment.

> Pretended conjurations and prophecies of that event.
> Hallam.

3. A league for a criminal purpose; conspiracy. [Obs.] "The conjuration of Catiline." Sir T. Elyot.

Con"ju*ra`tor (?), n. [LL.] (O. Eng. Law) One who swears or is sworn with others; one bound by oath with others; a compurgator. Burrill.

Con*jure" (kn*jr"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Conjured (- jrd"); p. pr. & vb. n. Conjuring.] [F. conjurer, fr. L. conjurare to swear together, to conspire; con- + jurare to swear. See Jury.] To call on or summon by a sacred name or in solemn manner; to implore earnestly; to adjure.

> I conjure you, let him know,
> Whate'er was done against him, Cato did it.
> Addison.

Con*jure", v. i. To combine together by an oath; to conspire; to confederate. [A Latinism]

> Drew after him the third part of Heaven's sons
> Conjured against the Highest.
> Milton.

Con"jure (?), v. t. To affect or effect by conjuration; to call forth or send away by magic arts; to excite or alter, as if by magic or by the aid of supernatural powers.

> The habitation which your prophet . . . conjured the devil into.
> Shak.

To conjure up, or make visible, as a spirit, by magic arts; hence, to invent; as, to conjure up a story; to conjure up alarms.

Con"jure (?), v. i. To practice magical arts; to use the tricks of a conjurer; to juggle; to charm.

> She conjures; away with her.
> Shak.

Con*jure"ment (?), n. Serious injunction; solemn demand or entreaty. [Obs.] Milton.

Con*jur"er (?), n. One who conjures; one who calls, entreats, or charges in a solemn manner.

Con"jur*er (?), n. 1. One who practices magic arts; one who pretends to act by the aid super natural power; also, one who performs feats of legerdemain or sleight of hand.

> Dealing with witches and with conjurers.
> Shak.

> From the account the loser brings,
> The conjurer knows who stole the things.
> Prior.

2. One who conjectures shrewdly or judges wisely; a man of sagacity. [Obs.] Addison.

Con*ju"ror (?), n. (Law) One bound by a common oath with others. [Obs.]

Con"ju*ry (?), n. The practice of magic; enchantment. Motley.

Conn (kn), v. t. See Con, to direct a ship.

{ Con*nas"cence (?), Con*nas"cen*cy (?) }, n. [L. con- + nascentia birth, fr. nascens, p. pr. of nasci to be born.] 1. The common birth of two or more at the same tome; production of two or more together. Johnson.

2. That which is born or produced with another.

3. The act of growing together. [Obs.] Wiseman.

Con*nas"cent (?), a. Born together; produced at the same time. Craig.

Con"nate (?; 277), a. [L. connatus; con- + natus born, p. p. of nasci. See Cognate.]

1. Born with another; being of the same birth.

2. Congenital; existing from birth. "Connate notions." South.

> A difference has been made by some; those diseases or conditions which are dependent on original conformation being called congenital; while the diseases of affections that may have supervened during gestation or delivery are called connate.
> Dunglison.

3. (Bot.) Congenitally united; growing from one base, or united at their bases; united into one body; as, connate leaves or athers. See Illust. of Connate-perfoliate.

Con"nate-per*fo"li*ate (?), a. (Bot.) Connate or coalescent at the base so as to produce a broad foliaceous body through the center of which the stem passes; -- applied to leaves, as the leaves of the boneset.

Con*na"tion (?), n. Connection by birth; natural union. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Con*nat"u*ral (?; 135), a. [Pref. con- + natural.] 1. Connected by nature; united in nature; inborn; inherent; natural.

> These affections are connatural to us.
> L'Estrange.

2. Partaking of the same nature.

> And mix with our connatural dust.
> Milton.

Con*nat`u*ral"i*ty (?), n. Participation of the same nature; natural union or connection. [R.]

> A congruity and connaturality between them.
> Sir M. Hale.

Con*nat"u*ral*ize (?; 135), v. t. To bring to the same nature as something else; to adapt. [Obs.] Dr. J. Scott.

Con*nat"u*ral*ly, adv. By the act of nature; originally; from birth. Sir M. Hale.

Con*nat"u*ral*ness, n. Participation of the same nature; natural union. I. Walton.

Con*na"ture (?; 135), n. Participation in a common nature or character. [R.]

> Connature was defined as likeness in kind between either two changes in consciousness, or two states of consciousness.
> H. Spencer.

<! p. 305 !>

Con*nect" (kn*nkt"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Connected; p. pr. & vb. n. Connecting>.] [L. connectere, -nexum; con- + nectere to bind. See Annex.] 1. To join, or fasten together, as by something intervening; to associate; to combine; to unite or link together; to establish a bond or relation between.

> He fills, he bounds, connects and equals all.
> Pope.

> A man must see the connection of each intermediate idea with those that it connects before he can use it in a syllogism.
> Locke.

2. To associate (a person or thing, or one's self) with another person, thing, business, or affair.

Connecting rod (Mach.), a rod or bar joined to, and connecting, two or more moving parts; esp. a rod connecting a crank wrist with a beam, crosshead, piston rod, or piston, as in a steam engine.

Con*nect" (?), v. i. To join, unite, or cohere; to have a close relation; as, one line of railroad connects with another; one argument connects with another.

Con*nect"ed*ly, adv. In a connected manner.

Con*nec"tion (?), n. [Cf. Connexion.] 1. The act of connecting, or the state of being connected; junction; union; alliance; relationship.

> He [Algazel] denied the possibility of a known connection between cause and effect.
> Whewell.

> The eternal and inseparable connection between virtue and happiness.
> Atterbury.

2. That which connects or joins together; bond; tie.

> Any sort of connection which is perceived or imagined between two or more things.
> I. Taylor.

3. A relation; esp. a person connected with another by marriage rather than by blood; -- used in a loose and indefinite, and sometimes a comprehensive, sense.

4. The persons or things that are connected; as, a business connection; the Methodist connection.

> Men elevated by powerful connection.
> Motley.

> At the head of a strong parliamentary connection.
> Macaulay.

> Whose names, forces, connections, and characters were perfectly known to him.
> Macaulay.

In this connection, in connection with this subject. [A phrase objected to by some writers.]

This word was formerly written, as by Milton, with x instead of t in the termination, connexion, and the same thing is true of the kindred words inflexion, reflexion, and the like. But the general usage at present is to spell them connection, inflection, reflection, etc.

Syn. -- Union; coherence; continuity; junction; association; dependence; intercourse; commerce; communication; affinity; relationship.

Con*nect"ive (?), a. Connecting, or adapted to connect; involving connection.

Connection tissue (Anat.) See Conjunctive tissue, under Conjunctive.

Con*nect"ive, n. That which connects. Specifically: (a) (Gram.) A word that connect words or sentences; a conjunction or preposition. (b) (Bot.) That part of an anther which connects its thecæ, lobes, or cells.

Con*nect"ive*ly, adv. In connjunction; jointly.

Con*nect"or (?), n. One who, or that which, connects; as: (a) A flexible tube for connecting the ends of glass tubes in pneumatic experiments. (b) A device for holding two parts of an electrical conductor in contact.

Con"ner (?), n. [Cf. Cunner.] (Zoöl.) A marine European fish (Crenilabrus melops); also, the related American cunner. See Cunner.

Con*nex" (?), v. t. [L. connexus, p. p. See Connect.] To connect. Sir M. Hale.

Con*nex"ion (?), n. [L. connexio: cf. F. connexion.] Connection. See Connection.

Con*nex"ive (?), a. See Connective.

Con"ning tow"er (?), n. The shot-proof pilot house of a war vessel.

Con*niv"ance (?), n. [Cf. F. connivence, L. conniventia.] 1. Intentional failure or forbearance to discover a fault or wrongdoing; voluntary oversight; passive consent or coöperation.

2. (Law) Corrupt or guilty assent to wrongdoing, not involving actual participation in, but knowledge of, and failure to prevent or oppose it.

Syn. -- See Collusion.

Con*nive" (kn*nv"), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Connived (- nvd"); p. pr. & vb. n. Conniving.] [L. connivere to shut the eyes, connive, fr. con- + (perh.) a word akin to nicere to beckon, nictare to wink.] 1. To open and close the eyes rapidly; to wink. [Obs.]

> The artist is to teach them how to nod judiciously, and to connive with either eye.
> Spectator.

2. To close the eyes upon a fault; to wink (at); to fail or forbear by intention to discover an act; to permit a proceeding, as if not aware of it; -- usually followed by at.

> To connive at what it does not approve.
> Jer. Taylor.

> In many of these, the directors were heartily concurring; in most of them, they were encouraging, and sometimes commanding; in all they were conniving.
> Burke.

> The government thought it expedient, occasionally, to connive at the violation of this rule.
> Macaulay.

Con*nive", v. t. To shut the eyes to; to overlook; to pretend not to see. [R. & Obs.] "Divorces were not connived only, but with eye open allowed." Milton.

Con*niv"en*cy (?), n. Connivance. [Obs.]

Con*niv"ent (#), a. [L. connivens, p. pr.] 1. Forbearing to see; designedly inattentive; as, connivent justice. [R.] Milton.

2. (Biol.) Brought close together; arched inward so that the points meet; converging; in close contact; as, the connivent petals of a flower, wings of an insect, or folds of membrane in the human system, etc.

Con*niv"er (?), n. One who connives.

Con`nois*seur" (?; 277), n. [F. connaisseur, formerly connoisseur, fr. connaître to know, fr. L. cognoscere to become acquainted with; co- + noscere, gnoscere, to learn to know. See Know, amd cf. Cognizor.] One well versed in any subject; a skillful or knowing person; a critical judge of any art, particulary of one of the fine arts.

> The connoisseur is "one who knows," as opposed to the dilettant, who only "thinks he knows."
> Fairholt.

Con`nois*seur"ship (?; 277), n. State of being a connoisseur.

Con"no*tate (?), v. t. [L. con- + notatus, p. p.of notare to mark. Cf. Connote.] To connote; to suggest or designate (something) as additional; to include; to imply. Hammond.

Con`no*ta"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. connotation.] The act of connoting; a making known or designating something additional; implication of something more than is asserted.

Con*no"ta*tive (? or ?), a. 1. Implying something additional; illative.

2. (Log.) Implying an attribute. See Connote.

Connotative term, one which denotes a subject and implies an attribute. J. S. Mill.

Con*no"ta*tive*ly, adv. In a connotative manner; expressing connotation.

Con*note" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Connoted; p. pr. & vb. n. Connoting.] [See Connotate, and Note.] 1. To mark along with; to suggest or indicate as additional; to designate by implication; to include in the meaning; to imply.

> Good, in the general notion of it, connotes also a certain suitableness of it to some other thing.
> South.

2. (Logic) To imply as an attribute.

> The word "white" denotes all white things, as snow, paper, the foam of the sea, etc., and ipmlies, or as it was termed by the schoolmen, connotes, the attribute "whiteness."
> J. S. Mill.

Con*nu"bi*al (#), a. [L. connubialis, fr. connubium marriage; con- + nubere to veil, to marry. See Nupital.] Of or pertaining to marriage, or the marriage state; conjugal; nuptial.

> Nor Eve the rites
> Mysterious of connubial love refused.
> Milton.

> Kind, connubial tenderness.
> Goldsmith.

Con*nu`bi*al"i*ty (?), n. The quality of being connubial; something characteristics of the conjugal state; an expression of connubial tenderness.

> Some connubialities which had begun to pass between Mr. and Mrs. B.
> Dickens.

Con*nu`mer*a"tion (?), n. [LL. connumeratio, fr. L. connumerare, - numeratum, to number with.] A reckoning together. [R.] Porson.

Con"nu*sance (?), n. (Law) See Cognizance. [Obs.]

Con"nu*sant (#), a. (Law) See Cognizant. [Obs.]

Con`nu*sor" (#), n. (Law) See Cognizor. [Obs.]

Con`nu*tri"tious (#), a. Nutritious by force of habit; -- said of certain kinds of food. [Obs.] Crabb.

Con"ny (?), a. [√45. Cf. Canny, Gunning.] Brave; fine; canny. [Prov. Eng.] Grose.

Co"no*dont (k"n*dnt), n. [Gr. kw^nos cone + 'odoy`s, 'odo`ntos, tooth.] (Zoöl.) A peculiar toothlike fossil of many forms, found especially in carboniferous rocks. Such fossils are supposed by some to be the teeth of marsipobranch fishes, but they are probably the jaws of annelids.

Co"noid (k"noid), n. [Gr. kwnoeidh`s conical; kw^nos cone + e'i^dos form: cf. F. conoïde.] 1. Anything that has a form resembling that of a cone.

2. (Geom.) (a) A solid formed by the revolution of a conic section about its axis; as, a parabolic conoid, elliptic conoid, etc.; -- more commonly called paraboloid, ellipsoid, etc. (b) A surface which may be generated by a straight line moving in such a manner as always to meet a given straight line and a given curve, and continue parallel to a given plane. Math. Dict.

Co"noid a. Resembling a cone; conoidal.

Co*noid"al (#), a. [Cf. F. conoïdal.] Nearly, but not exactly, conical. Lindley.

{ Co*noid"ic (?), Co*noid"ic*al (?) }, a. Pertaining to a conoid; having the form of a conoid.

Co*nom`i*nee" (?), n. One nominated in conjunction with another; a joint nominee. Kirby.

Con*quad"rate (?), v. t. [L. conquadratus, p. p. of conquadrare.] To bring into a square. [R.] Ash.

Con*quas"sate (?), v. t. [L. conquassatus, p. p. of conquassare.] To shake; to agitate. [Obs.] Harvey.

-- Con`quas*sa"tion (#), n. [Obs.]

Con"quer (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Conquered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Conquering.] [OF. conquerre, F. conquérir, fr. L. conquirere, - quisitum, to seek or search for, to bring together, LL., to conquer; con- + quaerere to seek. See Quest.] 1. To gain or acquire by force; to take possession of by violent means; to gain dominion over; to subdue by physical means; to reduce; to overcome by force of arms; to cause to yield; to vanquish. "If thou conquer Rome." Shak.

> If we be conquer'd, let men conquer us.
> Shak.

> We conquered France, but felt our captive's charms.
> Pope.

2. To subdue or overcome by mental or moral power; to surmount; as, to conquer difficulties, temptation, etc.

> By winning words to conquer hearts,
> And make persuasion do the work of fear.
> Milton.

3. To gain or obtain, overcoming obstacles in the way; to win; as, to conquer freedom; to conquer a peace.

Syn. -- To subdue; vanquish; overcome; overpower; overthrow; defeat; rout; discomfit; subjugate; reduce; humble; crush; surmount; subject; master. -- To Conquer, Vanquish, Subdue, Subjugate, Overcome. These words agree in the general idea expressed by overcome, -- that of bringing under one's power by the exertion of force. Conquer is wider and more general than vanquish, denoting usually a succession of conflicts. Vanquish is more individual, and refers usually to a single conflict. Thus, Alexander conquered Asia in a succession of battles, and vanquished Darius in one decisive engagement. Subdue implies a more gradual and continual pressure, but a surer and more final subjection. We speak of a nation as subdued when its spirit is at last broken, so that no further resistance is offered. Subjugate is to bring completely under the yoke of bondage. The ancient Gauls were never finally subdued by the Romans until they were completely subjugated. These words, when used figuratively, have correspondent meanings. We conquer our prejudices or aversions by a succesion of conflicts; but we sometimes vanquish our reluctance to duty by one decided effort: we endeavor to subdue our evil propensities by watchful and persevering exertions. Subjugate is more commonly taken in its primary meaning, and when used figuratively has generally a bad sense; as, his reason was completely subjugated to the sway of his passions.

Con"quer (?), v. i. To gain the victory; to overcome; to prevail.

> He went forth conquering and to conquer.
> Rev. vi. 2.

> The champions resolved to conquer or to die.
> Waller.

Con*quer*a*ble (?), a. Capable of being conquered or subdued. South.

-- Con"quer*a*ble*ness, n.

Con"quer*ess, n. A woman who conquers. Fairfax.

Con"quer*or (?), n. [OF. conquereor, fr. conquerre,] One who conquers.

The Conqueror (Eng. Hist.). William the Norman (1027-1067) who invaded England, defeated Harold in the battle of Hastings, and was crowned king, in 1066.

Con"quest (?), n. [OF. conquest, conqueste, F. conquête, LL. conquistum, conquista, prop. p. p. from L. conquirere. See Conquer.] 1. The act or process of conquering, or acquiring by force; the act of overcoming or subduing opposition by force, whether physical or moral; subjection; subjugation; victory.

> In joys of conquest he resigns his breath.
> Addison.

> Three years sufficed for the conquest of the country.
> Prescott.

2. That which is conquered; possession gained by force, physical or moral.

> Wherefore rejoice? What conquest brings he home?
> Shak.

3. (Feudal Law) The acquiring of property by other means than by inheritance; acquisition. Blackstone.

4. The act of gaining or regaining by successful struggle; as, the conquest of liberty or peace.

The Conquest (Eng. Hist.), the subjugation of England by William of Normandy in 1066.

Syn. -- Victory; triumph; mastery; reduction; subjugation; subjection.

Con`san*guin"e*al (?), a. Of the same blood; related by birth. Sir T. Browne.

Con*san"guined (?), a. Of kin blood; related. [R.] Johnson.

Con`san*guin"e*ous (?), a. [L. conguineus; con- + sanguis blood: cf. F. consanguin. See Sanquine.] Of the same blood; related by birth; descended from the same parent or ancestor. Shak.

Con`san*guin"i*ty (?), n. [L. consanguinitas: cf. F. consanguintité.] The relation of persons by blood, in distinction from affinity or relation by marriage; blood relationship; as, lineal consanguinity; collateral consanguinity.

> Invoking aid by the ties of consanguinity.
> Prescott.

Con*sar`ci*na"tion (?), n. [L. consarcinare, -natum, to patch together.] A patching together; patchwork. [Obs.] Bailey.

Con"science (?), n. [F. conscience, fr. L. conscientia, fr. consciens, p. pr. of conscire to know, to be conscious; con- + scire to know. See Science.] 1. Knowledge of one's own thoughts or actions; consciousness. [Obs.]

> The sweetest cordial we receive, at last,
> Is conscience of our virtuous actions past.
> Denham.

2. The faculty, power, or inward principle which decides as to the character of one's own actions, purposes, and affections, warning against and condemning that which is wrong, and approving and prompting to that which is right; the moral faculty passing judgment on one's self; the moral sense.

> My conscience hath a thousand several tongues,
> And every tongue brings in a several tale,
> And every tale condemns me for a villain.
> Shak.

> As science means knowledge, conscience etymologically means self-knowledge . . . But the English word implies a moral standard of action in the mind as well as a consciousness of our own actions. . . . Conscience is the reason, employed about questions of right and wrong, and accompanied with the sentiments of approbation and condemnation.
> Whewell.

3. The estimate or determination of conscience; conviction or right or duty.

> Conscience supposes the existence of some such [i.e., moral] faculty, and properly signifies our consciousness of having acted agreeably or contrary to its directions.
> Adam Smith.

4. Tenderness of feeling; pity. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Conscience clause, a clause in a general law exempting persons whose religious scruples forbid compliance therewith, -- as from taking judicial oaths, rendering military service, etc. -- Conscience money, stolen or wrongfully acquired money that is voluntarily restored to the rightful possessor. Such money paid into the United States treasury by unknown debtors is called the Conscience fund. -- Court of Conscience, a court established for the recovery of small debts, in London and other trading cities and districts. [Eng.] Blackstone. -- In conscience, In all conscience, in deference or obedience to conscience or reason; in reason; reasonably. "This is enough in conscience." Howell. "Half a dozen fools are, in all conscience, as many as you should require." Swift. -- To make conscience of, To make a matter of conscience, to act according to the dictates of conscience concerning (any matter), or to scruple to act contrary to its dictates.

Con"scienced (?), a. Having a conscience. [R.] "Soft-conscienced men." Shak.

Con"science*less, a. Without conscience; indifferent to conscience; unscrupulous.

> Conscienceless and wicked patrons.
> Hookre.

Con"scient (?), a. [L. consciens, -entis, p. pr.] Conscious. [R.] Bacon.

Con`sci*en"tious (?), a. [Cf. F. consciencieux, LL. conscientiosus.] 1. Influenced by conscience; governed by a strict regard to the dictates of conscience, or by the known or supposed rules of right and wrong; -- said of a person.

> The advice of wise and conscientious men.
> Prescott.

<! p. 306 !>

2. Characterized by a regard to conscience; conformed to the dictates of conscience; -- said of actions.

> A holy and conscientious course.
> Abp. Tillotson.

Syn. -- Scrupulous; exact; faithful; just; upright.

Con`sci*en"tious*ly (?), adv. In a conscientious manner; as a matter of conscience; hence; faithfully; accurately; completely.

Con`sci*en"tious*ness, n. The quality of being conscientious; a scrupulous regard to the dictates of conscience.

Con"scion*a*ble (?), a. [Irregularly formed fr. conscience.] Governed by, or according to, conscience; reasonable; just.

> Let my debtors have conscionable satisfaction.
> Sir H. Wotton.

Con"scion*a*ble*ness, n. The quality of being conscionable; reasonableness. Johnson.

Con"scion*a*bly, adv. Reasonably; justly.

Con"scious (?), a. [L. conscius; con- + scire to know. See Conscience.] 1. Possessing the faculty of knowing one's own thoughts or mental operations.

> Some are thinking or conscious beings, or have a power of thought.
> I. Watts.

2. Possessing knowledge, whether by internal, conscious experience or by external observation; cognizant; aware; sensible.

> Her conscious heart imputed suspicion where none could have been felt.
> Hawthorne.

> The man who breathes most healthilly is least conscious of his own breathing.
> De Quincey.

3. Made the object of consciousness; known to one's self; as, conscious guilt.

> With conscious terrors vex me round.
> Milton.

Syn. -- Aware; apprised; sensible; felt; known.

Con"scious*ly, adv. In a conscious manner; with knowledge of one's own mental operations or actions.

Con"scious*ness (?), n. 1. The state of being conscious; knowledge of one's own existence, condition, sensations, mental operations, acts, etc.

> Consciousness is thus, on the one hand, the recognition by the mind or "ego" of its acts and affections; -- in other words, the self-affirmation that certain modifications are known by me, and that these modifications are mine.
> Sir W. Hamilton.

2. Immediate knowledge or perception of the presence of any object, state, or sensation. See the Note under Attention.

> Annihilate the consciousness of the object, you annihilate the consciousness of the operation.
> Sir W. Hamilton.

> And, when the steam
> Which overflowed the soul had passed away,
> A consciousness remained that it had left.
> . . . images and precious thoughts
> That shall not die, and can not be destroyed.
> Wordsworth.

> The consciousness of wrong brought with it the consciousness of weakness.
> Froude.

3. Feeling, persuasion, or expectation; esp., inward sense of guilt or innocence. [R.]

> An honest mind is not in the power of a dishonest: to break its peace there must be some guilt or consciousness.
> Pope.

Con*scribe" (?), v. t. [L. conscribere. See Conscript.] To enroll; to enlist. [Obs.] E. Hall.

Con"script (?), a. [L. conscriptus, p. p. of conscribere to write together, to enroll; con- + scribere to write. See Scribe.] Enrolled; written; registered.

Conscript fathers (Rom. Antiq.), the senators of ancient Rome. When certain new senators were first enrolled with the "fathers" the body was called Patres et Conscripti; afterward all were called Patres conscripti.

Con"script, n. One taken by lot, or compulsorily enrolled, to serve as a soldier or sailor.

Con*script" (?), v. t. To enroll, by compulsion, for military service.

Con*scrip"tion (?), n. [L. conscriptio: cf. F. conscription.] 1. An enrolling or registering.

> The conscription of men of war.
> Bp. Burnet.

2. A compulsory enrollment of men for military or naval service; a draft.

Con*scrip"tion (?), a. Belonging to, or of the nature of, a conspiration.

Con"se*crate (?), a. [L. consceratus, p. p. of conscerare to conscerate; con- + sacrare to consecrate, sacer sacred. See Sacred.] Consecrated; devoted; dedicated; sacred.

> They were assembled in that consecrate place.
> Bacon.

Con"se*crate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Consecrated; p. pr. & vb. n. Consecrating.] 1. To make, or declare to be, sacred; to appropriate to sacred uses; to set apart, dedicate, or devote, to the service or worship of God; as, to consecrate a church; to give (one's self) unreservedly, as to the service of God.

> One day in the week is . . . consecrated to a holy rest.
> Sharp.

2. To set apart to a sacred office; as, to consecrate a bishop.

> Thou shalt consecrate Aaron and his sons.
> Ex. xxix. 9.

3. To canonize; to exalt to the rank of a saint; to enroll among the gods, as a Roman emperor.

4. To render venerable or revered; to hallow; to dignify; as, rules or principles consecrated by time. Burke.

Syn. -- See Addict.

Con"se*cra`ter (?), n. Consecrator.

Con`se*cra"tion (?), n. [L. consecratio: cf. F. consécration.] The act or ceremony of consecrating; the state of being consecrated; dedication.

> Until the days of your consecration be at an end.
> Lev. viii. 33.

> Consecration makes not a place sacred, but only solemnly declares it so.
> South.

Con"se*cra`tor (?), n. [L.] One who consecrates; one who performs the rites by which a person or thing is devoted or dedicated to sacred purposes. [Written also consecrater.]

Con"se*cra*to*ry (? or ?), a. Of or pertaining to the act of consecration; dedicatory.

> The consecratory prayer.
> Bp. Burnet.

Con`sec*ta"ne*ous (?), a. [L. consectaneus.] Following as a matter of course. Blount.

Con"sec*ta*ry (?), a. [L. consectarius, fr. consectari to follow after eagerly; con- + sectari to follow eagerly, fr. sequi to follow.] Following by consequence; consequent; deducible. [R.] "Consectary impieties." Sir T. Browne.

Con"sec*ta*ry, n. That which follows by consequence or is logically deducible; deduction from premises; corollary. [R.] Milton.

Con"se*cute (?), v. t. To follow closely; to endeavor to overtake; to pursue. [Obs.] Bp. Burnet.

Con`se*cu"tion (?), n. [L. consecutio. See Consequent.] 1. A following, or sequel; actual or logical dependence. Sir M. Hale.

2. A succession or series of any kind. [Obs.] Sir I. Newton.

Month of consecution (Astron.), a month as reckoned from one conjunction of the moon with the sun to another.

Con*sec"u*tive (?), a. [Cf. F. consécutif. See Consequent.] 1. Following in a train; succeeding one another in a regular order; successive; uninterrupted in course or succession; with no interval or break; as, fifty consecutive years.

2. Following as a consequence or result; actually or logically dependent; consequential; succeeding.

> The actions of a man consecutive to volition.
> Locke.

3. (Mus.) Having similarity of sequence; -- said of certain parallel progressions of two parts in a piece of harmony; as, consecutive fifths, or consecutive octaves, which are forbidden.

Consecutive chords (Mus.), chords of the same kind succeeding one another without interruption.

Con*sec"u*tive*ly, adv. In a consecutive manner; by way of sequence; successively.

Con*sec"u*tive*ness, n. The state or quality of being consecutive.

Con*sen"sion (?), n. [L. consensio.] Agreement; accord. Bentley.

Con*sen"su*al (?), a. [See Consent, v. i., and cf. Sensual.] 1. (Law) Existing, or made, by the mutual consent of two or more parties.

2. (Physiol.) Excited or caused by sensation, sympathy, or reflex action, and not by conscious volition; as, consensual motions.

Consensual contract (Law), a contract formed merely by consent, as a marriage contract.

Con*sen"sus (?), n. [L. See Consent.] Agreement; accord; consent.

> That traditional consensus of society which we call public opinion.
> Tylor.

Con*sent" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Consented; p. pr. & vb. n Consenting.] [F. consentir, fr. L. consentire, -sensum, to feel together, agree; con- + sentire to feel. See Sense.] 1. To agree in opinion or sentiment; to be of the same mind; to accord; to concur.

> And Saul was consenting unto his death.
> Acts. viii. 1.

> Flourishing many years before Wyclif, and much consenting with him in jugdment.
> Fuller.

2. To indicate or express a willingness; to yield to guidance, persuasion, or necessity; to give assent or approval; to comply.

> My poverty, but not my will, consents.
> Shak.

> And whispering "I will ne'er consent," -- consented.
> Byron.

Syn. -- To accede; yield; assent; comply; agree; allow; concede; permit; admit; concur; acquiesce.

Con*sent", v. t. To grant; to allow; to assent to; to admit. [Obs.]

> Interpreters . . . will not consent it to be a true story.
> Milton.

Con*sent", n. [Cf. OF. consent.] 1. Agreement in opinion or sentiment; the being of one mind; accord.

> All with one consent began to make excuse.
> Luke xiv. 18.

> They fell together all, as by consent.
> Shak.

2. Correspondence in parts, qualities, or operations; agreement; harmony; coherence.

> The melodious consent of the birds.
> Holland.

> Such is the world's great harmony that springs
> From union, order, full consent of things.
> Pope.

3. Voluntary accordance with, or concurrence in, what is done or proposed by another; acquiescence; compliance; approval; permission.

> Thou wert possessed of David's throne
> By free consent of all.
> Milton.

4. (Law) Capable, deliberate, and voluntary assent or agreement to, or concurrence in, some act or purpose, implying physical and mental power and free action.

5. (Physiol.) Sympathy. See Sympathy, 4.

Syn. -- Assent; acquiescence; concurrence; agreement; approval; permission. See Assent.

Age of consent (Law), an age, fixed by statute and varying in different jurisdictions, at which one is competent to give consent. Sexual intercourse with a female child under the age of consent is punishable as rape.

Con*sen`ta*ne"i*ty (?), n. Mutual agreement. [R.]

Con`sen*ta"ne*ous (?), a. [L. consentaneus.] Consistent; agreeable; suitable; accordant to; harmonious; concurrent.

> A good law and consentaneous to reason.
> Howell.

-- Con`sen*ta"ne*ous*ly, adv. -- Con`sen*ta"ne*ous*ness, n.

Con*sent"ant (?), a. [F., p. pr. of consentir.] Consenting. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Con*sent"er (?), a. One who consents.

Con*sen"tient (?), a. [L. consentients, p. pr. See Consent.] Agreeing in mind; accordant.

> The consentient judgment of the church.
> Bp. Pearson.

Con*sent"ing*ly (?), adv. With consent; in a compliant manner. Jer. Taylor.

Con"se*quence (?), n. [L., consequentia: cf. F. conséquence. See Consequent.] 1. That which follows something on which it depends; that which is produced by a cause; a result.

> Shun to taste,
> And shun the bitter consequence.
> Milton.

2. (Logic) A proposition collected from the agreement of other previous propositions; any conclusion which results from reason or argument; inference.

3. Chain of causes and effects; consecution.

> Such fatal consequence unites us three.
> Milton.

> Link follows link by necessary consequence.
> Coleridge.

4. Importance with respect to what comes after; power to influence or produce an effect; value; moment; rank; distinction.

> It is a matter of small consequence.
> Shak.

> A sense of your own worth and consequence.
> Cowper.

In consequence, hence; for this cause. -- In consequence of, by reason of; as the effect of.

Syn. -- Effect; result; end. See Effect.

Con"se*quen`cing (?), n. Drawing inference. [R.] Milton.

Con"se*quent (?), a. [L. consequens, -entis, p. pr. of consequi to follow; con- + sequi to follow: cf. F. conséquent. See Second, and cf. Consecution.] 1. Following as a result, inference, or natural effect.

> The right was consequent to, and built on, an act perfectly personal.
> Locke.

2. (Logic) Following by necessary inference or rational deduction; as, a proposition consequent to other propositions.

Consequent points, Consequent poles (Magnetism), a number of poles distributed under certain conditions, along the axis of a magnetized steel bar, which regularly has but the two poles at the extremities.

Con"se*quent, n. 1. That which follows, or results from, a cause; a result or natural effect.

> They were ill-governed, which is always a consequent of ill payment.
> Sir J. Davies.

2. (Logic) That which follows from propositions by rational deduction; that which is deduced from reasoning or argumentation; a conclusion, or inference.

3. (Math.) The second term of a ratio, as the term b in the ratio a:b, the first a, being the antecedent.

Con`se*quen"tial (?), a. 1. Following as a consequence, result, or logical inference; consequent.

> All that is revealed in Scripture has a consequential necessity of being believed . . . because it is of divine authority.
> Locke.

> These kind of arguments . . . are highly consequential and concludent to my purpose.
> Sir M. Hale.

2. Assuming or exhibiting an air of consequence; pretending to importance; pompous; self-important; as, a consequential man. See Consequence, n., 4.

> His stately and consequential pace.
> Sir W. Scott.

Consequential damage (Law) (a) Damage so remote as not to be actionable (b) Damage which although remote is actionable. (c) Actionable damage, but not following as an immediate result of an act.

Con`se*quen"tial*ly, adv. 1. With just deduction of consequence; with right connection of ideas; logically.

> The faculty of writing consequentially.
> Addison.

2. By remote consequence; not immediately; eventually; as, to do a thing consequentially. South.

3. In a regular series; in the order of cause and effect; with logical concatenation; consecutively; continuously.

4. With assumed importance; pompously.

Con`se*quen"tial*ness, n. The quality of being consequential.

Con"se*quent*ly (?), adv. By consequence; by natural or logical sequence or connection.

Syn. -- See Accordingly.

Con*ser"tion (?), n. [L. consertio, fr. conserere, -sertum to connect; con- + serere to join.] Junction; adaptation [R.]

> Consertion of design, how exquisite.
> Young.

Con*serv"a*ble (?), a. [L. conservabilitis.] Capable of being preserved from decay or injury.

Con*serv"an*cy (?), n. Conservation, as from injury, defilement, or irregular use.

> [An act was] passed in 1866, for vesting in the Conservators of the River Thames the conservancy of the Thames and Isis.
> Mozley & W.

Con*serv"ant (?), a. [L. conservans, p. pr.] Having the power or quality of conservation.

Con`ser*va"tion (?), n. [L. conservatio: cf. F. conservation.] The act of preserving, guarding, or protecting; the keeping (of a thing) in a safe or entire state; preservation.

> A step necessary for the conservation of Protestantism.
> Hallam.

> A state without the means of some change is without the means of its conservation.
> Burke.

Conservation of areas (Astron.), the principle that the radius vector drawn from a planet to the sun sweeps over equal areas in equal times. -- Conservation of energy, or Conservation of force (Mech.), the principle that the total energy of any material system is a quantity which can neither be increased nor diminished by any action between the parts of the system, though it may be transformed into any of the forms of which energy is susceptible. Clerk Maxwell.

Con`ser*va"tion*al (?), a. Tending to conserve; preservative.

Con*serv"a*tism (?), n. [For conservatism.] The disposition and tendency to preserve what is established; opposition to change; the habit of mind; or conduct, of a conservative.

Con*serv"a*tive (?), a. [Cf. F. conservatif.] 1. Having power to preserve in a safe of entire state, or from loss, waste, or injury; preservative.

<! p. 307 !>

2. Tending or disposed to maintain existing institutions; opposed to change or innovation.

3. Of or pertaining to a political party which favors the conservation of existing institutions and forms of government, as the Conservative party in England; -- contradistinguished from Liberal and Radical.

> We have always been conscientiously attached to what is called the Tory, and which might with more propriety be called the Conservative, party.
> Quart. Rev. (1830).

Conservative system (Mech.), a material system of such a nature that after the system has undergone any series of changes, and been brought back in any manner to its original state, the whole work done by external agents on the system is equal to the whole work done by the system overcoming external forces. Clerk Maxwell.

Con*serv"a*tive (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, preserves from ruin, injury, innovation, or radical change; a preserver; a conserver.

> The Holy Spirit is the great conservative of the new life.
> Jer. Taylor.

2. One who desires to maintain existing institutions and customs; also, one who holds moderate opinions in politics; -- opposed to revolutionary or radical.

3. (Eng. Hist.) A member of the Conservative party.

Con*serv"a*tive*ness, a. The quality of being conservative.

||Con`ser"va*toire` (?), n. [F.] A public place of instruction in any special branch, esp. music and the arts. [See Conservatory, 3].

Con"ser*va`tor (?; 277), n. [L.: cf. F. conservateur.] 1. One who preserves from injury or violation; a protector; a preserver.

> The great Creator and Conservator of the world.
> Derham.

2. (Law) (a) An officer who has charge of preserving the public peace, as a justice or sheriff. (b) One who has an official charge of preserving the rights and privileges of a city, corporation, community, or estate.

> The lords of the secret council were likewise made conservators of the peace of the two kingdoms.
> Clarendon.

> The conservator of the estate of an idiot.
> Bouvier.

Conservators of the River Thames, a board of commissioners instituted by Parliament to have the conservancy of the Thames.

Con*serv"a*to*ry (?), a. [Cf. F. conservatoire, LL. conservatorius.] Having the quality of preserving from loss, decay, or injury.

Con*serv"a*to*ry, n. [Cf. F. conservatoire, LL. conservatorium.] 1. That which preserves from injury. [Obs.] "A conservatory of life." Jer. Taylor.

2. A place for preserving anything from loss, decay, waste, or injury; particulary, a greenhouse for preserving exotic or tender plants.

3. A public place of instruction, designed to preserve and perfect the knowledge of some branch of science or art, esp. music.

Con`ser*va"trix (?), n. [L.] A woman who preserves from loss, injury, etc.

Con*serve" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Conserved (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Conserving.] [F. conserver, L. conservare; con- + servare to keep, guard. See Serve.] 1. To keep in a safe or sound state; to save; to preserve; to protect.

> The amity which . . . they meant to conserve and maintain with the emperor.
> Strype.

2. To prepare with sugar, etc., for the purpose of preservation, as fruits, etc.; to make a conserve of.

Con"serve (?), n. [F. conserve, fr. conserver.] 1. Anything which is conserved; especially, a sweetmeat prepared with sugar; a confection.

> I shall . . . study broths, plasters, and conserves, till from a fine lady I become a notable woman.
> Tatler.

2. (Med.) A medicinal confection made of freshly gathered vegetable substances mixed with finely powdered refined sugar. See Confection.

3. A conservatory. [Obs.] Evelyn.

Con*serv"er (?), n. One who conserves.

Con*sid"er (kn*sd"r), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Considered (-rd); p. pr. & vb. n. Considering.] [F. considérer, L. considerare, -sideratum, to consider, view attentively, prob. fr. con- + sidus, sideris, star, constellation; orig., therefore, to look at the stars. See Sidereal, and cf. Desire.] 1. To fix the mind on, with a view to a careful examination; to think on with care; to ponder; to study; to meditate on.

> I will consider thy testimonies.
> Ps. cxix. 95.

> Thenceforth to speculations high or deep
> I turned my thoughts, and with capacious mind
> Considered all things visible.
> Milton.

2. To look at attentively; to observe; to examine.

> She considereth a field, and buyeth it.
> Prov. xxxi. 16.

3. To have regard to; to take into view or account; to pay due attention to; to respect.

> Consider, sir, the chance of war: the day
> Was yours by accident.
> Shak.

> England could grow into a posture of being more united at home, and more considered abroad.
> Sir W. Temple.

4. To estimate; to think; to regard; to view.

> Considered as plays, his works are absurd.
> Macaulay.

The proper sense of consider is often blended with an idea of the result of considering; as, "Blessed is he that considereth the poor." Ps. xli. 1.; i.e., considers with sympathy and pity. "Which [services] if I have not enough considered." Shak.; i.e., requited as the sufficient considering of them would suggest. "Consider him liberally." J. Hooker.

Syn. -- To ponder; weigh; revolve; study; reflect or meditate on; contemplate; examine. See Ponder.

Con*sid"er, v. i. 1. To think seriously; to make examination; to reflect; to deliberate.

> We will consider of your suit.
> Shak.

> 'T were to consider too curiously, to consider so.
> Shak.

> She wished she had taken a moment to consider, before rushing down stairs.
> W. Black

2. To hesitate. [Poetic & R.] Dryden.

Con*sid"er*a*ble (kn*sd"r**b'l), a. [Cf. F. considérable.] 1. Worthy of consideration; requiring to be observed, borne in mind, or attended to.

> It is considerable, that some urns have had inscriptions on them expressing that the lamps were burning.
> Bp. Wilkins.

> Eternity is infinitely the most considerable duration.
> Tillotson.

2. Of some distinction; noteworthy; influential; respectable; -- said of persons.

> You are, indeed, a very considerable man.
> Junius.

3. Of importance or value.

> In painting, not every action, nor every person, is considerable enough to enter into the cloth.
> Dryden.

> A considerable sum of money.
> Prescott.

Con*sid"er*a*ble*ness, n. Worthiness of consideration; dignity; value; size; amount.

Con*sid"er*a*bly, adv. In a manner or to a degree not trifling or unimportant; greatly; much.

> The breeds . . . differ considerably from each other.
> Darwin.

Con*sid"er*ance (?), n. [L. considerantia.] Act of considering; consideration. [Obs.] Shak.

Con*sid"er*ate (kn*sd"r*t), a. [L. consideratus, p. p.] 1. Given to consideration or to sober reflection; regardful of consequences or circumstances; circumspect; careful; esp. careful of the rights, claims, and feelings of others.

> Of dauntless courage and considerate pride.
> Milton.

> Æneas is patient, considerate, and careful of his people.
> Dryden.

> The wisest and most considerate men in the world.
> Sharp.

2. Having respect to; regardful. [R.]

> They may be . . . more considerate of praise.
> Dr. H. More.

Syn. -- Thoughtful; reflective; careful; discreet; prudent; deliberate; serious. See Thoughtful.

-- Con*sid"er*ate*ly, adv. -- Con*sid"er*ate*ness, n.

Con*sid`er*a"tion (kn*sd`r*"shn), n. [L. consideratio: cf. F. considération.] 1. The act or process of considering; continuous careful thought; examination; contemplation; deliberation; attention.

> Let us think with consideration.
> Sir P. Sidney.

> Consideration, like an angel, came.
> Shak.

2. Attentive respect; appreciative regard; -- used especially in diplomatic or stately correspondence.

> The undersigned has the honor to repeat to Mr. Hulseman the assurance of his high consideration.
> D. Webster.

> The consideration with which he was treated.
> Whewell.

3. Thoughtful or sympathetic regard or notice.

> Consideration for the poor is a doctrine of the church.
> Newman.

4. Claim to notice or regard; some degree of importance or consequence.

> Lucan is the only author of consideration among the Latin poets who was not explained for . . . the Dauphin.
> Addison.

5. The result of delibration, or of attention and examonation; matured opinion; a reflection; as, considerations on the choice of a profession.

6. That which is, or should be, taken into account as a ground of opinion or action; motive; reason.

> He was obliged, antecedent to all other considerations, to search an asylum.
> Dryden.

> Some considerations which are necessary to the forming of a correct judgment.
> Macaulay.

7. (Law) The cause which moves a contracting party to enter into an agreement; the material cause of a contract; the price of a stripulation; compensation; equivalent. Bouvier.

Consideration is what is done, or promised to be done, in exchange for a promise, and "as a mere advantage to the promisor without detriment to the promisee would not avail, the proper test is detriment to the promisee." Wharton.

Con*sid"er*a*tive (?), a. Considerate; careful; thoughtful. [Archaic]

> I love to be considerative.
> B. Jonson.

Con*sid"er*a`tor (?), n. One who considers. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Con*sid"er*er (?), n. One who considers; a man of reflection; a thinker. Milton.

Con*sid"er*ing*ly, adv. With consideration or deliberation.

Con*sign" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Consigned 3; p. pr. & vb. n. Consigning.] [F. consigner, L. consignare, -signatu,, to seal or sign; con- + signare, fr. signum mark. See Sign.] 1. To give, transfer, or deliver, in a formal manner, as if by signing over into the possession of another, or into a different state, with the sense of fixedness in that state, or permanence of possession; as, to consign the body to the grave.

> At the day of general account, good men are to be consigned over to another state.
> Atterbury.

2. To give in charge; to commit; to intrust.

> Atrides, parting for the Trojan war,
> Consigned the youthful consort to his care.
> Pope.

> The four evangelists consigned to writing that history.
> Addison.

3. (Com.) To send or address (by bill of lading or otherwise) to an agent or correspondent in another place, to be cared for or sold, or for the use of such correspondent; as, to consign a cargo or a ship; to consign goods.

4. To assign; to devote; to set apart.

> The French commander consigned it to the use for which it was intended by the donor.
> Dryden.

5. To stamp or impress; to affect. [Obs.]

> Consign my spirit with great fear.
> Jer. Taylor.

Syn. -- To commit; deliver; intrust; resign. See Commit.

Con*sign" (?), v. i. 1. To submit; to surrender or yield one's self. [Obs.]

> All lovers young, all lovers must
> Consign to thee, and come to dust.
> Shak.

2. To yield consent; to agree; to acquiesce. [Obs.]

> Augment or alter . . .
> And we'll consign thereto.
> Shak.

Con*sig"na*ta*ry (?), n. [Cf. Consignitary.] A consignee. [Obs.] Jenkins.

Con`sig*na"tion (?), n. [L. consignatio written proof, document: cf. F. consignation comsignation.] 1. The act of consigning; the act of delivering or committing to another person, place, or state. [Obs.]

> So is despair a certain consignation to eternal ruin.
> Jer. Taylor.

2. The act of ratifying or establishing, as if by signing; confirmation; ratification.

> A direct consignation of pardon.
> Jer. Taylor.

3. A stamp; an indication; a sign. [Obs.]

> The most certain consignations of an excellent virtue.
> Jer. Taylor.

Con*sig"na*to*ry (?), n. [Cf. Consignitary.] One of several that jointly sign a written instrument, as a treaty. Fallows.

Con*sig"na*ture (?); 135), n. Joint signature. [R.] Colgrave.

||Con"signe (?), n. [F.] (Mil.) (a) A countersign; a watchword. (b) One who is orders to keep within certain limits.

Con`sign*ee" (?; 277), n. [F. consign&?;, p. p. of consigner.] The person to whom goods or other things are consigned; a factor; -- correlative to consignor.

> Consigner and consignee are used by merchants to express generally the shipper of merchandise, and the person to whom it is addressed, by bill of lading or otherwise.
> De Colange.

Con*sign"er (?), n. One who consigns. See Consignor.

Con`sig*nif"i*cant (?), a. Having joint or equal signification; synonymous. [R.] Spelman.

Con*sig`ni*fi*ca"tion (?), n. Joint signification. [R.]

Con`sig*nif"i*ca*tive (?), a. Consignificant; jointly significate. [R.]

Con*sig"ni*fy (?), v. t. [Pref. con- + sognify.] To signify or denote in combination with something else.

> The cipher . . . only serves to connote and consignify, and to change the value or the figures.
> Horne Tooke.

Con*sign"ment (?), n. 1. The act of consigning; consignation.

2. (Com.) The act of consigning or sending property to an agent or correspondent in another place, as for care, sale, etc.

3. (Com.) That which is consigned; the goods or commodities sent or addressed to a consignee at one time or by one conveyance.

> To increase your consignments of this valuable branch of national commerce.
> Burke.

4. The writing by which anything is consigned.

Con*sign"or (? or &?;; 277), n. One who consigns something to another; -- opposed to consignee. [Written also consigner.]

Con*sil"i*ence (?), n. [con- + salire to leap.] Act of concurring; coincidence; concurrence.

> The consilience of inductions takes place when one class of facts coincides with an induction obtained from another different class.
> Whewell.

{ Con`si*mil"i*tude (?), Con`si*mil"i*ty (?) }, n. [Cf. F. consimilitude. See Similitude.] Common resemblance. [Obs.] Aubrey.

Con*sist" (kn*sst"), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Consisted; p. pr. & vb. n. Consisting.] [L. consistere to stand still or firm; con- + sistere to stand, cause to stand, stare to stand: cf. F. consister. See Stand.] 1. To stand firm; to be in a fixed or permanent state, as a body composed of parts in union or connection; to hold together; to be; to exist; to subsist; to be supported and maintained.

> He is before all things, and by him all things consist.
> Col. i. 17.

2. To be composed or made up; -- followed by of.

> The land would consist of plains and valleys.
> T. Burnet.

3. To have as its substance or character, or as its foundation; to be; -- followed by in.

> If their purgation did consist in words.
> Shak.

> A man's life consisteth not in the abundance of the things which he possesseth.
> Luke xii. 15.

4. To be consistent or harmonious; to be in accordance; -- formerly used absolutely, now followed by with.

> This was a consisting story.
> Bp. Burnet.

> Health consists with temperance alone.
> Pope.

> For orders and degrees
> Jar not with liberty, but well consist.
> Milton.

5. To insist; -- followed by on. [Obs.] Shak.

Syn. -- To Consist, Consist of, Consist in. The verb consist is employed chiefly for two purposes, which are marked and distinguished by the prepositions used. When we wish to indicate the parts which unite to compose a thing, we use of; as when we say, "Macaulay's Miscellanies consist chiefly of articles which were first published in the Edinburgh Review." When we wish to indicate the true nature of a thing, or that on which it depends, we use in; as, "There are some artists whose skill consists in a certain manner which they have affected." "Our safety consists in a strict adherence to duty."

{ Con*sist"ence (kn*ss"tens), Con*sist"en*cy (-ss"ten*s) }, n. [Cf. F. consistance.] 1. The condition of standing or adhering together, or being fixed in union, as the parts of a body; existence; firmness; coherence; solidity.

> Water, being divided, maketh many circles, till it restore itself to the natural consistence.
> Bacon.

> We are as water, weak, and of no consistence.
> Jer. Taylor.

> The same form, substance, and consistency.
> T. Burnet.

2. A degree of firmness, density, or spissitude.

> Let the expressed juices be boiled into the consistence of a sirup.
> Arbuthnot.

<! p. 308 !>

3. That which stands together as a united whole; a combination.

> The church of God, as meaning the whole consistence of orders and members.
> Milton.

4. Firmness of constitution or character; substantiality; durability; persistency.

> His friendship is of a noble make and a lasting consistency.
> South.

5. Agreement or harmony of all parts of a complex thing among themselves, or of the same thing with itself at different times; the harmony of conduct with profession; congruity; correspondence; as, the consistency of laws, regulations, or judicial decisions; consistency of opinions; consistency of conduct or of character.

> That consistency of behavior whereby he inflexibly pursues those measures which appear the most just.
> Addison.

> Consistency, thou art a jewel.
> Popular Saying.

Con*sist"ent (?), a. [L. consistens, p. pr.: cf. F. consistant.] 1. Possessing firmness or fixedness; firm; hard; solid.

> The humoral and consistent parts of the body.
> Harvey.

2. Having agreement with itself or with something else; having harmony among its parts; possesing unity; accordant; harmonious; congruous; compatible; uniform; not contradictory.

> Show me one that has it in his power
> To act consistent with himself an hour.
> Pope.

> With reference to such a lord, to serve and to be free are terms not consistent only, but equivalent.
> South.

3. Living or acting in conformity with one's belief or professions.

> It was utterly to be at once a consistent Quaker and a conspirator.
> Macaulay.

Con*sist"ent*ly, adv. In a consistent manner.

Con`sis*to"ri*al (?), a. [Cf. F. consistorial.] Of or pertaining to a consistory. "Consistorial laws." Hooker. "Consistorial courts." Bp. Hoadley.

Con`sis*to"rian (?), a. Pertaining to a Presbyterian consistory; -- a contemptuous term of 17th century controversy.

> You fall next on the consistorian schismatics; for so you call Presbyterians.
> Milton.

Con*sis"to*ry (? or ?; 277) n.; pl. Consistories (#). [L. consistorium a place of assembly, the place where the emperor's council met, fr. consistere: cf. F. consistoire, It. consistorio. See Consist.] 1. Primarily, a place of standing or staying together; hence, any solemn assembly or council.

> To council summons all his mighty peers,
> Within thick clouds and dark tenfold involved,
> A gloomy consistory.
> Milton.

2. (Eng. Ch.) The spiritual court of a diocesan bishop held before his chancellor or commissioner in his cathedral church or elsewhere. Hook.

3. (R. C. Ch.) An assembly of prelates; a session of the college of cardinals at Rome.

> Pius was then hearing of causes in consistory.
> Bacon.

4. A church tribunal or governing body.

In some churches, as the Dutch Reformed in America, a consistory is composed of the minister and elders of an individual church, corresponding to a Presbyterian church session, and in others, as the Reformed church in France, it is composed of ministers and elders, corresponding to a presbytery. In some Lutheran countries it is a body of clerical and lay officers appointed by the sovereign to superintend ecclesiastical affairs.

5. A civil court of justice. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Con*sis"to*ry, a. Of the nature of, or pertaining to, a consistory. "To hold consistory session." Strype.

Con*so"ci*ate (?), n. [L. consociatus, p. p. of consociare to associate, unite; con- + sociare to join, unite. See Social.] An associate; an accomplice. [Archaic] "Wicked consociates." Bp. Hall.

Con*so"ci*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Consociated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Consociating.] 1. To bring into alliance, confederacy, or relationship; to bring together; to join; to unite. [R.]

> Join pole to pole, consociate severed worlds.
> Mallet.

2. To unite in an ecclesiastical consociation. [U.S.]

Con*so"ci*ate, v. i. 1. To be allied, confederated, or associated; to coalescence. [R.] Bentley.

2. To form an ecclesiastical consociation. [U.S.]

Con*so`ci*a"tion (?), n. [L. consociatio.] 1. Intimate union; fellowship; alliance; companionship; confederation; association; intimacy.

> A friendly consociation with your kindred elements.
> Warburton.

2. A voluntary and permanent council or union of neighboring Congregational churches, for mutual advice and coöperation in ecclesiastical matters; a meeting of pastors and delegates from churches thus united.

In Connecticut some of the Congregational churhes are associated in consociations and the others in conferences.

Con*so`ci*a"tion*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to a consociation. [U.S.]

Con*sol"a*ble (?), a. [L. consolabilis: cf. F. consolable.] Capable of receiving consolation.

Con"so*late (?), v. t. [L. consolatus, p. p. See Console, v. t.] To console; to comfort. [Obs.] Shak.

Con`so*la"tion (?), n. [L. consolatio: cf. F. consolation.] The act of consoling; the state of being consoled; allevation of misery or distress of mind; refreshment of spirit; comfort; that which consoles or comforts the spirit.

> Against such cruelties
> With inward consolations recompensed.
> Milton.

> Are the consolations of God small with thee?
> Job xv. 11.

Syn. -- Comfort; solace; allevation. See Comfort.

||Con`so*la"to del ma"re (?). [It., the consulate of the sea.] A collection of maritime laws of disputed origin, supposed to have been first published at Barcelona early in the 14th century. It has formed the basis of most of the subsequent collections of maritime laws. Kent. Bouvier.

Con"so*la`tor (?), n. [L.] One who consoles or comforts. Johnson.

Con*sol"a*to*ry (?), a. [L. consolatorius.] Of a consoling or comforting nature.

> The punishment of tyrants is a noble and awful act of justice; and it has with truth been said to be consolatory to the human mind.
> Burke.

Con*sol"a*to*ry, n. That which consoles; a speech or writing intended for consolation. [R.] Milton.

Con*sole" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Consoled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Consoling.] [L. consolari,. p. p. consolatus; con- + solari to console, comfort: cf. F. consoler. See Solace.] To cheer in distress or depression; to alleviate the grief and raise the spirits of; to relieve; to comfort; to soothe.

> And empty heads console with empty sound.
> Pope.

> I am much consoled by the reflection that the religion of Christ has been attacked in vain by all the wits and philosophers, and its triumph has been complete.
> P. Henry.

Syn. -- To comfort; solace; soothe; cheer; sustain; encourage; support. See Comfort.

Con"sole (?), n. [F.] (Arch.) (a) A bracket whose projection is not more than half its height. (b) Any small bracket; also, a console table.

Console table, a table whose top is supported by two or more consoles instead of legs.

Con*sol"er (?), n. One who gives consolation.

Con*sol"i*dant (?), a. [L. consolidans, p. pr. of consolidare: cf. F. consolidant.] Serving to unite or consolidate; having the quality of consolidating or making firm.

Con*sol"i*date (?), a. [L. consolidatus, p. pr. of consolidare to make firm; con- + solidare to make firm; solidus solid. See Solid, and cf. Consound.] Formed into a solid mass; made firm; consolidated. [R.]

> A gentleman [should learn to ride] while he is tender and the brawns and sinews of his thighs not fully consolidate.
> Elyot.

Con*sol"i*date (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Consolidated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Consolidating (?).] 1. To make solid; to unite or press together into a compact mass; to harden or make dense and firm.

> He fixed and consolidated the earth.
> T. Burnet.

2. To unite, as various particulars, into one mass or body; to bring together in close union; to combine; as, to consolidate the armies of the republic.

> Consolidating numbers into unity.
> Wordsworth.

3. (Surg.) To unite by means of applications, as the parts of a broken bone, or the lips of a wound. [R.]

Syn. -- To unite; combine; harden; compact; condense; compress.

Con*sol"i*date, v. i. To grow firm and hard; to unite and become solid; as, moist clay consolidates by drying.

> In hurts and ulcers of the head, dryness maketh them more apt to consolidate.
> Bacon.

Con*sol"i*da`ted (?), p. p. & a. 1. Made solid, hard, or compact; united; joined; solidified.

> The Aggregate Fund . . . consisted of a great variety of taxes and surpluses of taxes and duties which were [in 1715] consolidated.
> Rees.

> A mass of partially consolidated mud.
> Tyndall.

2. (Bot.) Having a small surface in proportion to bulk, as in the cactus.

> Consolidated plants are evidently adapted and designed for very dry regions; in such only they are found.
> Gray.

The Consolidated Fund, a British fund formed by consolidating (in 1787) three public funds (the Aggregate Fund, the General Fund, and the South Sea Fund). In 1816, the larger part of the revenues of Great Britian and Ireland was assigned to what has been known as the Consolidated Fund of the United Kingdom, out of which are paid the interest of the national debt, the salaries of the civil list, etc.

Con*sol`i*da"tion (?), n. [L. consolidatio a confirming: cf. F. consolidation.] 1. The act or process of consolidating, making firm, or uniting; the state of being consolidated; solidification; combination.

> The consolidation of the marble and of the stone did not fall out at random.
> Woodward.

> The consolidation of the great European monarchies.
> Hallam.

2. (Bot.) To organic cohesion of different circled in a flower; adnation.

3. (Law) The combination of several actions into one.

Con*sol"i*da*tive (?), a. [Cf. F. consolidatif.] Tending or having power to consolidate; healing.

Con*sol"ing (?), a. Adapted to console or comfort; cheering; as, this is consoling news.

Con"sols (? or &?;; 277), n. pl. [A contraction of consolidated (annuities).] The leading British funded government security.

A considerable part of the public debt of Great Britian, which had been contracted in the form of annuities yielding various rates of interest, was, in 1757, consolidated into one fund at 3 per cent interest, the account of which is kept at the Bank of England. This debt has been diminished and increased at different times, and now constitutes somewhat more than half of the entire national debt. The stocks are transferable, and Their value in the market constantly fluctuates; the price at any time being regarded as a gauge of the national prosperity and public confidence.

||Con`som`m"é (?), n. [F., lit. p. p. of consommer to finish.] (Cookery) A clear soup or bouillion boiled down so as to be very rich.

{ Con"so*nance (?), Con"so*nan*cy (?) }, n. [L. consonantia: cf. F. consonnance.] 1. (Mus.) Accord or agreement of sounds produced simultaneously, as a note with its third, fifth, and eighth.

2. Agreement or congruity; harmony; accord; consistency; suitableness.

> The perfect consonancy of our persecuted church to the doctrines of Scripture and antiquity.
> Hammond.

> The optic nerve responds to the waves with which it is in consonance.
> Tyndall.

3. Friendship; concord. [Obs.]

> By the consonancy of our youth.
> Shak.

Syn. -- Agreement; accord; consistency; unison; harmony; congruity; suitableness; agreeableness.

Con"so*nant (?), a. [L. consonans, -antis; p. pr. of consonare to sound at the same time, agree; con- + sonare to sound: cf. F. consonnant. See Sound to make a noise.] 1. Having agreement; congruous; consistent; according; -- usually followed by with or to.

> Each one pretends that his opinion . . . is consonant to the words there used.
> Bp. Beveridge.

> That where much is given there shall be much required is a thing consonant with natural equity.
> Dr. H. More.

2. Having like sounds.

> Consonant words and syllables.
> Howell.

3. (Mus.) harmonizing together; accordant; as, consonant tones, consonant chords.

4. Of or pertaining to consonants; made up of, or containing many, consonants.

> No Russian whose dissonant consonant name
> Almost shatters to fragments the trumpet of fame.
> T. Moore.

Con"so*nant, n. [L. consonans, -antis.] An articulate sound which in utterance is usually combined and sounded with an open sound called a vowel; a member of the spoken alphabet other than a vowel; also, a letter or character representing such a sound.

Consonants are divided into various classes, as mutes, spirants, sibilants, nasals, semivowels, etc. All of them are sounds uttered through a closer position of the organs than that of a vowel proper, although the most open of them, as the semivowels and nasals, are capable of being used as if vowels, and forming syllables with other closer consonants, as in the English feeble (-b'l), taken (-k'n). All the consonants excepting the mutes may be indefinitely, prolonged in utterance without the help of a vowel, and even the mutes may be produced with an aspirate instead of a vocal explosion. Vowels and consonants may be regarded as the two poles in the scale of sounds produced by gradual approximation of the organ, of speech from the most open to the closest positions, the vowel being more open, the consonant closer; but there is a territory between them where the sounds produced partake of the qualities of both.

"A consonant is the result of audible friction, squeezing, or stopping of the breath in some part of the mouth (or occasionally of the throath.) The main distinction between vowels and consonants is, that while in the former the mouth configuration merely modifies the vocalized breath, which is therefore an essential element of the vowels, in consonants the narrowing or stopping of the oral passage is the foundation of the sound, and the state of the glottis is something secondary." H. Sweet.

Con`so*nan"tal (?), a. Of the nature of a consonant; pertaining to consonants.

Con"so*nant*ize (?), v. t. To change into, or use as, a consonant. "The vowel is consonantized, that is, made closer in position." Peile.

Con"so*nant*ly, adv. In a consonant, consistent, or congruous manner; agreeably.

Con"so*nant*ness, n. The quality or condition of being consonant, agreeable, or consistent.

Con"so*nous (?), a. [L. consonus. See Consonant.] Agreeing in sound; symphonious.

Con*so`pi*a"tion (?), n. The act of sleeping, or of lulling, to sleep. [Obs.] Pope.

Con"so*pite (kn"s*pt), a. [L. consopitus, p. p. of consopire.] Lulled to sleep. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Con"so*pite, v. t. To lull to sleep; to quiet; to compose. [Obs.]

> The operation of the masculine faculties of the soul were, for a while, well slacked and consopited.
> Dr. H. More.

Con"sort (kn"sôrt), n. [L. consore, -sortis; con- + sors lot, fate, share. See Sort.] 1. One who shares the lot of another; a companion; a partner; especially, a wife or husband. Milton.

> He single chose to live, and shunned to wed,
> Well pleased to want a consort of his bed.
> Dryden.

> The consort of the queen has passed from this troubled sphere.
> Thakeray.

> The snow-white gander, invariably accompanied by his darker consort.
> Darwin.

2. (Naut.) A ship keeping company with another.

3. Concurrence; conjunction; combination; association; union. "By Heaven's consort." Fuller. "Working in consort." Hare.

> Take it singly, and it carries an air of levity; but, in consort with the rest, has a meaning quite different.
> Atterbury.

4. [LL. consortium.] An assembly or association of persons; a company; a group; a combination. [Obs.]

> In one consort' there sat
> Cruel revenge and rancorous despite,
> Disloyal treason, and heart-burning hate.
> Spenser.

> Lord, place me in thy consort.
> Herbert.

5. [Perh. confused with concert.] Harmony of sounds; concert, as of musical instruments. [Obs.] Milton.

> To make a sad consort';
> Come, let us join our mournful song with theirs.
> Spenser.

<! p. 309 !>

Prince consort, the husband of a queen regnant. -- Queen consort, the wife of a king, as distinguished from a queen regnant, who rules alone, and a queen dowager, the window of a king.

Con*sort" (kn*sôrt"), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Consorted; p. pr. & vb. n. Consorting.] To unite or to keep company; to associate; -- used with with.

> Which of the Grecian chiefs consorts with thee?
> Dryden.

Con*sort", v. t. 1. To unite or join, as in affection, harmony, company, marriage, etc.; to associate.

> He with his consorted Eve.
> Milton.

> For all that pleasing is to living ears
> Was there consorted in one harmony.
> Spenser.

> He begins to consort himself with men.
> Locke.

2. To attend; to accompany. [Obs.]

> Thou, wretched boy, that didst consort him here,
> Shalt with him hence.
> Shak.

Con*sort"a*ble (kn*sôrt"*b'l), a. Suitable for association or companionship. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton.

Con*sor"tion (kn*sôr"shn), n. [L. consortio.] Fellowship; association; companionship. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Con"sort*ship (kn"sôrt*shp), n. The condition of a consort; fellowship; partnership. Hammond.

Con"sound (-sound), n. [Corrupted fr. F. consoude, fr L. consolida comfrey (so called because supposed to have healing power); con- + solidus solid, consolidare to make solid. Cf. Comfrey, Consolidate.] (Bot.) A name applied loosely to several plants of different genera, esp. the comfrey.

Con`spe*cif"ic (kn`sp*sf"k), a. Of the same species.

Con`spec*tu"i*ty (- spk*t"*t), n.; pl. Conspectuities (-tz). The faculty of seeing; sight; eye. [A word of Menenius's making. Coriolanus ii. 1.] Shak.

Con*spec"tus (kn*spk"ts), n. A general sketch or outline of a subject; a synopsis; an epitome.

Con*sper"sion (?), n. [L. conspersio, fr. conspergere to sprinkle.] The act of sprinkling. [Obs.]

> The conspersion washing the doorposts.
> Jer. Taylor.

Con`spi*cu"i*ty (?), n. The state or quality of being clear or bright; brightness; conspicuousness. [R.] Chapman.

Con*spic"u*ous (?), a. [L. conspicuus, fr. conspicere to get sight of, to perceive; con- + spicere, specere, to look. See Spy] 1. Open to the view; obvious to the eye; easy to be seen; plainly visible; manifest; attracting the eye.

> It was a rock
> Of alabaster, piled up to the clouds,
> Conspicious far.
> Milton.

> Conspicious by her veil and hood,
> Signing the cross, the abbess stood.
> Sir W. Scott.

2. Obvious to the mental eye; easily recognized; clearly defined; notable; prominent; eminent; distinguished; as, a conspicuous excellence, or fault.

> A man who holds a conspicuous place in the political, ecclesiastical, and literary history of England.
> Macaulay.

Syn. -- Distinguished; eminent; famous; illustrious; prominent; celebrated. See Distinguished.

-- Con*spic"u*ous*ly, adv. -- Con*spic"u*ous*ness, n.

Con*spir"a*cy (?), n.; pl. Conspiracies (#). [See Conspiration.] 1. A combination of men for an evil purpose; an agreement, between two or more persons, to commit a crime in concert, as treason; a plot.

> When shapen was all his conspiracy
> From point to point.
> Chaucer.

> They made a conspiracy against [Amaziah].
> 2 Kings xiv. 19.

> I had forgot that foul conspiracy

> Of the beast Caliban and his confederates.
> Shak.

2. A concurence or general tendency, as of circumstances, to one event, as if by agreement.

> A conspiracy in all heavenly and earthly things.
> Sir P. Sidney.

3. (Law) An agreement, manifesting itself in words or deeds, by which two or more persons confederate to do an unlawful act, or to use unlawful to do an act which is lawful; confederacy.

Syn. -- Combination; plot; cabal.

Con*spir"ant (?), a. [L. conspirans, p. pr. of conspirare: cf. F. conspirant.] Engaging in a plot to commit a crime; conspiring. [Obs.] Shak.

Con`spi*ra"tion (?), n. [F. conspiration, L. conspiratio.] Agreement or concurrence for some end or purpose; conspiracy. [R.]

> As soon as it was day, certain Jews made a conspiration.
> Udall.

> In our natural body every part has a nacassary sympathy with every other, and all together form, by their harmonious onspiration, a healthy whole.
> Sir W. Hamilton.

Con*spir"a*tor (?), n. One who engages in a conspiracy; a plotter. 2 Sam. xv. 31.

Con*spire" (kn*spr"), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Conspired (- sprd"); p. pr. & vb. n. Conspiring.] [F. conspirer, L. conspirare to blow together, harmonize, agree, plot; con- + spirare to breathe, blow. See Spirit.] 1. To make an agreement, esp. a secret agreement, to do some act, as to commit treason or a crime, or to do some unlawful deed; to plot together.

> They conspired against [Joseph] to slay him.
> Gen. xxxvii. 18.

> You have conspired against our royal person,
> Joined with an enemy proclaimed.
> Shak.

2. To concur to one end; to agree.

> The press, the pulpit, and the stage
> Conspire to censure and expose our age.
> Roscommon.

Syn. -- To unite; concur; complot; confederate; league.

Con*spire", v. t. To plot; to plan; to combine for.

> Angry clouds conspire your overthrow.
> Bp. Hall.

Con*spir"er (?), n. One who conspires; a conspirator.

Con*spir"ing*ly, adv. In the manner of a conspirator; by conspiracy. Milton.

Con`spis*sa"tion (?), n. [L. conspissatio, fr. conspissare to make thick.] A making thick or viscous; thickness; inspissation. [R.] Dr. H. More.

Con*spur"cate (?), v. t. [L. conspurcatus, p. p. of conspurcare.] To pollute; to defile. [Obs.] Cockeram.

Con`spur*ca"tion (?), n. [L. conspurcare, -spuratum, to defile.] The act of defiling; defilement; pollution. Bp. Hall.

Con"sta*ble (kn"st*b'l), n. [OE. conestable, constable, a constable (in sense 1), OF. conestable, F. connétable, LL. conestabulus, constabularius, comes stabuli, orig., count of the stable, master of the horse, equerry; comes count (L. companion) + L. stabulum stable. See Count a nobleman, and Stable.] 1. A high officer in the monarchical establishments of the Middle Ages.

The constable of France was the first officer of the crown, and had the chief command of the army. It was also his duty to regulate all matters of chivalry. The office was suppressed in 1627. The constable, or lord high constable, of England, was one of the highest officers of the crown, commander in chief of the forces, and keeper of the peace of the nation. He also had judicial cognizance of many important matters. The office was as early as the Conquest, but has been disused (except on great and solemn occasions), since the attainder of Stafford, duke of Buckingham, in the reign of Henry VIII.

2. (Law) An officer of the peace having power as a conservator of the public peace, and bound to execute the warrants of judicial officers. Bouvier.

In England, at the present time, the constable is a conservator of the peace within his district, and is also charged by various statutes with other duties, such as serving summons, precepts, warrants, etc. In the United States, constables are town or city officers of the peace, with powers similar to those of the constables of England. In addition to their duties as conservators of the peace, they are invested with others by statute, such as to execute civil as well as criminal process in certain cases, to attend courts, keep juries, etc. In some cities, there are officers called high constables, who act as chiefs of the constabulary or police force. In other cities the title of constable, as well as the office, is merged in that of the police officer.

High constable, a constable having certain duties and powers within a hundred. [Eng.] -- Petty constable, a conservator of the peace within a parish or tithing; a tithingman. [Eng.] -- Special constable, a person appointed to act as constable of special occasions. -- To overrun, or outrun, the constable, to spend more than one's income; to get into debt. [Colloq.] Smollett.

Con"sta*bler*y (? or &?; ), n. [OF. conestablerie. Cf. Constabulary.] 1. The constabulary. [Obs.]

2. The district or jurisdiction of a constable. [Obs.]

Con"sta*bleship (?), n. The office or functions of a constable.

Con"sta*bless, n. The wife of a constable. [Obs.]

Con"sta*ble*wick` (?), n. [Constable + wick a village] The district to which a constable's power is limited. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale.

Con*stab"u*la*ry (?), a. [LL. constabularius an equerry. See Constable.] Of or pertaining to constables; consisting of constables.

Con*stab"u*la*ry, n. The collective body of constables in any town, district, or country.

Con*stab"u*la*to*ry (?), n. A constabulary. [Obs.] Bp. Burnet.

Con"stan*cy (?), n. [L. constantia: cf. F. constance. See Constant.] 1. The state or quality of being constant or steadfast; freedom from change; stability; fixedness; immutability; as, the constancy of God in his nature and attributes.

2. Fixedness or firmness of mind; persevering resolution; especially, firmness of mind under sufferings, steadiness in attachments, or perseverance in enterprise; stability; fidelity.

> A fellow of plain uncoined constancy.
> Shak.

> Constancy and contempt of danger.
> Prescott.

Syn. -- Fixedness; stability; firmness; steadiness; permanence; steadfastness; resolution. See Firmness.

Con"stant (?), a. [L. onstans, -antis, p. pr. of constare to stand firm, to be consistent; con- + stare to stand: cf. F. constant. See Stand and cf. Cost, v. t.] 1. Firm; solid; fixed; immovable; -- opposed to fluid. [Obs.]

> If . . . you mix them, you may turn these two fluid liquors into a constant body.
> Boyle.

2. Not liable, or given, to change; permanent; regular; continuous; continually recurring; steadfast; faithful; not fickle.

> Both loving one fair maid, they yet remained constant friends.
> Sir P. Sidney.

> I am constant to my purposes.
> Shak.

> His gifts, his constant courtship, nothing gained.
> Dryden.

> Onward the constant current sweeps.
> Longfellow.

3. (Math. & Physics) Remaining unchanged or invariable, as a quantity, force, law, etc. Contrasted with variable.

4. Consistent; logical. [Obs.] Shak.

Syn. -- Fixed; steadfast; unchanging; permanent; unalterable; immutable; invariable; perpetual; continual; resolute; firm; unshaken; determined. -- Constant, Continual, Perpetual. These words are sometimes used in an absolute and sometimes in a qualified sense. Constant denotes, in its absolute sense, unchangeably fixed; as, a constant mind or purpose. In its qualified sense, it marks something as a "standing" fact or occurence; as, liable to constant interruptions; constantly called for. Continual, in its absolute sense, coincides with continuous. See Continuous. In its qualified sense, it describes a thing as occuring in steady and rapid succession; as, a round of continual calls; continually changing. Perpetual denotes, in its absolute sense, what literally never ceases or comes to an end; as, perpetual motion. In its qualified sense, it is used hyperbolically, and denotes that which rarely ceases; as, perpetual disturbance; perpetual noise; perpetual intermeddling.

Con"stant, n. 1. That which is not subject to change; that which is invariable.

2. (Math.) A quantity that does not change its value; -- used in countradistinction to variable.

Absolute constant (Math.), one whose value is absolutely the same under all circumstances, as the number 10, or any numeral. -- Arbitrary constant, an undetermined constant in a differential equation having the same value during all changes in the values of the variables.

Con*stan"ti*a (? or &?;), n. A superior wine, white and red, from Constantia, in Cape Colony.

Con"stant*ly (?), adv. With constancy; steadily; continually; perseveringly; without cessation; uniformly.

> But she constantly affirmed that it was even so.
> Acts. xii. 15.

||Con"stat (?), n. [L., it is evident.] (Law) A certificate showing what appears upon record touching a matter in question.

Con*state" (?), v. t. [F. constater; L. con- + stare to stand.] To ascertain; to verify; to establish; to prove. F. P. Cobbe.

Con"stel*late (? or &?;), v. i. [Pref. con- + L. stellatus, p. p. of stellare to cover with stars, stella star. See Stellate.] To join luster; to shine with united radiance, or one general light. [R.]

> The several things which engage our affections . . . shine forth and constellate in God.
> Boule.

Con"stel*late, v. t. 1. To unite in one luster or radiance, as stars. [R.]

> Whe know how to constellate these lights.
> Boyle.

2. To set or adorn with stars or constellations; as, constellated heavens. J. Barlow.

Con`stel*la"tion (?), n. [F. constellation, L. constellatio.] 1. A cluster or group of fixed stars, or division of the heavens, designated in most cases by the name of some animal, or of some mythologial personage, within whose imaginary outline, as traced upon the heavens, the group is included.

> The constellations seem to have been almost purposely named and delineated to cause as much confusion and inconvenience as possible.
> Sir J. Herschel.

In each of the constellations now recognized by astronomers (about 90 in number) the brightest stars, both named and unnamed, are designated nearly in the order of brilliancy by the letters of the Greek alphabet; as, α Tauri (Aldebaran) is the first star of Taurus, γ Orionis (Bellatrix) is the third star of Orion.

2. An assemblage of splendors or excellences.

> The constellations of genius had already begun to show itself . . . which was to shed a glory over the meridian and close of Philip's reign.
> Prescott.

3. Fortune; fate; destiny. [Obs.]

> It is constellation, which causeth all that a man doeth.
> Gower.

Con`ster*na"tion (?), n. [L. consternatio, fr. consternare to overome, perplex, an accessory form of consternere to throw down, prostrate; con + sternere to spread out, throw down: cf. F. consternation. See Stratum.] Amazement or horror that confounds the faculties, and incapacitates for reflection; terror, combined with amazement; dismay.

> The chiefs around,
> In silence wrapped, in consternation drowned.
> Attend the stern reply.
> Pope.

Syn. -- Alarm; fright; amazement; astonishment; surprise; panic; perturbation. See Alarm.

Con"sti*pate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Constipated; p. pr. & vb. n. Constipating.] [L. constipatus, p. p. of constipare; con- + stipare to crowd together. See Costive.] 1. To crowd or cram into a narrow compass; to press together or condense. [Obs.]

> Of cold the property is to condense and constipate.
> Bacon.

2. To stop (a channel) by filling it, and preventing passage through it; as, to constipate the capillary vessels.

3. (Med.) To render costive; to cause constipation in.

Con`sti*pa"tion (?), n. [L. constipatio a crowding together: cf. F. constipation.] 1. Act of crowding anything into a less compass, or the state of being crowded or pressed together; condensation. [Obs.]

> Fullness of matter, or a pretty close constipation . . . of its particles.
> Boyle.

2. A state of the bowels in which the evacuations are infrequent and difficult, or the intestines become filled with hardened fæces; costiveness.

Con*stit"u*en*cy (?), n.; pl. Constituencies (&?;). A body of constituents, as the body of citizens or voters in a representative district.

Con*stit"u*ent (?), a. [L. constituens, -entis, p. pr. See Constitute.] 1. Serving to form, compose, or make up; elemental; component.

> Body, soul, and reason are the three parts necessarily constituent of a man.
> Dryden.

2. Having the power of electing or appointing.

> A question of right arises between the constituent and representative body.
> Junius.

Con*stit"u*ent, n. 1. The person or thing which constitutes, determines, or constructs.

> Their first composure and origination require a higher and nobler constituent than chance.
> Sir M. Hale

2. That which constitutes or composes, as a part, or an essential part; a component; an element.

> We know how to bring these constituents together, and to cause them to form water.
> Tyndall.

3. One for whom another acts; especially, one who is represented by another in a legislative assembly; -- correlative to representative.

> The electors in the district of a representative in Congress, or in the legislature of a State, are termed his constituents.
> Abbot.

> To appeal from the representatives to the constituents.
> Macaulay.

4. (Law) A person who appoints another to act for him as attorney in fact. Burrill.

Con"sti*tute (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Constituted; p. pr. & vb. n. Constituting.] [L. constitutus, p. p. of constiture to constitute; con- + statuere to place, set, fr. status station, fr. stare to stand. See Stand.] 1. To cause to stand; to establish; to enact.

> Laws appointed and constituted by lawful authority.
> Jer. Taylor.

<! p. 310 !>

2. To make up; to compose; to form.

> Truth and reason constitute that intellectual gold that defies destruction.
> Johnson.

3. To appoint, depute, or elect to an office; to make and empower.

> Me didst Thou constitute a priest of thine.
> Wordsworth.

Constituted authorities, the officers of government, collectively, as of a nation, city, town, etc. Bartlett.

Con"sti*tute (?), n. An established law. [Obs.] T. Preston.

Con"sti*tu`ter (?), n. One who constitutes or appoints.

Con`sti*tu"tion (?), n. [F. constitution, L. constitute.] 1. The act or process of constituting; the action of enacting, establishing, or appointing; enactment; establishment; formation.

2. The state of being; that form of being, or structure and connection of parts, which constitutes and characterizes a system or body; natural condition; structure; texture; conformation.

> The physical constitution of the sun.
> Sir J. Herschel.

3. The aggregate of all one's inherited physical qualities; the aggregate of the vital powers of an individual, with reference to ability to endure hardship, resist disease, etc.; as, a robust constitution.

> Our constitutions have never been enfeebled by the vices or luxuries of the old world.
> Story.

4. The aggregate of mental qualities; temperament.

> He defended himself with . . . less passion than was expected from his constitution.
> Clarendon.

5. The fundamental, organic law or principles of government of men, embodied in written documents, or implied in the institutions and usages of the country or society; also, a written instrument embodying such organic law, and laying down fundamental rules and principles for the conduct of affairs.

> Our constitution had begun to exist in times when statesmen were not much accustomed to frame exact definitions.
> Macaulay.

In England the constitution is unwritten, and may be modified from time to time by act of Parliament. In the United States a constitution cannot ordinarily be modified, exept through such processes as the constitution itself ordains.

6. An authoritative ordinance, regulation or enactment; especially, one made by a Roman emperor, or one affecting ecclesiastical doctrine or discipline; as, the constitutions of Justinian.

> The positive constitutions of our own churches.
> Hooker.

> A constitution of Valentinian addressed to Olybrius, then prefect of Rome, for the regulation of the conduct of advocates.
> George Long.

Apostolic constitutions. See under Apostolic.

Con`sti*tu"tion*al (?), a. [f. F. constitutionnel.] 1. Belonging to, or inherent in, the constitution, or in the structure of body or mind; as, a constitutional infirmity; constitutional ardor or dullness.

2. In accordance with, or authorized by, the constitution of a state or a society; as, constitutional reforms.

3. Regulated by, dependent on, or secured by, a constitution; as, constitutional government; constitutional rights. Hallam.

4. Relating to a constitution, or establishment form of government; as, a constitutional risis.

> The anient constitutional traditions of the state.
> Macaulay.

5. For the benefit or one's constitution or health; as, a constitutional walk. [Colloq.]

Constitutional law, law that relates to the constitution, as a permanent system of political and juridical government, as distinguished from statutory and common law, which relate to matters subordinate to such constitution.

Con`sti*tu"tion*al, n. A walk or other exercise taken for one's health or constitution. [Colloq.] Thackeray.

> The men trudged diurnal constitutionals along the different roads.
> Compton Reade.

Con`sti*tu"tion*al*ism (?), n. The theory, principles, or authority of constitutional government; attachment or adherence to a constitution or constitutional government. Carlyle.

Con`sti*tu"tion*al*ist, n. One who advocates a constitutional form of government; a constitutionalist.

Con`sti*tu`tion*al"i*ty (?), n.; pl. -ties (#). [f. F. constitutionalité.] 1. The quality or state of being constitutional, or inherent in the natural frame.

2. The state of being consistent with the constitution or frame of government, or of being authorized by its provisions. Burke.

> Constitutionalities, bottomless cavilings and questionings about written laws.
> Carlyle.

Con`sti*tu"tion*al*ly (?), adv. 1. In accordance with the constitution or natural disposition of the mind or body; naturally; as, he was constitutionally timid.

> The English were constitutionally humane.
> Hallam.

2. In accordance with the constitution or fundamental law; legally; as, he was not constitutionally appointed.

> Nothing would indue them to acknowledge that [such] an assembly . . . was constitutionally a Parliament.
> Macaulay.

Con`sti*tu"tion*ist, n. One who adheres to the constitution of the country. Bolingbroke.

Con"sti*tu`tive (?), a. 1. Tending or assisting to constitute or compose; elemental; essential.

> An ingredient and constitutive part of every virtue.
> Barrow.

2. Having power to enact, establish, or create; instituting; determining. Sir W. Hamilton.

Con"sti*tu`tive*ly, adv. In a constitutive manner.

Con*strain" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Constrained (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Constraining.] [OF. constraindre, F. contrainde, L. constringere; con- + stringere to draw tight. See Strain, and. cf. Constrict, Constringe.] 1. To secure by bonds; to chain; to bond or confine; to hold tightly; to constringe.

> He binds in chains
> The drowsy prophet, and his limbs constrains.
> Dryden.

> When winter frosts constrain the fields with cold.
> Dryden.

2. To bring into a narrow compass; to compress.

> How the strait stays the slender waist constrain.
> Gay.

3. To hold back by force; to restrain; to repress.

> My sire in caves constrains the winds.
> Dryden.

4. To compel; to force; to necessitate; to oblige.

> The love of Christ constraineth us.
> 2. Cor. v. 14.

> I was constrained to appeal unto Cæsar.
> Acts xxviii. 19.

5. To violate; to ravish. [Obs.] Shak.

6. To produce in such a manner as to give an unnatural effect; as, a constrained voice.

Syn. -- To compel; force; drive; impel; urge; press.

Con*strain"a*ble (?), a. [Cf. OF. constraignable, F. contraignable.] Capable of being constrained; liable to constraint, or to restraint. Hooker.

Con*strained" (?), a. Marked by constraint; not free; not voluntary; embarrassed; as, a constrained manner; a constrained tone.

Con*strain"ed*ly (?), adv. By constraint or compulsion; in a constrained manner. Hooker.

Con*strain"er (?), n. One who constrains.

Con*straint" (?), n. [OF. constrainte, F. constrainte.] The act of constraining, or the state of being constrained; that which compels to, or restrains from, action; compulsion; restraint; necessity.

> Long imprisonment and hard constraint.
> Spenser.

> Not by constraint, but by my choice, I came.
> Dryden.

Syn. -- Compulsion; violence; necessity; urgency. -- Constraint, Compulsion. Constraint implies strong binding force; as, the constraint of necessity; the constraint of fear. Compulsion implies the exertion of some urgent impelling force; as, driven by compulsion. The former prevents us from acting agreeably to our wishes; the latter forces us to act contrary to our will. Compulsion is always produced by some active agent; a constraint may be laid upon us by the forms of civil society, or by other outward circumstances. Crabb.

Con*straint"ive (?), a. Constraining; compulsory. [R.] "Any constraintive vow." R. Carew.

Con*strict" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Constricted; p. pr. & vb. n. Constricting.] [L. constrictus, p. p. of constringere. See Constrain.] To draw together; to render narrower or smaller; to bind; to cramp; to contract or cause to shrink.

> Such things as constrict the fibers.
> Arbuthnot.

> Membranous organs inclosing a cavity which their contraction serves to constrict.
> Todd & Bowman.

Con*strict"ed, a. 1. Drawn together; bound; contracted; cramped.

2. (Bot.) Contracted or compressed so as to be smaller in certain places or parts than in others.

Con*stric"tion (?), n. [L. constrictio: cf. F. constriction.] 1. The act of constricting by means of some inherent power or by movement or change in the thing itself, as distinguished from compression.

2. The state of being constricted; the point where a thing is constricted; a narrowing or binding.

> A constriction of the parts inservient to speech.
> Grew.

Con*strict"ive (?), a. Serving or tending to bind or constrict.

Con*strict"or (?), n. 1. That which constricts, draws together, or contracts.

2. (Anat.) A muscle which contracts or closes an orifice, or which compresses an organ; a sphincter.

3. (Zoöl.) A serpent that kills its prey by inclosing and crushing it with its folds; as, the boa constrictor.

Con*stringe" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Constringed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Constringing.] [L. constringere. See onstrain.] To dawn together; to contract; to force to contract itself; to constrict; to cause to shrink. [R.]

> Strong liquors . . . intoxicate, constringe, harden the fibers, and coagulate the fluids.
> Arbuthnot.

Con*strin"gent (?), a. [L. constringens, p. pr.] Having the quality of contracting, binding, or compressing. Thomson.

Con*struct" (kn*strkt"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Constructed; p. pr. & vb. n. Constructing.] [L. constructus, p. p. of construere to bring together, to construct; con- + struere to pile up, set in order. See Structure, and cf. Construe.] 1. To put together the constituent parts of (something) in their proper place and order; to build; to form; to make; as, to construct an edifice.

2. To devise; to invent; to set in order; to arrange; as, to construct a theory of ethics.

Syn. -- To build; erect; form; compile; make; fabricate; originate; invent.

Con"struct (?), a. Formed by, or relating to, construction, interpretation, or inference.

Construct form or state (Heb. Gram.), that of a noun used before another which has the genitive relation to it.

Con*struct"er (?), n. One who, or that which, constructs or frames.

Con*struc"tion (?), n. [L. constructio: cf. F. construction.] 1. The process or art of constructing; the act of building; erection; the act of devising and forming; fabrication; composition.

2. The form or manner of building or putting together the parts of anything; structure; arrangement.

> An astrolabe of peculiar construction.
> Whewell.

3. (Gram.) The arrangement and connection of words in a sentence; syntactical arrangement.

> Some particles . . . in certain constructions have the sense of a whole sentence contained in them.
> Locke.

4. The method of construing, interpreting, or explaining a declaration or fact; an attributed sense or meaning; understanding; explanation; interpretation; sense.

> Any person . . . might, by the sort of construction that would be put on this act, become liable to the penalties of treason.
> Hallam.

> Strictly, the term [construction] signifies determining the meaning and proper effect of language by a consideration of the subject matter and attendant circumstances in connection with the words employed.
> Abbott.

> Interpretation properly precedes construction, but it does not go beyond the written text.
> Parsons.

Construction of an equation (Math.), the drawing of such lines and figures as will represent geometrically the quantities in the equation, and their relations to each other. -- Construction train (Railroad), a train for transporting men and materials for construction or repairs.

Con*struc"tion*al (?), a. Pertaining to, or deduced from, construction or interpretation.

Con*struc"tion*ist, n. One who puts a certain construction upon some writing or instrument, as the Constitutions of the United States; as, a strict constructionist; a broad constructionist.

Con*struct"ive (?), a. [Cf. F. constructif.] 1. Having ability to construct or form; employed in construction; as, to exhibit constructive power.

> The constructive fingers of Watts.
> Emerson.

2. Derived from, or depending on, construction or interpretation; not directly expressed, but inferred.

Constructive crimes (Law), acts having effects analogous to those of some statutory or common law crimes; as, constructive treason. Constructive crimes are no longer recognized by the courts. -- Constructive notice, notice imputed by construction of law. -- Constructive trust, a trust which may be assumed to exist, though no actual mention of it be made.

Con*struct"ive*ly, adv. In a constructive manner; by construction or inference.

> A neutral must have notice of a blockade, either actually by a formal information, or constructively by notice to his government.
> Kent.

Con*struct"ive*ness, n. 1. Tendency or ability to form or construct.

2. (Phren.) The faculty which enables one to construct, as in mechanical, artistic, or literary matters.

Con*struct"or (?), n. [Cf. LL. constructor.] A constructer.

Con*struc"ture (?; 135), n. That which is constructed or formed; an edifice; a fabric. [Obs.]

Con*strue (?; Archaic ?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Construed (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Construing (#).] [L. construere: cf. F. construire. See Construct.] 1. To apply the rules of syntax to (a sentence or clause) so as to exhibit the structure, arrangement, or connection of, or to discover the sense; to explain the construction of; to interpret; to translate.

2. To put a construction upon; to explain the sense or intention of; to interpret; to understand.

> Thus we are put to construe and paraphrase our own words to free ourselves either from the ignorance or malice of our enemies.
> Bp. Stilingfleet.

> And to be dull was construed to be good.
> Pope.

Con"stu*prate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Construprated; p. p. & vb. n. Constuprating.] [L. constupratus, p. p. of constuprare to ravish; con- + stuprare to ravish, stuprum rape.] To ravish; to debauch. Burton.

Con`stu*pra"tion (?), n. The act of ravishing; violation; defilement. Bp. Hall.

Con`sub*stan"tial (?), a. [L. consubstantialis; con- + substantialis: cf. F. consubstantiel. See Substantial.] Of the same kind or nature; having the same substance or essence; coessential.

> Christ Jesus . . . coeternal and consubstantial with the Father and with the Holy Ghost.
> Foxe.

Con`sub*stan"tial*ism (?), n. The doctrine of consubstantiation.

Con`sub*stan"tial*ist, n. One who believes in consubstantiation. Barrow.

Con`sub*stan"ti*al"i*ty (?; 106), n. [Cf. F. consubstantialité.] Participation of the same nature; coexistence in the same substance. "His [the Son's] . . . consubstantiality with the Father." Hammend.

Con`sub*stan"tial*ly (?), adv. In a consubstantial manner; with identity of substance or nature.

Con`sub*stan"ti*ate (?; 106), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Consubstantiated; p. pr. & vb. n. Consubstantiating.] To cause to unite, or to regard as united, in one common substance or nature. [R.]

> His soul must be consubstantiated with reason.
> Jer. Taylor.

Con`sub*stan"ti*ate, v. i. To profess or belive the doctrine of consubstantion.

> The consubstantiating church and priest.
> Dryden.

Con`sub*stan"ti*ate (?), a. Partaking of the same substance; united; consubstantial.

> We must love her [the wife] that is thus consubstantiate with us.
> Feltham.

Con`sub*stan`ti*a"tion (?; 106), n. 1. An identity or union of substance.

2. (Theol.) The actual, substantial presence of the body of Christ with the bread and wine of the sacrament of the Lord's Supper; impanation; -- opposed to transubstantiation.

This view, held by Luther himself, was called consubstantiation by non Lutheran writers in contradistinction to transsubstantiation, the Catholic view.

Con"sue*tude (?; 144), n. [L. consuetudo. See Custom.] Custom, habit; usage. [R.]

> To observe this consuetude or law.
> Barnes.

Con`sue*tu"di*nal (?), a. [LL. consuetudinalis.] According to custom; customary; usual. [R.]

Con`sue*tu"di*na"ry (?), a. [LL. consuetudinarius.] Customary.

<! p. 311 !>

Con`sue*tu"di*na*ry (?), n.; pl. Consuetudinaries (&?;). A manual or ritual of customary devotional exercises.

Con"sul (kn"sl), n. [L., prob. fr. consulere to deliberate. See Consult.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) One of the two chief magistrates of the republic.

They were chosen annually, originally from the patricians only, but later from the plebeians also.

2. A senator; a counselor. [Obs.]

> Many of the consuls, raised and met,
> Are at the duke's already.
> Shak.

> With kings and consuls of the earth.
> Job. iii. 14 (Douay Ver. )

3. (Fr. Hist.) One of the three chief magistrates of France from 1799 to 1804, who were called, respectively, first, second, and third consul.

4. An official commissioned to reside in some foreign country, to care for the commercial interests of the citizens of the appointing government, and to protect its seamen.

Consul general, a consul of the first rank, stationed in an important place, or having jurisdiction in several places or over several consuls. -- Vice consul, a consular officer holding the place of a consul during the consul's absence or after he has been relieved.

Con"sul*age (?), n. (Com.) A duty or tax paid by merchants for the protection of their commerce by means of a consul in a foreign place.

Con"su*lar (?), a. [L. consularis; cf. F. consulaire.] Of or pertaining to a consul; performing the duties of a consul; as, consular power; consular dignity; consular officers.

Con"su*la"ry (?), a. Consular. [Obs.] Holland.

Con"su*late (?), n. [L. consulatus: cf. F. consulat.] 1. The office of a consul. Addison.

2. The jurisdiction or residence of a consul. Kent.

3. Consular government; term of office of a consul.

Con"sul*ship (?), n. 1. The office of a consul; consulate.

2. The term of office of a consul.

Con*sult" (kn*slt"), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Consulted; p. pr. & vb. n. Consulting.] [L. consultare, fr. consulere to consult: cf. f. consulter. Cf. Counsel.] To seek the opinion or advice of another; to take counsel; to deliberate together; to confer.

> Let us consult upon to-morrow's business.
> Shak.

> All the laws of England have been made by the kings England, consulting with the nobility and commons.
> Hobbes.

Con*sult", v. t. 1. To ask advice of; to seek the opinion of; to apply to for information or instruction; to refer to; as, to consult a physician; to consult a dictionary.

> Men forgot, or feared, to consult nature . . . ; they were content to consult libraries.
> Whewell.

2. To have reference to, in judging or acting; to have regard to; to consider; as, to consult one's wishes.

> We are . . . to consult the necessities of life, rather than matters of ornament and delight.
> L'Estrange.

3. To deliberate upon; to take for. [Obs.]

> Manythings were there consulted for the future, yet nothing was positively resolved.
> Clarendon.

4. To bring about by counsel or contrivance; to devise; to contrive. [Obs.]

> Thou hast consulted shame to thy house by cutting off many people.
> Hab. ii. 10.

Con*sult" (kn*slt" or kn"slt), n. 1. The act of consulting or deliberating; consultation; also, the result of consulation; determination; decision. [Obs.]

> The council broke;
> And all grave consults dissolved in smoke.
> Dryden.

2. A council; a meeting for consultation. [Obs.] "A consult of coquettes." Swift.

3. Agreement; concert [Obs.] Dryden.

Con*sult"a*ry (kn*slt"*r), a. Formed by consultation; resulting from conference.

Consultary response (Law), the opinion of a court on a special case. Wharton.

Con`sul*ta"tion (?), n. [L. consultatio: cf. F. consultation.] 1. The act of consulting or conferring; deliberation of two or more persons on some matter, with a view to a decision.

> Thus they doubtful consultations dark
> Ended.
> Milton.

2. A council or conference, as of physicians, held to consider a special case, or of lawyers restained in a cause.

Writ of consultation (Law), a writ by which a cause, improperly removed by prohibition from one court to another, is returned to the court from which it came; -- so called because the judges, on consultation, find the prohibition ill-founded.

Con*sult"a*tive (kn*slt"*tv), a. Pertaining to consultation; having the privilege or right of conference. "A consultative . . . power." Abp. Bramhall.

Con*sult"a*to*ry (kn*slt"*t*r), a. Formed by, or resulting from, consultation; advisory. Bancroft.

Con*sult"er (kn*slt"r), n. One who consults, or asks counsel or information.

Con*sult"ing, a. That consults.

Consulting physician (Med.), a physician who consults with the attending practitioner regarding any case of disease.

Con*sult"ive (kn*slt"v), a. Determined by, or pertaining to, consultation; deliberate; consultative.

> He that remains in the grace of God sins not by any deliberative, consultive, knowing act.
> Jer. Taylor.

Con*sum"a*ble (kn*sm"*b'l), a. Capable of being consumed; that may be destroyed, dissipated, wasted, or spent. "Consumable commodities." Locke.

Con*sume" (kn*sm"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Consumed (- smd"); p. pr. & vb. n. Consuming.] [L. consumere to take wholly or completely, to consume; con- + sumere to take; sub + emere to buy. See Redeem.] To destroy, as by decomposition, dissipation, waste, or fire; to use up; to expend; to waste; to burn up; to eat up; to devour.

> If he were putting to my house the brand
> That shall consume it.
> Shak.

> Lay up for yourselves treasures in heaven, where neither moth nor rust doth consume.
> Matt. vi. 20 (Rev. Ver.).

> Let me alone . . . that I may consume them.
> Ex. xxxii. 10.

Syn. -- To destroy; swallow up; ingulf; absorb; waste; exhaust; spend; expend; squander; lavish; dissipate.

Con*sume" (kn*sm"), v. i. To waste away slowly.

> Therefore, let Benedick, like covered fire,
> Consume away in sighs.
> Shak.

Con*sum"ed*ly (?), adv. Excessively. [Low]

> He's so consumedly proud of it.
> Thackeray.

Con*sum"er (-r), n. One who, or that which, consumes; as, the consumer of food.

Con*sum"ing*ly, adv. In a consuming manner.

Con*sum"mate (-sm"mt), a. [L. consummatus, p. p. or consummare to accomplish, sum up; con- + summa sum. See Sum.] Carried to the utmost extent or degree; of the highest quality; complete; perfect. "A man of perfect and consummate virtue." Addison.

> The little band held the post with consummate tenacity.
> Motley

Con"sum*mate (kn"sm*mt or kn*sm"mt; 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Consummated (-m`td); p. pr. & vb. n. Consummating (-m`tng).] To bring to completion; to raise to the highest point or degree; to complete; to finish; to perfect; to achieve.

> To consummate this business happily.
> Shak.

Con*sum"mate*ly (?), adv. In a consummate manner; completely. T. Warton.

Con`sum*ma"tion (kn`sm*m"shn), n. [L. consummatio.] The act of consummating, or the state of being consummated; completion; perfection; termination; end (as of the world or of life).

> "'T is a consummation
> Devoutly to be wished.
> Shak.

> From its original to its consummation.
> Addison.

> Quiet consummation have,
> And renownéd be thy grave.
> Shak.

Consummation of marriage, completion of the connubial relation by actual cohabition.

Con*sum"ma*tive (?), a. Serving to consummate; completing. "The final, the consummative procedure of philosophy." Sir W. Hamilton.

Con*sump"tion (?; 215), n. [L. consumptio: cf. F. consomption.] 1. The act or process of consuming by use, waste, etc.; decay; destruction.

> Every new advance of the price to the consumer is a new incentive to him to retrench the quality of his consumption.
> Burke.

2. The state or process of being consumed, wasted, or diminished; waste; diminution; loss; decay.

3. (Med.) A progressive wasting away of the body; esp., that form of wasting, attendant upon pulmonary phthisis and associated with cough, spitting of blood, hectic fever, etc.; pulmonary phthisis; -- called also pulmonary consumption.

Consumption of the bowels (Med.), inflammation and ulceration of the intestines from tubercular disease.

Syn. -- Decline; waste; decay. See Decline.

Con*sump"tive (?), a. [Cf. F. consomptif.] 1. Of or pertaining to consumption; having the quality of consuming, or dissipating; destructive; wasting.

> It [prayer] is not consumptive or our time.
> Sharp.

> A long consumptive war.
> Addison.

2. (Med.) Affected with, or inclined to, consumption.

> The lean, consumptive wench, with coughs decayed.
> Dryden.

Con*sump"tive, n. One affected with consumption; as, a resort for consumptives.

Con*sump"tive*ly, adv. In a way tending to or indication consumption. Beddoes.

Con*sump"tive*ness, n. A state of being consumptive, or a tendency to a consumption.

Con`ta*bes"cent (?), a. [L. contabescenc, p. pr. of contabescere.] Wasting away gradually. Darwin.

-- Con*ta*bes"cence (#), n.

Con"tact (kn"tkt), n. [L. contactus, fr. contingere, -tactum, to touch on all sides. See Contingent.] 1. A close union or junction of bodies; a touching or meeting.

2. (Geom.) The property of two curves, or surfaces, which meet, and at the point of meeting have a common direction.

3. (Mining) The plane between two adjacent bodies of dissimilar rock. Raymond.

Contact level, a delicate level so pivoted as to tilt when two parts of a measuring apparatus come into contact with each other; -- used in precise determinations of lengths and in the accurate graduation of instruments.

Con*tac"tion (-tk"shn), n. Act of touching. [Obs.]

Con*ta"gion (-t"jn), n. [L. contagio: cf. F. contagion. See Contact.] 1. (Med.) The transmission of a disease from one person to another, by direct or indirect contact.

The term has been applied by some to the action of miasmata arising from dead animal or vegetable matter, bogs, fens, etc., but in this sense it is now abandoned. Dunglison.

> And will he steal out of his wholesome bed
> To dare the vile contagion of the night?
> Shak.

2. That which serves as a medium or agency to transmit disease; a virus produced by, or exhalation proceeding from, a diseased person, and capable of reproducing the disease.

3. The act or means of communicating any influence to the mind or heart; as, the contagion of enthusiasm. "The contagion of example." Eikon Basilike.

> When lust . . .
> Lets in defilement to the inward parts,
> The soul grows clotted by contagion.
> Milton.

4. Venom; poison. [Obs.] "I'll touch my point with this contagion." Shak.

Syn. -- See Infection.

Con*ta"gioned (?), a. Affected by contagion.

Con*ta"gion*ist, n. One who believes in the contagious character of certain diseases, as of yellow fever.

Con*ta"gious (?), a. [L. contagiosus: cf. F. contagieux.] 1. (Med.) Communicable by contact, by a virus, or by a bodily exhalation; catching; as, a contagious disease.

2. Conveying or generating disease; pestilential; poisonous; as, contagious air.

3. Spreading or communicable from one to another; exciting similar emotions or conduct in others.

> His genius rendered his courage more contagious.
> Wirt.

> The spirit of imitation is contagious.
> Ames.

Syn. -- Contagious, Infectious. These words have been used in very diverse senses; but, in general, a contagious disease has been considered as one which is caught from another by contact, by the breath, by bodily effluvia, etc.; while an infectious disease supposes some entirely different cause acting by a hidden influence, like the miasma of prison ships, of marshes, etc., infecting the system with disease. "This distinction, though not universally admitted by medical men, as to the literal meaning of the words, certainly applies to them in their figurative use. Thus we speak of the contagious influence of evil associates; their contagion of bad example, the contagion of fear, etc., when we refer to transmission by proximity or contact. On the other hand, we speak of infection by bad principles, etc., when we consider anything as diffused by some hidden influence.

Con*ta"gious*ly, adv. In a contagious manner.

Con*ta"gious*ness, n. Quality of being contagious.

||Con*ta"gi*um (?), n. [L.] Contagion; contagious matter. "Contagium of measles." Tyndall.

Con*tain" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Contained (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Containing.] [OE. contenen, conteinen, F. contenir, fr. L. continere, -tentum; con- + tenere to hold. See Tenable, and cf. Countenance.] 1. To hold within fixed limits; to comprise; to include; to inclose; to hold.

> Behold, heaven and the heaven of heavens can not contain thee; how much less this house!
> 2 Chron. vi. 18.

> When that this body did contain a spirit.
> Shak.

> What thy stores contain bring forth.
> Milton.

2. To have capacity for; to be able to hold; to hold; to be equivalent to; as, a bushel contains four pecks.

3. To put constraint upon; to restrain; to confine; to keep within bounds. [Obs., exept as used reflexively.]

> The king's person contains the unruly people from evil occasions.
> Spenser.

> Fear not, my lord: we can contain ourselves.
> Shak.

Con*tain", v. i. To restrain desire; to live in continence or chastity.

> But if they can not contain, let them marry.
> 1 Cor. vii. 9.

Con*tain"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being contained or comprised. Boyle.

Con*tain"ant (?), n. A container.

Con*tain"er (?), n. One who, or that which, contains.

Con*tain"ment (?), n. That which is contained; the extent; the substance. [Obs.]

> The containment of a rich man's estate.
> Fuller.

Con*tam"i*na*ble (kn*tm"*n*b'l), a. Capable of being contaminated.

Con*tam"i*nate (kn*tm"*nt), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Contaminated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Contaminating (?).] [L. contaminatus, p. p. of contaminare to bring into contact, to contaminate, fr. contamen contagion, for contagmen; con- + root of tangere to touch. See Contact.] To soil, stain, or corrupt by contact; to tarnish; to sully; to taint; to pollute; to defile.

> Shall we now
> Contaminate our figures with base bribes?
> Shak.

> I would neither have simplicity imposed upon, nor virtue contaminated.
> Goldsmith.

Syn. -- To pollute; defile; sully; taint; tarnish; soil; stain; corrupt.

Con*tam"i*nate (-nt), a. Contaminated; defiled; polluted; tainted. "Contaminate drink." Daniel.

Con*tam`i*na"tion (kn*tm`*n"shn), n. [L. contaminatio.] The act or process of contaminating; pollution; defilement; taint; also, that which contaminates.

Con*tam"i*tive (kn*tm"*n*tv), a. Tending or liable to contaminate.

Con*tan"go (kn*t"g), n.; pl. Contangoes (#). [Prob. a corruption of contingent.] 1. (Stock Exchange) The premium or interest paid by the buyer to the seller, to be allowed to defer paying for the stock purchased until the next fortnightly settlement day. [Eng.]

2. (Law) The postponement of payment by the buyer of stock on the payment of a premium to the seller. See Backwardation. N. Biddle.

Con*tec"tion (-tk"shn), n. [L. contegere, -tectum, to cover up.] A covering. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Con"tek (kn"tk), n. [OE. conteck, conteke, contake, perh. a corruption either of contact or contest.] 1. Quarrel; contention; contest. [Obs.]

> Contek with bloody knife.
> Chaucer.

2. Contumely; reproach. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Con*temn" (kn*tm"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Contemned (- tmd); p. pr. & vb. n. Contemning (-tm"nng or -tm"ng).] [L. contemnere, -temptum; con- + temnere to slight, despise: cf. OF. contemner.] To view or treat with contempt, as mean and despicable; to reject with disdain; to despise; to scorn.

> Thy pompous delicacies I contemn.
> Milton.

> One who contemned divine and human laws.
> Dryden.

Syn. -- To despise; scorn; disdain; spurn; slight; neglect; underrate; overlook. -- To Contemn, Despise, Scorn, Disdain. Contemn is the generic term, and is applied especially to objects, qualities, etc., which are deemed contemptible, and but rarely to individuals; to despise is to regard or treat as mean, unbecoming, or worthless; to scorn is stronger, expressing a quick, indignant contempt; disdain is still stronger, denoting either unwarrantable pride and haughtiness or an abhorrence of what is base.

<! p. 312 !>

Con*tem"ner (kn*tm"nr or -tm"r), n. One who contemns; a despiser; a scorner. "Contemners of the gods." South.

Con*tem"ning*ly, adv. Contemptuously. [R.]

Con*tem"per (kn*tm"pr), v. t. [L. contemperare, - temperatum; con- + temperare to temper. Cf. Contemperate.] To modify or temper; to allay; to qualify; to moderate; to soften. [Obs.]

> The antidotes . . . have allayed its bitterness and contempered its malignancy.
> Johnson.

Con*tem"per*ate (kn*tm"pr*t), v. t. [See Contemper.] To temper; to moderate. [Obs.]

> Moisten and contemperate the air.
> Sir T. Browne.

Con*tem`per*a"tion (-"shn), n. 1. The act of tempering or moderating. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

2. Proportionate mixture or combination. "Contemperation of light and shade." Boyle.

Con*tem"per*a*ture (- tm"pr**tr; 135), n. The condition of being tempered; proportionate mixture; temperature. [Obs.]

> The different contemperature of the elements.
> South.

Con*tem"plance (?), n. Contemplation. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Con*tem"plant (?), a. [L. contemplans, p. pr.] Given to contemplation; meditative. [R.] Coleridge.

Con"tem*plate (?; 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Contemplated (# or #); p. pr. & vb. n. Contemplating.] [L. contemplatus, p. p. of contemplari to contemplate; con- + templum a space for observation marked out by the augur. See Temple.] 1. To look at on all sides or in all its bearings; to view or consider with continued attention; to regard with deliberate care; to meditate on; to study.

> To love, at least contemplate and admire,
> What I see excellent.
> Milton.

> We thus dilate
> Our spirits to the size of that they contemplate.
> Byron.

2. To consider or have in view, as contingent or probable; to look forward to; to purpose; to intend.

> There remain some particulars to complete the information contemplated by those resolutions.
> A. Hamilton.

> If a treaty contains any stipulations which contemplate a state of future war.
> Kent.

Syn. -- To view; behold; study; ponder; muse; meditate on; reflect on; consider; intend; design; plan; propose; purpose. See Meditate.

Con"tem*plate, v. i. To consider or think studiously; to ponder; to reflect; to muse; to meditate.

> So many hours must I contemplate.
> Shak.

Con`tem*pla"tion (?), n. [F. contemplation, L. contemplatio.] 1. The act of the mind in considering with attention; continued attention of the mind to a particular subject; meditation; musing; study.

> In contemplation of created things,
> By steps we may ascend to God.
> Milton.

> Contemplation is keeping the idea which is brought into the mind for some time actually in view.
> Locke.

2. Holy meditation. [Obs.]

> To live in prayer and contemplation.
> Shak.

3. The act of looking forward to an event as about to happen; expectation; the act of intending or purposing.

> In contemplation of returning at an early date, he left.
> Reid.

To have in contemplation, to inted or purpose, or to have under consideration.

Con*tem"pla*tist (?), n. A contemplator. [R.] I. Taylor.

Con*tem"pla*tive (?), a. [F. contemplatif, L. contemplativus.] 1. Pertaining to contemplation; addicted to, or employed in, contemplation; meditative.

> Fixed and contemplative their looks.
> Denham.

2. Having the power of contemplation; as, contemplative faculties. Ray.

Con*tem"pla*tive, n. (R. C. Ch.) A religious or either sex devoted to prayer and meditation, rather than to active works of charity.

Con*tem"pla*tive*ly, adv. With contemplation; in a contemplative manner.

Con*tem"pla*tive*ness, n. The state of being contemplative; thoughtfulness.

Con"tem*pla`tor (?; 277), n. [L.] One who contemplates. Sir T. Browne.

Con*tem`po*ra*ne"i*ty (?), n. The state of being contemporaneous.

> The lines of contemporaneity in the oölitic system.
> J. Philips.

Con*tem`po*ra"ne*ous (?), a. [L. contemporaneus; con- + tempus time. See Temporal, and cf. Contemporaneous.] Living, existing, or occurring at the same time; contemporary.

> The great age of Jewish philosophy, that of Aben Esra, Maimonides, and Kimchi, had been contemporaneous with the later Spanish school of Arabic philosophy.
> Milman

-- Con*tem`po*ra"ne*ous*ness, n.

Con*tem`po*ra"ne*ous*ly, adv. At the same time with some other event.

Con*tem"po*ra*ri*ness (?), n. Existence at the same time; contemporaneousness. Howell.

Con*tem"po*ra*ry (?), a. [Pref. con- + L. temporarius of belonging to time, tempus time. See Temporal, and cf. Contemporaneous.] 1. Living, occuring, or existing, at the same time; done in, or belonging to, the same times; contemporaneous.

> This king [Henry VIII.] was contemporary with the greatest monarchs of Europe.
> Strype.

2. Of the same age; coeval.

> A grove born with himself he sees,
> And loves his old contemporary trees.
> Cowley.

Con*tem"po*ra*ry, n.; pl. Contemporaries (&?;). One who lives at the same time with another; as, Petrarch and Chaucer were contemporaries.

Con*tempt" (?; 215), n. [L. contemptus, fr. contemnere: cf. OF. contempt. See Contemn.] 1. The act of contemning or despising; the feeling with which one regards that which is esteemed mean, vile, or worthless; disdain; scorn.

> Criminal contempt of public feeling.
> Macaulay.

> Nothing, says Longinus, can be great, the contempt of which is great.
> Addison.

2. The state of being despised; disgrace; shame.

> Contempt and begarry hangs upon thy back.
> Shak.

3. An act or expression denoting contempt.

> Little insults and contempts.
> Spectator.

> The contempt and anger of his lip.
> Shak.

4. (Law) Disobedience of the rules, orders, or process of a court of justice, or of rules or orders of a legislative body; disorderly, contemptuous, or insolent language or behavior in presence of a court, tending to disturb its proceedings, or impair the respect due to its authority.

Contempt is in some jurisdictions extended so as to include publications reflecting injuriously on a court of justice, or commenting unfairly on pending proceedings; in other jurisdictions the courts are prohibited by statute or by the constitution from thus exercising this process.

Syn. -- Disdain; scorn; derision; mockery; contumely; neglect; disregard; slight.

Con*tempt`i*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality of being contemptible; contemptibleness. Speed.

Con*tempt"i*ble (?), a. 1. Worthy of contempt; deserving of scorn or disdain; mean; vile; despicable. Milton.

> The arguments of tyranny are ascontemptible as its force is dreadful.
> Burke.

2. Despised; scorned; neglected; abject. Locke.

3. Insolent; scornful; contemptuous. [Obs.]

> If she should make tender of her love, 't is very possible he 'll scorn it; for the man . . . hath a contemptible spirit.
> Shak.

Syn. -- Despicable; abject; vile; mean; base; paltry; worthless; sorry; pitiful; scurrile. See Contemptuous. -- Contemptible, Despicable, Pitiful, Paltry. Despicable is stronger than contemptible, as despise is stronger than contemn. It implies keen disapprobation, with a mixture of anger. A man is despicable chiefly for low actions which mark his life, such as servility, baseness, or mean adulation. A man is contemptible for mean qualities which distinguish his character, especially those which show him to be weak, foolish, or worthless. Treachery is despicable, egotism is contemptible. Pitiful and paltry are applied to cases which are beneath anger, and are simply contemptible in a high degree.

Con*tempt"i*ble*ness, n. The state or quality of being contemptible, or of being despised.

Con*tempt"i*bly, adv. In a contemptible manner.

Con*temp"tu*ous (?; 135), a. Manifesting or expressing contempt or disdain; scornful; haughty; insolent; disdainful.

> A proud, contemptuous behavior.
> Hammond.

> Savage invective and contemptuous sarcasm.
> Macaulay.

> Rome . . . entertained the most contemptuous opinion of the Jews.
> Atterbury.

Syn. -- Scornful; insolent; haughty; disdainful; supercilious; insulting; contumelious. -- Contemptuous, Contemptible. These words, from their similarity of sound, are sometimes erroneously interchanged, as when a person speaks of having "a very contemptible opinion of another." Contemptible is applied to that which is the object of contempt; as, contemptible conduct; acontemptible fellow. Contemptuous is applied to that which indicates contempt; as, a contemptuous look; a contemptuous remark; contemptuous treatment. A person, or whatever is personal, as an action, an expression, a feeling, an opinion, may be either contemptuous or contemptible; a thing may be contemptible, but can not be contemptuous.

Con*temp"tu*ous*ly, adv. In a contemptuous manner; with scorn or disdain; despitefully.

> The apostles and most eminent Christians were poor, and used contemptuously.
> Jer. Taylor.

Con*temp"tu*ous*ness, n. Disposition to or manifestion of contempt; insolence; haughtiness.

Con*tend" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Contended; p. pr. & vb. n. Contending.] [OF. contendre, L. contendere, -tentum; con- + tendere to strech. See Tend.] 1. To strive in opposition; to contest; to dispute; to vie; to quarrel; to fight.

> For never two such kingdoms did contend
> Without much fall of blood.
> Shak.

> The Lord said unto me, Distress not the Moabites, neither contend with them in battle.
> Deut. ii. 9.

> In ambitious strength I did
> Contend against thy valor.
> Shak.

2. To struggle or exert one's self to obtain or retain possession of, or to defend.

> You sit above, and see vain men below
> Contend for what you only can bestow.
> Dryden.

3. To strive in debate; to engage in discussion; to dispute; to argue.

> The question which our author would contend for.
> Locke.

> Many things he fiercely contended about were trivial.
> Dr. H. More.

Syn. -- To struggle; fight; combat; vie; strive; oppose; emulate; contest; litigate; dispute; debate.

Con*tend", v. t. To struggle for; to contest. [R.]

> Carthage shall contend the world with Rome.Dryden.

Con*tend"ent (?), n. [L. contendens, p. pr.] An antagonist; a contestant. [Obs.]

> In all notable changes and revolutions the contendents have been still made a prey to the third party.
> L'Estrange.

Con*tend"er (?), n. One who contends; a contestant.

Con*tend"ress (?), n. A female contestant. [R.]

Con*ten"e*ment (kn*tn"*ment), n. [Pref. con- + tenement.] (Law) That which is held together with another thing; that which is connected with a tenement, or thing holden, as a certain quantity of land adjacent to a dwelling, and necessary to the reputable enjoyment of the dwelling; appurtenance. Burrill.

Con*tent" (kn*tnt"), a. [F. content, fr. L. contentus, p. p. of contenire to hold together, restrain. See Contain.] Contained within limits; hence, having the desires limited by that which one has; not disposed to repine or grumble; satisfied; contented; at rest.

> Having food and rai ment, let us be therewith content.
> 1 Tim. vi. 8.

Con"tent (kn"tnt or kn*tnt"; 277), n.; usually in pl., Contents. 1. That which is contained; the thing or things held by a receptacle or included within specified limits; as, the contents of a cask or bale or of a room; the contents of a book.

> I shall prove these writings . . . authentic, and the contents true, and worthy of a divine original.
> Grew.

2. Power of containing; capacity; extent; size. [Obs.]

> Strong ship's, of great content.
> Bacon.

3. (Geom.) Area or quantity of space or matter contained within certain limits; as, solid contents; superficial contents.

> The geometrical content, figure, and situation of all the lands of a kingdom.
> Graunt.

Table of contents, or Contents, a table or list of topics in a book, showing their order and the place where they may be found: a summary.

Con*tent" (?), v. t. [F. contenter, LL. contentare, fr. L. contentus, p. p. See Content, a.] 1. To satisfy the desires of; to make easy in any situation; to appease or quiet; to gratify; to please.

> Do not content yourselves with obscure and confused ideas, where clearer are to be attained.
> I. Watts.

> Pilate, willing to content the people, released Barabbas unto them.
> Mark xv. 15.

2. To satisfy the expectations of; to pay; to requite.

> Come the next Sabbath, and I will content you.
> Shak.

Syn. -- To satisfy; appease; please. See Satiate.

Con*tent", n. 1. Rest or quietness of the mind in one's present condition; freedom from discontent; satisfaction; contentment; moderate happiness.

> Such is the fullness of my heart's content.
> Shak.

2. Acquiescence without examination. [Obs.]

> The sense they humbly take upon content.
> Pope.

3. That which contents or satisfies; that which if attained would make one happy.

> So will I in England work your grace's full content.
> Shak.

4. (Eng. House of Lords) An expression of assent to a bill or motion; an affirmative vote; also, a member who votes "Content.".

> Supposing the number of "Contents" and "Not contents" strictly equal in number and consequence.
> Burke.

Con`ten*ta"tion (?), n. [LL. contentatio.] Content; satisfaction. [Obs.] Bacon.

Con*tent"ed (?), a. Content; easy in mind; satisfied; quiet; willing. -- Con*tent"ed*ly, adv. -- Con*tent"ed*ness, n.

Con*tent"ful (?), a. Full of content. [Obs.] Barrow.

Con*ten"tion (?), n. [F. contention, L. contentio. See Contend.] 1. A violent effort or struggle to obtain, or to resist, something; contest; strife.

> I would my arms could match thee in contention.
> Shak.

2. Strife in words; controversy; altercation; quarrel; dispute; as, a bone of contention.

> Contentions and strivings about the law.
> Titus iii. 9.

3. Vehemence of endeavor; eagerness; ardor; zeal.

> An end . . . worthy our utmost contention to obtain.
> Rogers.

4. A point maintained in an argument, or a line of argument taken in its support; the subject matter of discussion or strife; a position taken or contended for.

> All men seem agreed what is to be done; the contention is how the subject is to be divided and defined.
> Bagehot.

> This was my original contention, and I still maintain that you should abide by your former decision.
> Jowett.

Syn. -- Struggle; strife; contest; quarrel; combat; conflict; feud; litigation; controversy; dissension; variance; disagreement; debate; competition; emulation. -- Contention, Strife. A struggle between two parties is the idea common to these two words. Strife is a struggle for mastery; contention is a struggle for the possession of some desired object, or the accomplishment of some favorite end. Neither of the words is necessarily used in a bad sense, since there may be a generous strife or contention between two friends as to which shall incur danger or submit to sacrifices. Ordinarily, however, these words denote a struggle arising from bad passions. In that case, strife usually springs from a quarrelsome temper, and contention from, a selfish spirit which seeks its own aggrandizement, or is fearful lest others should obtain too much. Strife has more reference to the manner than to the object of a struggle, while contention takes more account of the end to be gained.

Con*ten"tious (?), a. [L. contentiosus: cf. F. contentieux.] 1. Fond of contention; given to angry debate; provoking dispute or contention; quarrelsome.

> Despotic and contentious temper.
> Macaulay.

2. Relating to contention or strife; involving or characterized by contention. Spenser.

> More cheerful, though not less contentious, regions.
> Brougham.

3. (Law) Contested; litigated; litigious; having power to decide controversy.

Contentious jurisdiction (Eng. Eccl. Law), jurisdiction over matters in controversy between parties, in contradistinction to voluntary jurisdiction, or that exercised upon matters not opposed or controverted.

Syn. -- Quarrelsome; pugnacious; dissentious; wrangling; litigious; perverse; peevish.

-- Con*ten"tious*ly, adv. -- Con*ten"tious*ness, n.

Con*tent"less (?), a. [Content + -less.] Discontented; dissatisfied. [R.] Shak.

Con*tent"ly, adv. In a contented manner. [Obs.]

<! p. 313 !>

Con*tent"ment (kn*tnt"ment), n. [Cf. F. contentement. See Content, v. t.] 1. The state of being contented or satisfied; content.

> Contentment without external honor is humility.
> Grew.

> Godliness with contentment is great gain.
> 1 Tim. vi. 6.

2. The act or process of contenting or satisfying; as, the contentment of avarice is impossible.

3. Gratification; pleasure; satisfaction. [Obs.]

> At Paris the prince spent one whole day to give his mind some contentment in viewing of a famous city.
> Sir H. Wotton.

Con*tents (? or ?; 277), n. pl. See Content, n.

Con*ter"mi*na*ble (?), a. Having the same bounds; terminating at the same time or place; conterminous.

> Love and life not conterminable.
> Sir H. Wotton.

Con*ter"mi*nal (?), a. [LL. conterminalis.] Conterminous.

Con*ter"mi*nant (?), a. Having the same limits; ending at the same time; conterminous. Lamb.

Con*ter"mi*nate (?), a. [L. conterminare to border upon, fr. conterminus conterminous; con- + terminus border.] Having the same bounds; conterminous. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Con*ter"mi*nous (?), a. [L. conterminus. Cf. Conterminous.] Having the same bounds, or limits; bordering upon; contiguous.

> This conformed so many of them as were conterminous to the colonies and garrisons, to the Roman laws.
> Sir M. Hale.

{ Con`ter*ra"ne*an (?), Con`ter*ra"ne*ous (?), } a. [L. conterraneus; con- + terra country.] Of or belonging to the same country. Howell.

Con*tes`ser*a"tion (?), n. [L. contesseratio, from contesserare to contract friendship by means of the tesserae (friendship tokens).] An assemblage; a collection; harmonious union. [Obs.]

> That person of his [George Herbert], which afforded so unusual a contesseration of elegancies.
> Oley.

Con*test" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Contested; p. pr. & vb. n. Contesting.] [F. contester, fr. L. contestari to call to witness, contestari litem to introduce a lawsuit by calling witnesses, to bring an action; con- + testari to be a witness, testic witness. See Testify.] 1. To make a subject of dispute, contention, litigation, or emulation; to contend for; to call in question; to controvert; to oppose; to dispute.

> The people . . . contested not what was done.
> Locke.

> Few philosophical aphorisms have been more frequenty repeated, few more contested than this.
> J. D. Morell.

2. To strive earnestly to hold or maintain; to struggle to defend; as, the troops contested every inch of ground.

3. (Law) To make a subject of litigation; to defend, as a suit; to dispute or resist; as a claim, by course of law; to controvert.

To contest an election. (Polit.) (a) To strive to be elected. (b) To dispute the declared result of an election.

Syn. -- To dispute; controvert; debate; litigate; oppose; argue; contend.

Con*test", v. i. To engage in contention, or emulation; to contend; to strive; to vie; to emulate; -- followed usually by with.

> The difficulty of an argument adds to the pleasure of contesting with it, when there are hopes of victory.
> Bp. Burnet.

> Of man, who dares in pomp with Jove contest?
> Pope.

Con"test (?), n. 1. Earnest dispute; strife in argument; controversy; debate; altercation.

> Leave all noisy contests, all immodest clamors and brawling language.
> I. Watts.

2. Earnest struggle for superiority, victory, defense, etc.; competition; emulation; strife in arms; conflict; combat; encounter.

> The late battle had, in effect, been a contest between one usurper and another.
> Hallam.

> It was fully expected that the contest there would be long and fierce.
> Macaulay.

Syn. -- Conflict; combat; battle; encounter; shock; struggle; dispute; altercation; debate; controvesy; difference; disagreement; strife. -- Contest, Conflict, Combat, Encounter. Contest is the broadest term, and had originally no reference to actual fighting. It was, on the contrary, a legal term signifying to call witnesses, and hence came to denote first a struggle in argument, and then a struggle for some common object between opposing parties, usually one of considerable duration, and implying successive stages or acts. Conflict denotes literally a close personal engagement, in which sense it is applied to actual fighting. It is, however, more commonly used in a figurative sense to denote strenuous or direct opposition; as, a mental conflict; conflicting interests or passions; a conflict of laws. An encounter is a direct meeting face to face. Usually it is a hostile meeting, and is then very nearly coincident with conflict; as, an encounter of opposing hosts. Sometimes it is used in a looser sense; as, "this keen encounter of our wits." Shak. Combat is commonly applied to actual fighting, but may be used figuratively in reference to a strife or words or a struggle of feeling.

Con*test"a*ble (?), a. [Cf. F. contestable.] Capable of being contested; debatable.

Con*test"ant (?), n. [Cf. F. contestant.] One who contests; an opponent; a litigant; a disputant; one who claims that which has been awarded to another.

Con`tes*ta"tion (?), n. [L. contestatio testimony: cf. F. contestation a contesting.] 1. The act of contesting; emulation; rivalry; strife; dispute. "Loverlike contestation." Milton.

> After years spent in domestic, unsociable contestations, she found means to withdraw.
> Clarendon.

2. Proof by witness; attestation; testimony. [Obs.]

> A solemn contestation ratified on the part of God.
> Barrow.

Con*test"ing*ly (?), adv. In a contending manner.

Con*tex (?), v. t. To context. [Obs.] Boyle.

Con*text" (?), a. [L. contextus, p. p. of contexere to weave, to unite; con- + texere to weave. See Text.] Knit or woven together; close; firm. [Obs.]

> The coats, without, are context and callous.
> Derham.

Con"text (?), n. [L. contextus; cf. F. contexte .] The part or parts of something written or printed, as of Scripture, which precede or follow a text or quoted sentence, or are so intimately associated with it as to throw light upon its meaning.

> According to all the light that the contexts afford.
> Sharp.

Con*text" (?), v. t. To knit or bind together; to unite closely. [Obs.] Feltham.

> The whole world's frame, which is contexted only by commerce and contracts.
> R. Junius.

Con*tex"tur*al (?; 135), a. Pertaining to contexture or arrangement of parts; producing contexture; interwoven. Dr. John Smith (1666).

Con*tex"ture (?; 135), n. [Cf. F. contexture.] The arrangement and union of the constituent parts of a thing; a weaving together of parts; structural character of a thing; system; constitution; texture.

> That wonderful contexture of all created beings.
> Dryden.

> He was not of any delicate contexture; his limbs rather sturdy than dainty.
> Sir H. Wotton.

Con*tex"tured (?; 135), a. Formed into texture; woven together; arranged; composed. [R.] Carlyle.

Con"ti*cent (?), a. [L. conticens, p. pr. of conticere; con- + tacere to be silent.] Silent. [R.] "The guests sit conticent." Thackeray.

Con`tig*na"tion (?), n. [L. contignatio, fr. contignare to join with beams; con- + tignum beam.] 1. The act or process of framing together, or uniting, as beams in a fabric. Burke.

2. A framework or fabric, as of beams. Sir H. Wotton.

Con*tig"u*ate (?), a. [LL. contiguatus.] Contiguous; touching. [Obs.] Holland.

Con`ti*gu"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. contiguité, LL. contiguitas.] The state of being contiguous; intimate association; nearness; proximity.

> The convicinity and contiguity of the two parishes.
> T. Warton.

Con*tig"u*ous (?), a. [L. contiguus; akin to contigere to touch on all sides. See Contingent.] In actual contact; touching; also, adjacent; near; neighboring; adjoining.

> The two halves of the paper did not appear fully divided . . . but seemed contiguous at one of their angles.
> Sir I. Newton.

> Sees no contiguous palace rear its head.
> Goldsmith.

Contiguous angles. See Adjacent angles, under Angle.

Syn. -- Adjoining; adjacent. See Adjacent.

-- Con*tig"u*ous*ly, adv. -- Con*tig"u*ous*ness, n.

{ Con"ti*nence (?), Con"ti*nen*cy (?) }, n. [F. continence, L. continentia. See Continent, and cf. Countenance.] 1. Self-restraint; self-command.

> He knew what to say; he knew also, when to leave off, -- a continence which is practiced by few writers.
> Dryden.

2. The restraint which a person imposes upon his desires and passions; the act or power of refraining from indulgence of the sexual appetite, esp. from unlawful indulgence; sometimes, moderation in sexual indulgence.

> If they [the unmarried and widows] have not continency, let them marry.
> 1 Cor. vii. 9 (Rev. Ver. ).

> Chastity is either abstinence or continence: abstinence is that of virgins or widows; continence, that of married persons.
> Jer. Taylor.

3. Uninterrupted course; continuity. [Obs.] Ayliffe.

Con"ti*nent (?), a. [L. continens, -entis, prop., p. pr. of continere to hold together, to repress: cf. F. continent. See Contain.] 1. Serving to restrain or limit; restraining; opposing. [Obs.] Shak.

2. Exercising restraint as to the indulgence of desires or passions; temperate; moderate.

> Have a continent forbearance till the speed of his rage goes slower.
> Shak.

3. Abstaining from sexual intercourse; exercising restraint upon the sexual appetite; esp., abstaining from illicit sexual intercourse; chaste.

> My past life

> Hath been as continent, as chaste, as true,

> As I am now unhappy.
> Shak.

4. Not interrupted; connected; continuous; as, a continent fever. [Obs.]

> The northeast part of Asia is, if not continent with the west side of America, yet certainly it is the least disoined by sea of all that coast.
> Berrewood.

Con"ti*nent, n. [L. continens, prop., a holding together: cf. F. continent. See Continent, a.] 1. That which contains anything; a receptacle. [Obs.]

> The smaller continent which we call a pipkin.
> Bp. Kennet.

2. One of the grand divisions of land on the globe; the main land; specifically (Phys. Geog.), a large body of land differing from an island, not merely in its size, but in its structure, which is that of a large basin bordered by mountain chains; as, the continent of North America.

The continents are now usually regarded as six in number: North America, South America, Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australia. But other large bodies of land are also reffered to as continents; as, the Antarctic continent; the continent of Greenland. Europe, Asia, and Africa are often grouped together as the Eastern Continent, and North and South America as the Western Continent.

The Continent, the main land of Europe, as distinguished from the islands, especially from England.

Con`ti*nen"tal (?), a. 1. Of or pertaining to a continent.

2. Of or pertaining to the main land of Europe, in distinction from the adjacent islands, especially England; as, a continental tour; a continental coalition. Macaulay.

> No former king had involved himself so frequently in the labyrinth of continental alliances.
> Hallam.

3. (Amer. Hist.) Of or pertaining to the confederated colonies collectively, in the time of the Revolutionary War; as, Continental money.

> The army before Boston was designated as the Continental army, in contradistinction to that under General Gage, which was called the "Ministerial army."
> W. Irving.

Continental Congress. See under Congress. -- Continental system (Hist.), the blockade of Great Britain ordered by Napoleon by the decree of Berlin, Nov. 21, 1806; the object being to strike a blow at the maritime and commercial supremacy of Great Britain, by cutting her off from all intercourse with the continent of Europe.

Con`ti*nen"tal (?), n. (Amer. Hist.) A soldier in the Continental army, or a piece of the Continental currency. See Continental, a., 3.

Con"ti*nent*ly (?), adv. In a continent manner; chastely; moderately; temperately.

Con*tin"gence (?), n. See Contingency.

Con*tin"gen*cy (?), n.; pl. Contingencies (#). [Cf. F. contingence.] 1. Union or connection; the state of touching or contact. "Point of contingency." J. Gregory.

2. The quality or state of being contingent or casual; the possibility of coming to pass.

> Aristotle says we are not to build certain rules on the contingency of human actions.
> South.

3. An event which may or may not occur; that which is possible or probable; a fortuitous event; a chance.

> The remarkable position of the queen rendering her death a most important contingency.
> Hallam.

4. An adjunct or accessory. Wordsworth.

5. (Law) A certain possible event that may or may not happen, by which, when happening, some particular title may be affected.

Syn. -- Casualty; accident; chance.

Con*tin"gent (?), a. [L. contingens, -entis, p. pr. of contingere to touch on all sides, to happen; con- + tangere to touch: cf. F. contingent. See Tangent, Tact.] 1. Possible, or liable, but not certain, to occur; incidental; casual.

> Weighing so much actual crime against so much contingent advantage.
> Burke.

2. Dependent on that which is undetermined or unknown; as, the success of his undertaking is contingent upon events which he can not control. "Uncertain and contingent causes." Tillotson.

3. (Law) Dependent for effect on something that may or may not occur; as, a contingent estate.

> If a contingent legacy be left to any one when he attains, or if he attains, the age of twenty-one.
> Blackstone.

Con*tin"gent, n. 1. An event which may or may not happen; that which is unforeseen, undetermined, or dependent on something future; a contingency.

> His understanding could almost pierce into future contingents.
> South.

2. That which falls to one in a division or apportionment among a number; a suitable share; proportion; esp., a quota of troops.

> From the Alps to the border of Flanders, contingents were required . . . 200,000 men were in arms.
> Milman.

Con*tin"gent*ly, adv. In a contingent manner; without design or foresight; accidentally.

Con*tin"gent*ness, n. The state of being contingent; fortuitousness.

Con*tin"u*a*ble (?), a. Capable of being continued [R.]

Con*tin"u*al (?), a. [OE. continuel, F. continuel. See Continue.] 1. Proceeding without interruption or cesstaion; continuous; unceasing; lasting; abiding.

> He that is of a merry heart hath a continual feast.
> Prov. xv. 15.

2. Occuring in steady and rapid succession; very frequent; often repeated.

> The eye is deligh by a continental succession of small landscapes.
> W. Irwing.

Continual proportionals (Math.), quantities in continued proportion. Brande & C.

Syn. -- Constant; prepetual; incessant; unceasing; uninterrupted; unintermitted; continuous. See Constant, and Continuous.

Con*tin"u*al*ly, adv. 1. Without cessation; unceasingly; continuously; as, the current flows continually.

> Why do not all animals continually increase in bigness?
> Bentley.

2. In regular or repeated succession; very often.

> Thou shalt eat bread at my table continually.
> 2 Sam. ix. 7.

Con*tin"u*ance (?), n. [OF. continuance.] 1. A holding on, or remaining in a particular state; permanence, as of condition, habits, abode, etc.; perseverance; constancy; duration; stay.

> Great plagues, and of long continuance.
> Deut. xxviii. 59.

> Patient continuance in well-doing.
> Rom. ii. 7.

2. Uninterrupted succession; continuation; constant renewal; perpetuation; propagation.

> The brute immediately regards his own preservation or the continuance of his species.
> Addison.

3. A holding together; continuity. [Obs.] Bacon.

4. (Law) (a) The adjournment of the proceedings in a cause from one day, or from one stated term of a court, to another. (b) The entry of such adjournment and the grounds thereof on the record.

Con*tin"u*ant (?), a. Continuing; prolonged; sustained; as, a continuant sound. -- n. A continuant sound; a letter whose sound may be prolonged.

Con*tin"u*ate (?), a. [L. continuatus, p. p. See Continue.] 1. Immediately united together; intimately connected. [R.]

> We are of Him and in Him, even as though our very flesh and bones should be made continuate with his.
> Hooker.

2. Uninterrupted; unbroken; continual; continued.

> An untirable and continuate goodness.
> Shak.

<! p. 314 !>

Con*tin`u*a"tion (?), n. [L. continuatio: cf. F. connuation.] 1. That act or state of continuing; the state of being continued; uninterrupted extension or succession; prolongation; propagation.

> Preventing the continuation of the royal line.
> Macaulay.

2. That which extends, increases, supplements, or carries on; as, the continuation of a story.

> My continuation of the version of Statius.
> Pope.

Con*tin"u*a*tive (?), n. [Cf. F. continuatif.] 1. (Logic) A term or expression denoting continuance. [R.]

> To these may be added continuatives; as, Rome remains to this day; which includes, at least, two propositions, viz., Rome was, and Rome is.
> I. Watts.

2. (Gram.) A word that continues the connection of sentences or subjects; a connective; a conjunction.

> Continuatives . . . consolidate sentences into one continuous whole.
> Harris.

Con*tin"u*a`tor (?), n. [Cf. F. continuateur.] One who, or that which, continues; esp., one who continues a series or a work; a continuer. Sir T. Browne.

Con*tin"ue (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Continued (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Continuing.] [F. continuer, L. continuare, -tinuatum, to connect, continue, fr. continuus. See Continuous, and cf. Continuate.] 1. To remain in a given place or condition; to remain in connection with; to abide; to stay.

> Here to continue, and build up here
> A growing empire.
> Milton.

> They continue with me now three days, and have nothing to eat.
> Matt. xv. 32.

2. To be permanent or durable; to endure; to last.

> But now thy kingdom shall not continue.
> 1 Sam. xiii. 14.

3. To be steadfast or constant in any course; to persevere; to abide; to endure; to persist; to keep up or maintain a particular condition, course, or series of actions; as, the army continued to advance.

> If ye continue in my word, then are ye my disciples indeed.
> John viii. 31.

Syn. -- To persevere; persist. See Persevere.

Con*tin"ue, v. t. 1. To unite; to connect. [Obs.]

> the use of the navel is to continue the infant unto the mother.
> Sir T. browne.

2. To protract or extend in duration; to preserve or persist in; to cease not.

> O continue thy loving kindness unto them that know thee.
> Ps. xxxvi. 10.

> You know how to make yourself happy by only continuing such a life as you have been long accustomed to lead.
> Pope.

3. To carry onward or extend; to prolong or produce; to add to or draw out in length.

> A bridge of wond'rous length,
> From hell continued, reaching th' utmost orb
> of this frail world.
> Milton.

4. To retain; to suffer or cause to remain; as, the trustees were continued; also, to suffer to live.

> And how shall we continue Claudio.
> Shak.

Con*tin"ued (?), p. p. & a. Having extension of time, space, order of events, exertion of energy, etc.; extended; protracted; uninterrupted; also, resumed after interruption; extending through a succession of issues, session, etc.; as, a continued story. "Continued woe." Jenyns. "Continued succession." Locke.

Continued bass (Mus.), a bass continued through an entire piece of music, while the other parts of the harmony are indicated by figures beneath the bass; the same as thorough bass or figured bass; basso continuo. [It.] -- Continued fever (Med.), a fever which presents no interruption in its course. -- Continued fraction (Math.), a fraction whose numerator is 1, and whose denominator is a whole number plus a fraction whose numerator is 1 and whose denominator is a whole number, plus a fraction, and so on. -- Continued proportion (Math.), a proportion composed of two or more equal ratios, in which the consequent of each preceding ratio is the same with the antecedent of the following one; as, 4 : 8 : 8 : 16 :: 16 : 32.

Con*tin"u*ed*ly (? or &?;), adv. Continuously.

Con*tin"u*er (?), n. One who continues; one who has the power of perseverance or persistence. "Indulgent continuers in sin." Hammond.

> I would my horse had the speed of your tongue, and so good a continuer.
> Shak.

Con`ti*nu"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Continuities (#). [L. continuitas: cf. F. continuité. See Continuous.] the state of being continuous; uninterrupted connection or succession; close union of parts; cohesion; as, the continuity of fibers. Grew.

> The sight would be tired, if it were attracted by a continuity of glittering objects.
> Dryden.

Law of continuity (Math. & Physics), the principle that nothing passes from one state to another without passing through all the intermediate states. -- Solution of continuity. (Math.) See under Solution.

||Con*ti"nu*o (? or &?;), n. [It.] (Mus.) Basso continuo, or continued bass.

Con*tin"u*ous (?), a. [L. continuus, fr. continere to hold together. See Continent.] 1. Without break, cessation, or interruption; without intervening space or time; uninterrupted; unbroken; continual; unceasing; constant; continued; protracted; extended; as, a continuous line of railroad; a continuous current of electricity.

> he can hear its continuous murmur.
> Longfellow.

2. (Bot.) Not deviating or varying from uninformity; not interrupted; not joined or articulated.

Continuous brake (Railroad), a brake which is attached to each car a train, and can be caused to operate in all the cars simultaneously from a point on any car or on the engine. -- Continuous impost. See Impost.

Syn. -- Continuous, Continual. Continuous is the stronger word, and denotes that the continuity or union of parts is absolute and uninterrupted; as, a continuous sheet of ice; a continuous flow of water or of argument. So Daniel Webster speaks of "a continuous and unbroken strain of the martial airs of England." Continual, in most cases, marks a close and unbroken succession of things, rather than absolute continuity. Thus we speak of continual showers, implying a repetition with occasional interruptions; we speak of a person as liable to continual calls, or as subject to continual applications for aid, etc. See Constant.

Con*tin"u*ous*ly (?), adv. In a continuous maner; without interruption. -- Con*tin"u*ous*ness, n.

Cont"line` (?), n. 1. (Ropemaking) The space between the strands on the outside of a rope. Knight.

2. (Naut.) The space between the bilges of two casks stowed side by side.

{ Con*tor"ni*ate (?), ||Con*tor"ni*a`te (?) }, n., [It. contorniato, p. pr. of contorniare to make a circuit or outline, fr. contorno circuit, outline. See Contour.] (Numis.) A species of medal or medallion of bronze, having a deep furrow on the contour or edge; -- supposed to have been struck in the days of Constantine and his successors. R. S. Poole.

Con*tor"sion (?), n. See Contortion.

Con*tort" (?), v. t. [L. contortus, p. p. of contorquere to twist; con- + torquere to twist. See Torture.] To twist, or twist together; to turn awry; to bend; to distort; to wrest.

> The vertebral arteries are variously contorted.
> Ray.

> Kant contorted the term category from the proper meaning of attributed.
> Sir W. Hamilton.

Con*tort"ed, a. 1. Twisted, or twisted together. "A contorted chain of icicles." Massinger.

2. (Bot.) (a) Twisted back upon itself, as some parts of plants. (b) Arranged so as to overlap each other; as, petals in contorted or convolute æstivation.

Con*tor"tion (kn*tô"shn), n. [L. contortio: cf. F. contorsion. See Contort, and cf. Torsion.] A twisting; a writhing; wry motion; a twist; as, the contortion of the muscles of the face. Swift.

> All the contortions of the sibyl, without the inspiration.
> Burke.

Con*tor"tion*ist, n. One who makes or practices contortions.

Con*tor"tive (?), a. Expressing contortion.

Con`tor*tu"pli*cate (?), a. [L. contortuplicatus; contortus contorted + plicare to fold.] (Bot.) Plaited lengthwise and twisted in addition, as the bud of the morning-glory. Gray.

Con*tour" (?), n. [F. contour, fr. contourner to mark the outlines; con- + tourner to turn. See Turn.] 1. The outline of a figure or body, or the line or lines representing such an outline; the line that bounds; periphery.

> Titian's coloring and contours.
> A. Drummond.

2. (Mil.) The outline of a horizontal section of the ground, or of works of fortification.

Contour feathers (Zoöl.), those feathers that form the general covering of a bird. -- Contour of ground (Surv.), the outline of the surface of ground with respect to its undulation, etc. -- Contour line (Topographical Suv.), the line in which a horizontal plane intersects a portion of ground, or the corresponding line in a map or chart.

||Con`tour`né' (?), a. [F., p. p. of contourner to twist.] (Her.) Turned in a direction which is not the usual one; -- said of an animal turned to the sinister which is usually turned to the dexter, or the like.

Con*tour"ni*a`ted (?), a. [Cf. Contorniate.] (Numis.) Having furrowed edges, as if turned in a lathe.

Con"tra (?). A Latin adverb and preposition, signifying against, contrary, in opposition, etc., entering as a prefix into the composition of many English words. Cf. Counter, adv. & pref.

Con"tra*band (?), n. [It. contrabando; contra + bando ban, proclamation: cf. F. contrebande. See Ban an edict.] 1. Illegal or prohibited traffic.

> Persons the most bound in duty to prevent contraband, and the most interested in the seizures.
> Burke.

2. Goods or merchandise the importation or exportation of which is forbidden.

3. A negro slave, during the Civil War, escaped to, or was brought within, the Union lines. Such slave was considered contraband of war. [U.S.]

Contraband of war, that which, according to international law, cannot be supplied to a hostile belligerent except at the risk of seizure and condemnation by the aggrieved belligerent. Wharton.

Con"tra*band, a. Prohibited or excluded by law or treaty; forbidden; as, contraband goods, or trade.

> The contraband will always keep pace, in some measure, with the fair trade.
> Burke.

Con"tra*band, v. t. 1. To import illegally, as prohibited goods; to smuggle. [Obs.] Johnson.

2. To declare prohibited; to forbid. [Obs.]

> The law severly contrabands
> Our taking business of men's hands.
> Hudibras.

Con"tra*band*ism (-z'm), n. Traffic in contraband goods; smuggling.

Con"tra*band`ist (?), n. One who traffics illegally; a smuggler.

Con`tra*bass" (?), n. (Mus.) Double bass; -- applied to any instrument of the same deep range as the stringed double bass; as, the contrabass ophicleide; the contrabass tuba or bombardon.

Con`tra*bas"so (?), n. [It. contrabasso.] (Mus.) The largest kind of bass viol. See Violone.

Con*tract" (kn*trkt"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Contracted; p. pr. & vb. n. Contracting.] [L. contractus, p. p. of contrahere to contract; con- + trahere to draw: cf. F. contracter. See Trace, and cf. Contract, n.] 1. To draw together or nearer; to reduce to a less compass; to shorten, narrow, or lessen; as, to contract one's sphere of action.

> In all things desuetude doth contract and narrow our faculties.
> Dr. H. More.

2. To draw together so as to wrinkle; to knit.

> Thou didst contract and purse thy brow.
> Shak.

3. To bring on; to incur; to acquire; as, to contract a habit; to contract a debt; to contract a disease.

> Each from each contract new strength and light.
> Pope.

> Such behavior we contract by having much conversed with persons of high station.
> Swift.

4. To enter into, with mutual obligations; to make a bargain or covenant for.

> We have contracted an inviolable amity, peace, and lague with the aforesaid queen.
> Hakluyt.

> Many persons . . . had contracted marriage within the degrees of consanguinity . . . prohibited by law.
> Strype.

5. To betroth; to affiance.

> The truth is, she and I, long since contracted,
> Are now so sure, that nothing can dissolve us.
> Shak.

6. (Gram.) To shorten by omitting a letter or letters or by reducing two or more vowels or syllables to one.

Syn. -- To shorten; abridge; epitomize; narrow; lessen; condense; reduce; confine; incur; assume.

Con*tract" (kn*trkt"), v. i. 1. To be drawn together so as to be diminished in size or extent; to shrink; to be reduced in compass or in duration; as, iron contracts in cooling; a rope contracts when wet.

> Years contracting to a moment.
> Wordsworth.

2. To make an agreement; to covenant; to agree; to bargain; as, to contract for carrying the mail.

Con"tract (kn"trkt), a. Contracted; as, a contract verb. Goodwin.

Con*tract" (kn*trkt"), a. [L. contractus, p. p.] Contracted; affianced; betrothed. [Obs.] Shak.

Con"tract (kn"trkt), n. [L. contractus, fr. contrahere: cf. F. contrat, formerly also contract.] 1. (Law) The agreement of two or more persons, upon a sufficient consideration or cause, to do, or to abstain from doing, some act; an agreement in which a party undertakes to do, or not to do, a particular thing; a formal bargain; a compact; an interchange of legal rights. Wharton.

2. A formal writing which contains the agreement of parties, with the terms and conditions, and which serves as a proof of the obligation.

3. The act of formally betrothing a man and woman.

> This is the the night of the contract.
> Longwellow.

Syn. -- Covenant; agreement; compact; stipulation; bargain; arrangement; obligation. See Covenant.

Con*tract"ed (kn*trkt"d), a. 1. Drawn together; shrunken; wrinkled; narrow; as, a contracted brow; a contracted noun.

2. Narrow; illiberal; selfish; as, a contracted mind; contracted views.

3. Bargained for; betrothed; as, a contracted peace.

> Inquire me out contracted bachelors.
> Shak.

Con*tract"ed*ness, n. The state of being contracted; narrowness; meanness; selfishness.

Con*tract`i*bil"i*ty (?), n. Capability of being contracted; quality of being contractible; as, the contractibility and dilatability of air. Arbuthnot.

Con*tract"i*ble (?), a. Capable of contraction.

> Small air bladders distable and contractible.
> Arbuthnot.

Con*tract"i*ble*ness, n. Contractibility.

Con*tract"ile (?), a. [Cf. F. contractile.] tending to contract; having the power or property of contracting, or of shrinking into shorter or smaller dimensions; as, the contractile tissues.

> The heart's contractile force.
> H. Brooke.

> Each cilium seems to be composed of contractile substance.
> Hixley.

Contractile vacuole (Zoöl.), a pulsating cavity in the interior of a protozoan, supposed to be excretory in function. There may be one, two, or more.

Con`trac*til"i*ty (?), n. 1. The quality or property by which bodies shrink or contract.

2. (Physiol.) The power possessed by the fibers of living muscle of contracting or shortening.

When subject to the will, as in the muscles of locomotion, such power is called voluntary contractility; when not controlled by the will, as in the muscles of the heart, it is involuntary contractility.

Con*trac"tion (?), n. [L. contractio: cf. F. contraction.] 1. The act or process of contracting, shortening, or shrinking; the state of being contracted; as, contraction of the heart, of the pupil of the eye, or of a tendon; the contraction produced by cold.

2. (Math.) The process of shortening an operation.

3. The act of incurring or becoming subject to, as liabilities, obligation, debts, etc.; the process of becoming subject to; as, the contraction of a disease.

4. Something contracted or abbreviated, as a word or phrase; -- as, plenipo for plenipotentiary; crim. con. for criminal conversation, etc.

5. (Gram.) The shortening of a word, or of two words, by the omission of a letter or letters, or by reducing two or more vowels or syllables to one; as, ne'er for never; can't for can not; don't for do not; it's for it is.

6. A marriage contract. [Obs.] Shak.

Con*tract"ive (?), a. Tending to contract; having the property or power or power of contracting.

Con*tract"or (?), n. [L.] One who contracts; one of the parties to a bargain; one who covenants to do anything for another; specifically, one who contracts to perform work on a rather large scale, at a certain price or rate, as in building houses or making a railroad.

Con*trac"ture (?; 135), n. [L. contractura a drawing together.] (Med.) A state of permanent rigidity or contraction of the muscles, generally of the flexor muscles.

Con"tra*dance` (?), n. [Pref. contra- + dance: cf. F. contrdance. Cf. Country-dance.] A dance in which the partners are arranged face to face, or in opposite lines.

<! p. 315 !>

Con`tra*dict" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Contradicted; p. pr. & vb. n. Contradicting.] [L. contradictus, p. p. of contradicere to speak against; contra + dicere to speak. See Diction.] 1. To assert the contrary of; to oppose in words; to take issue with; to gainsay; to deny the truth of, as of a statement or a speaker; to impugn.

> Dear Duff, I prithee, contradict thyself,
> And say it is not so.
> Shak.

> The future can not contradict the past.
> Wordsworth.

2. To be contrary to; to oppose; to resist. [Obs.]

> No truth can contradict another truth.
> Hooker.

> A greater power than we can contradict
> Hath thwarted our intents.
> Shak.

Con`tra*dict, v. i. To oppose in words; to gainsay; to deny, or assert the contrary of, something.

> They . . . spake against those things which were spoken by Paul, contradicting and blaspheming.
> Acts xiii. 45.

Con`tra*dict"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being contradicted.

Con`tra*dict"er (?), n. one who contradicts. Swift.

Con`tra*dic"tion (?), n. [L. contradictio answer, objection: cf. F. contradiction.] 1. An assertion of the contrary to what has been said or affirmed; denial of the truth of a statement or assertion; contrary declaration; gainsaying.

> His fair demands
> Shall be accomplished without contradiction.
> Shak.

2. Direct opposition or repugnancy; inconsistency; incongruity or contrariety; one who, or that which, is inconsistent.

> can he make deathless death? That were to make
> Strange contradiction.
> Milton.

> We state our experience and then we come to a manly resolution of acting in contradiction to it.
> Burke.

> Both parts of a contradiction can not possibly be true.
> Hobbes.

> Of contradictions infinite the slave.
> Wordsworth.

Principle of contradiction (Logic), the axiom or law of thought that a thing cannot be and not be at the same time, or a thing must either be or not be, or the same attribute can not at the same time be affirmed and and denied of the same subject. It develops itself in three specific forms which have been called the "Three Logical Axioms." First, "A is A." Second, "A is not Not-A" Third, "Everything is either A or Not-A."

Con`tra*dic"tion*al (?), a. Contradictory; inconsistent; opposing. [R.] Milton.

Con`tra*dic"tious (?), a. 1. Filled with contradictions; inconsistent. [Obs.]

2. Inclined to contradict or cavil [Obs.] Sharp.

-- Con`tra*dic"tious*ness, n. Norris.

Con`tra*dict"ive (?), a. Contradictory; inconsistent. -- Con`tra*dict"ive*ly, adv.

Con`tra*dict"or (?), n. [L.] A contradicter.

Con`tra*dict"o*ri*ly (?), adv. In a contradictory manner. Sharp.

Con"tra*dict`o*ri*ness, n. The quality of being contradictory; opposition; inconsistency. J. Whitaker.

Con`tra*dict"o*ry (?), a. [LL. contradictorius: cf. F. contradictoire.] 1. Affirming the contrary; implying a denial of what has been asserted; also, mutually contradicting; inconsistent. "Contradictory assertions." South.

2. Opposing or opposed; repugnant.

> Schemes . . . contradictory to common sense.
> Addisn.

Con`tra*dict"o*ry, n.; pl. Contradictories (&?;). 1. A proposition or thing which denies or opposes another; contrariety.

> It is common with princes to will contradictories.
> Bacon.

2. pl. (Logic) propositions with the same terms, but opposed to each other both in quality and quantity.

Con`tra*dis*tinct" (?), a. Distinguished by opposite qualities. J. Goodwin.

Con`tra*dis*tinc"tion (?), n. Distinction by contrast.

> That there are such things as sins of infirmity in contradistinction to those of presumption is not to be questioned.
> South.

Con`tra*dis*tinc"tive (?), a. having the quality of contradistinction; distinguishing by contrast. -- Con`tra*dis*tinc"tive, n.

Con`tra*dis*tin"guish (?; 144), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Contradistinguished (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Contradistinguishing.] To distinguish by a contrast of opposite qualities.

> These are our complex ideas of soul and body, as contradistinguished.
> Locke.

Con`tra*fa*get"to (?), n. [It.] (Mus.) The double bassoon, an octave deeper than the bassoon.

Con`tra*fis"sure (?; 135), n. (Med.) A fissure or fracture on the side opposite to that which received the blow, or at some distance from it. Coxe.

Con"tra*hent (?), a. [L. contrahens, p. pr. See Contract.] Entering into covenant; contracting; as, contrahent parties. [Obs.] Mede.

Con"tra*in"di*cant (?), n. (Med.) Something, as a symptom, indicating that the usual mode of treatment is not to be followed. Burke.

Con"tra*in*"di*cate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Contraindicated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Contraindicating (?).] (Med.) To indicate, as by a symptom, some method of treatment contrary to that which the general tenor of the case would seem to require.

> Contraindicating symptoms must be observed.
> Harvey.

Con"tra*in`di*ca"tion (?), n. (med.) An indication or symptom which forbids the method of treatment usual in such cases.

Con*tral"to (? or &?;), n. [It., fr. contra + alto. See Alto.] (Mus.) (a) The part sung by the highest male or lowest female voices; the alto or counter tenor. (b) the voice or singer performing this part; as, her voice is a contralto; she is a contralto.

The usual range of the contralto voice is from G, below middle C, to the C above that; though exceptionally it embraces two octaves.

Con*tral"to (? or &?;), a. (Mus.) Of or pertaining to a contralto, or to the part in music called contralto; as, a contralto voice.

Con"tra*mure (?), n. [Cf. Countermure.] (fort.) An outer wall. [Obs.] Chambers.

Con"tra*nat"u*ral (?; 135), a. [Cf. Counternatural.] Opposed to or against nature; unnatural. [R.] Bp. Rust.

Con"tra*po*si"tion (?), n. [Pref. contra- + position: cf. f. conterposition.] 1. A placing over against; opposite position. [Obs.] F. Potter.

2. (Logic) A so-called immediate inference which consists in denying the original subject of the contradictory predicate; e.g.: Every S is P; therefore, no Not-P is S.

Con`tra*pun"tal (?), a. [It. contrappunto counterpoint. See Counterpoint.] (Mus.) Pertaining to, or according to the rules of, counterpoint.

Con`tra*pun"tist (?), n. [It. contrappuntista.] (Mus.) One skilled in counterpoint. L. Mason.

Con"tra*re*mon"strant (?), n. One who remonstrates in opposition or answer to a remonstrant. [R.]

> They did the synod wrong to make this distinction of contraremonstrants and remonstrants.
> Hales.

Con*tra"ri*ant (?), a. [LL. contrarians, p. pr. of contrariare to oppose, fr. L. contrarius: cf. F. contrariant, p. pr. of contrarier to contradict. See Contrary.] Contrary; opposed; antagonistic; inconsistent; contradictory. [R.]

> The struggles of contrariant factions.
> Coleridge.

Con*tra"ri*ant*ly, adv. Contrarily. [Obs.]

Con"tra*ries (? or &?;; 48), n. pl. [Pl. of Contrary, n.] (Logic) Propositions which directly and destructively contradict each other, but of which the falsehood of one does not establish the truth of the other.

> If two universals differ in quality, they are contraries; as, every vine is a tree; no vine is a tree. These can never be both true together; but they may be both false.
> I. Watts.

Con`tra*ri"e*ty (?) n.; pl. Contrarieties (#). [L. contrarietas: cf. F. contrariété.] 1. The state or quality of being contrary; opposition; repugnance; disagreement; antagonism.

> There is a contrariety between those things that conscience inclines to, and those that entertain the senses.
> South.

2. Something which is contrary to, or inconsistent with, something else; an inconsistency.

> How can these contrarieties agree?
> Shak.

Syn. -- Inconsistency; discrepancy; repugnance.

Con"tra*ri*ly (? or &?;), adv. In a contrary manner; in opposition; on the other side; in opposite ways.

Con"tra*ri*ness, n. state or quality of being contrary; opposition; inconsistency; contrariety; perverseness; obstinacy.

Con*tra"ri*ous (?), a. [LL. contrariosus: cf. OF. contrarios contralius.] Showing contrariety; repugnant; perverse. [Archaic] Milton.

> She flew contrarious in the face of God.
> Mrs. Browning.

Con*tra"ri*ous*ly, adv. Contrarily; oppositely. Shak.

Con"tra*ri*wise (? or &?;), adv. 1. On the contrary; oppositely; on the other hand.

> Not rendering evil for evil, or railing for railing; but contrariwise, blessing.
> 1 Pet. iii. 9.

2. In a contrary order; conversely.

> Everything that acts upon the fluids must, at the same time, act upon the solids, and contrariwise.
> Arbuthnot.

Con`tra*ro*ta"tion (?), n. Circular motion in a direction contrary to some other circular motion.

Con"tra*ry (? or ?; 48), a. [OE. contrarie, contraire, F. contraire, fr. L. contrarius, fr. contra. See Contra-.] 1. Opposite; in an opposite direction; in opposition; adverse; as, contrary winds.

> And if ye walk contrary unto me, and will not hearken unto me.
> Lev. xxvi. 21.

> We have lost our labor; they are gone a contrary way.
> Shak.

2. Opposed; contradictory; repugnant; inconsistent.

> Fame, if not double-faced, is double mouthed,
> And with contrary blast proclaims most deeds.
> Milton.

> The doctrine of the earth's motion appeared to be contrary to the sacred Scripture.
> Whewell.

3. Given to opposition; perverse; forward; wayward; as, a contrary disposition; a contrary child.

4. (Logic) Affirming the opposite; so opposed as to destroy each other; as, contrary propositions.

Contrary motion (Mus.), the progression of parts in opposite directions, one ascending, the other descending.

Syn. -- Adverse; repugnant; hostile; inimical; discordant; inconsistent.

Con"tra*ry, n.; pl. Contraries (&?;). 1. A thing that is of contrary or opposite qualities.

> No contraries hold more antipathy
> Than I and such a knave.
> Shak.

2. An opponent; an enemy. [Obs.] Chaucer.

3. the opposite; a proposition, fact, or condition incompatible with another; as, slender proofs which rather show the contrary. See Converse, n., 1. Locke.

4. (Logic) See Contraries.

On the contrary, in opposition; on the other hand. Swift. -- To the contrary, to an opposite purpose or intent; on the other side. "They did it, not for want of instruction to the contrary." Bp. Stillingfleet.

Con"tra*ry, v. t. [F. contrarier. See Contrary, a.] To contradict or oppose; to thwart. [Obs.]

> I was advised not to contrary the king.
> Bp. Latimer.

Con*trast" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Contrasted; p. pr. & vb. n. Contrasting.] [F. contraster, LL. contrastare to resist, withstand, fr. L. contra + stare to stand. See Stand.] To stand in opposition; to exhibit difference, unlikeness, or opposition of qualities.

> The joints which divide the sandstone contrast finely with the divisional planes which separate the basalt into pillars.
> Lyell.

Con*trast", v. t. 1. To set in opposition, or over against, in order to show the differences between, or the comparative excellences and defects of; to compare by difference or contrariety of qualities; as, to contrast the present with the past.

2. (Fine Arts) To give greater effect to, as to a figure or other object, by putting it in some relation of opposition to another figure or object.

> the figures of the groups must not be all on side . . . but must contrast each other by their several position.
> Dryden.

Con"trast (kn"trst), n. [F. contraste: cf. It. contrasto.] 1. The act of contrasting, or the state of being contrasted; comparison by contrariety of qualities.

> place the prospect of the soul
> In sober contrast with reality.
> Wordsworth.

2. Opposition or dissimilitude of things or qualities; unlikeness, esp. as shown by juxtaposition or comparison.

> The contrasts and resemblances of the seasons.
> Whewell.

3. (Fine Arts) The opposition of varied forms, colors, etc., which by such juxtaposition more vividly express each other's peculiarities. Fairholt.

Con`tra*stim"u*lant (?), a. Counteracting the effects of stimulants; relating to a course of medical treatment based on a theory of contrastimulants. -- n. (Med.) An agent which counteracts the effect of a stimulant.

Con"trate (?), a. [See Contra- .] Having cogs or teeth projecting parallel to the axis, instead of radiating from it. [R.]

Contrate wheel. See Crown wheel.

Con"tra*ten`or (?), n. [Cf. Counter tenor.] (Mus.) Counter tenor; contralto.

Con`tra*val*la"tion (?), n. [Pref. contra- + vallation: cf. F. contrevallation. Cf. Countervallation.] (Fort.) A trench guarded with a parapet, constructed by besiegers, to secure themselves and check sallies of the besieged.

Con`tra*vene" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Contravened (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Contravening.] [LL. contravenire; L. contra + venire to come: cf. F. contrevenir. See Come.] 1. To meet in the way of opposition; to come into conflict with; to oppose; to contradict; to obstruct the operation of; to defeat.

> So plain a proposition . . . was not likely to be contravened.
> Southey.

2. To violate; to nullify; to be inconsistent with; as, to contravene a law.

> Laws that place the subjects in such a state contravene the first principles of the compact of authority.
> Johnson.

Syn. -- To contradict; set aside; nullify; defeat; cross; obstruct; baffle; thwart.

Con`tra*ven"er (?), n. One who contravenes.

Con`tra*ven"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. contravention.] The act of contravening; opposition; obstruction; transgression; violation.

> Warrants in contravention of the acts of Parliament.
> Macaulay.

> In contravention of all his marriage stipulations.
> Motley.

Con`tra*ver"sion (?), n. A turning to the opposite side; antistrophe. Congreve.

Con`tra*yer"va (?), n. [Sp. contrayerba, literally, a counter herb, hence, an antidote for poison, fr. l. contra + herba herb.] (Bot.) A species of Dorstenia (D. Contrayerva), a South American plant, the aromatic root of which is sometimes used in medicine as a gentle stimulant and tonic.

||Con`tre*coup" (?), n. [F., fr. contre (L. contra) + coup a blow.] (med.) A concussion or shock produced by a blow or other injury, in a part or region opposite to that at which the blow is received, often causing rupture or disorganisation of the parts affected.

||Con`tre*temps" (?), n. [F., fr. contre (L. conta) + temps time, fr. L. tempus.] An unexpected and untoward accident; something inopportune or embarrassing; a hitch.

> In this unhappy contretemps.
> De Quincey.

Con*trib"u*ta*ble (?), a. Capable of being contributed.

Con*trib"u*ta*ry (?), a. 1. Contributory. [R.]

2. Tributary; contributing. [R.]

> It was situated on the Ganges, at the place where this river received a contributary stream.
> D'Anville (Trans. ).

Con*trib"ute (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Contributed; p. pr. & vb. n. Contributing.] [L. contributus, p. p. of contribuere to bring together, to add; con- + tribuere to grant, impart. See Tribute.] To give or grant i common with others; to give to a common stock or for a common purpose; to furnish or suply in part; to give (money or other aid) for a specified object; as, to contribute food or fuel for the poor.

> England contributes much more than any other of the allies.
> Addison.

Con*trib"ute, v. i. 1. To give a part to a common stock; to lend assistance or aid, or give something, to a common purpose; to have a share in any act or effect.

> We are engaged in war; the secretary of state calls upon the colonies to contribute.
> Burke.

2. To give or use one's power or influence for any object; to assist.

> These men also contributed to obstruct the progress of wisdom.
> Goldsmith.

Con`tri*bu"tion (?), n. [L. contributio: cf. F. contribution.] 1. The act of contributing.

2. That which is contributed; -- either the portion which an individual furnishes to the common stock, or the whole which is formed by the gifts of individuals.

> A certain contribution for the poor saints which are at jerusalem.
> Rom. xv. 26.

> Aristotle's actual contributions to the physical sciences.
> Whewell.

3. (Mil.) An irregular and arbitrary imposition or tax leved on the people of a town or country.

> These sums, . . . and the forced contributions paid by luckless peasants, enabled him to keep his straggling troops together.
> Motley.

4. (Law) Payment, by each of several jointly liable, of a share in a loss suffered or an amount paid by one of their number for the common benefit.

<! p. 316 !>

Con`tri*bu"tion*al (?), a. Pertaining to, or furnishing, a contribution.

Con*trib"u*tive (?), a. Contributing, or tending to contribute. Fuller.

Con*trib"u*tor (?), n. One who, or that which, contributes; specifically, one who writes articles for a newspaper or magazine.

Con*trib"u*to*ry (?), a. Contributing to the same stock or purpose; promoting the same end; bringing assistance to some joint design, or increase to some common stock; contributive. Milton.

> Bonfires of contributory wood.
> Chapman.

Contributory negligence (Law), negligence by an injured party, which combines with the negligence of the injurer in producing the injury, and which bars recovery when it is the proximate cause of the injury. Wharton.

Con*trib"u*to*ry, n.; pl. Contributories (&?;). One who contributes, or is liable to be called upon to contribute, as toward the discharge of a common indebtedness. Abbott.

Con*trist" (?), v. t. [Cf. F. contrister. See Contristate.] To make sad. [Obs.]

> To deject and contrist myself.
> Sterne.

Con*tris"tate (?), v. t. & i. [L. contristatus, p. p. of contristare to sadden; con- + tristis sad.] To make sorrowful. [Obs.] Bacon.

Con"trite (?; 277), a. [L. contritus bruised, p. p. of contrere to grind, bruise; con- + terere to rub, grind: cf. F. contrit See Trite.] 1. Thoroughly bruised or broken. [Obs.]

2. Broken down with grief and penitence; deeply sorrowful for sin because it is displeasing to God; humbly and thoroughly penitent.

> A contrite heart, O God, thou wilt not despise.
> Ps. li. 17.

> Be penitent, and for thy fault contrite.
> Milton.

Syn. -- Penitent; repentant; humble; sorrowful.

Con"trite, n. A contrite person. Hooker.

Con"trite, v. In a contrite manner.

Con"trite`ness, n. Deep sorrow and penitence for sin; contrition.

Con*tri"tion (?), n. [F. contrition, L. contritio.] 1. The act of grinding or ribbing to powder; attrition; friction; rubbing. [Obs.]

> The breaking of their parts into less parts by contrition.
> Sir I. Newton.

2. The state of being contrite; deep sorrow and repentance for sin, because sin is displeasing to God; humble penitence; through repentance.

> My future days shall be one whole contrition.
> Dryden.

Syn. -- repentance; penitence; humiliation; compunction; self-reproach; remorse. -- Contrition, Attrition, repentance. -- Contrition is deep sorrow and self-condemnation, with through repetance for sin because it is displeasing to God, and implies a feeling of love toward God. Attrition is sorrow for sin, or imperfect repentance produced by fear of punishment or a sense of the baseness of sin. Repentance is a penitent renunciation of, and turning from, sin; thorough repentance produces a new life. Repentance is often used as synonymous with contrition. See Compunction.

Con*trit"u*rate (?; 135), v. t. To triturate; to pulverize. [R.]

Con*triv"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being contrived, planned, invented, or devised.

> A perpetual motion may seem easily contrivable.
> Bp. Wilkins.

Con*triv"ance (?), n. 1. The act or faculty of contriving, inventing, devising, or planning.

> The machine which we are inspecting demonstrates, by its construction, contrivance and design. Contrivance must have had a contriver.
> Paley.

2. The thing contrived, invented, or planned; disposition of parts or causes by design; a scheme; plan; artifice; arrangement.

> Government is a contrivance of human wisdom to provide for human wants.
> Burke.

Syn. -- Device; plan; scheme; invention; machine; project; design; artifice; shift. See Device.

Con*trive" (kn*trv"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Contrived (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Contriving.] [OE. contriven, contreven, controven, to invent, OF. controver, contruver; con- + trouver to find. See Troubadour, trover.] To form by an exercise of ingenuity; to devise; to invent; to design; to plan.

> What more likely to contrive this admirable frame of the universe than infinite wisdom.
> Tillotson.

> neither do thou imagine that I shall contrive aught against his life.
> Hawthorne.

Syn. -- To invent; discover; plan; design; project; plot; concert; hatch.

Con*trive", v. i. To make devices; to form designs; to plan; to scheme; to plot.

> The Fates with traitors do contrive.
> Shak.

> Thou hast contrived against th very life
> Of the defendant.
> Shak.

Con*trive"ment (?), n. Contrivance; invention; arrangement; design; plan. [Obs.]

> Consider the admirable contrivement and artifice of this great fabric.
> Glanvill.

> Active to meet their contrivements.
> Sir G. Buck.

Con*triv"er (?), n. One who contrives, devises, plans, or schemas. Swift.

Con*trol" (?), n. [F. contrôle a counter register, contr. fr. contr- rôle; contre (L. contra) + rôle roll, catalogue. See Counter and Roll, and cf. Counterroll.] 1. A duplicate book, register, or account, kept to correct or check another account or register; a counter register. [Obs.] Johnson.

2. That which serves to check, restrain, or hinder; restraint. "Speak without control." Dryden.

3. Power or authority to check or restrain; restraining or regulating influence; superintendence; government; as, children should be under parental control.

> The House of Commons should exercise a control over all the departments of the executive administration.
> Macaulay.

Board of control. See under Board.

Con*trol", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Controlled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Controlling.] [F. contrôler, fr. contrôle.] [Formerly written comptrol and controul.] 1. To check by a counter register or duplicate account; to prove by counter statements; to confute. [Obs.]

> This report was controlled to be false.
> Fuller.

2. To exercise restraining or governing influence over; to check; to counteract; to restrain; to regulate; to govern; to overpower.

> Give me a staff of honor for mine age,
> But not a scepter to control the world.
> Shak.

> I feel my virtue struggling in my soul:
> But stronger passion does its power control.
> Dryden.

Syn. -- To restrain; rule; govern; manage; guide; regulate; hinder; direct; check; curb; counteract; subdue.

Con*trol`la*bil"i*ty (?), n. Capability of being controlled; controllableness.

Con*trol"la*ble (?), a. Capable of being controlled, checked, or restrained; amenable to command.

> Passion is the drunkeness of the mind, and, therefore, . . . not always controllable by reason.
> South.

Con*trol"la*ble*ness, n. Capability of being controlled.

Con*trol"ler (?), n. [From control, v. t.: cf. F. contrôleur.] 1. One who, or that which, controls or restraines; one who has power or authority to regulate or control; one who governs.

> The great controller of our fate
> Deigned to be man, and lived in low estate.
> Dryden.

2. An officer appointed to keep a counter register of accounts, or to examine, rectify, or verify accounts. [More commonly written controller.]

3. (Naut.) An iron block, usually bolted to a ship's deck, for controlling the running out of a chain cable. The links of the cable tend to drop into hollows in the block, and thus hold fast until disengaged.

Con*trol"ler*ship, n. The office of a controller.

Con*trol"ment (?), n. 1. The power or act of controlling; the state of being restrained; control; restraint; regulation; superintendence.

> You may do it without controlment.
> Shak.

2. Opposition; resistance; hostility. [Obs.]

> Here have we war for war, and blood for blood,
> Controlment for controlment.
> Shak.

Con`tro*ver"sal (?), a. 1. Turning or looking opposite ways. [Obs.]

> The temple of Janus, with his two controversal faces.
> Milton.

2. Controversial. [Obs.] Boyle.

Con`tro*ver"sa*ry (?), a. Controversial. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Con"tro*verse (?), n. [Cf. F. controverse.] Controversy. [Obs.] Spenser.

Con"tro*verse, v. t. [L. controversari, fr. controversus turned against, disputed.] To dispute; to controvert. [Obs.] "Controversed causes." Hooker.

Con"tro*ver`ser (?), n. A disputant. [Obs.]

Con`tro*ver"sial (?), a. [Cf. LL. controversialis.] Relating to, or consisting of, controversy; disputatious; polemical; as, controversial divinity.

> Whole libraries of controversial books.
> Macaulay.

Con`tro*ver"sial*ist, n. One who carries on a controversy; a disputant.

> He [Johnson] was both intellectually and morally of the stuff of which controversialists are made.
> Macaulay.

Con`tro*ver"sial*ly, adv. In a controversial manner.

Con`tro*ver"sion (?), n. Act of controverting; controversy. [Obs.] Hooker.

Con"tro*ver`sor (?), n. A controverser. [Obs.]

Con"tro*ver`sy (?), n.; pl. Controversies (#). [L. controversia, fr. controversus turned against, disputed; contro- = contra + versus, p. p. of vertere to turn. See Verse.] 1. Contention; dispute; debate; discussion; agitation of contrary opinions.

> This left no room for controversy about the title.
> Locke.

> A dispute is commonly oral, and a controversy in writing.
> Johnson.

2. Quarrel; strife; cause of variance; difference.

> The Lord hath a controversy with the nations.
> Jer. xxv. 31.

3. A suit in law or equity; a question of right. [Obs.]

> When any man that had a controversy came to the king for judgment.
> 2 Sam. xv. 2.

Syn. -- Dispute; debate; disputation; disagreement; altercation; contention; wrangle; strife; quarrel.

Con"tro*vert (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Controverted; p. pr. & vb. n. Controverting.] [See Controversy.] To make matter of controversy; to dispute or oppose by reasoning; to contend against in words or writings; to contest; to debate.

> Some controverted points had decided according to the sense of the best jurists.
> Macaulay.

Con"tro*ver`ter (?), n. One who controverts; a controversial writer; a controversialist.

> Some controverters in divinity are like swaggerers in a tavern.
> B. Jonson.

Con`tro*ver"ti*ble (?), a. Capable of being controverted; disputable; admitting of question. -- Con`tro*ver"ti*bly, adv.

Con"tro*ver`tist (?), n. One skilled in or given to controversy; a controversialist.

> How unfriendly is the controvertist to the discernment of the critic!
> Campbell.

{ Con*tu"ber*nal (?), Con`tu*ber"ni*al (?) }, a. [L. contubernalis a tent companion, fr. contubernium tent companionship.] Living or messing together; familiar; in companionship.

> Humble folk ben Christes friends: they ben contubernial with the Lord, thy King.
> Chaucer.

Con`tu*ma"cious (?), a. [L. contumax, -acis. See Contumacy.] 1. Exhibiting contumacy; contemning authority; obstinate; perverse; stubborn; disobedient.

> There is another very, efficacious method for subding the most obstinate, contumacious sinner.
> Hammond.

2. (Law) Willfully disobedient to the summous or prders of a court. Blackstone.

Syn. -- Stubborn; obstinate; obdurate; disobedient; perverse; unyielding; headstrong.

-- Con`tu*ma"cious*ly, adv. -- Con`tu*ma"cious*ness, n.

Con"tu*ma*cy (?), n.; pl. Contumacies (#). [L. contumacia, fr. contumax, -acis, insolent; prob. akin to contemnere to despise: cf. F. contumace. Cf. Contemn.] 1. Stubborn perverseness; pertinacious resistance to authority.

> The bishop commanded him . . . to be thrust into the stocks for his manifest and manifold contumacy.
> Strype.

2. (Law) A willful contempt of, and disobedience to, any lawful summons, or to the rules and orders of court, as a refusal to appear in court when legally summoned.

Syn. -- Stubbornness; perverseness; obstinacy.

Con`tu*me"li*ous (?or ?; 106), a. [L. contumeliosus.] 1. Exhibiting contumely; rudely contemptuous; insolent; disdainful.

> Scoffs, and scorns, and contumelious taunts.
> Shak.

> Curving a contumelious lip.
> Tennyson.

2. Shameful; disgraceful. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

-- Con`tu*me"li*ous*ly, adv. -- Con`tu*me"li*ous*ness, n.

Con"tu*me*ly (?), n. [L. contumelia, prob. akin to contemnere to despise: cf. OF. contumelie. Cf. Contumacy.] Rudeness compounded of haughtiness and contempt; scornful insolence; despiteful treatment; disdain; contemptuousness in act or speech; disgrace.

> The oppressor's wrong, the proud man's contumely.
> Shak.

> Nothing aggravates tyranny so much as contumely.
> Burke.

Con*tuse" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Contused (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Contusing.] [L. contusus, p. p. of contundere to beat, crush; con- + tundere to beat, akin to Skr. tud (for stud) to strike, Goth. stautan. See Stutter.] 1. To beat, pound, or bray together.

> Roots, barks, and seeds contused together.
> Bacon.

2. To bruise; to injure or disorganize a part without breaking the skin.

Contused wound, a wound attended with bruising.

Con*tu"sion (?), n. [L. contusio: cf. F. contusion.] 1. The act or process of beating, bruising, or pounding; the state of being beaten or bruised.

2. (Med.) A bruise; an injury attended with more or less disorganization of the subcutaneous tissue and effusion of blood beneath the skin, but without apparent wound.

Co*nun"drum (?), n. [Origin unknown.] 1. A kind of riddle based upon some fanciful or fantastic resemblance between things quite unlike; a puzzling question, of which the answer is or involves a pun.

> Or pun ambiguous, or conundrum quaint.
> J. Philips.

2. A question to which only a conjectural answer can be made.

> Do you think life is long enough to let me speculate on conundrums like that?
> W. Black.

Co*nure" (?), n. [NL. conurus, fr. Gr. &?; a cone + &?; tail. The name alludes to the tapering tail.] (Zoöl.) An American parrakeet of the genus Conurus. Many species are known. See Parrakeet.

||Co"nus (?), n. [L., a cone.] 1. A cone.

2. (Zoöl.) A Linnean genus of mollusks having a conical shell. See Cone, n., 4.

Con"u*sa*ble (?), a. Cognizable; liable to be tried or judged. [Obs.] Bp. Barlow.

Con"u*sant (?), a. (Law) See Cognizant.

Con`u*sor" (?), n. (Law) See Cognizor.

Con`va*lesce" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Convalesced (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Convalescing.] [L. convalscere; con- + valescere to grow strong, v. incho. of valere to be strong. See Vallant.] To recover health and strength gradually, after sickness or weakness; as, a patient begins to convalesce.

Con`va*lesced" (?), a. Convalescent. [R.]

> He found the queen somewhat convalesced.
> J. Knox.

{ Con`va*les"cence (?), Con`va*les"cen*cy (?) }, n. [L. convalescentia: cf. F. convalescence.] The recovery of heath and strength after disease; the state of a body renewing its vigor after sickness or weakness; the time between the subsidence of a disease and complete restoration to health.

Con`va*les"cent (?), a. [L. convalescens, -entis, p. pr.: cf. F. convalescent.] 1. Recovering from sickness or debility; partially restored to health or strength.

2. Of or pertaining to convalescence.

Con`va*les"cent, n. One recovering from sickness.

Con`va*les"cent*ly, adv. In the manner of a convalescent; with increasing strength or vigor.

<! p. 317 !>

Con*val"la*ma`rin (?), n. [Convallaria + L. amarus bitter.] (Chem.) A white, crystalline, poisonous substance, regarded as a glucoside, extracted from the lily of the valley (Convallaria Majalis). Its taste is first bitter, then sweet.

||Con`val*la"ri*a (?), n. [NL., from L. convallis a valley; con- + vallis valley.] (Bot. & Med.) The lily of the valley.

Con`val*la"rin (?), n. (Chem.) A white, crystalline glucoside, of an irritating taste, extracted from the convallaria or lily of the valley.

Con*vec"tion (?), n. [L. convectio, fr. convehere to bring together; con- + vehere to carry.] 1. The act or process of conveying or transmitting.

2. (Physics) A process of transfer or transmission, as of heat or electricity, by means of currents in liquids or gases, resulting from changes of temperature and other causes.

> Liquids are generally heated by convection -- when heat is applied from bellow.
> Nichol.

Con*vec"tive (?), a. Caused or accomplished by convection; as, a convective discharge of electricity. Faraday.

Con*vec"tive*ly, adv. In a convective manner. Hare.

Con*vel"lent (?), a. [L. convellens, p. pr. of convellere. See Convulse.] Tending to tear or pull up. [Obs.]

> The ends of the fragment . . . will not yield to the convellent force.
> Todd & Bowman.

Con*ven"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being convened or assembled.

Con"ve*na*ble (?), a. [F. convenable, fr. convenir. See Convene.] Consistent; accordant; suitable; proper; as, convenable remedies. [Obs.]

> With his wod his work is convenable.
> Spenser.

Con"ve*nance (?), n. [F., fitness, suitableness.] That which is suitable, agreeable, or convenient.

> And they missed
> Their wonted convenance, cheerly hid the loss.
> Emerson.

Con*vene" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Convened (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Convenong.] [L. convenire; con- + venire to come: cf. F. convenir to agree, to be fitting, OF. also, to assemble. See Come, and cf. Covenant.] 1. To come together; to meet; to unite. [R.]

> In shortsighted men . . . the rays converge and convene in the eyes before they come at the bottom.
> Sir I. Newton.

2. To come together, as in one body or for a public purpose; to meet; to assemble. Locke.

> The Parliament of Scotland now convened.
> Sir R. Baker.

> Faint, underneath, the household fowls convene.
> Thomson.

Syn. -- To meet; to assemble; to congregate; to collect; to unite.

Con*vene", v. t. 1. To cause to assemble; to call together; to convoke.

> And now the almighty father of the gods
> Convenes a council in the blest abodes.
> Pope.

2. To summon judicially to meet or appear.

> By the papal canon law, clerks . . . can not be convened before any but an ecclesiastical judge.
> Ayliffe.

Con*ven"er (?), n. 1. One who convenes or meets with others. [Obs.]

2. One who calls an assembly together or convenes a meeting; hence, the chairman of a committee or other organized body. [Scot.]

{ Con*ven"ience (?; 106), Con*ven"ien*cy (?) }, n. [L. convenientia agreement, fitness. See Convenient.] 1. The state or quality of being convenient; fitness or suitableness, as of place, time, etc.; propriety.

> Let's further think of this;
> Weigh what convenience both of time and means
> May fit us to our shape.
> Shak.

> With all brief and plain conveniency,
> Let me have judgment.
> Shak.

2. Freedom from discomfort, difficulty, or trouble; commodiousness; ease; accommodation.

> Thus necessity invented stools,
> Convenience next suggested elbow chairs.
> Cowper.

> We are rather intent upon the end of God's glory than our own conveniency.
> Jer. Taylor.

3. That which is convenient; that which promotes comfort or advantage; that which is suited to one's wants; an accommodation.

> A pair of spectacles and several other little conveniences.
> Swift.

4. A convenient or fit time; opportunity; as, to do something at one's convenience.

Con*ven"ient (?; 277), a. [L. conveniens, -entis, suitable, p. pr. of convenire to be suitable, to come. See Convene, v. i.] 1. Fit or adapted; suitable; proper; becoming; appropriate. [Archaic]

> Feed me with food convenient for me.
> Prov. xxx. 8.

> Neither filthiness, nor foolish talking, nor jesting, which are not convenient.
> Eph. v. 4.

2. Affording accommodation or advantage; well adapted to use; handly; as, a convenient house; convenient implements or tools.

3. Seasonable; timely; opportune; as, a convenient occasion; a convenient season. Acts xxiv. 25.

4. Near at hand; easy of access. [Colloq.]

> Hereties used to be brought thither, convenient for burning.
> Thackeray.

Syn. -- Fit; suitable; proper; adapted; fitted; suited; handly; commodious.

Con*ven"ient*ly, adv. In a convenient manner, form, or situation; without difficulty.

Con"vent (?), n. [L. conventus a meeting, LL. also, a convent. See Convene, v. i.] 1. A coming together; a meeting. [Obs.]

> A usual ceremony at their [the witches] convents or meetings.
> B. Jonson.

2. An association or community of recluses devoted to a religious life; a body of monks or nuns.

> One of our convent, and his [the duke's] confessor.
> Shak.

3. A house occupied by a community of religious recluses; a monastery or nunnery.

> One seldom finds in Italy a spot of ground more agreeable than ordinary that is not covered with a convent.
> Addison.

Syn. -- Nunnery; monastery; abbey. See Cloister.

Con*vent" (?), v. i. [L. conventus, p. p. of convenire. See Convene, v. i.] 1. To meet together; to concur. [obs.] Beau. & Fl.

2. To be convenient; to serve. [Obs.]

> When that is known and golden time convents.
> Shak.

Con*vent" (?), v. t. To call before a judge or judicature; to summon; to convene. [Obs.] Shak.

Con*vent"ic*al (?), a. Of or from, or pertaining to, a convent. "Conventical wages." Sterne.

Conventical prior. See Prior.

Con*ven"ti*cle (?), n. [L. conventiculum, dim. of conventus: cf. F. conventicule. See Convent, n.] 1. A small assembly or gathering; esp., a secret assembly.

> They are commanded to abstain from all conventicles of men whatsoever.
> Ayliffe.

2. An assembly for religious worship; esp., such an assembly held privately, as in times of persecution, by Nonconformists or Dissenters in England, or by Covenanters in Scotland; -- often used opprobriously, as if those assembled were heretics or schismatics.

> The first Christians could never have had recourse to nocturnal or clandestine conventicles till driven to them by the violence of persecution.
> Hammond.

> A sort of men who . . . attend its [the curch of England's] service in the morning, and go with their wives to a conventicle in the afternoon.
> Swift.

Con*ven"ti*cler (?), n. One who supports or frequents conventicles. Dryden.

Con*ven"ti*cling (?), a. Belonging or going to, or resembling, a conventicle. [Obs.]

> Conventicling schools . . . set up and taught secretly by fanatics.
> South.

Con*ven"tion (?), n. [L. conventio: cf. F. convention. See Convene, v. i.] 1. The act of coming together; the state of being together; union; coalition.

> The conventions or associations of several particles of matter into bodies of any certain denomination.
> Boyle.

2. General agreement or concurrence; arbitrary custom; usage; conventionality.

> There are thousands now
> Such women, but convention beats them down.
> Tennyson.

3. A meeting or an assembly of persons, esp. of delegates or representatives, to accomplish some specific object, -- civil, social, political, or ecclesiastical.

> He set himself to the making of good laws in a grand convention of his nobles.
> Sir R. Baker.

> A convention of delegates from all the States, to meet in Philadelphia, for the sole and express purpose of reserving the federal system, and correcting its defects.
> W. Irving.

4. (Eng. Hist) An extraordinary assembly of the parkiament or estates of the realm, held without the king's writ, -- as the assembly which restored Charles II. to the throne, and that which declared the throne to be abdicated by James II.

> Our gratitude is due . . . to the Long Parliament, to the Convention, and to William of Orange.
> Macaulay.

5. An agreement or contract less formal than, or preliminary to, a treaty; an informal compact, as between commanders of armies in respect to suspension of hostilities, or between states; also, a formal agreement between governments or sovereign powers; as, a postal convention between two governments.

> This convention, I think from my soul, is nothing but a stipulation for national ignominy; a truce without a suspension of hostilities.
> Ld. Chatham.

> The convention with the State of Georgia has been ratified by their Legislature.
> T. Jefferson.

Con*ven"tion*al (?), a. [L. conventionalis: cf. F. conventionnel.] 1. Formed by agreement or compact; stipulated.

> Conventional services reserved by tenures upon grants, made out of the crown or knights' service.
> Sir M. Hale.

2. Growing out of, or depending on, custom or tacit agreement; sanctioned by general concurrence or usage; formal. "Conventional decorum." Whewell.

> The conventional language appropriated to monarchs.
> Motley.

> The ordinary salutations, and other points of social behavior, are conventional.
> Latham.

3. (Fine Arts) (a) Based upon tradition, whether religious and historical or of artistic rules. (b) Abstracted; removed from close representation of nature by the deliberate selection of what is to be represented and what is to be rejected; as, a conventional flower; a conventional shell. Cf. Conventionalize, v. t.

Con*ven"tion*al*ism (?), n. 1. That which is received or established by convention or arbitrary agreement; that which is in accordance with the fashion, tradition, or usage.

> All the artifice and conventionalism of life.
> Hawthorne.

> They gaze on all with dead, dim eyes, -- wrapped in conventionalisms, . . . simulating feelings according to a received standard.
> F. W. Robertson.

2. (Fine Arts) The principles or practice of conventionalizing. See Conventionalize, v. t.

Con*ven"tion*al*ist, n. 1. One who adheres to a convention or treaty.

2. One who is governed by conventionalism.

Con*ven`tion*al"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Conventionalities (&?;). The state of being conventional; adherence to social formalities or usages; that which is established by conventional use; one of the customary usages of social life.

Con*ven`tion*al*i*za"tion (?), n. (Fine Arts) (a) The act of making conventional. (b) The state of being conventional.

Con*ven"tion*al*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Conventionalized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Conventionalizing.] 1. To make conventional; to bring under the influence of, or cause to conform to, conventional rules; to establish by usage.

2. (Fine Arts) (a) To represent by selecting the important features and those which are expressible in the medium employed, and omitting the others. (b) To represent according to an established principle, whether religious or traditional, or based upon certain artistic rules of supposed importance.

Con*ven"tion*al*ize (?), v. i. (Fine Arts) To make designs in art, according to conventional principles. Cf. Conventionalize, v. t., 2.

Con*ven"tion*al*ly, adv. In a conventional manner.

Con*ven"tion*a*ry (?), a. Acting under contract; settled by express agreement; as, conventionary tenants. [Obs.] R. Carew.

Con*ven"tion*er (?), n. One who belongs to a convention or assembly.

Con*ven"tion*ist (?), n. One who enters into a convention, covenant, or contract.

Con*ven"tu*al (?; 135), a. [LL. conventualis: cf. F. conventuel.] Of or pertaining to a convent; monastic. "A conventual garb." Macaulay.

Conventual church, a church attached or belonging to a convent or monastery. Wordsworth.

Con*ven"tu*al, n. One who lives in a convent; a monk or nun; a recluse. Addison.

Con*verge" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Converged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Converging (?).] [Pref. con- + L. vergere to turn, incline; cf. F. converger. See Verge, v. i.] To tend to one point; to incline and approach nearer together; as, lines converge.

> The mountains converge into a single ridge.
> Jefferson.

Con*verge", v. t. To cause to tend to one point; to cause to incline and approach nearer together.

> I converge its rays to a focus of dazzling brilliancy.
> Tyndall.

{ Con*ver"gence (?), Con*ver"gen*cy (?) }, n. [Cf. F. convergence.] The condition or quality of converging; tendency to one point.

> The convergence or divergence of the rays falling on the pupil.
> Berkeley.

Con*ver"gent (?), a. [Cf. F. convergent.] tending to one point of focus; tending to approach each other; converging.

> As many rays of light, as conveniently can be let in, and made convergent.
> Boyle.

> The vast dome of its cathedral . . . directing its convergent curves to heaven.
> Hallam.

Con*ver"ging (?), a. Tending to one point; approaching each other; convergent; as, converging lines. Whewell.

Converging rays(Opt.), rays of light, which, proceeding from different points of an object, tend toward a single point. -- Converging series (Math.), a series in which if an indefinitely great number of terms be taken, their sum will become indefinitely near in value to a fixed quantity, which is called the sum of the series; -- opposed to a diverging series.

Con*vers"a*ble (?), a. [Cf. F. conversable.] Qualified for conversation; disposed to converse; sociable; free in discourse.

> While young, humane, conversable, and kind.
> Cowper.

Con*vers"a*ble*ness, n. The quality of being conversable; disposition to converse; sociability.

Con*vers"a*bly, adv. In a conversable manner.

Con"ver*sance (?), n. The state or quality of being conversant; habit of familiarity; familiar acquaintance; intimacy. [R.]

Con"ver*san*cy (?), n. Conversance [R.]

Con"ver*sant (?), a. [L. conversans, p. pr. of conversari: cf. F. conversant.] 1. Having frequent or customary intercourse; familiary associated; intimately acquainted.

> I have been conversant with the first persons of the age.
> Dryden.

2. Familiar or acquainted by use or study; well-informed; versed; -- generally used with with, sometimes with in.

> Deeply conversant in the Platonic philosophy.
> Dryden.

> he uses the different dialects as one who had been conversant with them all.
> Pope.

> Conversant only with the ways of men.
> Cowper.

3. Concerned; occupied.

> Education . . . is conversant about children.
> W. Wotton.

Con*vers"ant (?), n. One who converses with another; a convenser. [R.]

Con"ver*sant*ly (?), adv. In a familiar manner.

Con`ver*sa"tion (?), n. [OE. conversacio (in senses 1 & 2), OF. conversacion, F. conversation, fr. L. conversatio frequent abode in a place, intercourse, LL. also, manner of life.] 1. General course of conduct; behavior. [Archaic]

> Let your conversation be as it becometh the gospel.
> Philip. i. 27.

2. Familiar intercourse; intimate fellowship or association; close acquaintance. "Conversation with the best company." Dryden.

> I set down, out of long experience in business and much conversation in books, what I thought pertinent to this business.
> Bacon.

3. Commerce; intercourse; traffic. [Obs.]

> All traffic and mutual conversation.
> Hakluyt.

4. Colloquial discourse; oral interchange of sentiments and observations; informal dialogue.

> The influence exercised by his [Johnson's] conversation was altogether without a parallel.
> Macaulay.

5. Sexual intercourse; as, criminal conversation.

Syn. -- Intercourse; communion; commerce; familiarity; discourse; dialogue; colloquy; talk; chat. -- Conversation, Talk. There is a looser sense of these words, in which they are synonymous; there is a stricter sense, in which they differ. Talk is usually broken, familiar, and versatile. Conversation is more continuous and sustained, and turns ordinarily upon topics or higher interest. Children talk to their parents or to their companions; men converse together in mixed assemblies. Dr. Johnson once remarked, of an evening spent in society, that there had been a great deal of talk, but no conversation.

<! p. 318 !>

Con`ver*sa"tion*al (kn`vr*s"shn*al), a. Pertaining to conversation; in the manner of one conversing; as, a conversational style. Thackeray.

Con`ver*sa"tion*al*ist, n. A conversationist.

Conver*sa"tioned (-shnd), a. Acquainted with manners and deportment; behaved. [Obs.]

> Till she be better conversationed, . . . I'll keep
> As far from her as the gallows.
> Beau. & Fl.

Con`ver*sa"tion*ism (-z'm), n. A word or phrase used in conversation; a colloquialism.

Con`ver*sa"tion*ist, n. One who converses much, or who excels in conversation. Byron.

Con*ver"sa*tive (kn*vr"s*tv), a. Relating to intercourse with men; social; -- opposed to contemplative.

> She chose . . . to endue him with the conversative qualities of youth.
> Sir H. Wotton.

||Con`ver*sa`zi*o"ne (? or ?), n.; pl. Conversazioni (#). [It. See Conversation.] A meeting or assembly for conversation, particularly on literary or scientific subjects. Gray.

> These conversazioni [at Florence] resemble our card assemblies.
> A. Drummond.

Con*verse" (kn*vrs"), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Conversed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Conversing.] [F. converser, L. conversari to associate with; con- + versari to be turned, to live, remain, fr. versare to turn often, v. intens. of vertere to turn See Convert.] 1. To keep company; to hold intimate intercourse; to commune; -- followed by with.

> To seek the distant hills, and there converse
> With nature.
> Thomson.

> Conversing with the world, we use the world's fashions.
> Sir W. Scott.

> But to converse with heaven -
> This is not easy.
> Wordsworth.

2. To engage in familiar colloquy; to interchange thoughts and opinions in a free, informal manner; to chat; -- followed by with before a person; by on, about, concerning, etc., before a thing.

> Companions
> That do converse and waste the time together.
> Shak.

> We had conversed so often on that subject.
> Dryden.

3. To have knowledge of, from long intercourse or study; -- said of things.

> According as the objects they converse with afford greater or less variety.
> Locke.

Syn. -- To associate; commune; discourse; talk; chat.

Con"verse (?), n. 1. Frequent intercourse; familiar communion; intimate association. Glanvill.

> "T is but to hold
> Converse with Nature's charms, and view her stores unrolled.
> Byron.

2. Familiar discourse; free interchange of thoughts or views; conversation; chat.

> Formed by thy converse happily to steer
> From grave to gay, from lively to severe.
> Pope.

Con"verse, a. [L. conversus, p. p. of convertere. See Convert.] Turned about; reversed in order or relation; reciprocal; as, a converse proposition.

Con"verse, n. 1. (Logic) A proposition which arises from interchanging the terms of another, as by putting the predicate for the subject, and the subject for the predicate; as, no virtue is vice, no vice is virtue.

It should not (as is often done) be confounded with the contrary or opposite of a proposition, which is formed by introducing the negative not or no.

2. (Math.) A proposition in which, after a conclusion from something supposed has been drawn, the order is inverted, making the conclusion the supposition or premises, what was first supposed becoming now the conclusion or inference. Thus, if two sides of a sides of a triangle are equal, the angles opposite the sides are equal; and the converse is true, i.e., if these angles are equal, the two sides are equal.

Con"verse*ly (? or &?;; 277), adv. In a converse manner; with change of order or relation; reciprocally. J. S. Mill.

Con*vers"er (?), n. One who engages in conversation.

Con*ver"si*ble (?), a. Capable of being converted or reversed. Hammond.

Con*ver"sion (?), n. [L. conversio: cf. F. conversion. See Convert.] 1. The act of turning or changing from one state or condition to another, or the state of being changed; transmutation; change.

> Artificial conversion of water into ice.
> Bacon.

> The conversion of the aliment into fat.
> Arbuthnot.

2. The act of changing one's views or course, as in passing from one side, party, or from of religion to another; also, the state of being so changed. "Conversion to Christianity." Prescott.

3. (Law) An appropriation of, and dealing with the property of another as if it were one's own, without right; as, the conversion of a horse.

> Or bring my action of conversion
> And trover for my goods.
> Hudibras.

4. (Logic) The act of interchanging the terms of a proposition, as by putting the subject in the place of the predicate, or the contrary.

5. (Math.) A change or reduction of the form or value of a proposition; as, the conversion of equations; the conversion of proportions.

6. (Mil.) (a) A change of front, as a body of troops attacked in the flank. (b) A change of character or use, as of smoothbore guns into rifles.

7. (Theol.) A spiritual and moral change attending a change of belief with conviction; a change of heart; a change from the service of the world to the service of God; a change of the ruling disposition of the soul, involving a transformation of the outward life.

> He oft
> Frequented their assemblies, . . . and to them preached
> Conversion and repentance, as to souls
> In prison under judgments imminent.
> Milton.

Con*ver"sive (?), a. 1. Capable of being converted or changed.

2. Ready to converse; social. [Archaic] Feltham.

Con*vert" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Converted; p. pr. & vb. n. Converting.] [L. convertere, - versum; con- + vertere to turn: cf. F. convertir. See Verse.] 1. To cause to turn; to turn. [Obs.]

> O, which way shall I first convert myself?
> B. Jonson.

2. To change or turn from one state or condition to another; to alter in form, substance, or quality; to transform; to transmute; as, to convert water into ice.

> If the whole atmosphere were converted into water.
> T. Burnet.

> That still lessens
> The sorrow, and converts it nigh to joy.
> Milton.

3. To change or turn from one belief or course to another, as from one religion to another or from one party or sect to another.

> No attempt was made to convert the Moslems.
> Prescott.

4. To produce the spiritual change called conversion in (any one); to turn from a bad life to a good one; to change the heart and moral character of (any one) from the controlling power of sin to that of holiness.

> He which converteth the sinner from the error of his way shall save a soul from death.
> Lames v. 20.

5. To apply to any use by a diversion from the proper or intended use; to appropriate dishonestly or illegally.

> When a bystander took a coin to get it changed, and converted it, [it was] held no larceny.
> Cooley.

6. To exchange for some specified equivalent; as, to convert goods into money.

7. (Logic) To change (one proposition) into another, so that what was the subject of the first becomes the predicate of the second.

8. To turn into another language; to translate. [Obs.]

> Which story . . . Catullus more elegantly converted.
> B. Jonson.

Converted guns, cast-iron guns lined with wrought-iron or steel tubes. Farrow. -- Converting furnace (Steel Manuf.), a furnace in which wrought iron is converted into steel by cementation.

Syn. -- To change; turn; transmute; appropriate.

Con*vert", v. i. To be turned or changed in character or direction; to undergo a change, physically or morally.

> If Nebo had had the preaching that thou hast, they [the Neboites] would have converted.
> Latimer.

> A red dust which converth into worms.
> Sandys.

> The public hope
> And eye to thee converting.
> Thomson.

Con"vert (?), n. 1. A person who is converted from one opinion or practice to another; a person who is won over to, or heartily embraces, a creed, religious system, or party, in which he has not previously believed; especially, one who turns from the controlling power of sin to that of holiness, or from unbelief to Christianity.

> The Jesuits did not persuade the converts to lay aside the use of images.
> Bp. Stillingfleet.

2. A lay friar or brother, permitted to enter a monastery for the service of the house, but without orders, and not allowed to sing in the choir.

Syn. -- Proselyte; neophyte. -- Convert, Proselyte, Pervert. A convert is one who turns from what he believes to have been a decided error of faith or practice. Such a change may relate to religion, politics, or other subjects. properly considered, it is not confined to speculation alone, but affects the whole current of one's feelings and the tenor of his actions. As such a change carries with it the appearance of sincerity, the term convert is usually taken in a good sense. Proselyte is a term of more ambiguous use and application. It was first applied to an adherent of one religious system who had transferred himself externally to some other religious system; and is also applied to one who makes a similar transfer in respect to systems of philosophy or speculation. The term has little or no reference to the state of the heart. Pervert is a term of recent origin, designed to express the contrary of convert, and to stigmatize a person as drawn off perverted from the true faith. It has been more particulary applied by members of the Church of England to those who have joined the Roman Catholic Church.

Con`ver*tend" (?), n. [L. convertenus to be converted.] (Logic) Any proposition which is subject to the process of conversion; -- so called in its relation to itself as converted, after which process it is termed the converse. See Converse, n. (Logic).

Con*vert"er (?), n. 1. One who converts; one who makes converts.

2. (Steel Manuf.) A retort, used in the Bessemer process, in which molten cast iron is decarburized and converted into steel by a blast of air forced through the liquid metal.

Con*vert`i*bil"i*ty (?), n. The condition or quality of being convertible; capability of being exchanged; convertibleness.

> The mutual convertibility of land into money, and of money into land.
> Burke.

Con*vert"i*ble (?), a. [L. convertibilis: cf. F. convertible.] 1. Capable of being converted; susceptible of change; transmutable; transformable.

> Minerals are not convertible into another species, though of the same genus.
> Harvey.

2. Capable of being exchanged or interchanged; reciprocal; interchangeable.

> So long as we are in the regions of nature, miraculous and improbable, miraculous and incredible, may be allowed to remain convertible terms.
> Trench.

Con*vert"i*ble*ness (?), n. The state of being convertible; convertibility.

Con*vert"i*bly, adv. In a convertible manner.

Con"vert*ite (?), n. [Cf. It. convertito, p. p. of convertire to convert.] A convert. [Obs.] Shak.

Con"vex (?), a. [L. convexus vaulted, arched, convex, concave, fr. convehere to bring together: cf. F. convexe. See Vehicle.] Rising or swelling into a spherical or rounded form; regularly protuberant or bulging; -- said of a spherical surface or curved line when viewed from without, in opposition to concave.

> Drops of water naturally form themselves into figures with a convex surface.
> Whewell.

Double convex, convex on both sides; convexo-convex.

Con"vex, n. A convex body or surface.

> Half heaven's convex glitters with the flame.
> Tickell.

This word was often pronounced con-vex' by early writers, as by Milton, and occasionally by later poets.

Con"vexed (? or ?), a. Made convex; protuberant in a spherical form. Sir T. Browne.

Con*vex"ed*ly (?), adv. In a convex form; convexly. Sir T. Browne.

Con*vex"ed*ness, n. Convexity.

Con*vex"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Convexities (#). [L. convexitas: cf. F. convexité.] The state of being convex; the exterior surface of a convex body; roundness.

> A smooth, uniform convexity and rotundity of a globe.
> Bentley.

Con"vex*ly (?), adv. In a convex form; as, a body convexly shaped.

Con"vex*ness, n. The state of being convex; convexity.

Con*vex"o-con"cave (?or ?), a. Convex on one side, and concave on the other. The curves of the convex and concave sides may be alike or may be different. See Meniscus.

Con*vex"o-con"vex (?), a. Convex on both sides; double convex. See under Convex, a.

Con*vex"o-plane` (?), a. Convex on one side, and flat on the other; plano- convex.

Con*vey" (kn*v&/amacr;"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Conveyed (- vd"); p. pr. & vb. n. Conveying.] [OF. conveir, convoier, to escort, convoy, F. convoyer, LL. conviare, fr. L. con- + via way. See Viaduct, Voyage, and cf. Convoy.] 1. To carry from one place to another; to bear or transport.

> I will convey them by sea in floats.
> 1 Kings v. 9.

> Convey me to my bed, then to my grave.
> Shak.

2. To cause to pass from one place or person to another; to serve as a medium in carrying (anything) from one place or person to another; to transmit; as, air conveys sound; words convey ideas.

3. To transfer or deliver to another; to make over, as property; more strictly (Law), to transfer (real estate) or pass (a title to real estate) by a sealed writing.

> The Earl of Desmond . . . secretly conveyed all his lands to feoffees in trust.
> Spenser.

4. To impart or communicate; as, to convey an impression; to convey information.

> Men fill one another's heads with noise and sound, but convey not thereby their thoughts.
> Locke.

5. To manage with privacy; to carry out. [Obs.]

> I . . . will convey the business as I shall find means.
> Shak.

6. To carry or take away secretly; to steal; to thieve. [Obs.]

7. To accompany; to convoy. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Syn. -- To carry; transport; bear; transmit; transfer.

Con*vey", v. i. To play the thief; to steal. [Cant]

> But as I am Crack, I will convey, crossbite, and cheat upon Simplicius.
> Marston.

Con*vey"a*ble (kn*v&/amacr;"*b'l), a. Capable of being conveyed or transferred. Burke.

Con*vey"ance (kn*v&/amacr;"ans), n. 1. The act of conveying, carrying, or transporting; carriage.

> The long journey was to be performed on horseback, -- the only sure mode of conveyance.
> Prescott.

> Following the river downward, there is conveyance into the countries named in the text.
> Sir W. Raleigh.

2. The instrument or means of carrying or transporting anything from place to place; the vehicle in which, or means by which, anything is carried from one place to another; as, stagecoaches, omnibuses, etc., are conveyances; a canal or aqueduct is a conveyance for water.

> These pipes and these conveyances of our blood.
> Shak.

3. The act or process of transferring, transmitting, handing down, or communicating; transmission.

> Tradition is no infallible way of conveyance.
> Stillingfleet.

4. (Law) The act by which the title to property, esp. real estate, is transferred; transfer of ownership; an instrument in writing (as a deed or mortgage), by which the title to property is conveyed from one person to another.

> [He] found the conveyances in law to be so firm, that in justice he must decree the land to the earl.
> Clarendon.

5. Dishonest management, or artifice. [Obs.]

> the very Jesuits themselves . . . can not possibly devise any juggling conveyance how to shift it off.
> Hakewill.

Con*vey"an*cer (kn*v&/amacr;"an*sr), n. (Law) One whose business is to draw up conveyances of property, as deeds, mortgages, leases, etc. Burrill.

Con*vey"an*cing (?), n. (Law) The business of a conveyancer; the act or business of drawing deeds, leases, or other writings, for transferring the title to property from one person to another.

<! p. 319 !>

Con*vey"er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, conveys or carries, transmits or transfers.

2. One given to artifices or secret practices; a juggler; a cheat; a thief. [Obs.] Shak.

Con*vey"or (?), n. (Mach.) A contrivance for carrying objects from place to place; esp., one for conveying grain, coal, etc., -- as a spiral or screw turning in a pipe or trough, an endless belt with buckets, or a truck running along a rope.

Con*vi"ci*ate, v. i. [L. conviciatus, p. p. of conviciari to revile, fr. convicium loud reproach.] To utter reproaches; to raise a clamor; to rail. [Obs.]

> To conviciate instead of accusing.
> Laud.

Con`vi*cin"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Convicinities (&?;). Immediate vicinity; neighborhood.

> The convicinity and contiguity of the two parishes.
> T. Warton.

Con*vi"cious (?), a. Expressing reproach; abusive; railing; taunting. [Obs.] "Convicious words." Queen Elizabeth (1559).

Con*vict" (kn*vkt"), p. a. [L. convictus, p. p. of convincere to convict, prove. See Convice.] Proved or found guilty; convicted. [Obs.] Shak.

> Convict by flight, and rebel to all law.
> Milton.

Con"vict (kn"vkt), n. 1. A person proved guilty of a crime alleged against him; one legally convicted or sentenced to punishment for some crime.

2. A criminal sentenced to penal servitude.

Syn. -- Malefactor; culprit; felon; criminal.

Con*vict" (kn*vkt"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Convicted; p. pr. & vb. n. Convicting.] 1. To prove or find guilty of an offense or crime charged; to pronounce guilty, as by legal decision, or by one's conscience.

> He [Baxter] . . . had been convicted by a jury.
> Macaulay.

> They which heard it, being convicted by their own conscience, went out one by one.
> John viii. 9.

2. To prove or show to be false; to confute; to refute. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

3. To demonstrate by proof or evidence; to prove.

> Imagining that these proofs will convict a testament, to have that in it which other men can nowhere by reading find.
> Hooker.

4. To defeat; to doom to destruction. [Obs.]

> A whole armado of convicted sail.
> Shak.

Syn. -- To confute; defect; convince; confound.

Con*vict*i*ble (kn*vkt"*b'l), a. Capable of being convicted. [R.] Ash.

Con*vic"tion (kn*vk"shn), n. [L. convictio proof: cf. F. conviction conviction (in sense 3 & 4). See Convict, Convince.] 1. The act of convicting; the act of proving, finding, or adjudging, guilty of an offense.

> The greater certainty of conviction and the greater certainty of punishment.
> Hallam.

2. (Law) A judgment of condemnation entered by a court having jurisdiction; the act or process of finding guilty, or the state of being found guilty of any crime by a legal tribunal.

> Conviction may accrue two ways.
> Blackstone.

3. The act of convincing of error, or of compelling the admission of a truth; confutation.

> For all his tedious talk is but vain boast,
> Or subtle shifts conviction to evade.
> Milton.

4. The state of being convinced or convicted; strong persuasion or belief; especially, the state of being convicted of sin, or by one's conscience.

> To call good evil, and evil good, against the conviction of their own consciences.
> Swift.

> And did you presently fall under the power of this conviction?
> Bunyan.

Syn. -- Conviction; persuasion. -- Conviction respects soley matters of belief or faith; persuasion respects matters of belief or practice. Conviction respects our most important duties; persuasion is frequently applied to matters of indifference. Crabb. -- Conviction is the result of the [operation of the] understanding; persuasion, of the will. Conviction is a necessity of the mind, persuasion an acquiescence of the inclination. C. J. Smith. -- Persuasion often induces men to act in opposition to their conviction of duty.

Con"vict*ism (?), n. The policy or practice of transporting convicts to penal settlements. "The evils of convictism." W. Howitt.

Con*vict"ive (?), a. Convincing. [R.]

> The best and most convictive argument.
> Glanwill.

-- Con*vict"ive*ly, adv. -- Con*vict"ive*ness, n.

Con*vince" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Convinced (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Convincing.] [L. convincere, - victum, to refute, prove; con- + vincere to conquer. See Victor, and cf. Convict.] 1. To overpower; to overcome; to subdue or master. [Obs.]

> His two chamberlains
> Will I with wine and wassail so convince
> That memory, the warder of the brain,
> Shall be a fume.
> Shak.

2. To overcome by argument; to force to yield assent to truth; to satisfy by proof.

> Such convincing proofs and assurances of it as might enable them to convince others.
> Atterbury.

3. To confute; to prove the fallacy of. [Obs.]

> God never wrought miracle to convince atheism, because his ordinary works convince it.
> Bacon.

4. To prove guilty; to convict. [Obs.]

> Which of you convinceth me of sin?
> John viii. 46.

> Seek not to convince me of a crime
> Which I can ne'er repent, nor you can pardon.
> Dryden.

Syn. -- To persuade; satisfy; convict. -- To Convince, persuade. To convince is an act of the understanding; to persuade, of the will or feelings. The one is effected by argument, the other by motives. There are cases, however, in which persuade may seem to be used in reference only to the assent of the understanding; as when we say, I am persuaded it is so; I can not persuade myself of the fact. But in such instances there is usually or always a degree of awakened feeling which has had its share in producing the assent of the understanding.

Con*vince"ment (?), n. Act of convincing, or state of being convinced; conviction. [R.]

> The fear of a convincement.
> Milton.

Con*vin"cer (?), n. One who, or that which, convinces; one who wins over by proof.

Con*vin"ci*ble (?), a. 1. Capable of being convinced or won over.

2. Capable of being confuted and disproved by argument; refutable. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Con*vin"cing*ly (?), adv. in a convincing manner; in a manner to compel assent.

Con*vin"cing*ness, n. The power of convincing, or the quality of being convincing.

Con*viv"al (?), a. [L. convivalis. See Convive.] pertaining to a feast or to festivity; convivial. [Obs.] "A convival dish." Sir T. Browne.

Con*vive" (?), v. i. [L. convivari; akin to convivium a feast, convivere to live or feast together; con- + vivere to live.] To feast together; to be convivial. [Obs.] "There, in the full, convive we." Shak.

Con"vive (?), n. [L. conviva: cf. F. convive.] A quest at a banquet. [R.] Beaumont.

Con*viv"i*al (?; 277), a. [From L. convivium a feast; con- + vivere to live. See Victuals, and cf. Convive.] Of or relating to a feast or entertainment, or to eating and drinking, with accompanying festivity; festive; social; gay; jovial.

> Which feasts convivial meetings we did name.
> Denham.

Con*viv"i*al*ist, n. A person of convivial habits.

Con*viv`i*al"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Convivialities (&?;). The good humor or mirth indulged in upon festive occasions; a convivial spirit or humor; festivity.

Con*viv"i*al*ly (?), adv. In a convivial manner.

Con"vo*cate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Convocated; p. pr. & vb. n. Convocating.] [L. convocatus, p. p. of convocare to convocate; con- + vocare to call. See Vocal, and cf. Convoce.] To convoke; to call together. [Obs.] May (Lucan).

Con`vo*ca"tion (?), n. [L. convocatio: cf. F. convocation. See Convoke.] 1. The act of calling or assembling by summons.

2. An assembly or meeting.

> In the first day there shall be a holy convocation.
> Ex. xii. 16.

3. (Ch. of Eng.) An assembly of the clergy, by their representatives, to consult on ecclesiastical affairs.

In England, the provinces of Canterbury and York have each their convocation, but no session for business were allowed from 1717 to 1861. The Convocation of Canterbury consists of two houses. In the Convocation of York the business has been generally conducted in one assembly.

4. (Oxf. University) An academical assembly, in which the business of the university is transacted.

Syn. -- meeting; assembly; congregation; congress; diet; convention; synod; council.

Con`vo*ca"tion*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to a convocation.

Con`vo*ca"tion*ist, n. An advocate or defender of convocation.

Con*voke" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Convoked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Convoking.] [L. convocare: cf. F. convoquer. See Convocate.] To call together; to summon to meet; to assemble by summons.

> There remained no resource but the dreadful one of convoking a parliament.
> palfrey.

Syn. -- To summon; assemble; convene. See Call.

Con"vo*lute (?), a. [L. convolutus, p. p. of convolvere. See Convolve.] (Bot.) Rolled or wound together, one part upon another; -- said of the leaves of plants in æstivation.

Con"vo*lu`ted (?), a. 1. Having convolutions.

> beaks recurved and convoluted like a ram's horn.
> Pennant.

2. Folded in tortuous windings.

> A highly convoluted brain.
> North Amer. Rev.

Con`vo*lu"tion (?), n. 1. The act of rolling anything upon itself, or one thing upon another; a winding motion.

> O'er the calm sea, in convolution swift,
> The feathered eddy floats.
> Thomson.

2. The state of being rolled upon itself, or rolled or doubled together; a tortuous or sinuous winding or fold, as of something rolled or folded upon itself. Blackmore.

3. (Anat.) An irregular, tortuous folding of an organ or part; as, the convolutions of the intestines; the cerebral convolutions. See Brain.

Con*volve" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Convolved (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Convolving.] [L. convolvere, - volutum; con- + volvere to roll. See Voluble.] To roll or wind together; to roll or twist one part on another.

> Then Satan first knew pain,
> And writhed him to and fro convolved.
> Milton.

Con*vol`vu*la"ceous (?), a. [From Convolvus.] (Bot.) Of, pertaining to, or resembling, the family of plants of which the bindweed and the morning-glory are common examples.

Con*vol"vu*lin (?), n. (Chem.) A glucoside occurring in jalap (the root of a convolvulaceous plant), and extracted as a colorless, tasteless, gummy mass of powerful purgative properties.

Con*vol"vu*lus (?), n.; pl. L.Convolvuli (#), E. Convoluluses (#). [L., bindweed, fr. convolvere to roll around. So named from its twining stems.] (Bot.) A large genus of plants having monopetalous flowers, including the common bindweed (C. arwensis), and formerly the morning-glory, but this is now transferred to the genus Ipomæa.

> The luster of the long convolvuluses
> That coiled around the stately stems.
> Tennyson.

Con*voy" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Convoyed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Convoying.] [F. convoyer, OF. conveier, convoier. See Convey.] To accompany for protection, either by sea or land; to attend for protection; to escort; as, a frigate convoys a merchantman.

> I know ye skillful to convoy
> The total freight of hope and joy.
> Emerson.

Con"voy (?), n. [F. convoi.] 1. The act of attending for defense; the state of being so attended; protection; escort.

> To obtain the convoy of a man-of-war.
> Macaulay.

2. A vessel or fleet, or a train or trains of wagons, employed in the transportation of munitions of war, money, subsistence, clothing, etc., and having an armed escort.

3. A protection force accompanying ships, etc., on their way from place to place, by sea or land; an escort, for protection or guidance.

> When every morn my bosom glowed
> To watch the convoy on the road.
> Emerson.

4. Conveyance; means of transportation. [Obs.] Shak.

5. A drag or brake applied to the wheels of a carriage, to check their velocity in going down a hill. Knight.

Con*vulse" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Convulsed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Convulsing.] [L. convulsus, p. p. of convellere to tear up, to shake; con- + vellere to pluck, pull.] 1. To contract violently and irregulary, as the muscular parts of an animal body; to shake with irregular spasms, as in excessive laughter, or in agony from grief or pain.

> With emotions which checked his voice and convulsed his powerful frame.
> Macaulay.

2. To agitate greatly; to shake violently.

> The world is convulsed by the agonies of great nations.
> Macaulay.

Syn. -- To agitate; disturb; shake; tear; rend.

Con*vul"sion (?), n. [L. convulsio: cf. F. convulsion.] 1. (Med.) An unnatural, violent, and unvoluntary contraction of the muscular parts of an animal body.

2. Any violent and irregular motion or agitation; a violent shaking; a tumult; a commotion.

> Those two massy pillars,
> With horrible convulsion, to and fro
> He tugged, he shook, till down they came.
> Milton.

> Times of violence and convulsion.
> Ames.

Syn. -- Agitation; commotion; tumult; disturbance.

Con*vul"sion*al (?), a. Pertaining to, or having, convulsions; convulsionary. [R.] Lamb.

Con*vul"sion*a*ry (&?;), a. [Cf. F. convulsionnaire.] Pertaining to convulsion; convulsive. "Convulsionary struggles." Sir W. Scott.

Con*vul"sion*a*ry, n. A convulsionist.

Con*vul"sion*ist, n. One who has convulsions; esp., one of a body of fanatics in France, early in the eighteenth century, who went into convulsions under the influence of religious emotion; as, the Convulsionists of St. Médard.

Con*vul"sive (?), a. [Cf. F. convulsif.] Producing, or attended with, convulsions or spasms; characterized by convulsions; convulsionary.

> An irregular, convulsive movement may be necessary to throw off an irregular, convulsive disease.
> Burke.

Con*vul"sive*ly, adv. in a convulsive manner.

Co"ny (? or ?; 277), n. [OE. coning, conig, coni, OF. connin, conin, connil, fr. L. cuniculus a rabbit, cony, prob. an Hispanic word.] [Written also coney.] 1. (Zoöl.) (a) A rabbit, esp., the European rabbit (Lepus cuniculus). (b) The chief hare.

The cony of Scripture is thought to be Hyrax Syriacus, called also daman, and cherogril. See Daman.

2. A simpleton. [Obs.]

> It is a most simple animal; whence are derived our usual phrases of cony and cony catcher.
> Diet's Dry Dinner (1599).

3. (Zoöl.) (a) An important edible West Indian fish (Epinephelus apua); the hind of Bermuda. (b) A local name of the burbot. [Eng.]

Co"ny-catch (?), v. t. To deceive; to cheat; to trick. [Obs.]

> Take heed, Signor Baptista, lest you be cony- catched in the this business.
> Shak.

Co"ny-catch`er (?), n. A cheat; a sharper; a deceiver. [Obs.] Minsheu.

Con"y*lene (?), n. [Conine + acetylene.] An oily substance, C8H14, obtained from several derivatives of conine.

Con"y*rine (?), n. [From Conine.] (Chem.) A blue, fluorescent, oily base (regarded as a derivative of pyridine), obtained from conine.

Coo (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cooed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Cooing.] 1. To make a low repeated cry or sound, like the characteristic note of pigeons or doves.

> The stockdove only through the forest cooes,
> Mournfully hoarse.
> Thomson.

2. To show affection; to act in a loving way. See under Bill, v. i. "Billing or cooing." Byron.

{ Coo"ey, Coo"ee } (?), n. [Of imitative origin.] A peculiar whistling sound made by the Australian aborigenes as a call or signal. [Written also cooie.]

Cook (kk), v. i. [Of imitative origin.] To make the noise of the cuckoo. [Obs. or R.]

> Constant cuckoos cook on every side.
> The Silkworms (1599).

Cook (kk), v. t. [Etymol. unknown.] To throw. [Prov.Eng.] "Cook me that ball." Grose.

Cook (kk), n. [AS. cc, fr. l. cocus, coquus, coquus, fr. coquere to cook; akin to Gr. &?;, Skr. pac, and to E. apricot, biscuit, concoct, dyspepsia, precocious. Cf. Pumpkin.] 1. One whose occupation is to prepare food for the table; one who dresses or cooks meat or vegetables for eating.

2. (Zoöl.) A fish, the European striped wrasse.

Cook, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cooked (?); p. pr & vb. n. Cooking.] 1. To prepare, as food, by boiling, roasting, baking, broiling, etc.; to make suitable for eating, by the agency of fire or heat.

2. To concoct or prepare; hence, to tamper with or alter; to garble; -- often with up; as, to cook up a story; to cook an account. [Colloq.]

> They all of them receive the same advices from abroad, and very often in the same words; but their way of cooking it is so different.
> Addison.

<! p. 320 !>

Cook (kk), v. i. To prepare food for the table.

Cook"book` (-bk`), n. A book of directions and receipts for cooking; a cookery book. [U.S.]

> "Just How": a key to the cookbooks.
> Mrs. A. D. T. Whitney.

Cook*ee" (kk*"), n.A female cook. [R.]

Cook"er*y (kk"r*), n. 1. The art or process of preparing food for the table, by dressing, compounding, and the application of heat.

2. A delicacy; a dainty. [Obs.] R. North.

{ Cook"ey, Cook"ie } (?), n. See Cooky.

Cook"maid` (?), n. A female servant or maid who dresses provisions and assists the cook.

Cook"room` (?), n. A room for cookery; a kitchen; the galley or caboose of a ship. Sir W. Raleigh.

Cook`shop (?), n. An eating house. "A subterranean cookshop." Macaulay.

Cook"y (?), n.; pl. Cookies (#). [Cf. D. koek cake, dim. koekje; akin to G. kuchen, E. cake; or cf. OE. coket, prob., a sort of cake, and prob. of French origin.] A small, flat, sweetened cake of various kinds.

Cool (?), a. [Compar. Cooler (?); superl. Coolest.] [AS. cl; akin to D. koel, G. kühl, OHG. chouli, Dan. kölig, Sw. kylig, also to AS. calan to be cold, Icel. kala. See Cold, and cf. Chill.] 1. Moderately cold; between warm and cold; lacking in warmth; producing or promoting coolness.

> Fanned with cool winds.
> Milton.

2. Not ardent, warm, fond, or passionate; not hasty; deliberate; exercising self-control; self-possessed; dispassionate; indifferent; as, a cool lover; a cool debater.

> For a patriot, too cool.
> Goldsmith.

3. Not retaining heat; light; as, a cool dress.

4. Manifesting coldness or dislike; chilling; apathetic; as, a cool manner.

5. Quietly impudent; negligent of propriety in matters of minor importance, either ignorantly or willfully; presuming and selfish; audacious; as, cool behavior.

> Its cool stare of familiarity was intolerable.
> Hawthorne.

6. Applied facetiously, in a vague sense, to a sum of money, commonly as if to give emphasis to the largeness of the amount.

> He had lost a cool hundred.
> Fielding.

> Leaving a cool thousand to Mr. Matthew Pocket.
> Dickens.

Syn. -- Calm; dispassionate; self-possessed; composed; repulsive; frigid; alienated; impudent.

Cool, n. A moderate state of cold; coolness; -- said of the temperature of the air between hot and cold; as, the cool of the day; the cool of the morning or evening.

Cool, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cooled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Cooling.] 1. To make cool or cold; to reduce the temperature of; as, ice cools water.

> Send Lazarus, that he may dip the tip of his finger in water, and cool my tongue.
> Luke xvi. 24.

2. To moderate the heat or excitement of; to allay, as passion of any kind; to calm; to moderate.

> We have reason to cool our raging motions, our carnal stings, our unbitted lusts.
> Shak.

To cool the heels, to dance attendance; to wait, as for admission to a patron's house. [Colloq.] Dryden.

Cool, v. i. 1. To become less hot; to lose heat.

> I saw a smith stand with his hammer, thus,
> the whilst his iron did on the anvil cool.
> Shak.

2. To lose the heat of excitement or passion; to become more moderate.

> I will not give myself liberty to think, lest I should cool.
> Congreve.

Cool"er (?), n. That which cools, or abates heat or excitement.

> if acid things were used only as coolers, they would not be so proper in this case.
> Arbuthnot.

2. Anything in or by which liquids or other things are cooled, as an ice chest, a vessel for ice water, etc.

Cool"-head`ed (?), a. Having a temper not easily excited; free from passion. -- Cool"- head`ed*ness, n.

Coo"lie (?), n. Same as Cooly.

Cool"ing (?), p. a. Adapted to cool and refresh; allaying heat. "The cooling brook." Goldsmith.

Cooling card, something that dashes hopes. [Obs.] -- Cooling time (Law), such a lapse of time as ought, taking all the circumstances of the case in view, to produce a subsiding of passion previously provoked. Wharton.

Cool"ish, a. Somewhat cool.

> The nights began to grow a little coolish.
> Goldsmith.

Cool"ly, a. Coolish; cool. [Obs.] Spenser.

Cool"ly, adv. In a cool manner; without heat or excessive cold; without passion or ardor; calmly; deliberately; with indifference; impudently.

Cool"ness, n. 1. The state of being cool; a moderate degree of cold; a moderate degree, or a want, of passion; want of ardor, zeal, or affection; calmness.

2. Calm impudence; self-possession. [Colloq.]

Coo"lung (?), n. [From the native name.] (Zoöl.) The great gray crane of India (Grus cinerea). [Also written coolen and cullum.]

{ Coo"ly, Coo"lie } (?), n.; pl. Coolies (#). [Hind. k&?;l a laborer, porter: cf. Turk. k&?;l, ky&?;leh, slave.] An East Indian porter or carrier; a laborer transported from the East Indies, China, or Japan, for service in some other country.

Coom (?), n. [Cf. G. kahm mold gathered on liquids, D. kam, Sw. kimrök pine soot, smoke black, Icel. km grime, film of dirt.] Soot; coal dust; refuse matter, as the dirty grease which comes from axle boxes, or the refuse at the mouth of an oven. Phillips. Bailey.

Coomb (?), n. [AS. cumb a liquid measure, perh. from LL. cumba boat, tomb of stone, fr. Gr. &?; hollow of a vessel, cup, boat, but cf. G. kumpf bowl.] A dry measure of four bushels, or half a quarter. [Written also comb.]

{ Coomb, Coombe } (?), n. [See Comb, Combe, in this sense.] A hollow in a hillside. [Prov. Eng.] See Comb, Combe.

Coon (?), n. (Zoöl.) A raccoon. See Raccoon.

Coon"tie (?), n. (Bot.) A cycadaceous plant of Florida and the West Indies, the Zamia integrifolia, from the stems of which a kind of sago is prepared.

Coop (kp), n. [Cf. AS. cypa a measure, D. kuip tub, Icel. kupa bowl, G. kufe coop tub; all fr. L. cupa vat, tub, LL. cupa, copa, cup. See Cup, and cf. Keeve.]

1. A barrel or cask for liquor. [Obs.] Johnson.

2. An inclosure for keeping small animals; a pen; especially, a grated box for confining poultry.

3. A cart made close with boards; a tumbrel. [Scotch]

Coop, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cooped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Cooping.] To confine in a coop; hence, to shut up or confine in a narrow compass; to cramp; -- usually followed by up, sometimes by in.

> The Trojans cooped within their walls so long.
> Dryden.

> The contempt of all other knowledge . . . coops the understanding up within narrow bounds.
> Locke.

2. To work upon in the manner of a cooper. [Obs.] "Shaken tubs . . . be new cooped." Holland.

Syn. -- To crowd; confine; imprison.

Coo*pee" (k*p"), n. See Coupe. [Obs.], Johnson.

Coop"er (kp"r; 277), n. [From Coop.] One who makes barrels, hogsheads, casks, etc.

Coop"er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Coopered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Coopering.] To do the work of a cooper upon; as, to cooper a cask or barrel.

Coop"er*age (?), n. 1. Work done by a cooper.

2. The price paid for coopers' work.

3. A place where coopers' work is done.

Co*öp"er*ant (?), a. [Cf. F. coopérant.] Operating together; as, coöperant forces.

Co*öp"er*ate (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Coöperated; p. pr. & vb. n. Coöperating.] [L. coöperatus, p. p. of coöperari to coöperate; co + operari to work, opus work. See Operate.] To act or operate jointly with another or others; to concur in action, effort, or effect.

> Whate'er coöperates to the common mirth.
> Crashaw.

Co*öp`er*a"tion (?), n. [L. coöperatio: cf. F. coopération.] 1. The act of coöperating, or of operating together to one end; joint operation; concurrent effort or labor.

> Not holpen by the coöperation of angels.
> Bacon.

2. (Polit. Econ.) The association of a number of persons for their benefit.

Co*öp"er*a*tive (?), a. Operating jointly to the same end.

Coöperative society, a society established on the principle of a joint-stock association, for the production of commodities, or their purchase and distribution for consumption, or for the borrowing and lending of capital among its members. -- Coöperative store, a store established by a coöperative society, where the members make their purchases and share in the profits or losses.

Co*öp"er*a`tor (?), n. [L.: cf. F. coopérateur.] One who labors jointly with others to promote the same end. "Coöperators with the truth." Boyle.

Coop"er*ing (?), n. Work done by a cooper in making or repairing barrels, casks, etc.; the business of a cooper.

Coop"er*y, a. Relating to a cooper; coopered. [Obs.]

> Coopery vessels made of wood.
> Holland.

Coop"er*y, n. The occupation of a cooper. Crabb.

Co*öpt" (?), v. t. [See Coöptate. Cf. F. coopter.] To choose or elect in concert with another. [R.]

> Each of the hundred was to coöpt three others.
> Jowett (Thucyd.).

Co*öp"tate (?), v. t. [L. coöptatus, p. p. of coötare to elect to something; co- + optare to choose.] To choose; to elect; to coöpt. [Obs.] Cockeram.

Co`öp*ta"tion (?), n. [L. coöptatio.] The act of choosing; selection; choice. [Obs.]

> The first election and coöptation of a friend.
> Howell.

Co`ör*dain (?), v. t. To ordain or appoint for some purpose along with another.

Co*ör"di*nance (?), n. Joint ordinance.

Co*ör"di*nate (?), a. [Pref. co- + L. ordinatus, p. p. of ordinare to regulate. See Ordain.] Equal in rank or order; not subordinate.

> Whether there was one Supreme Governor of the world, or many coördinate powers presiding over each country.
> Law.

> Conjunctions joint sentences and coördinate terms.
> Rev. R. Morris.

Coördinate adjectives, adjectives disconnected as regards one another, but referring equally to the same subject. -- Coördinate conjunctions, conjunctions joining independent propositions. Rev. R. Morris.

Co*ör"di*nate (-nt), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Coördinated; p. pr. & vb. n. Coördinating.] 1. To make coördinate; to put in the same order or rank; as, to coördinate ideas in classification.

2. To give a common action, movement, or condition to; to regulate and combine so as to produce harmonious action; to adjust; to harmonize; as, to coördinate muscular movements.

Co*ör"di*nate (?), n. 1. A thing of the same rank with another thing; one two or more persons or things of equal rank, authority, or importance.

> It has neither coördinate nor analogon; it is absolutely one.
> Coleridge.

2. pl. (Math.) Lines, or other elements of reference, by means of which the position of any point, as of a curve, is defined with respect to certain fixed lines, or planes, called coördinate axes and coördinate planes. See Abscissa. Coördinates are of several kinds, consisting in some of the different cases, of the following elements, namely: (a) (Geom. of Two Dimensions) The abscissa and ordinate of any point, taken together; as the abscissa PY and ordinate PX of the point P (Fig. 2, referred to the coördinate axes AY and AX. (b) Any radius vector PA (Fig. 1), together with its angle of inclination to a fixed line, APX, by which any point A in the same plane is referred to that fixed line, and a fixed point in it, called the pole, P. (c) (Geom. of Three Dimensions) Any three lines, or distances, PB, PC, PD (Fig. 3), taken parallel to three coördinate axes, AX, AY, AZ, and measured from the corresponding coördinate fixed planes, YAZ, XAZ, XAY, to any point in space, P, whose position is thereby determined with respect to these planes and axes. (d) A radius vector, the angle which it makes with a fixed plane, and the angle which its projection on the plane makes with a fixed line line in the plane, by which means any point in space at the free extremity of the radius vector is referred to that fixed plane and fixed line, and a fixed point in that line, the pole of the radius vector.

Cartesian coördinates. See under Cartesian. -- Geographical coördinates, the latitude and longitude of a place, by which its relative situation on the globe is known. The height of the above the sea level constitutes a third coördinate. -- Polar coördinates, coördinates made up of a radius vector and its angle of inclination to another line, or a line and plane; as those defined in (b) and (d) above. -- Rectangular coördinates, coördinates the axes of which intersect at right angles. -- Rectilinear coördinates, coördinates made up of right lines. Those defined in (a) and (c) above are called also Cartesian coördinates. -- Trigonometrical or Spherical coördinates, elements of reference, by means of which the position of a point on the surface of a sphere may be determined with respect to two great circles of the sphere. -- Trilinear coördinates, coördinates of a point in a plane, consisting of the three ratios which the three distances of the point from three fixed lines have one to another.

Co*ör"di*nate*ly (?), adv. In a coördinate manner.

Co*ör"di*nate*ness, n. The state of being coördinate; equality of rank or authority.

Co*ör`di*na"tion (?), n. 1. The act of coördinating; the act of putting in the same order, class, rank, dignity, etc.; as, the coördination of the executive, the legislative, and the judicial authority in forming a government; the act of regulating and combining so as to produce harmonious results; harmonious adjustment; as, a coördination of functions. "Coördination of muscular movement by the cerebellum." Carpenter.

2. The state of being coördinate, or of equal rank, dignity, power, etc.

> In this high court of parliament, there is a rare coördination of power.
> Howell.

Co*ör"di*na*tive (?), a. (Gram.) Expressing coördination. J. W. Gibbs.

Coot (kt), n. [Cf. D. koet, W. cwtair; cwta short, bodtailed + iar hen; cf. cwtau to dock. Cf. Cut.] 1. (Zoöl.) (a) A wading bird with lobate toes, of the genus Fulica. The common European or bald coot is F. atra (see under bald); the American is F. Americana. (b) The surf duck or scoter. In the United States all the species of (Œdemia are called coots. See Scoter. "As simple as a coot." Halliwell.

2. A stupid fellow; a simpleton; as, a silly coot. [Colloq.]

Coot"er (-r), n. (Zoöl.) (a) A fresh-water tortoise (Pseudemus concinna) of Florida. (b) The box tortoise.

Coot"foot` (-ft`), n. (Zoöl.) The phalarope; -- so called because its toes are like the coot's.

Coo*thay" (k*th"), n.A striped satin made in India. McElrath.

Cop (kp), n. [AS. cop; cf. G. kopf head. Cf. Cup, Cob.] 1. The top of a thing; the head; a crest. [Obs.]

> Cop they used to call
> The tops of many hills.
> Drayton.

2. A conical or conical-ended mass of coiled thread, yarn, or roving, wound upon a spindle, etc.

3. A tube or quill upon which silk is wound.

4. (Mil. Arch.) Same as Merlon.

5. A policeman. [Slang]

Cop waste, a kind of cotton waste, composed chiefly of remnants of cops from which the greater part of the yarn has been unwound.

{ Co*pai"ba (?; 277), Co*pai"va (?) }, n. [Sp. & Pg., fr. Brazil. cupaúba.] (Med.) A more or less viscid, yellowish liquid, the bitter oleoresin of several species of Copaifera, a genus of trees growing in South America and the West Indies. It is stimulant and diuretic, and is much used in affections of the mucous membranes; -- called also balsam of copaiba. [Written also capivi.]

Co"pal (k"pal; 277), [Sp., fr. Mexican copalli, a generic name of resins. Clavigero.] A resinous substance flowing spontaneously from trees of Zanzibar, Madagascar, and South America (Trachylobium Hornemannianum, T. verrucosum, and Hymenæa Courbaril), and dug from earth where forests have stood in Africa; -- used chiefly in making varnishes. Ure.

<! p. 321 !>

Co*par"ce*na*ry (k*pär"s*n*r), n.; pl. Coparcenaries (-rz). [Pref. co- + parcenary] (Law) Partnership in inheritance; joint heirship; joint right of succession to an inheritance.

Co*par"ce*ner (-nr), n. [Pref. co- + parcener.] (Law) One who has an equal portion with others of an inheritance.

> All the coparceners together make but one heir, and have but one estate among them.
> Blackstone.

Co*par"ce*ny (?), n. [Abbrev. of Coparcenary.] (Law) An equal share of an inheritance.

Co*part (?), v. t. [Cf. Compart] To share. [Obs.]

> For, of all miserias, I hold that chief
> Wretched to be, when none coparts our grief.
> Webster (1661).

Co*part"ment (?), n. A compartment. [Obs.] T. Warton.

Co*part"ner (?), n. One who is jointly concerned with one or more persons in business, etc.; a partner; an associate; a partaker; a sharer.

> the associates and copartners of our loss.
> Milton.

Co*part"ner*ship, n. 1. The state of being a copartner or of having a joint interest in any matter.

2. A partnership or firm; as, A. and B. have this day formed a copartnership.

Co*part"ner*y (?), n.; pl. Copartneries (&?;). the state of being copartners in any undertaking. [R.]

Cop"a*tain (?), a. [Formed fr. cop, in imitation of captain. See Cop, Captain.] Having a high crown, or a point or peak at top. [Obs.]

> A copatain hat made on a Flemish block.
> Gascoigne.

Co*pa"tri*ot (?), n. A joint patriot.

Cope (kp), n. [A doublet of cape. See Cape, Cap.] 1. A covering for the head. [Obs.] Johnson.

2. Anything regarded as extended over the head, as the arch or concave of the sky, the roof of a house, the arch over a door. "The starry cope of heaven." Milton.

3. An ecclesiastical vestment or cloak, semicircular in form, reaching from the shoulders nearly to the feet, and open in front except at the top, where it is united by a band or clasp. It is worn in processions and on some other occasions. Piers plowman.

> A hundred and sixty priests all in their copes.
> Bp. Burnet.

4. An ancient tribute due to the lord of the soil, out of the lead mines in Derbyshire, England.

5. (Founding) The top part of a flask or mold; the outer part of a loam mold. Knight. De Colange.

Cope, v. i. To form a cope or arch; to bend or arch; to bow. [Obs.]

> Some bending down and coping toward the earth.
> Holland.

Cope, v. t. (Falconry) To pare the beak or talons of (a hawk). J. H. Walsh.

Cope, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Coped (kpt); p. pr. & vb. n. Coping.] [OE. copen, coupen, to buy, bargain, prob. from D. koopen to buy, orig., to bargain. See Cheap.] 1. To exchange or barter. [Obs.] Spenser.

2. To encounter; to meet; to have to do with.

> Horatio, thou art e'en as just a man
> As e'er my conversation coped withal.
> Shak.

3. To enter into or maintain a hostile contest; to struggle; to combat; especially, to strive or contend on equal terms or with success; to match; to equal; -- usually followed by with.

> Host coped with host, dire was the din of war.
> Philips.

> Their generals have not been able to cope with the troops of Athens.
> Addison.

Cope, v. t. 1. To bargain for; to buy. [Obs.]

2. To make return for; to requite; to repay. [Obs.]

> three thousand ducats due unto the Jew,
> We freely cope your courteous pains withal.
> Shak.

3. To match one's self against; to meet; to encounter.

> I love to cope him in these sullen fits.
> Shak.

> They say he yesterday coped Hector in the battle, and struck him down.
> Shak.

Cope"-chis`el (?), n. A narrow chisel adapted for cutting a groove. Knight.

Co"peck (?), n. [Russ. kopeika] A Russian copper coin. See Kopeck.

Coped (?), a. Clad in a cope.

||Cop`e*la"ta (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a rower.] (Zoöl.) See Larvalla.

Cope"man (?), n. [D. koopman, fr. koopen to buy. See Cope, v. i. Chapman.] A chapman; a dealer; a merchant. [Obs.]

> He would have sold his part of paradise
> For ready money, had he met a copeman.
> B. Jonson.

Cop"e*pod (?), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Copepoda. -- n. One of the Copepoda.

||Co*pep"o*da (?), n. pl. [NL., from Gr. &?; an oar + -poda.] (Zoöl.) An order of Entomostraca, including many minute Crustacea, both fresh-water and marine.

They have a distinct carapace. The eggs are carried in a pair of external pouches. Some are parasites of fishes.

Co*per"ni*can (?), a. Pertaining to Copernicus, a Prussian by birth (b. 1473, d. 1543), who taught the world the solar system now received, called the Copernican system.

Copes"mate` (?), n. An associate or companion; a friend; a partner. [Obs.]

> Misshapen time, copesmate of ugly Night.
> Shak.

Cope"stone` (?), n. (Arch.) A stone for coping. See Coping.

Cop"i*er (?), n. [From. Copy.] 1. One who copies; one who writes or transcribes from an original; a transcriber.

2. An imitator; one who imitates an example; hence, a plagiarist.

Cop"ing (?), n. [See Cope, n.] (Arch.) The highest or covering course of masonry in a wall, often with sloping edges to carry off water; -- sometimes called capping. Gwill.

Co"pi*ous (?), a. [L. copiosus, fr. copia abundance: cf. F. copieux. See Copy, Opulent.] Large in quantity or amount; plentiful; abundant; fruitful.

> Kindly pours its copious treasures forth.
> Thomson.

> Hail, Son of God, Savior of men! thy name
> Shall be the copious matter of my song.
> Milton.

Syn. -- Ample; abundant; plentiful; plenteous; rich; full; exuberant; overflowing; full. See Ample.

Co"pi*ous*ly, adv. In a copious manner.

Co"pi*ous*ness, n. The state or quality of being copious; abudance; plenty; also, diffuseness in style.

> To imitatethe copiousness of Homer.
> Dryden.

Syn. -- Abudance; plenty; richness; exuberance.

Cop"ist (?), n. [F. copiste. See Copy.] A copier. [Obs.] "A copist after nature." Shaftesbury.

Co*plan"ar (k*pln"r), a. [Pref. co- + plane.] (Math.) Situated in one plane.

Cop"land` (?), n. [Cop + land.] A piece of ground terminating in a point or acute angle. [Obs.]

Co*por"tion (?), n.Equal share. [Obs.]

> Myself will bear . . . coportion of your pack.
> Spenser.

Copped (?), a. [From Cop.] Rising to a point or head; conical; pointed; crested. Wiseman.

Cop"pel (?), n. & v. See Cupel.

Cop"per (?), n. [OE. coper (cf. D. koper, Sw. koppar, Dan. kobber, G. kupfer), LL. cuper, fr. L. cuprum for earlier Cyprium, Cyprium aes, i.e., Cyprian brass, fr. Gr. &?; of Cyprus (Gr. &?;), anciently renowned for its copper mines. Cf. Cypreous.] 1. A common metal of a reddish color, both ductile and malleable, and very tenacious. It is one of the best conductors of heat and electricity. Symbol Cu. Atomic weight 63.3. It is one of the most useful metals in itself, and also in its alloys, brass and bronze.

Copper is the only metal which occurs native abundantly in large masses; it is found also in various ores, of which the most important are chalcopyrite, chalcocite, cuprite, and malachite. Copper mixed with tin forms bell metal; with a smaller proportion, bronze; and with zinc, it forms brass, pinchbeck, and other alloys.

2. A coin made of copper; a penny, cent, or other minor coin of copper. [Colloq.]

> My friends filled my pockets with coppers.
> Franklin.

3. A vessel, especially a large boiler, made of copper.

4. pl. Specifically (Naut.), the boilers in the galley for cooking; as, a ship's coppers.

Copper is often used adjectively, commonly in the sense of made or consisting of copper, or resembling copper; as, a copper boiler, tube, etc.

> All in a hot and copper sky.
> Coleridge.

It is sometimes written in combination; as, copperplate, coppersmith, copper- colored.

Copper finch. (Zoöl.) See Chaffinch. -- Copper glance, or Vitreous copper. (Min.) See Chalcocite. -- Indigo copper. (Min.) See Covelline.

Cop"per, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Coppered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Coppering.] To cover or coat with copper; to sheathe with sheets of copper; as, to copper a ship.

Cop"per*as (?), n. [OE. coperose, F. couperose, fr. (assumed?) L. cuprirosa, equiv. to G. cha`lkanqos, i. e. copper flower, vitriol. See Copper and Rose.] Green vitriol, or sulphate of iron; a green crystalline substance, of an astringent taste, used in making ink, in dyeing black, as a tonic in medicine, etc. It is made on a large scale by the oxidation of iron pyrites. Called also ferrous sulphate.

The term copperas was formerly synonymous with vitriol, and included the green, blue, and white vitriols, or the sulphates of iron, copper, and zinc.

Cop"per-bot`tomed (?), a. Having a bottom made of copper, as a tin boiler or other vessel, or sheathed with copper, as a ship.

Cop"per-faced` (?), a.Faced or covered with copper; as, copper-faced type.

Cop"per-fas`tened (?), a.Fastened with copper bolts, as the planks of ships, etc.; as, a copper-fastened ship.

Cop"per*head` (?), n. [From its color.] 1. (Zoöl.) A poisonous American serpent (Ancistrodon conotortrix), closely allied to the rattlesnake, but without rattles; -- called also copper-belly, and red viper.

2. A nickname applied to a person in the Northern States who sympathized with the South during the Civil War. [U.S.]

Cop"per*ing, n. 1. The act of covering with copper.

2. An envelope or covering of copper.

Cop"per*ish, a. Containing, or partaking of the nature of, copper; like copper; as, a copperish taste.

Cop"per-nick`el (?), n. (Min.) Niccolite.

Cop"per-nose (?), n. A red nose. Shak.

Cop"per*plate` (kp"pr*plt`), n. (a) A plate of polished copper on which a design or writing is engraved. (b) An impression on paper taken from such a plate.

In printing from a copper- or steel plate the lines are filled with ink, the surface of the plate is wiped clean, the paper laid upon it, and the impression taken by pressing it under the roller of a plate press.

Copperplate press. See Plate press, under Plate.

Cop"per*smith` (-smth`), n. One whose occupation is to manufacture copper utensils; a worker in copper.

Cop"per works` (?). A place where copper is wrought or manufactured. Woodward.

Cop"per*worm` (?), n. (Zoöl.) (a) The teredo; -- so called because it injures the bottoms of vessels, where not protected by copper. (b) The ringworm.

Cop"per*y (?), a. Mixed with copper; containing copper, or made of copper; like copper.

Cop"pice (kp"ps), n. [OF. copeiz, fr. coper, couper, to cut, F. couper, fr. cop, coup, colp, a blow, F. coup, L. colaphus, fr. Gr. ko`lafos. Cf. Copse, and cf. Coupé, Coupee.] A grove of small growth; a thicket of brushwood; a wood cut at certain times for fuel or other purposes. See Copse.

> The rate of coppice lands will fall, upon the discovery of coal mines.
> Locke.

Cop"pin (?), n.[See Cop.] A cop of thread.

Cop"ple (?), n. [A dim. of Cop.] Something rising in a conical shape; specifically, a hill rising to a point.

> A low cape, and upon it a copple not very high.
> Hakluyt.

Cop"ple-crown (?), n. A created or high-topped crown or head. "Like the copple- crown the lapwing has." T. Randolph.

-- Cop"ple-crowned` (#), a.

Cop"pled (?), a. [From Copple.] Rising to a point; conical; copped. [Obs.] Woodward.

Cop"ple dust` (?). Cupel dust. [Obs.]

> Powder of steel, or copple dust.
> Bacon.

Cop"ple*stone` (?), n. A cobblestone. [Obs.]

Copps (?), n. See Copse. [Obs.]

Co"pra (?), n. [Malayálam koppara or Hind. khopr.] (Com.) The dried meat of the cocoanut, from which cocoanut oil is expressed. [Written also cobra, copperah, coppra.]

Cop"ro*lite (?), n. [Gr. ko`pros dung + -lite.] (Paleon.) A piece of petrified dung; a fossil excrement.

Cop`ro*lit"ic (?), a. Containing, pertaining to, or of the nature of, coprolites.

Co*proph"a*gan (?), n. [See Coprophagous.] (Zoöl.) A kind of beetle which feeds upon dung.

Co*proph"a*gous (?), a. [Gr. &?; exrement + &?; to eat.] (Zoöl.) Feeding upon dung, as certain insects.

Cop-rose` (?), n. [F. coprose, of uncertain origin; cf. D. klaproos, klapperroos.] The red, or corn, poppy. [Written also cup-rose.]

Cops (?), n. [AS. cops, cosp, fetter.] The connecting crook of a harrow. [Prov. Eng.]

Copse (?), n. [Contr. from coppice.] A wood of small growth; a thicket of brushwood. See Coppice.

> Near yonder copse where once the garden smiled.
> Goldsmith.

Copse, v. t. 1. To trim or cut; -- said of small trees, brushwood, tufts of grass, etc. Halliwell.

2. To plant and preserve, as a copse. Swift.

Copse"wood (?), n. Brushwood; coppice. Macaulay.

Cops"y (?), a. Characterized by copses. "Copsy villages." "Copsy banks." J. Dyer.

Cop"tic (kp"tk), a. [Abbrev. from L. Aegyptius an Egyptian, Gr. &?;, Ar. kibt, pl. kibt.] Of or pertaining to the Copts. -- n. The language of the Copts.

Copts (kpts"), n. pl.; sing. Copt (#). [See Coptic.] (Etnol.) 1. An Egyptian race thought to be descendants of the ancient Egyptians.

2. The principal sect of Christians in Egypt and the valley of the Nile.

they belong to the Jacobite sect of Monophysite Christians, and for eleven centuries have had possession of the patriarchal chair of Alexandria.

Cop"u*la (?), n. [L., bond, band. See Couple.] 1. (Logic & Gram.) The word which unites the subject and predicate.

2. (Mus.) The stop which connects the manuals, or the manuals with the pedals; -- called also coupler.

Cop"u*late (?), a. [L. copulatus, p. p. of copulare to couple, fr. copula. See Copula.] 1. Joined; associated; coupled. [Obs.] Bacon.

2. (Gram.) Joining subject and predicate; copulative. F. A. March.

Cop"u*late (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Copulated; p. pr. & vb. n. Copulating.] To unite in sexual intercourse; to come together in the act of generation.

Cop`u*la"tion (?), n. [L. copulatio: cf. F. copulation.] 1. The act of coupling or joining; union; conjunction.

> Wit, you know, is the unexpected copulation of ideas.
> Johnson.

2. The coming together of male and female in the act of generation; sexual union; coition.

Cop"u*la"tive (?), a. [L. copulativus: cf. F. copulatif.] Serving to couple, unite, or connect; as, a copulative conjunction like "and".

Cop"u*la*tive, n. 1. Connection. [Obs.] Rycaut.

2. (Gram.) A copulative conjunction.

Cop"u*la"tive*ly, adv. In a copulative manner.

Cop"u*la*to*ry (kp"*l*t*r), a. 1. Pertaining to copulation; tending or serving to unite; copulative.

2. (Zoöl.) Used in sexual union; as, the copulatory organs of insects.

Cop"y (kp"), n.; pl. Copies (-z). [F. copie, fr. L. copia abundance, number, LL. also, a transcript; co- + the root of opes riches. See Opulent, and cf. Copious.] 1. An abundance or plenty of anything. [Obs.]

> She was blessed with no more copy of wit, but to serve his humor thus.
> B. Jonson.

2. An imitation, transcript, or reproduction of an original work; as, a copy of a letter, an engraving, a painting, or a statue.

> I have not the vanity to think my copy equal to the original.
> Denham.

3. An individual book, or a single set of books containing the works of an author; as, a copy of the Bible; a copy of the works of Addison.

4. That which is to be imitated, transcribed, or reproduced; a pattern, model, or example; as, his virtues are an excellent copy for imitation.

> Let him first learn to write, after a copy, all the letters.
> Holder.

5. (print.) Manuscript or printed matter to be set up in type; as, the printers are calling for more copy.

6. A writing paper of a particular size. Same as Bastard. See under Paper.

7. Copyhold; tenure; lease. [Obs.] Shak.

Copy book, a book in which copies are written or printed for learners to imitate. -- Examined copies (Law), those which have been compared with the originals. -- Exemplified copies, those which are attested under seal of a court. -- Certified or Office copies, those which are made or attested by officers having charge of the originals, and authorized to give copies officially. Abbot.

Syn. -- Imitation; transcript; duplicate; counterfeit.

<! p. 322 !>

Cop"y (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Copied (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Copying.] [Cf. F. copir, fr. LL. copiare. See Copy, n.] 1. To make a copy or copies of; to write; print, engrave, or paint after an original; to duplicate; to reproduce; to transcribe; as, to copy a manuscript, inscription, design, painting, etc.; -- often with out, sometimes with off.

> I like the work well; ere it be demanded
> (As like enough it will), I'd have it copied.
> Shak.

> Let this be copied out,
> And keep it safe for our remembrance.
> Shak.

2. To imitate; to attempt to resemble, as in manners or course of life.

> We copy instinctively the voices of our companions, their accents, and their modes of pronunciation.
> Stewart.

Cop"y, v. i. 1. To make a copy or copies; to imitate.

2. To yield a duplicate or transcript; as, the letter did not copy well.

> Some . . . never fail, when they copy, to follow the bad as well as the good things.
> Dryden.

Cop"y*er (?), n. See Copier.

Cop"y*graph (?), n. A contrivance for producing manifold copies of a writing or drawing.

The writing or drawing is made with aniline ink on paper, and a reverse copy transfered by pressure to a slab of gelatin softened with glycerin. A large number of transcripts can be taken while the ink is fresh.

> Various names have been given to the process [the gelatin copying process], some of them acceptable and others absurd; hectograph, polygraph, copygraph, lithogram, etc.
> Knight.

Cop"y*hold` (?), n. (Eng. Law) (a) A tenure of estate by copy of court roll; or a tenure for which the tenant has nothing to show, except the rolls made by the steward of the lord's court. Blackstone. (b) Land held in copyhold. Milton.

Copyholds do not exist in the United States.

Cop"y*hold`er (?), n. 1. (Eng. Law) One possessed of land in copyhold.

2. (print.) (a) A device for holding copy for a compositor. (b) One who reads copy to a proof reader.

Cop"y*ing, a. & n. From Copy, v.

Copying ink. See under Ink. -- Copying paper, thin unsized paper used for taking copies of letters, etc., in a copying press. -- Copying press, a machine for taking by pressure, an exact copy of letters, etc., written in copying ink.

Cop"y*ist, n. A copier; a transcriber; an imitator; a plagiarist.

Cop"y*right (?), n. The right of an author or his assignee, under statute, to print and publish his literary or artistic work, exclusively of all other persons. This right may be had in maps, charts, engravings, plays, and musical compositions, as well as in books.

In the United States a copyright runs for the term of twenty-eight years, with right of renewal for fourteen years on certain conditions.

International copyright, an author's right in his productions as secured by treaty between nations.

Cop"y*right`, v. t. To secure a copyright on.

||Coque"li*cot` (?), n. [F.] 1. (Bot.) The wild poppy, or red corn rose.

2. The color of the wild poppy; a color nearly red, like orange mixed with scarlet.

Co*quet" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Coquetted; p. pr. & vb. n. Coquetting.] To attempt to attract the notice, admiration, or love of; to treat with a show of tenderness or regard, with a view to deceive and disappoint.

> You are coquetting a maid of honor.
> Swift.

Co*quet", v. i. To trifle in love; to stimulate affection or interest; to play the coquette; to deal playfully instead of seriously; to play (with); as, we have coquetted with political crime.

Co*quet"ry (?), n.; pl. Coquetries (#). [F. coquetterie.] Attempts to attract admiration, notice, or love, for the mere gratification of vanity; trifling in love. "Little affectations of coquetry." Addison.

Co*quette" (?), n. [F., fr. coquet, coquette, coquettish, orig., cocklike, strutting like a cock, fr. coq a cock. Cf. Cock, Cocket, Cocky, Cockade.] 1. A vain, trifling woman, who endeavors to attract admiration from a desire to gratify vanity; a flirt; -- formerly sometimes applied also to men.

2. (Zoöl.) A tropical humming bird of the genus Lophornis, with very elegant neck plumes. Several species are known. See Illustration under Spangle, v. t.

Co*quet"tish (?), a. Practicing or exhibiting coquetry; alluring; enticing.

> A pretty, coquettish housemaid.
> W. Irving.

Co*quet"tish*ly, adv. In a coquettish manner.

Co*quil"la nut (?). [Pg. coquilho, Sp. coquillo, dim. of coco a cocoanut.] (Bot.) The fruit of a Brazilian tree (Attalea funifera of Martius.).

Its shell is hazel-brown in color, very hard and close in texture, and much used by turners in forming ornamental articles, such as knobs for umbrella handles.

Co*quim"bite (?), n. A mineral consisting principally of sulphate of iron; white copperas; -- so called because found in the province of Coquimbo, Chili.

||Co*qui"na (?), n. [Sp., shellfish, cockle.] A soft, whitish, coral-like stone, formed of broken shells and corals, found in the southern United States, and used for roadbeds and for building material, as in the fort at St. Augustine, Florida.

Cor- (kr-). A prefix signifying with, together, etc. See Com-.

Cor (kôr), n. [Heb. kr.] A Hebrew measure of capacity; a homer. [Written also core.]

||Co"ra (?), n. (Zoöl.) The Arabian gazelle (Gazella Arabica), found from persia to North Africa.

Cor"a*cle (?), n. [W. corwgl, cwrwgl, fr. corwg, cwrwg, any round body or vessel, the trunk of the body, carcass.] A boat made by covering a wicker frame with leather or oilcloth. It was used by the ancient Britons, and is still used by fisherman in Wales and some parts of Ireland. Also, a similar boat used in Thibet and in Egypt.

Cor"a*coid (?), a.[Gr. &?;; ko`rax crow + e'i^dos form.] 1. Shaped like a crow's beak.

2. (Anat.) Pertaining to a bone of the shoulder girdle in most birds, reptiles, and amphibians, which is reduced to a process of the scapula in most mammals.

Cor"a*coid, n. The coracoid bone or process.

Cor"age (?; OF. &?;), n. See Courage [Obs.]

> To Canterbury with full devout corage.
> Chaucer.

Cor"al (?), n. [Of. coral, F, corail, L. corallum, coralium, fr. Gr. kora`llion.] 1. (Zoöl.) The hard parts or skeleton of various Anthozoa, and of a few Hydrozoa. Similar structures are also formed by some Bryozoa.

The large stony corals forming coral reefs belong to various genera of Madreporaria, and to the hydroid genus, Millepora. The red coral, used in jewelry, is the stony axis of the stem of a gorgonian (Corallium rubrum) found chiefly in the Mediterranean. The fan corals, plume corals, and sea feathers are species of Gorgoniacea, in which the axis is horny. Organ-pipe coral is formed by the genus Tubipora, an Alcyonarian, and black coral is in part the axis of species of the genus Antipathes. See Anthozoa, Madrepora.

2. The ovaries of a cooked lobster; -- so called from their color.

3. A piece of coral, usually fitted with small bells and other appurtenances, used by children as a plaything.

Brain coral, or Brain stone coral. See under Brain. -- Chain coral. See under Chain. - - Coral animal (Zoöl.), one of the polyps by which corals are formed. They are often very erroneously called coral insects. -- Coral fish. See in the Vocabulary. -- Coral reefs (Phys. Geog.), reefs, often of great extent, made up chiefly of fragments of corals, coral sands, and the solid limestone resulting from their consolidation. They are classed as fringing reefs, when they border the land; barrier reefs, when separated from the shore by a broad belt of water; atolls, when they constitute separate islands, usually inclosing a lagoon. See Atoll. -- Coral root (Bot.), a genus (Corallorhiza) of orchideous plants, of a yellowish or brownish red color, parasitic on roots of other plants, and having curious jointed or knotted roots not unlike some kinds of coral. See Illust. under Coralloid. -- Coral snake. (Zo) (a) A small, venomous, Brazilian snake (Elaps corallinus), coral-red, with black bands. (b) A small, harmless, South American snake (Tortrix scytale). -- Coral tree (Bot.), a tropical, leguminous plant, of several species, with showy, scarlet blossoms and coral-red seeds. The best known is Erythrina Corallodendron. -- Coral wood, a hard, red cabinet wood. McElrath.

Cor"aled (?), a. Having coral; covered with coral.

Cor"al fish` (?). (Zoöl.) Any bright-colored fish of the genera Chætodon, Pomacentrus, Apogon, and related genera, which live among reef corals.

Cor`al*la"ceous (?), a. Like coral, or partaking of its qualities.

Co*ral"li*an (?), n. (Geol.) A deposit of coralliferous limestone forming a portion of the middle division of the oölite; -- called also coral- rag.

Cor`al*lif"er*ous (?), a. [L. corallum coral + -ferous.] Containing or producing coral.

Cor"al*li*form (?), a. [L. corallum coral + -form.] resembling coral in form.

||Cor`al*lig"e*na (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. corallum coral + root of gignere to produce.] (Zoöl.) Same as Anthozoa.

Cor`al*lig"e*nous (?), a. producing coral; coralligerous; coralliferous. Humble.

Cor`al*lig"er*ous (?), a. [L. corallum coral + -gerous.] Producing coral; coralliferous.

Cor"al*lin (?), n. [So named in allusion to the color of red corallin, fr. L. corallum coral.] (Chem.) A yellow coal-tar dyestuff which probably consists chiefly of rosolic acid. See Aurin, and Rosolic acid under Rosolic.

Red corallin, a red dyestuff which is obtained by treating aurin or rosolic acid with ammonia; -- called also pæonin. -- Yellow corallin. See Aurin.

Cor"al*line (? or ?), a. [Cf. L. corallinus coralred.] Composed of corallines; as, coralline limestone.

Cor"al*line, n. [Cf. F. coralline.] 1. (Bot.) A submarine, semicalcareous or calcareous plant, consisting of many jointed branches.

2. (Zoöl.) Formerly any slender coral-like animal; -- sometimes applied more particulary to bryozoan corals.

Cor"al*lin*ite (?), n. (Paleon.) A fossil coralline.

Cor"al*lite (?), n. [L. corallum coral.] 1. (Min.) A mineral substance or petrifaction, in the form of coral.

2. (Zoöl.) One of the individual members of a compound coral; or that part formed by a single coral animal. [Written also corallet.]

Cor"al*loid (?), a. [L. corallum coral + -oid: cf. F. coralloïde.] Having the form of coral; branching like coral.

Cor`al*loid"al (?), a. resembling coral; coralloid. Sir T. browne.

||Co*ral"lum (?), n. [L.] (Zoöl.) The coral or skeleton of a zoöphyte, whether calcareous of horny, simple or compound. See Coral.

Cor"al-rag` (?), n. (geol.) Same as Corallian.

Cor"al*wort` (?), n. (Bot.) A cruciferous herb of certain species of Dentaria; -- called also toothwort, tooth violet, or pepper root.

Cor"a*nach (?), n. [Gael. coranach, or corranach, a crying, the Irish funeral cry (the keen), a dirge; comh with + ranaich a roaring, ran to roar, shriek.] A lamentation for the dead; a dirge. [Written also coranich, corrinoch, coronach, cronach, etc.] [Scot.]

{ Co*rant (?), Co*ran"to (?) }, n. [See Courant.] A sprightly but somewhat stately dance, now out of fashion.

> It is harder to dance a corant well, than a jig.
> Sir W. temple.

> Dancing a coranto with him upon the heath.
> Macaulay.

Corb (kôrb), n. [L. corbis basket. Cf. Corbeil, Corp.] 1. A basket used in coal mines, etc. see Corf.

2. (Arch.) An ornament in a building; a corbel.

Cor"ban (kôr"bn), n. [Heb. qorbn, akin to Ar. qurbn.] 1. (Jewish Antiq.) An offering of any kind, devoted to God and therefore not to be appropriated to any other use; esp., an offering in fulfillment of a vow.

In the old Testament the hebrew word is usually translated "oblation" as in Numb. xviii. 9, xxxi. 50.

The traditionists laid down that a man might interdict himself by vow, not only from using for himself, but from giving to another, or receiving from him, some particular object, whether of food or any other kind. A person might thus exempt himself from assisting parents in distress, under plea of corban. Dr. W. Smith.

2. An alms basket; a vessel to receive gifts of charity; a treasury of the church, where offerings are deposited.

Corbe (kôrb), a. [OF. corbe, fr. L. curvus. See Cuve.] Crooked. [Obs.] "Corbe shoulder." Spenser.

Cor"beil (kôr"bl), n. [F. corbeille, fr. L. corbicula a little basket, dim. of corbis basket. Cf. Corbel, Corb, Corvette.] 1. (Arch.) A sculptured basket of flowers; a corbel. [Obs.]

2. pl. (Fort.) Small gabions. Brande & C.

Cor"bel (kôr"bl), n. [F. corbeau, for older corbel, dim. of L. corbis basket. (Corbels were often in the form of a basket.) See Corbeil.] (Arch.) A bracket supporting a superincumbent object, or receiving the spring of an arch. Corbels were employed largely in Gothic architecture.

A common form of corbel consists of courses of stones or bricks, each projecting slightly beyond the next below it.

Cor"bel, v. t. To furnish with a corbel or corbels; to support by a corbel; to make in the form of a corbel.

To corbel out, to furnish with a corbel of courses, each projecting beyond the one next below it.

Cor"bel-ta`ble (?), n. (Arch.) A horizontal row of corbels, with the panels or filling between them; also, less properly used to include the stringcourse on them.

{ Cor"bie or Cor"by } (kôr"b), n.; pl. Corbies (-bz). [F. corbeau, OF. corbel, dim. fr. L. corvus raven.] 1. (Zoöl.) The raven. [Scot.]

2. (her.) A raven, crow, or chough, used as a charge.

Corbie crow, the carrion crow. [Scot.]

Cor"bie*step` (?), n. (Arch.) One of the steps in which a gable wall is often finished in place of a continuous slope; -- also called crowstep.

Cor"cho*rus (kôr"k*rs), n. [Nl., fr. L. corchorus a poor kind of pulse, Gr. ko`rchoros a wild plant of bitter taste.] (Bot.) The common name of the Kerria Japonica or Japan globeflower, a yellow-flowered, perennial, rosaceous plant, seen in old-fashioned gardens.

{ Cor"cle (kôr"k'l), Cor"cule (- kl) }, n. [L. corculum a little heart, dim. of cor heart.] (Bot.) The heart of the seed; the embryo or germ. [Obs.]

Cord (kôrd), n. [F. corde, L. chorda catgut, chord, cord, fr. Gr. chordh`; cf. chola`des intestines, L. haruspex soothsayer (inspector of entrails), Icel. görn, pl. garnir gut, and E. yarn. Cf. Chord, Yarn.] 1. A string, or small rope, composed of several strands twisted together.

2. A solid measure, equivalent to 128 cubic feet; a pile of wood, or other coarse material, eight feet long, four feet high, and four feet broad; -- originally measured with a cord or line.

<! p. 323 !>

3. Fig.: Any moral influence by which persons are caught, held, or drawn, as if by a cord; an enticement; as, the cords of the wicked; the cords of sin; the cords of vanity.

> The knots that tangle human creeds,
> The wounding cords that bind and strain
> The heart until it bleeds.
> Tennyson.

4. (Anat.) Any structure having the appearance of a cord, esp. a tendon or a nerve. See under Spermatic, Spinal, Umbilical, Vocal.

5. (Mus.) See Chord. [Obs.]

Cord wood, wood for fuel cut to the length of four feet (when of full measure).

Cord (kôrd), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Corded; p. pr. & vb. n. Cording.] 1. To bind with a cord; to fasten with cords; to connect with cords; to ornament or finish with a cord or cords, as a garment.

2. To arrange (wood, etc.) in a pile for measurement by the cord.

Cord"age (kôrd"j), n. [F. cordage. See Cord.] Ropes or cords, collectively; hence, anything made of rope or cord, as those parts of the rigging of a ship which consist of ropes.

Cord"al (kôrd"al), n. Same as Cordelle.

Cordate (kôr"dt), a. [L. cor, cordis, heart.] (Bot.) Heart- shaped; as, a cordate leaf.

Cor"date*ly, adv. In a cordate form.

Cord"ed (kôrd"d), a. 1. Bound or fastened with cords.

2. Piled in a form for measurement by the cord.

3. Made of cords. [Obs.] "A corded ladder." Shak.

4. Striped or ribbed with cords; as, cloth with a corded surface.

5. (Her.) Bound about, or wound, with cords.

Cor`de*lier" (kôr`d*lr"), n. [F., fr. OF. cordel, F. cordeau, dim. fr. corde string, rope. See Cord.] 1. (Eccl. Hist.) A Franciscan; -- so called in France from the girdle of knotted cord worn by all Franciscans.

2. (Fr. Hist.) A member of a French political club of the time of the first Revolution, of which Danton and Marat were members, and which met in an old Cordelier convent in Paris.

Cor"del*ing (kôr"d*ng), a. [F. cordeler to twist, fr. OF. cordel. See Cordelier.] Twisting.

||Cor*delle" (kôr*dl"), n. [F., dim. of corde cord.] A twisted cord; a tassel. Halliwell.

Cor"dial (kôr"jal, formally kôrd"yal; 106, 277), a. [LL. cordialis, fr. L. cor heart: cf. F. cordial. See Heart.] 1. Proceeding from the heart. [Obs.]

> A rib with cordial spirits warm.
> Milton.

2. Hearty; sincere; warm; affectionate.

> He . . . with looks of cordial love
> Hung over her enamored.
> Milton.

3. Tending to revive, cheer, or invigorate; giving strength or spirits.

> Behold this cordial julep here
> That flames and dances in his crystal bounds.
> Milton.

Syn. -- Hearty; sincere; heartfelt; warm; affectionate; cheering; invigorating. See Hearty.

Cor"dial, n. 1. Anything that comforts, gladdens, and exhilarates.

> Charms to my sight, and cordials to my mind.
> Dryden.

2. (Med) Any invigorating and stimulating preparation; as, a peppermint cordial.

3. (Com.) Aromatized and sweetened spirit, used as a beverage; a liqueur.

Cor*dial"i*ty (kôr*jl"*t or kôr`d*l"-; 106), n.; pl. Cordialities (-tz). [LL. cordialitas, fr. cordialis sincere: cf. F. cordialité.] 1. Relation to the heart. [Obs.]

> That the ancients had any respect of cordiality or reference unto the heart, will much be doubted.
> Sir T. Browne.

2. Sincere affection and kindness; warmth of regard; heartiness. Motley.

Cor"dial*ize (kôr"jal*z or kôrd"yal*z; 106), v. t. 1. To make into a cordial.

2. To render cordial; to reconcile.

Cor"dial*ize, v. i. To grow cordial; to feel or express cordiality. [R.]

Cor"dial*ly, adv. In a cordial manner. Dr. H. More.

Cor"dial*ness, n. Cordiality. Cotgrave.

Cor"di*er*ite (kôr"d*r*t), n. [Named after the geologist Cordier.] (Min.) See Iolite.

Cor"di*form (kôr"d*fôrm), a. [L. cor, cordis, heart + - form, cf. F. cordiforme.] Heart-shaped. Gray.

Cor*dil"ler*a (kôr*dl"lr*; Sp. kôr`d*ly"r), n. [Sp., fr. OSp. cordilla, cordiella, dim. of cuerda a rope, string. See Cord.] (Geol.) A mountain ridge or chain.

Cordillera is sometimes applied, in geology, to the system of mountain chains near the border of a continent; thus, the western cordillera of North America in the United States includes the Rocky Mountains, Sierra Nevada, Coast and Cascade ranges.

Cor"di*ner (kôr"d*nr), n. A cordwainer. [Obs.]

Cor"don (kôr"dn; F. kôr`dôN"), n. [F., fr. corde. See Cord.] 1. A cord or ribbon bestowed or borne as a badge of honor; a broad ribbon, usually worn after the manner of a baldric, constituting a mark of a very high grade in an honorary order. Cf. Grand cordon.

2. The cord worn by a Franciscan friar. Sir E. Sandys.

3. (Fort.) The coping of the scarp wall, which projects beyong the face of the wall a few inches.

4. (Mil.) A line or series of sentinels, or of military posts, inclosing or guarding any place or thing.

5. A rich and ornamental lace or string, used to secure a mantle in some costumes of state.

||Cordon bleu (k&?;r`d&?;n" bl&?;") [F., blue cordon], a first-rate cook, or one worthy to be the cook of the cordons bleus, or Knights of the Holy Ghost, famous for their good dinners. -- ||Cordon sanitaire (k&?;r`d&?;n" s&?;`n&?;`t&?;r") [F., sanitary cordon], a line of troops or military posts around a district infected with disease, to cut off communication, and thus prevent the disease from spreading.

||Cor`don`net" (k?r`d?n`n?"), n. [F., dim. of cordon. See Cardon.] Doubled and twisted thread, made of coarse silk, and used for tassels, fringes, etc. McElrath.

Cor"do*van (kôr"d*v>acr/n), n. [Sp. cordoban, fr. Cordova, or Cordoba, in Spain. Cf. Cordwain.] Same as Cordwain. In England the name is applied to leather made from horsehide.

Cor"du*roy` (kôr"d*roi` or kôr`d*roi"), n. [Prob. for F. corde du roi king's cord.] 1. A sort of cotton velveteen, having the surface raised in ridges.

2. pl. Trousers or breeches of corduroy.

Corduroy road, a roadway formed of logs laid side by side across it, as in marshy places; -- so called from its rough or ribbed surface, resembling corduroy. [U.S.]

Cor"du*roy`, v. t. To form of logs laid side by side. "Roads were corduroyed." Gen. W. T. Sherman.

Cord"wain (k?rd"w?n), n. [OE. cordewan, cordian, OF. cordoan, cordouan, fr. Sp. cordoban. See Cordovan.] A term used in the Middle Ages for Spanish leather (goatskin tanned and dressed), and hence, any leather handsomely finished, colored, gilded, or the like.

> Buskins he wore of costliest cordwain.
> Spenser.

Cord"wain*er (-?r), n. [OE. cordwaner, cordiner, fr. OF. cordoanier, cordouanier, F. cordonnier.] A worker in cordwain, or cordovan leather; a shoemaker. [Archaic.]

Core (kr), n. [F. corps. See Corps.] A body of individuals; an assemblage. [Obs.]

> He was in a core of people.
> Bacon.

Core, n. [Cf. Chore.] (Mining.) A miner's underground working time or shift. Raymond.

The twenty-four hours are divided into three or four cores.

Core, n. [Heb. kr: cf. Gr. ko`ros.] A Hebrew dry measure; a cor or homer. Num. xi. 32 (Douay version).

Core, n. [OF. cor, coer, cuer, F. cœur, fr. L. cor heart. See Heart.] 1. The heart or inner part of a thing, as of a column, wall, rope, of a boil, etc.; especially, the central part of fruit, containing the kernels or seeds; as, the core of an apple or quince.

> A fever at the core,
> Fatal to him who bears, to all who ever bore.
> Byron.

2. The center or inner part, as of an open space; as, the core of a square. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleigh.

3. The most important part of a thing; the essence; as, the core of a subject.

4. (Founding) The portion of a mold which shapes the interior of a cylinder, tube, or other hollow casting, or which makes a hole in or through a casting; a part of the mold, made separate from and inserted in it, for shaping some part of the casting, the form of which is not determined by that of the pattern.

5. A disorder of sheep occasioned by worms in the liver. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

6. (Anat.) The bony process which forms the central axis of the horns in many animals.

Core box (Founding), a box or mold, usually divisible, in which cores are molded. -- Core print (Founding), a projecting piece on a pattern which forms, in the mold, an impression for holding in place or steadying a core.

Core, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cord (krd); p. pr. & vb. n. Coring.] 1. To take out the core or inward parts of; as, to core an apple.

> He's like a corn upon my great toe . . . he must be cored out.
> Marston.

2. To form by means of a core, as a hole in a casting.

Co-re"gent (k?-r?"jent), n. A joint regent or ruler.

Co`-re*la"tion (k?`r?-l?"sh?n), n. Corresponding relation.

Co`-re*li"gion*ist (-l?j"?n-?st), n. One of the same religion with another.

||Co`re*op"sis (k?`r?-?p"s?s), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?; bug + &?;&?;&?; appearance.] (Bot.) A genus of herbaceous composite plants, having the achenes two-horned and remotely resembling some insect; tickseed. C. tinctoria, of the Western plains, the commonest plant of the genus, has been used in dyeing.

Cor"er (k?rr"?rr), n. That which cores; an instrument for coring fruit; as, an apple corer.

Co`-re*spond"ent (k?`rr?-sp?nd"ent), n. (Law) One who is called upon to answer a summons or other proceeding jointly with another.

Corf (kôrf), n.; pl. Corves (kôrvz). [Cf. LG. & D. korf basket, G. korb, fr. L. corbis.] 1. A basket.

2. (Mining) (a) A large basket used in carrying or hoisting coal or ore. (b) A wooden frame, sled, or low-wheeled wagon, to convey coal or ore in the mines.

{ Cor"fi*ote (kôr"f?-?t), Cor"fute (k?r"f?t), } n. A native or inhabitant of Corfu, an island in the Mediterranean Sea.

Co`ri*a"ceous (k?`r?-?"sh?s), a. [L. coriaceous, fr. corium leather. See Cuirass.] 1. Consisting of or resembling, leather; leatherlike; tough.

2. (Bot.) Stiff, like leather or parchment.

Co`ri*an"der (k?`r?-?n"d?r), n. [L. coriandrum, fr. Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;, &?;&?;&?;&?;, perh. fr. &?;&?;&?; bug, on account of the buglike or fetid smell of its leaves: cf. F. coriandre.] (Bot.) An umbelliferous plant, the Coriandrum sativum, the fruit or seeds of which have a strong smell and a spicy taste, and in medicine are considered as stomachic and carminative.

Co"ri*dine (k?"r?-d?n; 104), n. [From L. cortium leather.] A colorless or yellowish oil, C10H15N, of a leathery odor, occuring in coal tar, Dippel's oil, tobacco smoke, etc., regarded as an organic base, homologous with pyridine. Also, one of a series of metameric compounds of which coridine is a type. [Written also corindine.]

Co*rin"don (k?-r?n"d?n), n. (Min.) See Corrundum.

||Co`rinne" (k?`r?n"), n. (Zoöl.) The common gazelle (Gazella dorcas). See Gazelle. [Written also korin.]

Cor"inth (k?r"?nth), n. [L. Corinthus, Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;. Cf. Currant.] 1. A city of Greece, famed for its luxury and extravagance.

2. A small fruit; a currant. [Obs.] Broome.

Co*rin"thi*ac (k?-r?n"th?-?k), a. [L. Corinthiacus.] Pertaining to Corinth.

Co*rin"thi*an (-an), a. 1. Of or relating to Corinth.

2. (Arch.) Of or pertaining to the Corinthian order of architecture, invented by the Greeks, but more commonly used by the Romans.

> This is the lightest and most ornamental of the three orders used by the Greeks.
> Parker.

3. Debauched in character or practice; impure. Milton.

4. Of or pertaining to an amateur sailor or yachtsman; as, a corinthian race (one in which the contesting yachts must be manned by amateurs.)

Co*rin"thi*an, n. 1. A native or inhabitant of Corinth.

2. A gay, licentious person. [Obs.]

||Co"ri*um (k?"r?-?m), n. [L. corium leather.] 1. Armor made of leather, particularly that used by the Romans; used also by Enlish soldiers till the reign of Edward I. Fosbroke.

2. (Anat.) (a) Same as Dermis. (b) The deep layer of mucous membranes beneath the epithelium.

Co*ri"val (k*r"val), n. A rival; a corrival.

Co*ri"val, v. t. To rival; to pretend to equal. Shak.

{ Co*ri"val*ry, Co*ri"val*ship }, n. Joint rivalry.

Cork (kôrk), n. [Cf. G., Dan., & Sw. kork, D. kurk; all fr. Sp. corcho, fr. L. cortex, corticis, bark, rind. Cf. Cortex.] 1. The outer layer of the bark of the cork tree (Quercus Suber), of which stoppers for bottles and casks are made. See Cutose.

2. A stopper for a bottle or cask, cut out of cork.

3. A mass of tabular cells formed in any kind of bark, in greater or less abundance.

Cork is sometimes used wrongly for calk, calker; calkin, a sharp piece of iron on the shoe of a horse or ox.

Cork jackets, a jacket having thin pieces of cork inclosed within canvas, and used to aid in swimming. -- Cork tree (Bot.), the species of oak (Quercus Suber of Southern Europe) whose bark furnishes the cork of commerce.

Cork, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Corked (kôrkt); p. pr. & vb. n. Corking.] 1. To stop with a cork, as a bottle.

2. To furnish or fit with cork; to raise on cork.

> Tread on corked stilts a prisoner's pace.
> Bp. Hall.

To cork is sometimes used erroneously for to calk, to furnish the shoe of a horse or ox with sharp points, and also in the meaning of cutting with a calk.

Cork"age (-j), n. The charge made by innkeepers for drawing the cork and taking care of bottles of wine bought elsewhere by a guest.

Corked (k?rkt), a. having acquired an unpleasant taste from the cork; as, a bottle of wine is corked.

Cork" fos`sil (kôrk" fs`sl). (Min.) A variety of amianthus which is very light, like cork.

Cork"i*ness (-*ns), n. The quality of being corky.

Cork"ing pin` (kôrk"ng pn`). A pin of a large size, formerly used attaching a woman's headdress to a cork mold. [Obs.] Swift.

Cork"screw` (-skr`), n. An instrument with a screw or a steel spiral for drawing corks from bottles.

Corkscrew stairs, a spiral staircase around a solid newel.

Cork"screw`, v. t. To press forward in a winding way; as, to corkscrew one's way through a crowd. [Colloq.] Dickens.

Cork"wing` (-wng`), n. (Zoöl.) A fish; the goldsinny.

Cork"y (-), a. 1. Consisting of, or like, cork; dry shriveled up.

> Bind fast hiss corky arms.
> Shak.

2. Tasting of cork.

Corm (kôrm), n. [See Cormus.] 1. (Bot.) A solid bulb-shaped root, as of the crocus. See Bulb.

2. (Biol.) Same as Cormus, 2.

Cor*mog"e*ny (kôr*mj"*n), n. [Gr. kormo`s trunk of a tree + root of gi`gnesqai to be born.] (Biol.) The embryological history of groups or families of individuals.

Cor`mo*phy*log"e*ny (k?r`m?-f?-l?j"?-n?), n. [Gr. kormo`s trunk of a tree + E. phylogeny.] (Biol.) The phylogeny of groups or families of individuals. Haeckel.

<! p. 324 !>

{ Cor"mo*phytes (kôr"m*fts), ||Cor*moph"y*ta (kr*mf"*t), } n. pl. [NL. cormophyta, fr. Gr. kormo`s trunk of a tree + fyto`n plant.] (Bot.) A term proposed by Endlicher to include all plants with an axis containing vascular tissue and with foliage.

Cor"mo*rant (kôr"m*rant), n. [F. cormoran, fr. Armor. mr-vran a sea raven; mr sea + bran raven, with cor, equiv. to L. corvus raven, pleonastically prefixed; or perh. fr. L. corvus marinus sea raven.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any species of Phalacrocorax, a genus of sea birds having a sac under the beak; the shag. Cormorants devour fish voraciously, and have become the emblem of gluttony. They are generally black, and hence are called sea ravens, and coalgeese. [Written also corvorant.]

2. A voracious eater; a glutton, or gluttonous servant. B. Jonson.

Cor"mo*raut, a. Ravenous; voracious.

> Cormorant, devouring time.
> Shak.

||Cor"mus (kôr"ms), n. [NL., fr. Gr. kormo`s the trunk of a tree (with the boughs cut off), fr. kei`rein to shear.]

1. (Bot.) See Corm.

2. (Biol.) A vegetable or animal made up of a number of individuals, such as, for example, would be formed by a process of budding from a parent stalk wherre the buds remain attached.

Corn (kôrn), n. [L. cornu horn: cf. F. corne horn, hornlike excrescence. See Horn.] A thickening of the epidermis at some point, esp. on the toes, by friction or pressure. It is usually painful and troublesome.

> Welcome, gentlemen! Ladies that have their toes
> Unplagued with corns, will have a bout with you.
> Shak.

The substance of a corn usually resembles horn, but where moisture is present, as between the toes, it is white and sodden, and is called a soft corn.

Corn, n. [AS. corn; akin to OS. korn, D. koren, G., Dan., Sw., & Icel. korn, Goth. kaúrn, L. granum, Russ. zerno. Cf. Grain, Kernel.] 1. A single seed of certain plants, as wheat, rye, barley, and maize; a grain.

2. The various farinaceous grains of the cereal grasses used for food, as wheat, rye, barley, maize, oats.

In Scotland, corn is generally restricted to oats, in the United States, to maize, or Indian corn, of which there are several kinds; as, yellow corn, which grows chiefly in the Northern States, and is yellow when ripe; white or southern corn, which grows to a great height, and has long white kernels; sweet corn, comprising a number of sweet and tender varieties, grown chiefly at the North, some of which have kernels that wrinkle when ripe and dry; pop corn, any small variety, used for popping.

3. The plants which produce corn, when growing in the field; the stalks and ears, or the stalks, ears, and seeds, after reaping and before thrashing.

> In one night, ere glimpse of morn,
> His shadowy flail had thrashed the corn.
> Milton.

4. A small, hard particle; a grain. "Corn of sand." Bp. Hall. "A corn of powder." Beau. & Fl.

Corn ball, a ball of popped corn stuck together with soft candy from molasses or sugar. -- Corn bread, bread made of Indian meal. -- Corn cake, a kind of corn bread; johnny cake; hoecake. -- Corn cockle (Bot.), a weed (Agrostemma or Lychnis Githago), having bright flowers, common in grain fields. -- Corn flag (Bot.), a plant of the genus Gladiolus; -- called also sword lily. -- Corn fly. (Zoöl.) (a) A small fly which, in the larval state, is injurious to grain, living in the stalk, and causing the disease called "gout," on account of the swelled joints. The common European species is Chlorops tæniopus. (b) A small fly (Anthomyia ze) whose larva or maggot destroys seed corn after it has been planted. -- Corn fritter, a fritter having green Indian corn mixed through its batter. [U. S.] - - Corn laws, laws regulating trade in corn, especially those in force in Great Britain till 1846, prohibiting the importation of foreign grain for home consumption, except when the price rose above a certain rate. -- Corn marigold. (Bot.) See under Marigold. -- Corn oyster, a fritter containing grated green Indian corn and butter, the combined taste resembling that of oysters. [U.S.] -- Corn parsley (Bot.), a plant of the parsley genus (Petroselinum segetum), a weed in parts of Europe and Asia. -- Corn popper, a utensil used in popping corn. -- Corn poppy (Bot.), the red poppy (Papaver Rhœas), common in European cornfields; -- also called corn rose. -- Corn rent, rent paid in corn. -- Corn rose. See Corn poppy. -- Corn salad (Bot.), a name given to several species of Valerianella, annual herbs sometimes used for salad. V. olitoria is also called lamb's lettuce. -- Corn stone, red limestone. [Prov. Eng.] -- Corn violet (Bot.), a species of Campanula. -- Corn weevil. (Zoöl.) (a) A small weevil which causes great injury to grain. (b) In America, a weevil (Sphenophorus zeæ) which attacks the stalk of maize near the root, often doing great damage. See Grain weevil, under Weevil.

Corn, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Corned (k?rnd); p. pr. & vb. n. Corning.] 1. To preserve and season with salt in grains; to sprinkle with salt; to cure by salting; now, specifically, to salt slightly in brine or otherwise; as, to corn beef; to corn a tongue.

2. To form into small grains; to granulate; as, to corn gunpowder.

3. To feed with corn or (in Sctland) oats; as, to corn horses. Jamieson.

4. To render intoxicated; as, ale strong enough to corn one. [Colloq.]

Corning house, a house or place where powder is corned or granulated.

Cor"nage (k?r"n?j), n. [OF.,, horn- blowing, tax on horned cattle, fr. F. corne a horn, L. cornu.] (Law) An ancient tenure of land, which obliged the tenant to give notice of an invasion by blowing a horn.

Cor"na*mute (k?r"n?-m?t), n. A cornemuse. [Obs.]

Corn"bind` (k?rn"b?nd`), n. (Bot.) A weed that binds stalks of corn, as Convolvulus arvensis, Polygonum Convolvulus. [Prov. Eng.]

Corn"cob` (k?rn"k?b`), n. The cob or axis on which the kernels of Indian corn grow. [U.S.]

Corn"crake` (-kr?k`), n. (Zoöl.) A bird (Crex crex or C. pratensis) which frequents grain fields; the European crake or land rail; -- called also corn bird.

Corn"crib` (k?rn"kr?b`), n. A crib for storing corn.

Corn"cut`ter (-k?t`t?r), n. 1. A machine for cutting up stalks of corn for food of cattle.

2. An implement consisting of a long blade, attached to a handle at nearly a right angle, used for cutting down the stalks of Indian corn.

Corn"dodg`er (-d?j`?r), n. A cake made of the meal of Indian corn, wrapped in a covering of husks or paper, and baked under the embers. [U.S.] Bartlett.

Cor"ne*a (k?r"n?-?), n.; pl. Corneas (-&?;z). [Fem. sing., fr. L. corneus horny, fr. cornu a horn. See Horn.] (Anat.) The transparent part of the coat of the eyeball which covers the iris and pupil and admits light to the interior. See Eye.

Cor"ne*al (-al), a. (Anat.) Pertaining to the cornea.

Cor"nel (-n?l), n. [OF. cornille, cornoille, F. cornouille, cornel berry, LL. cornolium cornel tree, fr. L. cornus, fr. cornu horn, in allusion to the hardness of the wood. See Horn.] 1. (Bot.) The cornelian cherry (Cornus Mas), a European shrub with clusters of small, greenish flowers, followed by very acid but edible drupes resembling cherries.

2. Any species of the genus Cornus, as C. florida, the flowering cornel; C. stolonifera, the osier cornel; C. Canadensis, the dwarf cornel, or bunchberry.

Cor*nel"ian (k?r-n?lyan), n. [F. cornaline, OF. corneline, fr. L. cornu horn. So called from its horny appearance when broken. See Horn, and cf. Carnelian.] (Min.) Same as Carnelian.

Corne"muse (k?rn"m?z), n. [F.] A wind instrument nearly identical with the bagpipe. Drayton.

Cor"ne*o*cal*ca"re*ous (k?rn?-?-k?l-k?"r?-?s), a.

1. (Zoöl.) Formed of a mixture of horny and calcareous materials, as some shells and corals.

2. Horny on one side and calcareous on the other.

Cor"ne*ous (-?s), a. [L. corneus, fr. cornu horn.] Of a texture resembling horn; horny; hard. Sir T. Browne.

Cor"ner (k?r"n?r), n. [OF. corniere, cornier, LL. cornerium, corneria, fr. L. cornu horn, end, point. See Horn.] 1. The point where two converging lines meet; an angle, either external or internal.

2. The space in the angle between converging lines or walls which meet in a point; as, the chimney corner.

3. An edge or extremity; the part farthest from the center; hence, any quarter or part.

> From the four corners of the earth they come.
> Shak.

4. A secret or secluded place; a remote or out of the way place; a nook.

> This thing was not done in a corner.
> Acts xxvi. 26.

5. Direction; quarter.

> Sits the wind in that corner!
> Shak.

6. The state of things produced by a combination of persons, who buy up the whole or the available part of any stock or species of property, which compels those who need such stock or property to buy of them at their own price; as, a corner in a railway stock. [Broker's Cant]

Corner stone, the stone which lies at the corner of two walls, and unites them; the principal stone; especially, the stone which forms the corner of the foundation of an edifice; hence, that which is fundamental importance or indispensable. "A prince who regarded uniformity of faith as the corner stone of his government." Prescott. -- Corner tooth, one of the four teeth which come in a horse's mouth at the age of four years and a half, one on each side of the upper and of the lower jaw, between the middle teeth and the tushes.

Cor"ner, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cornered (-n?rd); p. pr. & vb. n. Cornering.] 1. To drive into a corner.

2. To drive into a position of great difficulty or hopeless embarrassment; as, to corner a person in argument.

3. To get command of (a stock, commodity, etc.), so as to be able to put one's own price on it; as, to corner the shares of a railroad stock; to corner petroleum.

Cor"ner*cap` (-k?p`), n. The chief ornament. [Obs.]

> Thou makest the triumviry the cornercap of society.
> Shak.

Cor"nered (-n?rd), p. a. 1 Having corners or angles.

2. In a possition of great difficulty; brought to bay.

Cor"ner*wise` (-w?z`), adv. With the corner in front; diagonally; not square.

Cor"net (k?r"n?t), n. [F. cornet, m. (for senses 1 & 2), cornette, f. & m. (for senses 3 & 4), dim. of corne horn, L. cornu. See Horn.] 1. (Mus.) (a) An obsolete rude reed instrument (Ger. Zinken), of the oboe family. (b) A brass instrument, with cupped mouthpiece, and furnished with valves or pistons, now used in bands, and, in place of the trumpet, in orchestras. See Cornet-à-piston. (c) A certain organ stop or register.

2. A cap of paper twisted at the end, used by retailers to inclose small wares. Cotgrave.

3. (Mil.) (a) A troop of cavalry; -- so called from its being accompanied by a cornet player. [Obs.] "A body of five cornets of horse." Clarendon. (b) The standard of such a troop. [Obs.] (c) The lowest grade of commissioned officer in a British cavalry troop, who carried the standard. The office was abolished in 1871.

4. A headdress: (a) A square cap anciently worn as a mark of certain professions. (b) A part of a woman's headdress, in the 16th century.

5. [Cf. Coronet.] (Far.) See Coronet, 2.

||Cor"net-à-pis`ton (k?r"n?t-?-p?s"t?n; F. k?r`n?`?p?s`t?n"), n.; pl. Cornets-à-piston. [F.] (Mus.) A brass wind instrument, like the trumpet, furnished with valves moved by small pistons or sliding rods; a cornopean; a cornet.

Cor"net*cy (k?r"n?t-s?), n. The commission or rank of a cornet.

Cor"net*er (k?r"n?t-?r), n. One who blows a cornet.

Cor"neule (k?r"n?l), n. [F., dim. of cornée the cornea.] (Zoöl.) One of the corneas of a compound eye in the invertebrates. Carpenter.

Corn"field` (k?rn"f?ld`), n. A field where corn is or has been growing; -- in England, a field of wheat, rye, barley, or oats; in America, a field of Indian corn.

Corn"floor` (-fl?r`), n. A thrashing floor. Hos. ix. 1.

Corn"flow`er (-flou`?r), n. (Bot.) A conspicuous wild flower (Centaurea Cyanus), growing in grainfields.

Cor"nic (k?r"n?k), a. Pertaining to, derived from, or resembling, the dogwood (Cornus florida).

Cor"nice (k?r"n?s), n. [F. corniche, It. cornice, LL. coronix, cornix, fr. L. coronis a curved line, a flourish with the pen at the end of a book or chapter, Gr. &?;&?;&?;; akin to L. corona crown. sEE Crown, and cf. Coronis.] (Arch.) Any horizontal, molded or otherwise decorated projection which crowns or finishes the part to which it is affixed; as, the cornice of an order, pedestal, door, window, or house. Gwilt.

Cornice ring, the ring on a cannon next behind the muzzle ring.

Cor"niced (k?r"n?st), a. Having a cornice.

Cor"ni*cle (k?r"n?-k'l), n. [L. corniculum, dim. of cornu horn.] A little horn. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Cor*nic"u*lar (-l?r), n. [L. cornicularius.] A secretary or clerk. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Cor*nic"u*late (k?r-n?k"?-l?t), a. [L. corniculatus.]

1. Horned; having horns. Dr. H. More.

2. (Bot.) Having processes resembling small horns.

||Cor*nic"u*lum (k?r-n?k"?-l?m), n.; pl. Cornicula (- l&?;). [L. corniculum little horn.] (Anat.) A small hornlike part or process.

Cor*nif"er*ous (k?r-n?f"?r-?s), a. [L. cornu horn + -ferous.] (Geol.) Of or pertaining to the lowest period of the Devonian age. (See the Diagram, under Geology.) The Corniferous period has been so called from the numerous seams of hornstone which characterize the later part of the period, as developed in the State of New York.

Cor*nif"ic (k?r-n?f"?k), a. [L. cornu horn + facere to make.] Producing horns; forming horn.

Cor`ni*fi*ca"tion (k?r`n?-f?-k?"sh?n), n. Conversion into, or formation of, horn; a becoming like horn.

Cor"ni*fied (k?r"n?-f?d), a. [L. cornu horn + -fy.] (Anat.) Converted into horn; horny.

Cor"ni*form (-f?rm), a. [L. cornu horn + -form.] Having the shape of a horn; horn-shaped.

Cor*nig"er*ous (k?r-n?j"?r-?s), a. [L. corniger; cornu horn + gerere to bear.] Horned; having horns; as, cornigerous animals. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Cor"nin (k?r"n?n), n. (Chem.) (a) A bitter principle obtained from dogwood (Cornus florida), as a white crystalline substance; -- called also cornic acid. (b) An extract from dogwood used as a febrifuge.

Cor"ni*plume (k?r"n?-pl?m), n. [L. cornu horn + pluma feather.] (Zoöl.) A hornlike tuft of feathers on the head of some birds.

Cor"nish (k?r"n?sh), a. Of or pertaining to Cornwall, in England.

Cornish chough. See Chough. -- Cornish engine, a single-acting pumping engine, used in mines, in Cornwall and elsewhere, and for water works. A heavy pump rod or plunger, raised by the steam, forces up the water by its weight, in descending.

Cor"nish, n. The dialect, or the people, of Cornwall.

Cor"nist, n. A performer on the cornet or horn.

Corn"loft` (k?rn"l?ft`), n. A loft for corn; a granary.

Corn"muse (-m?z), n. A cornemuse.

||Cor"no di bas*set"to (k?r"n? d? b?s-s?t"t? or b?s- s?t"t?); pl. Corni (-n&?;) di basseto. [It.] (Mus.) A tenor clarinet; -- called also basset horn, and sometimes confounded with the English horn, which is a tenor oboe.

||Cor"no In*gle"se (?n-gl?"z?); pl. Corni Inglesi (-z&?;). [It.] (Mus.) A reed instrument, related to the oboe, but deeper in pitch; the English horn.

Cor*no"pe*an (k?r-n?"p?-an), n. (Mus.) An obsolete name for the cornet-à-piston.

Corn"shell`er (k?rn"sh?l`?r), n. A machine that separates the kernels of corn from the cob.

Corn"shuck` (-shk`), n. The husk covering an ear of Indian corn. [Colloq. U.S.]

Corn"stalk` (-stk`), n. A stalk of Indian corn.

Corn"starch` (-stärch`), n. Starch made from Indian corn, esp. a fine white flour used for puddings, etc.

||Cor"nu (kôr"n), n.; pl. Cornua (-n*). [L.] A horn, or anything shaped like or resembling a horn.

Cor"nu Am*mo"nis (m*m"ns); pl. ||Cornua Ammonis. [L., horn of Ammon. See Ammonite.] (Paleon.) A fossil shell, curved like a ram's horn; an obsolete name for an ammonite.

<! p. 325 !>

Cor`nu*co"pi*a (kôr`n*k"p*), n.; pl. Cornucopias (- z). [L. cornu copiae horn of plenty. See Horn, and Copious.] 1. The horn of plenty, from which fruits and flowers are represented as issuing. It is an emblem of abundance.

2. pl. (Bot.) A genus of grasses bearing spikes of flowers resembling the cornucopia in form.

Some writers maintain that this word should be written, in the singular, cornu copiæ, and in the plural, cornua copiæ.

{ Cor"nute (k?r"n?t or k?r-n?t"), Cor*nut"ed (k?r-n?"t?d), } a. [L. cornutus horned, from cornu horn.] 1. Bearing horns; horned; horn-shaped.

2. Cuckolded. [R.] "My being cornuted." LEstrange.

Cor*nute" (k?r-n?t"), v. t. To bestow horns upon; to make a cuckold of; to cuckold. [Obs.] Burton.

||Cor*nu"to (k?r-n?"t?), n. [It., fr. L. cornutus horned.] A man that wears the horns; a cuckold. [R.] Shak.

Cor*nu"tor (-t?r), n. A cuckold maker. [R.] Jordan.

Cor"ny (k?r"n?), a. [L. cornu horn.] Strong, stiff, or hard, like a horn; resembling horn.

> Up stood the cornu reed.
> Milton.

Corn"y, a. 1. Producing corn or grain; furnished with grains of corn. [R.] "The corny ear." Prior.

2. Containing corn; tasting well of malt. [R.]

> A draught of moist and corny ale.
> Chaucer.

3. Tipsy. [Vulgar, Eng.] Forby.

Cor"o*core (k?r"?-k?r), n. A kind of boat of various forms, used in the Indian Archipelago.

Cor"o*dy (k?r"?-d?), n. [LL. corrodium, corredium, conredium, furniture, provision: cf. OF. conroi. See Curry.] (Old Law) An allowance of meat, drink, or clothing due from an abbey or other religious house for the sustenance of such of the king's servants as he may designate to receive it. [Written also corrody.]

Cor"ol (k?r"?l), n. (Bot.) A corolla.

Co*rol"la (k?-r?l"l?), n. [L. corolla a little crown or garland, dim. of corona. See Crown.] (Bot.) The inner envelope of a flower; the part which surrounds the organs of fructification, consisting of one or more leaves, called petals. It is usually distinguished from the calyx by the fineness of its texture and the gayness of its colors. See the Note under Blossom.

Cor`ol*la"ceous (k?r`?l-l?"sh?s), a. Pertaining to, or resembling, a corolla; having the form or texture of a corolla.

Cor"ol*la*ry (k?r"?l-l?-r?; 277), n.; pl. Corollaries (- r&?;z). [L. corollarium gift, corollary, fr. corolla. See Corolla.] 1. That which is given beyond what is actually due, as a garland of flowers in addition to wages; surplus; something added or superfluous. [Obs.]

> Now come, my Ariel; bring a corollary,
> Rather than want a spirit.
> Shak.

2. Something which follows from the demonstration of a proposition; an additional inference or deduction from a demonstrated proposition; a consequence.

{ Cor"ol*late (k?r"?l-l?t), Cor"ol*la`ted (- l?`t?d), } a. Having a corolla or corollas; like a corolla.

Cor"ol*let (k?r"?l-l?t), n. [Dim. fr. corolla.] (Bot.) A floret in an aggregate flower. [Obs.] Martyn.

{ Co*rol`li*flo"ral (k?-r?l`l?-fl?"ral), Co*rol`li*flo"rous (-fl?"r?s), } a. [Corolla + L. flos, floris, flower.] (Bot.) Having the stamens borne on the petals, and the latter free from the calyx. Compare Calycifloral and Thalamifloral.

Cor"ol*line (-l?n), a. Of or pertaining to a corolla.

Cor`o*man"del (k?r`?-m?n"del), n. (Geol.) The west coast, or a portion of the west coast, of the Bay of Bengal.

Coromandel gooseberry. See Carambola. -- Coromandel wood, Calamander wood.

Co*ro"na (k?-r?"n?), n.; pl. L. Coronæ (-n&?;), E. Coronas (-n&?;z). [L. corona crown. See Crown.] 1. A crown or garland bestowed among the Romans as a reward for distinguished services.

2. (Arch.) The projecting part of a Classic cornice, the under side of which is cut with a recess or channel so as to form a drip. See Illust. of Column.

3. (Anat.) The upper surface of some part, as of a tooth or the skull; a crown.

4. (Zoöl.) The shelly skeleton of a sea urchin.

5. (Astrol.) A peculiar luminous appearance, or aureola, which surrounds the sun, and which is seen only when the sun is totally eclipsed by the moon.

6. (Bot.) (a) An inner appendage to a petal or a corolla, often forming a special cup, as in the daffodil and jonquil. (b) Any crownlike appendage at the top of an organ.

7. (Meteorol.) (a) A circle, usually colored, seen in peculiar states of the atmosphere around and close to a luminous body, as the sun or moon. (b) A peculiar phase of the aurora borealis, formed by the concentration or convergence of luminous beams around the point in the heavens indicated by the direction of the dipping needle.

8. A crown or circlet suspended from the roof or vaulting of churches, to hold tapers lighted on solemn occasions. It is sometimes formed of double or triple circlets, arranged pyramidically. Called also corona lucis. Fairholt.

9. (Mus.) A character [] called the pause or hold.

Cor"o*nach (k?r"?-n?k), n. See Coranach.

Cor"o*nal (k?r"?-nal or, esp. in science, k?-r?"nal; 277), a. [L. coronalis: cf. F. coronal.] 1. Of or pertaining to a corona (in any of the senses).

> The coronal light during the eclipse is faint.
> Abney.

2. Of or pertaining to a king's crown, or coronation.

> The law and his coronal oath require his undeniable assent to what laws the Parliament agree upon.
> Milton.

3. Of or pertaining to the top of the head or skull.

4. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the shell of a sea urchin.

Coronal suture (Anat.), a suture extending across the skull between the parietal and frontal bones; the fronto-parietal suture.

Cor"o*nal, n. 1. A crown; wreath; garland. Spenser.

2. The frontal bone, over which the ancients wore their coronæ or garlands. Hooper.

Cor`o*na"men (k?r`-n?"m?n), n. [L., a crowning.] (Zoöl.) The upper margin of a hoof; a coronet.

Cor"o*na*ry (k?r"?-n?-r?), a. [L. coronarius: cf. F. coronaire.] 1. Of or pertaining to a crown; forming, or adapted to form, a crown or garland. "Coronary thorns." Bp. Pearson.

> The catalogue of coronary plants is not large in Theophrastus.
> Sir T. Browne.

2. (Anat.) Resembling, or situated like, a crown or circlet; as, the coronary arteries and veins of the heart.

Cor"o*na*ry, n. A small bone in the foot of a horse.

{ Cor"o*nate (k?r"?-n?t), Cor"o*na`ted (- n?`t?ed), } a. [L. coronatus, p. p. of coronare to crown, fr. corona. See Crown.] 1. Having or wearing a crown.

2. (Zoöl.) (a) Having the coronal feathers lengthened or otherwise distinguished; -- said of birds. (b) Girt about the spire with a row of tubercles or spines; -- said of spiral shells.

3. (Biol.) Having a crest or a crownlike appendage.

Cor`o*na"tion (k?r`?-n?"sh?n), n. [See Coronate.]

1. The act or solemnity of crowning a sovereign; the act of investing a prince with the insignia of royalty, on his succeeding to the sovereignty.

2. The pomp or assembly at a coronation. Pope.

Coro"nel (k?r"nel), n. [See Colonel.] A colonel. [Obs.] Spenser.

Cor"o*nel (k?r"?-n?l or k?r"n?l), n. [Cf. Cronel, Crown.] (Anc. Armor) The iron head of a tilting spear, divided into two, three, or four blunt points. [Written also cronel.] Grose.

Cor"o*ner (k?r"?-n?r), n. [From OE. coronen to crown, OF. coroner, fr. L. coronare, fr. corona crown. Formed as a translation of LL. coronator coroner, fr. L. corona crown, the coroner having been originally a prosecuting officer of the crown. See Crown.] An officer of the peace whose principal duty is to inquire, with the help of a jury, into the cause of any violent, sudden or mysterious death, or death in prison, usually on sight of the body and at the place where the death occurred. [In England formerly also written and pronounced crowner.]

In some of the United States the office of coroner is abolished, that of medical examiner taking its place.

Coroner's inquest. See under Inquest.

Cor"o*net (k?r"?-n?t), n. [Dim. of OE. corone crown; cf. OF. coronete. See Crown, and cf. Crownet, Cronet.]

1. An ornamental or honorary headdress, having the shape and character of a crown; particularly, a crown worn as the mark of high rank lower than sovereignty. The word is used by Shakespeare to denote also a kingly crown.

> Without a star, a coronet, or garter.
> Goldsmith.

The coronet of the Prince of Wales consist of a circlet of gold with four crosses pattée around the edge between as many fleurs-de-lis. The center crosses are connected by an arch which is surmounted by a globe or cross. The coronet of a British duke is adorned with strawberry leaves; that of a marquis has leaves with pearls interposed; that of an earl raises the pearls above the leaves; that of a viscount is surrounded with pearls only; that of a baron has only four pearls.

2. (Far.) The upper part of a horse's hoof, where the horn terminates in skin. James White.

3. (Anc. Armor) The iron head of a tilting spear; a coronel. Crose.

Cor"o*net*ed (-n?t-?d), a.Wearing, or entitled to wear, a coronet; of noble birth or rank.

Co*ron"i*form (k?-r?n"?-f?rm or k?-r?"n?-), a. [L. corona crown + -form.] Having the form of a crown or coronet; resembling a crown.

Cor`o*nil"la (k?r`?-n?l"l?), n. [NL., fr. L. corona crown: cf. F. coronille.] (Bot.) A genus of plants related to the clover, having their flowers arranged in little heads or tufts resembling coronets.

Co*ro"nis (k?-r?"n?s), n. [Gr. korwni`s anything curved. See Cornice.] 1. In Greek grammar, a sign ['] sometimes placed over a contracted syllable. W. W. Goodwin.

2. The curved line or flourish at the end of a book or chapter; hence, the end. [R.] Bp. Hacket.

Cor"o*noid (kr"*noid), a. [Gr. korw`nh crow + -oid: cf. F. coronoïde.] (Anat.) Resembling the beak of a crow; as, the coronoid process of the jaw, or of the ulna.

Cor"o*nule (k?r"?-n?l), n. [L. coronula, dim. of corona crown.] (Bot.) A coronet or little crown of a seed; the downy tuft on seeds. See Pappus. Martyn.

Co*roun" (k?-roun"), v. & n. Crown. [Obs.] Chaucer.

{ ||Co*ro"zo ||Co*ros"so } (k?-r?"th? or - s?), n. [Cf. Sp. cerozo a kind of palm tree.] The name in Central America for the seed of a true palm; also, a commercial name for the true ivory nut. See Ivory nut.

Cor"po*race (k?r"p?-r?s), n. See Corporas.

Cor"po*ral (kôr"p*ral), n. [Corrupted fr. F. caporal, It. caporale, fr. capo head, chief, L. caput. See Chief, and cf. Caporal.] (Mil.) A noncommissioned officer, next below a sergeant. In the United States army he is the lowest noncommissioned officer in a company of infantry. He places and relieves sentinels.

Corporal's guard, a detachment such as would be in charge of a corporal for guard duty, etc.; hence, derisively, a very small number of persons. -- Lance corporal, an assistant corporal on private's pay. Farrow. -- Ship's corporal (Naut.), a petty officer who assists the master at arms in his various duties.

Cor"po*ral, a. [L. corporalis, fr. corpus body. See Corpse.] 1. Belonging or relating to the body; bodily. "Past corporal toil." Shak.

> Pillories and other corporal infections.
> Milton.

Corporal punishment (law), punishment applied to the body of the offender, including the death penalty, whipping, and imprisonment.

2. Having a body or substance; not spiritual; material. In this sense now usually written corporeal. Milton.

> A corporal heaven . . . .where the stare are.
> Latimer.

> What seemed corporal melted
> As breath into the wind.
> Shak.

Syn. -- Corporal, Bodily, Corporeal. Bodily is opposed to mental; as, bodily affections. Corporeal refers to the whole physical structure or nature, of the body; as, corporeal substance or frame. Corporal, as now used, refers more to punishment or some infliction; as, corporal punishment. To speak of corporeal punishment is an error. Bodily austerities; the corporeal mold.

{ Cor"po*ral (kôr"p*ral), ||Cor`po*ra"le (-r?"l?), } n. [LL. corporale: cf. F. corporal. See Corporal,a.] A fine linen cloth, on which the sacred elements are consecrated in the eucharist, or with which they are covered; a communion cloth.

Corporal oath, a solemn oath; -- so called from the fact that it was the ancient usage for the party taking it to touch the corporal, or cloth that covered the consecrated elements.

Cor`po*ral"i*ty (k?r`p?-r?l"l?-t?), n.: pl. Corporalities (-t&?;z). [L. corporalitas: cf. F. corporalit&?;.] 1. The state of being or having a body; bodily existence; corporeality; -- opposed to spirituality. Dr. H. More.

2. A confraternity; a guild. [Obs.] Milton.

Cor"po*ral*ly (k?r"p?-ral-ly), adv. In or with the body; bodily; as, to be corporally present. Sharp.

Cor"po*ral*ship, n. (Mil.) A corporal's office.

Cor"po*ras (k?r"p?-r?s), n. [Prop. pl. of corporal.] The corporal, or communion cloth. [Obs.] Fuller.

Cor"po*rate (k?r"p?-r?t), a. [L. corporatus, p. p. of corporare to shape into a body, fr. corpus body. See Corpse.] 1. Formed into a body by legal enactment; united in an association, and endowed by law with the rights and liabilities of an individual; incorporated; as, a corporate town.

2. Belonging to a corporation or incorporated body. "Corporate property." Hallam.

3. United; general; collectively one.

> They answer in a joint and corporate voice.
> Shak.

Corporate member, an actual or voting member of a corporation, as distinguished from an associate or an honorary member; as, a corporate member of the American Board.

Cor"po*rate (-r?t), v. t. To incorporate. [Obs.] Stow.

Cor"po*rate, v. i. To become incorporated. [Obs.]

Cor"po*rate*ly (-r?t-l?), adv. 1. In a corporate capacity; acting as a corporate body.

2. In, or as regarda, the body. Fabyan.

Cor`po*ra"tion (kôr`p*r"shn), n. [L. corporatio incarnation: cf. F. corporation corporation.] A body politic or corporate, formed and authorized by law to act as a single person, and endowed by law with the capacity of succession; a society having the capacity of transacting business as an individual.

Corporations are aggregate or sole. Corporations aggregate consist of two or more persons united in a society, which is preserved by a succession of members, either forever or till the corporation is dissolved by the power that formed it, by the death of all its members, by surrender of its charter or franchises, or by forfeiture. Such corporations are the mayor and aldermen of cities, the head and fellows of a college, the dean and chapter of a cathedral church, the stockholders of a bank or insurance company, etc. A corporation sole consists of a single person, who is made a body corporate and politic, in order to give him some legal capacities, and especially that of succession, which as a natural person he can not have. Kings, bishops, deans, parsons, and vicars, are in England sole corporations. A fee will not pass to a corporation sole without the word "successors" in the grant. There are instances in the United States of a minister of a parish seized of parsonage lands in the right of his parish, being a corporation sole, as in Massachusetts. Corporations are sometimes classified as public and private; public being convertible with municipal, and private corporations being all corporations not municipal.

Close corporation. See under Close.

Cor"po*ra`tor (kô"p?-r?`t?r), n. A member of a corporation, esp. one of the original members.

Cor"po*ra*ture (kôr"p?-r?-t?r), n. The state of being embodied; bodily existence. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Cor*po"re*al (kôr*p"r*al), a. [L. corporeus, fr. corpus body.] Having a body; consisting of, or pertaining to, a material body or substance; material; -- opposed to spiritual or immaterial.

> His omnipotence
> That to corporeal substance could add
> Speed almost spiritual.
> Milton.

Corporeal property, such as may be seen and handled (as opposed to incorporeal, which can not be seen or handled, and exists only in contemplation). Mozley & W.

Syn. -- Corporal; bodily. See Corporal.

Cor*po"re*al*ism (-?z'm), n. Materialism. Cudworth.

<! p. 326 !>

Cor*po"re*al*ist (kr*p"r*al*st), n. One who denies the reality of spiritual existences; a materialist.

> Some corporealists pretended . . . to make a world without a God.
> Bp. Berkeley.

Cor*po`re*al"i*ty (-?l"?-t?), n.: pl. Corporealities (-tz). The state of being corporeal; corporeal existence.

Cor*po"re*al*ly (kr*p"r*al*l), adv. In the body; in a bodily form or manner.

Cor*po"re*al*ness (-n?s), n. Corporeality; corporeity.

Cor`po*re"i*ty (k?r`p?-r?"?-t?), n. [LL. corporeitas: cf. F. corpor&?;it&?;.] The state of having a body; the state of being corporeal; materiality.

> The one attributed corporeity to God.
> Bp. Stillingfleet.

> Those who deny light to be matter, do not therefore deny its corporeity.
> Coleridge.

Cor*por"i*fy (k?r-p?r"?-f?), v. t. [L. corpus body + -fy: cf. F. corporifier.] To embody; to form into a body. [Obs.] Boyle.

Cor"po*sant (k?r"p?-z?nt), n. [It. corpo santo holy body.] St. Elmo's fire. See under Saint.

Corps (kr, pl. krz), n. sing. & pl. [F., fr. L. corpus body. See Corpse.] 1. The human body, whether living or dead. [Obs.] See Corpse, 1.

> By what craft in my corps, it cometh [commences] and where.
> Piers Plowman.

2. A body of men; esp., an organized division of the military establishment; as, the marine corps; the corps of topographical engineers; specifically, an army corps.

> A corps operating with an army should consist of three divisions of the line, a brigade of artillery, and a regiment of cavalry.
> Gen. Upton (U. S. Tactics. )

3. A body or code of laws. [Obs.]

> The whole corps of the law.
> Bacon.

4. (Eccl.) The land with which a prebend or other ecclesiastical office is endowed. [Obs.]

> The prebendaries over and above their reserved rents have a corps.
> Bacon.

Army corps, or (French) Corps d'armée (kr` där`m"), a body containing two or more divisions of a large army, organized as a complete army in itself. -- ||Corps de logis (kr` de l`zh") [F., body of the house], the principal mass of a building, considered apart from its wings. -- Corps diplomatique (k&?;r d&?;`pl&?;`m&?;-t&?;k") [F., diplomatic body], the body of ministers or envoys accredited to a government.

Corpse (kôrps), n. [OF. cors (sometimes written corps), F. corps, L. corpus; akin to AS. hrif womb. See Midriff, and cf. Corse, Corselet, Corps, Cuerpo.] 1. A human body in general, whether living or dead; -- sometimes contemptuously. [Obs.]

Formerly written (after the French form) corps. See Corps, n., 1.

2. The dead body of a human being; -- used also Fig.

> He touched the dead corpse of Public Credit, and it sprung upon its feet.
> D. Webster.

Corpse candle. (a) A thick candle formerly used at a lich wake, or the customary watching with a corpse on the night before its interment. (b) A luminous appearance, resembling the flame of a candle, sometimes seen in churchyards and other damp places, superstitiously regarded as portending death. -- Corpse gate, the gate of a burial place through which the dead are carried, often having a covered porch; -- called also lich gate.

{ Cor"pu*lence (k?r"p?-lens), Cor"pu*len*cy (k?r"p?-len-s?), } n. [L. corpulentia: cf. F. corpulence.]

1. Excessive fatness; fleshiness; obesity.

2. Thickness; density; compactness. [Obs.]

> The heaviness and corpulency of water requiring a great force to divide it.
> Ray.

Cor"pu*lent (-p?-lent), a. [L. corpulentus, fr. corpus: cf. F. corpulent. See Corpse.] 1. Very fat; obese.

2. Solid; gross; opaque. [Obs.] Holland.

Syn. -- Stout; fleshy; bulky; obese. See Stout.

Cor"pu*lent*ly, adv. In a corpulent manner.

||Cor"pus (-ps), n.; pl. Corpora (-p*r). [L.] A body, living or dead; the corporeal substance of a thing.

Corpus callosum (kl*l"sm); pl. Corpora callosa (-s&?;) [NL., callous body] (Anat.), the great band of commissural fibers uniting the cerebral hemispheres. See Brain. -- Corpus Christi (krs"t) [L., body of Christ] (R. C. Ch.), a festival in honor of the eucharist, observed on the Thursday after Trinity Sunday. -- Corpus Christi cloth. Same as Pyx cloth, under Pyx. -- Corpus delicti (d*lk"t) [L., the body of the crime] (Law), the substantial and fundamental fact of the comission of a crime; the proofs essential to establish a crime. -- Corpus luteum (l"t*m); pl. Corpora lutea (-). [NL., luteous body] (Anat.), the reddish yellow mass which fills a ruptured Graafian follicle in the mammalian ovary. -- Corpus striatum (str*"tm); pl. Corpora striata (-t). [NL., striate body] (Anat.), a ridge in the wall of each lateral ventricle of the brain.

Cor"pus*cle (-ps*s'l), n. [L. corpusculum, dim. of corpus.] 1. A minute particle; an atom; a molecule.

2. (Anat.) A protoplasmic animal cell; esp., such as float free, like blood, lymph, and pus corpuscles; or such as are imbedded in an intercellular matrix, like connective tissue and cartilage corpuscles. See Blood.

> Virchow showed that the corpuscles of bone are homologous with those of connective tissue.
> Quain's Anat.

Red blood corpuscles (Physiol.), in man, yellowish, biconcave, circular discs varying from 1/3500 to 1/3200 of an inch in diameter and about 1/12400 of an inch thick. They are composed of a colorless stroma filled in with semifluid hæmoglobin and other matters. In most mammals the red corpuscles are circular, but in the camels, birds, reptiles, and the lower vertebrates generally, they are oval, and sometimes more or less spherical in form. In Amphioxus, and most invertebrates, the blood corpuscles are all white or colorless. -- White blood corpuscles (Physiol.), rounded, slightly flattened, nucleated cells, mainly protoplasmic in composition, and possessed of contractile power. In man, the average size is about 1/2500 of an inch, and they are present in blood in much smaller numbers than the red corpuscles.

Cor*pus"cu*lar (k?r-p?s"k?-l?r), a. [Cf. F. corpusculaire.] Pertaining to, or composed of, corpuscles, or small particles.

Corpuscular philosophy, that which attempts to account for the phenomena of nature, by the motion, figure, rest, position, etc., of the minute particles of matter. -- Corpuscular theory (Opt.), the theory enunciated by Sir Isaac Newton, that light consists in the emission and rapid progression of minute particles or corpuscles. The theory is now generally rejected, and supplanted by the undulatory theory.

Cor*pus`cu*la"ri*an (-l?"r?-a]/>n), a. Corpuscular. [Obs.]

Cor*pus`cu*la"ri*an, n. An adherent of the corpuscular philosophy. Bentley.

Cor*pus"cule (k?r-p?s"k?l), n. A corpuscle. [Obs.]

Cor*pus"cu*lous (-k?-l?s), a. Corpuscular. Tyndall.

Cor*rade" (k?r-r?d"), v. t. [L. corradere, -rasum; cor- + radere to rub.] 1. To gnaw into; to wear away; to fret; to consume. [Obs.] Dr. R. Clerke.

2. (Geol.) To erode, as the bed of a stream. See Corrosion.

Cor*ra"di*al (k?r-r?"d?-a]/>l), a. Radiating to or from the same point. [R.] Coleridge.

Cor*ra"di*ate (k?r-r?"d?-?t), v. t. To converge to one point or focus, as light or rays.

Cor*ra`di*a"tion (k?r-r?`d?-?"sh?n), n. A conjunction or concentration of rays in one point. Bacom

Cor*ral" (k?r-r?l"; Sp. k?r-r?l"), n. [Sp., a yard, a yard for cattle, fr. corro a circle or ring, fr. L. currere to run. Cf. Kraal.] A pen for animals; esp., an inclosure made with wagons, by emigrants in the vicinity of hostile Indians, as a place of security for horses, cattle, etc.

Cor*ral", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Corraled (-r?ld" or -r?ld"); p. pr. & vb. n. Corralling.] To surround and inclose; to coop up; to put into an inclosed space; -- primarily used with reference to securing horses and cattle in an inclosure of wagons while traversing the plains, but in the Southwestern United States now colloquially applied to the capturing, securing, or penning of anything. Bartlett.

Cor*ra"sion (k?r-r?"zh?n), n. [See Corrade.] (Geol.) The erosion of the bed of a stream by running water, principally by attrition of the detritus carried along by the stream, but also by the solvent action of the water.

Cor*ra"sive (-s?v), a. Corrosive. [Obs.]

> Corrasive sores which eat into the flesh.
> Holland.

Cor*rect" (kôr*rkt"), a. [L. correctus, p. p. of corrigere to make straight, to correct; cor- + regere to lead straight: cf. F. correct. See Regular, Right, and cf. Escort.] Set right, or made straight; hence, conformable to truth, rectitude, or propriety, or to a just standard; not faulty or imperfect; free from error; as, correct behavior; correct views.

> Always use the most correct editions.
> Felton.

Syn. -- Accurate; right, exact; precise; regular; faultless. See Accurate.

Cor*rect", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Corrected; p. pr. & vb. n. Correcting.] 1. To make right; to bring to the standard of truth, justice, or propriety; to rectify; as, to correct manners or principles.

> This is a defect in the first make of some men's minds which can scarce ever be corrected afterwards.
> T. Burnet.

2. To remove or retrench the faults or errors of; to amend; to set right; as, to correct the proof (that is, to mark upon the margin the changes to be made, or to make in the type the changes so marked).

3. To bring back, or attempt to bring back, to propriety in morals; to reprove or punish for faults or deviations from moral rectitude; to chastise; to discipline; as, a child should be corrected for lying.

> My accuser is my 'prentice; and when I did correct him for his fault the other day, he did vow upon his knees he would be even with me.
> Shak.

4. To counteract the qualities of one thing by those of another; -- said of whatever is wrong or injurious; as, to correct the acidity of the stomach by alkaline preparations.

Syn. -- To amend; rectify; emend; reform; improve; chastise; punish; discipline; chasten. See Amend.

{ Cor*rect"i*ble (-r?k"t?-b'l), Cor*rect"a*ble (-r?k"t?-b'l), } a. Capable of being corrected.

Cor*rect"i*fy (k?r-r?k"t?-f?), v. t. To correct. [Obs.]

> When your worship's plassed to correctify a lady.
> Beau. & Fl.

Cor*rec"tion (k?r-r?k"sh?n), n. [L. correctio: cf. F. correction.] 1. The act of correcting, or making that right which was wrong; change for the better; amendment; rectification, as of an erroneous statement.

> The due correction of swearing, rioting, neglect of God's word, and other scandalouss vices.
> Strype.

2. The act of reproving or punishing, or that which is intended to rectify or to cure faults; punishment; discipline; chastisement.

> Correction and instruction must both work
> Ere this rude beast will profit.
> Shak.

3. That which is substituted in the place of what is wrong; an emendation; as, the corrections on a proof sheet should be set in the margin.

4. Abatement of noxious qualities; the counteraction of what is inconvenient or hurtful in its effects; as, the correction of acidity in the stomach.

5. An allowance made for inaccuracy in an instrument; as, chronometer correction; compass correction.

Correction line (Surv.), a parallel used as a new base line in laying out township in the government lands of the United States. The adoption at certain intervals of a correction line is necessitated by the convergence of of meridians, and the statute requirement that the townships must be squares. -- House of correction, a house where disorderly persons are confined; a bridewell. -- Under correction, subject to correction; admitting the possibility of error.

Cor*rec"tion*al (k?r-r?k"sh?n-a]/>l), a. [Cf. F. correctionnel.] Tending to, or intended for, correction; used for correction; as, a correctional institution.

Cor*rec"tion*er (-?r), n. One who is, or who has been, in the house of correction. [Obs.] Shak.

Cor*rect"ive (k?rr-r?k"t?v), a. [Cf. F. correctif.]

1. Having the power to correct; tending to rectify; as, corrective penalties.

> Mulberries are pectoral, corrective of billious alkali.
> Arbuthnot.

2. Qualifying; limiting. "The Psalmist interposeth . . . this corrective particle." Holdsworth.

Cor*rect"ive, n. 1. That which has the power of correcting, altering, or counteracting what is wrong or injurious; as, alkalies are correctives of acids; penalties are correctives of immoral conduct. Burke.

2. Limitation; restriction. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale.

Cor*rect"ly (k?r-r?kt"l?), adv. In a correct manner; exactly; acurately; without fault or error.

Cor*rect"ness, n. The state or quality of being correct; as, the correctness of opinions or of manners; correctness of taste; correctness in writing or speaking; the correctness of a text or copy.

Syn. -- Accuracy; exactness; precision; propriety.

Cor*rect"or (k?r-r?kt"?r), n. [L.] One who, or that which, corrects; as, a corrector of abuses; a corrector of the press; an alkali is a corrector of acids.

Cor*rect"o*ry (-?-r?), a. Containing or making correction; corrective.

Cor*rect"ress (-r?s), n. A woman who corrects.

||Cor*reg"i*dor (k?r-r?j"?-d?r; Sp. k?r-r?`h?-d?r"), n. [Sp., orig., a corrector.] The chief magistrate of a Spanish town.

Cor"rei (k?r"r?), n. [Scot., perh. fr. Celt. cor a corner.] A hollow in the side of a hill, where game usually lies. "Fleet foot on the correi." Sir W. Scott.

Cor`re*lat"a*ble (k3r`r?-l?t"?-b'l), a. Such as can be correlated; as, correlatable phenomena.

Cor`re*late" (kr`r*lt" or kr"r*lt`), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Correlated; p. pr. & vb. n. Correlating.] [Pref. cor- + relate.] To have reciprocal or mutual relations; to be mutually related.

> Doctrine and worship correlate as theory and practice.
> Tylor.

Cor`re*late", v. t. To put in relation with each other; to connect together by the disclosure of a mutual relation; as, to correlate natural phenomena. Darwin.

Cor"re*late (k?r"r?-l?t), n. One who, or that which, stands in a reciprocal relation to something else, as father to son; a correlative. South.

Cor`re*la"tion (-l?"sh?n), n. [LL. correlatio; L. cor- + relatio: cf. F. corrélation. Cf. Correlation.] Reciprocal relation; corresponding similarity or parallelism of relation or law; capacity of being converted into, or of giving place to, one another, under certain conditions; as, the correlation of forces, or of zymotic diseases.

Correlation of energy, the relation to one another of different forms of energy; -- usually having some reference to the principle of conservation of energy. See Conservation of energy, under Conservation. -- Correlation of forces, the relation between the forces which matter, endowed with various forms of energy, may exert.

Cor*rel"a*tive (k?r-r?l"?-t?v), a. [Cf. F. corrélatif.] Having or indicating a reciprocal relation.

> Father and son, prince and subject, stranger and citizen, are correlative terms.
> Hume.

Cor*rel"a*tive, n. 1. One who, or that which, stands in a reciprocal relation, or is correlated, to some other person or thing. Locke.

> Spiritual things and spiritual men are correlatives.
> Spelman.

2. (Gram.) The antecedent of a pronoun.

Cor*rel"a*tive*ly, adv. In a correlative relation.

Cor*rel"a*tive*ness, n. Quality of being correlative.

Cor`re*li"gion*ist (k?r`r?-l?j"?n-?st), n. A co-religion&?;ist.

Cor*rep"tion (k?r-r?p"sh?n), n. [L. correptio, fr. corripere to seize.] Chiding; reproof; reproach. [Obs.]

> Angry, passionate correption being rather apt to provoke, than to amend.
> Hammond.

Cor`re*spond" (k?r`r?-sp?nd"), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Corresponded; p. pr. & vb. n. Corresponding.] [Pref. cor- + respond: cf. f. correspondre.] 1. To be like something else in the dimensions and arrangement of its parts; -- followed by with or to; as, concurring figures correspond with each other throughout.

> None of them [the forms of Sidney's sonnets] correspond to the Shakespearean type.
> J. A. Symonds.

2. To be adapted; to be congruous; to suit; to agree; to fit; to answer; -- followed by to.

> Words being but empty sounds, any farther than they are signs of our ideas, we can not but assent to them as they correspond to those ideas we have, but no farther.
> Locke.

3. To have intercourse or communion; especially, to hold intercourse or to communicate by sending and receiving letters; -- followed by with.

> After having been long in indirect communication with the exiled family, he [Atterbury] began to correspond directly with the Pretender.
> Macaulay.

Syn. -- To agree; fit; answer; suit; write; address.

Cor`re*spond"ence (-sp?nd"ens), n. [Cf. F. correspondance.] 1. Friendly intercourse; reciprocal exchange of civilities; especially, intercourse between persons by means of letters.

> Holding also good correspondence with the other great men in the state.
> Bacon.

> To facilitate correspondence between one part of London and another, was not originally one of the objects of the post office.
> Macaulay.

<! p. 327 !>

2. The letters which pass between correspondents.

3. Mutual adaptation, relation, or agreement, of one thing to another; agreement; congruity; fitness; relation.

Cor`re*spond"en*cy (k$r`r?--sp?nd"en-s?), n.; pl. Correspondencies (-s&?;z). Same as Correspondence, 3.

> The correspondencies of types and antitypes . . . may be very reasonable confirmations.
> S. Clarke.

Cor`re*spond"ent (-ent), a. [Cf. F. correspondant.] Suitable; adapted; fit; corresponding; congruous; conformable; in accord or agreement; obedient; willing.

> Action correspondent or repugnant unto the law.
> Hooker.

> As fast the correspondent passions rise.
> Thomson.

> I will be correspondent to command.
> Shak.

Cor`re*spond"ent, n. 1. One with whom intercourse is carried on by letter. Macaulay.

2. One who communicates information, etc., by letter or telegram to a newspaper or periodical.

3. (Com.) One who carries on commercial intercourse by letter or telegram with a person or firm at a distance.

Cor`re*spond"ent*ly, adv. In a a corresponding manner; conformably; suitably.

Cor`re*spond"ing, a. 1. Answering; conformable; agreeing; suiting; as, corresponding numbers.

2. Carrying on intercourse by letters.

Corresponding member of a society, one residing at a distance, who has been invited to correspond with the society, and aid in carrying out its designs without taking part in its management.

Cor`re*spond"ing*ly, adv. In a corresponding manner; conformably.

Cor`re*spon"sive (-r?-sp?n"s?v), a. Corresponding; conformable; adapted. Shak. -- Cor`re*spon"sive*ly, adv.

Cor"ri*dor (k?r"r?-d?r or -d?r), n. [F., fr. Itt. corridpore, or Sp. corredor; prop., a runner, hence, a running or long line, a gallery, fr. L. currere to run. See Course.]

1. (Arch.) A gallery or passageway leading to several apartments of a house.

2. (Fort.) The covered way lying round the whole compass of the fortifications of a place. [R.]

Cor"rie (k?r"r?), n. Same as Correi. [Scot.] Geikie.

||Cor`ri*gen"dum (k?r`r?-j?n"d?m), n.; pl. Corrigenda (- d&?;). [L.] A fault or error to be corrected.

Cor"ri*gent (k?r"r?--jent), n. [L. corrigens, p. pr. of corrigere to correct.] (Med.) A substance added to a medicine to mollify or modify its action. Dunglison.

Cor`ri*gi*bil"i*ty (-j?-b?l"?-t?), n. Quality of being corrigible; capability of being corrected; corrigibleness.

Cor"ri*gi*ble (k?r"r?-j?-b'l), a. [LL. corribilis, fr. L. corrigere to correct: cf. F. corrigible. See Correrct.]

1. Capable of being set right, amended, or reformed; as, a corrigible fault.

2. Submissive to correction; docile. "Bending down his corrigible neck." Shak.

3. Deserving chastisement; punishable. [Obs.]

> He was taken up very short, and adjudged corrigible for such presumptuous language.
> Howell.

4. Having power to correct; corrective. [Obs.]

> The . . . .corrigible authority of this lies in our wills.
> Shak.

Cor"ri*gi*ble*ness, n. The state or quality of being corrigible; corrigibility.

Cor*ri"val (k?r-r?"val), n. A fellow rival; a competitor; a rival; also, a companion. [R.] Shak.

Cor*ri"val, a. Having rivaling claims; emulous; in rivalry. [R.] Bp. Fleetwood.

Cor*ri"val, v. i. & t. To compete with; to rival. [R.]

Cor*ri"val*ry (k?r-r?"val-r?), n. Corivalry. [R.]

Cor*ri"val*ship, n. Corivalry. [R.]

> By the corrivalship of Shager his false friend.
> Sir T. Herbert.

Cor"ri*vate (k?r"r?-v?t), v. t. [L. corrivatus, p. p. of corrivare to corrivate.] To cause to flow together, as water drawn from several streams. [Obs.] Burton.

Cor`ri*va"tion (-v?"sh?n), n. [L. corrivatio.] The flowing of different streams into one. [Obs.] Burton.

Cor*rob"o*rant (k?r-r?b"?-rant), a. [L. corroborans, p. pr. See Corroborate.] Strengthening; supporting; corroborating. Bacon. -- n. Anything which gives strength or support; a tonic.

> The brain, with its proper corroborants, especially with sweet odors and with music.
> Southey.

Cor*rob"o*rate (k?r-r?b"?-r?t), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Corroborated (-r?`t?d); p. pr. & vb. n. Corroborating (-r?`t?ng). ] [L. corroboratus, p. p. of corroborare to corroborate; cor- + roborare to strengthen, robur strength. See Robust.] 1. To make strong, or to give additional strength to; to strengthen. [Obs.]

> As any limb well and duly exercised, grows stronger, the nerves of the body are corroborated thereby.
> I. Watts.

2. To make more certain; to confirm; to establish.

> The concurrence of all corroborates the same truth.
> I. Taylor.

Cor*rob"o*rate (-r?t), a. Corroborated. [Obs.] Bacon.

Cor*rob`o*ra"tion (k?r-r?b`?-r?"sh?n), n. [Cf. F. corroboration.] 1. The act of corroborating, strengthening, or confirming; addition of strength; confirmation; as, the corroboration of an argument, or of information.

2. That which corroborates.

Cor*rob"o*ra*tive (k?r-r?b"?-r?-t?v), a. [Cf. F. corroboratif.] Tending to strengthen of confirm.

Cor*rob"o*ra*tive, n. A medicine that strengthens; a corroborant. Wiseman.

Cor*rob"o*ra*to*ry (-t?-r?), a. Tending to strengthen; corroborative; as, corroboratory facts.

Cor*rode" (k?r-r?d") v. t. [imp. & p. p. Corroded; p. pr. & vb. n. Corroding.] [L. corrodere, - rosum; cor + rodere to gnaw: cf. F. corroder. See Rodent.]

1. To eat away by degrees; to wear away or diminish by gradually separating or destroying small particles of, as by action of a strong acid or a caustic alkali.

> Aqua fortis corroding copper . . . is wont to reduce it to a green-blue solution.
> Boyle.

2. To consume; to wear away; to prey upon; to impair.

Cor*rode", v. i. To have corrosive action; to be subject to corrosion.

Corroding lead, lead sufficiently pure to be used in making white lead by a process of corroding.

Syn. -- To canker; gnaw; rust; waste; wear away.

Cor*rod"ent (k?r-r?"dent), a. [L. corrodens, p. pr. of corrodere.] Corrosive. [R.] Bp. King.

Cor*rod"ent, n. Anything that corrodes. Bp. King.

Cor*ro"di*ate (k?r-r?"d?-?t), v. t. [See Corrode.] To eat away by degrees; to corrode. [Obs.] Sandys.

Cor*ro`di*bil"i*ty (k?r-r?`d?-b?l"?-t?), n. The quality of being corrodible. [R.] Johnson.

Cor*rod"i*ble (k?r-r?"d?-b'l), a. Capable of being corroded; corrosible. Sir T. Browne.

Cor*ro`si*bil"i*ty (k?r-r?`s?-b?l"?-t?), n. Corrodibility. "Corrosibility . . . answers corrosiveness." Boyle.

Cor*ro"si*ble (k?r-r?"s?-b'l), a. Corrodible. Bailey.

Cor*ro"si*ble*ness, n. The quality or state of being corrosible. Bailey.

Cor*ro"sion (k?r-r?"zh?n), n. [LL. corrosio: cf. F. corrosion. See Corrode.] The action or effect of corrosive agents, or the process of corrosive change; as, the rusting of iron is a variety of corrosion.

> Corrosion is a particular species of dissolution of bodies, either by an acid or a saline menstruum.
> John Quincy.

Cor*ro"sive (k?r-r?"s?v), a. [Cf. F. corrosif.] 1. Eating away; having the power of gradually wearing, changing, or destroying the texture or substance of a body; as, the corrosive action of an acid. "Corrosive liquors." Grew. "Corrosive famine." Thomson.

2. Having the quality of fretting or vexing.

> Care is no cure, but corrosive.
> Shak.

Corrosive sublimate (Chem.), mercuric chloride, HgCl2; so called because obtained by sublimation, and because of its harsh irritating action on the body tissue. Usually it is in the form of a heavy, transparent, crystalline substance, easily soluble, and of an acrid, burning taste. It is a virulent poison, a powerful antiseptic, and an excellent antisyphilitic; called also mercuric bichloride. It is to be carefully distinguished from calomel, the mild chloride of mercury.

Cor*ro"sive, n. 1. That which has the quality of eating or wearing away gradually.

> [Corrosives] act either directly, by chemically destroying the part, or indirectly by causing inflammation and gangrene.
> Dunglison.

2. That which has the power of fretting or irritating.

> Such speeches . . . are grievous corrosives.
> Hooker.

-- Cor*ro"sive*ly, adv. -- Cor*ro"sive*ness, n.

Cor*ro"val (kr-r?"val), n. A dark brown substance of vegetable origin, allied to curare, and used by the natives of New Granada as an arrow poison.

Cor*ro"va*line (-v?-l?n or -l?n), n. (Chem.) A poisonous alkaloid extracted from corroval, and characterized by its immediate action in paralyzing the heart.

Cor"ru*gant (k?r"r?-gant), a. [L. corrugans, p. pr. See Corrugate.] Having the power of contracting into wrinkles. Johnson.

Cor"ru*gate (k?r"r?-g?t), a. [L. corrugatus, p. p. of corrugare; cor-+ rugare to wrinkle, ruga wrinkle; of uncertain origin.] Wrinkled; crumpled; furrowed; contracted into ridges and furrows.

Cor"ru*gate (-g?t), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Corrugated (-g?`t?d); p. pr. & vb. n. Corrugating (-g?`t?ng).] To form or shape into wrinkles or folds, or alternate ridges and grooves, as by drawing, contraction, pressure, bending, or otherwise; to wrinkle; to purse up; as, to corrugate plates of iron; to corrugate the forehead.

Corrugated iron, sheet iron bent into a series of alternate ridges and grooves in parallel lines, giving it greater stiffness. -- Corrugated paper, a thick, coarse paper corrugated in order to give it elasticity. It is used as a wrapping material for fragile articles, as bottles.

Cor`ru*ga"tion (k?r`r?-g?"sh?n), n. [Cf. F. corrugation.] The act corrugating; contraction into wrinkles or alternate ridges and grooves.

Cor"ru*ga`tor (k?r"r?-g?`t?r), n. [NL.; cf. F. corrugateur.] (Anat.) A muscle which contracts the skin of the forehead into wrinkles.

Cor*ru"gent (k?r-r?"jent), a. (Anat.) Drawing together; contracting; -- said of the corrugator. [Obs.]

Cor*rump" (k?r-r?mp"), v. t. [L. corrumpere.] To corrupt. See Corrupt. [Obs.] Chauser.

Cor*rump"a*ble (-?-b'l), a. Corruptible. [Obs.]

Cor*rupt` (k?r-r?pt"), a. [L. corruptus, p. p. of corrumpere to corrupt; cor- + rumpere to break. See Rupture.] 1. Changed from a sound to a putrid state; spoiled; tainted; vitiated; unsound.

> Who with such corrupt and pestilent bread would feed them.
> Knolles.

2. Changed from a state of uprightness, correctness, truth, etc., to a worse state; vitiated; depraved; debased; perverted; as, corrupt language; corrupt judges.

> At what ease
> Might corrupt minds procure knaves as corrupt
> To swear against you.
> Shak.

3. Abounding in errors; not genuine or correct; as, the text of the manuscript is corrupt.

Cor*rupt", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Corrupted; p. pr. & vb. n. Corrupting.] 1. To change from a sound to a putrid or putrescent state; to make putrid; to putrefy.

2. To change from good to bad; to vitiate; to deprave; to pervert; to debase; to defile.

> Evil communications corrupt good manners.
> 1. Cor. xv. 33.

3. To draw aside from the path of rectitude and duty; as, to corrupt a judge by a bribe.

> Heaven is above all yet; there sits a Judge
> That no king can corrupt.
> Shak.

4. To debase or render impure by alterations or innovations; to falsify; as, to corrupt language; to corrupt the sacred text.

> He that makes an ill use of it [language], though he does not corrupt the fountains of knowledge, . . . yet he stops the pines.
> Locke.

5. To waste, spoil, or consume; to make worthless.

> Lay not up for yourselves treasures upon earth, where moth and rust doth corrupt.
> Matt. vi. 19.

Cor*rupt" (k?r-r?pt"), v. i. 1. To become putrid or tainted; to putrefy; to rot. Bacon.

2. To become vitiated; to lose purity or goodness.

Cor*rupt"er (k?r-r?p"t?r), n. One who corrupts; one who vitiates or taints; as, a corrupter of morals.

Cor*rupt"ful (-f?l), a. Tending to corrupt; full of corruption. [Obs.] "Corruptful bribes." Spenser.

Cor*rupt`i*bil"i*ty (k?r-r?p`t?-b?l"?-t?), n. [L. corruptibilitas: cf. F. corruptibilité.] The quality of being corruptible; the possibility or liability of being corrupted; corruptibleness. Burke.

Cor*rupt"i*ble (k?r-r?p"t?-b'l), a. [L. corruptibilis: cf. F. corruptible.] 1. Capable of being made corrupt; subject to decay. "Our corruptible bodies." Hooker.

> Ye were not redeemed with corruptible things, as silver and gold.
> 1 Pet. i. 18.

2. Capable of being corrupted, or morally vitiated; susceptible of depravation.

> They systematically corrupt very corruptible race.
> Burke.

-- Cor*rupt"i*ble*ness, n. -- Cor*rupt"i*bly, adv.

Cor*rupt"i*ble, n. That which may decay and perish; the human body. [Archaic] 1 Cor. xv. 53.

Cor*rupt"ing*ly, adv. In a manner that corrupts.

Cor*rup"tion (k?r-r?p"sh?n), n. [F. corruption, L. corruptio.] 1. The act of corrupting or making putrid, or state of being corrupt or putrid; decomposition or disorganization, in the process of putrefaction; putrefaction; deterioration.

> The inducing and accelerating of putrefaction is a subject of very universal inquiry; for corruption is a reciprocal to "generation".
> Bacon.

2. The product of corruption; putrid matter.

3. The act of corrupting or of impairing integrity, virtue, or moral principle; the state of being corrupted or debased; loss of purity or integrity; depravity; wickedness; impurity; bribery.

> It was necessary, by exposing the gross corruptions of monasteries, . . . to exite popular indignation against them.
> Hallam.

> They abstained from some of the worst methods of corruption usual to their party in its earlier days.
> Bancroft.

Corruption, when applied to officers, trustees, etc., signifies the inducing a violation of duty by means of pecuniary considerations. Abbott.

4. The act of changing, or of being changed, for the worse; departure from what is pure, simple, or correct; as, a corruption of style; corruption in language.

Corruption of blood (Law), taint or impurity of blood, in consequence of an act of attainder of treason or felony, by which a person is disabled from inheriting any estate or from transmitting it to others.

> Corruption of blood can be removed only by act of Parliament.
> Blackstone.

Syn. -- Putrescence; putrefaction; defilement; contamination; deprivation; debasement; adulteration; depravity; taint. See Depravity.

Cor*rup"tion*ist, n. One who corrupts, or who upholds corruption. Sydney Smith.

Cor*rupt"ive (k?r-r?p"t?v), a. [L. corruptivus: cf. F. corruptif.] Having the quality of tainting or vitiating; tending to produce corruption.

> It should be endued with some corruptive quality for so speedy a dissolution of the meat.
> Ray.

Cor*rupt"less (k?r-r?pt"l?s), a. Not susceptible of corruption or decay; incorruptible. Dryden.

Cor*rupt"ly, adv. In a corrupt manner; by means of corruption or corrupting influences; wrongfully.

Cor*rupt"ness, n. The quality of being corrupt.

Cor*rupt"ress (-r?s), n. A woman who corrupts.

> Thou studied old corruptress.
> Beau. & Fl.

Cor"sac (k?r"s?k), n. (Zoöl.) The corsak.

Cor"sage (kôr"sj), n. [F. See Corset.] The waist or bodice of a lady's dress; as, a low corsage.

Cor"sair (k?r"s?r), n. [F. corsaire (cf. It. corsare, corsale, Pr. corsari), LL. corsarius, fr. L. cursus a running, course, whence Sp. corso cruise, corsa cruise, coasting voyage, corsear to cruise against the enemy, to pirate, corsario cruising, a privateer authorized to cruise against the enemy. See Course.] 1. A pirate; one who cruises about without authorization from any government, to seize booty on sea or land.

2. A piratical vessel.

> Barbary corsairs . . . infested the coast of the Mediterranean.
> Prescott.

Cor"sak (k?r"s?k), n. (Zoöl.) A small foxlike mammal (Cynalopex corsac), found in Central Asia. [Written also corsac.]

Corse (k?rs or k?rs; 277), n. [OF. cors, F. corps. See Corpse.] 1. A living body or its bulk. [Obs.]

> For he was strong, and of so mighty corse
> As ever wielded spear in warlike hand.
> Spenser.

2. A corpse; the dead body of a human being. [Archaic or Poetic]

> Set down the corse; or, by Saint Paul,
> I'll make a corse of him that disobeys.
> Shak.

Corse"let (k?rs"l?t), n. [F., dim. of OF. cors. F. corps, body. See Corse.] 1. Armor for the body, as, the body breastplate and backpiece taken together; -- also, used for the entire suit of the day, including breastplate and backpiece, tasset and headpiece.

2. (Zoöl.) The thorax of an insect.

Corse"pres`ent (k?rs"pr?z`ent or k?rs"-), n. (Engl.Law) An offering made to the church at the interment of a dead body. Blackstone.

Cor"set (k?r"s?t), n. [F., dim. of OF. cors, F. corps, body. See Corse.] 1. In the Middle Ages, a gown or basque of which the body was close fitting, worn by both men and women.

<! p. 328 !>

2. An article of dress inclosing the chest and waist worn (chiefly by women) to support the body or to modify its shape; stays.

Cor"set (k?r"s?t), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Corseted; p. pr. & vb. n. Corseting.] To inclose in corsets.

Cors"let (k?rs"l?t), n. A corselet. [Obs.] Hakluyt.

Cors"ned (k?rs"n?d), n. [AS. corsn&?;d.] (AS. Laws) The morsel of execration; a species of ordeal consisting in the eating of a piece of bread consecrated by imprecation. If the suspected person ate it freely, he was pronounced innocent; but if it stuck in his throat, it was considered as a proof of his guilt. Burril.

||Cor`tége" (k?r`t?zh"), n. [F., fr. It. corteggio train, fr. corte court. See Court.] A train of attendants; a procession.

Cor"tes (k?r"t?s), n. pl. [Sp. & Pg., fr. corte court.] The legislative assembly, composed of nobility, clergy, and representatives of cities, which in Spain and in Portugal answers, in some measure, to the Parliament of Great Britain.

||Cor"tex (k?r"t?ks), n.; pl. Cortices (-t&?;-s&?;z). [L., bark. Cf. Cork.] 1. Bark, as of a tree; hence, an outer covering.

2. (Med.) Bark; rind; specifically, cinchona bark.

3. (Anat.) The outer or superficial part of an organ; as, the cortex or gray exterior substance of the brain.

Cor"ti*cal (k?r"t?-kal), a. [L. cortex bark: cf. F. cortical.] Belonging to, or consisting of, bark or rind; resembling bark or rind; external; outer; superficial; as, the cortical substance of the kidney.

{ Cor"ti*cate (k?r"t?-k?t), Cor"ti*ca`ted (- k?`t?d), } a. [L. corticatus.] Having a special outer covering of a nature unlike the interior part.

Cor*tic"i*fer (k?r-t?s"?-f?r), n. (Zoöl.) One of the Gorgoniacea; -- so called because the fleshy part surrounds a solid axis, like a bark.

Cor`ti*cif"er*ous (k?r`t?-s?f"?r-?s), a. [L. cortex, corticis, bark -- -ferous: cf. F. corticif&?;re.] 1. Producing bark or something that resembling that resembles bark.

2. (Zoöl.) Having a barklike c&?;nenchyms.

Cor*tic"i*form (k?r-t?s"?-f?rm), a. [L. cortex, corticis, bark + -form: cf. F. corticiforme.] Resembling, or having the form of, bark or rind.

Cor"ti*cine (k?r"t?-s?n), n. [F., fr. L. cortex, corticis, bark.] A material for carpeting or floor covering, made of ground cork and caoutchouc or India rubber.

Cor"ti*cose` (-k?s`), a. [L. corticosus.] Abounding in bark; resembling bark; barky.

Cor"ti*cous (-k?s), a. Relating to, or resembling, bark; corticose.

Cor"tile (k?r"t?l; It. k?r-t?"l?), n. [It., fr. corte court.] An open internal courtyard inclosed by the walls of a large dwelling house or other large and stately building.

Co*run"dum (k*rn"dm), n.; pl. Corundums (- dmz). [Also corindon.] [From Hind. kurand corundum stone.] (Min.) The earth alumina, as found native in a crystalline state, including sapphire, which is the fine blue variety; the oriental ruby, or red sapphire; the oriental amethyst, or purple sapphire; and adamantine spar, the hair-brown variety. It is the hardest substance found native, next to the diamond.

The name corundum is sometimes restricted to the non-transparent or coarser kinds. Emery is a dark-colored granular variety, usually admixed with magnetic iron ore.

Co*rus"cant (k?-r?s"kant), a. [L. coruscans, p. pr. See Coruscate.] Glittering in flashes; flashing. Howell.

Cor"us*cate (k?r"?s-k?t or k?-r?s"k?r), v. i. [L. coruscare to flash, vibrate.] To glitter in flashes; to flash.

Syn. -- To glisten; gleam; sparkle; radiate.

Cor`us*ca"tion (k?r`?s-k?"sh?n), n. [L. coruscatio: cf. F. coruscattion.] 1. A sudden flash or play of light.

> A very vivid but exceeding short-lived splender, not to call &?;t a little coruscation.
> Boyle.

2. A flash of intellectual brilliancy.

> He might have illuminated his times with the incessant cor&?;&?;cations of his genius.
> I. Taylor.

Syn. -- Flash; glitter; blaze; gleam; sparkle.

Corve (k?rv), n. See Corf.

||Cor`vee" (k?r`v" or -v?"), n. [F. corvée, fr. LL. corvada, corrogata, fr. L. corrogare to entreat together; cor- + rogare to ask.] (Feudal Law) An obligation to perform certain services, as the repair of roads, for the lord or sovereign.

Cor"ven (k?r"ven), obs. p. p. of Carve. Chaucer.

{ Cor"vet (k?r"v?t), Cor*vette" (k?r-v?r"), } n. [F. corvette, fr. Pg. corveta or Sp. corbeta, fr. L. corbita a slow-sailing ship of burden, fr, corbis basket. Cf. Corbeil.] (Naut.) A war vessel, ranking next below a frigate, and having usually only one tier of guns; -- called in the United States navy a sloop of war.

||Cor*vet"to (-v?t"t?), n. (Min.) A curvet. Peacham.

Cor"vine (k?r"v?n), a. [L. corvinus, fr. corvus crow.] Of or pertaining to the crow; crowlike.

Cor"vo*rant (k?r"v?-rant), n. See Cormorant.

Cor"y*bant (k?r"?-b?nt), n.; pl. E. Corybants (-b&?;nts), oftener L. Corybantes (-b&?;n"t&?;z). [L. Corybas, Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;.] One of the priests of Cybele in Phrygia. The rites of the Corybants were accompanied by wild music, dancing, etc.

Cor`y*ban"ti*asm (-b?n"t?-?z'm), n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?; a corybantic frenzy.] (Med.) A kind of frenzy in which the patient is tormented by fantastic visions and want of sleep. Dunglison.

Cor`y*ban"tic (k?r`?-b?n"t?k), a. [Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;, fr. &?;&?;&?;&?; a Corybant.] Of, pertaining to, or resembling, the Corybantes or their rites; frantic; frenzied; as, a corybantic dance.

Cor"ymb (k?r"?mb or -?m; 220), n. [L. corymbus cluster of flowers, Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;.] (Bot.) (a) A flat-topped or convex cluster of flowers, each on its own footstalk, and arising from different points of a common axis, the outermost blossoms expanding first, as in the hawthorn. (b) Any flattish flower cluster, whatever be the order of blooming, or a similar shaped cluster of fruit.

Cor"ymbed (k?r"?mbd), a. (Bot.) Corymbose.

Cor`ym*bif"er*ous (k?r`?m-b?f"?r-?s), a. [L. corymbifer; corymbus a cluster of flowers + ferre to bear&?; cf. F. corimbif&?;re.] (Bot.) Bearing corymbs of flowers or fruit.

Co*rym"bose (k?-r?m"b?s or k?r"?m-b?s`), a. (Bot.) Consisting of corymbs, or resembling them in form. [Written also corymbous.]

Co*rym"bose*ly, adv. In corymbs.

Cor`y*phæ"noid (kr`*f"noid), a. [NL. coryphaena + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Belonging to, or like, the genus Coryphæna. See Dolphin.

||Co`ry`phée" (k`r`f"), n. [F.] (Drama) A ballet dancer.

Cor"y*phene` (k?r"?-f?n`), n. [NL. coryphena, fr. Gr. koryfh` head, summit, peak: cf. F. coryphène.] (Zoöl.) A fish of the genus Coryphæna. See Dolphin. (2)

Cor`y*phe"us (k?r`?-f?"?s), n.; pl. E. Corypheuses (-z), L. Coryphei (-f&?;"&?;). [L. coryphaeus, fr. Gr. &?;&?;&?;, fr. koryfh` head.] (Gr. Antiq.) The conductor, chief, or leader of the dramatic chorus; hence, the chief or leader of a party or interest.

> That noted corypheus [Dr. John Owen] of the Independent faction.
> South.

||Co*ryph"o*don (k?-r?f"?-d?n), n. [Gr. koryfh` head, peak + &?;&?;&?;&?;, &?;&?;&?;, tooth.] (Palen.) A genus of extinct mammals from the eocene tertiary of Europe and America. Its species varied in size between the tapir and rhinoceros, and were allied to those animals, but had short, plantigrade, five-toed feet, like the elephant.

Co*ryph"o*dont (-d?nt), a. (Paleon.) Pertaining to, or resembling, the genus Coryphodon.

||Co*ry"za (k?-r?"z?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?; catarh.] (Med.) Nasal catarrh.

Cos*cin"o*man`cy (k?s-s?n"?-m?n`s? or k?s"s?-n?-), n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?; sieve + -mancy.] Divination by means of a suspended sieve.

||Cos`co*ro"ba (k?s`k?-r?"b?), n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A large, white, South American duck, of the genus Cascoroba, resembling a swan.

Co*se"cant (k?-s?"k?nt), n. [For co. secans, an abbrev. of L. complementi secans.] (Trig.) The secant of the complement of an arc or angle. See Illust. of Functions.

Cos"en (k?z"'n), v. t. See Cozen.

Cos"en*age (k?z"'n-?j), n. See Cozenage.

Cos"en*ing, n. (O. Eng. Law) Anything done deceitfully, and which could not be properly designated by any special name, whether belonging to contracts or not. Burrill.

Co*sen"tient (k?-s?n"shent), a. Perceiving together.

Co"sey (k?"z?), a. See Cozy. Dickens.

Cosh"er (k?sh"?r), v. t. [Ir. cosair a feast, a banquet? or cf. F. coucher to lie. Cf. Couch, Coshering.] 1. (Old Law) To levy certain exactions or tribute upon; to lodge and eat at the expense of. See Coshering.

2. To treat with hospitality; to pet. [Ireland]

Cosh"er*er (k?sh"?r-?r), n. One who coshers.

Cosh"er*ing, n. (Old Law) A feudal prerogative of the lord of the soil entitling him to lodging and food at his tenant's house. Burrill.

> Sometimes he contrived, in deflance of the law, to live by coshering, that is to say, by quartering himself on the old tentants of his family, who, wretched as was their own condition, could not refuse a portion of their pittance to one whom they still regarded as their rightful lord.
> Macaulay.

Co"sier (k?"zh?r), n. [Cf. OF. coussier maker of mattresses; or couseor tailor, fr. OF. & F. coudre, p. p. cousu to sew, fr. L. consuere to sew together; con- + seure to sew. See Sew to stitch.] A tailor who botches his work. [Obs.] Shak.

Co`sig*nif"i*ca*tive (k&?;`s&?;g- n&?;f"&?;-k&?;-t&?;v), a. Having the same signification. Cockerham.

Co*sig"ni*ta*ry (k?-s?g"n?-t?-r?), a. [Pref. co- + sign. Cf. Signatory.] Signing some important public document with another or with others; as, a treaty violated by one of the cosignitary powers.

Co*sig"ni*ta*ry, n.; pl. Cosignitaries (-r&?;z). One who signs a treaty or public document along with others or another; as, the cosignitaries of the treaty of Berlin.

Co"si*ly (k?"z?-l?), adv. See Cozily.

Cos"in*age (k?s"'n-?j), n. [See Cousinage.] (Law) (a) Collateral relationship or kindred by blood; consanguinity. Burrill. (b) A writ to recover possession of an estate in lands, when a stranger has entered, after the death of the grandfather's grandfather, or other distant collateral relation. Blackstone.

Co"sine (k?"s?n), n. [For co. sinus, an abbrev. of L. complementi sinus.] (Trig.) The sine of the complement of an arc or angle. See Illust. of Functions.

{ Cos*met"ic (k?z-m?t"?k), Cos*met"ic*al (- ?-kal), } a. [Gr. kosmitiko`s skilled in decorating, fr. ko`smos order, ornament: cf. F. cosmétique. See Cosmos.] Imparting or improving beauty, particularly the beauty of the complexion; as, a cosmetical preparation.

> First, robed in white, the nymph intent adores,
> With head uncovered, the cosmetic powers.
> Pope.

Cos*met"ic, n. Any external application intended to beautify and improve the complexion.

{ Cos"mic (k?z"m?k), Cos"mic*al (-m?- kal), } a. [Gr. kosmiko`s of the world, fr. ko`smos: cf. F. cosmique. See Cosmos.] 1. Pertaining to the universe, and having special reference to universal law or order, or to the one grand harmonious system of things; hence; harmonious; orderly.

2. Pertaining to the solar system as a whole, and not to the earth alone.

3. Characteristic of the cosmos or universe; inconceivably great; vast; as, cosmic speed. "Cosmic ranges of time." Tyndall.

4. (Astron.) Rising or setting with the sun; -- the opposite of acronycal.

Cos"mic*al*ly, adv. 1. With the sun at rising or setting; as, a star is said to rise or set cosmically when it rises or sets with the sun.

2. Universally. [R.] Emerson.

{ Cos*mog"o*nal (k?z-m?g"?-nal), Cos`mo*gon"ic (k?z`m?-g?n"?k), Cos`mo*gon"ic*al (-g?n"?-kal), } a. Belonging to cosmogony. B. Powell. Gladstone.

Cos*mog"o*nist (k?z-m?g"?-n?st), n. One who treats of the origin of the universe; one versed in cosmogony.

Cos*mog"o*ny (-n?), n.; pl. Cosmogonies (-n&?;z). [Gr. kosmogoni`a; ko`smos the world + root of gi`gnesthai to be born: cf. F. cosmogonie.] The creation of the world or universe; a theory or account of such creation; as, the poetical cosmogony of Hesoid; the cosmogonies of Thales, Anaxagoras, and Plato.

> The cosmogony or creation of the world has puzzled philosophers of all ages.
> Goldsmith.

Cos*mog"ra*pher (-r?-f?r), n. One who describes the world or universe, including the heavens and the earth.

> The name of this island is nowhere found among the old and ancient cosmographers.
> Robynson (More's Utopia).

{ Cos`mo*graph"ic (k?z`m?-gr?f"?k), Cos`mo*graph"ic*al (-?-kal), } a. [Cf. F. cosmographique.] Of or pertaining to cosmography.

Cos`mo*graph"ic*al*ly, adv. In a cosmographic manner; in accordance with cosmography.

Cos*mog"ra*phy (k?z-m?g"r?-f?), n.; pl. Cosmographies (-f&?;z). [Gr. &?;&?;&?;; &?;&?;&?; the world + &?;&?;&?; to write: cf. F. cosmographie.] A description of the world or of the universe; or the science which teaches the constitution of the whole system of worlds, or the figure, disposition, and relation of all its parts.

Cos"mo*labe (k?z"m?-l?b), n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?; the world + &?;&?;&?;&?; to take: cf. F. cosmolade.] An instrument resembling the astrolabe, formerly used for measuring the angles between heavenly bodies; - - called also pantacosm.

Cos*mol"a*try (k?z-m?l"?-tr?), n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?; the world + &?;&?;&?; to worship.] Worship paid to the world. Cudworth.

Cos"mo*line (k?z"m?-l?n), n. [Prob. fr. cosmetic + L. oleum oil.] (Chem.) A substance obtained from the residues of the distillation of petroleum, essentially the same as vaseline, but of somewhat stiffer consistency, and consisting of a mixture of the higher paraffines; a kind of petroleum jelly.

Cos`mo*log"ic*al (k?z`m?-l?j"?-kal), a. Of or pertaining to cosmology.

Cos*mol"o*gist (k?z-m?l"?-j?st), n. One who describes the universe; one skilled in cosmology.

Cos*mol"o*gy (kz*ml"*j), n. [Gr. ko`smos the world + - logy: cf. F. cosmologie.] The science of the world or universe; or a treatise relating to the structure and parts of the system of creation, the elements of bodies, the modifications of material things, the laws of motion, and the order and course of nature.

Cos*mom"e*try (k?z-m?m"?-tr?), n. [Gr. ko`smos the world + -metry.] The art of measuring the world or the universe. Blount.

Cos`mo*plas"tic (k?z`m?-pl?s"t?k), a. [Gr. ko`smos the world + pla`ssein to form.] Pertaining to a plastic force as operative in the formation of the world independently of God; world-forming. "Cosmoplastic and hylozoic atheisms." Gudworth.

{ Cos`mo*pol"i*tan (-p?l"?-tan), Cos*mop"o*lite (k?z-m?p"?-l?t), } n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?;; ko`smos the world + &?;&?;&?; citizen, &?;&?;&?; city: cf. F. cosmopolitain, cosmopolite.] One who has no fixed residence, or who is at home in every place; a citizen of the world.

{ Cos`mo*pol"i*tan, Cos*mop"o*lite, } a. 1. Having no fixed residence; at home in any place; free from local attachments or prejudices; not provincial; liberal.

> In other countries taste is perphaps too exclusively national, in Germany it is certainly too cosmopolite.
> Sir W. Hamilton.

2. Common everywhere; widely spread; found in all parts of the world.

> The Cheiroptera are cosmopolitan.
> R. Owen.

Cos`mo*pol"i*tan*ism (k?z`m?-p?l"?-tan-?z'm), n. The quality of being cosmopolitan; cosmopolitism.

Cos*mop"o*lite (-m?p"?-l?t), a. & n. See Cosmopolitan.

Cos`mo*po*lit"ic*al (k?z`m?-p?-l?t"?-kal), a. Having the character of a cosmopolite. [R.] Hackluyt.

Cos*mop"o*li*tism (k?z-m?p"?-l?-t?z'm), n. The condition or character of a cosmopolite; disregard of national or local peculiarities and prejudices.

Cos`mo*ra"ma (k?z`m?-r?"m? or -r?"m?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ko`smos the world + &?;&?;&?; a sight, spectacle, fr. &?;&?;&?; to see.] An exhibition in which a series of views in various parts of the world is seen reflected by mirrors through a series of lenses, with such illumination, etc., as will make the views most closely represent reality.

<! p. 329 !>

Cos`mo*ram"ic (kz`m*rm"k), a. Of or pertaining to a cosmorama.

||Cos"mos (kz"ms), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ko`smos order, harmony, the world (from its perfect order and arrangement); akin to Skr. çad to distinguish one's self.]

1. The universe or universality of created things; -- so called from the order and harmony displayed in it.

2. The theory or description of the universe, as a system displaying order and harmony. Humboldt.

Cos"mo*sphere (kz"m?-sf?r), n. [Gr. ko`smos the world + E. sphere.] An apparatus for showing the position of the earth, at any given time, with respect to the fixed stars. It consist of a hollow glass globe, on which are depicted the stars and constellations, and within which is a terrestrial globe.

Cos"mo*the`ism (k?z"m?-th?`?z'm), n. [Gr. ko`smos the world + &?;&?;&?; god.] Same as Pantheism. [R.]

Cos`mo*thet"ic (k?z`m?-th?t"?k), a. [Gr. ko`smos universe + &?;&?;&?; to place or arrange.] (Metaph.) Assuming or positing the actual existence or reality of the physical or external world.

Cosmothetic idealists (Metaph.), those who assume, without attempting to prove, the reality of external objects as corresponding to, and being the ground of, the ideas of which only the mind has direct cognizance.

> The cosmothetic idealists . . . deny that mind is immediately conscious of matter.
> Sir W. Hamilton.

Co*sov"er*eign (k?-s?v"?r-?n or k?-s?v"-), n. A joint sovereign.

Coss (ks), n. [Cf. Pers. ks a road measure of about two miles; or Skr. krça.] A Hindoo measure of distance, varying from one and a half to two English miles. Whitworth.

Coss, n. [It. cosa.] A thing (only in phrase below).

Rule of Coss, an old name for Algebra. [It. regola di cosa rule of thing, the unknown quantity being called the cosa, or the thing.]

Cos"sack (k?s"s?k), n. [Russ. kozak', kazak': cf. Turk. kazk.] One of a warlike, pastoral people, skillful as horsemen, inhabiting different parts of the Russian empire and furnishing valuable contingents of irregular cavalry to its armies, those of Little Russia and those of the Don forming the principal divisions.

Cos"sas (k?s"s?s), n. [F.] Plain India muslin, of various qualities and widths.

Cos"set (k?s"s?t), n. [Cf. AS. cotsetla cottager, G. kossat, kothsasse, fr. kot, koth E. (cot) hut, and cf. also E. cade, a., cot a cade lamb.] A lamb reared without the aid of the dam. Hence: A pet, in general.

Cos"set, v. t. To treat as a pet; to fondle.

> She was cosseted and posseted and prayed over and made much of.
> O. W. Holmes.

{ Cos"sic (k?s"s?k), Cos"sic*al (-s?- kal), } a. [It. cossico. See 2d Coss.] Of or relating to algebra; as, cossic numbers, or the cossic art. [Obs.] "Art of numbers cossical." Digges (1579).

Cost (k?st; 115), n. [L. costa rib. See Coast.] 1. A rib; a side; a region or coast. [Obs.] Piers Plowman.

> Betwixt the costs of a ship.
> B. Jonson.

2. (Her.) See Cottise.

Cost (kst; 115), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cost; p. pr. & vb. n. Costing.] [OF. coster, couster, F. coûter, fr. L. constare to stand at, to cost; con- + stare to stand. See Stand, and cf. Constant.] 1. To require to be given, expended, or laid out therefor, as in barter, purchase, acquisition, etc.; to cause the cost, expenditure, relinquishment, or loss of; as, the ticket cost a dollar; the effort cost his life.

> A diamond gone, cost me two thousand ducats.
> Shak.

> Though it cost me ten nights' watchings.
> Shak.

2. To require to be borne or suffered; to cause.

> To do him wanton rites, which cost them woe.
> Milton.

To cost dear, to require or occasion a large outlay of money, or much labor, self-denial, suffering, etc.

Cost, n. [OF. cost, F. coût. See Cost, v. t. ] 1. The amount paid, charged, or engaged to be paid, for anything bought or taken in barter; charge; expense; hence, whatever, as labor, self-denial, suffering, etc., is requisite to secure benefit.

> One day shall crown the alliance on 't so please you,
> Here at my house, and at my proper cost.
> Shak.

> At less cost of life than is often expended in a skirmish, [Charles V.] saved Europe from invasion.
> Prescott.

2. Loss of any kind; detriment; pain; suffering.

> I know thy trains,
> Though dearly to my cost, thy gins and toils.
> Milton.

3. pl. (Law) Expenses incurred in litigation.

Costs in actions or suits are either between attorney and client, being what are payable in every case to the attorney or counsel by his client whether he ultimately succeed or not, or between party and party, being those which the law gives, or the court in its discretion decrees, to the prevailing, against the losing, party.

Bill of costs. See under Bill. -- Cost free, without outlay or expense. "Her duties being to talk French, and her privileges to live cost free and to gather scraps of knowledge." Thackeray.

||Cos"ta (ks"t), n. [L., rib. See Coast.] 1. (Anat.) A rib of an animal or a human being.

2. (Bot.) A rib or vein of a leaf, especially the midrib.

3. (Zoöl.) (a) The anterior rib in the wing of an insect. (b) One of the riblike longitudinal ridges on the exterior of many corals.

Cost"age (k?st"?j; 115), n. [OF. coustage.] Expense; cost. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Cos"tal (k?s"tal), a. [Cf. F. costal. See Costa.]

1. (Anat.) Pertaining to the ribs or the sides of the body; as, costal nerves.

2. (Bot. & Zoöl.) Relating to a costa, or rib.

Costal cartilage. See Cartilage, and Illust. of Thorax.

Cos"tal-nerved` (k?s"tal-n?rvd`), a. (Bot.) Having the nerves spring from the midrib.

Cos"tard (k?s"t?rd), n. [Prob. fr. OF. coste rib, side, F. côte, and meaning orig., a ribbed apple, from the ribs or angles on its sides. See Coast.] 1. An apple, large and round like the head.

> Some [apples] consist more of air than water . . . ; others more of water than wind, as your costards and pomewaters.
> Muffett.

2. The head; -- used contemptuously.

> Try whether your costard or my bat be the harder.
> Shak.

Cos"tard*mon`ger (-m?n`g?r), n. A costermonger.

{ Cos"tate (k?s"t?t), Cos"ta*ted (-t?-t?d), } a. [L. costatus, fr. costa rib.] Having ribs, or the appearance of ribs; (Bot.) having one or more longitudinal ribs.

Cos"tean` (k?s"t?n`), v. i. [Cornish cothas dropped + stean tin.] To search after lodes. See Costeaning.

Cos"tean`ing, n. The process by which miners seek to discover metallic lodes. It consist in sinking small pits through the superficial deposits to the solid rock, and then driving from one pit to another across the direction of the vein, in such manner as to cross all the veins between the two pits.

Cos*tel"late (k?s-t?l"l?t), a. [L. costa rib.] Finely ribbed or costated.

Cos"ter (k?s"t?r), n.[Abbrev. of costermonger.] One who hawks about fruit, green vegetables, fish, etc.

Cos"ter*mon`ger (k?s"t?r-m?n`g?r), n. [See Costard.] An apple seller; a hawker of, or dealer in, any kind of fruit or vegetables; a fruiterer. [Written also costardmonger.]

Cos*tif"er*ous (k?s-t?f"?r-?s), a. [Costa + -ferous.] (Anat.) Rib-bearing, as the dorsal vertebræ.

Cos"tive (k?s"t?v), a. [OF. costevé, p. p. of costever, F. constiper, L. constipare to press closely together, to cram; con- + stipare to press together, cram. See Stipulate, Stiff, and cf. Constipate.] 1. Retaining fecal matter in the bowels; having too slow a motion of the bowels; constipated.

2. Reserved; formal; close; cold. [Obs.] "A costive brain." Prior. "Costive of laughter." B. Jonson.

> You must be frank, but without indiscretion; and close, but without being costive.
> Lord Chesterfield.

3. Dry and hard; impermeable; unyielding. [Obs.]

> Clay in dry seasons is costive, hardening with the sun and wind.
> Mortimer.

Cos"tive*ly, adv. In a costive manner.

Cos"tive*ness, n. 1. An unnatural retention of the fecal matter of the bowels; constipation.

2. Inability to express one's self; stiffness. [Obs.]

> A reverend disputant of the same costiveness in public elocution with myself.
> Wakefield.

Cost"less (k?st"l?s; 115), a. Costing nothing.

Cost"lewe (-l?), a. Costly. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Cost"li*ness (-l?-n?s), n. The quality of being costy; expensiveness; sumptuousness.

Cost"ly (k?st"l?; 115), a. [From Cost expense.]

1. Of great cost; expensive; dear.

> He had fitted up his palace in the most costly and sumptuous style, for the accomodation of the princess.
> Prescott.

2. Gorgeous; sumptuous. [Poetic.]

> To show how costly summer was at hand.
> Shak.

Cost"ma*ry (k?st"m?-r?), n. [L. costum an Oriental aromatic plant (Gr. &?;&?;&?;, cf. Ar. kost, kust) + Maria Mary. Cf. Alecost.] (Bot.) A garden plant (Chrysanthemum Balsamita) having a strong balsamic smell, and nearly allied to tansy. It is used as a pot herb and salad plant and in flavoring ale and beer. Called also alecost.

Cos"to*tome (k?s"t?-t?m), n. [Costa + Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?; to cut.] An instrument (chisel or shears) to cut the ribs and open the thoracic cavity, in post-mortem examinations and dissections. Knight.

Cos"trel (k?s"tr?l), n. [CF. W. costrel, OF. costrel, LL. costrellum, a liquid measure, costrellus a wine cup.] A bottle of leather, earthenware, or wood, having ears by which it was suspended at the side. [Archaic]

> A youth, that, following with a costrel, bore
> The means of goodly welcome, flesh and wine.
> Tennyson.

Cos"tume` (k?s"t?m` or k?s-t?m"), n. [F. costume, It. costume custom, dress, fr. L. consuetumen (not found), for consuetudo custom. See Custom, and cf. Consuetude.] 1. Dress in general; esp., the distinctive style of dress of a people, class, or period.

2. Such an arrangement of accessories, as in a picture, statue, poem, or play, as is appropriate to the time, place, or other circumstances represented or described.

> I began last night to read Walter Scott's Lay of the Last Minstrel . . . .I was extremely delighted with the poetical beauty of some parts . . . .The costume, too, is admirable.
> Sir J. Mackintosh.

3. A character dress, used at fancy balls or for dramatic purposes.

Cos"tum`er (-t?m`?r), n. One who makes or deals in costumes, as for theaters, fancy balls, etc.

Co-suf"fer*er (k?-s?f"f?r-?r), n. One who suffers with another. Wycherley.

Co`su*preme" (k?`s?-pr?m"), n. A partaker of supremacy; one jointly supreme. Shak.

Co*sure"ty (k?-sh?r"t?; 136), n.; pl. Cosureties (-t&?;z). One who is surety with another.

Co"sy (k?"z?), a. See Cozy.

Cot (k?t), n. [OE. cot, cote, AS. cot, cote, cottage; akin to D. & Icel. kot, G. koth, kot, kothe. Cf. Coat.]

1. A small house; a cottage or hut.

> The sheltered cot, the cultivated farm.
> Goldsmith.

2. A pen, coop, or like shelter for small domestic animals, as for sheep or pigeons; a cote.

3. A cover or sheath; as, a roller cot (the clothing of a drawing roller in a spinning frame); a cot for a sore finger.

4. [Cf. Ir. cot.] A small, rudely- formed boat.

Bell cot. (Arch.) See under Bell.

Cot (k?t), n. [AS. cot cottage, bedchamber; or cf. OF. coite, F. couette (E. quilt), LL. cottum, cottus, mattress. See Cot a cottage.] A sleeping place of limited size; a little bed; a cradle; a piece of canvas extended by a frame, used as a bed. [Written also cott.]

Co*tan"gent (k?-t?n"jent), n. [For co. tangens, an abbrev. of L. complementi tangens. See Tangent.] (Trig.) The tangent of the complement of an arc or angle. See Illust. of Functions.

Co*tar"nine (k?-t?r"n?n or -n?n), n. [F., fr. narcotine, by transposition of letters.] (Chem.) A white, crystalline substance, C12H13NO3, obtained as a product of the decomposition of narcotine. It has weak basic properties, and is usually regarded as an alkaloid.

Cote (kt), n. [See 1st Cot.] 1. A cottage or hut. [Obs.]

2. A shed, shelter, or inclosure for small domestic animals, as for sheep or doves.

> Watching where shepherds pen their flocks, at eve,
> In hurdled cotes.
> Milton.

Cote, v. t. [Prob. from F. côté side, OF. costet, LL. costatus, costatum, fr. L. costu rib, side: cf. F. côtoyer to go or keep at the side of. See Coast.] To go side by side with; hence, to pass by; to outrun and get before; as, a dog cotes a hare. [Obs.] Drayton.

> We coted them on the way, and hither are they coming.
> Shak.

Cote, v. t. [See Quote.] To quote. [Obs.] Udall.

Co*tem`po*ra"ne*ous (k?-t?m`p?-r?"n?-?s), a. [See Contemporaneous.] Living or being at the same time; contemporaneous. -- Co*tem`po*ra"ne*ous*ly, adv. -- Co*tem`po*ra"ne*ous*ness, n.

Co*tem"po*ra*ry (k?-t?m"p?-r?-r?), a. Living or being at the same time; contemporary.

Co*tem"po*ra*ry, n.; pl. Cotemporaries (-rz). One who lives at the same time with another; a contemporary.

Co*ten"ant (k?-t?n"ant), n. A tenant in common, or a joint tenant.

||Co`te*rie" (k?`te-r?"; 277), n. [F., prob. from OF. coterie servile tenure, fr. colier cotter; of German origin. See 1st Cot.] A set or circle of persons who meet familiarly, as for social, literary, or other purposes; a clique. "The queen of your coterie." Thackeray.

Co*ter"mi*nous (k?-t?r"m?-n?s), a. [Cf. Conterminous.] Bordering; conterminous; -- followed by with.

Cot"gare` (k?t"g?r`), n. Refuse wool. [Obs. or Prov.]

Co"thurn (k?"th?rn), n. [L. cothurnus, Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;. Cf. Cothurnus.] A buskin anciently used by tragic actors on the stage; hence, tragedy in general.

> The moment had arrived when it was thought that the mask and the cothurn might be assumed with effect.
> Motley.

{ Co*thur"nate (k?-th?r"n?t), Co*thur"na*ted (-n?-t?d), } a. 1. Wearing a cothurn.

2. Relating to tragedy; solemn; grave.

||Co*thur"nus (-n?s), n. [L.] Same as Cothurn.

Co*tic"u*lar (k?-t?k"?-l?r), a. [L. coticula a small touchstone, dim. cos, cotis, whetstone.] Pertaining to whetstones; like or suitable for whetstones.

Co*tid"al (k?-t?d"al), a. Marking an equality in the tides; having high tide at the same time.

Cotidal lines (Phys. Geog.), lines on a map passing through places that have high tide at the same time.

{ ||Co`til`lon" (k`t`yôN" or k`tl`-; 277), Co*til"lion (k*tl"yn), } n. [F. cotillon, fr. OF. cote coat, LL. cotta tunic. See Coat.] 1. A brisk dance, performed by eight persons; a quadrille.

2. A tune which regulates the dance.

3. A kind of woolen material for women's skirts.

||Co*tin"ga (k*t"g), n. [Native South American name.] (Zoöl.) A bird of the family Cotingidæ, including numerous bright-colored South American species; -- called also chatterers.

Cot"ise (kt"s), n. (Her.) See Cottise.

Cot"ised (-?st), a. (Her.) See Cottised.

Cot"land (k?t"l?nd), n. Land appendant to a cot or cottage, or held by a cottager or cotter.

Cot"quean` (k?t"kw?n`), n. [Cot a cottage + quean.]

1. A man who busies himself with affairs which properly belong to women. Addison.

2. A she-cuckold; a cucquean; a henhussy. [Obs.]

> What, shall a husband be afraid of his wife's face?
> We are a king, cotquean, and we will reign in our pleasures.
> B. Jonson.

Cot*quean"i*ty (k?t-kw?n"?-t?), n. The condition, character, or conduct of a cotquean. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Co`trus*tee" (k?`tr?s-t?"), n. A joint trustee.

Cots"wold` (k?ts"w?ld`), n. [Cot a cottage or hut + wold an open country.] An open country abounding in sheepcotes, as in the Cotswold hills, in Gloucestershire, England.

Cotswold sheep, a long-wooled breed of sheep, formerly common in the counties of Gloucester, Hereford, and Worcester, Eng.; -- so called from the Cotswold Hills. The breed is now chiefly amalgamated with others.

Cot"tage (k?t"t?j; 48), n. [From Cot a cottage.] A small house; a cot; a hut.

The term was formerly limited to a habitation for the poor, but is now applied to any small tasteful dwelling; and at places of summer resort, to any residence or lodging house of rustic architecture, irrespective of size.

Cottage allotment. See under Alloment. [Eng.] -- Cottage cheese, the thick part of clabbered milk strained, salted, and pressed into a ball.

Cot"taged (-t?jd), a. Set or covered with cottages.

> Even humble Harting's cottaged vale.
> Collins.

Cot"tage*ly (-t?j-l?), a. Cottagelike; suitable for a cottage; rustic. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

Cot"ta*ger (k?t"t?-j?r), n. 1. One who lives in a cottage.

2. (Law) One who lives on the common, without paying any rent, or having land of his own.

{ Cot"ter, Cot"tar } (k?t"t?r), n. [LL. cotarius, cottarius, coterius. See Cot.] A cottager; a cottier. Burns.

> Through Sandwich Notch the West Wind sang
> Good morrow to the cotter.
> Whittier.

<! p. 330 !>

Cot"ter (kt"tr), n. 1. A piece of wood or metal, commonly wedge- shaped, used for fastening together parts of a machine or structure. It is driven into an opening through one or all of the parts. [See Illust.] In the United States a cotter is commonly called a key.

2. A toggle.

Cot"ter, v. t. To fasten with a cotter.

Cot"ti*er (-t*r), n. [OF. cotier. See Coterie, and cf. Cotter.] In Great Britain and Ireland, a person who hires a small cottage, with or without a plot of land. Cottiers commonly aid in the work of the landlord's farm. [Written also cottar and cotter.]

Cot"tise (kt"ts), n. [Cf. F. cté side, L. costa rib.] (Her.) A diminutive of the bendlet, containing one half its area or one quarter the area of the bend. When a single cottise is used alone it is often called a cost. See also Couple-close.

Cot"tised (-t?st), a. (Her.) Set between two cottises, -- said of a bend; or between two barrulets, -- said of a bar or fess.

Cot"toid (k?t"toid), a. [NL. cottus sculpin + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Like a fish of the genus Cottus. -- n. A fish belonging to, or resembling, the genus Cottus. See Sculpin.

Cot"to*lene` (kt"t*ln`), n. A product from cotton-seed, used as lard.

Cot"ton (kt"t'n), n. [F. coton, Sp. algodon the cotton plant and its wool, coton printed cotton, cloth, fr. Ar. qutun, alqutun, cotton wool. Cf. Acton, Hacqueton.] 1. A soft, downy substance, resembling fine wool, consisting of the unicellular twisted hairs which grow on the seeds of the cotton plant. Long-staple cotton has a fiber sometimes almost two inches long; short-staple, from two thirds of an inch to an inch and a half.

2. The cotton plant. See Cotten plant, below.

3. Cloth made of cotton.

Cotton is used as an adjective before many nouns in a sense which commonly needs no explanation; as, cotton bagging; cotton cloth; cotton goods; cotton industry; cotton mill; cotton spinning; cotton tick.

Cotton cambric. See Cambric, n., 2. -- Cotton flannel, the manufactures' name for a heavy cotton fabric, twilled, and with a long plush nap. In England it is called swan's-down cotton, or Canton flannel. -- Cotton gin, a machine to separate the seeds from cotton, invented by Eli Whitney. -- Cotton grass (Bot.), a genus of plants (Eriphorum) of the Sedge family, having delicate capillary bristles surrounding the fruit (seedlike achenia), which elongate at maturity and resemble tufts of cotton. -- Cotton mouse (Zool.), a field mouse (Hesperomys gossypinus), injurious to cotton crops. - - Cotton plant (Bot.), a plant of the genus Gossypium, of several species, all growing in warm climates, and bearing the cotton of commerce. The common species, originally Asiatic, is G. herbaceum. -- Cotton press, a building and machinery in which cotton bales are compressed into smaller bulk for shipment; a press for baling cotton. -- Cotton rose (Bot.), a genus of composite herbs (Filago), covered with a white substance resembling cotton. -- Cotton scale (Zoöl.), a species of bark louse (Pulvinaria innumerabilis), which does great damage to the cotton plant. -- Cotton shrub. Same as Cotton plant. -- Cotton stainer (Zoöl.), a species of hemipterous insect (Dysdercus suturellus), which seriously damages growing cotton by staining it; -- called also redbug. -- Cotton thistle (Bot.), the Scotch thistle. See under Thistle. -- Cotton velvet, velvet in which the warp and woof are both of cotton, and the pile is of silk; also, velvet made wholly of cotton. -- Cotton waste, the refuse of cotton mills. -- Cotton wool, cotton in its raw or woolly state. -- Cotton worm (Zool.), a lepidopterous insect (Aletia argillacea), which in the larval state does great damage to the cotton plant by eating the leaves. It also feeds on corn, etc., and hence is often called corn worm, and Southern army worm.

Cot"ton, v. i. 1. To rise with a regular nap, as cloth does. [Obs.]

> It cottons well; it can not choose but bear
> A pretty nap.
> Family of Love.

2. To go on prosperously; to succeed. [Obs.]

> New, Hephestion, does not this matter cotton as I would?
> Lyly.

3. To unite; to agree; to make friends; - - usually followed by with. [Colloq.]

> A quarrel will end in one of you being turned off, in which case it will not be easy to cotton with another.
> Swift.

> Didst see, Frank, how the old goldsmith cottoned in with his beggarly companion?
> Sir W. Scott.

4. To take a liking to; to stick to one as cotton; -- used with to. [Slang]

Cot"ton*ade` (k?t"t'n-?d`), n. [F. cottonade.] A somewhat stout and thick fabric of cotton.

Cot"ton*a*ry (-?-r?), a. Relating to, or composed of, cotton; cottony. [Obs.]

> Cottonary and woolly pillows.
> Sir T. Browne.

Cot"ton*ous (-?s), a. Resembling cotton. [R.] Evelyn.

Cot"ton*tail` (kt"t'n*tl`), n. (Zoöl.) The American wood rabbit (Lepus sylvaticus); -- also called Molly cottontail.

Cot"ton*weed` (-wd`), n. (Bot.) See Cudweed.

Cot"ton*wood` (-wd`), n. (Bot.) An American tree of the genus Populus or poplar, having the seeds covered with abundant cottonlike hairs; esp., the P. monilifera and P. angustifolia of the Western United States.

Cot"ton*y (-?), a. 1. Covered with hairs or pubescence, like cotton; downy; nappy; woolly.

2. Of or pertaining to cotton; resembling cotton in appearance or character; soft, like cotton.

Cot"trel (k?t"tr?l), n. A trammel, or hook to support a pot over a fire. Knight.

{ Cot"y*la (k?t"?-l?), Cot"y*le (k?t"?-l?), } n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?; anything hollow, cup of a joint, small meassure: cf. L. cotyla a measure.] (Anat.) A cuplike cavity or organ. Same as Acetabulum.

Cot`y*le"don (k?t`?-l?"d?n), n. [Gr.&?;&?;&?; a cupshaped hollow, fr. &?;&?;&?;. See Cotyle.] 1. (Anat.) One of the patches of villi found in some forms of placenta.

2. (Bot.) A leaf borne by the caulicle or radicle of an embryo; a seed leaf.

Many plants, as the bean and the maple, have two cotyledons, the grasses only one, and pines have several. In one African plant (Welwitschia) the cotyledons are permanent and grow to immense proportions.

Cot`y*led"on*al (k?t`?-l?d"?n-a]/>l), a. Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a cotyledon.

Cot`y*led"on*a*ry (-?-r?), a. Having a cotyledon; tufted; as, the cotyledonary placenta of the cow.

Cot`y*led"on*ous (-?s; 277), a. Of or pertaining to a cotyledon or cotyledons; having a seed lobe.

Co*tyl"i*form (k?-t?l"?-f?rm), a. [Cotyle + -form.] (Zoöl.) Shaped like a cotyle or a cup.

Cot`y*lig"er*ous (k?t`?-l?j"?r-?s), a. [Cotyle + -gerous.] (Zoöl.) Having cotyles.

Cot"y*loid (k?t"?-loid), a. [Cotyle + -oid] (Anat.) (a) Shaped like a cup; as, the cotyloid cavity, which receives the head of the thigh bone. (b) Pertaining to a cotyloid cavity; as, the cotyloid ligament, or notch.

||Cou"cal (k??"k?l), n. [Prob. native name.] (Zoöl.) A large, Old World, ground cuckoo of the genus Centropus, of several species.

Couch (kouch), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Couched (koucht); p. pr. & vb. n. Couching.] [F. coucher to lay down, lie down, OF. colchier, fr. L. collocare to lay, put, place; col- + locare to place, fr. locus place. See Locus.]

1. To lay upon a bed or other resting place.

> Where unbruised youth, with unstuffed brain,
> Does couch his limbs, there golden sleep doth reign.
> Shak.

2. To arrange or dispose as in a bed; -- sometimes followed by the reflexive pronoun.

> The waters couch themselves as may be to the center of this globe, in a spherical convexity.
> T. Burnet.

3. To lay or deposit in a bed or layer; to bed.

> It is at this day in use at Gaza, to couch potsherds, or vessels of earth, in their walls.
> Bacon.

4. (Paper Making) To transfer (as sheets of partly dried pulp) from the wire cloth mold to a felt blanket, for further drying.

5. To conceal; to include or involve darkly.

> There is all this, and more, that lies naturally couched under this allegory.
> L'Estrange.

6. To arrange; to place; to inlay. [Obs.] Chaucer.

7. To put into some form of language; to express; to phrase; -- used with in and under.

> A well-couched invective.
> Milton.

> I had received a letter from Flora couched in rather cool terms.
> Blackw. Mag.

8. (Med.) To treat by pushing down or displacing the opaque lens with a needle; as, to couch a cataract.

To couch a spear or lance, to lower to the position of attack; to place in rest.

> He stooped his head, and couched his spear,
> And spurred his steed to full career.
> Sir W. Scott.

To couch malt, to spread malt on a floor. Mortimer.

Couch, v. i. 1. To lie down or recline, as on a bed or other place of rest; to repose; to lie.

> Where souls do couch on flowers, we 'll hand in hand.
> Shak.

> If I court moe women, you 'll couch with moe men.
> Shak.

2. To lie down for concealment; to hide; to be concealed; to be included or involved darkly.

> We 'll couch in the castle ditch, till we see the light of our fairies.
> Shak.

> The half-hidden, hallf-revealed wonders, that yet couch beneath the words of the Scripture.
> I. Taylor.

3. To bend the body, as in reverence, pain, labor, etc.; to stoop; to crouch. [Obs.]

> An aged squire
> That seemed to couch under his shield three-square.
> Spenser.

Couch, n. [F. couche, OF. colche, culche, fr. colchier. See Couch, v. t. ] 1. A bed or place for repose or sleep; particularly, in the United States, a lounge.

> Gentle sleep . . . why liest thou with the vile
> In loathsome beds, and leavest the kingly couch?
> Shak.

> Like one that wraps the drapery of his couch
> About him, and lies down to pleasant dreams.
> Bryant.

2. Any place for repose, as the lair of a beast, etc.

3. A mass of steeped barley spread upon a floor to germinate, in malting; or the floor occupied by the barley; as, couch of malt.

4. (Painting & Gilding) A preliminary layer, as of color, size, etc.

Couch"an*cy (kouch"an-s?), n. State of lying down for repose. [R.]

Couch"ant (kouch"ant), a. [F., p. pr. of coucher. See Couch, v. t.] 1. Lying down with head erect; squatting.

2. (Her.) Lying down with the head raised, which distinguishes the posture of couchant from that of dormant, or sleeping; -- said of a lion or other beast.

Couchant and levant (Law), rising up and lying down; -- said of beasts, and indicating that they have been long enough on land, not belonging to their owner, to lie down and rise up to feed, -- such time being held to include a day and night at the least. Blackstone.

||Cou`ché" (k??`sh?"), a. [F., p. p. of coucher. See Couch, v. t. ] (Her.) (a) Not erect; inclined; -- said of anything that is usually erect, as an escutcheon. (b) Lying on its side; thus, a chevron couché is one which emerges from one side of the escutcheon and has its apex on the opposite side, or at the fess point.

Couched (koucht), a. (Her.) Same as Couch&?;.

Cou"chee (k??"sh?; F. k??"sh?"), n. [F. couch&?;e a sleeping place from coucher. See Couch, v. t. ] A reception held at the time of going to bed, as by a sovereign or great prince. [Obs.] Dryden.

> The duke's levees and couchees were so crowded that the antechambers were full.
> Bp. Burnet.

Couch"er (kouch"?r), n. 1. One who couches.

2. (Paper Manuf.) One who couches paper.

3. [Cf. L. collectarius.] (O. Eng. Law) (a) A factor or agent resident in a country for traffic. Blount. (b) The book in which a corporation or other body registers its particular acts. [Obs.] Cowell.

Couch" grass` (gr?s`). (Bot.) See Quitch grass.

Couch"ing, n. 1. (Med.) The operation of putting down or displacing the opaque lens in cataract.

2. Embroidering by laying the materials upon the surface of the foundation, instead of drawing them through.

Couch"less (kouch"l?s), a. Having no couch or bed.

Cou"dee (k??"d?; F. k??`d?"), n. [F. coud&?;e, from coude elbow.] A measure of length; the distance from the elbow to the end of the middle finger; a cubit.

Cou"gar (k??"g?r), n. [F. couguar, from the native name in the South American dialects, cuguacuara, cuguacuarana.] (Zoöl.) An American feline quadruped (Felis concolor), resembling the African panther in size and habits. Its color is tawny, without spots; hence writers often called it the American lion. Called also puma, panther, mountain lion, and catamount. See Puma.

Cough (k?f), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Coughed (k?ft); p. pr. & vb. n. Coughing.] [Cf. D. kuchen, MHG. k&?;chen to breathe, G. keuchen to pant, and E. chincough, the first part of which is prob. akin to cough; cf. also E. choke.] To expel air, or obstructing or irritating matter, from the lungs or air passages, in a noisy and violent manner.

Cough, v. t. 1. To expel from the lungs or air passages by coughing; -- followed by up; as, to cough up phlegm.

2. To bring to a specified state by coughing; as, he coughed himself hoarse.

To cough down, to silence or put down (an objectionable speaker) by simulated coughing.

Cough, n. [Cg. D. kuch. See Cough, v. i. ] 1. A sudden, noisy, and violent expulsion of air from the chest, caused by irritation in the air passages, or by the reflex action of nervous or gastric disorder, etc.

2. The more or less frequent repetition of coughing, constituting a symptom of disease.

Stomach cough, Ear cough, cough due to irritation in the stomach or ear.

Cough"er (k?f"?r), n. One who coughs.

Cou"hage (kou"?j), n. (Bot.) See Cowhage.

Could (k??d), imp. of Can. [OF. coude. The l was inserted by mistake, under the influence of should and would.] Was, should be, or would be, able, capable, or susceptible. Used as an auxiliary, in the past tense or in the conditional present.

||Cou`lee" (k??`l?"), n. [F. coulée, fr. couler to run or flow.] A stream; (Geol.) a stream of lava. Also, in the Western United States, the bed of a stream, even if dry, when deep and having inclined sides; distinguished from a cañon, which has precipitous sides.

||Cou*lisse" (k??-l?s"; F. k??`l?s"), n. [F., fr. couler to flow, glide.] 1. A piece of timber having a groove in which something glides.

2. One of the side scenes of the stage in a theater, or the space included between the side scenes.

||Cou`loir" (k??`lw?r"), n. [F., a strainer.] 1. A deep gorge; a gully.

2. (Hydraul. Engin.) A dredging machine for excavating canals, etc.

||Cou`lomb" (k??`l?n"), n. [From Coulomb, a French physicist and electrican.] (Physics) The standard unit of quantity in electrical measurements. It is the quantity of electricity conveyed in one second by the current produced by an electro-motive force of one volt acting in a circuit having a resistance of one ohm, or the quantity transferred by one ampère in one second. Formerly called weber.

Coul"ter (kl"tr), n. Same as Colter.

Coul"ter*neb` (-nb`), n. (Zoöl.) The puffin.

Cou*mar"ic (k??-m?r"?k), a. Relating to, derived from, or like, the Dipterix odorata, a tree of Guiana.

Coumaric acid (Chem.), one of a series of aromatic acids, related to cinnamic acid, the most important of which is a white crystalline substance, HO.C6H4.C2H2.CO2 H, obtained from the tonka bean, sweet clover, etc., and also produced artificially.

Cou"ma*rin (k"m*rn), n. [F., fr. coumarou, a tree of Guiana.] (Chem.) The concrete essence of the tonka bean, the fruit of Dipterix (formerly Coumarouna) odorata and consisting essentially of coumarin proper, which is a white crystalline substance, C9H6O2, of vanilla-like odor, regarded as an anhydride of coumaric acid, and used in flavoring. Coumarin in also made artificially.

<! p. 331 !>

Coun"cil (koun"sl), n. [F. concile, fr. L. concilium; con- + calare to call, akin to Gr. &?;&?;&?; to call, and E. hale, v., haul. Cf. Conciliate. This word is often confounded with counsel, with which it has no connection.]

1. An assembly of men summoned or convened for consultation, deliberation, or advice; as, a council of physicians for consultation in a critical case.

2. A body of man elected or appointed to constitute an advisory or a legislative assembly; as, a governor's council; a city council.

> An old lord of the council rated me the other day.
> Shak.

3. Act of deliberating; deliberation; consultation.

> Satan . . . void of rest,
> His potentates to council called by night.
> Milton.

> O great in action and in council wise.
> Pope.

Aulic council. See under Aulic. -- Cabinet council. See under Cabinet. -- City council, the legislative branch of a city government, usually consisting of a board of aldermen and common council, but sometimes otherwise constituted. -- Common council. See under Common. -- Council board, Council table, the table round which a council holds consultation; also, the council itself in deliberation. -- Council chamber, the room or apartment in which a council meets. -- Council fire, the ceremonial fire kept burning while the Indians hold their councils. [U.S.] Bartlett. -- Council of war, an assembly of officers of high rank, called to consult with the commander in chief in regard to measures or importance or nesessity. -- Ecumenical council (Eccl.), an assembly of prelates or divines convened from the whole body of the church to regulate matters of doctrine or discipline. -- Executive council, a body of men elected as advisers of the chief magistrate, whether of a State or the nation. [U.S.] -- Legislative council, the upper house of a legislature, usually called the senate. -- Privy council. See under Privy. [Eng.]

Syn. -- Assembly; meeting; congress; diet; parliament; convention; convocation; synod.

Coun"cil*ist (koun"s?l-?st), n. One who belongs to a council; one who gives an opinion. [Obs.]

> I will in three months be an expert counsilist.
> Milton.

Coun"cil*man (koun"sl*man), n.; pl. Councilmen (- men). A member of a council, especially of the common council of a city; a councilor.

Coun"cil*or (koun"s?l-?r), n. A member of a council. [Written also councillor.]

The distinction between councilor, a member of a council, and counselor, one who gives counsel, was not formerly made, but is now very generally recognized and observed.

Co`-une" (k?`?n"), v. t. [L. co- + unus one.] To combine or unite. [Obs.] "Co-uned together." Feltham.

Co`-u*nite" (k?`?-n?t"), v. t. To unite. [Obs.]

Co`-u*nite", a. United closely with another. [Obs.]

Coun"sel (koun"sl), n. [OE. conseil, F. conseil, fr. L. consilium, fr. the root of consulere to consult, of uncertain origin. Cf. Consult, Consul.] 1. Interchange of opinions; mutual advising; consultation.

> All the chief priest and elders of the people took counsel against Jesus, to put him to death.
> Matt. xxvii. 1.

2. Examination of consequences; exercise of deliberate judgment; prudence.

> They all confess, therefore, in the working of that first cause, that counsel is used.
> Hooker.

3. Result of consultation; advice; instruction.

> I like thy counsel; well hast thou advised.
> Shak.

> It was ill counsel had misled the girl.
> Tennyson.

4. Deliberate purpose; design; intent; scheme; plan.

> The counsel of the Lord standeth forever.
> Ps. xxxiii. 11.

> The counsels of the wicked are deceit.
> Prov. xii. 5.

5. A secret opinion or purpose; a private matter.

> Thilke lord . . . to whom no counsel may be hid.
> Gower.

6. One who gives advice, especially in legal matters; one professionally engaged in the trial or management of a cause in court; also, collectively, the legal advocates united in the management of a case; as, the defendant has able counsel.

> The King found his counsel as refractory as his judges.
> Macaulay.

In some courts a distinction is observed between the attorney and the counsel in a cause, the former being employed in the management of the more mechanical parts of the suit, the latter in attending to the pleadings, managing the cause at the trial, and in applying the law to the exigencies of the case during the whole progress of the suit. In other courts the same person can exercise the powers of each. See Attorney. Kent.

In counsel, in secret. [Obs.] Chaucer. -- To keep counsel, or To keep one's own counsel, to keep one's thoughts, purposes, etc., undisclosed.

> The players can not keep counsel: they 'll tell all.
> Shak.

Syn. -- Advice; consideration; consultation; purpose; scheme; opinion.

Coun"sel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Counseled (-sld) or Counselled; p. pr. & vb. n. Counseling or Counselling.] [OE. conseilen, counseilen, F. conseiller, fr. L. consiliari, fr. consilium counsel.] 1. To give advice to; to advice, admonish, or instruct, as a person.

> Good sir, I do in friendship counsel you
> To leave this place.
> Shak.

2. To advise or recommend, as an act or course.

> They who counsel war.
> Milton.

> Thus Belial, with words clothed in reason's garb,
> Counseled ignoble ease and peaceful sloth.
> Milton.

Coun"sel*a*ble (-*b'l), a. [Written also counsellable.] 1. Willing to receive counsel or follow advice. [R.]

> Few men of so great parts were upon all occasions more counselable than he.
> Clarendon.

2. Suitable to be advised; advisable, wise. [Obs.]

> He did not believe it counselable.
> Clarendon.

Coun"sel*or (koun"sl*r), n. [Written also counsellor.] [OE. conseiler, F. conseiller, fr. L. consiliarius, fr. consilium counsel.] 1. One who counsels; an adviser.

> Can he that speaks with the tongue of an enemy be a good counselor, or no?
> Shak.

2. A member of council; one appointed to advise a sovereign or chief magistrate. [See under Consilor.]

3. One whose profession is to give advice in law, and manage causes for clients in court; a barrister.

> Good counselors lack no clients.
> Shak.

Coun"sel*or*ship (koun"s?l-?r-sh?p), n. The function and rank or office of a counselor. Bacon.

Count (kount), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Counted; p. pr. & vb. n. Counting.] [OF. conter, and later (etymological spelling) compter, in modern French thus distinguished; conter to relate (cf. Recount, Account), compter to count; fr. L. computuare to reckon, compute; com- + putare to reckon, settle, order, prune, orig., to clean. See Pure, and cf. Compute.] 1. To tell or name one by one, or by groups, for the purpose of ascertaining the whole number of units in a collection; to number; to enumerate; to compute; to reckon.

> Who can count the dust of Jacob?
> Num. xxiii. 10.

> In a journey of forty miles, Avaux counted only three miserable cabins.
> Macaulay.

2. To place to an account; to ascribe or impute; to consider or esteem as belonging.

> Abracham believed God, and it was counted unto him for righteousness.
> Rom. iv. 3.

3. To esteem; to account; to reckon; to think, judge, or consider.

> I count myself in nothing else so happy
> As in a soul remembering my good friends.
> Shak.

To count out. (a) To exclude (one) from consideration; to be assured that (one) will not participate or cannot be depended upon. (b) (House of Commons) To declare adjourned, as a sitting of the House, when it is ascertained that a quorum is not present. (c) To prevent the accession of (a person) to office, by a fraudulent return or count of the votes cast; -- said of a candidate really elected. [Colloq.]

Syn. -- To calculate; number; reckon; compute; enumerate. See Calculate.

Count, v. i. 1. To number or be counted; to possess value or carry weight; hence, to increase or add to the strength or influence of some party or interest; as, every vote counts; accidents count for nothing.

> This excellent man . . . counted among the best and wisest of English statesmen.
> J. A. Symonds.

2. To reckon; to rely; to depend; -- with on or upon.

> He was brewer to the palace; and it was apprehended that the government counted on his voice.
> Macaulay.

> I think it a great error to count upon the genius of a nation as a standing argument in all ages.
> Swift.

3. To take account or note; -- with of. [Obs.] "No man counts of her beauty." Shak.

4. (Eng. Law) To plead orally; to argue a matter in court; to recite a count. Burrill.

Count, n. [F. conte and compte, with different meanings, fr. L. computus a computation, fr. computare. See Count, v. t.] 1. The act of numbering; reckoning; also, the number ascertained by counting.

> Of blessed saints for to increase the count.
> Spenser.

> By this count, I shall be much in years.
> Shak.

2. An object of interest or account; value; estimation. [Obs.] "All his care and count." Spenser.

3. (Law) A formal statement of the plaintiff's case in court; in a more technical and correct sense, a particular allegation or charge in a declaration or indictment, separately setting forth the cause of action or prosecution. Wharton.

In the old law books, count was used synonymously with declaration. When the plaintiff has but a single cause of action, and makes but one statement of it, that statement is called indifferently count or declaration, most generally, however, the latter. But where the suit embraces several causes, or the plaintiff makes several different statements of the same cause of action, each statement is called a count, and all of them combined, a declaration. Bouvier. Wharton.

Count, n. [F. conte, fr. L. comes, comitis, associate, companion, one of the imperial court or train, properly, one who goes with another; com- + ire to go, akin to Skr. i to go.] A nobleman on the continent of Europe, equal in rank to an English earl.

Though the tittle Count has never been introduced into Britain, the wives of Earls have, from the earliest period of its history, been designated as Countesses. Brande & C.

Count palatine. (a) Formerly, the proprietor of a county who possessed royal prerogatives within his county, as did the Earl of Chester, the Bishop of Durham, and the Duke of Lancaster. [Eng.] See County palatine, under County. (b) Originally, a high judicial officer of the German emperors; afterward, the holder of a fief, to whom was granted the right to exercise certain imperial powers within his own domains. [Germany]

Count"a*ble (-?-b'l), a. Capable of being numbered.

Coun"te*nance (koun"t*nans), n. [OE. contenance, countenaunce, demeanor, composure, F. contenance demeanor, fr. L. continentia continence, LL. also, demeanor, fr. L. continere to hold together, repress, contain. See Contain, and cf. Continence.] 1. Appearance or expression of the face; look; aspect; mien.

> So spake the Son, and into terror changed
> His countenance.
> Milton.

2. The face; the features.

> In countenance somewhat doth resemble you.
> Shak.

3. Approving or encouraging aspect of face; hence, favor, good will, support; aid; encouragement.

> Thou hast made him . . . glad with thy countenance.
> Ps. xxi. 6.

> This is the magistrate's peculiar province, to give countenance to piety and virtue, and to rebuke vice.
> Atterbury.

4. Superficial appearance; show; pretense. [Obs.]

> The election being done, he made countenance of great discontent thereat.
> Ascham.

In countenance, in an assured condition or aspect; free from shame or dismay. "It puts the learned in countenance, and gives them a place among the fashionable part of mankind." Addison. -- Out of countenance, not bold or assured; confounded; abashed. "Their best friends were out of countenance, because they found that the imputations . . . were well grounded." Clarendon. -- To keep the countenance, to preserve a composed or natural look, undisturbed by passion or emotion. Swift.

Coun"te*nance (koun"t?-nans), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Countenanced (-nanst); p. pr. & vb. n. Countenancing.] 1. To encourage; to favor; to approve; to aid; to abet.

> This conceit, though countenanced by learned men, is not made out either by experience or reason.
> Sir T. Browne.

> Error supports custom, custom countenances error.
> Milton.

2. To make a show of; to pretend. [Obs.]

> Which to these ladies love did countenance.
> Spenser.

Coun"te*nan*cer (-nan-s?r), n. One who countenances, favors, or supports.

Coun"ter (koun"t?r-). [See Counter, adv. ] A prefix meaning contrary, opposite, in opposition; as, counteract, counterbalance, countercheck. See Counter, adv. & a.

Count"er (koun"t?r), n. [OE. countere, countour, a counter (in sense 1), OF. contere, conteor, fr. conter to count. See Count, v. t. ] 1. One who counts, or reckons up; a calculator; a reckoner.

2. A piece of metal, ivory, wood, or bone, used in reckoning, in keeping account of games, etc.

> The old gods of our own race whose names . . . serve as counters reckon the days of the week.
> E. B. Tylor.

> What comes the wool to? . . . I can not do it without counters.
> Shak.

3. Money; coin; -- used in contempt. [Obs.]

> To lock such rascal counters from his friends.
> Shak.

4. A prison; either of two prisons formerly in London.

> Anne Aysavugh . . . imprisoned in the Counter.
> Fuller.

5. A telltale; a contrivance attached to an engine, printing press, or other machine, for the purpose of counting the revolutions or the pulsations. Knight.

Coun"ter, n. [OE. countour, OF. contouer, comptouer, F. comptoir, LL. computatorium, prop., a computing place, place of accounts, fr. L. computare. See Count, v. t.] A table or board on which money is counted and over which business is transacted; a long, narrow table or bench, on which goods are laid for examination by purchasers, or on which they are weighed or measured.

Coun"ter, adv. [F. contre, fr. L. contra against. Cf. Contra-.] 1. Contrary; in opposition; in an opposite direction; contrariwise; -- used chiefly with run or go.

> Running counter to all the rules of virtue.
> Locks.

2. In the wrong way; contrary to the right course; as, a hound that runs counter.

> This is counter, you false Danish dogs!
> Shak.

3. At or against the front or face. [R.]

> Which [darts] they never throw counter, but at the back of the flier.
> Sandys.

Coun"ter, a. Contrary; opposite; contrasted; opposed; adverse; antagonistic; as, a counter current; a counter revolution; a counter poison; a counter agent; counter fugue. "Innumerable facts attesting the counter principle." I. Taylor.

Counter approach (Fort.), a trench or work pushed forward from defensive works to meet the approaches of besiegers. See Approach. -- Counter bond (Law), in old practice, a bond to secure one who has given bond for another. -- Counter brace. See Counter brace, in Vocabulary. -- Counter deed (Law), a secret writing which destroys, invalidates, or alters, a public deed. -- Counter distinction, contradistinction. [Obs.] -- Counter drain, a drain at the foot of the embankment of a canal or watercourse, for carrying off the water that may soak through. -- Counter extension (Surg.), the fixation of the upper part of a limb, while extension is practiced on the lower part, as in cases of luxation or fracture. -- Counter fissure (Surg.) Same as Contrafissure. -- Counter indication. (Med.) Same as Contraindication. -- Counter irritant (Med.), an irritant to produce a blister, a pustular eruption, or other irritation in some part of the body, in order to relieve an existing irritation in some other part. "Counter irritants are of as great use in moral as in physical diseases." Macaulay. -- Counter irritation (Med.), the act or the result of applying a counter irritant. -- Counter opening, an aperture or vent on the opposite side, or in a different place. -Counter parole (Mil.), a word in addition to the password, given in time of alarm as a signal. -- Counter plea (Law), a replication to a plea. Cowell. -- Counter pressure, force or pressure that acts in a contrary direction to some other opposing pressure. -- Counter project, a project, scheme, or proposal brought forward in opposition to another, as in the negotiation of a treaty. Swift. -- Counter proof, in engraving, a print taken off from another just printed, which, by being passed through the press, gives a copy in reverse, and of course in the same position as that of plate from which the first was printed, the object being to enable the engraver to inspect the state of the plate. -- Counter revolution, a revolution opposed to a former one, and restoring a former state of things. -- Counter revolutionist, one engaged in, or befriending, a counter revolution. -- Counter round (Mil.), a body of officers whose duty it is to visit and inspect the rounds and sentinels. -- Counter sea (Naut.), a sea running in an opposite direction from the wind. -- Counter sense, opposite meaning. -- Counter signal, a signal to answer or correspond to another. -- Counter signature, the name of a secretary or other officer countersigned to a writing. Tooke. -- Counter slope, an overhanging slope; as, a wall with a counter slope. Mahan. -- Counter statement, a statement made in opposition to, or denial of, another statement. -- Counter surety, a counter bond, or a surety to secure one who has given security. -- Counter tally, a tally corresponding to another. -- Counter tide, contrary tide.

Coun"ter, n. [See Counter, adv., Contra.] 1. (Naut.) The after part of a vessel's body, from the water line to the stern, -- below and somewhat forward of the stern proper.

<! p. 332 !>

2. (Mus.) Same as Contra. Formerly used to designate any under part which served for contrast to a principal part, but now used as equivalent to counter tenor.

3. (Far.) The breast, or that part of a horse between the shoulders and under the neck.

4. The back leather or heel part of a boot.

Coun"ter (koun"t?r), n. An encounter. [Obs.]

> With kindly counter under mimic shade.
> Spenser.

Coun"ter, v. i. (Boxing) To return a blow while receiving one, as in boxing.

> His left hand countered provokingly.
> C. Kingsley.

Coun`ter*act" (koun`t?r-?kt"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Counteracted; p. pr. & vb. n. Counteracting.] To act in opposition to; to hinder, defeat, or frustrate, by contrary agency or influence; as, to counteract the effect of medicines; to counteract good advice.

Coun`ter*ac"tion (koun`t?r-?k"sh?n), n. Action in opposition; hindrance resistance.

> [They] do not . . . overcome the counteraction of a false principle or of stubborn partiality.
> Johnson.

Coun`ter*act"ive (-?kt"?v), a. Tending to counteract.

Coun`ter*act"ive, n. One who, or that which, counteracts.

Coun`ter*act"ive*ly, adv. By counteraction.

Coun`ter*bal"ance (-b?l"ans), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Counterbalanced (-anst); p. pr. & vb. n. Counterbalancing.] To oppose with an equal weight or power; to counteract the power or effect of; to countervail; to equiponderate; to balance.

> The remaining air was not able to counterbalance the mercurial cylinder.
> Boyle.

> The study of mind is necessary to counterbalance and correct the influence of the study of nature.
> Sir W. Hamilton.

Coun"ter*bal`ance (koun"t?r-b?l`ans), n. A weight, power, or agency, acting against or balancing another; as: (a) A mass of metal in one side of a driving wheel or fly wheel, to balance the weight of a crank pin, etc., on the opposite side of the wheel. (b) A counterpoise to balance the weight of anything, as of a drawbridge or a scale beam.

> Money is the counterbalance to all other things purchasable by it.
> Locke.

Coun"ter*bore` (-b?r`), n. 1. A flat-bottomed cylindrical enlargement of the mouth of a hole, usually of slight depth, as for receiving a cylindrical screw head.

2. A kind of pin drill with the cutting edge or edges normal to the axis; -- used for enlarging a hole, or for forming a flat-bottomed recess at its mouth.

Coun`ter*bore" (koun`t?r-b?r"), v. t. To form a counterbore in, by boring, turning, or drilling; to enlarge, as a hole, by means of a counterbore.

Coun"ter brace` (br?s`). 1. (Naut.) The brace of the fore-topsail on the leeward side of a vessel.

2. (Engin.) A brace, in a framed structure, which resists a strain of a character opposite to that which a main brace is designed to receive.

In a quadrilateral system of bracing, the main brace is usually in the direction of one diagonal, and the counter brace in the direction of the other. Strains in counter braces are occasioned by the live load only, as, in a roof, by the wind, or, in a bridge, by a moving train.

Coun"ter*brace`, v. t. 1. (Naut.) To brace in opposite directions; as, to counterbrace the yards, i. e., to brace the head yards one way and the after yards another.

2. (Engin.) To brace in such a way that opposite strains are resisted; to apply counter braces to.

Coun`ter*buff" (koun`t?r-b?f"), v. t. To strike or drive back or in an opposite direction; to stop by a blow or impulse in front. Dryden.

Coun"ter*buff` (koun"t?r-b?f`), n. A blow in an opposite direction; a stroke that stops motion or cause a recoil.

Coun"ter*cast` (koun"t?r-k?st`), n. A trick; a delusive contrivance. [Obs.] Spenser.

Coun"ter*cast`er (-?r), n. A caster of accounts; a reckoner; a bookkeeper; -- used contemptuously.

Coun`ter*change" (koun`tr*chnj), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Counterchanged (-ch?njd"); p. pr. & vb. n. Counterchanging.] 1. To give and receive; to cause to change places; to exchange.

2. To checker; to diversify, as in heraldic counterchanging. See Counterchaged, a., 2.

> Witch-elms, that counterchange the floor
> Of this flat lawn with dusk and bright.
> Tennyson.

Coun"ter*change` (koun"tr*chnj`), n. Exchange; reciprocation.

Coun`ter*changed" (-ch?njd"), a. 1. Exchanged.

2. (Her.) Having the tinctures exchanged mutually; thus, if the field is divided palewise, or and azure, and cross is borne counterchanged, that part of the cross which comes on the azure side will be or, and that on the or side will be azure.

Coun"ter*charge` (koun"t?r-ch?rj`), n. An opposing charge.

Coun`ter*charm" (koun`t?r-ch?rm"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Countercharmed (-ch?rmd`); p. pr. & vb. n. Countercharming.] To destroy the effect of a charm upon.

Coun"ter*charm` (koun"t?r-ch?rm`), n. That which has the power of destroying the effect of a charm.

Coun`ter*check" (koun`t?r-ch?k"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Counterchecked (-ch?ckt"); p. pr. & vb. n. Counterchecking.] To oppose or check by some obstacle; to check by a return check.

Coun"ter*check` (koun"t?r-ch?k`), n. 1. A check; a stop; a rebuke, or censure to check a reprover.

2. Any force or device designed to restrain another restraining force; a check upon a check.

> The system of checks and counterchecks.
> J. H. Newton.

Coun"ter*claim` (-klm`), n. (Law) A claim made by a person as an offset to a claim made on him.

Coun"ter-com*po`ny (-km*p`n), a. (Her.) See Compony.

Coun"ter-couch`ant (koun"tr*kouch"ant), a. (Her.) Lying down, with their heads in opposite directions; -- said of animals borne in a coat of arms.

Coun"ter-cou*rant" (-k??-r?nt"), a. (Her.) Running in opposite directions; -- said of animals borne in a coast of arms.

Coun"ter*cur`rent (koun"t?r-k?r`-rent), a. Running in an opposite direction.

Coun"ter*cur`rent, n. A current running in an opposite direction to the main current.

Coun`ter*draw" (koun`tr*dr"), v. t. [imp. Counterdrew (- dr"); p. p. Counterdrawn (-dr?n"); p. pr. & vb. n. Counterdrawing.] To copy, as a design or painting, by tracing with a pencil on oiled paper, or other transparent substance.

Coun"ter*fai"sance (koun"t?r-f?"zans), n. See Counterfesance. [Obs.]

Coun"ter*feit (koun"t?r-f?t), a. [F. contrefait, p. p. of contrefaire to counterfeit; contre (L. contra) + faire to make, fr. L. facere. See Counter, adv., and Fact.]

1. Representing by imitation or likeness; having a resemblance to something else; portrayed.

> Look here upon this picture, and on this-
> The counterfeit presentment of two brothers.
> Shak.

2. Fabricated in imitation of something else, with a view to defraud by passing the false copy for genuine or original; as, counterfeit antiques; counterfeit coin. "No counterfeit gem." Robinson (More's Utopia).

3. Assuming the appearance of something; false; spurious; deceitful; hypocritical; as, a counterfeit philanthropist. "An arrant counterfeit rascal." Shak.

Syn. -- Forged; fictitious; spurious; false.

Coun"ter*feit, n. 1. That which resembles or is like another thing; a likeness; a portrait; a counterpart.

> Thou drawest a counterfeit
> Best in all Athens.
> Shak.

> Even Nature's self envied the same,
> And grudged to see the counterfeit should shame
> The thing itself.
> Spenser.

2. That which is made in imitation of something, with a view to deceive by passing the false for the true; as, the bank note was a counterfeit.

> Never call a true piece of gold a counterfeit.
> Shak.

> Some of these counterfeits are fabricated with such exquisite taste and skill, that it is the achievement of criticism to distinguish them from originals.
> Macaulay.

3. One who pretends to be what he is not; one who personates another; an impostor; a cheat.

> I fear thou art another counterfeit;
> And yet, in faith, thou bear'st thee like a king.
> Shak.

Coun"ter*feit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Counterfeited; p. pr. & vb. n. Counterfeiting.] 1. To imitate, or put on a semblance of; to mimic; as, to counterfeit the voice of another person.

> Full well they laughed with counterfeited glee
> At all his jokes, for many a joke had he.
> Goldsmith.

2. To imitate with a view to deceiving, by passing the copy for that which is original or genuine; to forge; as, to counterfeit the signature of another, coins, notes, etc.

Coun"ter*feit, v. i. 1. To carry on a deception; to dissemble; to feign; to pretend.

> The knave counterfeits well; a good knave.
> Shak.

2. To make counterfeits.

Coun"ter*feit`er (-f?t`?r), n. 1. One who counterfeits; one who copies or imitates; especially, one who copies or forges bank notes or coin; a forger.

> The coin which was corrupted by counterfeiters.
> Camden.

2. One who assumes a false appearance or semblance; one who makes false pretenses.

> Counterfeiters of devotion.
> Sherwood.

Coun"ter*feit`ly, adv. By forgery; falsely.

Coun"ter*fe`sance (-f?"zans), n. [OF. contrefaisance, fr. contrefaire. See Counterfeit, a.] The act of forging; forgery. [Obs.] [Written also counterfaisance.]

Coun"ter*fleu`ry (koun"t?r-fl?`r?), a. [F. contrefleuri.] (Her.) Counterflory.

Coun"ter*flo`ry (-fl?`r?), a. [See Counterfleury.] (Her.) Adorned with flowers (usually fleurs-de-lis) so divided that the tops appear on one side and the bottoms on the others; -- said of any ordinary.

Coun"ter*foil` (-foil), n. [Counter- + foil a leaf.]

1. That part of a tally, formerly in the exchequer, which was kept by an officer in that court, the other, called the stock, being delivered to the person who had lent the king money on the account; -- called also counterstock. [Eng.]

2. The part of a writing (as the stub of a bank check) in which are noted the main particulars contained in the corresponding part, which has been issued.

Coun"ter*force` (-f?rs`), n. An opposing force.

Coun"ter*fort` (-f?rt`), n. 1. (Fort.) A kind of buttress of masonry to strengthen a revetment wall.

2. A spur or projection of a mountain. Imp. Dict.

Coun"ter*gage` (-gj`), n. (Carp.) An adjustable gage, with double points for transferring measurements from one timber to another, as the breadth of a mortise to the place where the tenon is to be made. Knight.

Coun"ter*guard` (koun"tr*gärd`), n. (Fort.) A low outwork before a bastion or ravelin, consisting of two lines of rampart parallel to the faces of the bastion, and protecting them from a breaching fire.

Coun"ter*ir`ri*tant (-?r"r?-tant), n., Coun"ter*ir`ri*ta"tion, n. See Counter irritant, etc., under Counter, a.

Coun"ter*ir"ri*tate (koun"tr-?r"r?-t?t), v. t. (Med.) To produce counter irritation in; to treat with one morbid process for the purpose of curing another.

Coun"ter*jump`er (koun"tr-j?mp`?r), n. A salesman in a shop; a shopman; -- used contemptuously. [Slang]

Coun"ter*man (koun"tr*man), n.; pl. Countermen (- men). A man who attends at the counter of a shop to sell goods. [Eng.]

Coun`ter*mand" (koun`tr*mnd"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Countermanded; p. pr. & vb. n. Countermanding.] [F. contremander; contre (L. contra) + mander to command, fr. L. mandare. Cf. Mandate.] 1. To revoke (a former command); to cancel or rescind by giving an order contrary to one previously given; as, to countermand an order for goods.

2. To prohibit; to forbid. [Obs.]

> Avicen countermands letting blood in choleric bodies.
> Harvey.

3. To oppose; to revoke the command of.

> For us to alter anything, is to lift ourselves against God; and, as it were, to countermand him.
> Hooker.

Coun"ter*mand (koun"tr*mnd), n. A contrary order; revocation of a former order or command.

> Have you no countermand for Claudio yet,
> But he must die to-morrow?
> Shak.

Coun`ter*mand"a*ble (-m?nd"?-b'l), a. Capable of being countermanded; revocable. Bacon.

Coun`ter*march" (koun`t?r-m?rch"), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Countermarched (-m?rcht"); p. pr. & vb. n. Countermarching.] (Mil.) To march back, or to march in reversed order.

> The two armies marched and countermarched, drew near and receded.
> Macaulay.

Coun"ter*march` (koun"t?r-m?rch`), n. 1. A marching back; retrocession.

2. (Mil.) An evolution by which a body of troops change front or reverse the direction of march while retaining the same men in the front rank; also, a movement by which the rear rank becomes the front one, either with or without changing the right to the left.

3. A change of measures; alteration of conduct.

> Such countermarches and retractions as we do not willingly impute to wisdom.
> T. Burnet.

Coun"ter*mark` (-m?rk`), n. 1. A mark or token added to those already existing, in order to afford security or proof; as, an additional or special mark put upon a package of goods belonging to several persons, that it may not be opened except in the presence of all; a mark added to that of an artificer of gold or silver work by the Goldsmiths' Company of London, to attest the standard quality of the gold or silver; a mark added to an ancient coin or medal, to show either its change of value or that it was taken from an enemy.

2. (Far.) An artificial cavity made in the teeth of horses that have outgrown their natural mark, to disguise their age.

Coun`ter*mark" (koun`tr*märk"), v. t. To apply a countermark to; as, to countermark silverware; to countermark a horse's teeth.

Coun"ter*mine` (koun"tr*mn`), n. [Counter- + mine underground gallery: cf. F. contermine.] 1. (Mil.) An underground gallery excavated to intercept and destroy the mining of an enemy.

2. A stratagem or plot by which another sratagem or project is defeated.

> Thinking himself contemned, knowing no countermine against contempt but terror.
> Sir P. Sidney.

Coun`ter*mine" (koun`tr*mn"), v. t. [Cf. F. contreminer.] [imp. & p. p. Countermined; p. pr. & vb. n. Countermining.] 1. (Mil.) To oppose by means of a countermine; to intercept with a countermine.

2. To frustrate or counteract by secret measures.

Coun`ter*mine", v. i. To make a countermine or counterplot; to plot secretly.

> 'Tis hard for man to countermine with God.
> Chapman.

Coun`ter*move" (koun`t?r-m??v"), v. t. & i. To move in a contrary direction to.

{ Coun"ter*move` (-m??v`), n. Coun"ter*move`ment (-ment). } A movement in opposition to another.

Coun"ter*mure` (-m?r`), n. [Counter- + mure: cf. F. contremur.] (Fort.) A wall raised behind another, to supply its place when breached or destroyed. [R.] Cf. Contramure. Knolles.

Coun`ter*mure" (koun`t?r-m?r"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Countermured (-m?rd"); p. pr. & vb. n. Countermuring.] [Cf. F. contremurer.] To fortify with a wall behind another wall. [R.] Kyd.

Coun"ter*nat`u*ral (koun"t?r-n?t`?-ral; 135), a. Contrary to nature. [R.] Harvey.

Coun"ter-pa`ly (-p?`l?), a. [F. contre-palé.] (Her.) Paly, and then divided fesswise, so that each vertical piece is cut into two, having the colors used alternately or counterchanged. Thus the escutcheon in the illustration may also be blazoned paly of six per fess counterchanged argent and azure.

Coun"ter*pane` (koun"t?r-p?n`), n. [See Counterpoint, corrupted into counterpane, from the employment of pane-shaped figures in these coverlets. ] A coverlet for a bed, -- originally stitched or woven in squares or figures.

> On which a tissue counterpane was cast.
> Drayton.

Coun"ter*pane`, n. [OF. contrepan a pledge, security; contre + pan a skirt, also, a pawn or gage, F. pan a skirt. See Pane, and cf. Pawn.] (O. Law) A duplicate part or copy of an indenture, deed, etc., corresponding with the original; -- now called counterpart.

> Read, scribe; give me the counterpane.
> B. Jonson.

<! p. 333 !>

Coun"ter*part` (koun"t?r-p?rt`), n. 1. A part corresponding to another part; anything which answers, or corresponds, to another; a copy; a duplicate; a facsimile.

> In same things the laws of Normandy agreed with the laws of England, so that they seem to be, as it were, copies or counterparts one of another.
> Sir M. Hale.

2. (Law) One of two corresponding copies of an instrument; a duplicate.

3. A person who closely resembles another.

4. A thing may be applied to another thing so as to fit perfectly, as a seal to its impression; hence, a thing which is adapted to another thing, or which supplements it; that which serves to complete or complement anything; hence, a person or thing having qualities lacking in another; an opposite.

> O counterpart
> Of our soft sex, well are you made our lords.
> Dryden.

Coun"ter*pas`sant (-p?s"sant), a. [Counter- + passant: cf. F. contrepassant.] (Her.) Passant in opposite directions; -- said of two animals.

Coun`ter*plead" (koun`t?r-pl?d"), v. t. To plead the contrary of; to plead against; to deny.

Coun`ter*plot" (koun`t?r-pl?t"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Counterplotted; p. pr. & vb. n. Counterplotting.] To oppose, as another plot, by plotting; to attempt to frustrate, as a stratagem, by stratagem.

> Every wile had proved abortive, every plot had been counterplotted.
> De Quinsey.

Coun"ter*plot` (koun"t?r-pl?t`), n. A plot or artifice opposed to another. L'Estrange.

Coun"ter*point` (koun"t?r-point`), n. [Counter- + point.] An opposite point [Obs.] Sir E. Sandys.

Coun"ter*point`, n. [F. contrepoint; cf. It. contrappunto. Cf. Contrapuntal.] (Mus.) (a) The setting of note against note in harmony; the adding of one or more parts to a given canto fermo or melody. (b) The art of polyphony, or composite melody, i. e., melody not single, but moving attended by one or more related melodies. (c) Music in parts; part writing; harmony; polyphonic music. See Polyphony.

> Counterpoint, an invention equivalent to a new creation of music.
> Whewell.

Coun"ter*point`, n. [OF. contrepoincte, corruption of earlier counstepointe, countepointe, F. courtepointe, fr. L. culcita cushion, mattress (see Quilt, and cf. Cushion) + puncta, fem. p. p. of pungere to prick (see Point). The word properly meant a stitched quilt, with the colors broken one into another.] A coverlet; a cover for a bed, often stitched or broken into squares; a counterpane. See 1st Counterpane.

> Embroidered coverlets or counterpoints of purple silk.
> Sir T. North.

Coun"ter*poise` (koun"t?r-poiz`; 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Counterpoised (-poizd`); p. pr. & vb. n. Counterpoising.] [OE. countrepesen, counterpeisen, F. contrepeser. See Counter, adv., and Poise, v. t. ] 1. To act against with equal weight; to equal in weight; to balance the weight of; to counterbalance.

> Weights, counterpoising one another.
> Sir K. Digby.

2. To act against with equal power; to balance.

> So many freeholders of English will be able to beard and counterpoise the rest.
> Spenser.

Coun"ter*poise` (koun"t?r-poiz`), n. [OE. countrepese, OF. contrepois, F. contrepods. See Counter, adv., and Poise, n.] 1. A weight sufficient to balance another, as in the opposite scale of a balance; an equal weight.

> Fastening that to our exact balance, we put a metalline counterpoise into the opposite scale.
> Boyle.

2. An equal power or force acting in opposition; a force sufficient to balance another force.

> The second nobles are a counterpoise to the higher nobility, that they grow not too potent.
> Bacon.

3. The relation of two weights or forces which balance each other; equilibrium; equiponderance.

> The pendulous round eart, with balanced air,
> In counterpoise.
> Milton.

Coun"ter*pole` (-p?l`), n. The exact opposite.

> The German prose offers the counterpole to the French style.
> De Quincey.

Coun`ter*pon"der*ate (-p?n"d?r-?t), v. t. To equal in weight; to counterpoise; to equiponderate.

Coun`ter*prove" (koun`t?r-pr??v"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Counterproved (-pr??vd"); p. pr. & vb. n. Counterproving.] To take a counter proof of, or a copy in reverse, by taking an impression directly from the face of an original. See Counter proof, under Counter.

counterrevolutionary counter-revolutionary adj. marked by opposition or antipathy to revolution; as, ostracized for his counterrevolutionary tendencies. Opposite of revolutionary.
[WordNet 1.5]

Coun"ter-roll` (-r?l`), n. [Cf. Control.] (O. Eng. Law) A duplicate roll (record or account) kept by an officer as a check upon another officer's roll. Burrill.

As a verb this word is contracted into control. See Control.

Coun`ter*rol"ment (koun`t?r-r?l"ment), n. A counter account. See Control. [Obs.] Bacon.

Coun`ter-sa"li*ent (-s?"l?-e]/>nt or - s?l"yent; 106), a. (Her.) Leaping from each other; -- said of two figures on a coat of arms.

Coun"ter*scale` (koun"t?r-sk?l`), n. Counterbalance; balance, as of one scale against another. [Obs.] Howell.

Coun"ter*scarf` (-sk?rf`), n. [Counter- + scarp: cf. F. contrescarpe.] (Fort.) The exterior slope or wall of the ditch; -- sometimes, the whole covered way, beyond the ditch, with its parapet and glacis; as, the enemy have lodged themselves on the counterscarp.

Coun`ter*seal" (koun`t?r-s?l"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Countersealed (-s?ld"); p. pr. & vb. n. Countersealing.] To seal or ratify with another or others. Shak.

Coun`ter*se*cure" (-s?-k?r"), v. t. To give additional security to or for. Burke.

Coun"ter*shaft` (koun"t?r-sh?ft`), n. (Mach.) An intermediate shaft; esp., one which receives motion from a line shaft in a factory and transmits it to a machine.

Coun`ter*sign" (-s?n`; 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Countersigned (-s?nd`); p. pr. & vb. n. Countersigning.] [Counter- + sign: cf. F. contresigner.] To sign on the opposite side of (an instrument or writing); hence, to sign in addition to the signature of a principal or superior, in order to attest the authenticity of a writing.

Coun"ter*sign`, a. 1. The signature of a secretary or other officer to a writing signed by a principal or superior, to attest its authenticity.

2. (Mil.) A private signal, word, or phrase, which must be given in order to pass a sentry; a watchword.

Coun"ter*sink` (koun"tr*sk`; 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Countersunk (-sk`); p. pr. & vb. n. Countersinking.] 1. To chamfer or form a depression around the top of (a hole in wood, metal, etc.) for the reception of the head of a screw or bolt below the surface, either wholly or in part; as, to countersink a hole for a screw.

2. To cause to sink even with or below the surface; as, to countersink a screw or bolt into woodwork.

Coun"ter*sink`, n. 1. An enlargement of the upper part of a hole, forming a cavity or depression for receiving the head of a screw or bolt.

In the United States a flaring cavity formed by chamfering the edges of a round hole is called a countersink, while a cylindrical flat-bottomed enlargement of the mouth of the hole is usually called a conterbore.

2. A drill or cutting tool for countersinking holes.

Coun"ter*stand` (-st&?;nd`), n. Resistance; opposition; a stand against.

> Making counterstand to Robert Guiscard.
> Longfellow.

Coun"ter*step` (koun"t?r-st?p`), n. A contrary method of procedure; opposite course of action.

Coun"ter*stock` (-st?k`), n. See Counterfoil.

Coun"ter*stroke` (-str?k`), n. A stroke or blow in return. Spenser.

Coun"ter*sunk` (-s?nk`), p. p. & a. from Countersink. 1. Chamfered at the top; -- said of a hole.

2. Sunk into a chamfer; as, a countersunk bolt.

3. Beveled on the lower side, so as to fit a chamfered countersink; as, a countersunk nailhead.

Coun"ter*sway` (-sw`), n. A swaying in a contrary direction; an opposing influence. [Obs.]

> A countersway of restraint, curbing their wild exorbitance.
> Milton.

Coun"ter ten`or (t?n`?r). [OF. contreteneur. Cf. Contratenor, and see Tenor a part in music.] (Mus.) One of the middle parts in music, between the tenor and the treble; high tenor.

Counter-tenor clef (Mus.), the C clef when placed on the third line; -- also called alto clef.

Coun"ter*term` (-t?rm`), n. A term or word which is the opposite of, or antithesis to, another; an antonym; -- the opposite of synonym; as, "foe" is the counterterm of "friend". C. J. Smith.

Coun"ter*time` (-t?m`), n. 1. (Man.) The resistance of a horse, that interrupts his cadence and the measure of his manege, occasioned by a bad horseman, or the bad temper of the horse.

2. Resistance; opposition. [Obs.]

> Give not shus the countertime to fate.
> Dryden.

Coun"ter*trip`pant (-tr?p`pant), a. (Her.) Trippant in opposite directions. See Trippant.

Coun"ter*trip`ping (-tr?p`p?ng), a. (Her.) Same as Countertrippant.

Coun"ter*turn` (-t&?;rn`), n. The critical moment in a play, when, contrary to expectation, the action is embroiled in new difficulties. Dryden.

Coun`ter*vail" (koun`t?r-v?l"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Countervailed (-v?ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Countervailing.] [OF. contrevaloir; contre (L. contra) + valoir to avail, fr. L. valere to be strong, avail. See Vallant.] To act against with equal force, power, or effect; to thwart or overcome by such action; to furnish an equivalent to or for; to counterbalance; to compensate.

> Upon balancing the account, the profit at last will hardly countervail the inconveniences that go allong with it.
> L'Estrange.

Coun"ter*vail` (koun"t?r-v?l`), n. Power or value sufficient to obviate any effect; equal weight, strength, or value; equivalent; compensation; requital. [Obs.]

> Surely, the present pleasure of a sinful act is a poor countervail for the bitterness of the review.
> South.

Coun`ter*val*la"tion (-v?l-l?"s??n), n. (Fort.) See Contravallation.

Coun"ter*view` (koun"t?r-v?`), n. 1. An opposite or opposing view; opposition; a posture in which two persons front each other.

> Within the gates of hell sat Death and Sin,
> In counterview.
> Milton

> M. Peisse has ably advocated the counterview in his preface and appendix.
> Sir W. Hamilton.

2. A position in which two dissimilar things illustrate each other by opposition; contrast.

> I have drawn some lines of Linger's character, on purpose to place it in counterview, or contrast with that of the other company.
> Swift.

Coun`ter*vote" (koun`tr*vt"), v. t. To vote in opposition to; to balance or overcome by voting; to outvote. Dr. J. Scott.

Coun`ter*wait" (koun`tr*wt"), v. t. To wait or watch for; to be on guard against. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Coun`ter*weigh" (-w"), v. t. To weigh against; to counterbalance.

Coun"ter *weight` (-wt`), n. A counterpoise.

Coun`ter*wheel" (-hwl"), v. t. (Mil.) To cause to wheel or turn in an opposite direction.

Coun`ter*work" (-wûrk"), v. t. To work in opposition to; to counteract.

> That counterworks each folly and caprice.
> Pope.

Count"ess (kount"?s), n.; pl. Countesses (-&?;s). [F. comtesse. See Count a nobleman.] The wife of an earl in the British peerage, or of a count in the Continental nobility; also, a lady possessed of the same dignity in her own right. See the Note under Count.

{ Count"ing*house` (kount"?ng-hous`), Count"ing*room` (kount"?ng-r??m`), } n. [See Count, v.] The house or room in which a merchant, trader, or manufacturer keeps his books and transacts business.

Count"less (-l?s), a. Incapable of being counted; not ascertainable; innumerable.

Count"or (kount"?r), n. [From Count, v. t. (in sense 4).] (O. Eng. Law) An advocate or professional pleader; one who counted for his client, that is, orally pleaded his cause. [Obs.] Burrill.

{ Coun*tour" (k??n-t??r"), Coun*tour"house` (-hous`), } n. [See 2d Counter.] A merchant's office; a countinghouse. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Coun"tre- (koun"ter-). Same as prefix Counter-. [Obs.]

Coun`tre*plete" (-pl?t"), v. t. [Countre- + plete to plead.] To counterplead. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Coun"tre*taille` (koun"t?r-t?l`), n. [F. contretaille; contre (L. contra) + taille cut. See Tally.] A counter tally; correspondence (in sound). [Obs.]

At the countretaille, in return. Chaucer.

Coun"tri*fied (k?n"tr?-f?ld), p. a. Having the appearance and manners of a rustic; rude.

> As being one who took no pride,
> And was a deal too countrified.
> Lloyd.

Coun"tri*fy (k?n"tr?-f?), v. t. To give a rural appearance to; to cause to appear rustic. Lamb.

Coun"try (k?n"tr?), n.; pl. Countries (-tr&?;z). [F. contrée, LL. contrata, fr. L. contra over against, on the opposite side. Cf. Counter, adv., Contra.] 1. A tract of land; a region; the territory of an independent nation; (as distinguished from any other region, and with a personal pronoun) the region of one's birth, permanent residence, or citizenship.

> Return unto thy country, and to thy kindred.
> Gen. xxxxii. 9.

> I might have learned this by my last exile,
> that change of countries cannot change my state.
> Stirling.

> Many a famous realm
> And country, whereof here needs no account
> Milton.

2. Rural regions, as opposed to a city or town.

> As they walked, on their way into the country.
> Mark xvi. 12 (Rev. Ver. ).

> God made the covatry, and man made the town.
> Cowper.

> Only very great men were in the habit of dividing the year between town and country.
> Macaulay.

3. The inhabitants or people of a state or a region; the populace; the public. Hence: (a) One's constituents. (b) The whole body of the electors of state; as, to dissolve Parliament and appeal to the country.

> All the country in a general voice
> Cried hate upon him.
> Shak.

4. (Law) (a) A jury, as representing the citizens of a country. (b) The inhabitants of the district from which a jury is drawn.

5. (Mining.) The rock through which a vein runs.

Conclusion to the country. See under Conclusion. -- To put, or throw, one's self upon the country, to appeal to one's constituents; to stand trial before a jury.

Coun"try, a. 1. Pertaining to the regions remote from a city; rural; rustic; as, a country life; a country town; the country party, as opposed to city.

2. Destitute of refinement; rude; unpolished; rustic; not urbane; as, country manners.

3. Pertaining, or peculiar, to one's own country.

> She, bowing herself towards him, laughing the cruel tyrant to scorn, spake in her country language.
> 2 Macc. vii. 27.

Coun"try-base` (-b?s`), n. Same as Prison base.

Coun"try-dance` (-d?ns`), n. [Prob. an adaptation of contradance.] See Contradance.

> He had introduced the English country-dance to the knowledge of the Dutch ladies.
> Macaulay.

Coun"try*man (kn"tr-man), n.; pl. Countrymen (- men). 1. An inhabitant or native of a region. Shak.

2. One born in the same country with another; a compatriot; -- used with a possessive pronoun.

> In perils of waters, in perils of robbers, in perils by mine own countrymen.
> 2 Cor. xi. 26.

3. One who dwells in the country, as distinguished from a townsman or an inhabitant of a city; a rustic; a husbandman or farmer.

> A simple countryman that brought her figs.
> Shak.

Coun"try seat` (k?n"tr? s?t`). A dwelling in the country, used as a place of retirement from the city.

Coun"try*side` (-s?d`), n. A particular rural district; a country neighborhood. [Eng.] W. Black. Blackmore.

Coun"try*wom`an (-w??m`an), n.; pl. Countrywomen (-w&?;m`&?;n). A woman born, or dwelling, in the country, as opposed to the city; a woman born or dwelling in the same country with another native or inhabitant. Shak.

Count"-wheel` (kount"hw?l`), n. The wheel in a clock which regulates the number of strokes.

Coun"ty (koun"t?), n.; pl. Counties (-t&?;z). [F. comt&?;, fr. LL. comitatus. See Count.] 1. An earldom; the domain of a count or earl. [Obs.]

2. A circuit or particular portion of a state or kingdom, separated from the rest of the territory, for certain purposes in the administration of justice and public affairs; -- called also a shire. See Shire.

> Every county, every town, every family, was in agitation.
> Macaulay.

<! p. 334 !>

3. A count; an earl or lord. [Obs.] Shak.

County commissioners. See Commissioner. -- County corporate, a city or town having the privilege to be a county by itself, and to be governed by its own sheriffs and other magistrates, irrespective of the officers of the county in which it is situated; as London, York, Bristol, etc. [Eng.] Mozley & W. -- County court, a court whose jurisdiction is limited to county. -- County palatine, a county distinguished by particular privileges; -- so called a palatio (from the palace), because the owner had originally royal powers, or the same powers, in the administration of justice, as the king had in his palace; but these powers are now abridged. The counties palatine, in England, are Lancaster, Chester, and Durham. -- County rates, rates levied upon the county, and collected by the boards of guardians, for the purpose of defraying the expenses to which counties are liable, such as repairing bridges, jails, etc. [Eng.] -- County seat, a county town. [U.S.] -- County sessions, the general quarter sessions of the peace for each county, held four times a year. [Eng.] -- County town, the town of a county, where the county business is transacted; a shire town.

||Coup (k??), n. [F., fr.L. colaphus a cuff, Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;.] A sudden stroke; an unexpected device or stratagem; -- a term used in various ways to convey the idea of promptness and force.

Coup de grace (k&?;&?;" de gr&?;s") [F.], the stroke of mercy with which an executioner ends by death the sufferings of the condemned; hence, a decisive, finishing stroke. -- Coup de main (k&?;&?;` de m&?;n`) [F.] (Mil.), a sudden and unexpected movement or attack. -- Coup de soleil (k&?;&?;` d s&?;-l&?;l or -l&?;"y') [F.] (Med.), a sunstroke. See Sunstroke. -- Coup d'état (k&?;&?;" d&?;-t&?;") [F.] (Politics), a sudden, decisive exercise of power whereby the existing government is subverted without the consent of the people; an unexpected measure of state, more or less violent; a stroke of policy. -- Coup d'œil (k` dl"). [F.] (a) A single view; a rapid glance of the eye; a comprehensive view of a scene; as much as can be seen at one view. (b) The general effect of a picture. (c) (Mil.) The faculty or the act of comprehending at a glance the weakness or strength of a military position, of a certain arrangement of troops, the most advantageous position for a battlefield, etc.

Cou"pa*ble (k"p*b'l), a. [F.] Culpable. [Obs.]

||Cou`pé" (k`p"), n. [F., fr. coupé, p. p. of couper to cut. See Coppice.] 1. The front compartment of a French diligence; also, the front compartment (usually for three persons) of a car or carriage on British railways.

2. A four-wheeled close carriage for two persons inside, with an outside seat for the driver; -- so called because giving the appearance of a larger carriage cut off.

Couped (k??pt), a. [F. couper to cut.] (Her.) Cut off smoothly, as distinguished from erased; -- used especially for the head or limb of an animal. See Erased.

Cou*pee" (k??-p?"; F. k??`p?), n. [F. coupé, n., properly p. p. of couper to cut. Cf. Coupé, Coopee.] A motion in dancing, when one leg is a little bent, and raised from the floor, and with the other a forward motion is made. Chambers.

||Coupe`-gorge" (k??p`g?rzh"), n. [F., cut throat.] (Mil.) Any position giving the enemy such advantage that the troops occupying it must either surrender or be cut to pieces. Farrow.

Cou"ple (k?p"'l), n. [F. couple, fr. L. copula a bond, band; co- + apere, aptum, to join. See Art, a., and cf. Copula.] 1. That which joins or links two things together; a bond or tie; a coupler. [Obs.]

> It is in some sort with friends as it is with dogs in couples; they should be of the same size and humor.
> L'Estrange.

> I'll go in couples with her.
> Shak.

2. Two of the same kind connected or considered together; a pair; a brace. "A couple of shepherds." Sir P. Sidney. "A couple of drops" Addison. "A couple of miles." Dickens. "A couple of weeks." Carlyle.

> Adding one to one we have the complex idea of a couple.
> Locke.

> [Ziba] met him with a couple of asses saddled.
> 2 Sam. xvi. 1.

3. A male and female associated together; esp., a man and woman who are married or betrothed.

> Such were our couple, man and wife.
> Lloyd.

> Fair couple linked in happy, nuptial league.
> Milton.

4. (Arch.) See Couple- close.

5. (Elec.) One of the pairs of plates of two metals which compose a voltaic battery; -- called a voltaic couple or galvanic couple.

6. (Mech.) Two rotations, movements, etc., which are equal in amount but opposite in direction, and acting along parallel lines or around parallel axes.

The effect of a couple of forces is to produce a rotation. A couple of rotations is equivalent to a motion of translation.

Cou"ple, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Coupled (k?p"'ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Coupling (-l?ng).] [F. coupler, fr. L. copulare. See Couple, n., and cf. Copulate, Cobble, v.]

1. To link or tie, as one thing to another; to connect or fasten together; to join.

> Huntsman, I charge thee, tender well my hounds, . . .
> And couple Clowder with the deep-mouthed brach.
> Shak.

2. To join in wedlock; to marry. [Colloq.]

> A parson who couples all our beggars.
> Swift.

Cou"ple, v. i. To come together as male and female; to copulate. [Obs.] Milton. Bacon.

Cou"ple-beg`gar (-b?g`g?r), n. One who makes it his business to marry beggars to each other. Swift.

Cou"ple-close` (k?p"?-kl?s`), n.; pl. Couple-closes (-kl&?;"s&?;z). 1. (Her.) A diminutive of the chevron, containing one fourth of its surface. Couple-closes are generally borne one on each side of a chevron, and the blazoning may then be either a chevron between two couple-closes or chevron cottised.

2. (Arch.) A pair of rafters framed together with a tie fixed at their feet, or with a collar beam. [Engl.]

Cou"ple*ment (k?p"'l-ment), n. [Cf. OF. couplement.] Union; combination; a coupling; a pair. [Obs.] Shak.

> And forth together rode, a goodly couplement.
> Spenser.

Coup"ler (k?p"l?r), n. One who couples; that which couples, as a link, ring, or shackle, to connect cars.

Coupler of an organ, a contrivance by which any two or more of the ranks of keys, or keys and pedals, are connected so as to act together when the organ is played.

Coup"let (-l?t), n. [F. couplet, dim. of couple. See Couple, n. ] Two taken together; a pair or couple; especially two lines of verse that rhyme with each other.

> A sudden couplet rushes on your mind.
> Crabbe.

Coup"ling (-l?ng), n. 1. The act of bringing or coming together; connection; sexual union.

2. (Mach.) A device or contrivance which serves to couple or connect adjacent parts or objects; as, a belt coupling, which connects the ends of a belt; a car coupling, which connects the cars in a train; a shaft coupling, which connects the ends of shafts.

Box coupling, Chain coupling. See under Box, Chain. -- Coupling box, a coupling shaped like a journal box, for clamping together the ends of two shafts, so that they may revolve together. -- Coupling pin, a pin or bolt used in coupling or joining together railroad cars, etc.

Cou"pon (k??"p?n; F. k??`p?n"), n. [F., fr. couper to cut, cut off. See Coppice.] 1. (Com.) A certificate of interest due, printed at the bottom of transferable bonds (state, railroad, etc.), given for a term of years, designed to be cut off and presented for payment when the interest is due; an interest warrant.

2. A section of a ticket, showing the holder to be entitled to some specified accomodation or service, as to a passage over a designated line of travel, a particular seat in a theater, or the like.

||Cou*pure" (k??-p?r"), n. [F., fr. couper to cut.] (Fort.) A passage cut through the glacis to facilitate sallies by the besieged. Wilhelm.

Cour"age (kr"j; 48), n. [OE. corage heart, mind, will, courage, OF. corage, F. courage, fr. a LL. derivative of L. cor heart. See Heart.] 1. The heart; spirit; temper; disposition. [Obs.]

> So priketh hem nature in here corages.
> Chaucer.

> My lord, cheer up your spirits; our foes are nigh,
> and this soft courage makes your followers faint.
> Shak.

2. Heart; inclination; desire; will. [Obs.] Chaucer.

> I'd such a courage to do him good.
> Shak.

3. That quality of mind which enables one to encounter danger and difficulties with firmness, or without fear, or fainting of heart; valor; boldness; resolution.

> The king-becoming graces . . .
> Devotion, patience, courage, fortitude,
> I have no relish of them.
> Shak.

> Courage that grows from constitution often forsakes a man when he has occasion for it.
> Addison.

Syn. -- Heroism; bravery; intrepidity; valor; gallantry; daring; firmness; hardihood; boldness; dauntlessness; resolution. See Heroism. -- Courage, Bravery, Fortitude, Intrepidity, Gallantry, Valor. Courage is that firmness of spirit and swell of soul which meets danger without fear. Bravery is daring and impetuous courage, like that of one who has the reward continually in view, and displays his courage in daring acts. Fortitude has often been styled "passive courage," and consist in the habit of encountering danger and enduring pain with a steadfast and unbroken spirit. Valor is courage exhibited in war, and can not be applied to single combats; it is never used figuratively. Intrepidity is firm, unshaken courage. Gallantry is adventurous courage, which courts danger with a high and cheerful spirit. A man may show courage, fortitude, or intrepidity in the common pursuits of life, as well as in war. Valor, bravery, and gallantry are displayed in the contest of arms. Valor belongs only to battle; bravery may be shown in single combat; gallantry may be manifested either in attack or defense; but in the latter case, the defense is usually turned into an attack.

Cour"age, v. t. To inspire with courage. [Obs.]

> Paul writeth unto Timothy . . . to courage him.
> Tyndale.

Cour*a"geous (k?r-?"j?s), a. [F. courageux.] Possessing, or characterized by, courage; brave; bold.

> With this victory, the women became most courageous and proud, and the men waxed . . . fearful and desperate.
> Stow.

Syn. -- Gallant; brave; bold; daring; valiant; valorous; heroic; intrepid; fearless; hardy; stout; adventurous; enterprising. See Gallant.

Cour*a"geous*ly, adv. In a courageous manner.

Cour*a"geous*ness, n. The quality of being courageous; courage.

Cou*rant" (k??-r?nt"), a. [F., p. pr. of courir to run, L. currere. Cf. Current.] (Her.) Represented as running; -- said of a beast borne in a coat of arms.

Cou*rant" (k??-r?nt"), n. [F. courante, fr. courant, p. pr.] 1. A piece of music in triple time; also, a lively dance; a coranto.

2. A circulating gazette of news; a newspaper.

Cou*ran"to (-r?n"t?), n. A sprightly dance; a coranto; a courant.

Cou*rap" (k??-r?p), n. (Med.) A skin disease, common in India, in which there is perpetual itching and eruption, esp. of the groin, breast, armpits, and face.

Courb (k??rb), a. [F. courbe, fr. L. curvus. See Curve, a.] Curved; rounded. [Obs.]

> Her neck is short, her shoulders courb.
> Gower.

Courb (k??rb), v. i. [F. courber. See Curs.] To bend; to stop; to bow. [Obs.]

> Then I courbed on my knees.
> Piers Plowman.

Cour"ba*ril (k??r"b?-r?l), n. [F. courbaril, from a South American word.] See Animé, n.

Courche (k??rsh), n. [Cf. Kerchief.] A square piece of linen used formerly by women instead of a cap; a kerchief. [Scot.] [Written also curch.] Jamieson.

Cou"ri*er (k??"r?-?r), n. [F. courrier, fr. courre, courir, to run, L. currere. See Course, Current.] 1. A messenger sent with haste to convey letters or dispatches, usually on public business.

> The wary Bassa . . . by speedy couriers, advertised Solyman of the enemy's purpose.
> Knolles.

2. An attendant on travelers, whose business it is to make arrangements for their convenience at hotels and on the way.

Cour"lan (k??r"l?n), n. (Zoöl.) A South American bird, of the genus Aramus, allied to the rails.

Course (k?rs), n. [F. cours, course, L. cursus, fr. currere to run. See Current.] 1. The act of moving from one point to another; progress; passage.

> And when we had finished our course from Tyre, we came to Ptolemais.
> Acts xxi. 7.

2. The ground or path traversed; track; way.

> The same horse also run the round course at Newmarket.
> Pennant.

3. Motion, considered as to its general or resultant direction or to its goal; line progress or advance.

> A light by which the Argive squadron steers
> Their silent course to Ilium's well known shore.
> Dennham.

> Westward the course of empire takes its way.
> Berkeley.

4. Progress from point to point without change of direction; any part of a progress from one place to another, which is in a straight line, or on one direction; as, a ship in a long voyage makes many courses; a course measured by a surveyor between two stations; also, a progress without interruption or rest; a heat; as, one course of a race.

5. Motion considered with reference to manner; or derly progress; procedure in a certain line of thought or action; as, the course of an argument.

> The course of true love never did run smooth.
> Shak.

6. Customary or established sequence of events; recurrence of events according to natural laws.

> By course of nature and of law.
> Davies.

> Day and night,
> Seedtime and harvest, heat and hoary frost,
> Shall hold their course.
> Milton.

7. Method of procedure; manner or way of conducting; conduct; behavior.

> My lord of York commends the plot and the general course of the action.
> Shak.

> By perseverance in the course prescribed.
> Wodsworth.

> You hold your course without remorse.
> Tennyson.

8. A series of motions or acts arranged in order; a succession of acts or practices connectedly followed; as, a course of medicine; a course of lectures on chemistry.

9. The succession of one to another in office or duty; order; turn.

> He appointed . . . the courses of the priests
> 2 Chron. viii. 14.

10. That part of a meal served at one time, with its accompaniments.

> He [Goldsmith] wore fine clothes, gave dinners of several courses, paid court to venal beauties.
> Macaulay.

11. (Arch.) A continuous level range of brick or stones of the same height throughout the face or faces of a building. Gwilt.

12. (Naut.) The lowest sail on any mast of a square-rigged vessel; as, the fore course, main course, etc.

13. pl. (Physiol.) The menses.

In course, in regular succession. - - Of course, by consequence; as a matter of course; in regular or natural order. -- In the course of, at same time or times during. "In the course of human events." T. Jefferson.

Syn. -- Way; road; route; passage; race; series; succession; manner; method; mode; career; progress.

Course, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Coursed (k?rst)); p. pr. & vb. n. Coursing.] 1. To run, hunt, or chase after; to follow hard upon; to pursue.

> We coursed him at the heels.
> Shak.

2. To cause to chase after or pursue game; as, to course greyhounds after deer.

3. To run through or over.

> The bounding steed courses the dusty plain.
> Pope.

Course, v. i. 1. To run as in a race, or in hunting; to pursue the sport of coursing; as, the sportsmen coursed over the flats of Lancashire.

2. To move with speed; to race; as, the blood courses through the veins. Shak.

Coursed (k?rst), a. 1. Hunted; as, a coursed hare.

2. Arranged in courses; as, coursed masonry.

Cours"er (k?rs"?r), n. [F. coursier.] 1. One who courses or hunts.

> leash is a leathern thong by which . . . a courser leads his greyhound.
> Hanmer.

2. A swift or spirited horse; a racer or a war horse; a charger. [Poetic.] Pope.

3. (Zoöl.) A grallatorial bird of Europe (Cursorius cursor), remarkable for its speed in running. Sometimes, in a wider sense, applied to running birds of the Ostrich family.

Cour"sey (k?r"s?), n. [Cf. OF. corsie, coursie, passage way to the stern. See Course, n. ] (Naut.)A space in the galley; a part of the hatches. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

<! p. 335 !> Cours"ing (k?rs"?ng), n. The pursuit or running game with dogs that follow by sight instead of by scent.

> In coursing of a deer, or hart, with greyhounds.
> Bacon

Court (krt), n. [OF. court, curt, cort, F. cour, LL. cortis, fr. L. cohors, cors, chors, gen. cohortis, cortis, chortis, an inclosure, court, thing inclosed, crowd, throng; co- + a root akin to Gr. chorto`s inclosure, feeding place, and to E. garden, yard, orchard. See Yard, and cf. Cohort, Curtain.] 1. An inclosed space; a courtyard; an uncovered area shut in by the walls of a building, or by different building; also, a space opening from a street and nearly surrounded by houses; a blind alley.

> The courts of the house of our God.
> Ps. cxxxv. 2.

> And round the cool green courts there ran a row
> Of cloisters.
> Tennyson.

> Goldsmith took a garret in a miserable court.
> Macaulay.

2. The residence of a sovereign, prince, nobleman, or other dignitary; a palace.

> Attends the emperor in his royal court.
> Shak.

> This our court, infected with their manners,
> Shows like a riotous inn.
> Shak.

3. The collective body of persons composing the retinue of a sovereign or person high in authority; all the surroundings of a sovereign in his regal state.

> My lord, there is a nobleman of the court at door would speak with you.
> Shak.

> Love rules the court, the camp, the grove.
> Sir. W. Scott.

4. Any formal assembling of the retinue of a sovereign; as, to hold a court.

> The princesses held their court within the fortress.
> Macaulay.

5. Attention directed to a person in power; conduct or address designed to gain favor; courtliness of manners; civility; compliment; flattery.

> No solace could her paramour intreat
> Her once to show, ne court, nor dalliance.
> Spenser.

> I went to make my court to the Duke and Duchess of Newcastle.
> Evelyn.

6. (Law) (a) The hall, chamber, or place, where justice is administered. (b) The persons officially assembled under authority of law, at the appropriate time and place, for the administration of justice; an official assembly, legally met together for the transaction of judicial business; a judge or judges sitting for the hearing or trial of causes. (c) A tribunal established for the administration of justice. (d) The judge or judges; as distinguished from the counsel or jury, or both.

> Most heartily I do beseech the court
> To give the judgment.
> Shak.

7. The session of a judicial assembly.

8. Any jurisdiction, civil, military, or ecclesiastical.

9. A place arranged for playing the game of tennis; also, one of the divisions of a tennis court.

Christian court, the English ecclesiastical courts in the aggregate, or any one of them. -- Court breeding, education acquired at court. -- Court card. Same as Coat card. -- Court circular, one or more paragraphs of news respecting the sovereign and the royal family, together with the proceedings or movements of the court generally, supplied to the newspapers by an officer specially charged with such duty. [Eng.] Edwards. -- Court day, a day on which a court sits to administer justice. -- Court dress, the dress prescribed for appearance at the court of a sovereign. -- Court fool, a buffoon or jester, formerly kept by princes and nobles for their amusement. -- Court guide, a directory of the names and adresses of the nobility and gentry in a town. -- Court hand, the hand or manner of writing used in records and judicial proceedings. Shak. -- Court lands (Eng. Law), lands kept in demesne, -- that is, for the use of the lord and his family. -- Court marshal, one who acts as marshal for a court. -- Court party, a party attached to the court. -- Court rolls, the records of a court. SeeRoll. -- Court in banc, or Court in bank, The full court sitting at its regular terms for the hearing of arguments upon questions of law, as distinguished from a sitting at nisi prius. - - Court of Arches, audience, etc. See under Arches, Audience, etc. -- Court of Chancery. See Chancery, n. -- Court of Common pleas. (Law) See Common pleas, under Common. -- Court of Equity. See under Equity, and Chancery. -- Court of Inquiry (Mil.) , a court appointed to inquire into and report on some military matter, as the conduct of an officer. -- Court of St. James, the usual designation of the British Court; -- so called from the old palace of St. James, which is used for the royal receptions, levees, and drawing-rooms. -- The court of the Lord, the temple at Jerusalem; hence, a church, or Christian house of worship. - - General Court, the legislature of a State; -- so called from having had, in the colonial days, judicial power; as, the General Court of Massachusetts. [U.S.] -- To pay one's court, to seek to gain favor by attentions. "Alcibiades was assiduous in paying his court to Tissaphernes." Jowett. -- To put out of court, to refuse further judicial hearing.

Court, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Courted; p. pr. & vb. n. Courting.] 1. To endeavor to gain the favor of by attention or flattery; to try to ingratiate one's self with.

> By one person, hovever, Portland was still assiduously courted.
> Macaulay.

2. To endeavor to gain the affections of; to seek in marriage; to woo.

> If either of you both love Katharina . . .
> Leave shall you have to court her at your pleasure.
> Shak.

3. To attempt to gain; to solicit; to seek.

> They might almost seem to have courted the crown of martyrdom.
> Prescott.

> Guilt and misery . . . court privacy and solitude.
> De Quincey.

4. To invite by attractions; to allure; to attract.

> A well-worn pathway courted us
> To one green wicket in a privet hedge.
> Tennyson.

Court, v. i. 1. To play the lover; to woo; as, to go courting.

Court"-bar`on (-b?r`?n), n. (Law) An inferior court of civil jurisdiction, attached to a manor, and held by the steward; a baron's court; -- now fallen into disuse.

Court"bred` (-br?d`), a. Bred, or educated, at court; polished; courtly.

Court"-craft` (k?rt"kr?ft`), n. The artifices, intrigues, and plottings, at courts.

Court"-cup`board (-k?b`b?rd), n. A movable sideboard or buffet, on which plate and other articles of luxury were displayed on special ocasions. [Obs.]

> A way with the joint stools, remove the court- cupboard, look to the plate.
> Shak.

Courtelle n. a wool-like fabric.
[WordNet 1.5]

Cour"te*ous (k?r"t?-?s; 277), a. [OE. cortais, corteis, cortois, rarely corteous, OF. corties, corteis, F. courtois. See Court.] Of courtlike manners; pertaining to, or expressive of, courtesy; characterized by courtesy; civil; obliging; well bred; polite; affable; complaisant.

> A patient and courteous bearing.
> Prescott.

> His behavior toward his people is grave and courteous.
> Fuller.

Cour"te*ous*ly, adv. In a courteous manner.

Cour"te*ous*ness, n. The quality of being courteous; politeness; courtesy.

Cour"te*py (k??r"t?-p?), n. [D. kort short + pije a coarse cloth.] A short coat of coarse cloth. [Obs.]

> Full threadbare was his overeste courtepy.
> Chaucer.

Court"er (k?rt"?r), n. One who courts; one who plays the lover, or who solicits in marriage; one who flatters and cajoles. Sherwood.

Cour"te*san (k?r"t?-z?n; 277), n. [F. courtisane, fr. courtisan courtier, It. cortigiano; or directly fr. It. cortigiana, or Sp. cortesana. See Court.] A woman who prostitutes herself for hire; a prostitute; a harlot.

> Lasciviously decked like a courtesan.
> Sir H. Wotton.

Cour"te*san*ship, n. Harlotry.

Cour"te*sy (k?r"t?-s?), n.; pl. Courtesies (-s&?;z). [OE. cortaisie, corteisie, courtesie, OF. curteisie, cortoisie, OF. curteisie, cortoisie, F. courtoisie, fr. curteis, corteis. See Courteous.] 1. Politeness; civility; urbanity; courtliness.

> And trust thy honest-offered courtesy,
> With oft is sooner found in lowly sheds,
> With smoky rafters, than in tapestry walls
> And courts of princes, where it first was named,
> And yet is most pretended.
> Milton.

> Pardon me, Messer Claudio, if once more
> I use the ancient courtesies of speech.
> Longfellow.

2. An act of civility or respect; an act of kindness or favor performed with politeness.

> My lord, for your many courtesies I thank you.
> Shak.

3. Favor or indulgence, as distinguished from right; as, a title given one by courtesy.

Courtesy title, a title assumed by a person, or popularly conceded to him, to which he has no valid claim; as, the courtesy title of Lord prefixed to the names of the younger sons of noblemen.

Syn. -- Politeness; urbanity; civility; complaisance; affability; courteousness; elegance; refinement; courtliness; good breeding. See Politeness.

Courte"sy (kûrt"s), n. [See the preceding word.] An act of civility, respect, or reverence, made by women, consisting of a slight depression or dropping of the body, with bending of the knees. [Written also curtsy.]

> The lady drops a courtesy in token of obedience, and the ceremony proceeds as usual.
> Golgsmith.

Courte"sy, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Courtesied (-sd); p. pr. & vb. n. Courtesying.] To make a respectful salutation or movement of respect; esp. (with reference to women), to bow the body slightly, with bending of the knes.

Courte"sy, v. t. To treat with civility. [Obs.]

Court"house` (krt"hous`), n. 1. A house in which established courts are held, or a house appropriated to courts and public meetings. [U.S.]

2. A county town; -- so called in Virginia and some others of the Southern States.

> Providence, the county town of Fairfax, is unknown by that name, and passes as Fairfax Court House.
> Barlett.

Court"ier (krt"yr), n. [From Court.] 1. One who is in attendance at the court of a prince; one who has an appointment at court.

> You know I am no courtier, nor versed in state affairs.
> Bacon.

> This courtier got a frigate, and that a company.
> Macaulay.

2. One who courts or solicits favor; one who flatters.

> There was not among all our princes a greater courtier of the people than Richard III.
> Suckling.

Court"ier*y (-?), n. The manners of a courtier; courtliness. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Court"-leet` (-l?t`), n. (Eng. Law) A court of record held once a year, in a particular hundred, lordship, or manor, before the steward of the leet. Blackstone.

Court"like` (-l?k`), a. After the manner of a court; elegant; polite; courtly.

Court"li*ness (-l?-n?s), n. [From Courtly.] The quality of being courtly; elegance or dignity of manners.

Court"ling (-l?ng), n. [Court + -ling.] A sycophantic courtier. B. Jonson.

Court"ly (-l?), a. [From Court.] 1. Relating or belonging to a court.

2. Elegant; polite; courtlike; flattering.

> In courtly company or at my beads.
> Shak.

3. Disposed to favor the great; favoring the policy or party of the court; obsequious. Macaulay.

Court"ly, adv. In the manner of courts; politely; gracefully; elegantly.

> They can produce nothing so courtly writ.
> Dryden

Court`-mar"tial (k?rt`m?r"shal), n.; pl. Courts-martial (k&?;rts`-). A court consisting of military or naval officers, for the trial of one belonging to the army or navy, or of offenses against military or naval law.

Court`-mar"tial, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Court-martialed (- shald); p. pr. & vb. n. Court- martialing.] To subject to trial by a court- martial.

Court"-plas`ter (k?rt"pl?s`t?r), n. Sticking plaster made by coating taffeta or silk on one side with some adhesive substance, commonly a mixture of isinglass and glycerin.

Court"ship (k?rt"sh?p), n. 1. The act of paying court, with the intent to solicit a favor. Swift.

2. The act of wooing in love; solicitation of woman to marriage.

> This method of courtship, [by which] both sides are prepared for all the matrimonial adventures that are to follow.
> Goldsmith.

3. Courtliness; elegance of manners; courtesy. [Obs.]

> Trim gallants, full of courtship and of state.
> Shak.

4. Court policy; the character of a courtier; artifice of a court; court-craft; finesse. [Obs.]

> She [the Queen] being composed of courtship and Popery.
> Fuller.

Court" ten"nis (k?rt" t?n"n?s). See under Tennis.

Court"yard (k?rt"y?rd`), n. A court or inclosure attached to a house.

Cous"cous` (k??s"k??s`), n. A kind of food used by the natives of Western Africa, made of millet flour with flesh, and leaves of the baobab; -- called also lalo.

Cous`cou*sou" (k??s`k??-s??"), n. A favorite dish in Barbary. See Couscous.

Cous"in (kz"'n), n. [F. cousin, LL. cosinus, cusinus, contr. from L. consobrinus the child of a mother's sister, cousin; con- + sobrinus a cousin by the mother's side, a form derived fr. soror (forsosor) sister. See Sister, and cf. Cozen, Coz.] 1. One collaterally related more remotely than a brother or sister; especially, the son or daughter of an uncle or aunt.

The children of brothers and sisters are usually denominated first cousins, or cousins-german. In the second generation, they are called second cousins. See Cater-cousin, and Quater-cousin.

> Thou art, great lord, my father's sister's son,
> A cousin-german to great Priam's seed.
> Shak.

2. A title formerly given by a king to a nobleman, particularly to those of the council. In English writs, etc., issued by the crown, it signifies any earl.

> My noble lords and cousins, all, good morrow.
> Shak.

Cous"in, n. Allied; akin. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Cous"in*age (-?j), n. [F. cousinage, OF., also, cosinage. Cf. Cosinage, Cozenage.] Relationship; kinship. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Cous"in-ger"man (-j?r"man), n. [Cousin + german closely akin.] A first cousin. See Note under Cousin, 1.

Cous"in*hood (-h??d), n. The state or condition of a cousin; also, the collective body of cousins; kinsfolk.

Cous"in*ly, a. Like or becoming a cousin.

Cous"in*ry (k?z"'n-r?), n. A body or collection of cousins; the whole number of persons who stand in the relation of cousins to a given person or persons.

Cous"in*ship, n. The relationship of cousins; state of being cousins; cousinhood. G. Eliot.

Cous"si*net` (k??s"s?-n?t`), n. [F., dim. of coussin cushion. See Cushionet.] (Arch.) (a) A stone placed on the impost of a pier for receiving the first stone of an arch. (b) That part of the Ionic capital between the abacus and quarter round, which forms the volute. Gwilt.

Cou*teau" (k??-t?"), n. [F.] A knife; a dagger.

Couth (k??th), imp. & p. p. of Can. [See Can, and cf. Uncouth.] Could; was able; knew or known; understood. [Obs.]

> Above all other one Daniel
> He loveth, for he couth well
> Divine, that none other couth;
> To him were all things couth,
> As he had it of God's grace.
> Gower.

||Cou`vade" (k`vd"), n. [F., fr. couver. See Covey.] A custom, among certain barbarous tribes, that when a woman gives birth to a child her husband takes to his bed, as if ill.

> The world-wide custom of the couvade, where at childbirth the husband undergoes medical treatment, in many cases being put to bed for days.
> Tylor.

Co*va"ri*ant (k?-v?"r?-a]/>nt), n. (Higher Alg.) A function involving the coefficients and the variables of a quantic, and such that when the quantic is lineally transformed the same function of the new variables and coefficients shall be equal to the old function multiplied by a factor. An invariant is a like function involving only the coefficients of the quantic.

Cove (kv), n. [AS. cofa room; akin to G. koben pigsty, orig., hut, Icel. kofi hut, and perh. to E. cobalt.]

1. A retired nook; especially, a small, sheltered inlet, creek, or bay; a recess in the shore.

> Vessels which were in readiness for him within secret coves and nooks.
> Holland.

2. A strip of prairie extending into woodland; also, a recess in the side of a mountain. [U.S.]

3. (Arch.) (a) A concave molding. (b) A member, whose section is a concave curve, used especially with regard to an inner roof or ceiling, as around a skylight.

Cove, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Coved (k?vd); p. pr. & vb. n. Coving.] (Arch.) To arch over; to build in a hollow concave form; to make in the form of a cove.

> The mosques and other buildings of the Arabians are rounded into domes and coved roofs.
> H. Swinburne.

Coved ceiling, a ceiling, the part of which next the wail is constructed in a cove. -- Coved vault, a vault composed of four coves meeting in a central point, and therefore the reverse of a groined vault.

Cove, v. t. [CF. F. couver, It. covare. See Covey.] To brood, cover, over, or sit over, as birds their eggs. [Obs.]

> Not being able to cove or sit upon them [eggs], she [the female tortoise] bestoweth them in the gravel.
> Holland.

Cove, n. [A gypsy word, covo that man, covi that woman.] A boy or man of any age or station. [Slang]

> There's a gentry cove here.
> Wit's Recreations (1654).

> Now, look to it, coves, that all the beef and drink
> Be not filched from us.
> Mrs. Browning.

{ Co*vel"line (k?-v?l"l?n), Co*vel"lite } (-l?t), n. [After Covelli, the discoverer.] (Min.) A native sulphide of copper, occuring in masses of a dark blue color; -- hence called indigo copper.

Cov"e*na*ble (k?v"?-n?-b'l), a. [OF. covenable, F. convenable. See Covenant.] Fit; proper; suitable. [Obs.] "A covenable day." Wyclif (Mark vi. 21).

<! p. 336 !>

Cov"e*na*bly (k?v"?-n?-bly), adv. Fitly; suitably. [Obs.] "Well and covenably." Chaucer.

Cov"e*nant (k?v"?-nant), n. [OF. covenant, fr. F. & OF. convenir to agree, L. convenire. See Convene.]

1. A mutual agreement of two or more persons or parties, or one of the stipulations in such an agreement.

> Then Jonathan and David made a covenant.
> 1 Sam. xviiii. 3.

> Let there be covenants drawn between us.
> Shak.

> If we conclude a peace,
> It shall be with such strict and severe covenants
> As little shall the Frenchmen gain thereby.
> Shak.

2. (Eccl. Hist.) An agreement made by the Scottish Parliament in 1638, and by the English Parliament in 1643, to preserve the reformed religion in Scotland, and to extirpate popery and prelacy; -- usually called the "Solemn League and Covenant."

> He [Wharton] was born in the days of the Covenant, and was the heir of a covenanted house.
> Macaulay.

3. (Theol.) The promises of God as revealed in the Scriptures, conditioned on certain terms on the part of man, as obedience, repentance, faith, etc.

> I will establish my covenant between me and thee and thy seed after thee in their generations for an everlasting covenant, to be a God unto thee, and to thy seed after thee.
> Gen. xvii. 7.

4. A solemn compact between members of a church to maintain its faith, discipline, etc.

5. (Law) (a) An undertaking, on sufficient consideration, in writing and under seal, to do or to refrain from some act or thing; a contract; a stipulation; also, the document or writing containing the terms of agreement. (b) A form of action for the violation of a promise or contract under seal.

Syn. -- Agreement; contract; compact; bargain; arrangement; stipulation. -- Covenant, Contract, Compact, Stipulation. These words all denote a mutual agreement between two parties. Covenant is frequently used in a religious sense; as, the covenant of works or of grace; a church covenant; the Solemn League and Covenant. Contract is the word most used in the business of life. Crabb and Taylor are wrong in saying that a contract must always be in writing. There are oral and implied contracts as well as written ones, and these are equally enforced by law. In legal usage, the word covenant has an important place as connected with contracts. A compact is only a stronger and more solemn contract. The term is chiefly applied to political alliances. Thus, the old Confederation was a compact between the States. Under the present Federal Constitution, no individual State can, without consent of Congress, enter into a compact with any other State or foreign power. A stipulation is one of the articles or provisions of a contract.

Cov"e*nant (k?v"?-n?nt), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Covenanted; p. pr. & vb. n. Covenanting.] To agree (with); to enter into a formal agreement; to bind one's self by contract; to make a stipulation.

> Jupiter covenanted with him, that it should be hot or cold, wet or dry, . . . as the tenant should direct.
> L'Estrange.

> And they covenanted with him for thyrty pieces of silver.
> Matt. xxvi. 15.

Syn. -- To agree; contract; bargain; stipulate.

Cov"e*nant, v. t. To grant or promise by covenant.

> My covenant of peace that I covenanted with you.
> Wyclif.

Cov`e*nan*tee" (k?v`?-nan-t?"), n. (Law) The person in whose favor a covenant is made.

Cov"e*nant*er (k?v"?-n?nt-?r), n. 1. One who makes a covenant.

2. (Eccl. Hist.) One who subscribed and defended the "Solemn League and Covenant." See Covenant.

Cov"e*nant*ing, a. Belonging to a covenant. Specifically, belonging to the Scotch Covenanters.

> Be they covenanting traitors,
> Or the brood of false Argyle?
> Aytoun.

Cov"e*nant*or` (-?r`), n. (Law) The party who makes a covenant. Burrill.

Cov"e*nous (k?v"?-n?s), a. See Covinous, and Covin.

Cov"ent (k?v"ent), n. [OF. covent, F. couvent. See Convent.] A convent or monastery. [Obs.] Bale.

Covent Garden, a large square in London, so called because originally it was the garden of a monastery.

Cov"en*try (k?v"en-tr?), n. A town in the county of Warwick, England.

To send to Coventry, to exclude from society; to shut out from social intercourse, as for ungentlemanly conduct. -- Coventry blue, blue thread of a superior dye, made at Coventry, England, and used for embroidery.

Cov"er (k?v"?r), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Covered (-?rd); p. pr. & vb. n. Covering.] [OF. covrir, F. couvrir, fr. L. cooperire; co- + operire to cover; probably fr. ob towards, over + the root appearing in aperire to open. Cf. Aperient, Overt, Curfew.] 1. To overspread the surface of (one thing) with another; as, to cover wood with paint or lacquer; to cover a table with a cloth.

2. To envelop; to clothe, as with a mantle or cloak.

> And with the majesty of darkness round
> Covers his throne.
> Milton.

> All that beauty than doth cover thee.
> Shak.

3. To invest (one's self with something); to bring upon (one's self); as, he covered himself with glory.

> The powers that covered themselves with everlasting infamy by the partition of Poland.
> Brougham.

4. To hide sight; to conceal; to cloak; as, the enemy were covered from our sight by the woods.

> A cloud covered the mount.
> Exod. xxiv. 15.

> In vain shou striv'st to cover shame with shame.
> Milton.

5. To brood or sit on; to incubate.

> While the hen is covering her eggs, the male . . . diverts her with his songs.
> Addison.

6. To overwhelm; to spread over.

> The waters returned and covered the chariots and the horsemen.
> Ex. xiv. 28.

7. To shelter, as from evil or danger; to protect; to defend; as, the cavalry covered the retreat.

> His calm and blameless life
> Does with substantial blessedness abound,
> And the soft wings of peace cover him round.
> Cowley.

8. To remove from remembrance; to put away; to remit. "Blessed is he whose is covered." Ps. xxxii. 1.

9. To extend over; to be sufficient for; to comprehend, include, or embrace; to account for or solve; to counterbalance; as, a mortgage which fully covers a sum loaned on it; a law which covers all possible cases of a crime; receipts than do not cover expenses.

10. To put the usual covering or headdress on.

> Cover thy head . . . ; nay, prithee, be covered.
> Shak.

11. To copulate with (a female); to serve; as, a horse covers a mare; -- said of the male.

To cover ground or distance, to pass over; as, the rider covered the ground in an hour. -- To cover one's short contracts (Stock Exchange), to buy stock when the market rises, as a dealer who has sold short does in order to protect himself. -- Covering party (Mil.), a detachment of troops sent for the protection of another detachment, as of men working in the trenches. -- To cover into, to transfer to; as, to cover into the treasury.

Syn. -- To shelter; screen; shield; hide; overspread.

Cov"er (k?v"?r), n. 1. Anything which is laid, set, or spread, upon, about, or over, another thing; an envelope; a lid; as, the cover of a book.

2. Anything which veils or conceals; a screen; disguise; a cloak. "Under cover of the night." Macaulay.

> A handsome cover for imperfections.
> Collier.

3. Shelter; protection; as, the troops fought under cover of the batteries; the woods afforded a good cover.

> Being compelled to lodge in the field . . . whilst his army was under cover, they might be forced to retire.
> Clarendon.

4. (Hunting) The woods, underbrush, etc., which shelter and conceal game; covert; as, to beat a cover; to ride to cover.

5. That portion of a slate, tile, or shingle, which is hidden by the overlap of the course above. Knight.

6. (Steam Engine) The lap of a slide valve.

7. [Cf. F. couvert.] A tablecloth, and the other table furniture; esp., the table furniture for the use of one person at a meal; as, covers were laid for fifty guests.

To break cover, to start from a covert or lair; -- said of game. -- Under cover, in an envelope, or within a letter; -- said of a written message.

> Letters . . . dispatched under cover to her ladyship.
> Thackeray.

Cov"er, v. i. To spread a table for a meal; to prepare a banquet. [Obs.] Shak.

Cov"er*chief (chf), n. [See Kerchief.] A covering for the head. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Cov"er*cle (k?v"?r-k'l), n. [OF. covercle, F. couvercle, fr. L. coöperculum fr. coöperire. See cover] A small cover; a lid. [>Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Cov"ered (k?v"?rd), a. Under cover; screened; sheltered; not exposed; hidden.

Covered way (Fort.), a corridor or banquette along the top of the counterscarp and covered by an embankment whose slope forms the glacis. It gives the garrison an open line of communication around the works, and a standing place beyond the ditch. See Illust. of Ravelin.

Cov"er*er (-?r), n. One who, or that which, covers.

Cov"er*ing, n. Anything which covers or conceals, as a roof, a screen, a wrapper, clothing, etc.

> Noah removed the covering of the ark.
> Gen. viii. 13.

> They cause the naked to lodge without clothing, that they have no covering in the cold.
> Job. xxiv. 7.

> A covering over the well's mouth.
> 2 Sam. xvii. 19.

Cov"er*let (k?v"?r-l?t), n. [F. couvre-lit; couvrir to cover + lit bed, fr. L. lectus bed. See Cover.] The uppermost cover of a bed or of any piece of furniture.

> Lay her in lilies and in violets . . .
> And odored sheets and arras coverlets.
> Spenser.

Cov"er*lid (-ld), n. A coverlet.

> All the coverlid was cloth of gold.
> Tennyson.

Cov"er-point` (-point!), n. The fielder in the games of cricket and lacrosse who supports "point."

Co*versed" sine (k?-v?rst" s?n`). [Co- (=co- in co- sine) + versed sine.] (Geom.) The versed sine of the complement of an arc or angle. See Illust. of Functions.

Cov"er-shame` (-sh?m`), n. Something used to conceal infamy. [Obs.] Dryden.

Cov"ert (k?v"?rt), a. [OF. covert, F. couvert, p. p. of couvrir. See Cover, v. t.] 1. Covered over; private; hid; secret; disguised.

> How covert matters may be best disclosed.
> Shak.

> Whether of open war or covert guile.
> Milton

2. Sheltered; not open or exposed; retired; protected; as, a covert nook. Wordsworth.

> Of either side the green, to plant a covert alley.
> Bacon.

3. (Law) Under cover, authority or protection; as, a feme covert, a married woman who is considered as being under the protection and control of her husband.

Covert way, (Fort.) See Covered way, under Covered.

Syn. -- Hidden; secret; private; covered; disguised; insidious; concealed. See Hidden.

Cov"ert, n. [OF. See Covert, a.] 1. A place that covers and protects; a shelter; a defense.

> A tabernacle . . . for a covert from storm.
> Is. iv. 6.

> The highwayman has darted from his covered by the wayside.
> Prescott.

2. [Cf. F. couverte.] (Zoöl.) One of the special feathers covering the bases of the quills of the wings and tail of a bird. See Illust. of Bird.

Cov"ert bar`on (b?r`?n). (Law) Under the protection of a husband; married. Burrill.

Cov"ert*ly, adv. Secretly; in private; insidiously.

Cov"ert*ness (k?v"?rt-n?s), n. Secrecy; privacy. [R.]

Cov"er*ture (k?v"?r-t?r; 135), n. [OF. coverture,F. couverture.] 1. Covering; shelter; defense; hiding.

> Protected by walls or other like coverture.
> Woodward.

> Beatrice, who even now
> Is couched in the woodbine coverture.
> Shak.

2. (Law) The condition of a woman during marriage, because she is considered under the cover, influence, power, and protection of her husband, and therefore called a feme covert, or femme couverte.

Cov"et (k?v"?t), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Covered; p. pr. & vb. n. Coveting.] [OF. coveitier, covoitier, F. convoiter, from a derivative fr. L. cupere to desire; cf. Skr. kup to become excited. Cf. Cupidity.]

1. To wish for with eagerness; to desire possession of; -- used in a good sense.

> Covet earnestly the best gifts.
> 1. Cor. xxii. 31.

> If it be a sin to covet honor,
> I am the most offending soul alive.
> Shak.

2. To long for inordinately or unlawfully; to hanker after (something forbidden).

> Thou shalt not covet thy neighbor's house.
> Ex. xx. 17.

Syn. -- To long for; desire; hanker after; crave.

Cov"et, v. i. To have or indulge inordinate desire.

> Which [money] while some coveted after, they have erred from the faith.
> 1 Tim. vi. 10.

Cov"et*a*ble (k?v"?t-?-b'l), a. That may be coveted; desirable.

Cov"et*er (-?r), n. One who covets.

Cov"et*ise (-?s), n. [OF. coveitise, F. convoitise. See Covet, v. t. ] Avarice. [Obs.] Spenser.

Cov"et*ive*ness (-?v-), n. (Phren.) Acquisitiveness.

Cov"et*ous (k?v"?t-?s), a. [OF. coveitos, F. convoiteux. See Covet, v. t.] 1. Very desirous; eager to obtain; -- used in a good sense. [Archaic]

> Covetous of wisdom and fair virtue.
> Shak.

> Covetous death bereaved us all,
> To aggrandize one funeral.
> Emerson.

2. Inordinately desirous; excessively eager to obtain and possess (esp. money); avaricious; -- in a bad sense.

> The covetous person lives as if the world were madealtogether for him, and not he for the world.
> South.

Syn. -- Avaricious; parsimonious; penurious; misrely; niggardly. See Avaricious.

Cov"et*ous*ly, adv. In a covetous manner.

Cov"et*ous*ness, n. 1. Strong desire. [R.]

> When workmen strive to do better than well,
> They do confound their skill in covetousness.
> Shak.

2. A strong or inordinate desire of obtaining and possessing some supposed good; excessive desire for riches or money; -- in a bad sense.

> Covetousness, by a greed of getting more, deprivess itself of the true end of getting.
> Sprat.

Syn. -- Avarice; cupidity; eagerness.

Cov"ey (k?v"?), n. [OF. cov&?;e, F. couv&?;e, fr. cover, F. couver, to sit or brood on, fr. L. cubare to lie down; cf. E. incubate. See Cubit, and cf. Cove to brood.] 1. A brood or hatch of birds; an old bird with her brood of young; hence, a small flock or number of birds together; -- said of game; as, a covey of partridges. Darwin.

2. A company; a bevy; as, a covey of girls. Addison.

Cov"ey, v. i. To brood; to incubate. [Obs.]

> [Tortoises] covey a whole year before they hatch.
> Holland.

Cov"ey, n. A pantry. [Prov. Eng.] Parker.

Cov"in (k?v"?n), n. [OF. covine, covaine, fr. covenir to agree. See Covenant.] 1. (Law) A collusive agreement between two or more persons to prejudice a third.

2. Deceit; fraud; artifice. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Cov"in*ous (k?v"?n-?s), a. (Law) Deceitful; collusive; fraudulent; dishonest.

Cow (kou), n. [See Cowl a hood.] A chimney cap; a cowl

Cow, n.; pl. Cows (kouz); old pl. Kine (kn). [OE. cu, cou, AS. c; akin to D. koe, G. kuh, OHG. kuo, Icel. kr, Dan. & Sw. ko, L. bos ox, cow, Gr. boy^s, Skr. g. √223. Cf. Beef, Bovine, Bucolic, Butter, Nylghau.]

1. The mature female of bovine animals.

2. The female of certain large mammals, as whales, seals, etc.

Cow, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cowed (koud);; p. pr. & vb. n. Cowing.] [Cf. Icel. kuga, Sw. kufva to check, subdue, Dan. kue. Cf. Cuff, v. t.] To depress with fear; to daunt the spirits or courage of; to overawe.

> To vanquish a people already cowed.
> Shak.

> THe French king was cowed.
> J. R. Green.

Cow, n. [Prob. from same root as cow, v. t.] (Mining) A wedge, or brake, to check the motion of a machine or car; a chock. Knight.

Cow"age (kou"j), n. (Bot.) See Cowhage.

Cow"an (kou"an), n. [Cf. OF. couillon a coward, a cullion.] One who works as a mason without having served a regular apprenticeship. [Scot.] Among Freemasons, it is a cant term for pretender, interloper.

Cow"ard (kou"?rd), a. [OF. couard, coard, coart, n. and adj., F. couard, fr. OF. coe, coue, tail, F. queue (fr. L. coda, a form of cauda tail) + -ard; orig., short-tailed, as an epithet of the hare, or perh., turning tail, like a scared dog. Cf. Cue, Queue, Caudal.] 1. (Her.) Borne in the escutcheon with his tail doubled between his legs; -- said of a lion.

2. Destitute of courage; timid; cowardly.

> Fie, coward woman, and soft-hearted wretch.
> Shak.

3. Belonging to a coward; proceeding from, or expressive of, base fear or timidity.

> He raised the house with loud and coward cries.
> Shak.

> Invading fears repel my coward joy.
> Proir.

Cow"ard, n. A person who lacks courage; a timid or pusillanimous person; a poltroon.

> A fool is nauseous, but a coward worse.
> Dryden.

Syn. -- Craven; poltroon; dastard.

Cow"ard, v. t. To make timorous; to frighten. [Obs.]

> That which cowardeth a man's heart.
> Foxe.

Cow"ard*ice (-s), n. [F. couardise, fr. couard. See Coward.] Want of courage to face danger; extreme timidity; pusillanimity; base fear of danger or hurt; lack of spirit.

> The cowardice of doing wrong.
> Milton.

> Moderation was despised as cowardice.
> Macaulay.

<! p. 337 !>

Cow"ard*ie (kou"rd*), n. [OF. couardie.] Cowardice. [Obs.]

Cow"ard*ish, a. Cowardly. [Obs.] "A base and a cowardish mind." Robynson (More's Utopia).

Cow"ard*ize (-&?;z), v. t. To render cowardly. [Obs.]

> God . . . cowardizeth . . . insolent spirits.
> Bp. Hall.

Cow"ard*li*ness (-l?-n?s), n. Cowardice.

Cow"ard*ly, a. 1. Wanting courage; basely or weakly timid or fearful; pusillanimous; spiritless.

> The cowardly rascals that ran from the battle.
> Shak.

2. Proceeding from fear of danger or other consequences; befitting a coward; dastardly; base; as, cowardly malignity. Macaulay.

> The cowardly rashness of those who dare not look danger in the face.
> Burke.

Syn. -- Timid; fearful; timorous; dastardly; pusillanimous; recreant; craven; faint-hearted; chicken-hearted; white-livered.

Cow"ard*ly, adv. In the manner of a coward. Spenser.

Cow"ard*ship, n. Cowardice. [Obs.] Shak.

Cow"bane` (kou"bn`), n. (Bot.) A poisonous umbelliferous plant; in England, the Cicuta virosa; in the United States, the Cicuta maculata and the Archemora rigida. See Water hemlock.

Cow"ber`ry (-br`r), n.; pl. Cowberries (- rz). (Bot.) A species of Vaccinium (V. Vitis-idæa), which bears acid red berries which are sometimes used in cookery; -- locally called mountain cranberry.

Cow"bird` (-brd`), n. (Zoöl.) The cow blackbird (Molothrus ater), an American starling. Like the European cuckoo, it builds no nest, but lays its eggs in the nests of other birds; -- so called because frequently associated with cattle.

Cow"blakes` (-blks`), n. pl. Dried cow dung used as fuel.[Prov. Eng.] Simmonds.

Cow"boy` (-boi`), n. 1. A cattle herder; a drover; specifically, one of an adventurous class of herders and drovers on the plains of the Western and Southwestern United States.

2. One of the marauders who, in the Revolutionary War infested the neutral ground between the American and British lines, and committed depredations on the Americans.

Cow"catch`er (-k?ch`?r), n. A strong inclined frame, usually of wrought-iron bars, in front of a locomotive engine, for catching or throwing off obstructions on a railway, as cattle; the pilot. [U.S.]

Cow"die (kou"d), n. (Bot.) See Kauri.

Cow"er (kou"r), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cowered (kou"rd); p. pr. & vb. n. Cowering.] [Cf. Icel. kera to doze, liequiet, Sw. kura, Dan. kure, G. kauern to cower, W. cwrian.] To stoop by bending the knees; to crouch; to squat; hence, to quail; to sink through fear.

> Our dame sits cowering o'er a kitchen fire.
> Dryden.

> Like falcons, cowering on the nest.
> Goldsmith.

Cow"er (kou"r), v. t. To cherish with care. [Obs.]

Cow"fish` (-fsh`), n. (Zoöl.) (a) The grampus. (b) A California dolphin (Tursiops Gillii). (c) A marine plectognath fish (Ostracoin quadricorne, and allied species), having two projections, like horns, in front; -- called also cuckold, coffer fish, trunkfish.

Cow"hage (kou"hj), n. [Cf. Hind. kawnch, konch.] (Bot.) A leguminous climbing plant of the genus Mucuna, having crooked pods covered with sharp hairs, which stick to the fingers, causing intolerable itching. The spiculæ are sometimes used in medicine as a mechanical vermifuge. [Written also couhage, cowage, and cowitch.]

Cow"heart`ed (-h?rt`?d), a. Cowardly.

> The Lady Powis . . . patted him with her fan, and called him a cowhearted fellow.
> R. North.

Cow"herd` (-h?rd`), n. [AS. chyrde; c cow + hyrde a herder.] One whose occupation is to tend cows.

Cow"hide` (-h?d`), n. 1. The hide of a cow.

2. Leather made of the hide of a cow.

3. A coarse whip made of untanned leather.

Cow"hide`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cowhided; p. pr. & vb. n. Cowhiding.] To flog with a cowhide.

Cow"ish (kou"sh), a. [From Cow, v. t.] Timorous; fearful; cowardly. [R.] Shak.

Cow"ish, n. (Bot.) An umbelliferous plant (Peucedanum Cous) with edible tuberous roots, found in Oregon. [Written also cous.]

Cow"itch (kou"?ch; 224), n. (Bot.) See Cowhage.

Cowl (koul), n. [AS. cuhle, cugle, cugele; cf. dial. G. kogel, gugel, OF. coule, goule; all fr. LL. cuculla, cucullus, fr. L. cucullus cap, hood; perh. akin to celare to conceal, cella cell. Cf. Cucullate.] 1. A monk's hood; -- usually attached to the gown. The name was also applied to the hood and garment together.

> What differ more, you cry, than crown and cowl?
> Pope.

2. A cowl-shaped cap, commonly turning with the wind, used to improve the draft of a chimney, ventilating shaft, etc.

3. A wire cap for the smokestack of a locomotive.

Cowl, n. [Cf. OF. cuvele, cuvel, dim. of F. cuve tub, vat, fr. L. cupa. See Cup.] A vessel carried on a pole between two persons, for conveyance of water. Johnson.

Cowled (kould), a. Wearing a cowl; hooded; as, a cowled monk. "That cowled churchman." Emerson.

Cow"leech` (kou"l?ch`), n. [2d cow + leech a physician.] One who heals diseases of cows; a cow doctor.

Cow"leech`ing, n. Healing the distemper of cows.

Cow"lick` (-l?k`), n. A tuft of hair turned up or awry (usually over the forehead), as if licked by a cow.

Cow"like` (-l?k`), a. Resembling a cow.

> With cowlike udders and with oxlike eyes.
> Pope.

Cowl"staff` (koul"st?f`), n. [Cowl a vessel + staff.] A staff or pole on which a vessel is supported between two persons. Suckling.

Co`work"er (k?`w?rk"?r), n. One who works with another; a co&?;perator.

Cow" pars`ley (kou` p?rs`l?). (Bot.) An umbelliferous plant of the genus Chærophyllum (C. temulum and C. sylvestre).

Cow" pars`nip (-n?p). (Bot.) A coarse umbelliferous weed of the genus Heracleum (H. sphondylium in England, and H. lanatum in America).

Cow"pea` (-p`), n. The seed of one or more leguminous plants of the genus Dolichos; also, the plant itself. Many varieties are cultivated in the southern part of the United States.

Cow"per's glands` (kou"p?rz gl?ndz`). [After the discoverer, William Cowper, an English surgeon.] (Anat.) Two small glands discharging into the male urethra.

Cow"-pi`lot (kou"p`lt), n. (Zoöl.) A handsomely banded, coral-reef fish, of Florida and the West Indies (Pomacentrus saxatilis); -- called also mojarra.

Cow"pock` (-pk`), n. See Cowpox. Dunglison.

Cow"pox` (-pks`), n. (Med.) A pustular eruptive disease of the cow, which, when communicated to the human system, as by vaccination, protects from the smallpox; vaccinia; -- called also kinepox, cowpock, and kinepock. Dunglison.

Cow"quake` (-kwk`), n. (Bot.) A genus of plants (Briza); quaking grass.

Cow"rie (-r), n. (Bot.) Same as Kauri.

{ Cow"rie Cow"ry } (kou"r), n.; pl. Cowries (- rz). [Hind. kaur.] (Zoöl.) A marine shell of the genus Cypræa.

There are numerous species, many of them ornamental. Formerly C. moneta and several other species were largely used as money in Africa and some other countries, and they are still so used to some extent. The value is always trifling, and varies at different places.

Cow"slip` (-slp`), n. [AS. cslyppe, csloppe, prob. orig., cow's droppings. Cf. Slop, n.] (Bot.) 1. A common flower in England (Primula veris) having yellow blossoms and appearing in early spring. It is often cultivated in the United States.

2. In the United States, the marsh marigold (Caltha palustris), appearing in wet places in early spring and often used as a pot herb. It is nearer to a buttercup than to a true cowslip. See Illust. of Marsh marigold.

American cowslip (Bot.), a pretty flower of the West (Dodecatheon Meadia), belonging to the same order (Primulaceæ) with the English cowslip. -- French cowslip (Bot.), bear's-ear (Primula Auricula).

Cow"slipped` (-slpt`), a. Adorned with cowslips. "Cowslipped lawns." Keats.

Cow's" lung"wort` (kouz" l?ng"w?rt`). Mullein.

Cow" tree` (kou" tr?`). [Cf. SP. palo de vaca.] (Bot.) A tree (Galactodendron utile or Brosimum Galactodendron) of South America, which yields, on incision, a nourishing fluid, resembling milk.

Cow"weed" (-wEd`),, n. (Bot.) Same as Cow parsley.

Cow"wheat` (-hw?t`), n. (Bot.) A weed of the genus Melampyrum, with black seeds, found on European wheatfields.

Cox (k?ks), n. [OE. cokes. Cf. Coax.] A coxcomb; a simpleton; a gull. [Obs.]

> Go; you're a brainless cox, a toy, a fop.
> Beau. & Fl.

||Cox"a (k?ks"?), n. [L., the hip.] (Zoöl.) The first joint of the leg of an insect or crustacean.

{ ||Cox*al"gi*a (-?l"j?-?), Cox"al`gy (k?ks"?l`j?), } n. [NL. coxalgia, fr. L. coxa hip. + Gr. &?;&?;&?; pain: cf. F. coxalgie.] (Med.) Pain in the hip.

Cox"comb` (k?ks"k?m`), n. [A corrupted spelling of cock's comb.] 1. (a) A strip of red cloth notched like the comb of a cock, which licensed jesters formerly wore in their caps. (b) The cap itself.

2. The top of the head, or the head itself.

> We will belabor you a little better,
> And beat a little more care into your coxcombs.
> Beau & Fl.

3. A vain, showy fellow; a conceited, silly man, fond of display; a superficial pretender to knowledge or accomplishments; a fop.

> Fond to be seen, she kept a bevy
> Of powdered coxcombs at her levee.
> Goldsmith.

> Some are bewildered in the maze of schools,
> And some made coxcombs, nature meant but fools.
> Pope.

4. (Bot.) A name given to several plants of different genera, but particularly to Celosia cristata, or garden cockscomb. Same as Cockscomb.

Cox*comb"ic*al (k?ks-k?m"?-kal), a. Befitting or indicating a coxcomb; like a coxcomb; foppish; conceited. -- Cox*comb"ic*al*ly, adv.

> Studded all over in coxcombical fashion with little brass nails.
> W. Irving.

Cox"comb"ly (k?ks"k?m`l?), a. like a coxcomb. [Obs.] "You coxcombly ass, you!" Beau. & Fl.

Cox"comb`ry (-r?), n. The manners of a coxcomb; foppishness.

Cox*com"ic*al (k?ks-k?m"?-kal), a. Coxcombical. [R.]

Cox*com"ic*al*ly, adv. Conceitedly. [R.]

Cox"swain` (k?k"sw?n, Colloq. k?k"s'n), n. See Cockswain.

Coy (koi), a. [OE. coi quiet, still, OF. coi, coit, fr.L. quietus quiet, p. p. of quiescere to rest, quie rest; prob. akin to E. while. See While, and cf. Quiet, Quit, Quite.] 1. Quiet; still. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. Shrinking from approach or familiarity; reserved; bashful; shy; modest; -- usually applied to women, sometimes with an implication of coquetry.

> Coy, and difficult to win.
> Cowper.

> Coy and furtive graces.
> W. Irving.

> Nor the coy maid, half willings to be pressed,
> Shall kiss the cup, to pass it to the rest.
> Goldsmith.

3. Soft; gentle; hesitating.

> Enforced hate,
> Instead of love's coy touch, shall rudely tear thee.
> Shak.

Syn. -- Shy; shriking; reserved; modest; bashful; backward; distant.

Coy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Coyed (koid); p. pr. & vb. n. Coying.] 1. To allure; to entice; to decoy. [Obs.]

> A wiser generation, who have the art to coy the fonder sort into their nets.
> Bp. Rainbow.

2. To caress with the hand; to stroke.

> Come sit thee down upon this flowery bed,
> While I thy amiable cheeks do coy.
> Shak.

Coy, v. i. 1. To behave with reserve or coyness; to shrink from approach or familiarity. [Obs.]

> Thus to coy it,
> With one who knows you too!
> Rowe.

2. To make difficulty; to be unwilling. [Obs.]

> If he coyed
> To hear Cominius speak, I 'll keep at home.
> Shak.

Coy"ish, a. Somewhat coy or reserved. Warner.

Coy"ly, adv. In a coy manner; with reserve.

Coy"ness, n. The quality of being coy; feigned or bashful unwillingness to become familiar; reserve.

> When the kind nymph would coyness feign,
> And hides but to be found again.
> Dryden.

Syn. -- Reserve; shrinking; shyness; backwardness; modesty; bashfulness.

Coy"o*te (k?"?-t? or k?"?t), n. [Spanish Amer., fr. Mexican coyotl.] (Zoöl.) A carnivorous animal (Canis latrans), allied to the dog, found in the western part of North America; -- called also prairie wolf. Its voice is a snapping bark, followed by a prolonged, shrill howl.

||Coy"pu (koi"p??), n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A South American rodent (Myopotamus coypus), allied to the beaver. It produces a valuable fur called nutria. [Written also coypou.]

Coys"trel (kois"trl), n. Same as Coistril.

Coz (kz), n. A contraction of cousin. Shak.

Coz"en (k?z"'n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cozened (-'nd); p. pr. & vb. n. Cozening (-'n-?ng). ] [From cousin, hence, literally, to deceive through pretext of relationship, F. cousiner.] To cheat; to defraud; to beguile; to deceive, usually by small arts, or in a pitiful way.

> He had cozened the world by fine phrases.
> Macaulay.

> Children may be cozened into a knowledge of the letters.
> Locke.

> Goring loved no man so well but that he would cozen him,
> and expose him to public mirth for having been cozened.
> Clarendon.

Coz"en, v. i. To deceive; to cheat; to act deceitfully.

> Some cogging, cozening slave.
> Shak.

Coz"en*age (-j), n. [See Cozen, and cf. Cousinage.] The art or practice of cozening; artifice; fraud. Shak.

Coz"en*er (k?z"'n-?r), n. One who cheats or defrauds.

Co*zier (k?"zh?r), n. See Cosier.

Co"zi*ly (k?"z?-l?), adv. Snugly; comfortably.

Co"zi*ness, n. The state or quality of being cozy.

Co"zy (k?"z?), a. [Compar. Cozier (-z?-?r); superl. Coziest.] [Cf. Scot. cosie, cozie, prob. from Gael. cosach abounding in hollows, or cosagach full of holes or crevices, snug, sheltered, from cos a hollow, a crevice.]

1. Snug; comfortable; easy; contented. [Written also cosey and cosy.]

2. [Cf. F. causer to chat, talk.] Chatty; talkative; sociable; familiar. [Eng.]

Co"zy, n. [See Cozy,a.] A wadded covering for a teakettle or other vessel to keep the contents hot.

<! p. 338 !>

Crab (krb), n. [AS. crabba; akin to D. krab, G. krabbe, krebs, Icel. krabbi, Sw. krabba, Dan. krabbe, and perh. to E. cramp. Cf. Crawfish.] 1. (Zoöl.) One of the brachyuran Crustacea. They are mostly marine, and usually have a broad, short body, covered with a strong shell or carapace. The abdomen is small and curled up beneath the body.

The name is applied to all the Brachyura, and to certain Anomura, as the hermit crabs. Formerly, it was sometimes applied to Crustacea in general. Many species are edible, the blue crab of the Atlantic coast being one of the most esteemed. The large European edible crab is Cancer padurus. Soft-shelled crabs are blue crabs that have recently cast their shells. See Cancer; also, Box crab, Fiddler crab, Hermit crab, Spider crab, etc., under Box, Fiddler. etc.

2. The zodiacal constellation Cancer.

3. [See Crab, a.] (Bot.) A crab apple; -- so named from its harsh taste.

> When roasted crabs hiss in the bowl,
> Then nightly sings the staring owl.
> Shak.

4. A cudgel made of the wood of the crab tree; a crabstick. [Obs.] Garrick.

5. (Mech.) (a) A movable winch or windlass with powerful gearing, used with derricks, etc. (b) A form of windlass, or geared capstan, for hauling ships into dock, etc. (c) A machine used in ropewalks to stretch the yarn. (d) A claw for anchoring a portable machine.

Calling crab. (Zoöl.) See Fiddler., n., 2. -- Crab apple, a small, sour apple, of several kinds; also, the tree which bears it; as, the European crab apple (Pyrus Malus var. sylvestris); the Siberian crab apple (Pyrus baccata); and the American (Pyrus coronaria). -- Crab grass. (Bot.) (a) A grass (Digitaria, or Panicum, sanguinalis); -- called also finger grass. (b) A grass of the genus Eleusine (E. Indica); -- called also dog's-tail grass, wire grass, etc. -- Crab louse (Zoöl.), a species of louse (Phthirius pubis), sometimes infesting the human body. -- Crab plover (Zoöl.), an Asiatic plover (Dromas ardeola). -- Crab's eyes, or Crab's stones, masses of calcareous matter found, at certain seasons of the year, on either side of the stomach of the European crawfishes, and formerly used in medicine for absorbent and antacid purposes; the gastroliths. -- Crab spider (Zoöl.), one of a group of spiders (Laterigradæ); -- called because they can run backwards or sideways like a crab. -- Crab tree, the tree that bears crab applies. -- Crab wood, a light cabinet wood obtained in Guiana, which takes a high polish. McElrath. -- To catch a crab (Naut.), a phrase used of a rower: (a) when he fails to raise his oar clear of the water; (b) when he misses the water altogether in making a stroke.

Crab (krb), v. t. 1. To make sour or morose; to embitter. [Obs.]

> Sickness sours or crabs our nature.
> Glanvill.

2. To beat with a crabstick. [Obs.] J. Fletcher.

Crab, v. i. (Naut.)To drift sidewise or to leeward, as a vessel. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

Crab, a. [Prob. from the same root as crab, n.] Sour; rough; austere.

> The crab vintage of the neighb'ring coast.
> Dryden.

Crab"bed (kr?b"b?d), a. [See Crab,n.] 1. Characterized by or manifesting, sourness, peevishness, or moroseness; harsh; cross; cynical; -- applied to feelings, disposition, or manners.

> Crabbed age and youth can not live together.
> Shak.

2. Characterized by harshness or roughness; unpleasant; -- applied to things; as, a crabbed taste.

3. Obscure; difficult; perplexing; trying; as, a crabbed author. "Crabbed eloquence." Chaucer.

> How charming is divine philosophy!
> Not harsh and crabbed, as dull fools suppose.
> Milton.

4. Cramped; irregular; as, crabbed handwriting.

-- Crab"bed*ly, adv. -- Crab"bed*ness, n.

Crab"ber (kr?b"b?r), n. One who catches crabs.

Crab"bing, n. 1. The act or art of catching crabs.

2. (Falconry) The fighting of hawks with each other.

3. (Woolen Manuf.) A process of scouring cloth between rolls in a machine.

Crab"bish (krb"bsh), a. Somewhat sour or cross.

> The whips of the most crabbish Satyristes.
> Decker.

Crab"by (-b), a. Crabbed; difficult, or perplexing. "Persius is crabby, because ancient." Marston.

Crab"eat`er (krb"t`r), n. (Zoöl.) (a) The cobia. (b) An etheostomoid fish of the southern United States (Hadropterus nigrofasciatus). (c) A small European heron (Ardea minuta, and other allied species).

Cra"ber (kr"br), n. (Zoöl.) The water rat. Walton.

Crab"faced` (krb"fst`), a. Having a sour, disagreeable countenance. Beau. & Fl.

Crab"si`dle (-s`d'l), v. i. To move sidewise, as a crab. [Jocular]. Southey.

Crab"stick` (-stk`), n. A stick, cane, or cudgel, made of the wood of the crab tree.

Crab" tree (tr`). See under Crab.

Crab"-yaws` (kr?b"y?z`), n. (Med.) A disease in the West Indies. It is a kind of ulcer on the soles of the feet, with very hard edges. See Yaws. Dunglison.

Crache (krch), v. To scratch. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Crack (krk), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cracked (krkt); p. pr. & vb. n. Cracking.] [OE. cracken, craken, to crack, break, boast, AS. cracian, cearcian, to crack; akin to D. kraken, G. krachen; cf. Skr. garj to rattle, or perh. of imitative origin. Cf. Crake, Cracknel, Creak.]

1. To break or burst, with or without entire separation of the parts; as, to crack glass; to crack nuts.

2. To rend with grief or pain; to affect deeply with sorrow; hence, to disorder; to distract; to craze.

> O, madam, my old heart is cracked.
> Shak.

> He thought none poets till their brains were cracked.
> Roscommon.

3. To cause to sound suddenly and sharply; to snap; as, to crack a whip.

4. To utter smartly and sententiously; as, to crack a joke. B. Jonson.

5. To cry up; to extol; -- followed by up. [Low]

To crack a bottle, to open the bottle and drink its contents. -- To crack a crib, to commit burglary. [Slang] -- To crack on, to put on; as, to crack on more sail, or more steam. [Colloq.]

Crack, v. i. 1. To burst or open in chinks; to break, with or without quite separating into parts.

> By misfortune it cracked in the coling.
> Boyle.

> The mirror cracked from side to side.
> Tennyson.

2. To be ruined or impaired; to fail. [Collog.]

> The credit . . . of exchequers cracks, when little comes in and much goes out.
> Dryden.

3. To utter a loud or sharp, sudden sound.

> As thunder when the clouds in autumn crack.
> Shak.

4. To utter vain, pompous words; to brag; to boast; -- with of. [Archaic.]

> Ethoipes of their sweet complexion crack.
> Shak.

Crack, n. 1. A partial separation of parts, with or without a perceptible opening; a chink or fissure; a narrow breach; a crevice; as, a crack in timber, or in a wall, or in glass.

2. Rupture; flaw; breach, in a moral sense.

> My love to thee is sound, sans crack or flaw.
> Shak.

3. A sharp, sudden sound or report; the sound of anything suddenly burst or broken; as, the crack of a falling house; the crack of thunder; the crack of a whip.

> Will the stretch out to the crack of doom?
> Shak.

4. The tone of voice when changed at puberty.

> Though now our voices
> Have got the mannish crack.
> Shak.

5. Mental flaw; a touch of craziness; partial insanity; as, he has a crack.

6. A crazy or crack-brained person. [Obs.]

> I . . . can not get the Parliament to listen to me, who look upon me as a crack and a projector.
> Addison.

7. A boast; boasting. [Obs.] "Crack and brags." Burton. "Vainglorius cracks." Spenser.

8. Breach of chastity. [Obs.] Shak.

9. A boy, generally a pert, lively boy. [Obs.]

> Val. 'T is a noble child. Vir. A crack, madam.
> Shak.

10. A brief time; an instant; as, to be with one in a crack. [Eng. & Scot. Colloq.]

11. Free conversation; friendly chat. [Scot.]

> What is crack in English? . . . A crack is . . . a chat with a good, kindly human heart in it.
> P. P. Alexander.

Crack, a. Of superior excellence; having qualities to be boasted of. [Colloq.]

> One of our crack speakers in the Commons.
> Dickens.

Crack"-brained` (-brnd`), a. Having an impaired intellect; whimsical; crazy. Pope.

Cracked (krkt), a. 1. Coarsely ground or broken; as, cracked wheat.

2. Crack-brained. [Colloq.]

Crack"er (krk"r), n. 1. One who, or that which, cracks.

2. A noisy boaster; a swaggering fellow. [Obs.]

> What cracker is this same that deafs our ears?
> Shak.

3. A small firework, consisting of a little powder inclosed in a thick paper cylinder with a fuse, and exploding with a sharp noise; -- often called firecracker.

4. A thin, dry biscuit, often hard or crisp; as, a Boston cracker; a Graham cracker; a soda cracker; an oyster cracker.

5. A nickname to designate a poor white in some parts of the Southern United States. Bartlett.

6. (Zoöl.) The pintail duck.

7. pl. (Mach.) A pair of fluted rolls for grinding caoutchouc. Knight.

Crac"kle (krk"k'l), v. i. [Dim. of crack.] To make slight cracks; to make small, sharp, sudden noises, rapidly or frequently repeated; to crepitate; as, burning thorns crackle.

> The unknown ice that crackles underneath them.
> Dryden.

Crac"kle, n. 1. The noise of slight and frequent cracks or reports; a crackling.

> The crackle of fireworks.
> Carlyle.

2. (Med.) A kind of crackling sound or râle, heard in some abnormal states of the lungs; as, dry crackle; moist crackle. Quain.

3. (Fine Arts) A condition produced in certain porcelain, fine earthenware, or glass, in which the glaze or enamel appears to be cracked in all directions, making a sort of reticulated surface; as, Chinese crackle; Bohemian crackle.

Crac"kled (-k'ld), a. (Fine Arts) Covered with minute cracks in the glaze; -- said of some kinds of porcelain and fine earthenware.

Crac"kle*ware` (-w?r`), n. See Crackle, n., 3.

Crac"kling (kr?k"kl?ng), n. 1. The making of small, sharp cracks or reports, frequently repeated.

> As the crackling of thorns under a pot, so is the laughter of the fool.
> Eccl. vii. 6.

2. The well-browned, crisp rind of roasted pork.

> For the first time in his life he tested crackling.
> Lamb.

3. pl. Food for dogs, made from the refuse of tallow melting.

Crack"nel (kr?k"n?l), n. [F. craquelin, fr. D. krakeling, fr. krakken to crack. See Crack, v. t.] A hard brittle cake or biscuit. Spenser.

Cracks"man (kr?ks"man), n., pl. Cracksmen (-men). A burglar. [Slang]

Cra*co"vi*an (kr?-k?"v?-an), a. Of or pertaining to Cracow in Poland.

||Cra*co`vi*enne" (kr?-k?`v?-?n"), n. [F., fr. Cracow, the city.] (Mus.) A lively Polish dance, in 2-4 time.

Cra"cowes (kr?"k?z), n. pl. Long-toed boots or shoes formerly worn in many parts of Europe; -- so called from Cracow, in Poland, where they were first worn in the fourteenth century. Fairholt.

Cra"dle (krd'l), n. [AS. cradel, cradol, prob. from Celtic; cf. Gael. creathall, Ir. craidhal, W. cryd a shaking or rocking, a cradle; perh. akin to E. crate.] 1. A bed or cot for a baby, oscillating on rockers or swinging on pivots; hence, the place of origin, or in which anything is nurtured or protected in the earlier period of existence; as, a cradle of crime; the cradle of liberty.

> The cradle that received thee at thy birth.
> Cowper.

> No sooner was I crept out of my cradle
> But I was made a king, at nine months old.
> Shak.

2. Infancy, or very early life.

> From their cradles bred together.
> Shak.

> A form of worship in which they had been educated from their cradles.
> Clarendon.

3. (Agric.) An implement consisting of a broad scythe for cutting grain, with a set of long fingers parallel to the scythe, designed to receive the grain, and to lay it evenly in a swath.

4. (Engraving) A tool used in mezzotint engraving, which, by a rocking motion, raises burrs on the surface of the plate, so preparing the ground.

5. A framework of timbers, or iron bars, moving upon ways or rollers, used to support, lift, or carry ships or other vessels, heavy guns, etc., as up an inclined plane, or across a strip of land, or in launching a ship.

6. (Med.) (a) A case for a broken or dislocated limb. (b) A frame to keep the bedclothes from contact with the person.

7. (Mining) (a) A machine on rockers, used in washing out auriferous earth; -- also called a rocker. [U.S.] (b) A suspended scaffold used in shafts.

8. (Carp.) The ribbing for vaulted ceilings and arches intended to be covered with plaster. Knight.

9. (Naut.) The basket or apparatus in which, when a line has been made fast to a wrecked ship from the shore, the people are brought off from the wreck.

Cat's cradle. See under Cat. -- Cradle hole, a sunken place in a road, caused by thawing, or by travel over a soft spot. -- Cradle scythe, a broad scythe used in a cradle for cutting grain.

Cra"dle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cradled (-d'ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Cradling (-dl?ng).] 1. To lay to rest, or rock, as in a cradle; to lull or quiet, as by rocking.

> It cradles their fears to sleep.
> D. A. Clark.

2. To nurse or train in infancy.

> He that hath been cradled in majesty will not leave the throne to play with beggars.
> Glanvill.

3. To cut and lay with a cradle, as grain.

4. To transport a vessel by means of a cradle.

> In Lombardy . . . boats are cradled and transported over the grade.
> Knight.

To cradle a picture, to put ribs across the back of a picture, to prevent the panels from warping.

Cra"dle, v. i. To lie or lodge, as in a cradle.

> Withered roots and husks wherein the acorn cradled.
> Shak.

Cra"dling (-dl?ng), n. 1. The act of using a cradle.

2. (Coopering) Cutting a cask into two pieces lengthwise, to enable it to pass a narrow place, the two parts being afterward united and rehooped.

3. (Carp.) The framework in arched or coved ceilings to which the laths are nailed. Knight.

Craft (krft), n. [AS. cræft strength, skill, art, cunning; akin to OS., G., Sw., & Dan. kraft strength, D. kracht, Icel. kraptr; perh. originally, a drawing together, stretching, from the root of E. cramp.] 1. Strength; might; secret power. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. Art or skill; dexterity in particular manual employment; hence, the occupation or employment itself; manual art; a trade.

> Ye know that by this craft we have our wealth.
> Acts xix. 25.

> A poem is the work of the poet; poesy is his skill or craft of making.
> B. Jonson.

> Since the birth of time, throughout all ages and nations,
> Has the craft of the smith been held in repute.
> Longfellow.

3. Those engaged in any trade, taken collectively; a guild; as, the craft of ironmongers.

> The control of trade passed from the merchant guilds to the new craft guilds.
> J. R. Green.

4. Cunning, art, or skill, in a bad sense, or applied to bad purposes; artifice; guile; skill or dexterity employed to effect purposes by deceit or shrewd devices.

> You have that crooked wisdom which is called craft.
> Hobbes.

> The chief priests and the scribes sought how they might take him by craft, and put him to death.
> Mark xiv. 1.

5. (Naut.) A vessel; vessels of any kind; -- generally used in a collective sense.

> The evolutions of the numerous tiny craft moving over the lake.
> Prof. Wilson.

Small crafts, small vessels, as sloops, schooners, ets.

Craft, v. t. To play tricks; to practice artifice. [Obs.]

> You have crafted fair.
> Shak.

crafter n. a creator of great skill in the manual arts.
Syn. -- craftsman.
[WordNet 1.5]

Craft"i*ly (-?-l?), adv. [See Crafty.] With craft; artfully; cunningly.

<! p. 339 !>

Craft"i*ness (kr?ft"?-n?s), n. Dexterity in devising and effecting a purpose; cunning; artifice; stratagem.

> He taketh the wise in their own craftiness.
> Job. v. 13.

Craft"less (-l?s), a. Without craft or cunning.

> Helpless, craftless, and innocent people.
> Jer. Taylor.

Crafts"man (kr?fts"man), n.; pl. Craftsmen (-men). One skilled in some trade or manual occupation; an artificer; a mechanic.

Crafts"man*ship, n. The work of a craftsman.

Crafts"mas`ter (-m?s`t?r), n. One skilled in his craft or trade; one of superior cunning.

> In cunning persuasion his craftsmaster.
> Holland.

Craft"y (kr?ft"?), a. [AS. cr&?;ftig.] 1. Relating to, or characterized by, craft or skill; dexterous. [Obs.] "Crafty work." Piers Plowman.

2. Possessing dexterity; skilled; skillful.

> A noble crafty man of trees.
> Wyclif.

3. Skillful at deceiving others; characterized by craft; cunning; wily. "A pair of crafty knaves." Shak.

> With anxious care and crafty wiles.
> J. Baillie.

Syn. -- Skillful; dexterous; cunning; artful; wily; sly; fraudulent; deceitful; subtle; shrewd. See Cunning.

Crag (krg), n. [W. craig; akin to Gael. creag, Corn. karak, Armor. karrek.] 1. A steep, rugged rock; a rough, broken cliff, or point of a rock, on a ledge.

> From crag to crag the signal flew.
> Sir W. Scott.

2. (Geol.) A partially compacted bed of gravel mixed with shells, of the Tertiary age.

Crag, n. [A form of craw: cf. D. kraag neck, collar, G. kragen. See Craw.] 1. The neck or throat [Obs.]

> And bear the crag so stiff and so state.
> Spenser.

2. The neck piece or scrag of mutton. Johnson.

Crag"ged (-gd), a. Full of crags, or steep, broken rocks; abounding with prominences, points, and inequalities; rough; rugged.

> Into its cragged rents descend.
> J. Baillie.

Crag"ged*ness, n. The quality or state of being cragged; cragginess.

Crag"gi*ness (-g?-n?s), n. The state of being craggy.

Crag"gy (krg"g), a. Full of crags; rugged with projecting points of rocks; as, the craggy side of a mountain. "The craggy ledge." Tennyson.

Crags"man (krgz"man), n.; pl. Cragsmen (- men). One accustomed to climb rocks or crags; esp., one who makes a business of climbing the cliffs overhanging the sea to get the eggs of sea birds or the birds themselves.

Craie (kr), n. See Crare. [Obs.]

Craig" floun`der (krg" floun`dr). [Scot. craig a rock. See 1st Crag.] (Zoöl.) The pole flounder.

Crail (krl), n. [See Creel.] A creel or osier basket.

Crake (krk), v. t. & i. [See Crack.] 1. To cry out harshly and loudly, like the bird called crake.

2. To boast; to speak loudly and boastfully. [Obs.]

> Each man may crake of that which was his own.
> Mir. for Mag.

Crake, n. A boast. See Crack, n. [Obs.] Spenser.

Crake, n. [Cf. Icel. krka crow, krkr raven, Sw. kråka, Dan. krage; perh. of imitative origin. Cf. Crow.] (Zoöl.) Any species or rail of the genera Crex and Porzana; -- so called from its singular cry. See Corncrake.

Crake"ber`ry (-b?r`r?), n. (Bot.) See Crowberry.

Crak"er (kr?k"?r), n. One who boasts; a braggart. [Obs.] Old Play.

Cram (krm), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crammed (krmd); p. pr. & vb. n. Cramming.] [AS. crammian to cram; akin to Icel. kremja to squeeze, bruise, Sw. krama to press. Cf. Cramp.] 1. To press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another; to stuff; to crowd; to fill to superfluity; as, to cram anything into a basket; to cram a room with people.

> Their storehouses crammed with grain.
> Shak.

> He will cram his brass down our throats.
> Swift.

2. To fill with food to satiety; to stuff.

> Children would be freer from disease if they were not crammed so much as they are by fond mothers.
> Locke.

> Cram us with praise, and make us
> As fat as tame things.
> Shak.

3. To put hastily through an extensive course of memorizing or study, as in preparation for an examination; as, a pupil is crammed by his tutor.

Cram, v. i. 1. To eat greedily, and to satiety; to stuff.

> Gluttony . . . .
> Crams, and blasphemes his feeder.
> Milton.

2. To make crude preparation for a special occasion, as an examination, by a hasty and extensive course of memorizing or study. [Colloq.]

Cram, n. 1. The act of cramming.

2. Information hastily memorized; as, a cram from an examination. [Colloq.]

3. (Weaving) A warp having more than two threads passing through each dent or split of the reed.

Cram"bo (-b), n. [Cf. Cramp, a., difficult.] 1. A game in which one person gives a word, to which another finds a rhyme.

> I saw in one corner . . . a cluster of men and women, diverting themselves with a game at crambo. I heard several double rhymes . . . which raised a great deal of mirth.
> Addison.

2. A word rhyming with another word.

> His similes in order set
> And every crambo he could get.
> Swift.

Dumb crambo, a game in which one party of players give a word which rhymes with another, which last to be guessed by the opposing party, who represent in dumb show what they think it to be.

Cram"mer (krm"mr), n. One who crams; esp., one who prepares a pupil hastily for an examination, or a pupil who is thus prepared. Dickens.

{ Cra*moi"sie Cra*moi"sy} (kr?-moi"z?), a. [F. cramoisi crimson. See Crimson.] Crimson. [Obs.]

> A splendid seignior, magnificent in cramoisy velevet.
> Motley.

Cramp (krmp), n. [OE. crampe, craumpe; akin to D. & Sw. kramp, Dan. krampe, G. krampf (whence F. crampe), Icel. krappr strait, narrow, and to E. crimp, crumple; cf. cram. See Grape.] 1. That which confines or contracts; a restraint; a shackle; a hindrance.

> A narrow fortune is a cramp to a great mind.
> L'Estrange.

> Crippling his pleasures with the cramp of fear.
> Cowper.

2. (Masonry) A device, usually of iron bent at the ends, used to hold together blocks of stone, timbers, etc.; a cramp iron.

3. (Carp.) A rectangular frame, with a tightening screw, used for compressing the joints of framework, etc.

4. A piece of wood having a curve corresponding to that of the upper part of the instep, on which the upper leather of a boot is stretched to give it the requisite shape.

5. (Med.) A spasmodic and painful involuntary contraction of a muscle or muscles, as of the leg.

> The cramp, divers nights, gripeth him in his legs.
> Sir T. More.

Cramp bone, the patella of a sheep; -- formerly used as a charm for the cramp. Halliwell. "He could turn cramp bones into chess men." Dickens. -- Cramp ring, a ring formerly supposed to have virtue in averting or curing cramp, as having been consecrated by one of the kings of England on Good Friday.

Cramp, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cramped (kr&?;mt; 215); p. pr. & vb. n. Cramping.] 1. To compress; to restrain from free action; to confine and contract; to hinder.

> The mind my be as much cramped by too much knowledge as by ignorance.
> Layard.

2. To fasten or hold with, or as with, a cramp.

3. Hence, to bind together; to unite.

> The . . . fabric of universal justic is well cramped and bolted together in all its parts.
> Burke.

4. To form on a cramp; as, to cramp boot legs.

5. To afflict with cramp.

> When the gout cramps my joints.
> Ford.

To cramp the wheels of wagon, to turn the front wheels out of line with the hind wheels, so that one of them shall be against the body of the wagon.

Cramp, a. [See Cramp, n.] Knotty; difficult. [R.]

> Care being taken not to add any of the cramp reasons for this opinion.
> Coleridge.

Cram"pet (kr?m"p?t), n. [See Cramp,n.] (Mil.) A cramp iron or cramp ring; a chape, as of a scabbard. [Written also crampit and crampette.]

Cramp"fish` (kr?mp"f?sh`), n. (Zoöl.) The torpedo, or electric ray, the touch of which gives an electric shock. See Electric fish, and Torpedo.

Cramp" i`ron (?`rn). See Cramp, n., 2.

Cram"pit (krm"pt), n. (Mil.) See Crampet.

||Cram"pon (krm"pn), n. [F. See Crampoons.] (Bot.) An aërial rootlet for support in climbing, as of ivy.

Cram`po*nee" (krm`p?-n?"), a. [F. cramponné. See Crampoons.] (Her.) Having a cramp or square piece at the end; -- said of a cross so furnished.

Cram*poons" (krm*pnz"), n. pl. [F. crampon, fr. OHG. chramph crooked; akin to G. krampf cramp. See Cramp,n., and cf. Crampon.] 1. A clutch formed of hooked pieces of iron, like double calipers, for raising stones, lumber, blocks of ice, etc.

2. Iron instruments with sharp points, worn on the shoes to assist in gaining or keeping a foothold.

Cramp"y (krmp"), 1. Affected with cramp.

2. Productive of, or abounding in, cramps. "This crampy country." Howitt.

{ Cran (krn), Crane (krn) }, n. [Scot., fr. Gael. crann.] A measure for fresh herrings, -- as many as will fill a barrel. [Scot.] H. Miller.

Cran"age (krn"j), n. [See Crane.] 1. The liberty of using a crane, as for loading and unloading vessels.

2. The money or price paid for the use of a crane.

Cran"ber*ry (krn"br*r), n.; pl. Cranberries (- rz). [So named from its fruit being ripe in the spring when the cranes return. Dr. Prior.] (Bot.) A red, acid berry, much used for making sauce, etc.; also, the plant producing it (several species of Vaccinum or Oxycoccus.) The high cranberry or cranberry tree is a species of Viburnum (V. Opulus), and the other is sometimes called low cranberry or marsh cranberry to distinguish it.

Cranch (kr?nch), v. t. See Craunch.

Crane (krn), n. [AS. cran; akin to D. & LG. craan, G. kranich, krahn (this in sense 2), Gr. ge`ranos, L. grus, W. & Armor. garan, OSlav. zerav, Lith. gerve, Icel. trani, Sw. trana, Dan. trane. √24. Cf. Geranium.] 1. (Zoöl.) A wading bird of the genus Grus, and allied genera, of various species, having a long, straight bill, and long legs and neck.

The common European crane is Grus cinerea. The sand-hill crane (G. Mexicana) and the whooping crane (G. Americana) are large American species. The Balearic or crowned crane is Balearica pavonina. The name is sometimes erroneously applied to the herons and cormorants.

2. A machine for raising and lowering heavy weights, and, while holding them suspended, transporting them through a limited lateral distance. In one form it consists of a projecting arm or jib of timber or iron, a rotating post or base, and the necessary tackle, windlass, etc.; -- so called from a fancied similarity between its arm and the neck of a crane See Illust. of Derrick.

3. An iron arm with horizontal motion, attached to the side or back of a fireplace, for supporting kettles, etc., over a fire.

4. A siphon, or bent pipe, for drawing liquors out of a cask.

5. (Naut.) A forked post or projecting bracket to support spars, etc., -- generally used in pairs. See Crotch, 2.

Crane fly (Zoöl.), a dipterous insect with long legs, of the genus Tipula. -- Derrick crane. See Derrick. -- Gigantic crane. (Zoöl.) See Adjutant, n., 3. -- Traveling crane, Traveler crane, Traversing crane (Mach.), a crane mounted on wheels; esp., an overhead crane consisting of a crab or other hoisting apparatus traveling on rails or beams fixed overhead, as in a machine shop or foundry. -- Water crane, a kind of hydrant with a long swinging spout, for filling locomotive tenders, water carts, etc., with water.

Crane (krn), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Craned (krnd); p. pr. & vb. n. Craning.] 1. To cause to rise; to raise or lift, as by a crane; -- with up. [R.]

> What engines, what instruments are used in craning up a soul, sunk below the center, to the highest heavens.
> Bates.

> An upstart craned up to the height he has.
> Massinger.

2. To stretch, as a crane stretches its neck; as, to crane the neck disdainfully. G. Eliot.

crane, v. i. to reach forward with head and neck, in order to see better; as, a hunter cranes forward before taking a leap. Beaconsfield. Thackeray.

> The passengers eagerly craning forward over the bulwarks.
> Howells.

Crane's"-bill` (kr?nz"b?l`), n. 1. (Bot.) The geranium; -- so named from the long axis of the fruit, which resembles the beak of a crane. Dr. Prior.

2. (Surg.) A pair of long-beaked forceps.

Crang (kr?ng), n. See Krang.

||Cra"ni*a (kr?"n?-?), n. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A genus of living Brachiopoda; -- so called from its fancied resemblance to the cranium or skull.

Cra"ni*al (kr?"n?-a]/>l), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the cranium.

Cra"ni*o*clasm (kr?"n?-?-kl?z'm), n. [Cranium + Gr. &?;&?;&?; to break.] (Med.) The crushing of a child's head, as with the cranioclast or craniotomy forceps in cases of very difficult delivery. Dunglison.

Cra"ni*o*clast (-kl?st), n. (Med.) An instrument for crushing the head of a fetus, to facilitate delivery in difficult eases.

Cra`ni*o*fa"cial (-f?"shal), a. Of or pertaining to the cranium and face; as, the craniofacial angle.

Cra`ni*og"no*my (-?g"n?-m?), n. [Cranium + Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;, &?;&?;&?;&?;&?;. to know.] The science of the form and characteristics of the skull. [R.]

Cra`ni*o*log"ic*al (-?-l?j"?-kal), a. Of or pertaining to craniology.

Cra`ni*ol"o*gist (-?l"?-j?st), n. One proficient in craniology; a phrenologist.

Cra`ni*ol"o*gy (-j?), n. [Cranium + -logy.] The department of science (as of ethnology or archæology) which deals with the shape, size, proportions, indications, etc., of skulls; the study of skulls.

Cra`ni*om"e*ter (kr?`n?-?m"?-t?r), n. [Cranium + -meter.] An instrument for measuring the size of skulls.

{ Cra`ni*o*met"ric (-?-m?t"r?k), Cra`ni*o*met"ric*al (-r?-kal), } a. Pertaining to craniometry.

Cra`ni*om"e*try (kr?`n?-?m"?-tr?), n. The art or act of measuring skulls.

Cra`ni*os"co*pist (kr?`n?-?s"k?-p?st), n. One skilled in, or who practices, cranioscopy.

> It was found of equal dimension in a literary man whose skull puzzied the cranioscopists.
> Coleridge.

Cra`ni*os"co*py (-p?), n. [Cranium + -scopy.] Scientific examination of the cranium.

||Cra`ni*o"ta (kr?`n?-?t?), n. pl. [NL., fr. cranium.] (Zoöl.) A comprehensive division of the Vertebrata, including all those that have a skull.

Cra`ni*ot"o*my (kr?`n?-?t"?-m?), n. [Cranium + Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?; to cut off.] (Med.) The operation of opening the fetal head, in order to effect delivery.

Cra"ni*um (kr?"n?-?m), n.; pl. E. Craniums (-&?;mz), L. Crania (-&?;). [NL., fr. Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;; akin to ka`ra head.] The skull of an animal; especially, that part of the skull, either cartilaginous or bony, which immediately incloses the brain; the brain case or brainpan. See Skull.

Crank (kr?nk), n. [OE. cranke; akin to E. cringe, cringle, crinkle, and to crank, a., the root meaning, probably, "to turn, twist." See Cringe.] 1. (Mach.) A bent portion of an axle, or shaft, or an arm keyed at right angles to the end of a shaft, by which motion is imparted to or received from it; also used to change circular into reciprocating motion, or reciprocating into circular motion. See Bell crank.

2. Any bend, turn, or winding, as of a passage.

> So many turning cranks these have, so many crooks.
> Spenser.

<! p. 340 !>

3. A twist or turn in speech; a conceit consisting in a change of the form or meaning of a word.

> Quips, and cranks, and wanton wiles.
> Milton.

4. A twist or turn of the mind; caprice; whim; crotchet; also, a fit of temper or passion. [Prov. Eng.]

> Violent of temper; subject to sudden cranks.
> Carlyle.

5. A person full of crotchets; one given to fantastic or impracticable projects; one whose judgment is perverted in respect to a particular matter. [Colloq.]

6. A sick person; an invalid. [Obs.]

> Thou art a counterfeit crank, a cheater.
> Burton.

Crank axle (Mach.), a driving axle formed with a crank or cranks, as in some kinds of locomotives. -- Crank pin (Mach.), the cylindrical piece which forms the handle, or to which the connecting rod is attached, at the end of a crank, or between the arms of a double crank. -- Crank shaft, a shaft bent into a crank, or having a crank fastened to it, by which it drives or is driven. -- Crank wheel, a wheel acting as a crank, or having a wrist to which a connecting rod is attached.

Crank (kr?nk), a. [AS. cranc weak ; akin to Icel. krangr, D. & G. krank sick, weak (cf. D. krengen to careen). Cf. Crank, n.] 1. Sick; infirm. [Prov. Eng.]

2. (Naut.) Liable to careen or be overset, as a ship when she is too narrow, or has not sufficient ballast, or is loaded too high, to carry full sail.

3. Full of spirit; brisk; lively; sprightly; overconfident; opinionated.

> He who was, a little before, bedrid, . . . was now crank and lusty.
> Udall.

> If you strong electioners did not think you were among the elect, you would not be so crank about it.
> Mrs. Stowe.

Crank, v. i. [See Crank, n.] To run with a winding course; to double; to crook; to wind and turn.

> See how this river comes me cranking in.
> Shak.

Crank"bird` (-b?rd`), n. (Zoöl.) A small European woodpecker (Picus minor).

Cranked (kr?nkt), a. Formed with, or having, a bend or crank; as, a cranked axle.

Crank"i*ness (kr?nk"?-n?s), n. Crankness. Lowell.

Cran"kle (kr?n"k'l), v. t. [Cf. Crinkle.] To break into bends, turns, or angles; to crinkle.

> Old Veg's stream . . . drew her humid train aslope,
> Crankling her banks.
> J. Philips.

Cran"kle, v. i. To bend, turn, or wind.

> Along the crankling path.
> Drayton.

Cran"kle, n. A bend or turn; a twist; a crinkle.

Crank"ness (kr?nk"n?s), n. 1. (Naut.) Liability to be overset; - - said of a ship or other vessel.

2. Sprightliness; vigor; health.

Crank"y (-?), a. 1. Full of spirit; crank.

2. Addicted to crotchets and whims; unreasonable in opinions; crotchety. [Colloq.]

3. Unsteady; easy to upset; crank.

Cran"nied (kr?n"n?d), a. Having crannies, chinks, or fissures; as, a crannied wall. Tennyson.

{ Cran"nog (kr?n"n?g), Cran"noge (kr?n"n?j) }, n. [From Celtic; cf. Gael. crann a tree.] One of the stockaded islands in Scotland and Ireland which in ancient times were numerous in the lakes of both countries. They may be regarded as the very latest class of prehistoric strongholds, reaching their greatest development in early historic times, and surviving through the Middle Ages. See also Lake dwellings, under Lake. Encyc. Brit.

Cran"ny (krn"n), n.; pl. Crannies (- nz). [F. cran notch, prob. from L. crena (a doubful word).] 1. A small, narrow opening, fissure, crevice, or chink, as in a wall, or other substance.

> In a firm building, the cavities ought not to be filled with rubbish, but with brick or stone fitted to the crannies.
> Dryden.

> He peeped into every cranny.
> Arbuthnot.

2. (Glass Making) A tool for forming the necks of bottles, etc.

Cran"ny, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Crannied (-n?d); p. pr. & vb. n. Crannying.] 1. To crack into, or become full of, crannies. [R.]

> The ground did cranny everywhere.
> Golding.

2. To haunt, or enter by, crannies.

> All tenantless, save to the crannying wind.
> Byron.

Cran"ny, a. [Perh. for cranky. See Crank, a. ] Quick; giddy; thoughtless. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Cran*ta"ra (kr?n-t?"r? or -t?"r?), n. [Gael. cranntara.] The fiery cross, used as a rallying signal in the Highlands of Scotland.

Crants (krnts), n. [Cf. D. krans, G. kranz.] A garland carried before the bier of a maiden. [Obs.]

> Yet here she is allowed her virgin crants, Her maiden strewments.
> Shak.

Crap"au*dine (kr?p"?-d?n), a. [F., n.] (Arch.) Turning on pivots at the top and bottom; -- said of a door.

Crap"au*dine, n. [F.] (Far.) An ulcer on the coronet of a horse. Bailey.

Crape (krp), n. [F. crêpe, fr. L. crispus curled, crisped. See Crisp.] A thin, crimped stuff, made of raw silk gummed and twisted on the mill. Black crape is much used for mourning garments, also for the dress of some clergymen.

> A saint in crape is twice a saint in lawn.
> Pope.

Crape myrtle (Bot.), a very ornamental shrub (Lagerströmia Indica) from the East Indies, often planted in the Southern United States. Its foliage is like that of the myrtle, and the flower has wavy crisped petals. -- Oriental crape. See Canton crape.

Crape, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Craped (krpt); p. pr. & vb. n. Craping.] [F. crêper, fr. L. crispare to curl, crisp, fr. crispus. See Crape, n.] To form into ringlets; to curl; to crimp; to friz; as, to crape the hair; to crape silk.

> The hour for curling and craping the hair.
> Mad. D'Arblay.

Crape"fish` (kr?p"f?sh`), n. Salted codfish hardened by pressure. Kane.

Crap"nel (kr?p"nel), n. A hook or drag; a grapnel.

Crap"pie (kr?p"p?), n. (Zoöl.) A kind of fresh-water bass of the genus Pomoxys, found in the rivers of the Southern United States and Mississippi valley. There are several species. [Written also croppie.]

Crap"ple (kr?p"p'l), n. [See Graple.] A claw. [Obs.]

Craps (kr?ps), n. A gambling game with dice. [Local, U.S.]

{ ||Crap"u*la (kr?p"?-l?), Crap"ule (kr?p"?l), } n. [L. crapula intoxication.] Same as Crapulence.

Crap"u*lence (-?-lens), n. The sickness occasioned by intemperance; surfeit. Bailey.

{ Crap"u*lent (-lent), Crap"u*lous (- l?s), } a. [L. crapulentus, crapulosus: cf. F. crapuleux.] Surcharged with liquor; sick from excessive indulgence in liquor; drunk; given to excesses. [R.]

Crap"y (kr?p"?), a. Resembling crape.

Crare (kr?r), n. [OF. craier, creer, croyer, ship of war, LL. craiera, creyera, perh. from G. krieger warrior, or D. krijger.] A slow unwieldy trading vessel. [Obs.] [Written also crayer, cray, and craie.] Shak.

Crase (kr?z), v. t. [See Craze.] To break in pieces; to crack. [Obs.] "The pot was crased." Chaucer.

Crash (krsh>), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crashed (krsht); p. pr. & vb. n. Crashing.] [OE. crashen, the same word as crasen to break, E. craze. See Craze.] To break in pieces violently; to dash together with noise and violence. [R.]

> He shakt his head, and crasht his teeth for ire.
> Fairfax.

Crash, v. i. 1. To make a loud, clattering sound, as of many things falling and breaking at once; to break in pieces with a harsh noise.

> Roofs were blazing and walls crashing in every part of the city.
> Macaulay.

2. To break with violence and noise; as, the chimney in falling crashed through the roof.

Crash, n. 1. A loud, sudden, confused sound, as of many things falling and breaking at once.

> The wreck of matter and the crash of worlds.
> Addison.

2. Ruin; failure; sudden breaking down, as of a business house or a commercial enterprise.

Crash, n. [L. crassus coarse. See Crass.] Coarse, heavy, narrow linen cloth, used esp. for towels.

Crash"ing, n. The noise of many things falling and breaking at once.

> There shall be . . . a great crashing from the hills.
> Zeph. i. 10.

Cra"sis (kr?"s?s), n. [LL., temperament, fr. Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;, fr. &?;&?;&?;&?; to mix.] 1. (Med.) A mixture of constituents, as of the blood; constitution; temperament.

2. (Gram.) A contraction of two vowels (as the final and initial vowels of united words) into one long vowel, or into a diphthong; synæresis; as, cogo for coago.

||Cras`pe*do"ta (kr?s`p?-d?"t?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?; to be bordered or edged.] (Zoöl.) The hydroid or naked-eyed medusæ. See Hydroidea.

Cras"pe*dote (kr?s"p?-d?t), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Craspedota.

Crass (kr?s), a. [L. crassus thick, fat, gross, prob. orig., closely woven. See Grease animal fat, and cf. Crate, Hurdle.] Gross; thick; dense; coarse; not elaborated or refined. "Crass and fumid exhalations." Sir. T. Browne. "Crass ignorance" Cudworth.

{ Cras"sa*ment (kr?s"s?-ment), ||Cras`sa*men"tum (-m?n"t?m), } n. [L. crassamentum, fr. crassare to make thick. See Crass, a.] A semisolid mass or clot, especially that formed in coagulation of the blood.

Cras"si*ment (kr?s"s?-ment), n. See Crassament.

Cras"si*tude (-t?d), n. [L. crassitudo.] Grossness; coarseness; thickness; density. Bacon.

Crass"ness (kr?s"n?s), n. Grossness. [Obs.] Glanvill.

Cras`ti*na"tion (kr?s`t?-n?"sh?n), n. [L. crastinus of to-morrow, from cras to-morrow.] Procrastination; a putting off till to-morrow. [Obs.]

||Cra*tæ"gus (kr?-t?"g?s), n. [NL., fr. Gr. krataigo`s.] (Bot.) A genus of small, hardy trees, including the hawthorn, much used for ornamental purposes.

Cratch (kr?ch; 224), n. [OE. cracche, crecche, F. crèche crib, manger, fr. OHG. krippa, krippea, G. krippe crib. See Crib.] A manger or open frame for hay; a crib; a rack. [Obs.]

> Begin from first where He encradled was,
> In simple cratch, wrapt in a wad of hay.
> Spenser.

Cratch cradle, a representation of the figure of the cratch, made upon the fingers with a string; cat's cradle; -- called also scratch cradle.

Crate (kr?t), n. [L. cratis hurdle; perh. akin to E. cradle. See Hurdle, and cf. Crate a framework.] 1. A large basket or hamper of wickerwork, used for the transportation of china, crockery, and similar wares.

2. A box or case whose sides are of wooden slats with interspaces, -- used especially for transporting fruit.

Crate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crated; p. pr. & vb. n. Crating.] To pack in a crate or case for transportation; as, to crate a sewing machine; to crate peaches.

Cra"ter (kr?t?r), n. [L. crater, cratera, a mixing vessel, the mouth of a volcano, Gr. krath`r, fr. keranny`nai to mix; cf. Skr. çr to mix, çir to cook, çr to cook. Cf. Grail, in Holy Grail.] 1. The basinlike opening or mouth of a volcano, through which the chief eruption comes; similarly, the mouth of a geyser, about which a cone of silica is often built up.

2. (Mil.) The pit left by the explosion of a mine.

3. (Astron.) A constellation of the southen hemisphere; -- called also the Cup.

Cra*ter"i*form (kr?-t?r"?-f?rm), a. [L. cratera + -form.] (Bot.) Having the form of a shallow bowl; -- said of a corolla.

Cra"ter*ous (kr?"t?r-?s), a. Pertaining to, or resembling, a crater. [R.] R. Browning.

Craunch (kr?nch), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Craunched (kr?ncht); p. pr. & vb. n. Craunching.] [See Crunch.] To crush with the teeth; to chew with violence and noise; to crunch. Swift.

Cra*vat" (kr?-v?t"), n. [F. cravate, fr. Cravate a Croat, an inhabitant of Croatia, one of a body of Austrian troops, from whom, in 1636, this article of dress was adopted in France.] A neckcloth; a piece of silk, fine muslin, or other cloth, worn by men about the neck.

> While his wig was combed and his cravat tied.
> Macaulay.

Cra*vat`ted (kr?-v?t"t?d), a. Wearing a cravat.

> The young men faultlessly appointed, handsomely cravatted.
> Thackeray.

Crave (krv), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Craved (krvd); p pr. & vb. n. Craving.] [AS. crafian; akin to Icel. krefja, Sw. kräfva, Dan. kræve.] 1. To ask with earnestness or importunity; to ask with submission or humility; to beg; to entreat; to beseech; to implore.

> I crave your honor's pardon.
> Shak.

> Joseph . . . went in boldly unto Pilate, and craved the body of Jesus.
> Mark xv. 43.

2. To call for, as a gratification; to long for; hence, to require or demand; as, the stomach craves food.

> His path is one that eminently craves weary walking.
> Edmund Gurney.

Syn. -- To ask; seek; beg; beseech; implore; entreat; solicit; request; supplicate; adjure.

Crave, v. i. To desire strongly; to feel an insatiable longing; as, a craving appetite.

> Once one may crave for love.
> Suckling.

Cra"ven (kr?"v'n), a. [OE. cravant, cravaunde, OF. cravant&?; struck down, p. p. of cravanter, crevanter, to break, crush, strike down, fr. an assumed LL. crepantare, fr. L. crepans, p. pr. of crepare to break, crack, rattle. Cf. Crevice, Crepitate.] Cowardly; fainthearted; spiritless. "His craven heart." Shak.

> The poor craven bridegroom said never a word.
> Sir. W. Scott.

> In craven fear of the sarcasm of Dorset.
> Macaulay.

Cra"ven, n. [Formerly written also cravant and cravent.] A recreant; a coward; a weak-hearted, spiritless fellow. See Recreant, n.

> King Henry. Is it fit this soldier keep his oath?
> Fluellen. He is a craven and a villain else.
> Shak.

Syn. -- Coward; poltroon; dastard.

Cra"ven, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cravened (-v'nd); p. pr. & vb. n. Cravening.] To make recreant, weak, spiritless, or cowardly. [Obs.]

> There is a prohibition so divine,
> That cravens my weak hand.
> Shak.

Crav"er (kr?v"?r), n. One who craves or begs.

Crav"ing (-?ng), n. Vehement or urgent desire; longing for; beseeching.

> A succession of cravings and satiety.
> L'Estrange.

-- Crav"ing*ly, adv. -- Crav"ing*ness, n.

Craw (kr), n. [Akin to D. kraag neck, collar, G. kragen, Sw. kräfva craw, Dan. kro, and possibly to Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?; (E. bronchus), or bro`chqos throat. √25. Cf. Crag neck.] (Zoöl.) (a) The crop of a bird. (b) The stomach of an animal.

{ Craw"fish` (kr"fsh`), Cray"fish` (kr"fsh`) }, n.; pl. -fishes or -fish. [Corrupted fr. OE. crevis, creves, OF. crevice, F. écrevisse, fr. OHG. krebiz crab, G. krebs. See Crab. The ending -fish arose from confusion with E. fish.] (Zoöl.) Any crustacean of the family Astacidæ, resembling the lobster, but smaller, and found in fresh waters. Crawfishes are esteemed very delicate food both in Europe and America. The North American species are numerous and mostly belong to the genus Cambarus. The blind crawfish of the Mammoth Cave is Cambarus pellucidus. The common European species is Astacus fluviatilis.

Craw"ford (kr"frd), n. A Crawford peach; a well-known freestone peach, with yellow flesh, first raised by Mr. William Crawford, of New Jersey.

Crawl (krl), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Crawled (krld); p. pr. & vb. n. Crawling.] [Dan. kravle, or Icel. krafla, to paw, scrabble with the hands; akin to Sw. kräla to crawl; cf. LG. krabbeln, D. krabbelen to scratch.] 1. To move slowly by drawing the body along the ground, as a worm; to move slowly on hands and knees; to creep.

> A worm finds what it searches after only by feeling, as it crawls from one thing to another.
> Grew.

2. Hence, to move or advance in a feeble, slow, or timorous manner.

> He was hardly able to crawl about the room.
> Arbuthnot.

> The meanest thing that crawl'd beneath my eyes.
> Byron.

<! p. 341 !>

3. To advance slowly and furtively; to insinuate one's self; to advance or gain influence by servile or obsequious conduct.

> Secretly crawling up the battered walls.
> Knolles.

> Hath crawled into the favor of the king.
> Shak.

> Absurd opinions crawl about the world.
> South.

4. To have a sensation as of insect creeping over the body; as, the flesh crawls. See Creep, v. i., 7.

Crawl (krl), n. The act or motion of crawling; slow motion, as of a creeping animal.

Crawl, n. [Cf. Kraal.] A pen or inclosure of stakes and hurdles on the seacoast, for holding fish.

Crawl"er (krl"r), n. One who, or that which, crawls; a creeper; a reptile.

Crawl"y (krl"), a. Creepy. [Colloq.]

{ Cray (kr), Cray"er (-r) }, n. See Crare. [Obs.]

Cray"fish (kr"fsh), n. (Zoöl.) See Crawfish.

Cray"on (kr"?n), n. [F., a crayon, a lead pencil (crayon Conté Conté's pencil, i. e., one made a black compound invented by Conté), fr. craie chalk, L. creta; said to be, properly, Cretan earth, fr. Creta the island Crete. Cf. Cretaceous.] 1. An implement for drawing, made of clay and plumbago, or of some preparation of chalk, usually sold in small prisms or cylinders.

> Let no day pass over you . . . without giving some strokes of the pencil or the crayon.
> Dryden.

The black crayon gives a deeper black than the lead pencil. This and the colored crayons are often called chalks. The red crayon is also called sanguine. See Chalk, and Sanguine.

2. A crayon drawing.

3. (Electricity) A pencil of carbon used in producing electric light.

Crayon board, cardboard with a surface prepared for crayon drawing. -- Crayon drawing, the act or art of drawing with crayons; a drawing made with crayons.

Cray"on, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crayoned (-?nd); p. pr. & vb. n. Crayoning.] [Cf. F. crayonner.] To sketch, as with a crayon; to sketch or plan.

> He soon afterwards composed that discourse, conformably to the plan which he had crayoned out.
> Malone.

Craze (krz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crazed (krzd); p. pr. & vb. n. Crazing.] [OE. crasen to break, fr. Scand., perh. through OF.; cf. Sw. krasa to crackle, slå i kras, to break to pieces, F. écraser to crush, fr. the Scand. Cf. Crash.] 1. To break into pieces; to crush; to grind to powder. See Crase.

> God, looking forth, will trouble all his host, And craze their chariot wheels.
> Milton.

2. To weaken; to impair; to render decrepit. [Obs.]

> Till length of years,
> And sedentary numbness, craze my limbs.
> Milton.

3. To derange the intellect of; to render insane.

> Any man . . . that is crazed and out of his wits.
> Tilloston.

> Grief hath crazed my wits.
> Shak.

Craze, v. i. 1. To be crazed, or to act or appear as one that is crazed; to rave; to become insane.

> She would weep and he would craze.
> Keats.

2. To crack, as the glazing of porcelain or pottery.

Craze, n. 1. Craziness; insanity.

2. A strong habitual desire or fancy; a crotchet.

> It was quite a craze with him [Burns] to have his Jean dressed genteelly.
> Prof. Wilson.

3. A temporary passion or infatuation, as for same new amusement, pursuit, or fashion; as, the bric-a-brac craze; the æsthetic craze.

> Various crazes concerning health and disease.
> W. Pater.

Craz"ed*ness (-?d-n?s), n. A broken state; decrepitude; an impaired state of the intellect.

{ Craze"-mill` (krz"ml`), Craz"ing-mill` (kr?"z?ng-) }, n. [See 1st Craze.] A mill for grinding tin ore.

Cra"zi*ly (kr"z*l), adv. In a crazy manner.

Cra"zi*ness, n. 1. The state of being broken down or weakened; as, the craziness of a ship, or of the limbs.

2. The state of being broken in mind; imbecility or weakness of intellect; derangement.

Cra"zy (kr"z), a. [From Craze.] 1. Characterized by weakness or feebleness; decrepit; broken; falling to decay; shaky; unsafe.

> Piles of mean andcrazy houses.
> Macaulay.

> One of great riches, but a crazy constitution.
> Addison.

> They . . . got a crazy boat to carry them to the island.
> Jeffrey.

2. Broken, weakened, or dissordered in intellect; shattered; demented; deranged.

> Over moist and crazy brains.
> Hudibras.

3. Inordinately desirous; foolishly eager. [Colloq.]

> The girls were crazy to be introduced to him.
> R. B. Kimball.

Crazy bone, the bony projection at the end of the elbow (olecranon), behind which passes the ulnar nerve; -- so called on account of the curiously painful tingling felt, when, in a particular position, it receives a blow; -- called also funny bone. -- Crazy quilt, a bedquilt made of pieces of silk or other material of various sizes, shapes, and colors, fancifully stitched together without definite plan or arrangement.

Cre"a*ble (kr?"?-b'l), a. [L. creabilis, from creare to create. See Create.] Capable of being created. [Obs.] I. Watts.

Creaght (kr?t), n. [Ir. & Gael. graidh, graigh.] A drove or herd. [Obs.] Haliwell.

Creaght, v. i. To graze. [Obs.] Sir. L. Davies.

Creak (krk), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Creaked (krkt); p. pr. & vb. n. Creaking.] [OE. creken, prob. of imitative origin; cf. E. crack, and. D. krieken to crackle, chirp.] To make a prolonged sharp grating or squeaking sound, as by the friction of hard substances; as, shoes creak.

> The creaking locusts with my voice conspire.
> Dryden.

> Doors upon their hinges creaked.
> Tennyson.

Creak, v. t. To produce a creaking sound with.

> Creaking my shoes on the plain masonry.
> Shak.

Creak (krk), n. The sound produced by anything that creaks; a creaking. Roget.

Creak"ing, n. A harsh grating or squeaking sound, or the act of making such a sound.

> Start not at the creaking of the door.
> Longfellow.

Cream (krm), n. [F. crême, perh. fr. LL. crema cream of milk; cf. L. cremor thick juice or broth, perh. akin to cremare to burn.] 1. The rich, oily, and yellowish part of milk, which, when the milk stands unagitated, rises, and collects on the surface. It is the part of milk from which butter is obtained.

2. The part of any liquor that rises, and collects on the surface. [R.]

3. A delicacy of several kinds prepared for the table from cream, etc., or so as to resemble cream.

4. A cosmetic; a creamlike medicinal preparation.

> In vain she tries her paste and creams,
> To smooth her skin or hide its seams.
> Goldsmith.

5. The best or choicest part of a thing; the quintessence; as, the cream of a jest or story; the cream of a collection of books or pictures.

> Welcome, O flower and cream of knights errant.
> Shelton.

Bavarian cream, a preparation of gelatin, cream, sugar, and eggs, whipped; -- to be eaten cold. -- Cold cream, an ointment made of white wax, almond oil, rose water, and borax, and used as a salve for the hands and lips. -- Cream cheese, a kind of cheese made from curd from which the cream has not been taken off, or to which cream has been added. -- Cream gauge, an instrument to test milk, being usually a graduated glass tube in which the milk is placed for the cream to rise. -- Cream nut, the Brazil nut. -- Cream of lime. (a) A scum of calcium carbonate which forms on a solution of milk of lime from the carbon dioxide of the air. (b) A thick creamy emulsion of lime in water. -- Cream of tartar (Chem.), purified tartar or argol; so called because of the crust of crystals which forms on the surface of the liquor in the process of purification by recrystallization. It is a white crystalline substance, with a gritty acid taste, and is used very largely as an ingredient of baking powders; -- called also potassium bitartrate, acid potassium tartrate, etc.

Cream, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Creamed (kr?md); p. pr. & vb. n. Creaming.] 1. To skim, or take off by skimming, as cream.

2. To take off the best or choicest part of.

3. To furnish with, or as with, cream.

> Creaming the fragrant cups.
> Mrs. Whitney.

To cream butter (Cooking), to rub, stir, or beat, butter till it is of a light creamy consistency.

Cream, v. i. To form or become covered with cream; to become thick like cream; to assume the appearance of cream; hence, to grow stiff or formal; to mantle.

> There are a sort of men whose visages
> Do cream and mantle like a standing pool.
> Shak.

Cream"cake` (-k?k`), n. (Cookery) A kind of cake filled with custard made of cream, eggs, etc.

Cream"-col`ored (-k?l`?rd), a. Of the color of cream; light yellow. "Cream- colored horses." Hazlitt.

Cream"er*y (-?r-?), n.; pl. Creameries (-&?;z). [CF. F. cr&?;meric.] 1. A place where butter and cheese are made, or where milk and cream are put up in cans for market.

2. A place or apparatus in which milk is set for raising cream.

3. An establishment where cream is sold.

Cream"-faced` (kr?m"f?st`), a. White or pale, as the effect of fear, or as the natural complexion.

> Thou cream-faced loon.
> Shak.

Cream"-fruit` (kr?m"fr?t`), n. (Bot.) A plant of Sierra Leone which yields a wholesome, creamy juice.

Cream"i*ness (-?-n?s), n. The quality of being creamy.

Cream" laid` (kr?m" l?d`). See under Laid.

Cream"-slice` (-sl?s`), n. A wooden knife with a long thin blade, used in handling cream or ice cream.

Cream"-white` (-hw?t`), a. As white as cream.

Cream"y (kr?m"?), a. Full of, or containing, cream; resembling cream, in nature, appearance, or taste; creamlike; unctuous. "Creamy bowls." Collins. "Lines of creamy spray." Tennyson. "Your creamy words but cozen." Beau. & Fl.

Cre"ance (kr"ans), n. [F. créance, lit., credence, fr. L. credere to trust. See Credence.] 1. Faith; belief; creed. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. (Falconry) A fine, small line, fastened to a hawk's leash, when it is first lured.

Cre"ance (kr"ans), v. i. & t. To get on credit; to borrow. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Cre"ant (kr"ant), a. [L. creans, p. pr. of creare to create.] Creative; formative. [R.] Mrs. Browning.

Crease (krs), n. See Creese. Tennyson.

Crease, n. [Cf. LG. krus, G. krause, crispness, krausen, kräusen, to crisp, curl, lay on folds; or perh. of Celtic origin; cf. Armor. kriz a wrinkle, crease, kriza to wrinkle, fold, W. crych a wrinkle, crychu to rumple, ripple, crease.] 1. A line or mark made by folding or doubling any pliable substance; hence, a similar mark, however produced.

2. (Cricket) One of the lines serving to define the limits of the bowler and the striker.

Bowling crease (Cricket), a line extending three feet four inches on each side of the central strings at right angles to the line between the wickets. -- Return crease (Cricket), a short line at each end of the bowling crease and at right angles to it, extending toward the bowler. -- Popping crease (Cricket),, a line drawn in front of the wicket, four feet distant from it, parallel to the bowling crease and at least as long as the latter. J. H. Walsh (Encyc. of Rural Sports).

Crease, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Creased (kr?st); p. pr. & vb. n. Creasing.] To make a crease or mark in, as by folding or doubling.

> Creased, like dog's ears in a folio.
> Gray.

Creas"er (kr?s"?r), n. 1. A tool, or a sewing-machine attachment, for making lines or creases on leather or cloth, as guides to sew by.

2. A tool for making creases or beads, as in sheet iron, or for rounding small tubes.

3. (Bookbinding) A tool for making the band impression distinct on the back. Knight.

Creas"ing (krs"ng), n. (Arch.) A layer of tiles forming a corona for a wall. Knight.

Cre"a*sote (kr"*st), n. See Creosote.

Creas"y (kr?s"?), a. Full of creases. Tennyson.

Cre"at (kr"t), n. [F. créat, ultimately fr. L. creatus created, begotten; cf. It. creato pupil, servant, Sp. criado a servant, client.] (Man.) An usher to a riding master.

Cre*at"a*ble (kr?-?"t?-b'l), a. That may be created.

Cre*ate" (kr*t"), a.[L. creatus, p. p. of creare to create; akin to Gr. krai`nein to accomplish, Skr. k to make, and to E. ending -cracy in aristocracy, also to crescent, cereal.] Created; composed; begotten. [Obs.]

> Hearts create of duty and zeal.
> Shak.

Cre*ate", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Created; p. pr. & vb. n. Creating.] 1. To bring into being; to form out of nothing; to cause to exist.

> In the beginning, God created the heaven and the earth.
> Gen. i. 1.

2. To effect by the agency, and under the laws, of causation; to be the occasion of; to cause; to produce; to form or fashion; to renew.

> Your eye in Scotland
> Would create soldiers.
> Shak.

> Create in me a clean heart.
> Ps. li. 10.

3. To invest with a new form, office, or character; to constitute; to appoint; to make; as, to create one a peer. "I create you companions to our person." Shak.

Cre*at"ic (kr?-?t"?k), a. [Gr. &?;&?;&?;, &?;&?;&?;, flesh.] Relating to, or produced by, flesh or animal food; as, creatic nausea. [Written also kreatic.]

Cre"a*tin (kr?"?-t?n), n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?; flesh.] (Physiol. Chem.) A white, crystalline, nitrogenous substance found abundantly in muscle tissue. [Written also kreatine.]

Cre*at"i*nin (kr?-?t"?-n?n), n. (Physiol. Chem.) A white, crystalline, nitrogenous body closely related to creatin but more basic in its properties, formed from the latter by the action of acids, and occurring naturally in muscle tissue and in urine. [Written also kretinine.]

Cre*a"tion (kr?-A"sh?n), n. [L. creatio: cf. F. cr&?;ation. See Create.] 1. The act of creating or causing to exist. Specifically, the act of bringing the universe or this world into existence.

> From the creation to the general doom.
> Shak.

> As when a new particle of matter dotn begin to exist, in rerum natura, which had before no being; and this we call creation.
> Locke.

2. That which is created; that which is produced or caused to exist, as the world or some original work of art or of the imagination; nature.

> We know that the whole creation groaneth.
> Rom. viii. 22.

> A dagger of the mind, a false creation.
> Shak.

> Choice pictures and creations of curious art.
> Beaconsfield.

3. The act of constituting or investing with a new character; appointment; formation.

> An Irish peer of recent creation.
> Landor.

Cre*a"tion*al (-al), a. Of or pertaining to creation.

Cre*a"tion*ism (-?z'm), n. The doctrine that a soul is specially created for each human being as soon as it is formed in the womb; -- opposed to traducianism.

Cre*a"tive (-t?v), a. Having the power to create; exerting the act of creation. "Creative talent." W. Irving.

> The creative force exists in the germ.
> Whewell.

Cre*a"tive*ness, n. The quality of being creative.

Cre*a"tor (kr*"tr), n. [L. creator: cf. F. créateur.] One who creates, produces, or constitutes. Specifically, the Supreme Being.

> To sin's rebuke and my Creater's praise.
> Shak.

> The poets and artists of Greece, who are at the same time its prophets, the creators of its divinities, and the revealers of its theological beliefs.
> Caird.

Cre*a"tor*ship, n. State or condition of a creator.

Cre*a"tress, n. [L. creatrix: cf. F. créatrice.] She who creates. Spenser.

||Cre*a"trix (-tr?ks), n. [L.] A creatress. [R.]

Crea"tur*al (kr?"t?r-a]/>l; 135), a. Belonging to a creature; having the qualities of a creature. [R.]

Crea"ture (kr"tr; 135), n. [F. créature, L. creatura. See Create.] 1. Anything created; anything not self-existent; especially, any being created with life; an animal; a man.

> He asked water, a creature so common and needful that it was against the law of nature to deny him.
> Fuller.

> God's first creature was light.
> Bacon.

> On earth, join, all ye creatures, to extol
> Him first, him last, him midst, and without end.
> Milton.

> And most attractive is the fair result
> Of thought, the creature of a polished mind.
> Cowper.

2. A human being, in pity, contempt, or endearment; as, a poor creature; a pretty creature.

> The world hath not a sweeter creature.
> Shak.

3. A person who owes his rise and fortune to another; a servile dependent; an instrument; a tool.

> A creature of the queen's, Lady Anne Bullen.
> Shak.

> Both Charles himself and his creature, Laud.
> Macaulay.

4. A general term among farmers for horses, oxen, etc.

Creature comforts, those which minister to the comfort of the body.

Crea"ture*less, a. Without created beings; alone.

> God was alone And creatureless at first.
> Donne.

Crea"ture*ly, a. Creatural; characteristic of a creature. [R.] "Creaturely faculties." Cheyne.

Crea"ture*ship, n. The condition of being a creature.

Crea"tur*ize (-z), v. t. To make like a creature; to degrade [Obs.]

> Degrade and creaturize that mundane soul.
> Cudworth.

<! p. 342 !>

Creaze (krz), n. (Mining) The tin ore which collects in the central part of the washing pit or buddle.

Cre`bri*cos"tate (kr`br*ks"tt), a. [L. creber close + costa rib.] (Zoöl.) Marked with closely set ribs or ridges.

Cre`bri*sul"cate (kr`br*sl"kt), a. [L. creber close + sulcus furrow.] (Zoöl.) Marked with closely set transverse furrows.

Creb"ri*tude (krb"r*td), n. [L. crebritudo, fr. creber close.] Frequency. [Obs.] Bailey.

Cre"brous (kr"brs), a. [L. creber close set, frequent.] Frequent; numerous. [Obs.] Goodwin.

||Crèche (krsh), n. [F.] A public nursery, where the young children of poor women are cared for during the day, while their mothers are at work.

Cre"dence (kr"dens), n. [LL. credentia, fr. L. credens, -entis, p. pr. of credere to trust, believe: cf. OF. credence. See Creed, and cf. Credent, Creance.]

1. Reliance of the mind on evidence of facts derived from other sources than personal knowledge; belief; credit; confidence.

> To give credence to the Scripture miracles.
> Trench.

> An assertion which might easily find credence.
> Macaulay.

2. That which gives a claim to credit, belief, or confidence; as, a letter of credence.

3. (Eccl.) The small table by the side of the altar or communion table, on which the bread and wine are placed before being consecrated.

4. A cupboard, sideboard, or cabinet, particularly one intended for the display of rich vessels or plate, and consisting chiefly of open shelves for that purpose.

Cre"dence, v. t. To give credence to; to believe. [Obs.]

||Cre*den"dum (kr?-d?n"d?m), n.; pl. Credenda (-d&?;). [L., fr. credere to believe.] (Theol.) A thing to be believed; an article of faith; -- distinguished from agendum, a practical duty.

> The great articles and credenda of Christianity.
> South.

Cre"dent (kr?"dent), a. [. credens, -entis, p. pr. of credere to trust, believe. See Creed.] 1. Believing; giving credence; credulous. [R.]

> If with too credent ear you list songs.
> Shak.

2. Having credit or authority; credible. [Obs.]

> For my authority bears of a credent bulk.
> Shak.

Cre*den"tial (kr*dn"shal), a. [Cf. It. credenziale, fr. LL. credentia. See Credence.] Giving a title or claim to credit or confidence; accrediting.

> Their credential letters on both sides.
> Camden.

Cre*den"tial, n. [Cf. It. credenziale.] 1. That which gives a title to credit or confidence.

2. pl. Testimonials showing that a person is entitled to credit, or has right to exercise official power, as the letters given by a government to an ambassador or envoy, or a certificate that one is a duly elected delegate.

> The committee of estates excepted against the credentials of the English commissioners.
> Whitelocke.

> Had they not shown undoubted credentials from the Divine Person who sent them on such a message.
> Addison.

Cred`i*bil"i*ty (krd`*bl"*t), n. [Cf. F. crédibilité.] The quality of being credible; credibleness; as, the credibility of facts; the credibility of witnesses.

Cred"i*ble (krd"*b'l), a. [L. credibilis, fr. credere. See Creed.] Capable of being credited or believed; worthy of belief; entitled to confidence; trustworthy.

> Things are made credible either by the known condition and quality of the utterer or by the manifest likelihood of truth in themselves.
> Hooker.

> A very diligent and observing person, and likewise very sober and credible.
> Dampier.

Cred"i*ble*ness, n. The quality or state of being credible; worthiness of belief; credibility. [R.] Boyle.

Cred"i*bly, adv. In a manner inducing belief; as, I have been credibly informed of the event.

Cred"it (krd"t), n. [F. crédit (cf. It. credito), L. creditum loan, prop. neut. of creditus, p. p. of credere to trust, loan, believe. See Creed.] 1. Reliance on the truth of something said or done; belief; faith; trust; confidence.

> When Jonathan and the people heard these words they gave no credit unto them, nor received them.
> 1 Macc. x. 46.

2. Reputation derived from the confidence of others; esteem; honor; good name; estimation.

> John Gilpin was a citizen
> Of credit and renown.
> Cowper.

3. A ground of, or title to, belief or confidence; authority derived from character or reputation.

> The things which we properly believe, be only such as are received on the credit of divine testimony.
> Hooker.

4. That which tends to procure, or add to, reputation or esteem; an honor.

> I published, because I was told I might please such as it was a credit to please.
> Pope.

5. Influence derived from the good opinion, confidence, or favor of others; interest.

> Having credit enough with his master to provide for his own interest.
> Clarendon.

6. (Com.) Trust given or received; expectation of future playment for property transferred, or of fulfillment or promises given; mercantile reputation entitling one to be trusted; -- applied to individuals, corporations, communities, or nations; as, to buy goods on credit.

> Credit is nothing but the expectation of money, within some limited time.
> Locke.

7. The time given for payment for lands or goods sold on trust; as, a long credit or a short credit.

8. (Bookkeeping) The side of an account on which are entered all items reckoned as values received from the party or the category named at the head of the account; also, any one, or the sum, of these items; -- the opposite of debit; as, this sum is carried to one's credit, and that to his debit; A has several credits on the books of B.

Bank credit, or Cash credit. See under Cash. -- Bill of credit. See under Bill. -- Letter of credit, a letter or notification addressed by a banker to his correspondent, informing him that the person named therein is entitled to draw a certain sum of money; when addressed to several different correspondents, or when the money can be drawn in fractional sums in several different places, it is called a circular letter of credit. -- Public credit. (a) The reputation of, or general confidence in, the ability or readiness of a government to fulfill its pecuniary engagements. (b) The ability and fidelity of merchants or others who owe largely in a community.

> He touched the dead corpse of Public Credit, and it sprung upon its feet.
> D. Webster.

Cred"it (krd"t), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Credited; p. pr. & vb. n. Crediting.] 1. To confide in the truth of; to give credence to; to put trust in; to believe.

> How shall they credit
> A poor unlearned virgin?
> Shak.

2. To bring honor or repute upon; to do credit to; to raise the estimation of.

> You credit the church as much by your government as you did the school formerly by your wit.
> South.

3. (Bookkeeping) To enter upon the credit side of an account; to give credit for; as, to credit the amount paid; to set to the credit of; as, to credit a man with the interest paid on a bond.

To credit with, to give credit for; to assign as justly due to any one.

> Crove, Helmholtz, and Meyer, are more than any others to be credited with the clear enunciation of this doctrine.
> Newman.

Cred"it*a*ble (-?-b'l), a. 1. Worthy of belief. [Obs.]

> Divers creditable witnesses deposed.
> Ludlow.

2. Deserving or possessing reputation or esteem; reputable; estimable.

> This gentleman was born of creditable parents.
> Goldsmith.

3. Bringing credit, reputation, or honor; honorable; as, such conduct is highly creditable to him. Macaulay.

> He settled him in a good creditable way of living.
> Arbuthnot.

Cred"it*a*ble*ness, n. The quality of being creditable.

Cred"it*a*bly (-?-bl?), adv. In a creditable manner; reputably; with credit.

||Cré`dit" fon`cier" (kr?d?" f?n`s??"). [F. crédit credit & foncier relating to land, landed.] A company licensed for the purpose of carrying out improvements, by means of loans and advances upon real securities.

||Cré`dit" mo`bi`lier" (m?`b?`ly?"). [F. crédit credit & mobilier personal, pertaining to personal property.] A joint stock company, formed for general banking business, or for the construction of public works, by means of loans on personal estate, after the manner of the crédit foncier on real estate. In practice, however, this distinction has not been strictly observed.

Cred"it*or (kr?d"?t-?r), n. [L.: cf. F. cr&?;diteur. See Credit.] 1. One who credits, believes, or trusts.

> The easy creditors of novelties.
> Daniel.

2. One who gives credit in business matters; hence, one to whom money is due; -- correlative to debtor.

> Creditors have better memories than debtors.
> Franklin.

{ Cred"it*ress (kr?d"?t-r?s), Cred"i*trix (kr?d"?-tr?ks), } n. [L. creditrix.] A female creditor.

Cre"do (kr?"d?), n. [L. See Creed.] The creed, as sung or read in the Roman Catholic church.

> He repeated Aves and Credos.
> Macaulay.

Cre*du"li*ty (kr?-d?"l?-t?), n. [L. credulitas, fr. credulus: cf. F. crédulité. See Credulous.] Readiness of belief; a disposition to believe on slight evidence.

> That implict credulity is the mark of a feeble mind will not be disputed.
> Sir W. Hamilton.

Cred"u*lous (kr?d"?-l?s; 135), a. [L. credulus, fr. credere. See Creed.] 1. Apt to believe on slight evidence; easily imposed upon; unsuspecting. Landor.

> Eve, our credulous mother.
> Milton.

2. Believed too readily. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Cred"u*lous*ly, adv. With credulity.

Cred"u*lous*ness, n. Readiness to believe on slight evidence; credulity.

> Beyond all credulity is the credulousness of atheists.
> S. Clarke.

Creed (krd), n. [OE. credo, crede, AS. creda, fr. L. credo I believe, at the beginning of the Apostles' creed, fr. credere to believe; akin to OIr. cretim I believe, and Skr. çraddadhmi; çrat trust + dh to put. See Do, v. t., and cf. Credo, Grant.] 1. A definite summary of what is believed; esp., a summary of the articles of Christian faith; a confession of faith for public use; esp., one which is brief and comprehensive.

> In the Protestant system the creed is not coördinate with, but always subordinate to, the Bible.
> Schaff-Herzog Encyc.

2. Any summary of principles or opinions professed or adhered to.

> I love him not, nor fear him; there's my creed.
> Shak.

Apostles' creed, Athanasian creed, Nicene creed. See under Apostle, Athanasian, Nicene.

Creed, v. t. To believe; to credit. [Obs.]

> That part which is so creeded by the people.
> Milton.

Creed"less, a. Without a creed. Carlyle.

Creek (krk), n. [AS. crecca; akin to D. kreek, Icel. kriki crack, nook; cf. W. crig crack, crigyll ravine, creek. Cf. Crick, Crook.] 1. A small inlet or bay, narrower and extending further into the land than a cove; a recess in the shore of the sea, or of a river.

> Each creek and cavern of the dangerous shore.
> Cowper.

> They discovered a certain creek, with a shore.
> Acts xxvii. 39.

2. A stream of water smaller than a river and larger than a brook.

> Lesser streams and rivulets are denominated creeks.
> Goldsmith.

3. Any turn or winding.

> The passages of alleys, creeks, and narrow lands.
> Shak.

Creek"fish (kr?k"f?sh), n. (Zoöl.) The chub sucker.

Creeks (krks), n. pl.; sing. Creek. (Ethnol.) A tribe or confederacy of North American Indians, including the Muskogees, Seminoles, Uchees, and other subordinate tribes. They formerly inhabited Georgia, Florida, and Alabama.

Creek"y (krk"), a. Containing, or abounding in, creeks; characterized by creeks; like a creek; winding. "The creeky shore." Spenser.

Creel (krl), n. [Gael. craidhleag basket, creel.]

1. An osier basket, such as anglers use. Sir W. Scott.

2. (Spinning) A bar or set of bars with skewers for holding paying-off bobbins, as in the roving machine, throstle, and mule.

Creep (krp), v. t. [imp. Crept (krpt) (Crope (krp), Obs.); p. p. Crept; p. pr. & vb. n. Creeping.] [OE. crepen, creopen, AS. creópan; akin to D. kruipen, G. kriechen, Icel. krjupa, Sw. krypa, Dan. krybe. Cf. Cripple, Crouch.] 1. To move along the ground, or on any other surface, on the belly, as a worm or reptile; to move as a child on the hands and knees; to crawl.

> Ye that walk
> The earth, and stately tread, or lowly creep.
> Milton.

2. To move slowly, feebly, or timorously, as from unwillingness, fear, or weakness.

> The whining schoolboy . . . creeping, like snail,
> Unwillingly to school.
> Shak.

> Like a guilty thing, I creep.
> Tennyson.

3. To move in a stealthy or secret manner; to move imperceptibly or clandestinely; to steal in; to insinuate itself or one's self; as, age creeps upon us.

> The sophistry which creeps into most of the books of argument.
> Locke.

> Of this sort are they which creep into houses, and lead captive silly women.
> 2. Tim. iii. 6.

4. To slip, or to become slightly displaced; as, the collodion on a negative, or a coat of varnish, may creep in drying; the quicksilver on a mirror may creep.

5. To move or behave with servility or exaggerated humility; to fawn; as, a creeping sycophant.

> To come as humbly as they used to creep.
> Shak.

6. To grow, as a vine, clinging to the ground or to some other support by means of roots or rootlets, or by tendrils, along its length. "Creeping vines." Dryden.

7. To have a sensation as of insects creeping on the skin of the body; to crawl; as, the sight made my flesh creep. See Crawl, v. i., 4.

8. To drag in deep water with creepers, as for recovering a submarine cable.

Creep, n. 1. The act or process of creeping.

2. A distressing sensation, or sound, like that occasioned by the creeping of insects.

> A creep of undefinable horror.
> Blackwood's Mag.

> Out of the stillness, with gathering creep,
> Like rising wind in leaves.
> Lowell.

3. (Mining) A slow rising of the floor of a gallery, occasioned by the pressure of incumbent strata upon the pillars or sides; a gradual movement of mining ground.

Creep"er (krp"r), n. 1. One who, or that which, creeps; any creeping thing.

> Standing waters are most unwholesome, . . . full of mites, creepers; slimy, muddy, unclean.
> Burton.

2. (Bot.) A plant that clings by rootlets, or by tendrils, to the ground, or to trees, etc.; as, the Virginia creeper (Ampelopsis quinquefolia).

3. (Zoöl.) A small bird of the genus Certhia, allied to the wrens. The brown or common European creeper is C. familiaris, a variety of which (var. Americana) inhabits America; -- called also tree creeper and creeptree. The American black and white creeper is Mniotilta varia.

4. A kind of patten mounted on short pieces of iron instead of rings; also, a fixture with iron points worn on a shoe to prevent one from slipping.

5. pl. A spurlike device strapped to the boot, which enables one to climb a tree or pole; -- called often telegraph creepers.

6. A small, low iron, or dog, between the andirons.

7. pl. An instrument with iron hooks or claws for dragging at the bottom of a well, or any other body of water, and bringing up what may lie there.

8. Any device for causing material to move steadily from one part of a machine to another, as an apron in a carding machine, or an inner spiral in a grain screen.

9. pl. (Arch.) Crockets. See Crocket.

Creep"hole` (-h?l`), n. 1. A hole or retreat into which an animal may creep, to escape notice or danger.

2. A subterfuge; an excuse.

Creep"ie (-), n. A low stool. [Scot.]

Creep"i*ness (--ns), n. An uneasy sensation as of insects creeping on the skin.

> She felt a curious, uneasy creepiness.
> Mrs. Alexander.

Creep"ing, a. 1. Crawling, or moving close to the ground. "Every creeping thing." Gen. vi. 20.

2. Growing along, and clinging to, the ground, or to a wall, etc., by means of rootlets or tendrils.

> Casements lined with creeping herbs.
> Cowper.

Ceeping crowfoot (Bot.), a plant, the Ranunculus repens. -- Creeping snowberry, an American plant (Chiogenes hispidula) with white berries and very small round leaves having the flavor of wintergreen.

Creep"ing*ly, adv. by creeping slowly; in the manner of a reptile; insidiously; cunningly.

> How slily and creepingly did he address himself to our first parents.
> South.

Cree"ple (kr"p'l), n. [See Cripple.] 1. A creeping creature; a reptile. [Obs.]

> There is one creeping beast, or long creeple (as the name is in Devonshire), that hath a rattle at his tail that doth discover his age.
> Morton (1632).

2. One who is lame; a cripple. [Obs.]

> Thou knowest how lame a creeple this world is.
> Donne.

Creep"y (krp"), a. Crawly; having or producing a sensation like that caused by insects creeping on the skin. [Colloq.]

> One's whole blood grew curdling and creepy.
> R. Browning.

<! p. 343 !>

Crees (krz), n. pl.; sing. Cree. (Ethnol.) An Algonquin tribe of Indians, inhabiting a large part of British America east of the Rocky Mountains and south of Hudson's Bay.

Creese (krs), n. [Malay. kris.] A dagger or short sword used by the Malays, commonly having a serpentine blade. [Written also crease and kris.]

> From a Malayan creese to a sailor's jackknife.
> Julian Hawthorne.

||Cré`mail`lère" (kr?`m?`ly?r" or - m?`y?r"), n. [F.] (Fort.) An indented or zigzaged line of intrenchment.

||Cre*mas"ter (kr?-m?s"t?r), n. [NL., from Gr. &?;&?;&?;, fr. &?;&?;&?;&?; to hang.] 1. (Anat.) A thin muscle which serves to draw up the testicle.

2. (Zoöl.) The apex of the last abdominal segment of an insect.

Crem`as*ter"ic (kr?m`3s-t?r"?k), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the cremaster; as, the cremasteric artery.

Cre"mate (kr?"m?t or kr?-m?t"), v. t. [L. crematus, p. p. of cremare to burn; cf. Skr. cr&?; to cook.] To burn; to reduce to ashes by the action of fire, either directly or in an oven or retort; to incremate or incinerate; as, to cremate a corpse, instead of burying it.

Cre*ma"tion (kr?-m?"sh?n), n. [L. crematio.] A burning; esp., the act or practice of cremating the dead.

> Without cremation . . . of their bodies.
> Sir T. Browne.

Cre*ma"tion*ist, n. One who advocates the practice of cremation.

Cre*ma"tor (-t?r), n. [L.] One who, or that which, cremates or consumes to ashes.

{ Crem`a*to"ri*um (kr?m`?-t?"r?-?m), Crem"a*to*ry (kr?m"?-t?-r?), } n.; pl. Crematoriums (-mz), Crematories (-r&?;z). [NL. crematorium, fr. L. cremator.] A furnace for cremating corpses; a building containing such a furnace.

Crem"a*to*ry, a. Pertaining to, or employed in, cremation.

Crem"o*carp (krm"*kärp or kr"m-), n. [Gr. kremanny`nai to hang + karpo`s fruit.] (Bot.) The peculiar fruit of fennel, carrot, parsnip, and the like, consisting of a pair of carpels pendent from a supporting axis.

Cre*mo"na (kr*m"n), n. A superior kind of violin, formerly made at Cremona, in Italy.

||Cre"mor (kr?"m?r), n. [L. CF. Cream.] Cream; a substance resembling cream; yeast; scum.

Crem"o*sin (kr?m"?-s?n), n. See Crimson. [Obs.]

Crems (krmz), n. See Krems.

{ Cre"nate (kr"nt), Cre"na*ted (kr"n*td), } a. [L. crena notch. See Cranny.] (Bot.) Having the margin cut into rounded teeth notches, or scallops.

Cre*na"tion (kr?-n?"sh?n), n. 1. (Bot.) A rounded tooth on the edge of a leaf.

2. The condition of being crenate.

Cren"a*ture (kr?n"?-t?r or kr?"n?-; 135), n. 1. (Bot.) A rounded tooth or notch of a crenate leaf, or any part that is crenate; -- called also crenelle.

2. The state of being crenated or notched.

Cre*nel" (kr?-n?l"), n. See Crenelle.

Cren"el*ate (kr?n"?l-?t or kr?"n?l-?t), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crenelated (- ?`t?d); p. pr. & vb. n. Crenelating (- ?`t?ng).] [LL. crenellare, kernellare: cf. F. cr&?;neler to indent. See Crenelle.] [Written also crenellate.] 1. To furnish with crenelles.

2. To indent; to notch; as, a crenelated leaf.

Crenelated molding (Arch.), a kind of indented molding used in Norman buildings.

Cren`el*a"tion (-?"sh?n), n. The act of crenelating, or the state of being crenelated; an indentation or an embrasure. [Written also crenellation.]

{ Cre*nelle", Cre*nel" } (kr?-n?l"), n. [OF. crenel, F. cr&?;neau, LL. crenellus, kernellus, dim. (prob.) fr. L. crena notch. See Crenny.] 1. An embrasure or indentation in a battlement; a loophole in a fortress; an indentation; a notch. See Merlon, and Illust. of Battlement.

2. (Bot.) Same as Crenature.

Cre*nelled" (kr&?;-n&?;ld") a. (Bot.) Same as Crenate.

{ Cren"gle (kr?n"g'l), Cren"kle (-k'l), } n. See Cringle.

{ Cren"u*late (kr?n"?-l?t), Cren"u*la`ted (- l?`t?d), } a. [Dim. of crenate.] (Bot.) Minutely crenate.

Cren`u*la"tion (-l?"sh?n), n. 1. A minute crenation.

2. The state of being minutely scalloped.

Cre"ole (kr?"?l), n. [F. cr&?;ole, Sp. criollo, from an American negro word, perh. a corruption of a Sp. criadillo, dim. of criado servant, formerly also, child, fr. L. creatus, p. p. of creare to create. Cf. Create.] One born of European parents in the American colonies of France or Spain or in the States which were once such colonies, esp. a person of French or Spanish descent, who is a native inhabitant of Louisiana, or one of the States adjoining, bordering on the Gulf of of Mexico.

"The term creole negro is employed in the English West Indies to distinguish the negroes born there from the Africans imported during the time of the slave trade. The application of this term to the colored people has led to an idea common in some parts of the United States, though wholly unfounded, that it implies an admixture greater or less of African blood." R. Hildreth.

"The title [Creole] did not first belong to the descendants of Spanish, but of French, settlers, But such a meaning implied a certain excellence of origin, and so came early to include any native of French or Spanish descent by either parent, whose nonalliance with the slave race entitled him to social rank. Later, the term was adopted by, not conceded to, the natives of mixed blood, and is still so used among themselves. . . . Besides French and Spanish, there are even, for convenience of speech, 'colored' Creoles; but there are no Italian, or Sicilian, nor any English, Scotch, Irish, or 'Yankee' Creoles, unless of parentage married into, and themselves thoroughly proselyted in, Creole society." G. W. Cable.

Cre"ole (kr?"?l), a. Of or pertaining to a Creole or the Creoles.

In New Orleans the word Creole is applied to any product, or variety of manufacture, peculiar to Louisiana; as, Creole ponies, chickens, cows, shoes, eggs, wagons, baskets, etc.

{ Cre*o"le*an (kr?-?"l?-a]/>n), Cre*o"li*an }, a. Pertaining to, or characteristic of, the Creoles. -- n. A Creole.

Cre"o*sol (kr?"?-s?l), n. [Cresote + phenol.] (Chem.) A colorless liquid resembling phenol or carbolic acid, homologous with pyrocatechin, and obtained from beechwood tar and gum guaiacum. [Written also creasol.]

Cre"o*sote (kr?"?-s?t), n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?;, gen. &?;&?;&?;, flesh + &?;&?;&?; to preserve.] (Chem.) Wood-tar oil; an oily antiseptic liquid, of a burning smoky taste, colorless when pure, but usually colored yellow or brown by impurity or exposure. It is a complex mixture of various phenols and their ethers, and is obtained by the distillation of wood tar, especially that of beechwood.

It is remarkable as an antiseptic and deodorizer in the preservation of wood, flesh, etc., and in the prevention of putrefaction; but it is a poor germicide, and in this respect has been overrated. Smoked meat, as ham, owes its preservation and taste to a small quantity of creosote absorbed from the smoke to which it is exposed. Carbolic acid is phenol proper, while creosote is a mixture of several phenols.

Coal-tar creosote (Chem.), a colorless or yellow, oily liquid, obtained in the distillation of coal tar, and resembling wood-tar oil, or creosote proper, in composition and properties.

Cre"o*sote, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Creosoted (-s?"t?d); p. pr. & vb. n. Creosoting.] To saturate or impregnate with creosote, as timber, for the prevention of decay.

{ Cre"pance (kr?"pans), Cre"pane (kr?"p?n), } n. [Cf. L. crepare to crack.] (Far.) An injury in a horse's leg, caused by the shoe of one hind foot striking and cutting the other leg. It sometimes forms an ulcer.

||Crêpe (kr?p), n. Same as Crape.

Crep"i*tant (kr?p"?-tant), a. [See Crepitate.] Having a crackling sound; crackling; rattling.

Crepitant rale (Med.), a peculiar crackling sound audible with inspiration in pneumonia and other lung disease.

Crep"i*tate (kr&?;p"&?;-t&?;t), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Crepitated (- t&?;`t&?;d); p. pr. & vb. n. Crepitating (-t&?;`t&?;ng).] [L. crepitatus, p. p. of crepitare to crackle, v. intensive of crepare to crack. Cf. Crevice.] To make a series of small, sharp, rapidly repeated explosions or sounds, as salt in fire; to crackle; to snap.

Crep`i*ta"tion (kr?p`?-t?"sh?n), n. [Cf. F. crépitation.] 1. The act of crepitating or crackling.

2. (Med.) (a) A grating or crackling sensation or sound, as that produced by rubbing two fragments of a broken bone together, or by pressing upon cellular tissue containing air. (b) A crepitant râle.

||Crep"i*tus (kr?p"?-t?s), n. [L., fr. crepare to crack.] (Med.) (a) The noise produced by a sudden discharge of wind from the bowels. (b) Same as Crepitation, 2.

||Cre"pon (kr?"p?n; F. kr?`p?n"), n. [F.] A thin stuff made of the finest wool or silk, or of wool and silk.

Crept (krpt), imp. & p. p. of Creep.

{ Cre*pus"cle (kr*ps"s'l), Cre*pus"cule (kr*ps"kl), } n. [L. crepusculum, fr. creper dusky, dark: cf. F. crépuscule.] Twilight. Bailey.

{ Cre*pus"cu*lar (-k?-l?r), Cre*pus"cu*lous (-l?s), } a. [Cf. F. crépusculaire.] 1. Pertaining to twilight; glimmering; hence, imperfectly clear or luminous.

> This semihistorical and crepuscular period.
> Sir G. C. Lewis.

2. (Zoöl.) Flying in the twilight or evening, or before sunrise; -- said certain birds and insects.

> Others feed only in the twilight, as bats and owls, and are called crepuscular.
> Whewell.

Cre*pus"cu*line (-ln), a. Crepuscular. [Obs.] Sprat.

Cres"cence (krs"sens), n. [See Crescent.] Increase; enlargement. [Obs.]

> And toward the moon's attractive crescence bend.
> H. Brooke.

Cres*cen"do (kr?s-s?n"d?; It. kr?-sh?n"d?), a. & adv. [It., from crescere to increase. See Crescent.] (Mus.) With a constantly increasing volume of voice; with gradually increasing strength and fullness of tone; -- a direction for the performance of music, indicated by the mark, or by writing the word on the score.

Cres*cen"do, n. (Mus.) (a) A gradual increase in the strength and fullness of tone with which a passage is performed. (b) A passage to be performed with constantly increasing volume of tone.

Cres"cent (krs"sent), n. [OE. cressent, cressaunt, crescent (in sense 1), OF. creissant increasing, F. croissant, p. pr. of croître, OF. creistre, fr. L. crescere to increase, v. incho.; akin to creare to create. See Create, and cf. Accrue, Increase, Crescendo.] 1. The increasing moon; the moon in her first quarter, or when defined by a concave and a convex edge; also, applied improperly to the old or decreasing moon in a like state.

2. Anything having the shape of a crescent or new moon.

3. A representation of the increasing moon, often used as an emblem or badge; as: (a) A symbol of Artemis, or Diana. (b) The ancient symbol of Byzantium or Constantinople. Hence: (c) The emblem of the Turkish Empire, adopted after the taking of Constantinople.

> The cross of our faith is replanted,
> The pale, dying crescent is daunted.
> Campbell.

4. Any one of three orders of knighthood; the first instituted by Charles I., king of Naples and Sicily, in 1268; the second by René of Anjou, in 1448; and the third by the Sultan Selim III., in 1801, to be conferred upon foreigners to whom Turkey might be indebted for valuable services. Brande & C.

5. (Her.) The emblem of the increasing moon with horns directed upward, when used in a coat of arms; -- often used as a mark of cadency to distinguish a second son and his descendants.

Cres"cent (krs"sent), a. 1. Shaped like a crescent.

> Astarte, queen of heaven, with crescent horns.
> Milton.

2. Increasing; growing.

> O, I see the crescent promise of my spirit hath not set.
> Tennyson.

Cres"cent, v. t. 1. To form into a crescent, or something resembling a crescent. [R.] Anna Seward.

2. To adorn with crescents.

Cres*cen"tic (krs*sn"tk), a. Crescent-shaped. "Crescentic lobes." R. Owen.

Cres"cent*wise` (krs"sent*wz`), adv. In the form of a crescent; like a crescent. Tennyson.

Cres"cive (kr?s"s?v), a. [L. crescere to increase.] Increasing; growing. [R.]

> Unseen, yet crescive in his faculty.
> Shak.

Cre"sol (kr"sl), n. [From Creosote.] (Chem.) Any one of three metameric substances, CH3.C6H4.OH, homologous with and resembling phenol. They are obtained from coal tar and wood tar, and are colorless, oily liquids or solids. [Called also cresylic acid.]

Cre*sor"cin (kr?-s?r"s?n), n. (Chem.) Same as Isorcin.

Cress (krs), n.; pl. Cresses (krs"z). [OE. ces, cresse, kers, kerse, AS. cresse, cerse; akin to D. kers, G. kresse, Dan. karse, Sw. krasse, and possibly also to OHG. chresan to creep.] (Bot.) A plant of various species, chiefly cruciferous. The leaves have a moderately pungent taste, and are used as a salad and antiscorbutic.

The garden cress, called also peppergrass, is the Lepidium sativum; the water cress is the Nasturtium officinale. Various other plants are sometimes called cresses.

> To strip the brook with mantling cresses spread.
> Goldsmith.

Bitter cress. See under Bitter. -- Not worth a cress, or "not worth a kers." a common old proverb, now turned into the meaningless "not worth a curse." Skeat.

Cres*selle" (kr?s-s?l"), n. [F. crécelle rattle.] (Eccl.) A wooden rattle sometimes used as a substitute for a bell, in the Roman Catholic church, during the latter part of Holy Week, or the last week of Lent.

Cres"set (kr?s"s?t), n. [OF. crasset, cresset, sort of lamp or torch; perh. of Dutch or German origin, and akin to E. cruse, F. creuset crucible, E. crucible.] 1. An open frame or basket of iron, filled with combustible material, to be burned as a beacon; an open lamp or firrepan carried on a pole in nocturnal processions.

> Starry lamps and blazing cressets, fed
> With naphtha and asphaltus.
> Milton.

> As a cresset true that darts its length
> Of beamy luster from a tower of strength.
> Wordsworth.

2. (Coopering) A small furnace or iron cage to hold fire for charring the inside of a cask, and making the staves flexible. Knight.

Cress"y (krs"), a. Abounding in cresses.

> The cressy islets white in flower.
> Tennyson.

Crest (krst), n. [OF. creste, F. crête, L. crista.] 1. A tuft, or other excrescence or natural ornament, growing on an animal's head; the comb of a cock; the swelling on the head of a serpent; the lengthened feathers of the crown or nape of bird, etc. Darwin.

> [Attack] his rising crest, and drive the serpent back.
> C. Pitt.

2. The plume of feathers, or other decoration, worn on a helmet; the distinctive ornament of a helmet, indicating the rank of the wearer; hence, also, the helmet.

> Stooping low his lofty crest.
> Sir W. Scott.

> And on his head there stood upright
> A crest, in token of a knight.
> Gower.

3. (Her.) A bearing worn, not upon the shield, but usually above it, or separately as an ornament for plate, liveries, and the like. It is a relic of the ancient cognizance. See Cognizance, 4.

4. The upper curve of a horse's neck.

> Throwing the base thong from his bending crest.
> Shak.

5. The ridge or top of a wave.

> Like wave with crest of sparkling foam.
> Sir W. Scott.

6. The summit of a hill or mountain ridge.

7. The helm or head, as typical of a high spirit; pride; courage.

> Now the time is come
> That France must vail her lofty plumed crest.
> Shak.

8. (Arch.) The ornamental finishing which surmounts the ridge of a roof, canopy, etc.

> The finials of gables and pinnacles are sometimes called crests.
> Parker.

9. (Engin.) The top line of a slope or embankment.

Crest tile, a tile made to cover the ridge of a roof, fitting upon it like a saddle. -- Interior crest (Fort.), the highest line of the parapet.

Crest, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crested; p. pr. & vb. n. Cresting.] 1. To furnish with, or surmount as, a crest; to serve as a crest for.

<! p. 344 !>

> His legs bestrid the ocean, his reared arm
> Crested the world.
> Shak.

> Mid groves of clouds that crest the mountain's brow.
> Wordsworth.

2. To mark with lines or streaks, like, or regarded as like, waving plumes.

> Like as the shining sky in summer's night, . . .
> Is crested with lines of fiery light.
> Spenser.

Crest (krst), v. i. To form a crest.

Crest"ed (krst"d), a. 1. Having a crest.

> But laced crested helm.
> Dryden.

2. (Zoöl.) Having a crest of feathers or hair upon the head. "The crested bird." Dryden.

3. (Bott.) Bearing any elevated appendage like a crest, as an elevated line or ridge, or a tuft. Gray.

Crest"fall`en (-f?l`'n), a. 1. With hanging head; hence, dispirited; dejected; cowed.

> Let it make thee crestfullen;
> Ay, and allay this thy abortive pride.
> Shak.

2. Having the crest, or upper part of the neck, hanging to one side; -- said of a horse.

Crest"ing, n. (Arch.) An ornamental finish on the top of a wall or ridge of a roof.

Crest"less, a. Without a crest or escutcheon; of low birth. "Crestless yeomen." Shak.

Cre*syl"ic (kr*sl"k), a. [From Creosote.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, cresol, creosote, etc.

Cresylic acid. (Chem.) See Cresol.

Cre*ta"ceous (kr*t"shs), a. [L. cretaceus, fr. creta chalk. See Crayon.] Having the qualities of chalk; abounding with chalk; chalky; as, cretaceous rocks and formations. See Chalk.

Cretaceous acid, an old name for carbonic acid. -- Cretaceous formation (Geol.), the series of strata of various kinds, including beds of chalk, green sand, etc., formed in the Cretaceous period; -- called also the chalk formation. See the Diagram under Geology. -- Cretaceous period (Geol.), the time in the latter part of the Mesozoic age during which the Cretaceous formation was deposited.

Cre*ta"ceous*ly, adv. In a chalky manner; as chalk.

Cre"tan (kr"tan), a. Pertaining to Crete, or Candia. -- n. A native or inhabitant of Crete or Candia.

Crete (krt), n. [L. Cres, Cretis.] A Cretan

Cre"tian (kr"shan), a. & n. See Cretan.

Cre"tic (kr"tk), n. [L. Creticus (sc. pes foot), Gr. Kritiko`s (sc. poy`s foot), prop., a Cretan (metrical) foot.] (Gr. & Lat. Pros.) A poetic foot, composed of one short syllable between two long ones (- -). Bentley.

Cre"ti*cism (-t*sz'm), n. Falsehood; lying; cretism.

Cre"tin (kr"tn), n. [F. crétin; of uncertain origin.] One afflicted with cretinism.

Cre"tin*ism (kr"tn*z'm), n. [F. crétinisme.] A condition of endemic or inherited idiocy, accompanied by physical degeneracy and deformity (usually with goiter), frequent in certain mountain valleys, esp. of the Alps.

Cre"tin*ous (-s), a. Having the characteristics of a cretin. "Cretinous stupefaction." Ruskin.

Cre"tism (kr"tz'm), n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;&?; lying, fr. &?;&?;&?;&?;&?; to act like a Cretan, that is, to lie. "The Cretians are always liars." Titus i. 12.] A Cretan practice; lying; a falsehood.

Cre*tonne" (kr?-t?n"), n. [F., gr. Creton, its first manufacturer.] 1. A strong white fabric with warp of hemp and weft of flax.

2. A fabric with cotton warp and woolen weft.

3. A kind of chintz with a glossy surface.

Cre"tose (kr?"t?s), a. [L. cretosus, fr. creta chalk.] Chalky; cretaceous. [Obs.] Ash.

Creut"zer (kroit"sr) n. See Kreutzer.

||Creux (kr?), n. [F., adj., hollow, n., a hollow.] Used in English only in the expression en creux. Thus, engraving en creux is engraving in intaglio, or by sinking or hollowing out the design.

||Cre`val*le" (kr?`v?l-l?"), n. [Prob. of same origin as cavally. See Cavally.] (Zoöl.) (a) The cavally or jurel. See Cavally, and Jurel. (b) The pompano (Trachynotus Carolinus).

||Cre`vasse" (kr?`v?s"), n. [F. See Crevice.] 1. A deep crevice or fissure, as in embankment; one of the clefts or fissure by which the mass of a glacier is divided.

2. A breach in the levee or embankment of a river, caused by the pressure of the water, as on the lower Mississippi. [U.S.]

Crev"et (kr?v"?t), n. [Cf. Creut.] A crucible or melting pot; a cruset. Crabb.

Crev"ice (kr?v"?s), n. [OE. crevace, crevice. F. crevasse, fr. crever to break, burst, fr. L. crepare to crack,break. Cf. Craven, Crepitate, Crevasse.] A narrow opening resulting from a split or crack or the separation of a junction; a cleft; a fissure; a rent.

> The mouse,
> Behind the moldering wainscot, shrieked,
> Or from the crevice peered about.
> Tennyson.

Crev"ice, v. t. To crack; to flaw. [R.] Sir H. Wotton.

Crev"iced (-?st), a. Having a crevice or crevices; as, a creviced structure for storing ears of corn.

> Trickling through the creviced rock.
> J. Cunningham.

Crev"is (-?s), n. (Zoöl.) The crawfish. [Prov. Eng.]

Crew (kr), n. (Zoöl.) The Manx shearwater.

Crew (kr), n. [From older accrue accession, reënforcement, hence, company, crew; the first syllable being misunderstood as the indefinite article. See Accrue, Crescent.] 1. A company of people associated together; an assemblage; a throng.

> There a noble crew
> Of lords and ladies stood on every side.
> Spenser.

> Faithful to whom? to thy rebellious crew?
> Milton.

2. The company of seamen who man a ship, vessel, or at; the company belonging to a vessel or a boat.

The word crew, in law, is ordinarily used as equivalent to ship's company, including master and other officers. When the master and other officers are excluded, the context always shows it. Story. Burrill.

3. In an extended sense, any small body of men associated for a purpose; a gang; as (Naut.), the carpenter's crew; the boatswain's crew.

Syn. -- Company; band; gang; horde; mob; herd; throng; party.

Crew (kr), imp. of Crow.

Crew"el (kr?"?l), n. [Perh. for clewel, dim. of clew a ball of thread; or cf. D. krul curl, E. curl. √26.] Worsted yarn,, slackly twisted, used for embroidery.

Crew"el*work` (-w?rk`), n. Embroidery in crewels, commonly done upon some plain material, such as linen.

Crew"et (kr?"?t), n. See Cruet.

Crib (kr?b), n. [AS. crybb; akin to OS. kribbja, D. krib, kribbe, Dan. krybbe, G. krippe, and perh. to MHG. krebe basket, G, korb, and E. rip a sort of wicker basket.]

1. A manger or rack; a feeding place for animals.

> The steer lion at one crib shall meet.
> Pope.

2. A stall for oxen or other cattle.

> Where no oxen are, the crib is clean.
> Prov. xiv. 4.

3. A small inclosed bedstead or cot for a child.

4. A box or bin, or similar wooden structure, for storing grain, salt, etc.; as, a crib for corn or oats.

5. A hovel; a hut; a cottage.

> Why rather, Sleep, liest thou in smoky cribs, . . .
> Than in the perfumed chambers of the great?
> Shak.

6. (Mining) A structure or frame of timber for a foundation, or for supporting a roof, or for lining a shaft.

7. A structure of logs to be anchored with stones; -- used for docks, pier, dams, etc.

8. A small raft of timber. [Canada]

9. A small theft; anything purloined; a plagiarism; hence, a translation or key, etc., to aid a student in preparing or reciting his lessons. [Colloq.]

> The Latin version technically called a crib.
> Ld. Lytton.

> Occasional perusal of the Pagan writers, assisted by a crib.
> Wilkie Collins.

10. A miner's luncheon. [Cant] Raymond.

11. (Card Playing) The discarded cards which the dealer can use in scoring points in cribbage.

Crib, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cribbed (krbd); p. pr. & vb. n. Cribbing.] 1. To shut up or confine in a narrow habitation; to cage; to cramp.

> If only the vital energy be not cribbed or cramped.
> I. Taylor.

> Now I am cabin'd, cribbed, confined.
> Shak.

2. To pilfer or purloin; hence, to steal from an author; to appropriate; to plagiarize; as, to crib a line from Milton. [Colloq.]

> Child, being fond of toys, cribbed the necklace.
> Dickens.

Crib, v. i. 1. To crowd together, or to be confined, as in a crib or in narrow accommodations. [R.]

> Who sought to make . . . bishops to crib in a Presbyterian trundle bed.
> Gauden.

2. To make notes for dishonest use in recitation or examination. [College Cant]

3. To seize the manger or other solid object with the teeth and draw in wind; -- said of a horse.

Crib"bage (krb"?j), n. [From Crib, v. t., 2.] A game of cards, played by two or four persons, in which there is a crib. (See Crib, 11.) It is characterized by a great variety of chances.

> A man's fancy would be summed up in cribbage.
> John Hall.

Cribbage board, a board with holes and pegs, used by cribbage players to score their game.

{ Crib"ber (kr?b"?r), Crib"-bit`er (-b?t"?r) }, n. A horse that has the habit of cribbing.

Crib"bing (kr?b"b?ng), n. 1. The act of inclosing or confining in a crib or in close quarters.

2. Purloining; stealing; plagiarizing. [Colloq.]

3. (Mining) A framework of timbers and plank backing for a shaft lining, to prevent caving, percolation of water, etc.

4. A vicious habit of a horse; crib- biting. The horse lays hold of the crib or manger with his teeth and draws air into the stomach with a grunting sound.

Crib"-bit`ing (kr?b"b?t`?ng), n. Same as Cribbing, 4.

Crib"ble (kr?b"b'l), n. [F. crible, LL. criblus sieve, fr. L. cribrum.] 1. A coarse sieve or screen.

2. Coarse flour or meal. [Obs.] Johnson.

Crib"ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cribbled (-b'ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Cribbling (-bl?ng).] [Cf. F. cribler.] To cause to pass through a sieve or riddle; to sift.

Crib"ble, a. Coarse; as, cribble bread. [Obs.] Huloet.

||Cri*bel"lum (kr?b?l"l?m), n. [L., a small sieve, dim. of cribrum sieve.] (Zoöl.) A peculiar perforated organ of certain spiders (Ciniflonidæ), used for spinning a special kind of silk.

Crib"rate (kr?b"r?t), a. [L. cribratus, p. p. of cribrare to sift, fr. cribrum a sieve.] Cribriform.

Cri*bra"tion (kr?-br?"sh?n), n. [Cf. F. cribration, fr. L. cribrare to sift. See Cribble, n.] (Pharmacy) The act or process of separating the finer parts of drugs from the coarser by sifting.

Crib"ri*form (kr?b"r?f?rm), a. [L. cribrum sieve + -form: cf. F. cribriforme.] Resembling, or having the form of, a sieve; pierced with holes; as, the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone; a cribriform compress.

Cribriform cells (Bot.), those which have here and there oblique or transverse sieve plates, or places perforated with many holes.

Crib"rose (kr?b"r?s), a. [L. cribrum sieve.] Perforated like a sieve; cribriform.

Cric (krk), n. [prob. fr. F. cric a jackscrew.] The ring which turns inward and condenses the flame of a lamp. Knight.

Crick (krk), n. [See Creak.] The creaking of a door, or a noise resembling it. [Obs.] Johnson.

Crick, n. [The same as creek a bending, twisting. See Creek, Crook.] 1. A painful, spasmodic affection of the muscles of some part of the body, as of the neck or back, rendering it difficult to move the part.

> To those also that, with a crick or cramp, have thei necks drawn backward.
> Holland.

2. [Cf. F. cric.] A small jackscrew. Knight.

Crick"et (kr?k"?t), n. [OE. criket, OF. crequet, criquet; prob. of German origin, and akin to E. creak; cf. D. kriek a cricket. See Creak.] (Zoöl.) An orthopterous insect of the genus Gryllus, and allied genera. The males make chirping, musical notes by rubbing together the basal parts of the veins of the front wings.

The common European cricket is Gryllus domesticus; the common large black crickets of America are G. niger, G. neglectus, and others.

Balm cricket. See under Balm. -- Cricket bird, a small European bird (Silvia locustella); -- called also grasshopper warbler. -- Cricket frog, a small American tree frog (Acris gryllus); -- so called from its chirping.

Crick"et, n. [AS. cricc, crycc, crooked staff, crutch. Perh. first used in sense 1, a stool prob. having been first used as a wicket. See Crutch.] 1. A low stool.

2. A game much played in England, and sometimes in America, with a ball, bats, and wickets, the players being arranged in two contesting parties or sides.

3. (Arch.) A small false roof, or the raising of a portion of a roof, so as to throw off water from behind an obstacle, such as a chimney.

Crick"et, v. i. To play at cricket. Tennyson.

Crick"et*er (kr?k"?t-?r), n. One who plays at cricket.

Cri"coid (kr?"koid), a. [Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?; ring + -oid.] (Anat.) Resembling a ring; -- said esp. of the cartilage at the larynx, and the adjoining parts.

Cri`co*thy"roid (-k?-th?"roid), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining both to the cricoid and the thyroid cartilages.

Cried (krd), imp. & p. p. of Cry.

Cri"er (kr?"?r), n. [Cf. F. crieur. See Cry.] One who cries; one who makes proclamation. Specifically, an officer who proclaims the orders or directions of a court, or who gives public notice by loud proclamation; as, a town-crier.

> He openeth his mouth like a crier.
> Ecclus. xx. 15.

Crime (krm), n.[F. crime, fr. L. crimen judicial decision, that which is subjected to such a decision, charge, fault, crime, fr. the root of cernere to decide judicially. See Certain.] 1. Any violation of law, either divine or human; an omission of a duty commanded, or the commission of an act forbidden by law.

2. Gross violation of human law, in distinction from a misdemeanor or trespass, or other slight offense. Hence, also, any aggravated offense against morality or the public welfare; any outrage or great wrong. "To part error from crime." Tennyson.

Crimes, in the English common law, are grave offenses which were originally capitally punished (murder, rape, robbery, arson, burglary, and larceny), as distinguished from misdemeanors, which are offenses of a lighter grade. See Misdemeanors.

3. Any great wickedness or sin; iniquity.

> No crime was thine, if 'tis no crime to love.
> Pope.

4. That which occasion crime. [Obs.]

> The tree of life, the crime of our first father's fall.
> Spenser.

Capital crime, a crime punishable with death.

Syn. -- Sin; vice; iniquity; wrong. -- Crime, Sin,Vice. Sin is the generic term, embracing wickedness of every kind, but specifically denoting an offense as committed against God. Crime is strictly a violation of law either human or divine; but in present usage the term is commonly applied to actions contrary to the laws of the State. Vice is more distinctively that which springs from the inordinate indulgence of the natural appetites, which are in themselves innocent. Thus intemperance, unchastity, duplicity, etc., are vices; while murder, forgery, etc., which spring from the indulgence of selfish passions, are crimes.

Crime"ful (kr?m"f?l), a. Criminal; wicked; contrary to law, right, or dury. [Obs.] Shak.

Crime"less, a. Free from crime; innocent. Shak.

Crim"i*nal (kr?m"?-nal), a. [L. criminalis, fr. crimen: cf. F. criminel. See Crime.] 1. Guilty of crime or sin.

> The neglect of any of the relative duties renders us criminal in the sight of God.
> Rogers.

2. Involving a crime; of the nature of a crime; -- said of an act or of conduct; as, criminal carelessness.

> Foppish and fantastic ornaments are only indications of vice, not criminal in themselves.
> Addison.

3. Relating to crime; -- opposed to civil; as, the criminal code.

> The officers and servants of the crown, violating the personal liberty, or other right of the subject . . . were in some cases liable to criminal process.
> Hallam.

Criminal action (Law), an action or suit instituted to secure conviction and punishment for a crime. -- Criminal conversation (Law), unlawful intercourse with a married woman; adultery; -- usually abbreviated, crim. con. -- Criminal law, the law which relates to crimes.

Crim"i*nal, n. One who has commited a crime; especially, one who is found guilty by verdict, confession, or proof; a malefactor; a felon.

Crim"i*nal*ist, n. One versed in criminal law. [R.]

<! p. 345 !>

Crim`i*nal"i*ty (kr?m`?-n?l"?-t?), n. [LL. criminalitas, fr. L. criminalis. See Criminal.] The quality or state of being criminal; that which constitutes a crime; guiltiness; guilt.

> This is by no means the only criterion of criminality.
> Blackstone.

Crim"i*nal*ly (kr?m"?-nal-l?), adv. In violation of law; wickedly.

Crim"i*nal*ness, n. Criminality. [R.]

Crim"i*nate (kr&?;m"&?;-n&?;t), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Criminated (- n&?;`t&?;d); p. pr. & vb. n. Criminating (-n&?;"t&?;ng).] [L. criminatus, p. p. of criminare, criminari, to criminate, fr. crimen. See Crime.] 1. To accuse of, or charge with, a crime.

> To criminate, with the heavy and ungrounded charge of disloyalty and disaffection, an uncorrupt, independent, and reforming parliament.
> Burke.

2. To involve in a crime or in its consequences; to render liable to a criminal charge.

> Impelled by the strongest pressure of hope and fear to criminate him.
> Macaulay.

Crim`i*na"tion (kr?m`?-n?"sh?n), n. [L. criminatio.] The act of accusing; accusation; charge; complaint.

> The criminations and recriminations of the adverse parties.
> Macaulay.

Crim"i*na*tive (kr?m"?-n?-t?v), a. Charging with crime; accusing; criminatory. R. North.

Crim"i*na*to*ry (-t?-r?), a. Relating to, or involving, crimination; accusing; as, a criminatory conscience.

Crim`i*nol"o*gy (-n?l"?-j?), n. [L. crimen, crimenis, crime + -logy.] A treatise on crime or the criminal population. -- Crim`i*nol"o*gist (-j&?;st), n.

Crim"i*nous (kr?m"?-n?s), a. [L. criminosus, fr. crimen. See Crime.] Criminal; involving great crime or grave charges; very wicked; heinous. [Obs.] Holland.

-- Crim"i*nous*ly, adv. -- Crim"i*nous*ness, n. [Obs.]

Crim"o*sin (kr?m"?-z?n), n. [Obs.] See Crimson.

Crimp (krmp), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crimped (krmt; 215); p. pr. & vb. n. Crimping.] [Akin to D. krimpen to shrink, shrivel, Sw. krympa, Dan. krympe, and to E. cramp. See Cramp.] 1. To fold or plait in regular undulation in such a way that the material will retain the shape intended; to give a wavy appearance to; as, to crimp the border of a cap; to crimp a ruffle. Cf. Crisp.

> The comely hostess in a crimped cap.
> W. Irving.

2. To pinch and hold; to seize.

3. Hence, to entrap into the military or naval service; as, to crimp seamen.

> Coaxing and courting with intent to crimp him.
> Carlyle.

4. (Cookery) To cause to contract, or to render more crisp, as the flesh of a fish, by gashing it, when living, with a knife; as, to crimp skate, etc.

Crimping house, a low lodging house, into which men are decoyed and plied with drink, to induce them to ship or enlist as sailors or soldiers. -- Crimping iron. (a) An iron instrument for crimping and curling the hair. (b) A crimping machine. -- Crimping machine, a machine with fluted rollers or with dies, for crimping ruffles, leather, iron, etc. -- Crimping pin, an instrument for crimping or puckering the border of a lady's cap.

Crimp, a. 1. Easily crumbled; friable; brittle. [R.]

> Now the fowler . . . treads the crimp earth.
> J. Philips.

2. Weak; inconsistent; contradictory. [R.]

> The evidence is crimp; the witnesses swear backward and forward, and contradict themselves.
> Arbuthnot.

Crimp, n. 1. A coal broker. [Prov. Eng.] De Foe.

2. One who decoys or entraps men into the military or naval service. Marryat.

3. A keeper of a low lodging house where sailors and emigrants are entrapped and fleeced.

4. Hair which has been crimped; -- usually in pl.

5. A game at cards. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Boot crimp. See under Boot.

Crimp"age (-?j), n. The act or practice of crimping; money paid to a crimp for shipping or enlisting men.

Crimp"er (-ãr), n. One who, or that which, crimps; as: (a) A curved board or frame over which the upper of a boot or shoe is stretched to the required shape. (b) A device for giving hair a wavy appearance. (c) A machine for crimping or ruffling textile fabrics.

Crim"ple (kr?m"p'l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crimpled (-p'ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Crimpling (-pl?ng).] [Dim. of crimp, v. t. ] To cause to shrink or draw together; to contract; to curl. [R.] Wiseman.

Crimp"y (kr?mp"?), a. Having a crimped appearance; frizzly; as, the crimpy wool of the Saxony sheep.

Crim"son (krm"z'n), n. [OE. crimson, OF. crimoisin, F. cramoisi (cf. Sp. carmesi.) LL. carmesinus, fr. Ar. qermazi, fr. qermez crimson, kermes, fr. Skr. kmija produced by a worm; k&?;mi worm or insect + jan to generate; akin to E. kin. CF. Carmine, Kermes.] A deep red color tinged with blue; also, red color in general.

> Though your sins be as scarlet, they shall be as white as snow; though they be red like crimson, they shall be as wool.
> Is. i. 18.

> A maid yet rosed over with the virgin crimson of modesty.
> Shak.

Crim"son, a. Of a deep red color tinged with blue; deep red. "A crimson tide." Mrs. Hemans.

> The blushing poppy with a crimson hue.
> Prior.

Crim"son, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crimsoned (-z'nd); p. pr. & vb. n. Crimsoning.] To dye with crimson or deep red; to redden.

> Signed in thy spoil and crimsoned in thy lethe.
> Shak.

Crim"son, v. t. To become crimson; to blush.

> Ancient towers . . . beginning to crimson with the radiant luster of a cloudless July morning.
> De Quincey.

Cri"nal (kr"nal), a. [L. crinalis, fr. crinis the hair.] Of or pertaining to the hair. [R.] Blount.

Cri"na*ted (kr"n*td), a. Having hair; hairy.

Cri"na*to*ry (kr?"n?-t?-r?), a. Crinitory. Craig.

Crin"cum (kr?n"k?m), n. [Cf. Crinkle.] A twist or bend; a turn; a whimsey. [Colloq.] Hudibras.

Crin"cum-cran"cum (kr?n"k?m-kr?n"k?m), n. A twist; a whimsey or whim. [Colloq.]

Crined (krnd), a. [L. crinis hair.] (Her.) Having the hair of a different tincture from the rest of the body; as, a charge crined of a red tincture.

{ Cri"nel (kr?"nEl), Cri"net (kr?"n?t), } n. [L. crinis hair.] A very fine, hairlike feather. Booth.

Cringe (krnj), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cringed (krnjd); p. pr. & vb. n. Cringing.] [As. crincgan, cringan, crincan, to jield, fall; akin to E. crank.] To draw one's self together as in fear or servility; to bend or crouch with base humility; to wince; hence, to make court in a degrading manner; to fawn.

> When they were come up to the place where the lions were, the boys that went before were glad to cringe behind, for they were afraid of the lions.
> Bunyan.

> Sly hypocrite, . . . who more than thou
> Once fawned and cringed, and servilely adored
> Heaven's awful monarch?
> Milton.

> Flatterers . . . are always bowing and cringing.
> Arbuthnot.

Cringe, v. t. To contract; to draw together; to cause to shrink or wrinkle; to distort. [Obs.]

> Till like a boy you see him cringe his face,
> And whine aloud for mercy.
> Shak.

Cringe, n. Servile civility; fawning; a shrinking or bowing, as in fear or servility. "With cringe and shrug, and bow obsequious." Cowper.

Cringe"ling, n. One who cringes meanly; a fawner.

Crin"ger (kr?n"j?r), n. One who cringes.

Crin"ging*ly, adv. In a cringing manner.

Crin"gle (kr?n"g'l), n. [Icel. kringla orb; akin to kring around, and to D. kring circle, and to E. cringe, crank.] 1. A withe for fastening a gate.

2. (Naut.) An iron or pope thimble or grommet worked into or attached to the edges and corners of a sail; -- usually in the plural. The cringles are used for making fast the bowline bridles, earings, etc.

Crin`i*cul"tur*al (kr?n`?-k?l"t?r-a]/>l; 135), a. [L. crinis hair + cultura.] Relating to the growth of hair. [R.]

Cri*nig"er*ous (kr?-n?j"?r-?s), a. [L. criniger; crinis hair + gerere to bear.] Bearing hair; hairy. [R.]

Cri"ni*tal (kr?"n?-tal), a. Same as Crinite, 1.

> He the star crinital adoreth.
> Stanyhurst.

Cri"nite (kr?"n?t), a. [L. crinitus, p. p. of crinire to provide or cover with hair, fr. crinis hair.] 1. Having the appearance of a tuft of hair; having a hairlike tail or train. "Comate, crinite, caudate stars." Fairfax.

2. (Bot.) Bearded or tufted with hairs. Gray.

Cri"ni*to*ry (kr?"n?-t?-r?), a. Of or relating to hair; as, a crinitory covering. T. Hook.

Crin"kle (kr"k'l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crinkled (- k'ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Crinkling (- klng).] [A dim., fr. the root of cringe; akin to D. krinkelen to wind or twist. Cf. Cringle, Cringe.] To form with short turns, bends, or wrinkles; to mold into inequalities or sinuosities; to cause to wrinkle or curl.

> The house&?;s crinkled to and fro.
> Chaucer.

> Her face all bowsy,
> Comely crinkled,
> Wondrously wrinkled.
> Skelton.

> The flames through all the casements pushing forth,
> Like red-not devils crinkled into snakes.
> Mrs. Browning.

Crin"kle, v. i. To turn or wind; to run in and out in many short bends or turns; to curl; to run in waves; to wrinkle; also, to rustle, as stiff cloth when moved.

> The green wheat crinkles like a lake.
> L. T. Trowbridge.

> And all the rooms
> Were full of crinkling silks.
> Mrs. Browning.

Crin"kle, n. A winding or turn; wrinkle; sinuosity.

> The crinkles in this glass, making objects appear double.
> A. Tucker.

Crin"kled (kr?n"k'ld), a. Having short bends, turns, or wrinkles; wrinkled; wavy; zigzag. "The crinkled lightning." Lowell.

Crin"kly (-kl?), a. Having crinkles; wavy; wrinkly.

Cri"noid (kr"noid), a. [See Crinoidea.] (Zoöl.) Crinoidal. -- n. One of the Crinoidea.

Cri*noid"al (kr*noid"al), a. (Zoöl.) Of pertaining to crinoids; consisting of, or containing, crinoids.

||Cri*noid"e*a (kr>isl/*noid"*), n. pl. [NL., from Gr. kri`non lily + -oid: cf. F. crinoïde.] (Zoöl.) A large class of Echinodermata, including numerous extinct families and genera, but comparatively few living ones. Most of the fossil species, like some that are recent, were attached by a jointed stem. See Blastoidea, Cystoidea, Comatula.

Cri*noid"e*an (-an), n. (Zoöl) One of the Crinoidea.

Crin"o*line (kr?n"?-l?n), n. [F., fr. crin hair,L. crinis.] 1. A kind of stiff cloth, used chiefly by women, for underskirts, to expand the gown worn over it; -- so called because originally made of hair.

2. A lady's skirt made of any stiff material; latterly, a hoop skirt.

Cri*nose" (kr?-n?s"), a. [L. crinis hair.] Hairy. [R.]

Cri*nos"i*ty (kr?-n?s"?-t?), n. Hairiness. [R.]

||Cri"num (kr"nm), n. [NL., fr. Gr. kri`non lily.] (Bot.) A genus of bulbous plants, of the order Amaryllidaceæ, cultivated as greenhouse plants on account of their beauty.

||Cri"o*sphinx` (kr"*sfks`), n. [Gr. krio`s ram + sfi`gx sphinx.] A sphinx with the head of a ram.

Crip"ple (krp"p'l), n. [OE. cripel, crepel, crupel, AS. crypel (akin to D. kreuple, G. krüppel, Dan. kröbling, Icel. kryppill), prop., one that can not walk, but must creep, fr. AS. creópan to creep. See Creep.] One who creeps, halts, or limps; one who has lost, or never had, the use of a limb or limbs; a lame person; hence, one who is partially disabled.

> I am a cripple in my limbs; but what decays are in my mind, the reader must determine.
> Dryden.

Crip"ple (krp"p'l), a. Lame; halting. [R.] "The cripple, tardy-gaited night." Shak.

Crip"ple, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crippled (-p'ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Crippling (-pl?ng).] 1. To deprive of the use of a limb, particularly of a leg or foot; to lame.

> He had crippled the joints of the noble child.
> Sir W. Scott.

2. To deprive of strength, activity, or capability for service or use; to disable; to deprive of resources; as, to be financially crippled.

> More serious embarrassments . . . were crippling the energy of the settlement in the Bay.
> Palfrey.

> An incumbrance which would permanently cripple the body politic.
> Macaulay.

Crip"pled (kr?p"p'ld), a. Lamed; lame; disabled; impeded. "The crippled crone." Longfellow.

Crip"ple*ness, n. Lameness. [R.] Johnson.

Crip"pler (-pl?r), n. A wooden tool used in graining leather. Knight.

Crip"pling (-pl?ng), n. Spars or timbers set up as a support against the side of a building.

Crip"ply (-pl?), a. Lame; disabled; in a crippled condition. [R.] Mrs. Trollope.

Cri"sis (kr?"s?s), n.; pl. Crises (-s&?;z). [L. crisis, Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;, fr. &?;&?;&?;&?; to separate. See Certain.] 1. The point of time when it is to be decided whether any affair or course of action must go on, or be modified or terminate; the decisive moment; the turning point.

> This hour's the very crisis of your fate.
> Dryden.

> The very times of crisis for the fate of the country.
> Brougham.

2. (Med.) That change in a disease which indicates whether the result is to be recovery or death; sometimes, also, a striking change of symptoms attended by an outward manifestation, as by an eruption or sweat.

> Till some safe crisis authorize their skill.
> Dryden.

Crisp (kr?sp), a. [AS. crisp, fr. L. crispus; cf. carpere to pluck, card (wool), and E. harvest. Cf. Crape.] 1. Curling in stiff curls or ringlets; as, crisp hair.

2. Curled with the ripple of the water. [Poetic]

> You nymphs called Naiads, of the winding brooks . . .
> Leave jour crisp channels.
> Shak.

3. Brittle; friable; in a condition to break with a short, sharp fracture; as, crisp snow.

> The cakes at tea ate short and crisp.
> Goldsmith.

4. Possessing a certain degree of firmness and freshness; in a fresh, unwilted condition.

> It [laurel] has been plucked nine months, and yet looks as hale and crisp as if it would last ninety years.
> Leigh Hunt.

5. Lively; sparking; effervescing.

> Your neat crisp claret.
> Beau. & Fl.

6. Brisk; crackling; cheerful; lively.

> The snug, small room, and the crisp fire.
> Dickens.

Crisp, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crisped (kr?spt); p. pr. & vb. n. Crisping.] [L. crispare, fr. crispus. See Crisp. a. ] 1. To curl; to form into ringlets, as hair, or the nap of cloth; to interweave, as the branches of trees.

2. To cause to undulate irregularly, as crape or water; to wrinkle; to cause to ripple. Cf. Crimp.

> The lover with the myrtle sprays
> Adorns his crisped tresses.
> Drayton.

> Along the crisped shades and bowers.
> Milton.

> The crisped brooks,
> Rolling on orient pearl and sands of gold.
> Milton.

3. To make crisp or brittle, as in cooking.

Crisping iron, an instrument by which hair or any textile fabric is crisped. -- Crisping pin, the simplest form of crisping iron. Is. iii. 22.

Crisp, v. i. To undulate or ripple. Cf. Crisp, v. t.

> To watch the crisping ripples on the beach.
> Tennuson.

Crisp, n. That which is crisp or brittle; the state of being crisp or brittle; as, burned to a crisp; specifically, the rind of roasted pork; crackling.

{ Cris"pate (kr?s"p?t), Cris"pa*ted (-p?- t?d), } a. [L. crispatus, p. p. of crispare.] Having a crisped appearance; irregularly curled or twisted.

Cris*pa"tion (kr?s-p?"sh?n), n. [CF. F. crispation.] 1. The act or process of curling, or the state of being curled. Bacon.

2. A very slight convulsive or spasmodic contraction of certain muscles, external or internal.

> Few men can look down from a great height without creepings and crispations.
> O. W. Holmes.

Cris"pa*ture (kr?s"p?-t?r; 135), n. The state of being crispate.

Crisp"er (kr?s"p?r), n. One who, or that which, crisps or curls; an instrument for making little curls in the nap of cloth, as in chinchilla.

Cris"pin (kr?s"p?n), n. 1. A shoemaker; -- jocularly so called from the patron saint of the craft.

2. A member of a union or association of shoemakers.

Crisp"ly (kr?sp"l?), adv. In a crisp manner.

Crisp"ness, n. The state or quality of being crisp.

Crisp"y (-?), a. 1. Formed into short, close ringlets; frizzed; crisp; as, crispy locks.

2. Crisp; brittle; as, a crispy pie crust.

Cris"sal (kr?s"sal), a. (Zoöl.) 1. Pertaining to the crissum; as, crissal feathers.

2. Having highly colored under tail coverts; as, the crissal thrasher.

Criss"cross` (kr?s"kr?s`; 115), n. [A corruption of Christcross.] 1. A mark or cross, as the signature of a person who is unable to write.

2. A child's game played on paper or on a slate, consisting of lines arranged in the form of a cross.

Criss"cross`, v. t. To mark or cover with cross lines; as, a paper was crisscrossed with red marks.

<! p. 346 !>

Criss"cross` (kr?s"kr?s`;115), adv. 1. In opposite directions; in a way to cross something else; crossing one another at various angles and in various ways.

> Logs and tree luing crisscross in utter confusion.
> W. E. Boardman.

2. With opposition or hindrance; at cross purposes; contrarily; as, things go crisscross.

Criss"cross-row` (-r?`), n. See Christcross-row.

||Cris"sum (kr?s"s?m),, n.; pl. Crissa (-s&?;). [NL.; cf. L. crisso to move the haunches.] (Zoöl.) That part of a bird, or the feathers, surrounding the cloacal opening; the under tail coverts.

Cris"tate (kr?s"t?t), a. [L. ctistatus, fr. crista crest.] (Bot. & Zoöl.) Crested.

Cri*te"ri*on (kr?-t?"r?-?n), n.; pl. Criteria (-&?;), sometimes Criterions (-&?;nz). [Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;&?; a means for judging, fr. &?;&?;&?;&?; decider, judge, fr. &?;&?;&?;&?;&?; to separate. See Certain.] A standard of judging; any approved or established rule or test, by which facts, principles opinions, and conduct are tried in forming a correct judgment respecting them.

> Of the diseases of the mind there is no criterion.
> Donne.

> Inferences founded on such enduring criteria.
> Sir G. C. Lewis.

Syn. -- Standard; measure; rule.

Crith (krth), n. [Gr. kriqh` a barleycorn, a small weight.] (Chem.) The unit for estimating the weight of aëriform substances; -- the weight of a liter of hydrogen at 0° centigrade, and with a tension of 76 centimeters of mercury. It is 0.0896 of a gram, or 1.38274 grains.

Crith"o*man`cy (krth"*mn`s), n. [Gr. kriqai`, pl., barley + -mancy: cf. F. crithomancie.] A kind of divination by means of the dough of the cakes offered in the ancient sacrifices, and the meal strewed over the victims.

Crit"ic (krt"k), n. [L. criticus, Gr. kritiko`s, a critic; prop., an adj. meaning able to discuss, from kri`nein to judge, discern. See Certain, and cf. Critique.] 1. One skilled in judging of the merits of literary or artistic works; a connoisseur; an adept; hence, one who examines literary or artistic works, etc., and passes judgment upon them; a reviewer.

> The opininon of the most skillful critics was, that nothing finer [than Goldsmith's "Traveler"] had appeared in verse since the fourth book of the "Dunciad."
> Macaulay.

2. One who passes a rigorous or captious judgment; one who censures or finds fault; a harsh examiner or judge; a caviler; a carper.

> When an author has many beauties consistent with virtue, piety, and truth, let not little critics exalt themselves, and shower down their ill nature.
> I. Watts.

> You know who the critics are? the men who have failed in literature and art.
> Beaconsfield.

3. The art of criticism. [Obs.] Locke.

4. An act of criticism; a critique. [Obs.]

> And make each day a critic on the last.
> Pope.

Crit"ic, a. Of or pertaining to critics or criticism; critical. [Obs.] "Critic learning." Pope.

Crit"ic, v. i. [Cf. F. critiquer.] To criticise; to play the critic. [Obs.]

> Nay, if you begin to critic once, we shall never have done.
> A. Brewer.

Crit"ic*al (krt"*kal), a. [See Critic, n., Crisis.]

1. Qualified to criticise, or pass judgment upon, literary or artistic productions.

> It is submitted to the judgment of more critical ears to direct and determine what is graceful and what is not.
> Holder.

2. Pertaining to criticism or the critic's art; of the nature of a criticism; accurate; as, critical knowledge; a critical dissertation.

3. Inclined to make nice distinctions, or to exercise careful judgment and selection; exact; nicely judicious.

> Virgil was so critical in the rites of religion, that he would never have brought in such prayers as these, if they had not been agreeable to the Roman customs.
> Bp. Stillingfleet.

4. Inclined to criticise or find fault; fastidious; captious; censorious; exacting.

> O gentle lady, do not put me to 't,
> For I am nothing, if not critical.
> Shak.

5. Characterized by thoroughness and a reference to principles, as becomes a critic; as, a critical analysis of a subject.

6. [See Crisis.] Pertaining to, or indicating, a crisis, turning point, or specially important juncture; important as regards consequences; hence, of doubtful issue; attended with risk; dangerous; as, the critical stage of a fever; a critical situation.

> Our circumstances are indeed critical.
> Burke.

> The small moment, the exact point, the critical minute, on which every good work so much depends.
> South.

Critical angle (Optics), that angle of incidence of a luminous ray at which it is wholly reflected, and no portion of it transmitted. The sine of this angle is the reciprocal of the refractive index of the medium. -- Critical philosophy, the metaphysical system of Kant; -- so called from his most important work, the "Critique of Pure Reason." -- Critical point (Physics), a certain temperature, different for different gases, but always the same for each gas, regarded as the limit above which no amount of pressure can produce condensation to a liquid.

Crit"ic*al*ly, adv. 1. In a critical manner; with nice discernment; accurately; exactly.

> Critically to discern good writers from bad.
> Dryden.

2. At a crisis; at a critical time; in a situation, place, or condition of decisive consequence; as, a fortification critically situated.

> Coming critically the night before the session.
> Bp. Burnet.

Crit"ic*al*ness, n. 1. The state or quality of being critical, or of occurring at a critical time.

2. Accuracy in examination or decision; exactness.

Crit"ic*as`ter (krt"k*s`tr), n. A contemptible or vicious critic.

> The rancorous and reptile crew of poeticules, who decompose into criticasters.
> Swinburne.

Crit"i*cis`a*ble (krt"*sz`*b'l), a. Capable of being criticised.

Crit"i*cise (kr?t"?-s?z), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Criticised (-s?zd); p. pr. & vb. n. Criticising.] [Written also, more analogically, but less commonly, criticize.] [Cf. G. kritisiren. See Critic.] 1. To examine and judge as a critic; to pass literary or artistic judgment upon; as, to criticise an author; to criticise a picture.

2. To express one's views as to the merit or demerit of; esp., to animadvert upon; to find fault with; as, to criticise conduct. Blackwood's Mag.

Crit"i*cise, v. i. 1. To act as a critic; to pass literary or artistic judgment; to play the critic; -- formerly used with on or upon.

> Several of these ladies, indeed, criticised upon the form of the association.
> Addison.

2. To discuss the merits or demerits of a thing or person; esp., to find fault.

> Cavil you may, but never criticise.
> Pope.

Crit"i*ci`ser (-s?`z?r), n. One who criticises; a critic.

Crit"i*cism (kr?t"?-s?z'm), n. 1. The rules and principles which regulate the practice of the critic; the art of judging with knowledge and propriety of the beauties and faults of a literary performance, or of a production in the fine arts; as, dramatic criticism.

> The elements ofcriticism depend on the two principles of Beauty and Truth, one of which is the final end or object of study in every one of its pursuits: Beauty, in letters and the arts; Truth, in history and sciences.
> Brande & C.

> By criticism, as it was first instituted by Aristotle, was meant a standard of judging well.
> Dryden.

2. The act of criticising; a critical judgment passed or expressed; a critical observation or detailed examination and review; a critique; animadversion; censure.

> About the plan of "Rasselas" little was said by the critics; and yet the faults of the plan might seem to invite severe criticism.
> Macaulay.

Cri*tique" (kr*tk"), n. [F. critique, f., fr. Gr. kritikh` (sc. te`chnh) the critical art, from kritiko`s. See Critic.]

1. The art of criticism. [Written also critic.] [R.]

2. A critical examination or estimate of a work of literature or art; a critical dissertation or essay; a careful and thorough analysis of any subject; a criticism; as, Kant's "Critique of Pure Reason."

> I should as soon expect to see a critique on the poesy of a ring as on the inscription of a medal.
> Addison.

3. A critic; one who criticises. [Obs.]

> A question among critiques in the ages to come.
> Bp. Lincoln.

Cri*tique", v. t. [Cf. Critic, v.] To criticise or pass judgment upon. [Obs.] Pope.

Criz"zel (kr?z"z'l), n. [Cf. grizzle darkish gray, or G. griselig gravelly, granular, speckled.] A kind of roughness on the surface of glass, which clouds its transparency. [Written also crizzeling and crizzle.]

Croak (krk), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Croaked. (krkt); p. pr. & vb. n. Croaking.] [From the primitive of AS. cracettan to croak as a raven; akin to G. krächzen to croak, and to E. creak, crake.] 1. To make a low, hoarse noise in the throat, as a frog, a raven, or a crow; hence, to make any hoarse, dismal sound.

> Loud thunder to its bottom shook the bog,
> And the hoarse nation croaked.
> Pope.

2. To complain; especially, to grumble; to forebode evil; to utter complaints or forebodings habitually.

> Marat . . . croaks with reasonableness.
> Carlyle.

Croak, v. t. To utter in a low, hoarse voice; to announce by croaking; to forebode; as, to croak disaster.

> The raven himself is hoarse,
> That croaks the fatal entrance of Duncan.
> Shak.

> Two ravens now began to croak
> Their nuptial song.
> Wordsworth.

Croak, n. The coarse, harsh sound uttered by a frog or a raven, or a like sound.

Croak"er (-?r), n. 1. One who croaks, murmurs, grumbles, or complains unreasonably; one who habitually forebodes evil.

2. (Zoöl.) (a) A small American fish (Micropogon undulatus), of the Atlantic coast. (a) An American fresh- water fish (Aplodinotus grunniens); -- called also drum. (c) The surf fish of California.

When caught these fishes make a croaking sound; whence the name, which is often corrupted into crocus.

Cro"at (kr?"?t), n. [Cf. Cravat.] 1. A native of Croatia, in Austria; esp., one of the native Slavic race.

2. An irregular soldier, generally from Croatia.

Cro*a"tian (kr?-?"shan), a. Of or pertaining to Croatia. -- n. A Croat.

Cro"ce*in (kr?"s?-?n), n. [See Croceous.] (Chem.) A name given to any one of several yellow or scarlet dyestuffs of artificial production and complex structure. In general they are diazo and sulphonic acid derivatives of benzene and naphthol.

Cro"ceous (kr?"sh?s), a. [L. croceus, fr. crocus saffron. See Crocus.] Of, pertaining to, or like, saffron; deep reddish yellow. [R.]

Cro"ce*tin (kr?"s?-t?n), n. (Chem.) A dyestuff, obtained from the Chinese crocin, which produces a brilliant yellow.

Croche (krch), n. [OF. croche, equiv. to F. crochet, croc, hook. See Crotchet, Crook.] A little bud or knob at the top of a deer's antler.

Cro*chet" (kr?-sh?"), n. [F. crochet small hook. See Croche.] A kind of knitting done by means of a hooked needle, with worsted, silk, or cotton; crochet work. Commonly used adjectively.

Crochet hook, Crochet needle, a small hook, or a hooked needle (often of bone), used in crochet work.

Cro*chet", v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Crocheted (shd"); p. pr. & vb. n. Crocheting (-sh"ng).] To knit with a crochet needle or hook; as, to crochet a shawl.

Cro"ci*a*ry (kr?"sh?-?-r?), n. [See Crosier.] (Eccl.) One who carries the cross before an archbishop. [Obs.]

Cro*cid"o*lite (kr?-s?d"?-l?t), n. [Gr. kroky`s nap on cloth + -lite.] (Min.) A mineral occuring in silky fibers of a lavender blue color. It is related to hornblende and is essentially a silicate of iron and soda; -- called also blue asbestus. A silicified form, in which the fibers penetrating quartz are changed to oxide of iron, is the yellow brown tiger-eye of the jewelers.

Cro"cin (kr?"s?n), n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?; saffron.] (Chem.) (a) The coloring matter of Chinese yellow pods, the fruit of Gardenia grandiflora. Watts. (b) A red powder (called also polychroite), which is made from the saffron (Crocus sativus). See Polychroite.

Crock (krk), n. [Cf. W. croeg cover, Scot. crochit covered.] The loose black particles collected from combustion, as on pots and kettles, or in a chimney; soot; smut; also, coloring matter which rubs off from cloth.

Crock, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crocked (krkt); p. pr. & vb. n. Crocking.] To soil by contact, as with soot, or with the coloring matter of badly dyed cloth.

Crock, v. i. To give off crock or smut.

Crock, n. A low stool. "I . . . seated her upon a little crock." Tatler.

Crock (kr?k), n. [AS. croc, croca, crog, croh; akin to D. kruik, G. krug, Icel. krukka, Dan. krukke, Sw. kruka; but cf. W. crwc bucket, pail, crochan pot, cregen earthen vessel, jar. Cf. Cruet.] Any piece of crockery, especially of coarse earthenware; an earthen pot or pitcher.

> Like foolish flies about an honey crock.
> Spenser.

Crock, v. t. To lay up in a crock; as, to crock butter. Halliwell.

Crock"er (-?r), n. A potter. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Crock"er*y ( kr?k"?r-?), n. [From Crock an earthen vessel.] Earthenware; vessels formed of baked clay, especially the coarser kinds.

Crock"et (kr?k"?t), n. [OF. croquet, F. crochet, dim. of croc hook. See Crook, and cf. Crotchet.] 1. (Arch.) An ornament often resembling curved and bent foliage, projecting from the sloping edge of a gable, spire, etc.

2. A croche, or knob, on the top of a stag's antler.

> The antlers and the crockets.
> W. Black.

Crock"et*ed, a. (Arch.) Ornamented with crockets.

Crock"et*ing, n. (Arch.) Ornamentation with crockets. Ruskin.

Crock"y (-?), a. [From Crock soot.] Smutty.

Croc"o*dile (kr?k"?-d?l; 277), n. [L. crocodilus, Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;&?;: cf. F. crocodile. Cf. Cookatrice.] 1. (Zoöl.) A large reptile of the genus Crocodilus, of several species. They grow to the length of sixteen or eighteen feet, and inhabit the large rivers of Africa, Asia, and America. The eggs, laid in the sand, are hatched by the sun's heat. The best known species is that of the Nile (C. vulgaris, or C. Niloticus). The Florida crocodile (C. Americanus) is much less common than the alligator and has longer jaws. The name is also sometimes applied to the species of other related genera, as the gavial and the alligator.

2. (Logic) A fallacious dilemma, mythically supposed to have been first used by a crocodile.

Crocodile bird (Zoöl.), an African plover (Pluvianus ægypticus) which alights upon the crocodile and devours its insect parasites, even entering its open mouth (according to reliable writers) in pursuit of files, etc.; -- called also Nile bird. It is the trochilos of ancient writers. -- Crocodile tears, false or affected tears; hypocritical sorrow; -- derived from the fiction of old travelers, that crocodiles shed tears over their prey.

||Croc`o*dil"i*a (-d?l"?-?), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. crocodilus crocodile.] (Zoöl.) An order of reptiles including the crocodiles, gavials, alligators, and many extinct kinds.

Croc`o*dil"i*an (kr?k`?-d?l"?-a]/>n), a. (Zoöl.) Like, or pertaining to, the crocodile; characteristic of the crocodile. -- n. One of the Crocodilia.

Croc`o*dil"i*ty (-?-t?), n. (Logic) A caption or sophistical mode of arguing. [R.]

Cro"cois*ite (kr?"kois-?t), n. [Cf. F. croco&?;se.] (Min.) Same as Crocoite.

Cro"co*ite (kr?"k?-?t), n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?; saffron.] (Min.) Lead chromate occuring in crystals of a bright hyacinth red color; -- called also red lead ore.

Cro"con*ate (kr?"k?n-?t), n. (Chem.) A salt formed by the union of croconic acid with a base.

Cro*con"ic (kr?-k?n"?k), a. [Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?; saffron.] 1. Of, pertaining to, or resembling saffron; having the color of saffron; as, croconic acid.

2. Pertaining to, or derived from, croconic acid.

<! p. 347 !>

Croconic acid (Chem.), a yellow crystalline substance, C5O3(OH)2, obtained from potassium carboxide, rhodizonic acid, and various phenol and quinone derivatives of benzene, and forming yellow or orange colored salts.

Cro"cose (kr"ks), n. [Gr. kro`kos saffron.] (Chem.) A white crystalline sugar, metameric with glucose, obtained from the coloring matter of saffron. [Written also crokose.]

Cro"cus (kr"ks), n. [L., saffron, fr. Gr. kro`kos; cf. Heb. karkm, Ar. kurkum, Skr. kukuma.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of iridaceous plants, with pretty blossoms rising separately from the bulb or corm. C. vernus is one of the earliest of spring-blooming flowers; C. sativus produces the saffron, and blossoms in the autumn.

2. (Chem.) A deep yellow powder; the oxide of some metal calcined to a red or deep yellow color; esp., the oxide of iron (Crocus of Mars or colcothar) thus produced from salts of iron, and used as a polishing powder.

Crocus of Venus (Old Chem.), oxide of copper.

Crœ"sus (kr"ss), n. [L., fr. G. Kroi^sos.] A king of Lydia who flourished in the 6th century b. c., and was renowned for his vast wealth; hence, a common appellation for a very rich man; as, he is a veritable Crœsus.

Croft (krft; 115), n. [AS. croft; akin to D. kroft hillock; cf. Gael. croit hump, croft.] A small, inclosed field, adjoining a house; a small farm.

> A few small crofts of stone-encumbered ground.
> Wordsworth.

Croft"er (-?r), n. One who rents and tills a small farm or holding; as, the crofters of Scotland.

Croft"ing, n. 1. Croftland. [Scot.] Jamieson.

2. (Textile Manuf.) Exposing linen to the sun, on the grass, in the process of bleaching.

Croft"land (-l?nd), n. Land of superior quality, on which successive crops are raised. [Scot.] Jamieson.

Crois (krois). n. [OF.] See Cross, n. [Obs.]

{ Croi*sade" (kroi-s?d"), Croi*sa"do (- s?"d?), } n. [F. criosade. See Crusade.] A holy war; a crusade. [Obs.] Bacon.

Croise (krois), n. [F. croisé crusader, fr. OF. crois, F. croix, cross. See Cross.] 1. A pilgrim bearing or wearing a cross. [Obs.]

2. A crusader. [Obs.]

> The conquests of the croises extending over Palestine.
> Burke.

||Crois`san`té" (krw?`s?n`t?"), a. [F. croissant, adj. & n., crescent.] (Her.) Terminated with crescents; -- said of a cross the ends of which are so terminated.

Cro"ker (kr"kr), n. [Gr. kro`kos saffron.] A cultivator of saffron; a dealer in saffron. [Obs.] Holinshed.

||Cro"ma (kr"m), n. [It.] (Mus.) A quaver. [Obs.]

Crom"lech (krm"lk), n. [W. cromlech; crom bending or bent, concave + llech a flat stone; akin to Ir. cromleac.] (Archæol.) A monument of rough stones composed of one or more large ones supported in a horizontal position upon others. They are found chiefly in countries inhabited by the ancient Celts, and are of a period anterior to the introduction of Christianity into these countries.

Cro*mor"na (kr?-m?r"n?), n. [F. cromorne (cf. It. cromorno0, fr. G. krummhorn crooked horn, cornet, an organ pipe turned like a trumpet; krumm crooked + horn horn.] (Mus.) A certain reed stop in the organ, of a quality of tone resembling that of the oboe. [Corruptly written cromona.]

Crone (krn), n. [OD. kronie, karonie, an old sheep, OF. carogne, F. charogne, carrion (also F. carogne illnatured woman.). See Carrion, and Crony.] 1. An old ewe. [Obs.] Tusser.

2. An old woman; -- usually in contempt.

> But still the crone was constant to her note.
> Dryden.

3. An old man; especially, a man who talks and acts like an old woman. [R.]

> The old crone [a negro man] lived in a hovel, . . . which his master had given him.
> W. Irving.

> A few old battered crones of office.
> Beaconsfield.

Cro"nel (kr?"n?l), n. [Cf. Coronel spearhead, Crown.] The iron head of a tilting spear.

Cro"net (kr?"n?t), n. [Cf. Coronet, Crownet.] The coronet of a horse.

Cro"ni*an (kr?"n?-a]/>n), a. [Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?; Saturnian, fr. &?;&?;&?;&?; Saturn.] Saturnian; -- applied to the North Polar Sea. [R.] Milton.

Cron"stedt*ite (kr?n"st?t-?t), n. (Min.) A mineral consisting principally of silicate of iron, and crystallizing in hexagonal prisms with perfect basal cleavage; -- so named from the Swedish mineralogist Cronstedt.

Cro"ny (kr?"n?), n.; pl. Cronies (-n&?;z). [Orig., an old woman. See Crone.] 1. A crone. [Obs.] "Marry not an old crony." Burton.

2. An intimate companion; a familiar frend. [Colloq.]

> He soon found his former cronies, though all rather the worse for the wear and tear of time.
> W. Irving.

Croo"dle (kr??"d'l), v. i. [Cf. Cruddle, Crudle.] 1. To cower or cuddle together, as from fear or cold; to lie close and snug together, as pigs in straw. [Prov. Eng.] Wright. Forby.

> A dove to fly home her nest and croodle there.
> C. Kingsley.

2. To fawn or coax. [Obs.]

3. To coo. [Scot.]

Crook (krk), n. [OE. crok; akin to Icel. krkr hook, bend, SW. krok, Dan. krog, OD. krooke; or cf. Gael. crocan crook, hook, W. crwca crooked. Cf. Crosier, Crotchet, Crutch, Encroach.] 1. A bend, turn, or curve; curvature; flexure.

> Through lanes, and crooks, and darkness.
> Phaer.

2. Any implement having a bent or crooked end. Especially: (a) The staff used by a shepherd, the hook of which serves to hold a runaway sheep. (b) A bishop's staff of office. Cf. Pastoral staff.

> He left his crook, he left his flocks.
> Prior.

3. A pothook. "As black as the crook." Sir W. Scott.

4. An artifice; trick; tricky device; subterfuge.

> For all yuor brags, hooks, and crooks.
> Cranmer.

5. (Mus.) A small tube, usually curved, applied to a trumpet, horn, etc., to change its pitch or key.

6. A person given to fraudulent practices; an accomplice of thieves, forgers, etc. [Cant, U.S.]

By hook or by crook, in some way or other; by fair means or foul.

Crook (kr??k), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crooked (kr??kt); p. pr. & vb. n. Crooking.] [OE. croken; cf. Sw. kr&?;ka, Dan. kr&?;ge. See Crook, n.] 1. To turn from a straight line; to bend; to curve.

> Crook the pregnant hinges of the knee.
> Shak.

2. To turn from the path of rectitude; to pervert; to misapply; to twist. [Archaic]

> There is no one thing that crooks youth more than such unlawfull games.
> Ascham.

> What soever affairs pass such a man's hands, he crooketh them to his own ends.
> Bacon.

Crook, v. i. To bend; to curve; to wind; to have a curvature. " The port . . . crooketh like a bow." Phaer.

> Their shoes and pattens are snouted, and piked more than a finger long, crooking upwards.
> Camden.

Crook"back` (krk"bk`), n. A crooked back; one who has a crooked or deformed back; a hunchback.

Crook"back`, a. Hunched. Shak.

Crook"bill` ( -b?l`), n. (Zoöl) A New Zealand plover (Anarhynchus frontalis), remarkable for having the end of the beak abruptly bent to the right.

Crook"ed (kr??k"?d), a. 1. Characterized by a crook or curve; not straight; turning; bent; twisted; deformed. "Crooked paths." Locke.

> he is deformed, crooked, old, and sere.
> Shak.

2. Not straightforward; deviating from rectitude; distorted from the right.

> They are a perverse and crooked generation.
> Deut. xxxii. 5.

3. False; dishonest; fraudulent; as, crooked dealings.

Crooked whisky, whisky on which the payment of duty has been fraudulently evaded. [Slang, U.S.] Barlett.

Crook"ed*ly, adv. In a curved or crooked manner; in a perverse or untoward manner.

Crook"ed*ness, n. The condition or quality of being crooked; hence, deformity of body or of mind; deviation from moral rectitude; perverseness.

Crook"en (kr??k"'n), v. t. To make crooked. [Obs.]

Crookes" tube` (kr??ks" t?b`). (Phys.) A vacuum tube in which the exhaustion is carried to a very high degree, with the production of a distinct class of effects; -- so called from W. Crookes who introduced it.

Croon (krn), v. i. [OE. croinen, cf. D. kreunen to moan. √24.] 1. To make a continuous hollow moan, as cattle do when in pain. [Scot.] Jamieson.

2. To hum or sing in a low tone; to murmur softly.

> Here an old grandmother was crooning over a sick child, and rocking it to and fro.
> Dickens.

Croon, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crooned (krnd); p. pr. & vb. n. Crooning.] 1. To sing in a low tone, as if to one's self; to hum.

> Hearing such stanzas crooned in her praise.
> C. Bronté.

2. To soothe by singing softly.

> The fragment of the childish hymn with which he sung and crooned himself asleep.
> Dickens.

Croon, n. 1. A low, continued moan; a murmur.

2. A low singing; a plain, artless melody.

Crop (krp), n. [OE. crop, croppe, craw, top of a plant, harvest, AS. crop, cropp, craw, top, bunch, ear of corn; akin to D. krop craw, G. kropf, Icel. kroppr hump or bunch on the body, body; but cf. also W. cropa, croppa, crop or craw of a bird, Ir. & Gael. sgroban. Cf. Croup, Crupper, Croup.] 1. The pouchlike enlargement of the gullet of birds, serving as a receptacle for food; the craw.

2. The top, end, or highest part of anything, especially of a plant or tree. [Obs.] "Crop and root." Chaucer.

3. That which is cropped, cut, or gathered from a single felld, or of a single kind of grain or fruit, or in a single season; especially, the product of what is planted in the earth; fruit; harvest.

> Lab'ring the soil, and reaping plenteous crop,
> Corn, wine, and oil.
> Milton.

4. Grain or other product of the field while standing.

5. Anything cut off or gathered.

> Guiltless of steel, and from the razor free,
> It falls a plenteous crop reserved for thee.
> Dryden.

6. Hair cut close or short, or the act or style of so cutting; as, a convict's crop.

7. (Arch.) A projecting ornament in carved stone. Specifically, a finial. [Obs.]

8. (Mining.) (a) Tin ore prepared for smelting. (b) Outcrop of a vein or seam at the surface. Knight.

9. A riding whip with a loop instead of a lash.

Neck and crop, altogether; roughly and at once. [Colloq.]

Crop, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cropped (kr?pt); p. pr. & vb. n. Cropping.] 1. To cut off the tops or tips of; to bite or pull off; to browse; to pluck; to mow; to reap.

> I will crop off from the top of his young twigs a tender one.
> Ezek. xvii. 22.

2. Fig.: To cut off, as if in harvest.

> Death . . . .crops the growing boys.
> Creech.

3. To cause to bear a crop; as, to crop a field.

Crop, v. i. To yield harvest.

To crop out. (a) (Geol.) To appear above the surface, as a seam or vein, or inclined bed, as of coal. (b) To come to light; to be manifest; to appear; as, the peculiarities of an author crop out. -- To crop up, to sprout; to spring up. "Cares crop up in villas." Beaconsfield.

Crop"-ear` (kr?p"?r`), n. A person or animal whose ears are cropped.

Crop"-eared` (kr?p"?rd`), a. Having the ears cropped.

Crop"ful (-f?l), a. Having a full crop or belly; satiated. Milton.

Crop"per (krp"pr), n. 1. One that crops.

2. A variety of pigeon with a large crop; a pouter.

3. (Mech.) A machine for cropping, as for shearing off bolts or rod iron, or for facing cloth.

4. A fall on one's head when riding at full speed, as in hunting; hence, a sudden failure or collapse. [Slang.]

Crop"sick` (kr?"s?k`), a. Sick from excess in eating or drinking. [Obs.] "Cropsick drunkards." Tate. -- Crop"sick`ness, n. [Obs.] Whitlock.

Crop"-tailed` (-t?ld`), a. Having the tail cropped.

Cro*quet" (kr?-k?"), n. [From French; cf. Walloon croque blow, fillip. F. croquet a crisp biscuit, croquer to crunch, fr. croc a crackling sound, of imitative origin. Croquet then properly meant a smart tap on the ball.]

1. An open-air game in which two or more players endeavor to drive wooden balls, by means of mallets, through a series of hoops or arches set in the ground according to some pattern.

2. The act of croqueting.

Cro*quet", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Croqueted (-k?d); p. pr. & vb. n. Croqueting (-k?"?ng).] In the game of croquet, to drive away an opponent's ball, after putting one's own in contact with it, by striking one's own ball with the mallet.

||Cro*quette" (kr?-k?t"), n. [F., fr. croquer to crunch.] (Cookery) A ball of minced meat, fowl, rice, or other ingredients, highly seasoned, and fried.

Crore (krr), n. [Hind. karo, Skr. koi.] Ten millions; as, a crore of rupees (which is nearly $5,000,000). [East Indies] Malcolm.

Cro"sier (kr?"zh?r), n. [OE. rocer, croser, croyser, fr. croce crosier, OF. croce, croche, F. crosse, fr. LL. crocea, crocia, from the same German or Celtic sourse as F. croc hook; akin to E. crook.] The pastoral staff of a bishop (also of an archbishop, being the symbol of his office as a shepherd of the flock of God.

The true shape of the crosier was with a hooked or curved top; the archbishop's staff alone bore a cross instead of a crook, and was of exceptional, not of regular form. Skeat.

Cro"siered (-zh?rd), a. Bearing a crosier.

Cros"let (kr?s"l?t; 115), n. See Crosslet.

Cross (krs; 115), n. [OE. crois, croys, cros; the former fr. OF. crois, croiz, F. croix, fr. L. crux; the second is perh. directly fr. Prov. cros, crotz. fr. the same L. crux; cf. Icel. kross. Cf. Crucial, Crusade, Cruise, Crux.]

1. A gibbet, consisting of two pieces of timber placed transversely upon one another, in various forms, as a T, or +, with the horizontal piece below the upper end of the upright, or as an X. It was anciently used in the execution of criminals.

> Nailed to the cross
> By his own nation.
> Milton.

2. The sign or mark of the cross, made with the finger, or in ink, etc., or actually represented in some material; the symbol of Christ's death; the ensign and chosen symbol of Christianity, of a Christian people, and of Christendom.

> The custom of making the sign of the cross with the hand or finger, as a means of conferring blessing or preserving from evil, is very old.
> Schaff-Herzog Encyc.

> Before the cross has waned the crescent's ray.
> Sir W. Scott.

> Tis where the cross is preached.
> Cowper.

3. Affiction regarded as a test of patience or virtue; trial; disappointment; opposition; misfortune.

> Heaven prepares a good man with crosses.
> B. Jonson.

4. A piece of money stamped with the figure of a cross, also, that side of such a piece on which the cross is stamped; hence, money in general.

> I should bear no cross if I did bear you; for I think you have no money in your purse.
> Shak.

5. An appendage or ornament or anything in the form of a cross; a badge or ornamental device of the general shape of a cross; hence, such an ornament, even when varying considerably from that form; thus, the Cross of the British Order of St. George and St. Michael consists of a central medallion with seven arms radiating from it.

6. (Arch.) A monument in the form of a cross, or surmounted by a cross, set up in a public place; as, a market cross; a boundary cross; Charing Cross in London.

> Dun-Edin's Cross, a pillared stone,
> Rose on a turret octagon.
> Sir W. Scott.

7. (Her.) A common heraldic bearing, of which there are many varieties. See the Illustration, above.

8. The crosslike mark or symbol used instead of a signature by those unable to write.

> Five Kentish abbesses . . . .subscribed their names and crosses.
> Fuller.

9. Church lands. [Ireland] [Obs.] Sir J. Davies.

10. A line drawn across or through another line.

11. Hence: A mixing of breeds or stock, especially in cattle breeding; or the product of such intermixture; a hybrid of any kind.

> Toning down the ancient Viking into a sort of a cross between Paul Jones and Jeremy Diddler.
> Lord Dufferin.

<! p. 348 !>

12. (Surveying) An instrument for laying of offsets perpendicular to the main course.

13. (Mech.) A pipe-fitting with four branches the axes of which usually form's right angle.

Cross and pile, a game with money, at which it is put to chance whether a coin shall fall with that side up which bears the cross, or the other, which is called pile, or reverse; the game called heads or tails. -- Cross bottony or bottoné. See under Bottony. -- Cross estoilé (Her.). a cross, each of whose arms is pointed like the ray of a star; that is, a star having four long points only. -- Cross of Calvary. See Calvary, 3. -- Southern cross. (Astron.) See under Southern. -- To do a thing on the cross, to act dishonestly; -- opposed to acting on the square. [Slang] -- To take up the cross, to bear troubles and afflictions with patience from love to Christ.

Cross (krs), a. 1. Not parallel; lying or falling athwart; transverse; oblique; intersecting.

> The cross refraction of the second prism.
> Sir I. Newton.

2. Not accordant with what is wished or expected; interrupting; adverse; contrary; thwarting; perverse. "A cross fortune." Jer. Taylor.

> The cross and unlucky issue of my design.
> Glanvill.

> The article of the resurrection seems to lie marvelously cross to the common experience of mankind.
> South.

> We are both love's captives, but with fates so cross,
> One must be happy by the other's loss.
> Dryden.

3. Characterized by, or in a state of, peevishness, fretfulness, or ill humor; as, a cross man or woman.

> He had received a cross answer from his mistress.
> Jer. Taylor.

4. Made in an opposite direction, or an inverse relation; mutually inverse; interchanged; as, cross interrogatories; cross marriages, as when a brother and sister marry persons standing in the same relation to each other.

Cross action (Law), an action brought by a party who is sued against the person who has sued him, upon the same subject matter, as upon the same contract. Burrill. -- Cross aisle (Arch.), a transept; the lateral divisions of a cruciform church. -- Cross axle. (a) (Mach.) A shaft, windlass, or roller, worked by levers at opposite ends, as in the copperplate printing press. (b) A driving axle, with cranks set at an angle of 90° with each other. -- Cross bedding (Geol.), oblique lamination of horizontal beds. -- Cross bill. See in the Vocabulary. -- Cross bitt. Same as Crosspiece. -- Cross bond, a form of bricklaying, in which the joints of one stretcher course come midway between those of the stretcher courses above and below, a course of headers and stretchers intervening. See Bond, n., 8. -- Cross breed. See in the Vocabulary. -- Cross breeding. See under Breeding. -- Cross buttock, a particular throw in wrestling; hence, an unexpected defeat or repulse. Smollet. -- Cross country, across the country; not by the road. "The cross-country ride." Cowper. -- Cross fertilization, the fertilization of the female products of one physiological individual by the male products of another, -- as the fertilization of the ovules of one plant by pollen from another. See Fertilization. -- Cross file, a double convex file, used in dressing out the arms or crosses of fine wheels. -- Cross fire (Mil.), lines of fire, from two or more points or places, crossing each other. -- Cross forked. (Her.) See under Forked. -- Cross frog. See under Frog. -- Cross furrow, a furrow or trench cut across other furrows to receive the water running in them and conduct it to the side of the field. -- Cross handle, a handle attached transversely to the axis of a tool, as in the augur. Knight. -- Cross lode (Mining), a vein intersecting the true or principal lode. -- Cross purpose. See Cross-purpose, in the Vocabulary. -- Cross reference, a reference made from one part of a book or register to another part, where the same or an allied subject is treated of. -- Cross sea (Naut.), a chopping sea, in which the waves run in contrary directions. -- Cross stroke, a line or stroke across something, as across the letter t. -- Cross wind, a side wind; an unfavorable wind. -- Cross wires, fine wires made to traverse the field of view in a telescope, and moved by a screw with a graduated head, used for delicate astronomical observations; spider lines. Fixed cross wires are also used in microscopes, etc.

Syn. -- Fretful; peevish. See Fretful.

Cross, prep. Athwart; across. [Archaic or Colloq.]

> A fox was taking a walk one night cross a village.
> L'Estrange.

To go cross lots, to go across the fields; to take a short cut. [Colloq.]

Cross, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crossed (kr?st; 115); p. pr. & vb. n. Crossing.] 1. To put across or athwart; to cause to intersect; as, to cross the arms.

2. To lay or draw something, as a line, across; as, to cross the letter t.

3. To pass from one side to the other of; to pass or move over; to traverse; as, to cross a stream.

> A hunted hare . . . crosses and confounds her former track.
> I. Watts.

4. To pass, as objects going in an opposite direction at the same time. "Your kind letter crossed mine." J. D. Forbes.

5. To run counter to; to thwart; to obstruct; to hinder; to clash or interfere with.

> In each thing give him way; cross him in nothing.
> Shak.

> An oyster may be crossed in love.
> Sheridan.

6. To interfere and cut off; to debar. [Obs.]

> To cross me from the golden time I look for.
> Shak.

7. To make the sign of the cross upon; -- followed by the reflexive pronoun; as, he crossed himself.

8. To cancel by marking crosses on or over, or drawing a line across; to erase; -- usually with out, off, or over; as, to cross out a name.

9. To cause to interbreed; -- said of different stocks or races; to mix the breed of.

To cross one's path, to oppose one's plans. Macaulay.

Cross, v. i. 1. To lie or be athwart.

2. To move or pass from one side to the other, or from place to place; to make a transit; as, to cross from New York to Liverpool.

3. To be inconsistent. [Obs.]

> Men's actions do not always cross with reason.
> Sir P. Sidney.

4. To interbreed, as races; to mix distinct breeds.

> If two individuals of distinct races cross, a third is invariably produced different from either.
> Coleridge.

Cross"-armed` (kr?s"?rmd), a. With arms crossed.

Cross"-band`ed (-b?nd`?d), a. A term used when a narrow ribbon of veneer is inserted into the surface of any piece of furniture, wainscoting, etc., so that the grain of it is contrary to the general surface.

Cross"bar` (-bär`), n. A transverse bar or piece, as a bar across a door, or as the iron bar or stock which passes through the shank of an anchor to insure its turning fluke down. Russell.

Crossbar shot, a projectile which folds into a sphere for loading, but on leaving the gun expands to a cross with a quarter ball at the end of each arm; -- used in naval actions for cutting the enemy's rigging.

Cross"barred` (-bärd`), a. 1. Secured by, or furnished with, crossbars. Milton.

2. Made or patterned in lines crossing each other; as, crossbarred muslin.

Cross"beak` (-bk`), n. (Zoöl.) Same as Crossbill.

Cross"beam` (-bm`). n. 1. (Arch.) A girder.

2. (Naut.) A beam laid across the bitts, to which the cable is fastened when riding at anchor.

Cross"-bear`er (-b?r`?r), n. (R. C. Ch.) A subdeacon who bears a cross before an archbishop or primate on solemn occasions.

Cross"bill` (-bl`). (Law) A bill brought by a defendant, in an equity or chancery suit, against the plaintiff, respecting the matter in question in that suit. Bouvier.

In criminal practice, cross bills of indictment for assault, in which the prosecutor in once case is the defendant in another, may be tried together.

Cross"bill`, n. (Zoöl.) A bird of the genus Loxia, allied to the finches. Their mandibles are strongly curved and cross each other; the crossbeak.

Cross"-birth` (-brth`), n. (Med.) Any preternatural labor, in which the body of the child lies across the pelvis of the mother, so that the shoulder, arm, or trunk is the part first presented at the mouth of the uterus.

Cross"bite` (-bt`), n. A deception; a cheat. [Obs.]

Cross"bite", v. t. To deceive; to trick; to gull. [Obs.]

Cross"bones` (-bnz`), n. pl. A representation of two of the leg bones or arm bones of a skeleton, laid crosswise, often surmounted with a skull, and serving as a symbol of death.

> Crossbones, scythes, hourglasses, and other lugubrious emblems of mortality.
> Hawthorne.

Cross"bow` (-b`), n. (Archery) A weapon, used in discharging arrows, formed by placing a bow crosswise on a stock.

Cross"bow`er (-b?`?r), n. A crossbowman.[Obs.]

Cross"bow`man (-man), n. One who shoots with a crossbow. See Arbalest.

Cross"bred` (-br?d`), a. (Stock Breeding) Produced by mixing distinct breeds; mongrel.

Cross"breed` (-brd`), n. 1. A breed or an animal produced from parents of different breeds; a new variety, as of plants, combining the qualities of two parent varieties or stocks.

2. Anything partaking of the natures of two different things; a hybrid.

Cross"-bun` (-bn`), n. A bun or cake marked with a cross, and intended to be eaten on Good Friday.

Cross`-cross"let (-kr?s"l?t; 115), n. (Her.) A cross having the three upper ends crossed, so as to from three small crosses.

Cross"cut` (-kt`), v. t. To cut across or through; to intersect.

Cross"cut`, n. 1. A short cut across; a path shorter than by the high road.

2. (Mining) A level driven across the course of a vein, or across the main workings, as from one gangway to another.

Crosscut saw. (a) A saw, the teeth of which are so set as to adapt it for sawing wood crosswise of the grain rather than lengthwise. (b) A saw managed by two men, one at each end, for cutting large logs crosswise.

Cross"-days` (-d?z`), n. pl. (Eccl.) The three days preceding the Feast of the Ascension.

Cros*sette" (kr?s-s?t`), n. [F., dim. of crosse. See Crosier.] (Arch.) (a) A return in one of the corners of the architrave of a door or window; -- called also ancon, ear, elbow. (b) The shoulder of a joggled keystone.

Cross"-ex*am`i*na"tion (kr?s"?gz-?m`?-n?"sh?n; 115), n. (Law) The interrogating or questioning of a witness by the party against whom he has been called and examined. See Examination.

Cross"-ex*am"ine (-?m"?n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cross-examined (-?nd); p. pr. & vb. n. Cross-examining.] (Law) To examine or question, as a witness who has been called and examined by the opposite party. "The opportunity to cross-examine the witnesses." Kent.

Cross"-ex*am"in*er (-?r), n. One who cross-examines or conducts a crosse- examination.

Cross"-eye` (-?`), n. See Strabismus.

Cross"-eyed` (-?d`), a. Affected with strabismus; squint-eyed; squinting.

Cross"fish` (-f?sh`), n. (Zoöl.) A starfish.

Cross"flow` (-fl?`), v. i. To flow across, or in a contrary direction. "His crossflowing course." Milton.

Cross"-gar`net (kr?s"g?r`n?t), n. A hinge having one strap perpendicular and the other strap horizontal giving it the form of an Egyptian or T cross.

Cross"grained (-gr?nd`), a. 1. Having the grain or fibers run diagonally, or more or less transversely and irregularly, so as to interfere with splitting or planing.

> If the stuff proves crossgrained, . . . then you must turn your stuff to plane it the contrary way.
> Moxon.

2. Perverse; untractable; contrary.

> She was none of your crossgrained, termagant, scolding jades.
> Arbuthnot.

Cross"hatch` (-h?ch`; 224), v. t. To shade by means of crosshatching.

Cross"hatch`ing, n. In drawing and line engraving, shading with lines that cross one another at an angle.

Cross"head` (-h?d), n. (Mach.) A beam or bar across the head or end of a rod, etc., or a block attached to it and carrying a knuckle pin; as the solid crosspiece running between parallel slides, which receives motion from the piston of a steam engine and imparts it to the connecting rod, which is hinged to the crosshead.

Cross"ing, n. [See Cross, v. t. ] 1. The act by which anything is crossed; as, the crossing of the ocean.

2. The act of making the sign of the cross. Bp. Hall.

3. The act of interbreeding; a mixing of breeds.

4. Intersection, as of two paths or roads.

5. A place where anything (as a stream) is crossed; a paved walk across a street.

6. Contradiction; thwarting; obstruction.

> I do not bear these crossings.
> Shak.

Cross"jack` (kr?s"j?k` or kr?"j?k`), n. (Naut.) The lowest square sail, or the lower yard of the mizzenmast.

CRoss"legged` (-l?gd`), a. Having the legs crossed.

Cross"let (-lEt), n. [Dim. of cross.] 1. A small cross. Spenser.

2. [Cf. OF. croisel crucible, and E. Cresset.] A crucible. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Cross"let, a. (Her.) Crossed again; -- said of a cross the arms of which are crossed. SeeCross-crosslet.

Cross"ly, adv. Athwart; adversely; unfortunately; peevishly; fretfully; with ill humor.

Cross"ness, n. The quality or state of being cross; peevishness; fretfulness; ill humor.

Cros*sop`ter*yg"i*an (kr?s-s?p`t?r-?j?-a]/>n), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Crossopterygii. -- n. One of the Crossopterygii.

||Cros*sop`te*ryg"i*i (kr?s-s?p`t?-r?j?-?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;&?;&?; tassels, a fringe + &?;&?;&?;&?;&?;, dim. of &?;&?;&?;&?; wing, fin.] (Zoöl.) An order of ganoid fishes including among living species the bichir (Polypterus). See Brachioganoidei.

Cross"patch` (-p?ch`; 224), n. An ill-natured person. [Colloq.] "Crosspatch, draw the latch." Mother Goose.

Cross"-pawl` (-p?l`), n. (Shipbuilding) Same as Cross-spale.

Cross"piece` (kr?s"p?s`; 115), n. 1. A piece of any structure which is fitted or framed crosswise.

2. (Naut.) A bar or timber connecting two knightheads or two bitts.

Cross"-pur`pose (-p?r`p?s), n. 1. A counter or opposing purpose; hence, that which is inconsistent or contradictory. Shaftesbury.

2. pl. A conversational game, in which questions and answers are made so as to involve ludicrous combinations of ideas. Pepys.

To be at cross-purposes, to misunderstand or to act counter to one another without intending it; -- said of persons.

Cross"-ques`tion (-kw?s`ch?n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cross- questioned (-ch?nd), p. pr. & vb. n. Cross-questioning.] To cross-examine; to subject to close questioning.

Cross"-read`ing (r?d`?ng), n. The reading of the lines of a newspaper directly across the page, instead of down the columns, thus producing a ludicrous combination of ideas.

Cross"road` (-r?d`), n. A road that crosses another; an obscure road intersecting or avoiding the main road.

Cross"row` (-r?`), n. 1. The alphabet; -- called also Christcross-row.

> And from the crossrow plucks the letter G.
> Shak.

2. A row that crosses others.

Cross"ruff` (-r?f`), n. (Whist) The play in whist where partners trump each a different suit, and lead to each other for that purpose; -- called also seesaw.

{ Cross"-spale` (-sp?l`), Cross"-spall` (- sp?l`), } n. [See Spale & Spall.] (Shipbuilding) One of the temporary wooden braces, placed horizontally across a frame to hold it in position until the deck beams are in; a cross-pawl.

Cross"-spring`er (-spr?ng`?r), n. (Arch.) One of the ribs in a groined arch, springing from the corners in a diagonal direction. [See Illustr. of Groined vault.]

Cross"-staff` (-st?f`), n. 1. An instrument formerly used at sea for taking the altitudes of celestial bodies.

2. A surveyor's instrument for measuring offsets.

Cross"-stitch` (-st?ch`; 224), n. A form of stitch, where the stitches are diagonal and in pairs, the thread of one stitch crossing that of the other. "Tent and cross-stitch." Sir W. Scott. -- Cross"-stitch`, v. t. & i.

Cross"-stone` (-st?n`), n. (Min.) See Harmotome, and Staurotide.

Cross"-tail` (-t?l`), n. (Steam Engine) A bar connecting the ends of the side rods or levers of a backaction or side-lever engine.

Cross"-tie` (-t?`), n. (Railroad) A sleeper supporting and connecting the rails, and holding them in place.

<! p. 349 !>

Cross"-tin`ing (kr?s"t?n`?ng), n. (Agric.) A mode of harrowing crosswise, or transversely to the ridges. Crabb.

Cross"trees` (-tr?z`), n. pl. (Naut.) Pieces of timber at a masthead, to which are attached the upper shrouds. At the head of lower masts in large vessels, they support a semicircular platform called the "top."

Cross"-vault`ing (-v?lt`?ng), n. (Arch.) Vaulting formed by the intersection of two or more simple vaults.

Cross"way` (-w?`), n. See Crossroad.

Cross"-week` (-w?k`), n. Rogation week, when the cross was borne in processions.

Cross"wise` (-w?z`), adv. In the form of a cross; across; transversely. Longfellow.

Cross"wort` (-w?rt`), n. (Bot.) A name given to several inconspicuous plants having leaves in whorls of four, as species of Crucianella, Valantia, etc.

||Crot`a*la"ri*a (kr?t`?-l?"r?-? or kr?`t?-l?"r?-A), n. [NL. See Crotalum.] (Bot.) A genus of leguminous plants; rattlebox.

Crotalaria juncea furnishes the fiber called sunn or Bombay hemp.

Crot"a*line (kr?t"?-l?n or kr?`t?-), a. [See Crotalus.] (Zoöl.) Resembling, or pertaining to, the Crotalidae, or Rattlesnake family.

||Crot"a*lo (-l?), n. A Turkish musical instrument.

||Crot"a*lum (-l?m), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?; rattle.] (Mus.) A kind of castanet used by the Corybantes.

||Crot"a*lus (-l?s), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?; rattle.] (Zoöl.) A genus of poisonous serpents, including the rattlesnakes.

Crot"a*phite (kr?t"?-f?t), n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?; the side of the forehead.] (Anat.) The temple or temporal fossa. Also used adjectively.

Crot`a*phit"ic (kr?t`?-f?t"?k), n. (Anat.) Pertaining to the temple; temporal.

Crotch (kr?ch; 224), n.; pl. Crotches (-&?;z). [Cf. Crotchet, Crutch.] 1. The angle formed by the parting of two legs or branches; a fork; the point where a trunk divides; as, the crotch of a tree.

2. (Naut.) A stanchion or post of wood or iron, with two arms for supporting a boom, spare yards, etc.; -- called also crane and crutch. Totten.

Crotched (kr?cht), a. 1. Having a crotch; forked.

2. Cross; peevish. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Crotch"et (kr?ch"?t; 224), n. [F. crochet, prop., a little hook, a dim. from the same source as croc hook. See Crook, and cf. Crochet, Crocket, Crosier.] 1. A forked support; a crotch.

> The crotchets of their cot in columns rise.
> Dryden.

2. (Mus.) A time note, with a stem, having one fourth the value of a semibreve, one half that of a minim, and twice that of a quaver; a quarter note.

3. (Fort.) An indentation in the glacis of the covered way, at a point where a traverse is placed.

4. (Mil.) The arrangement of a body of troops, either forward or rearward, so as to form a line nearly perpendicular to the general line of battle.

5. (Print.) A bracket. See Bracket.

6. (Med.) An instrument of a hooked form, used in certain cases in the extraction of a fetus. Dunglison.

7. A perverse fancy; a whim which takes possession of the mind; a conceit.

> He ruined himself and all that trusted in him by crotchets that he could never explain to any rational man.
> De Quincey.

Crotch"et, v. i. To play music in measured time. [Obs.] Donne.

Crotch"et*ed, a. Marked or measured by crotchets; having musical notation. Harmar (1587).

Crotch"et*i*ness (kr?ch"?t-?-n?s), n. The state or character of being crotchety, or whimsical.

> This belief in rightness is a kind of conscientiousness, and when it degenerates it becomes crotchetiness.
> J. Grote.

Crotch"et*y (kr?ch"?t-?), a. Given to crotchets; subject to whims; as, a crotchety man.

Cro"ton (kr?"t?n), n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;, prop., a tick, which the seed of the croton resembles.] (Bot.) A genus of euphorbiaceous plants belonging to tropical countries.

Croton oil (Med.), a viscid, acrid, brownish yellow oil obtained from the seeds of Croton Tiglium, a small tree of the East Indies. It is a most powerful drastic cathartic, and is used externally as a pustulant.

Cro"ton bug` (b?g`). [From the Croton water of New York.] (Zoöl.) A small, active, winged species of cockroach (Ectobia Germanica), the water bug. It is common aboard ships, and in houses in cities, esp. in those with hot-water pipes.

Cro*ton"ic (kr?-t?n"?k), a. Of or pertaining to, or derived from, a plant of the genus Croton, or from croton oil.

Crotonic acid (Chem.), a white crystalline organic acid, C3H5.CO2H, of the ethylene, or acrylic acid series. It was so named because formerly supposed to exist in croton oil. Also, any acid metameric with crotonic acid proper.

The acid characteristic of croton oil is tiglic or tiglinic acid, a derivative of crotonic acid.

Cro"ton*ine (kr?"t?n-?n), n. (Chem.) A supposed alkaloid obtained from croton oil by boiling it with water and magnesia, since found to be merely a magnesia soap of the oil. Watts.

Cro*ton"y*lene (kr?-t?n"?-l?n), n. [Crotonic + acet-ylene.] (Chem.) A colorless, volatile, pungent liquid, C4H6, produced artificially, and regarded as an unsaturated hydrocarbon of the acetylene series, and analogous to crotonic acid.

Crot"tles (kr?t"t'lz), n. pl. [Gael. crotal.] A name given to various lichens gathered for dyeing. [Scot.]

Crouch (krouch; 129), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Crouched (kroucht); p. pr. & vb. n. Crouching.] [OE. cruchen, crouchen, crouken; cf. E. creep, G. krauchen, kriechen, or E. crook to bend, also crouch to cross.] 1. To bend down; to stoop low; to lie close to the ground with the logs bent, as an animal when waiting for prey, or in fear.

> Now crouch like a cur.
> Beau. & Fl.

2. To bend servilely; to stoop meanly; to fawn; to cringe. "A crouching purpose." Wordsworth.

> Must I stand and crouch
> Under your testy humor?
> Shak.

Crouch, v. t. [OE. cruchen, crouchen, from cruche, crouche, cross. Cf. Crosier, Crook.] 1. To sign with the cross; to bless. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. To bend, or cause to bend, as in humility or fear.

> She folded her arms across her chest,
> And crouched her head upon her breast.
> Colerige.

Crouched (kroucht), a. Marked with the sign of the cross. [Obs.]

Crouched friar. See Crutched friar, under Crutched.

Croud (kroud), n. (Mus.) See Crowd, a violin.

Crouke (krouk), n. A crock; a jar. [Obs.] Chauser.

Croup (kr??p), n. [F. croupe hind quarters, croup, rump, of German or Icel. origin; cf. Icel. kryppa hump; akin to Icel. kroppr. Cf. Crop.] The hinder part or buttocks of certain quadrupeds, especially of a horse; hence, the place behind the saddle.

> So light to the croup the fair lady he swung,
> So light to the saddle before her he sprung.
> Sir W. Scott.

Croup (kr??p), n. [Scot. croup, cf. croup, crowp, to croak, to cry or speak with a hoarse voice; cf. also LG. kropp, G. kropf, the crop or craw of a bird, and tumor on the anterior part of the neck, a wen, etc. Cf. Crop.] (Med.) An inflammatory affection of the larynx or trachea, accompanied by a hoarse, ringing cough and stridulous, difficult breathing; esp., such an affection when associated with the development of a false membrane in the air passages (also called membranous croup). See False croup, under False, and Diphtheria.

Crou*pade" (kr??-p?d"), n. [F., fr. croupe hind quarters.] (Man.) A leap in which the horse pulls up his hind legs toward his belly.

Croup"al (kr??p"al), a. Croupy.

Croup"er (kr??p"?r), n. See Crupper.

Crou"pi*er (kr&?;&?;"p&?;-&?;r), n. [F.; prop., one who sits on the croup, and hence, in the second place; an assistant. See 1st Croup.] 1. One who presides at a gaming table and collects the stakes.

2. One who, at a public dinner party, sits at the lower end of the table as assistant chairman.

Croup"ous (kr??p"?s), a. (Med.) Relating to or resembling croup; especially, attended with the formation of a deposit or membrane like that found in membranous croup; as, croupous laryngitis.

Croupous pneumonia, pneumonia attended with deposition of fibrinous matter in the air vesicles of the lungs; ordinary acute pneumonia.

Croup"y (kr??p"?), a. Of or pertaining to croup; resembling or indicating croup; as, a croupy cough.

Crouse (kr??s), a. [Etymol. uncertain.] Brisk; lively; bold; self-complacent. [Scot.] Burns.

||Crou`stade" (kr??`st?d"), n. [F., fr. cro&?;te a crust, OF. crouste.] (Cookery) Bread baked in a mold, and scooped out, to serve minces upon. Bishop.

Crout (krout), n. [G. kraut.] See Sourkrout.

||Crou`ton" (kr??`t?n"), n. [F. cro&?;ton, fr. cro&?;te a crust.] (Cookery) Bread cut in various forms, and fried lightly in butter or oil, to garnish hashes, etc.

Crow (kr), v. i. [imp. Crew (kr) or Crowed (krd); p. p. Crowed (Crown (krn), Obs.); p. pr. & vb. n. Crowing.] [AS. crwan; akin to D. kraijen, G. krähen, cf. Lith. groti to croak. √24. Cf. Crake.] 1. To make the shrill sound characteristic of a cock, either in joy, gayety, or defiance. "The cock had crown." Bayron.

> The morning cock crew loud.
> Shak.

2. To shout in exultation or defiance; to brag.

3. To utter a sound expressive of joy or pleasure.

> The sweetest little maid,
> That ever crowed for kisses.
> Tennyson.

To crow over, to exult over a vanquished antagonist.

> Sennacherib crowing over poor Jerusalem.
> Bp. Hall.

Crow, n. [AS. crwe a crow (in sense 1); akin to D. kraai, G. krähe; cf. Icel. krka crow. So named from its cry, from AS. crwan to crow. See Crow, v. i. ]

1. (Zoöl.) A bird, usually black, of the genus Corvus, having a strong conical beak, with projecting bristles. It has a harsh, croaking note. See Caw.

The common crow of Europe, or carrion crow, is C. corone. The common American crow is C. Americanus. See Carrion crow, and Illustr., under Carrion.

2. A bar of iron with a beak, crook, or claw; a bar of iron used as a lever; a crowbar.

> Get me an iron crow, and bring it straight
> Unto my cell.
> Shak.

3. The cry of the cock. See Crow, v. i., 1.

4. The mesentery of a beast; -- so called by butchers.

Carrion crow. See under Carrion. -- Crow blackbird (Zoöl.), an American bird (Quiscalus quiscula); -- called also purple grackle. -- Crow pheasant (Zoöl.), an Indian cuckoo; the common coucal. It is believed by the natives to give omens. See Coucal. -- Crow shrike (Zoöl.), any bird of the genera Gymnorhina, Craticus, or Strepera, mostly from Australia. -- Red-legged crow. See Crough. -- As the crow flies, in a direct line. -- To pick a crow, To pluck a crow, to state and adjust a difference or grievance (with any one).

Crow"bar` (kr?"b?r), n. A bar of iron sharpened at one end, and used as a lever.

Crow`ber`ry (kr?"b?r`r?), n. (Bot.) A heathlike plant of the genus Empetrum, and its fruit, a black, scarcely edible berry; - - also called crakeberry.

Crowd (kroud), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crowded; p. pr. & vb. n. Crowding.] [OE. crouden, cruden, AS. cr&?;dan; cf. D. kruijen to push in a wheelbarrow.] 1. To push, to press, to shove. Chaucer.

2. To press or drive together; to mass together. "Crowd us and crush us." Shak.

3. To fill by pressing or thronging together; hence, to encumber by excess of numbers or quantity.

> The balconies and verandas were crowded with spectators, anxious to behold their future sovereign.
> Prescott.

4. To press by solicitation; to urge; to dun; hence, to treat discourteously or unreasonably. [Colloq.]

To crowd out, to press out; specifically, to prevent the publication of; as, the press of other matter crowded out the article. -- To crowd sail (Naut.), to carry an extraordinary amount of sail, with a view to accelerate the speed of a vessel; to carry a press of sail.

Crowd, v. i. 1. To press together or collect in numbers; to swarm; to throng.

> The whole company crowded about the fire.
> Addison.

> Images came crowding on his mind faster than he could put them into words.
> Macaulay.

2. To urge or press forward; to force one's self; as, a man crowds into a room.

Crowd, n. [AS. croda. See Crowd, v. t. ] 1. A number of things collected or closely pressed together; also, a number of things adjacent to each other.

> A crowd of islands.
> Pope.

2. A number of persons congregated or collected into a close body without order; a throng.

> The crowd of Vanity Fair.
> Macaulay.

> Crowds that stream from yawning doors.
> Tennyson.

3. The lower orders of people; the populace; the vulgar; the rabble; the mob.

> To fool the crowd with glorious lies.
> Tennyson.

> He went not with the crowd to see a shrine.
> Dryden.

Syn. -- Throng; multitude. See Throng.

Crowd, n. [W. crwth; akin to Gael. cruit. Perh. named from its shape, and akin to Gr. kyrto`s curved, and E. curve. Cf. Rote.] An ancient instrument of music with six strings; a kind of violin, being the oldest known stringed instrument played with a bow. [Written also croud, crowth, cruth, and crwth.]

> A lackey that . . . can warble upon a crowd a little.
> B. Jonson.

Crowd, v. t. To play on a crowd; to fiddle. [Obs.] "Fiddlers, crowd on." Massinger.

Crowd"er (kroud"?r), n. One who plays on a crowd; a fiddler. [Obs.] "Some blind crowder." Sir P. Sidney.

Crowd"er, n. One who crowds or pushes.

Crow"dy (krou"d?), n. A thick gruel of oatmeal and milk or water; food of the porridge kind. [Scot.]

Crow"flow`er (kr?"flou`?r), n. (Bot.) A kind of campion; according to Gerarde, the Lychnis Flos-cuculi.

Crow"foot` (kr?"f??t`), n. 1. (Bot.) The genus Ranunculus, of many species; some are common weeds, others are flowering plants of considerable beauty.

2. (Naut.) A number of small cords rove through a long block, or euphroe, to suspend an awning by.

3. (Mil.) A caltrop. [Written also crow's-foot.]

4. (Well Boring) A tool with a side claw for recovering broken rods, etc. Raymond.

Crow"keep`er (-k?p`?r), n. A person employed to scare off crows; hence, a scarecrow. [Obs.]

> Scaring the ladies like a crowkeeper.
> Shak.

Crown (kr?n), p. p. of Crow. [Obs.]

Crown (kroun), n. [OE. corone, coroun, crune, croun, OF. corone, corune, F. couronne, fr. L. corona crown, wreath; akin to Gr. korw`nh anything curved, crown; cf. also L. curvus curved, E. curve, curb, Gael. cruinn round, W. crwn. Cf. Cornice, Corona, Coroner, Coronet.] 1. A wreath or garland, or any ornamental fillet encircling the head, especially as a reward of victory or mark of honorable distinction; hence, anything given on account of, or obtained by, faithful or successful effort; a reward. "An olive branch and laurel crown." Shak.

> They do it to obtain a corruptible crown; but we an incorruptible.
> 1 Cor. ix. 25.

> Be thou faithful unto death, and I will give thee a crown of life.
> Rev. ii. 10.

2. A royal headdress or cap of sovereignty, worn by emperors, kings, princes, etc.

Nobles wear coronets; the triple crown of the pope is usually called a tiara. The crown of England is a circle of gold with crosses, fleurs-de-lis, and imperial arches, inclosing a crimson velvet cap, and ornamented with thousands of diamonds and precious stones.

3. The person entitled to wear a regal or imperial crown; the sovereign; -- with the definite article.

> Parliament may be dissolved by the demise of the crown.
> Blackstone.

> Large arrears of pay were due to the civil and military servants of the crown.
> Macaulay.

4. Imperial or regal power or dominion; sovereignty.

> There is a power behind the crown greater than the crown itself.
> Junius.

5. Anything which imparts beauty, splendor, honor, dignity, or finish.

> The hoary head is a crown of glory, if it be found in the way of righteousness.
> Prov. xvi. 31.

> A virtuous woman is a crown to her husband.
> Prov. xvi. 4.

<! p. 350 !>

6. Highest state; acme; consummation; perfection.

> Mutual love, the crown of all our bliss.
> Milton.

7. The topmost part of anything; the summit.

> The steepy crown of the bare mountains.
> Dryden.

8. The topmost part of the head (see Illust. of Bird.); that part of the head from which the hair descends toward the sides and back; also, the head or brain.

> From toe to crown he'll fill our skin with pinches.
> Shak.

> Twenty things which I set down:
> This done, I twenty more-had in my crown.
> Bunyan.

9. The part of a hat above the brim.

10. (Anat.) The part of a tooth which projects above the gum; also, the top or grinding surface of a tooth.

11. (Arch.) The vertex or top of an arch; -- applied generally to about one third of the curve, but in a pointed arch to the apex only.

12. (Bot.) Same as Corona.

13. (Naut.) (a) That part of an anchor where the arms are joined to the shank. (b) The rounding, or rounded part, of the deck from a level line. (c) pl. The bights formed by the several turns of a cable. Totten.

14. The upper range of facets in a rose diamond.

15. The dome of a furnace.

16. (Geom.) The area inclosed between two concentric perimeters.

17. (Eccl.) A round spot shaved clean on the top of the head, as a mark of the clerical state; the tonsure.

18. A size of writing paper. See under Paper.

19. A coin stamped with the image of a crown; hence,a denomination of money; as, the English crown, a silver coin of the value of five shillings sterling, or a little more than $1.20; the Danish or Norwegian crown, a money of account, etc., worth nearly twenty-seven cents.

20. An ornaments or decoration representing a crown; as, the paper is stamped with a crown.

Crown of aberration (Astron.), a spurious circle around the true circle of the sun. -- Crown antler (Zoöl.), the topmost branch or tine of an antler; also, an antler having a cuplike top, with tines springing from the rim. -- Crown bar, one of the bars which support the crown sheet of steam-boiler furnace. -- Crown glass. See under Glass. -- Crown imperial. (Bot.) See in the Vocabulary. -- Crown jewels, the jewels appertaining to the sovereign while wearing the crown. [Eng.] "She pawned and set to sale the crown jewels." Milton. -- Crown land, land belonging to the crown, that is, to the sovereign. -- Crown law, the law which governs criminal prosecutions. [Eng.] -- Crown lawyer, one employed by the crown, as in criminal cases. [Eng.] -- Crown octavo. See under Paper. -- Crown office. See in the Vocabulary. -- Crown paper. See under Paper. -- Crown piece. See in the Vocabulary. -- Crown Prince, the heir apparent to a crown or throne. -- Crown saw. See in the Vocabulary. -- Crown scab (Far.), a cancerous sore formed round the corners of a horse's hoof. -- Crown sheet, the flat plate which forms the top of the furnace or fire box of an internally fired steam boiler. -- Crown shell. (Zoöl.) See Acorn-shell. -- Crown side. See Crown office. -- Crown tax (Eccl. Hist.), a golden crown, or its value, which was required annually from the Jews by the king of Syria, in the time of the Maccabees. 1 Macc. x. 20. -- Crown wheel. See in the Vocabulary. -- Crown work. See in the Vocabulary. -- Pleas of the crown (Engl. law), criminal actions.

Crown (kroun), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crowned (kround); p. pr. & vb. n. Crowning.] [OE. coronen, corunen, crunien, crounien, OF. coroner, F. couronner, fr. L. coronare, fr. corona a crown. See Crown, n.] 1. To cover, decorate, or invest with a crown; hence, to invest with royal dignity and power.

> Her who fairest does appear,
> Crown her queen of all the year.
> Dryden.

> Crown him, and say, "Long live our emperor."
> Shak.

2. To bestow something upon as a mark of honor, dignity, or recompense; to adorn; to dignify.

> Thou . . . hast crowned him with glory and honor.
> Ps. viii. 5.

3. To form the topmost or finishing part of; to complete; to consummate; to perfect.

> Amidst the grove that crowns yon tufted hill.
> Byron.

> One day shall crown the alliance.
> Shak.

> To crown the whole, came a proposition.
> Motley.

4. (Mech.) To cause to round upward; to make anything higher at the middle than at the edges, as the face of a machine pulley.

5. (Mil.) To effect a lodgment upon, as upon the crest of the glacis, or the summit of the breach.

To crown a knot (Naut.), to lay the ends of the strands over and under each other.

Crowned (kround), p. p. & a. 1. Having or wearing a crown; surmounted, invested, or adorned, with a crown, wreath, garland, etc.; honored; rewarded; completed; consummated; perfected. "Crowned with one crest." Shak. "Crowned with conquest." Milton.

> With surpassing glory crowned.
> Milton.

2. Great; excessive; supreme. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Crown"er (kroun"?r), n. 1. One who, or that which, crowns. Beau. & FL.

2. [Cf. Coroner.] A coroner. [Prov. Eng. or Scot.]

Crown"et (kroun"?t), n. [See Crown, Coronet.]

1. A coronet. [R.] P. Whitehead.

2. The ultimate end and result of an undertaking; a chief end. [Obs.]

> O this false soul of Egypt! this grave charm . . . .
> Whose bosom was my crownet, my chief end.
> Shak.

Crown"-im*pe"ri*al (-?m-p?"r?-al), n. (Bot.) A spring-blooming plant (Fritillaria imperialis) of the Lily family, having at the top of the stalk a cluster of pendent bell-shaped flowers surmounted with a tuft of green leaves.

Crown"less, a. Without a crown.

Crown"let (-l?t), n. A coronet. [Poetic] Sir W. Scott.

Crown" of`fice (?f`f?s; 115). (Eng. Law) The criminal branch of the Court of King's or Queen's Bench, commonly called the crown side of the court, which takes cognizance of all criminal cases. Burrill.

Crown"piece` (-p?s`), n. (a) A piece or part which passes over the head, as in a bridle. (b) A coin [In sense (b) properly crown piece.] See Crown, 19.

Crown"-post` (kroun"p?st`), n. Same as King-post.

Crown"-saw` (-s?`), n. [From its supposed resemblance to a crown.] (Mech.) A saw in the form of a hollow cylinder, with teeth on the end or edge, and operated by a rotative motion.

The trephine was the first of the class of crownsaws. Knight.

Crown" side` (s?d`). See Crown office.

Crown" wheel` (hw?l`). [Named from its resemblance to a crown.] (Mach.) A wheel with cogs or teeth set at right angles to its plane; -- called also a contrate wheel or face wheel.

Crown"work` (-w?rk`), n. (Fort.) A work consisting of two or more bastioned fronts, with their outworks, covering an enceinte, a bridgehead, etc., and connected by wings with the main work or the river bank.

Crow"-quill` (kr?"kw?l`), n. A quill of the crow, or a very fine pen made from such a quill.

Crows (kr?z), n. pl.; sing. Crow. (Ethnol.) A tribe of Indians of the Dakota stock, living in Montana; -- also called Upsarokas.

Crow's"-foot` (kr?z"f??t`), n.; pl. Crow's-feet (-ft`).

1. pl. The wrinkles that appear, as the effect of age or dissipation, under and around the outer corners of the eyes. Tennyson.

2. (Mil.) A caltrop. [Written also crowfoot.]

3. (Arch.) Same as Bird's- mouth. [U.S.]

Crow"-silk` (kr?"s?lk`), n. (Bot.) A filamentous fresh-water alga (Conferva rivularis of Linnaeus, Rhizoclonium rivulare of Kutzing).

Crow's-nest` (kr?z"n?st`), n. (Naut.) A box or perch near the top of a mast, esp. in whalers, to shelter the man on the lookout.

Crow"step` (kr?"st?p`), n. (Arch.) See Corriestep.

Crow"stone` (kr?"st?n`), n. (Arch.) The top stone of the gable end of a house. Halliwell.

Crowth (krouth), n. An ancient musical instrument. See 4th Crowd.

Crow"toe` (kr"t`), n. (Bot.) 1. The Lotus corniculatus. Dr. Prior.

2. An unidentified plant, probably the crowfoot. "The tufted crowtoe." Milton.

Crow"-trod`den (kr"tr?d`d'n), a. Marked with crow's-feet, or wrinkles, about the eyes. [Poetic]

> Do I look as if I were crow-trodden?
> Beau. & FL.

Croyl"stone` (kroil"stn`), n. (Min.) Crystallized cawk, in which the crystals are small.

Croys (krois), n. See Cross, n. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Croze (kr?z), n. [Cf. Cross, and Crosier.] A cooper's tool for making the grooves for the heads of casks, etc.; also, the groove itself.

Cro"zier (kr?"zh?r), n. See Crosier.

Cro"ziered (-zh?rd), a. Crosiered.

Cru"cial (kr?"shal), a. [F. crucial, fr. L. crux, crucis, cross, torture. See Cross.] 1. Having the form of a cross; appertaining to a cross; cruciform; intersecting; as, crucial ligaments; a crucial incision.

2. Severe; trying or searching, as if bringing to the cross; decisive; as, a crucial test.

Cru"cian carp` (-shan k?rp`). [Cf. Sw. karussa, G. karausche, F. carousse, - assin, corassin, LL. coracinus, Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;&?; a sort of fish.] (Zoöl.) A kind of European carp (Carasius vulgaris), inferior to the common carp; -- called also German carp.

The gibel or Prussian carp is now generally considered a variety of the crucian carp, or perhaps a hybrid between it and the common carp.

Cru"ci*ate (kr?"sh?-?t or -sh?t; 106), a. [L. cruciatus, p. p. of cruciare to crucify, torture, fr. crux, crucis, a cross. See Cross.] 1. Tormented. [Obs.] Bale.

2. (Bot.) Having the leaves or petals arranged in the form of a cross; cruciform.

Cru"ci*ate (kr?"sh?-?t), v. t. To torture; to torment. [Obs.] See Excruciate. Bale.

Cru`ci*a"tion (kr?`sh?-?"sh?n), n. [LL. cruciatio.] The act of torturing; torture; torment. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Cru"ci*ble (kr"s*b'l), n. [LL. crucibulum a hanging lamp, an earthen pot for melting metals (cf. OF. croisel, creuseul, sort of lamp, crucible, F. creuset crucible), prob. of German origin; cf. OHG. krsul, LG. krüsel, hanging lamp, kroos, kruus, mug, jug, jar, D. kroes cup, crucible, Dan. kruus, Sw. krus, E. cruse. It was confused with derivatives of L. crux cross (cf. Crosslet), and crucibles were said to have been marked with a cross, to prevent the devil from marring the chemical operation. See Cruse, and cf. Cresset.] 1. A vessel or melting pot, composed of some very refractory substance, as clay, graphite, platinum, and used for melting and calcining substances which require a strong degree of heat, as metals, ores, etc.

2. A hollow place at the bottom of a furnace, to receive the melted metal.

3. A test of the most decisive kind; a severe trial; as, the crucible of affliction.

Hessian crucible (Chem.), a cheap, brittle, and fragile, but very refractory crucible, composed of the finest fire clay and sand, and commonly used for a single heating; -- named from the place of manufacture.

Cru"ci*fer (-f?r), n. [See Cruciferous.] (Bot.) Any plant of the order Cruciferæ.

Cru*cif"er*ous (kr?-s?f"?r-?s), a. [L. crux, crucis, cross + -ferous: cf. F. crucif&?;re.] 1. Bearing a cross.

2. (Bot.) Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a family of plants which have four petals arranged like the arms of a cross, as the mustard, radish, turnip, etc.

Cru"ci*fi`er (kr?"s?-f?`?r), n. One who crucifies; one who subjects himself or another to a painful trial.

Cru"ci*fix (kr?"s?-f?ks), n.; pl. Crucifixes (-&?;z). [F. crucifix or LL. crucifixum, fr. L. crux, crucis, cross + figere, fixum, to fix. See Cross, and Fix, and cf. Crucify.] 1. A representation in art of the figure of Christ upon the cross; esp., the sculptured figure affixed to a real cross of wood, ivory, metal, or the like, used by the Roman Catholics in their devotions.

> The cross, too, by degrees, become the crucifix.
> Milman.

> And kissing oft her crucifix,
> Unto the block she drew.
> Warner.

2. The cross or religion of Christ. [R.] Jer. Taylor.

Cru`ci*fix"ion (kr?`s?-f?k"sh?n), n. 1. The act of nailing or fastening a person to a cross, for the purpose of putting him to death; the use of the cross as a method of capital punishment.

2. The state of one who is nailed or fastened to a cross; death upon a cross.

3. Intense suffering or affliction; painful trial.

> Do ye prove
> What crucifixions are in love?
> Herrick.

Cru"ci*form (kr?"s?-f?rm), a. [L. crux, crucis, cress + -form: cf. F. cruciforme.] Cross-shaped; (Bot.) having four parts arranged in the form of a cross.

Cru"ci*fy (-f?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crucified (-f?d); p. pr. & vb. n. Crucifying.] [F. crucifier, fr. (assumed) LL. crucificare, for crucifigere, fr, L. crux, crucis, cross + figere to fix, the ending -figere being changed to -ficare, F. -fier (in compounds), as if fr. L. facere to do, make. See Cross, and Fix, and cf. Crucifix.] 1. To fasten to a cross; to put to death by nailing the hands and feet to a cross or gibbet.

> They cried, saying, Crucify him, cricify him.
> Luke xxiii. 21.

2. To destroy the power or ruling influence of; to subdue completely; to mortify.

> They that are Christ's have crucified the flesh, with the affections and lusts.
> Gal. v. 24.

3. To vex or torment. Beau. & FL.

Cru*cig"er*ous (kr?-s?j"?r-?s), a. [L. crux, cricis, cross + -gerous.] Bearing the cross; marked with the figure of a cross. Sir. T. Browne.

Crud (kr?d), n. See Curd. [Obs.]

Crud"dle (-d'l), v. i. To curdle. [Obs.]

> See how thy blood cruddles at this.
> Bea&?; & FL.

Crude (krd), a. [Compar. Cruder (-r); superl. Crudest.] [L. crudus raw; akin to cruor blood (which flows from a wound). See Raw, and cf. Cruel.] 1. In its natural state; not cooked or prepared by fire or heat; undressed; not altered, refined, or prepared for use by any artificial process; raw; as, crude flesh. "Common crude salt." Boyle.

> Molding to its will each successive deposit of the crude materials.
> I. Taylor.

2. Unripe; not mature or perfect; immature.

> I come to pluck your berries harsh and crude.
> Milton.

3. Not reduced to order or form; unfinished; not arranged or prepared; ill-considered; immature. "Crude projects." Macaulay.

> Crude, undigested masses of suggestion, furnishing rather raw materials for composition.
> De Quincey.

> The originals of Nature in their crude
> Conception.
> Milton.

4. Undigested; unconcocted; not brought into a form to give nourishment. "Crude and inconcoct." Bacon.

5. Having, or displaying, superficial and undigested knowledge; without culture or profundity; as, a crude reasoner.

6. (Paint.) Harsh and offensive, as a color; tawdry or in bad taste, as a combination of colors, or any design or work of art.

Crude"ly, adv. In a crude, immature manner.

Crude"ness, n. A crude, undigested, or unprepared state; rawness; unripeness; immatureness; unfitness for a destined use or purpose; as, the crudeness of iron ore; crudeness of theories or plans.

Cru"di*ty (kr"d*t), n.; pl. Crudities (- tz). [L. cruditas, fr. crudus: cf. F. crudité. See Crude.] 1. The condition of being crude; rawness.

2. That which is in a crude or undigested state; hence, superficial, undigested views, not reduced to order or form. "Crudities in the stomach." Arbuthnot.

Cru"dle (-d'l), v. i. See Cruddle.

Crud"y (kr?d"?), a. [From Crud.] Coagulated. [Obs.]

> His cruel wounds with crudy blood congealed.
> Spenser.

Cru"dy (kr?"d?), a. [From Crude.] Characterized by crudeness; raw. [Obs.]

> The foolish and dull and crudy vapors.
> Shak.

Cru"el (kr"l), n. See Crewel.

Cru"el (kr"l), a. [F. cruel, fr. L. crudelis, fr. crudus. See Crude.] 1. Disposed to give pain to others; willing or pleased to hurt, torment, or afflict; destitute of sympathetic kindness and pity; savage; inhuman; hard-hearted; merciless.

> Behold a people cometh from the north country; . . . they are cruel and have no mercy.
> Jer. vi. 22,23.

2. Causing, or fitted to cause, pain, grief, or misery.

> Cruel wars, wasting the earth.
> Milton.

> Cursed be their anger, for it was fierce; and their wrath for it was cruel.
> Gen. xlix. 7.

3. Attended with cruetly; painful; harsh.

> You have seen cruel proof of this man's strength.
> Shak.

Cru"el*ly, adv. 1. In a cruel manner.

2. Extremely; very. [Colloq.] Spectator.

Cru"el*ness, n.Cruelty. [Obs.] Spenser.

Cru"els (kr"lz), n. pl. [Corrupt. fr. F. écrouelles scrofula.] Glandular scrofulous swellings in the neck.

Cru"el*ty (-t), n.; pl. Cruelties (-tz). [OF. cruelté, F. cruauté, fr. L. crudelitas, fr. crudelis. See Cruel.]

<! p. 351 !>

1. The attribute or quality of being cruel; a disposition to give unnecessary pain or suffering to others; inhumanity; barbarity.

> Pierced through the heart with your stern cruelty.
> Shak.

2. A cruel and barbarous deed; inhuman treatment; the act of willfully causing unnecessary pain.

> Cruelties worthy of the dungeons of the Inquisition.

> Macaulay.

Cru"en*tate (kr?"?n-t?t), a. [L. cruentatus, p. p. of cruentare to make bloody, fr. cruentus bloody, fr. cruor. See Crude.] Smeared with blood. [Obs.] Glanwill.

Cru*en"tous (kr?-?n"t?s), a. [L. cruentus.] Bloody; cruentate. [Obs.]

Cru"et (kr"t), n. [Anglo-French cruet, a dim. from OF. crue, cruie; of German or Celtic origin, and akin to E. crock an earthen vessel.] 1. A bottle or vessel; esp., a vial or small glass bottle for holding vinegar, oil, pepper, or the like, for the table; a caster. Swift.

2. (Eccl.) A vessel used to hold wine, oil, or water for the service of the altar.

Cruet stand, a frame for holding cruets; a caster.

Cruise (krs), n. See Cruse, a small bottle.

Cruise (krz), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cruised (krzd); p. pr. & vb. n. Cruising.] [D. kruisen to move crosswise or in a zigzag, to cruise, fr. kruis cross, fr. OF. crois, croiz, F. croix, or directly fr. OF. croisier, F. croiser, to cross, cruise, fr. crois a cross. See Cross.]

1. To sail back and forth on the ocean; to sail, as for the potection of commerce, in search of an enemy, for plunder, or for pleasure.

A ship cruises in any particular sea or ocean; as, in the Baltic or in the Atlantic. She cruises off any cape; as, off the Lizard; off Ushant. She cruises on a coast; as, on the coast of Africa. A priate cruises to seize vessels; a yacht cruises for the pleasure of the owner.

> Ships of war were sent to cruise near the isle of Bute.
> Macaulay.

> 'Mid sands, and rocks, and storms to cruise for pleasure.
> Young.

2. To wander hither and thither on land. [Colloq.]

Cruise, n. A voyage made in various directions, as of an armed vessel, for the protection of other vessels, or in search of an enemy; a sailing to and fro, as for exploration or for pleasure.

> He feigned a compliance with some of his men, who were bent upon going a cruise to Manilla.
> Dampier.

Cruis"er (kr?"z?r), n. One who, or a vessel that, cruises; -- usually an armed vessel.

Cruive (krv), n. A kind of weir or dam for trapping salmon; also, a hovel. [Scot.]

Crull (krl), a. [See Curl.] Curly; curled. [Obs.]

Crul"ler (krl"lr), n. [Cf. Curl.] A kind of sweet cake cut in strips and curled or twisted, and fried crisp in boiling fat. [Also written kruller.]

Crumb (krm), n. [AS. cruma, akin to D. kruim, G. krume; cf. G. krauen to scratch, claw.] [Written also crum.] 1. A small fragment or piece; especially, a small piece of bread or other food, broken or cut off.

> Desiring to be fed with the crumbs which fell from the rich man's table.
> Luke xvi. 21.

2. Fig.: A little; a bit; as, a crumb of comfort.

3. The soft part of bread.

> Dust unto dust, what must be, must;
> If you can't get crumb, you'd best eat crust.
> Old Song.

Crumb brush, a brush for sweeping crumbs from a table. -- To a crum, with great exactness; completely.

Crumb, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crumbed (kr?md); p. pr. & vb. n. Crumbing (kr?m"?ng).] To break into crumbs or small pieces with the fingers; as, to crumb bread. [Written also crum.]

Crumb"cloth` (-kl&?;th`; 115), n. A cloth to be laid under a dining table to receive falling fragments, and keep the carpet or floor clean. [Written also crumcloth.]

Crum"ble (kr?m"b'l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crumbled (-b'ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Crumbling (-bl?ng).] [Dim. of crumb, v. t., akin to D. krimelen G. kr&?;meln.] To break into small pieces; to cause to fall in pieces.

> He with his bare wand can unthread thy joints,
> And crumble all thy sinews.
> Milton.

Crum"ble, v. i. To fall into small pieces; to break or part into small fragments; hence, to fall to decay or ruin; to become disintegrated; to perish.

> If the stone is brittle, it will crumble and pass into the form of gravel.
> Arbuthnot.

> The league deprived of its principal supports must soon crumble to pieces.
> Prescott.

Crum"bly (-bl?), a. Easily crumbled; friable; brittle. "The crumbly soil." Hawthorne.

Cru"me*nal (kr?"m?-nal), n. [L. crumena purse.] A purse. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Crum"ma*ble (krm"m*b'l), a. Capable of being crumbed or broken into small pieces.

Crum"my (krm"m), a. 1. Full of crumb or crumbs.

2. Soft, as the crumb of bread is; not crusty.

Crump (kr?mp), a. [AS. crumb stooping, bent down; akin to OHG. chrumb, G. krumm, Dan. krum, D. krom, and E. cramp.] 1. Crooked; bent. [Obs.]

> Crooked backs and crump shoulders.
> Jer. Taylor.

2. Hard or crusty; dry baked; as, a crump loaf. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Hallivell.

Crump"et (krmp"t), n. [Prob. from W. crempog, crammwgth, a pancake or fritter.] A kind of large, thin muffin or cake, light and spongy, and cooked on a griddle or spider.

Crum"ple (krm"p'l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crumpled (-p'ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Crumpling (-pl?ng).] [Dim. fr. crump, a.] To draw or press into wrinkles or folds; to crush together; to rumple; as, to crumple paper.

> They crumpled it into all shapes, and diligently scanned every wrinkle that could be made.
> Addison.

Crum"ple, v. i. To contract irregularly; to show wrinkles after being crushed together; as, leaves crumple.

Crump"y (krmp"), a. Brittle; crisp. Wright.

Crunch (krnch), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Crunched (krncht); p. pr. & vb. n. Crunching.] [Prob. of imitative origin; or cf. D. schransen to eat heartily, or E. scrunch.] 1. To chew with force and noise; to craunch.

> And their white tusks crunched o'er the whiter skull.
> Byron.

2. To grind or press with violence and noise.

> The ship crunched through the ice.
> Kane.

3. To emit a grinding or craunching noise.

> The crunching and ratting of the loose stones.
> H. James.

Crunch, v. t. To crush with the teeth; to chew with a grinding noise; to craunch; as, to crunch a biscuit.

{ Crunk (krk), Crun"kle (kr"k'l), } v. i. [Cf. Icel. kr&?;nka to croak.] To cry like a crane. [Obs.] "The crane crunketh." Withals (1608).

Cru*no"dal (kr?-n?"dal), a. (Geom.) Possessing, or characterized by, a crunode; - - used of curves.

Cru"node (kr?"n?d), n. [Prob. fr. L. crux a cross + E. node.] (Geom.) A point where one branch of a curve crosses another branch. See Double point, under Double, a.

||Cru"or (kr?"?r), n. [L., blood. See Crude.] The coloring matter of the blood; the clotted portion of coagulated blood, containing the coloring matter; gore.

Cru"o*rin (-?-r?n), n. (Physiol.) The coloring matter of the blood in the living animal; hæmoglobin.

Crup (kr?p), a. [Cf. OHG. grop, G. grob, coarse.] Short; brittle; as, crup cake. Todd.

Crup (kr?p), n. See Croup, the rump of a horse.

Crup"per (kr?p"p?r in U.S.; kr?p"?r in Eng.), n. [F. croupi&?;re, fr. croupe. See Croup the rump of a horse.] [Written also crouper.] 1. The buttocks or rump of a horse.

2. A leather loop, passing under a horse's tail, and buckled to the saddle to keep it from slipping forwards.

Crup"per, v. t. To fit with a crupper; to place a crupper upon; as, to crupper a horse.

||Cru"ra (kr?"r?), n. pl. (Anat.) See Crus.

Cru"ral (-ral), a. [L. cruralis, fr. crus, cruris, leg: cf. F. crural.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the thigh or leg, or to any of the parts called crura; as, the crural arteries; crural arch; crural canal; crural ring.

||Crus (kr?s), n.; pl. Crura (kr&?;"r&?;). [L., the leg.] (Anat.) (a) That part of the hind limb between the femur, or thigh, and the ankle, or tarsus; the shank. (b) Often applied, especially in the plural, to parts which are supposed to resemble a pair of legs; as, the crura of the diaphragm, a pair of muscles attached to it; crura cerebri, two bundles of nerve fibers in the base of the brain, connecting the medulla and the forebrain.

Cru*sade" (kr?-s?d"), n. [F. croisade, fr. Pr. crozada, or Sp cruzada, or It. crociata, from a verb signifying to take the cross, mark one's self with a cross, fr. L. crux cross; or possibly taken into English directly fr. Pr. Cf. Croisade, Crosado, and see Cross.] 1. Any one of the military expeditions undertaken by Christian powers, in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries, for the recovery of the Holy Land from the Mohammedans.

2. Any enterprise undertaken with zeal and enthusiasm; as, a crusade against intemperance.

3. A Portuguese coin. See Crusado.

Cru*sade", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Crusaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Crusading.] To engage in a crusade; to attack in a zealous or hot-headed manner. "Cease crusading against sense." M. Green.

Cru*sad"er (-s?"d?r), n. One engaged in a crusade; as, the crusaders of the Middle Ages.

> Azure-eyed and golden-haired,
> Forth the young crusaders fared.
> Longfellow.

Cru*sad"ing, a. Of or pertaining to a crusade; as, a crusading spirit.

Cru*sa"do (-s?"d?), n. [Pg. cruzado, fr. cruz, fr. L. crux. See Crusade, 3.] An old Portuguese coin, worth about seventy cents. [Written also cruade.] Shak.

Cruse (kr?s), n. [Akin to LG. kruus, kroos, mug, jug, jar, D. kroes, G. krause, Icel. krus, Sw. krus, Dan. kruus. Cf. Crucible, Cresset.] 1. A cup or dish.

> Take with thee . . . a cruse of honey.
> 1 Kings xiv. 3.

2. A bottle for holding water, oil, honey, etc.

> So David took . . . the cruse of water.
> 1 Sam. xxvi. 12.

Cru"set (kr?"s?t), n. [Cf. F. creuset. See Cruse, Crucible.] A goldsmith's crucible or melting pot.

Crush (krsh), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crushed (krsht); p. pr. & vb. n. Crushing.] [OE. cruschen, crousshen, Of. cruisir, croissir, fr. LL. cruscire, prob. of Ger. origin, from a derivative of the word seen in Goth. kruistan to gnash; akin to Sw. krysta to squeeze, Dan. kryste, Icel. kreysta.] 1. To press or bruise between two hard bodies; to squeeze, so as to destroy the natural shape or integrity of the parts, or to force together into a mass; as, to crush grapes.

> Ye shall not offer unto the Lord that which is bruised, or crushed, or broken, or cut.
> Lev. xxii. 24.

> The ass . . . thrust herself unto the wall, and crushed Balaam's foot against the wall.
> Num. xxii. 25.

2. To reduce to fine particles by pounding or grinding; to comminute; as, to crush quartz.

3. To overwhelm by pressure or weight; to beat or force down, as by an incumbent weight.

> To crush the pillars which the pile sustain.
> Dryden.

> Truth, crushed to earth, shall rise again.
> Bryant.

4. To oppress or burden grievously.

> Thou shalt be only oppressed and crushed alway.
> Deut. xxviii. 33.

5. To overcome completely; to subdue totally.

> Speedily overtaking and crushing the rebels.
> Sir. W. Scott.

To crush a cup, to drink. [Obs.] -- To crush out. (a) To force out or separate by pressure, as juice from grapes. (b) To overcome or destroy completely; to suppress.

Crush (kr?sh), v. i. To be or become broken down or in, or pressed into a smaller compass, by external weight or force; as, an eggshell crushes easily.

Crush, n. 1. A violent collision or compression; a crash; destruction; ruin.

> The wreck of matter, and the crush of worlds.
> Addison.

2. Violent pressure, as of a crowd; a crowd which produced uncomfortable pressure; as, a crush at a reception.

Crush hat, a hat which collapses, and can be carried under the arm, and when expanded is held in shape by springs; hence, any hat not injured by compressing. -- Crush room, a large room in a theater, opera house, etc., where the audience may promenade or converse during the intermissions; a foyer.

> Politics leave very little time for the bow window at White's in the day, or for the crush room of the opera at night.
> Macaulay.

Crush"er (-?r), n. One who, or that which, crushes.

Crusher gauge, an instrument for measuring the explosive force of gunpowder, etc., by its effect in compressing a piece of metal.

Crush"ing, a. That crushes; overwhelming. "The blow must be quick and crushing." Macualay.

Crust (kr?st), n. [L. crusta: cf. OF. crouste, F. croûte; prob. akin to Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;&?; ice, E. crystal, from the same root as E. crude, raw. See Raw, and cf. Custard.] 1. The hard external coat or covering of anything; the hard exterior surface or outer shell; an incrustation; as, a crust of snow.

> I have known the statute of an emperor quite hid under a crust of dross.
> Addison.

> Below this icy crust of conformity, the waters of infidelity lay dark and deep as ever.
> Prescott.

2. (Cookery) (a) The hard exterior or surface of bread, in distinction from the soft part or crumb; or a piece of bread grown dry or hard. (b) The cover or case of a pie, in distinction from the soft contents. (c) The dough, or mass of doughy paste, cooked with a potpie; -- also called dumpling.

> Th' impenetrable crust thy teeth defies.
> Dryden.

> He that keeps nor crust nor crumb.
> Shak.

> They . . . made the crust for the venison pasty.
> Macaulay.

3. (Geol.) The exterior portion of the earth, formerly universally supposed to inclose a molten interior.

4. (Zoöl.) The shell of crabs, lobsters, etc.

5. (Med.) A hard mass, made up of dried secretions blood, or pus, occurring upon the surface of the body.

6. An incrustation on the interior of wine bottles, the result of the ripening of the wine; a deposit of tartar, etc. See Beeswing.

Crust, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crusted; p. pr. & vb. n. Crusting.] [Cf. OF. crouster, L. crustare. See Crust, n. ] To cover with a crust; to cover or line with an incrustation; to incrust.

> The whole body is crusted over with ice.
> Boyle.

> And now their legs, and breast, and bodies stood
> Crusted with bark.
> Addison.

> Very foul and crusted bottles.
> Swift.

> Their minds are crusted over, like diamonds in the rock.
> Felton.

Crust, v. i. To gather or contract into a hard crust; to become incrusted.

> The place that was burnt . . . crusted and healed.
> Temple.

||Crus"ta (kr?s"t?), n. [L., shell, crust, inlaid work.]

1. A crust or shell.

2. A gem engraved, or a plate embossed in low relief, for inlaying a vase or other object.

||Crus*ta"ce*a (kr?s-t?"sh?-?), n. pl. [Neut. pl. of NL. crustaceus pert. to the crust or shell, from L. crusta the hard surfsce of a body, rind, shell.] (Zoöl.) One of the classes of the arthropods, including lobsters and crabs; -- so called from the crustlike shell with which they are covered.

The body usually consists of an anterior part, made up of the head and thorax combined, called the cephalothorax, and of a posterior jointed part called the abdomen, postabdomen, and (improperly) tail. They breathe by means of gills variously attached to some of the limbs or to the sides the body, according to the group. They are divisible into two subclasses, Entomostraca and Malacostraca, each of which includes several orders.

Crus*ta"cean (kr?s-t?"shan; 97), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Crustacea; crustaceous. -- n. An animal belonging to the class Crustacea.

Crus*ta`ce*o*log"ic*al (-sh?-?-l?j"?-kal), a. Pertaining to crustaceology.

Crus*ta`ce*ol"o*gist (-?ll"?-j?st), n. One versed in crustaceology; a crustalogist.

Crus*ta`ce*ol"o*gy (-j?), n. [Crustacea + -logy.] That branch of Zoölogy which treats of the Crustacea; malacostracology; carcinology.

Crus*ta"ceous (kr?s-t?"sh?s; 97), a. [NL. crustaceous. See crustacea.] 1. Pertaining to, or of the nature of, crust or shell; having a crustlike shell.

2. (Zoöl.) Belonging to the Crustacea; crustacean.

Crus*ta"ceous*ness, n. The state or quality of being crustaceous or having a crustlike shell.

Crust"al (kr?st"al), a. Relating to a crust.

Crus`ta*log"ic*al (kr?s`t?-l?j"?-kal), a. Pertaining to crustalogy.

Crus*tal"o*gist (-t&?;l"&?;-j&?;st), n. One versed in crustalogy.

<! p. 352 !>

Crus*tal"o*gy (kr?s-t?l"?-j?), n. [L. crusta shell + -logy.] Crustaceology.

Crus"ta*ted (kr?s"t?-t?d), a. [L. crustatus, p. p. of crustare, fr. crusta. See Crust.] Covered with a crust; as, crustated basalt.

Crus*ta"tion (kr?s-t?"sh?n), n. An adherent crust; an incrustation. Pepys.

Crust"ed (kr?st"?d), a. Incrusted; covered with, or containing, crust; as, old, crusted port wine.

Crus*tif`ic (kr?s-t?f"?k), a. [L. crusta crust + -facere to make.] Producing or forming a crust or skin. [R.]

Crust"i*ly (krst"-l), adv. In a crusty or surly manner; morosely.

Crust"i*ness (--ns), n. 1. The state or quality of having crust or being like crust; hardness.

2. The quality of being crusty or surly.

> Old Christy forgot his usual crustiness.
> W. Irving.

Crust"y (-), a. 1. Having the nature of crust; pertaining to a hard covering; as, a crusty coat; a crusty surface or substance.

2. [Possibly a corruption of cursty. Cf. Curst, Curstness.] Having a hard exterior, or a short, rough manner, though kind at heart; snappish; peevish; surly.

> Thou crusty batch of nature, what's the news?
> Shak.

Crut (krt), n. [Cf. F. croûte crust.] The rough, shaggy part of oak bark.

Crutch (krch; 224), n.; pl. Crutches (-z). [OE. crucche, AS. crycc, cricc; akin to D. kruk, G. krücke, Dan. krykke, Sw. krycka, and to E. crook. See Crook, and cf. Cricket a low stool.] 1. A staff with a crosspiece at the head, to be placed under the arm or shoulder, to support the lame or infirm in walking.

> I'll lean upon one crutch, and fight with the other.
> Shak.

> Rhyme is a crutch that lifts the weak alone.
> H. Smith.

2. A form of pommel for a woman's saddle, consisting of a forked rest to hold the leg of the rider.

3. (Naut.) (a) A knee, or piece of knee timber. (b) A forked stanchion or post; a crotch. See Crotch.

Crutch, v. t. To support on crutches; to prop up. [R.]

> Two fools that crutch their feeble sense on verse.
> Dryden.

Crutched (kr?cht), a. 1. Supported upon crutches.

2. [See Crouch, v. t., and Crouched, a. ] Marked with the sign of the cross; crouched.

Crutched friar (Eccl.), one of a religious order, so called because its members bore the sign of the cross on their staves and habits; -- called also crossed friar and crouched friar.

Cruth (kr?th), n. [W. crwth.] (Mus.) See 4th Crowd.

||Crux (krks), n.; pl. E. Cruxes (-z), L. Cruces (kr"sz). [L., cross, torture, trouble.] Anything that is very puzzling or difficult to explain. Dr. Sheridan.

> The perpetual crux of New Testament chronologists.
> Strauss.

||Cru*za"do (kr?-z?"d?), n. A coin. See Crusado.

||Crwth (krth), n. [W.] (Mus.) See 4th Crowd.

Cry (kr), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cried (krd); p. pr. & vb. n. Crying.] [F. crier, cf. L. quiritare to raise a plaintive cry, scream, shriek, perh. fr. queri to complain; cf. Skr. cvas to pant, hiss, sigh. Cf. Quarrel a brawl, Querulous.] 1. To make a loud call or cry; to call or exclaim vehemently or earnestly; to shout; to vociferate; to proclaim; to pray; to implore.

> And about the ninth hour, Jesus cried with a loud voice.
> Matt. xxvii. 46.

> Clapping their hands, and crying with loud voice.
> Shak.

> Hear the voice of my supplications when I cry unto thee.
> Ps. xxviii. 2.

> The voice of him that crieth in the wilderness, Prepare ye the way of the Lord.
> Is. xl. 3.

> Some cried after him to return.
> Bunyan.

2. To utter lamentations; to lament audibly; to express pain, grief, or distress, by weeping and sobbing; to shed tears; to bawl, as a child.

> Ye shall cry for sorrow of heart.
> Is. lxv. 14.

> I could find it in my heart to disgrace my man's apparel and to cry like a woman.
> Shak.

3. To utter inarticulate sounds, as animals.

> The young ravens which cry.
> Ps. cxlvii. 9.

> In a cowslip's bell I lie
> There I couch when owls do cry.
> Shak.

To cry on or upon, to call upon the name of; to beseech. "No longer on Saint Denis will we cry." Shak. -- To cry out. (a) To exclaim; to vociferate; to scream; to clamor. (b) To complain loudly; to lament. -- To cry out against, to complain loudly of; to censure; to blame. -- To cry out on or upon, to denounce; to censure. "Cries out upon abuses." Shak. -- To cry to, to call on in prayer; to implore. -- To cry you mercy, to beg your pardon. "I cry you mercy, madam; was it you?" Shak.

Cry, v. t. 1. To utter loudly; to call out; to shout; to sound abroad; to declare publicly.

> All, all, cry shame against ye, yet I 'll speak.
> Shak.

> The man . . . ran on,crying, Life! life! Eternal life!
> Bunyan.

2. To cause to do something, or bring to some state, by crying or weeping; as, to cry one's self to sleep.

3. To make oral and public proclamation of; to declare publicly; to notify or advertise by outcry, especially things lost or found, goods to be sold, ets.; as, to cry goods, etc.

> Love is lost, and thus she cries him.
> Crashaw.

4. Hence, to publish the banns of, as for marriage.

> I should not be surprised if they were cried in church next Sabbath.
> Judd.

To cry aim. See under Aim. - - To cry down, to decry; to depreciate; to dispraise; to condemn.

> Men of dissolute lives cry down religion, because they would not be under the restraints of it.
> Tillotson.

-- To cry out, to proclaim; to shout. "Your gesture cries it out." Shak. -- To cry quits, to propose, or declare, the abandonment of a contest. -- To cry up, to enhance the value or reputation of by public and noisy praise; to extol; to laud publicly or urgently.

Cry (kr?), n.; pl. Cries (kr&?;z). [F. cri, fr. crier to cry. See Cry, v. i. ] 1. A loud utterance; especially, the inarticulate sound produced by one of the lower animals; as, the cry of hounds; the cry of wolves. Milton.

2. Outcry; clamor; tumult; popular demand.

> Again that cry was found to have been as unreasonable as ever.
> Macaulay.

3. Any expression of grief, distress, etc., accompanied with tears or sobs; a loud sound, uttered in lamentation.

> There shall be a great cry throughout all the land.
> Ex. xi. 6.

> An infant crying in the night,
> An infant crying for the light;
> And with no language but a cry.
> Tennyson.

4. Loud expression of triumph or wonder or of popular acclamation or favor. Swift.

> The cry went once on thee.
> Shak.

5. Importunate supplication.

> O, the most piteous cry of the poor souls.
> Shak.

6. Public advertisement by outcry; proclamation, as by hawkers of their wares.

> The street cries of London.
> Mayhew.

7. Common report; fame.

> The cry goes that you shall marry her.
> Shak.

8. A word or phrase caught up by a party or faction and repeated for effect; as, the party cry of the Tories.

> All now depends upon a good cry.
> Beaconsfield.

9. A pack of hounds. Milton.

> A cry more tunable
> Was never hollaed to, nor cheered with horn.
> Shak.

10. A pack or company of persons; -- in contempt.

> Would not this . . . get me a fellowship in a cry of players?
> Shak.

11. The crackling noise made by block tin when it is bent back and forth.

A far cry, a long distance; -- in allusion to the sending of criers or messengers through the territory of a Scottish clan with an announcement or summons.

Cry"al (kr?"al), n. [Cf. W. creyr, cryr, crychydd. Cf. Cruer a hawk.] The heron [Obs.] Ainsworth.

Cry"er (-?r), n. [F. faucon gruyer a falcon trained to fly at the crane, fr. crye crane, fr. L. crus crane. Cf. Cryal.] The female of the hawk; a falcon-gentil.

Cry"ing, a. Calling for notice; compelling attention; notorious; heinous; as, a crying evil.

> Too much fondness for meditative retirement is not the crying sin of our modern Christianity.
> I. Taylor.

Cry`o*hy"drate (kr?`?-h?"dr?t), n. [Gr. kry`os cold + E. hydrate.] (Chem.) A substance, as salt, ammonium chloride, etc., which crystallizes with water of crystallization only at low temperatures, or below the freezing point of water. F. Guthrie.

Cry"o*lite (kr"?-l?t), n. [Gr. kry`os icy cold, frost + -lite: cf. F. cryolithe.] (Min.) A fluoride of sodium and aluminum, found in Greenland, in white cleavable masses; -- used as a source of soda and alumina.

Cry*oph"o*rus (kr*f"*rs), n. [NL., fr. Gr. kry`os icy cold, frost + fe`rein to bear.] (Chem.) An instrument used to illustrate the freezing of water by its own evaporation. The ordinary form consists of two glass bulbs, connected by a tube of the same material, and containing only a quantity of water and its vapor, devoid of air. The water is in one of the bulbs, and freezes when the other is cooled below 32° Fahr.

Crypt (krpt), n. [L. crypta vault, crypt, Gr. kry`pth, fr. kry`ptein to hide. See Grot, Grotto.] 1. A vault wholly or partly under ground; especially, a vault under a church, whether used for burial purposes or for a subterranean chapel or oratory.

> Priesthood works out its task age after age, . . . treasuring in convents and crypts the few fossils of antique learning.
> Motley.

> My knees are bowed in crypt and shrine.
> Tennyson.

2. (Anat.) A simple gland, glandular cavity, or tube; a follicle; as, the crypts of Lieberkühn, the simple tubular glands of the small intestines.

Crypt"al (-al), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to crypts.

{ Cryp"tic (krp"tk), Cryp"tic*al (-t?-kal), } a. [L. crypticus, Gr. kryptiko`s, fr. kry`ptein to hide.] Hidden; secret; occult. "Her [nature's] more cryptic ways of working." Glanvill.

Cryp"tic*al*ly, adv. Secretly; occultly.

Cryp"ti*dine (kr?p"t?-d?n; 104), n. [Gr. krypto`s hidden.] (Chem.) One of the quinoline bases, obtained from coal tar as an oily liquid, C11H11N; also, any one of several substances metameric with, and resembling, cryptidine proper.

||Cryp`to*bran`chi*a"ta (kr?p`t?-bra?`k?- ?"t?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. krypto`s hidden + L. branchia a gill.] (Zoöl.) (a) A division of the Amphibia; the Derotremata. (b) A group of nudibranch mollusks.

Cryp`to*bran"chi*ate (-br??"k?-?t), a. (Zoöl.) Having concealed or rudimentary gills.

Cryp`to*crys"tal*line (-kr?s"tal-l?n), a. [Gr. krypto`s hidden + E. crystalline.] (Geol.) Indistinctly crystalline; -- applied to rocks and minerals, whose state of aggregation is so fine that no distinct particles are visible, even under the microscope.

Cryp"to*gam (kr?p"t?-g?m), n. [Cf. F. cryptogame. See Cryptogamia.] (Bot.) A plant belonging to the Cryptogamia. Henslow.

||Cryp`to*ga"mi*a (kr?p`t?-g?"m?-?), n.; pl. Cryptogamiæ (-&?;). [NL., fr. Gr. krypto`s hidden, secret + ga`mos marriage.] (Bot.) The series or division of flowerless plants, or those never having true stamens and pistils, but propagated by spores of various kinds.

The subdivisions have been variously arranged. The following arrangement recognizes four classes: --

I. Pteridophyta, or Vascular Acrogens. These include Ferns, Equiseta or Scouring rushes, Lycopodiaceæ or Club mosses, Selaginelleæ, and several other smaller orders. Here belonged also the extinct coal plants called Lepidodendron, Sigillaria, and Calamites.

II. Bryophita, or Cellular Acrogens. These include Musci, or Mosses, Hepaticæ, or Scale mosses and Liverworts, and possibly Characeæ, the Stoneworts.

III. Algæ, which are divided into Florideæ, the Red Seaweeds, and the orders Dictyoteæ, Oösporeæ, Zoösporeæ, Conjugatæ, Diatomaceæ, and Cryptophyceæ.

IV. Fungi. The molds, mildews, mushrooms, puffballs, etc., which are variously grouped into several subclasses and many orders. The Lichenes or Lichens are now considered to be of a mixed nature, each plant partly a Fungus and partly an Alga.

{ Cryp`to*ga"mi*an (kr?p`t?-g?"m?-a]/>n), Cryp`to*gam"ic (kr?p`t?-g?m"?k), Cryp*to"gam*ous (#) } a. Of or pertaining to the series Cryptogamia, or to plants of that series.

Cryp*tog"a*mist (-m?st), n. One skilled in cryptogamic botany.

Cryp"to*gram (kr?p"t?-gr?m), n. A cipher writing. Same as Cryptograph.

Cryp"to*graph (-gr?f), n. [Gr. krypto`s hidden + -graph: cf. F. cryptographe.] Cipher; something written in cipher. "Decipherers of cryptograph." J. Earle.

Cryp*tog"ra*phal (kr?p-t?g"r?-fal), a. Pertaining to cryptography; cryptographical. Boyle.

Cryp*tog"ra*pher (kr?p-t?g"r?-f?r), n. One who writes in cipher, or secret characters.

{ Cryp`to*graph"ic (kr?p`t?-gr?f"?k), Cryp`to*graph"ic*al (kr?p`t?-gr?f"?-kal), } a. Relating to cryptography; written in secret characters or in cipher, or with sympathetic ink.

Cryp*tog"ra*phist (kr?p-t?g"r?-f?st), n. Same as Cryptographer.

Cryp*tog"ra*phy (-f?), n. [Cf. F. cryptographie.] The act or art of writing in secret characters; also, secret characters, or cipher.

Cryp*tol"o*gy (kr?p-t?l"?-j?), n. [Gr. krypto`s hidden + -logy.] Secret or enigmatical language. Johnson.

Cryp"to*nym (kr?p"t?-n?m), n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?; secret + &?;&?;&?;&?; name.] A secret name; a name by which a person is known only to the initiated.

Cryp"to*pine (kr?p"t?-p?n; 104), n. [Gr. krypto`s hidden + E. opium.] (Chem.) A colorless crystalline alkaloid obtained in small quantities from opium.

||Cryp*tu"ri (krp*t"r), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. krypto`s hidden + o'yra` tail.] (Zoöl.) An order of flying, dromæognathous birds, including the tinamous of South America. See Tinamou.

Crys"tal (krs"tal), n. [OE. cristal, F. cristal, L. crystallum crystal, ice, fr. Gr. kry`stallos, fr. kry`os icy cold, frost; cf. AS. crystalla, fr. L. crystallum; prob. akin to E. crust. See Crust, Raw.] 1. (Chem. & Min.) The regular form which a substance tends to assume in solidifying, through the inherent power of cohesive attraction. It is bounded by plane surfaces, symmetrically arranged, and each species of crystal has fixed axial ratios. See Crystallization.

2. The material of quartz, in crystallization transparent or nearly so, and either colorless or slightly tinged with gray, or the like; -- called also rock crystal. Ornamental vessels are made of it. Cf. Smoky quartz, Pebble; also Brazilian pebble, under Brazilian.

3. A species of glass, more perfect in its composition and manufacture than common glass, and often cut into ornamental forms. See Flint glass.

4. The glass over the dial of a watch case.

5. Anything resembling crystal, as clear water, etc.

> The blue crystal of the seas.
> Byron.

Blood crystal. See under Blood. -- Compound crystal. See under Compound. -- Iceland crystal, a transparent variety of calcite, or crystallized calcium carbonate, brought from Iceland, and used in certain optical instruments, as the polariscope. -- Rock crystal, or Mountain crystal, any transparent crystal of quartz, particularly of limpid or colorless quartz.

Crys"tal, a. Consisting of, or like, crystal; clear; transparent; lucid; pellucid; crystalline.

> Through crystal walls each little mote will peep.
> Shak.

> By crystal streams that murmur through the meads.
> Dryden.

> The crystal pellets at the touch congeal,
> And from the ground rebounds the ratting hail.
> H. Brooks.

Crys"tal*lin (-l?n), n. (Physiol. Chem.) See Gobulin.

Crys"tal*line (kr?s"tal-l?n or -l?n; 277), a. [L. crystallinus, from Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;: cf. F. cristallin. See Crystal.] 1. Consisting, or made, of crystal.

> Mount, eagle, to my palace crystalline.
> Shak.

2. Formed by crystallization; like crystal in texture.

> Their crystalline structure.
> Whewell.

3. Imperfectly crystallized; as, granite is only crystalline, while quartz crystal is perfectly crystallized.

4. Fig.: Resembling crystal; pure; transparent; pellucid. "The crystalline sky." Milton.

Crystalline heavens, or Crystalline spheres, in the Ptolemaic system of astronomy, two transparent spheres imagined to exist between the region of the fixed stars and the primum mobile (or outer circle of the heavens, which by its motion was supposed to carry round all those within it), in order to explain certain movements of the heavenly bodies. -- Crystalline lens (Anat.), the capsular lenslike body in the eye, serving to focus the rays of light. It consists of rodlike cells derived from the external embryonic epithelium.

Crys"tal*line, n. 1. A crystalline substance.

2. See Aniline. [Obs.]

Crys"tal*lite (kr?s"tal-l?t), n. [See Crystal.] (Min.) A minute mineral form like those common in glassy volcanic rocks and some slags, not having a definite crystalline outline and not referable to any mineral species, but marking the first step in the crystallization process. According to their form crystallites are called trichites, belonites, globulites, etc.

<! p. 353 !>

Crys"tal*li`za*ble (krs"tal*l`z*b'l), a. Capable of being crystallized; that may be formed into crystals.

Crys`tal*li*za"tion (krs`tal*l*z"shn), n. [Cf. F. cristallization.] 1. (Chem. & Min.) The act or process by which a substance in solidifying assumes the form and structure of a crystal, or becomes crystallized.

2. The body formed by crystallizing; as, silver on precipitation forms arborescent crystallizations.

The systems of crystallization are the several classes to which the forms are mathematically referable. They are most simply described according to the relative lengths and inclinations of certain assumed lines called axes; but the real distinction is the degree of symmetry characterizing them. 1. The Isometric, or Monometric, system has the axes all equal, as in the cube, octahedron, etc. 2. The Tetragonal, or Dimetric, system has a varying vertical axis, while the lateral are equal, as in the right square prism. 3. The Orthorhombic, or Trimetric, system has the three axes unequal, as in the rectangular and rhombic prism. In this system, the lateral axes are called, respectively, macrodiagonal and brachydiagonal. -- The preceding are erect forms, the axes intersecting at right angles. The following are oblique. 4. The Monoclinic system, having one of the intersections oblique, as in the oblique rhombic prism. In this system, the lateral axes are called respectively, clinodiagonal and orthodiagonal. 5. The Triclinic system, having all the three intersections oblique, as in the oblique rhomboidal prism. There is also: 6. The Hexagonal system (one division of which is called Rhombohedral), in which there are three equal lateral axes, and a vertical axis of variable length, as in the hexagonal prism and the rhombohedron.

The Diclinic system, sometimes recognized, with two oblique intersections, is only a variety of the Triclinic.

Crys"tal*lize (krs"tal*lz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crystallized (-lzd); p. pr. & vb. n. Crystallizing.] [Cf. F. cristalliser. See Crystal.] To cause to form crystals, or to assume the crystalline form.

Crys"tal*lize, v. i. To be converted into a crystal; to take on a crystalline form, through the action of crystallogenic or cohesive attraction.

{ Crys`tal*lo*gen"ic (-l?-j?n"?k), Crys`tal*lo*gen"ic*al (-?-kal), } a. Pertaining to the production of crystals; crystal-producing; as, crystallogenic attraction.

Crys`tal*log"e*ny (kr?s`tal-l?j"?-n?), n. [Gr. kry`stallos crystal + root of gi`gnesqai to be born.] The science which pertains to the production of crystals.

Crys`tal*log"ra*pher (krs"tal*lg"r*fr), n. One who describes crystals, or the manner of their formation; one versed in crystallography.

{ Crys`tal*lo*graph"ic (-l?-gr?f"?k), Crys`tal*lo*graph"ic*al (-?-kal), } a. [Cf. F. crystallographique.] Pertaining to crystallography.

Crys`tal*lo*graph"ic*al*ly, adv. In the manner of crystallography.

Crys`tal*log"ra*phy (krs"tal*lg"r*f), n. [Gr. kry`stallos crystal + - graphy: cf. F. cristallographie. See Crystal.] 1. The doctrine or science of crystallization, teaching the system of forms among crystals, their structure, and their methods of formation.

2. A discourse or treatise on crystallization.

Crys"tal*loid (krs"tal*loid), a. [Gr. kry`stallos crystal + - oid.] Crystal-like; transparent like crystal.

Crys"tal*loid, n. 1. (Chem.) A body which, in solution, diffuses readily through animal membranes, and generally is capable of being crystallized; -- opposed to colloid.

2. (Bot.) One of the microscopic particles resembling crystals, consisting of protein matter, which occur in certain plant cells; -- called also protein crystal.

Crys`tal*lol"o*gy (krs`tal*ll"*j), n. [Gr. kry`stallos crystal + - logy.] The science of the crystalline structure of inorganic bodies.

Crys"tal*lo*man`cy (-l?-m?n`s?), n. [Gr. kry`stallos crystal + -mancy.] Divination by means of a crystal or other transparent body, especially a beryl.

Crys`tal*lom"e*try (-l?m"?-tr?), n. [Gr. kry`stallos crystal + -metry.] The art of measuring crystals.

Crys"tal*lur`gy (-l?r`j?), n. [Gr. kry`stallos crystal + 'e`rgon work.] Crystallization.

Cte"no*cyst (t"n*sst), n. [Gr. ktei`s, kteno`s, comb + ky`stis bladder.] (Zoöl.) An organ of the Ctenophora, supposed to be sensory.

Cte"noid (t"noid or tn"oid), a. (Zoöl.) (a) Having a comblike margin, as a ctenoid scale. (b) Pertaining to the Ctenoidei. -- n. A ctenoidean.

Cte*noid"e*an (t*noid"*an), a. (Zoöl.) Relating to the Ctenoidei. -- n. One of the Ctenoidei.

||Cte*noid"e*i (-?-?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;&?;&?;, &?;&?;&?;&?;, comb + -oid.] (Zoöl.) A group of fishes, established by Agassiz, characterized by having scales with a pectinated margin, as in the perch. The group is now generally regarded as artificial.

||Cte*noph"o*ra (t?-n?f"?-r?), n. pl. [NL., from Gr. &?;&?;&?;, &?;&?;&?;, comb + &?;&?;&?;&?; to carry.] (Zoöl.) A class of Cœlenterata, commonly ellipsoidal in shape, swimming by means of eight longitudinal rows of paddles. The separate paddles somewhat resemble combs.

Cten"o*phore (t?n"?-f?r), n. (Zoöl.) One of the Ctenophora.

{ Cten`o*phor"ic (t?n`?-f?r"?k), Cte*noph"o*rous (t?-n?f"?-r?s), } a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Ctenophora.

||Cten`o*stom"a*ta (t?n`?-st?m"?-t?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;&?;&?;, &?;&?;&?;, comb + &?;&?;&?;&?;, -&?;&?;&?; mouth.] (Zoöl.) A suborder of Bryozoa, usually having a circle of bristles below the tentacles.

Cub (kb), n. [Cf. Ir. cuib cub, whelp, young dog, Ir. & Gael. cu dog; akin to E. hound.] 1. A young animal, esp. the young of the bear.

2. Jocosely or in contempt, a boy or girl, esp. an awkward, rude, ill-mannered boy.

> O, thou dissembling cub! what wilt thou be
> When time hath sowed a grizzle on thy case?
> Shak.

Cub, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Cubbed (kbd); p. pr. & vb. n. Cubbing.] To bring forth; -- said of animals, or in contempt, of persons. "Cubb'd in a cabin." Dryden.

Cub, n. [Cf. Cub a young animal.] 1. A stall for cattle. [Obs.]

> I would rather have such . . . .in cub or kennel than in my closet or at my table.
> Landor.

2. A cupboard. [Obs.] Laud.

Cub, v. t. To shut up or confine. [Obs.] Burton.

Cu"ban (k?"ban), a. Of or pertaining to Cuba or its inhabitants. -- n. A native or an inhabitant of Cuba.

Cu*ba"tion (k?-b?"sh?n), n. [L. cubatio, fr. cubare to lie down.] The act of lying down; a reclining. [Obs.]

Cu"ba*to*ry (k?"b?-t?-r?), a. [L. cubator he who lies down, fr. cubare.] Lying down; recumbent. [R.]

Cu"ba*ture (k?"b?-t?r; 135), n. [L. cubus cube: cf. F. cubature. See Cube.] The process of determining the solid or cubic contents of a body.

Cub"bridge-head` (k?b"r?jj-h?d), n. (Naut.) A bulkhead on the forecastle and half deck of a ship.

{ Cub"by (k?b"b?), Cub"by*hole` (-h?l`), } n. [See Cub a stall.] A snug or confined place.

Cub"*drawn` (k?b"dr?n`), a. Sucked by cubs. [R.]

> This night, wherein the cub-drawn bear would couch.
> Shak.

Cube (k?b), n. [F. cube, L. cubus, fr. Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?; a cube, a cubical die.] 1. (Geom.) A regular solid body, with six equal square sides.

2. (Math.) The product obtained by taking a number or quantity three times as a factor; as, 4x4=16, and 16x4=64, the cube of 4.

Cube ore (Min.), pharmacosiderite. It commonly crystallizes in cubes of a green color. -- Cube root. (Math.), the number or quantity which, multiplied into itself, and then into the product, produces the given cube; thus, 3 is the cube root of 27, for 3x3x3 = 27. -- Cube spar (Min.), anhydrite; anhydrous calcium sulphate.

Cube, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cubed (k?bd); p. pr. & vb. n. Cubing.] To raise to the third power; to obtain the cube of.

Cu"beb (k?"b?b), n. [F. cub&?;be (cf. It. cubebe, Pr., Sp., Pg., & NL. cubeba), fr. Ar. kab&?;bat.] The small, spicy berry of a species of pepper (Piper Cubeba; in med., Cubeba officinalis), native in Java and Borneo, but now cultivated in various tropical countries. The dried unripe fruit is much used in medicine as a stimulant and purgative.

Cu*beb"ic (k?-b?b"?k), a. Pertaining to, or derived from, cubebs; as, cubebic acid (a soft olive-green resin extracted from cubebs).

Cub"hood (k?b"h??d), n. The state of being a cub. [Jocose] "From cubhood to old age." W. B. Dawkins.

{ Cu"bic (k?"b?k), Cu"bic*al (-b?- kal), } a. [L. cubicus, Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;&?;: cf. F. cubique. See Cube.] 1. Having the form or properties of a cube; contained, or capable of being contained, in a cube.

2. (Crystallog.) Isometric or monometric; as, cubic cleavage. See Crystallization.

Cubic equation, an equation in which the highest power of the unknown quantity is a cube. -- Cubic foot, a volume equivalent to a cubical solid which measures a foot in each of its dimensions. -- Cubic number, a number produced by multiplying a number into itself, and that product again by the same number. See Cube. -- Cubical parabola (Geom.), two curves of the third degree, one plane, and one on space of three dimensions.

Cu"bic, n. (Geom.) A curve of the third degree.

Circular cubic. See under Circular.

Cu"bic*al*ly, adv. In a cubical method.

Cu"bic*al*ness, n. The quality of being cubical.

Cu"bi*cle (k?"b?-k'l), n. [L. cubiculum.] A loding room; esp., a sleeping place partitioned off from a large dormitory.

Cu*bic"u*lar (k?-??k"?-l?r), a. [L. cubicularis, fr. cubiculum a sleeping room, fr. cubare to lie down.] Belonging to a chamber or bedroom. [Obs.] Howell.

Cu"bi*form (k?"b?-f?rm), a. Of the form of a cube.

||Cu*bi"le (k?-b?"l?), n. [L., bed.] The lowest course of stones in a building.

Cu"bi*lose` (k?"b?-l?s`), n. [L. cubile bed, nest.] A mucilagenous secretion of certain birds found as the characteristic ingredient of edible bird's-nests.

Cu"bit (k"bt), n. [L. cubitum, cubitus; elbow, ell, cubit, fr. (because the elbow serves for leaning upon) cubare to lie down, recline; cf. Gr. ky`biton elbow, ky`ptein to bend, stoop, kyfo`s bent, stooping, humpbacked. Cf. Incumbent, Covey.] 1. (Anat.) The forearm; the ulna, a bone of the arm extending from elbow to wrist. [Obs.]

2. A measure of length, being the distance from the elbow to the extremity of the middle finger.

The cubit varies in length in different countries, the Roman cubit being 17,47 inches, the Greek 18,20, the Hebrew somewhat longer, and the English 18 inches.

Cu"bit*al (k?"b?t-a]/>l), a. [L. cubitalis.] 1. Of or pertaining to the cubit or ulna; as, the cubital nerve; the cubital artery; the cubital muscle.

2. Of the length of a cubit. Sir. T. Browne.

Cu"bit*al, n. A sleeve covering the arm from the elbow to the hand. Crabb.

Cu"bit*ed, a. Having the measure of a cubit.

Cub"less (k?b"l?s), a. Having no cubs. Byron.

Cu"boid (k?"boid), a. [Cube + -oid: cf. Gr. &?;&?;&?;.] (Anat.) Cube- shaped, or nearly so; as, the cuboid bone of the foot. -- n. (Anat.) The bone of the tarsus, which, in man and most mammals, supports the metatarsals of the fourth and fifth toes.

Cu*boid"al (k?-boid"al), a. (Anat.) Cuboid.

Cu`bo-oc`ta*he"dral (k?`b?-?k`t?-h?dral), a. Presenting a combination of a cube and an octahedron.

Cu`bo-oc`ta*he"dron (-dr?n), n. (Crystallog.) A combination of a cube and octahedron, esp. one in which the octahedral faces meet at the middle of the cubic edges.

||Cu"ca (k??"k?), n. [Sp., fr. native name.] See Coca.

Cuck"ing stool` (k&?;k"&?;ng st&?;&?;l`). [Cf. AS. scealfingstl, a word of similar meaning, allied to scealfor a diver, mergus avis; or possibly from F. coquine a hussy, slut, jade, f. of coquin, OE. cokin, a rascal; or cf. Icel. k&?;ka to dung, k&?;kr dung, the name being given as to a disgracing or infamous punishment.] A kind of chair formerly used for punishing scolds, and also dishonest tradesmen, by fastening them in it, usually in front of their doors, to be pelted and hooted at by the mob, but sometimes to be taken to the water and ducked; -- called also a castigatory, a tumbrel, and a trebuchet; and often, but not so correctly, a ducking stool. Sir. W. Scott.

Cuck"old (k?k"?ld), n. [OE. kukeweld, cokewold, cokold, fr. OF. coucoul, cucuault, the last syllable being modified by the OE. suffix -wold (see Herald); cf. F. cocu a cuckold, formerly also, a cuckoo, and L. cuculus a cuckoo. The word alludes to the habit of the female cuckoo, who lays her eggs in the nests of other birds, to be hatched by them.] 1. A man whose wife is unfaithful; the husband of an adulteress. Shak.

2. (Zoöl.) (a) A West Indian plectognath fish (Ostracion triqueter). (b) The cowfish.

Cuck"old, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cuckolded; p. pr. & vb. n. Cuckolding.] To make a cuckold of, as a husband, by seducing his wife, or by her becoming an adulteress. Shak.

Cuck"old*ize (-?z), v. t. To cuckold. Dryden.

Cuck"old*ly, a. Having the qualities of a cuckold; mean-spirited; sneaking. Shak.

Cuck"ol*dom (-?l-d?m), n. The state of a cuckold; cuckolds, collectively. Addison.

Cuck"old*ry (-?ld-r?), n. The state of being a cuckold; the practice of making cuckolds.

Cuck"old's knot` (k?k"?ldz n?t`). (Naut.) A hitch or knot, by which a rope is secured to a spar, the two parts of the rope being crossed and seized together; -- called also cuckold's neck. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

Cuck"oo (k??k"??), n. [OE. coccou, cukkow, F. coucou, prob. of imitative origin; cf. L. cuculus, Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;, Skr. k&?;ki&?;a, G. kuckuk, D. koekoek.] (Zoöl.) A bird belonging to Cuculus, Coccyzus, and several allied genera, of many species.

The European cuckoo (Cuculus canorus) builds no nest of its own, but lays its eggs in the nests of other birds, to be hatched by them. The American yellow-billed cuckoo (Coccyzus Americanus) and the black-billed cuckoo (C. erythrophthalmus) build their own nests.

Cuckoo bee (Zool.), a bee, parasitic in the larval stage in the nests of other bees, feeding either upon their food or larvae. They belong to the genera Nomada, Melecta, Epeolus, and others. - - Cuckoo clock, a clock so constructed that at the time for striking it gives forth sounds resembling the cry of the cuckoo. -- Cuckoo dove (Zoöl.), a long-tailed pigeon of the genus Macropygia. Many species inhabit the East Indies. -- Cuckoo fish (Zoöl.), the European red gurnard (Trigla cuculus). The name probably alludes to the sound that it utters. -- Cuckoo falcon (Zoöl.), any falcon of the genus Baza. The genus inhabits Africa and the East Indies. -- Cuckoo maid (Zoöl.), the wryneck; -- called also cuckoo mate. -- Cuckoo ray (Zoöl.), a British ray (Raia miraletus). -- Cuckoo spit, or Cuckoo spittle. (a) A frothy secretion found upon plants, exuded by the larvae of certain insects, for concealment; -- called also toad spittle and frog spit. (b) (Zoöl.) A small hemipterous insect, the larva of which, living on grass and the leaves of plants, exudes this secretion. The insects belong to Aphrophora, Helochara, and allied genera. -- Ground cuckoo, the chaparral cock.

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Cuck"oo*bud" (k??k"??-b?d`), n. (Bot.) A species of Ranunculus (R. bulbosus); -- called also butterflower, buttercup, kingcup, goldcup. Shak.

Cuck"oo*flow`er (-flou`?r), n. (Bot.) A species of Cardamine (C. pratensis), or lady's smock. Its leaves are used in salads. Also, the ragged robin (Lychnis Flos-cuculi).

Cuck"oo*pint` (-p?nt`), n. (Bot.) A plant of the genus Arum (A. maculatum); the European wake-robin.

Cuc"quean` (k?k"kw?n`), n. [Cuckold + quean.] A woman whose husband is unfaithful to her. [Obs.]

||Cu*cu"jo (k??-k??"h?), n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) The fire beetle of Mexico and the West Indies.

{ Cu"cul*late (k?"k?l-l?t or k?-k?l"l?t), Cu"cul*la`ted (-l?`t?d or -l?-t?d), } a. [LL. cullatus, fr. L. cucullus a cap, hood. See Cowl a hood.] 1. Hooded; cowled; covered, as with a hood. Sir T. Browne.

2. (Bot.) Having the edges toward the base rolled inward, as the leaf of the commonest American blue violet.

3. (Zoöl.) (a) Having the prothorax elevated so as to form a sort of hood, receiving the head, as in certain insects. (b) Having a hoodlike crest on the head, as certain birds, mammals, and reptiles.

Cu"cu*loid (k?k?-loid), a. [L. cuculus a cuckoo + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Like or belonging to the cuckoos (Cuculidæ).

Cu"cum*ber (k?`k?m-b?r, formerly kou"k?m-b?r), n.[OE. cucumer, cocumber, cucumber, fr. L. cucmis, gen. cucumeris; cf. OF. cocombre,F. concombre.] (Bot.) A creeping plant, and its fruit, of several species of the genus Cucumis, esp. Cucumis sativus, the unripe fruit of which is eaten either fresh or picked. Also, similar plants or fruits of several other genera. See below.

Bitter cucumber (Bot.), the Citrullus or Cucumis Colocynthis. See Colocynth. -- Cucumber beetle. (Zoöl.) (a) A small, black flea- beetle (Crepidodera cucumeris), which destroys the leaves of cucumber, squash, and melon vines. (b) The squash beetle. -- Cucumber tree. (a) A large ornamental or shade tree of the genus Magnolia (M. acuminata), so called from a slight resemblance of its young fruit to a small cucumber. (b) An East Indian plant (Averrhoa Bilimbi) which produces the fruit known as bilimbi. -- Jamaica cucumber, Jerusalem cucumber, the prickly-fruited gherkin (Cucumis Anguria). -- Snake cucumber, a species (Cucumis flexuosus) remarkable for its long, curiously-shaped fruit. -- Squirting cucumber, a plant (Ecbalium Elaterium) whose small oval fruit separates from the footstalk when ripe and expels its seeds and juice with considerable force through the opening thus made. See Elaterium. -- Star cucumber, a climbing weed (Sicyos angulatus) with prickly fruit.

Cu*cu"mi*form (k?-k?"m?-f?rm), a. [L. cucumis cucumber + -form.] Having the form of a cucumber; having the form of a cylinder tapered and rounded at the ends, and either straight or curved.

||Cu"cu*mis (k?k?--m?s), n. [L., cucumber.] (Bot.) A genus of plants including the cucumber, melon, and same kinds of gourds.

{ Cu*cur"bit Cu*cur"bite } (k*kûr"bt), n. [L. cucurbita a gourd: cf. F. cucurbite. See Gourd.] (Chem.) A vessel or flask for distillation, used with, or forming part of, an alembic; a matrass; -- originally in the shape of a gourd, with a wide mouth. See Alembic.

Cu*cur`bi*ta"ceous (-b*t"shs), a. [Cf. F. cucurbitacé.] (Bot.) Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a family of plants of which the cucumber, melon, and gourd are common examples.

Cu*cur"bi*tive (k?-k?r"b?-t?v), a. Having the shape of a gourd seed; -- said of certain small worms.

Cud (kd), n. [AS. cudu, cwudu,cwidu,cweodo, of uncertain origin; cf, G. köder bait, Icel. kviðr womb, Goth. qiþus. Cf. Quid.] 1. That portion of food which is brought up into the mouth by ruminating animals from their first stomach, to be chewed a second time.

> Whatsoever parteth the hoof, and is cloven-footed, and cheweth the cud, among the beasts, that shall ye eat.
> Levit. xi. 3

2. A portion of tobacco held in the mouth and chewed; a quid. [Low]

3. The first stomach of ruminating beasts. Crabb.

To chew the cud, to ruminate; to meditate; used with of; as, to chew the cud of bitter memories.

> Chewed the thrice turned cud of wrath.
> Tennyson.

Cud"bear` (k?d"b?r`), n. [Also cudbeard, corrupted fr. the name of Dr. Cuthbert Gordon, a Scotchman, who first brought it into notice.] 1. A powder of a violet red color, difficult to moisten with water, used for making violet or purple dye. It is prepared from certain species of lichen, especially Lecanora tartarea. Ure.

2. (Bot.) A lichen (Lecanora tartarea), from which the powder is obtained.

Cud"den (k?d"d'n), n. [For sense 1, cf. Scot. cuddy an ass; for sense 2, see 3d Cuddy.] 1. A clown; a low rustic; a dolt. [Obs.]

> The slavering cudden, propped upon his staff.
> Dryden.

2. (Zoöl.) The coalfish. See 3d Cuddy.

Cud"dle (kd"d'l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cuddled (-d'ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Cuddling (- dlng).] [Prob. for couthle, fr. couth known; cf. OE. kuþþen to cuddle, or cuðlechen to make friends with. SeeCouth, Uncouth, Can.] To lie close or snug; to crouch; to nestle.

> She cuddles low beneath the brake;
> Nor would she stay, nor dares she fly.
> Prior.

Cud"dle, v. t. To embrace closely; to fondle. Forby.

Cud"dle, n. A close embrace.

Cud"dy (-d?), n. [See Cudden. ] 1. An ass; esp., one driven by a huckster or greengrocer. [Scot.]

2. Hence: A blockhead; a lout. Hood.

3. (Mech.) A lever mounted on a tripod for lifting stones, leveling up railroad ties, etc. Knight.

Cud"dy (k?d"d?), n. [Prob. a contraction fr. D. kajuit cabin: cf. F. cahute hut.] (Naut.) A small cabin: also, the galley or kitchen of a vessel.

Cud"dy, n. [Scot.; cf. Gael. cudaig, cudainn, or E. cuttlefish, or cod, codfish.] (Zoöl) The coalfish (Pollachius carbonarius). [Written also cudden.]

Cudg"el (k?j"?l), n. [OE. kuggel; cf. G. keule club (with a round end), kugel ball, or perh. W. cogyl cudgel, or D. cudse, kuds, cudgel.] A staff used in cudgel play, shorter than the quarterstaff, and wielded with one hand; hence, any heavy stick used as a weapon.

> He getteth him a grievous crabtree cudgel and . . . falls to rating of them as if they were dogs.
> Bunyan.

Cudgel play, a fight or sportive contest with cudgels. -- To cross the cudgels, to forbear or give up the contest; -- a phrase borrowed from the practice of cudgel players, who lay one cudgel over another when the contest is ended. -- To take up cudgels for, to engage in a contest in behalf of (some one or something).

Cudg"el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cudgeled or Cudgelled (-&?;ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Cudgeling or cudgelling.] To beat with a cudgel.

> An he here, I would cudgel him like a dog.
> Shak.

To cudgel one's brains, to exercise one's wits.

Cudg"el*er (-?r), n. One who beats with a cudgel. [Written also cudgeller.]

Cud"weed` (k?d"w?d`), n. [Apparently fr. cud + weed, but perh. a corruption of cottonweed; or of cut weed, so called from its use as an application to cuts and chafings.] (Bot.) A small composite plant with cottony or silky stem and leaves, primarily a species of Gnaphalium, but the name is now given to many plants of different genera, as Filago, Antennaria, etc.; cottonweed.

Cue (k), n. [ OF. coue, coe, F. queue, fr. L. coda, cauda, tail. Cf. Caudal, Coward, Queue.] 1. The tail; the end of a thing; especially, a tail-like twist of hair worn at the back of the head; a queue.

2. The last words of a play actor's speech, serving as an intimation for the next succeeding player to speak; any word or words which serve to remind a player to speak or to do something; a catchword.

> When my cue comes, call me, and I will answer.
> Shak.

3. A hint or intimation.

> Give them [the servants] their cue to attend in two lines as he leaves the house.
> Swift.

4. The part one has to perform in, or as in, a play.

> Were it my cueto fight, I should have known it
> Without a prompter.
> Shak.

5. Humor; temper of mind. [Colloq.] Dickens.

6. A straight tapering rod used to impel the balls in playing billiards.

Cue, v. t. To form into a cue; to braid; to twist.

Cue, n. [From q, an abbreviation for quadrans a farthing.] A small portion of bread or beer; the quantity bought with a farthing or half farthing. [Obs.]

The term was formerly current in the English universities, the letter q being the mark in the buttery books to denote such a portion. Nares.

> Hast thou worn
> Gowns in the university, tossed logic,
> Sucked philosophy, eat cues?
> Old Play.

||Cuer"po (kwr"p), n. [Sp. cuerpo, fr. L. corpus body. See Corpse.] The body.

In cuerpo, without full dress, so that the shape of the Body is exposed; hence, naked or uncovered.

> Exposed in cuerpo to their rage.
> Hudibras.

Cuff (k?f), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cuffed (k&?;ft); p. pr. & vb. n. Cuffing.] [Cf. Sw. kuffa to knock, push,kufva to check, subdue, and E. cow, v. t. ] 1. To strike; esp., to smite with the palm or flat of the hand; to slap.

> I swear I'll cuff you, if you strike again.
> Shak.

> They with their quills did all the hurt they could,
> And cuffed the tender chickens from their food.
> Dryden.

2. To buffet. "Cuffed by the gale." Tennyson.

Cuff, v. i. To fight; to scuffle; to box.

> While the peers cuff to make the rabble sport.
> Dryden.

Cuff, n. A blow; esp.,, a blow with the open hand; a box; a slap.

> Snatcheth his sword, and fiercely to him flies;
> Who well it wards, and quitten cuff with cuff.
> Spenser.

> Many a bitter kick and cuff.
> Hudibras.

Cuff, n. [Perh. from F. coiffe headdress, hood, or coif; as if the cuff were a cap for the hand. Cf. Coif.]

1. The fold at the end of a sleeve; the part of a sleeve turned back from the hand.

> He would visit his mistress in a morning gown, band, short cuffs, and a peaked beard.
> Arbuthnot.

2. Any ornamental appendage at the wrist, whether attached to the sleeve of the garment or separate; especially, in modern times, such an appendage of starched linen, or a substitute for it of paper, or the like.

Cuf"fy (k&?;f`f&?;), n. A name for a negro. [Slang]

Cu"fic (k?`f?k), a. [So called from the town of Cufa, in the province of Bagdad.] Of or pertaining to the older characters of the Arabic language. [Written also Kufic.]

Cuin"age (kw?n`?j), n.[Corrupted fr. coinage.] The stamping of pigs of tin, by the proper officer, with the arms of the duchy of Cornwall.

Cui*rass" (kw*rs", or kw"rs; 277), n.; pl. Cuirasses(-z). [F. cuirasse, orig., a breastplate of leather, for OF. cuirée, cuirie influenced by It. corazza, or Sp. coraza, fr. an assumed LL. coriacea, fr. L. coriaceus, adj., of leather, fr. corium leather, hide; akin to Gr. cho`rion intestinal membrane, OSlav. skora hide, Lith. skura hide, leather. Cf. Coriaceous.] 1. (a) A piece of defensive armor, covering the body from the neck to the girdle. (b) The breastplate taken by itself.

The cuirass covered the body before and behind. It consisted of two parts, a breast- and backpiece of iron fastened together by means of straps and buckles or other like contrivances. It was originally, as the name imports, made of leather, but afterward of metal. Grose.

2. (Zoöl) An armor of bony plates, somewhat resembling a cuirass.

Cui*rassed" (kw*rst" or kw"rst), a. 1. Wearing a cuirass.

2. (Zoöl) Having a covering of bony plates, resembling a cuirass; -- said of certain fishes.

Cui`ras*sier" (kw?`r?s-s?r"), n. [F. cuirassier. See Curass.] A soldier armed with a cuirass. Milton.

Cuish (kw?s), n. [F. cuisse thigh, fr. L. coxa hip: cf. F. cuissard, OF, cuissot, armor for the thigh, cuish. Cf. Hough.] Defensive armor for the thighs. [ Written also cuisse, and quish.]

||Cui`sine" (kw?`z?n"), n. [F., fr. L. coquina kitchen, fr. coquere to cook. See Kitchen.] 1. The kitchen or cooking department.

2. Manner or style of cooking.

||Cu`lasse" (ku`l?s"), n. [F., fr. cul back.] The lower faceted portion of a brilliant- cut diamond.

Cul*dee" (k&?;l-d&?;" or k&?;l"d&?;), n. [ Prob. fr. Gael. cuilteach; cf. Ir. ceilede.] One of a class of anchorites who lived in various parts of Scotland, Ireland, and Wales.

> The pure Culdees
> Were Albyn's earliest priests of God.
> Campbell.

||Cul`-de-sac" (ku`de-s?k" or kul`de-s?k"), n.; pl. Culs-de-sac (ku`- or kulz`-). [ F., lit., bottom of a bag.]

1. A passage with only one outlet, as a street closed at one end; a blind alley; hence, a trap.

2. (Mil.) a position in which an army finds itself with no way of exit but to the front.

3. (Anat.) Any bag-shaped or tubular cavity, vessel, or organ, open only at one end.

Cul"er*age (k?l"?r-?j), n. (Bot.) See Culrage.

||Cu"lex (k?"l?ks), n. [L., a gnat.] (Zoöl.) A genus of dipterous insects, including the gnat and mosquito.

Cu*lic"i*form (k?-l?s"i-f?rm). a. [L. culex a gnat + -form:cf. F. culiciforme.] (Zoöl.) Gnat- shaped.

Cu"li*na*ri*ly (k?`l?-n?-r?-l?), adv. In the manner of a kitchen; in connection with a kitchen or cooking.

Cu"li*na*ry (k?"l?-n?-r?), a. [L. culinarius, fr. culina kitchen, perh. akin to carbo coal: cf. F. culinare.] Relating to the kitchen, or to the art of cookery; used in kitchens; as, a culinary vessel; the culinary art.

Cull (k?l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Culled (k?ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Culling.] [OE. cullen, OF. cuillir, coillir, F. cueillir, to gather, pluck, pick, fr. L. colligere. See Coil, v. t., and cf. Collect.] To separate, select, or pick out; to choose and gather or collect; as, to cull flowers.

> From his herd he culls,
> For slaughter, from the fairest of his bulls.
> Dryden.

> Whitest honey in fairy gardens culled.
> Tennyson.

Cull, n. A cully; a dupe; a gull. See Cully.

Cul"len*der (k?l"l?n-d?r), n. A strainer. See Colander.

Cull"er (k?l"?r), n. One who picks or chooses; esp., an inspector who selects wares suitable for market.

Cul"let (kl"lt), n. [From Cull, v. t. ] Broken glass for remelting.

Cul"let, n. [A dim. from F. cul back.] A small central plane in the back of a cut gem. See Collet, 3 (b).

Cul`li*bil"i*ty (-l?-b?l"?-ty), n. [From cully to trick, cheat.] Gullibility. [R.] Swift.

Cul"li*ble (k?l"l?-b'l), a. Easily deceived; gullible.

Cull"ing (k?l"?ng), n. 1. The act of one who culls.

2. pl. Anything separated or selected from a mass.

Cul"lion (k?l"y?n), n. [OF. couillon, coillon, F. co&?;on, a vile fellow, coward, dupe, from OF. couillon, coillon, testicle, fr. il the scrotum, fr. L. coleus a leather bag, the scrotum.] A mean wretch; a base fellow; a poltroon; a scullion. "Away, base cullions." Shak.

Cul"lion*ly, a. Mean; base. Shak.

Cul"lis (k&?;l"l&?;s), n. [OF. coleïs, F. coulis, fr. OF. & F. couler to strain, to flow, fr. L. colare to filter, strain; cf. LL. coladicium. Cf. Colander.] A strong broth of meat, strained and made clear for invalids; also, a savory jelly. [Obs.]

> When I am exellent at caudles
> And cullises . . . you shall be welcome to me.
> Beau. & Fl.

Cul"lis, n.; pl. Cullises (-&?;z). [F. coulisse groove, fr. the same source as E. cullis broth.] (Arch.) A gutter in a roof; a channel or groove.

Culls (k?lz), n. pl. [From Cull,, v. t.] 1. Refuse timber, from which the best part has been culled out.

2. Any refuse stuff, as rolls not properly baked.

Cul"ly (k?l"l?), n.; pl. Cullies (-l&?;z). [Abbrev. fr. cullion.] A person easily deceived, tricked, or imposed on; a mean dupe; a gull.

> I have learned that . . . I am not the first cully whom she has passed upon for a countess.
> Addison.

Cul"ly, v. t. [See Cully,n., and cf. D. kullen to cheat, gull.] To trick, cheat, or impose on; to deceive. "Tricks to cully fools." Pomfret.

Cul"ly*ism (-?z'm), n. The state of being a cully.

> Less frequent instances of eminent cullyism.
> Spectator.

Culm (klm), n. [L. culmus stalk, stem; akin to calamus. SeeHalm.] (Bot.) The stalk or stem of grain and grasses (including the bamboo), jointed and usually hollow.

Culm, n. [Perh. from W. cwlm knot or tie, applied to this species of coal, which is much found in balls or knots in some parts of Wales: cf. OE. culme smoke, soot.] (Min.) (a) Mineral coal that is not bituminous; anthracite, especially when found in small masses. (b) The waste of the Pennsylvania anthracite mines, consisting of fine coal, dust, etc., and used as fuel. Raymond.

||Cul"men (k?l"m?n), n. [L., fr. cellere (in comp.) to impel; cf. celsus pushed upward, lofty.] 1. Top; summit; acme. R. North.

2. (Zoöl.) The dorsal ridge of a bird's bill.

Cul*mif"er*ous (k?l-m?f"?r-?s), a. [L. culmus stalk or stem + -ferous: cf. F. culmifère.] Having jointed stems or culms.

<! p. 355 !>

Cul*mif"er*ous (kl*mf"r*s), a.[2d culm + -ferous.] (Min.) Containing, or abounding in, culm or glance coal.

Cul"mi*nal (kl"m*nal), a. Pertaining to a culmen.

Cul"mi*nant (-nant), a. Being vertical, or at the highest point of altitude; hence, predominant. [R.]

Cul"mi*nate (kl"m*nt), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Culminated (-n`td); p. pr. & vb. n. Culminating (-n`tng.] [L. cuimen top or ridge. See Column.] 1. To reach its highest point of altitude; to come to the meridian; to be vertical or directly overhead.

> As when his beams at noon
> Culminate from the equator.
> Milton.

2. To reach the highest point, as of rank, size, power, numbers, etc.

> The reptile race culminated in the secondary era.
> Dana.

> The house of Burgundy was rapidly culminating.
> Motley.

Cul"mi*nate (kl"m*nt), a. Growing upward, as distinguished from a lateral growth; -- applied to the growth of corals. Dana.

Cul"mi*na"tion (kl`m?-n?"sh?n), n. [Cf. F. culmination] 1. The attainment of the highest point of altitude reached by a heavenly body; passage across the meridian; transit.

2. Attainment or arrival at the highest pitch of glory, power, etc.

||Cul"pa (kl"p), n. [L.] (Law) Negligence or fault, as distinguishable from dolus (deceit, fraud), which implies intent, culpa being imputable to defect of intellect, dolus to defect of heart. Wharton.

Cul`pa*bil"i*ty (k?l`p?-b?l`?-t?), n.; pl. Culpabilities (-t&?;z). [Cf. F. culpabilité.] The state of being culpable.

Cul"pa*ble (k?l"p?-b'l), a. [OE. culpable, coulpable, coupable, F. coupable, formerly also coupable, formerly also coulpable, culpable, fr. L. culpabilis, fr. culpare to blame, fr. culpa fault.]

1. Deserving censure; worthy of blame; faulty; immoral; criminal. State Trials (1413).

> If he acts according to the best reason he hath, he is not culpable, though he be mistaken in his measures.
> Sharp.

2. Guilty; as, culpable of a crime. [Obs.] Spenser.

-- Cul"pa*ble*ness, n. -- Cul"pa*bly, adv.

Cul"pa*to*ry (-t?-r?), a. Expressing blame; censuring; reprehensory; inculpating.

> Adjectives . . . commonly used by Latian authors in a culpatory sense.
> Walpole.

Culpe (klp), n. [F. coulpe, fr.L. culpa.] Blameworthiness. [Obs.]

> Banished out of the realme . . . without culpe.
> E. Hall.

Cul"pon (kl"pn), n. [See Coupon.] A shred; a fragment; a strip of wood. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Cul"prit (kl"prt), n. [Prob. corrupted for culpate, fr. Law Latin culpatus the accused, p. p. of L. culpare to blame. See Culpable.] 1. One accused of, or arraigned for, a crime, as before a judge.

> An author is in the condition of a culprit; the public are his judges.
> Prior.

2. One quilty of a fault; a criminal.

Cul"rage (kl"rj), n. [OE. culrage, culrache; prob. fr. F. cul the buttok + F. & E. rage; F. curage.] (Bot.) Smartweed (Polygonum Hydropiper).

Cult (klt) n .[F. culte, L. cultus care, culture, fr. colere to cultivate. Cf. Cultus.] 1. Attentive care; homage; worship.

> Every one is convinced of the reality of a better self, and of the cult or homage which is due to it.
> Shaftesbury.

2. A system of religious belief and worship.

> That which was the religion of Moses is the ceremonial or cult of the religion of Christ.
> Coleridge.

Cultch (klch; 224), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] Empty oyster shells and other substances laid down on oyster grounds to furnish points for the attachment of the spawn of the oyster. [Also written cutch.]

Cul"ter (kl"tr), n. [L.] A colter. See Colter.

Cul`ti*ros"tral (-t*rs"tral), a. [See Cultirostres.] (Zoöl.) Having a bill shaped like the colter of a plow, or like a knife, as the heron, stork, etc.

||Cul`ti*ros"tres (-trz), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. culter colter of a plow, knife + rostrum bill.] (Zoöl.) A tribe of wading birds including the stork, heron, crane, etc.

Cul"ti*va*ble (k?l"t?-v?-b'l), a. [Cf. F. cultivable.] Capable of being cultivated or tilled. Todd.

Cul"ti*va`ta*ble (k?l"t?-v?`t?-b'l), a. Cultivable.

Cul"ti*vate (k?l"t?-v?t), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cultivated (-v?`t?d); p. pr. & vb. n. Cultivating (-v?`- t?ng).] [LL. cultivatus, p. p. of cultivare to cultivate, fr. cultivus cultivated, fr. L. cultus, p. p. of colere to till, cultivate. Cf. Colony.] 1. To bestow attention, care, and labor upon, with a view to valuable returns; to till; to fertilize; as, to cultivate soil.

2. To direct special attention to; to devote time and thought to; to foster; to cherish.

> Leisure . . . to cultivate general literature.
> Wordsworth.

3. To seek the society of; to court intimacy with.

> I ever looked on Lord Keppel as one of the greatest and best men of his age; and I loved and cultivated him accordingly.
> Burke.

4. To improve by labor, care, or study; to impart culture to; to civilize; to refine.

> To cultivate the wild, licentious savage.
> Addison.

> The mind of man hath need to be prepared for piety and virtue; it must be cultivated to the end.
> Tillotson.

5. To raise or produce by tillage; to care for while growing; as, to cultivate corn or grass.

Cul`ti*va"tion (k?l`t?-v?"sh?n), n. [Cf. F. cultivation.] 1. The art or act of cultivating; improvement for agricultural purposes or by agricultural processes; tillage; production by tillage.

2. Bestowal of time or attention for self-improvement or for the benefit of others; fostering care.

3. The state of being cultivated; advancement in physical, intellectual, or moral condition; refinement; culture.

> Italy . . . was but imperfectly reduced to cultivation before the irruption of the barbarians.
> Hallam.

Cul"ti*va`tor (k?l"t?-v?`t?r), n. [Cf. F. cultivateur.]

1. One who cultivates; as, a cultivator of the soil; a cultivator of literature. Whewell.

2. An agricultural implement used in the tillage of growing crops, to loosen the surface of the earth and kill the weeds; esp., a triangular frame set with small shares, drawn by a horse and by handles.

In a broader signification it includes any complex implement for pulverizing or stirring the surface of the soil, as harrows, grubbers, horse hoes, etc.

{ Cul"trate (k?l"tr?t), Cul"tra*ted (-tr?- t?d), } a. [L. cultratus knife-shaped, fromculter, cultri, knife.] (Bot. & Zoöl.) Sharp-edged and pointed; shaped like a pruning knife, as the beak of certain birds.

Cul"tri*form (-tr?-f?rm), a. [L. culter, cultri, knife + -form.] (Bot. & Zoöl.) Shaped like a pruning knife; cultrate.

Cul*triv"o*rous (k?l-tr?b"?-r?s), a. [L. culter, cultri, knife + vorare to devour.] Devouring knives; swallowing, or pretending to swallow, knives; -- applied to persons who have swallowed, or have seemed to swallow, knives with impunity. Dunglison.

Cul"tur*a*ble (k?l"t?r-?-b'l; 135), a. Capable of, or fit for, being cultivated; capable or becoming cultured. London Spectator.

Cul"tur*al (k?l"t?r-a]/>l), a. Of or pertaining to culture.

Cul"ture (k?l"t?r; 135), n. [F. culture, L. cultura, fr. colere to till, cultivate; of uncertain origin. Cf. Colony.] 1. The act or practice of cultivating, or of preparing the earth for seed and raising crops by tillage; as, the culture of the soil.

2. The act of, or any labor or means employed for, training, disciplining, or refining the moral and intellectual nature of man; as, the culture of the mind.

> If vain our toil
> We ought to blame the culture, not the soil.
> Pepe.

3. The state of being cultivated; result of cultivation; physical improvement; enlightenment and discipline acquired by mental and moral training; civilization; refinement in manners and taste.

> What the Greeks expressed by their paidei`a, the Romans by their humanitas, we less happily try to express by the more artificial word culture.
> J. C. Shairp.

> The list of all the items of the general life of a people represents that whole which we call its culture.
> Tylor.

Culture fluid, a fluid in which the germs of microscopic organisms are made to develop, either for purposes of study or as a means of modifying their virulence.

Cul"ture, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cultured (-t?rd; 135); p. pr. & vb. n. Culturing.] To cultivate; to educate.

> They came . . . into places well inhabited and cultured.
> Usher.

Cul"tured (k?l"t?rd), a. 1. Under culture; cultivated. "Cultured vales." Shenstone.

2. Characterized by mental and moral training; disciplined; refined; well-educated.

> The sense of beauty in nature, even among cultured people, is less often met with than other mental endowments.
> I. Taylor.

> The cunning hand and cultured brain.
> Whittier.

Cul"ture*less, a. Having no culture.

Cul"tur*ist, n. 1. A cultivator.

2. One who is an advocate of culture.

> The culturists, by which term I mean not those who esteem culture (as what intelligent man does not&?;) but those its exclusive advocates who recommend it as the panacea for all the ills of humanity, for its effects in cultivating the whole man.
> J. C. Shairp

||Cul"tus (k?l"t?s), n. sing. & pl.; E. pl. Cultuses (-&?;z). [L., cultivation, culture. See Cult.] Established or accepted religious rites or usages of worship; state of religious development. Cf. Cult, 2.

Cul"tus cod` (k?d`). [Chinook cultus of little worth.] (Zoöl.) See Cod, and Buffalo cod, under Buffalo.

Cul"ver (k?"v?r), n. [AS. culfre, perh. fr. L. columba.] A dove. "Culver in the falcon's fist." Spenser.

Cul"ver, n. [Abbrev. fr. Culverin.] A culverin.

> Falcon and culver on each tower
> Stood prompt their deadly hail to shower.
> Sir W. Scott.

Cul"ver*house` (-hous`), n. A dovecote.

Cul"ver*in (k?l"v?r-?n), n.[F. coulevrine, prop. fem. of couleuvrin like a serpent, fr. couleuvre adder, fr. L. coluber, colubra.] A long cannon of the 16th century, usually an 18-pounder with serpent-shaped handles.

> Trump, and drum, and roaring culverin.
> Macaulay.

Cul"ver*key` (-k?`), n. 1. A bunch of the keys or samaras of the ash tree. Wright.

2. An English meadow plant, perhaps the columbine or the bluebell squill (Scilla nutans). [Obs.]

> A girl cropping culverkeys and cowslips to make garlands.
> Walton.

Cul"vert (k?l"v?rt), n. [Prob. from OF. coulouere, F. couloir, channel, gutter, gallery, fr. couler to flow. See Cullis.] A transverse drain or waterway of masonry under a road, railroad, canal, etc.; a small bridge.

Cul"ver*tail` (k?l"v?r-t?l`), n. (Carp.) Dovetail.

Cul"ver*tailed` (-t?ld`), a. United or fastened by a dovetailed joint.

||Cu*ma"ce*a (k?-m?"sh?-? or -s?-?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) An order of marine Crustacea, mostly of small size.

Cum"bent (k?m"bent), a. [Cf. Recumbent, Covey.] Lying down; recumbent. J. Dyer.

Cum"ber (k?m"b?r), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cumbered (-b?rd); p. pr. & vb. n. Cumbering.] [OE. combren, cumbren,OF. combrer to hinder, from LL. cumbrus a heap, fr. L. cumulus; cf. Skr. &?;&?; to increase, grow strong. Cf. Cumulate.] To rest upon as a troublesome or useless weight or load; to be burdensome or oppressive to; to hinder or embarrass in attaining an object, to obstruct or occupy uselessly; to embarrass; to trouble.

> Why asks he what avails him not in fight,
> And would but cumber and retard his flight?
> Dryden.

> Martha was cumbered about much serving.
> Luke x. 40.

> Cut it down; why cumbereth it the ground?
> Luke xiii. 7.

> The multiplying variety of arguments, especially frivolous ones, . . . but cumbers the memory.
> Locke.

Cum"ber (k?m"b?r), n. [Cf. encombre hindrance, impediment. See Cuber,v.] Trouble; embarrassment; distress. [Obs.] [Written also comber.]

> A place of much distraction and cumber.
> Sir H. Wotton.

> Sage counsel in cumber.
> Sir W. Scott.

Cum"ber*some (k&?;m"b&?;r-s&?;m), a. 1. Burdensome or hindering, as a weight or drag; embarrassing; vexatious; cumbrous.

> To perform a cumbersome obedience.
> Sir. P. Sidney.

2. Not easily managed; as, a cumbersome contrivance or machine.

> He holds them in utter contempt, as lumbering, cumbersome, circuitous.
> I. Taylor.

-- Cum"ber*some*ly, adv. -- Cum"ber*some*ness,n.

Cum"brance (k?m"brans), n. Encumbrance. [Obs.]

> Extol not riches then, the toil of fools,
> The wise man's cumbrance, if not snare.
> Milton.

Cum"bri*an (k?m"br?-a]/>n), a. Pertaining to Cumberland, England, or to a system of rocks found there.

Cumbrian system (Geol.), the slate or graywacke system of rocks, now included in the Cambrian or Silurian system; -- so called because most prominent at Cumberland.

Cum"brous (k?m"br?s), a. 1. Rendering action or motion difficult or toilsome; serving to obstruct or hinder; burdensome; clogging.

> He sunk beneath the cumbrous weight.
> Swift.

> That cumbrousand unwieldy style which disfigures English composition so extensively.
> De Quincey.

2. Giving trouble; vexatious. [Obs.]

> A clud of cumbrous gnats.
> Spenser.

-- Cum"brous*ly, adv. -- Cum"brous*ness, n.

Cu"mene (k?"m?n), n. [From Cumin.] (Chem.) A colorless oily hydrocarbon, C6H5.C3H7, obtained by the distillation of cuminic acid; -- called also cumol.

Cum"frey (k?m"fr?), n. (Bot.) See Comfrey.

Cu"mic (k?"m?k), a. (Chem.) See Cuming.

Cu"mi*dine (k?"m?-d?n or -d?n), n. [From Cumin.] (Chem.) A strong, liquid, organic base, C3H7. C6H4.NH2, homologous with aniline.

Cum"in (k?m"?n), n. [OE. comin, AS. cymen, fr. L. cuminum, Gr.&?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?;; of Semitic origin, cf. Ar. kamm&?;n, Heb. kamm&?;n; cf. OF. comin, F. cumin. Cf. Kummel.] (Bot.) A dwarf umbelliferous plant, somewhat resembling fennel (Cuminum Cyminum), cultivated for its seeds, which have a bitterish, warm taste, with an aromatic flavor, and are used like those of anise and caraway. [Written also cummin.]

> Rank-smelling rue, and cumin good for eyes.
> Spenser.

Black cumin (Bot.), a plant (Nigella sativa) with pungent seeds, used by the Afghans, etc.

Cu*min"ic (k?-m?n"?k), a. Pertaining to, or derived from, cumin, or from oil of caraway; as, cuminic acid.

Cuminic acid (Chem.), white crystalline substance, C3H7. C6H4.CO2H, obtained from oil of caraway.

Cu"mi*nil (k?"m?-n?l), n . A substance, analogous to benzil, obtained from oil of caraway.

Cu"mi*nol (-n?l), n. [Cuminic + L. oleum.] A liquid, C3H7.C6H4.CHO, obtained from oil of caraway; -- called also cuminic aldehyde.

Cum"min (k?m"m?n), n. Same as Cumin.

> Ye pay tithe of mint, and cummin.
> Matt. xxiii. 23.

Cum"shaw (k?m"sha), n. [Chin. kom-tsie.] A present or bonus; -- originally applied to that paid on ships which entered the port of Canton. S. Wells Williams.

Cum"shaw, v. t. To give or make a present to.

Cu"mu-cir`ro-stra"tus (k?`m?-s?r`r?-str?"t?s), n. (Meteor.) Nimbus, or rain cloud. See Nimbus, and Cloud.

Cu"mu*late (k?"m?-l?t), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cumulated (-l?`t?d); p. pr. & vb. n. Cumulating (-l?`t?ng).] [L. cumulatus, p. p. of cumulare to heap up, fr. cumulus a heap. See Cumber.] To gather or throw into a heap; to heap together; to accumulate.

> Shoals of shells, bedded and cumulated heap upon heap.
> Woodward.

Cu`mu*la"tion (k?`m?-l?"sh?n), n. [Cf. F. cumulation.] The act of heaping together; a heap. See Accumulation.

Cu"mu*la*tist (k?"m?-l?-t?st), n. One who accumulates; one who collects. [R.]

Cu"mu*la*tive (k?"m?-l?-t?v), a. [Cf. F. cumulatif.]

1. Composed of parts in a heap; forming a mass; aggregated. "As for knowledge which man receiveth by teaching, it is cumulative, not original." Bacon

2. Augmenting, gaining, or giving force, by successive additions; as, a cumulative argument, i. e., one whose force increases as the statement proceeds.

> The argument . . . is in very truth not logical and single, but moral and cumulative.
> Trench.

3. (Law) (a) Tending to prove the same point to which other evidence has been offered; -- said of evidence. (b) Given by same testator to the same legatee; -- said of a legacy. Bouvier. Wharton.

<! p. 356 !>

Cumulative action (Med.), that action of certain drugs, by virtue of which they produce, when administered in small doses repeated at considerable intervals, the same effect as if given in a single large dose. -- Cumulative poison, a poison the action of which is cumulative. -- Cumulative vote or system of voting (Politics), that system which allows to each voter as many votes as there are persons to be voted for, and permits him to accumulate these votes upon one person, or to distribute them among the candidates as he pleases.

Cu"mu*lose` (k?"m?-l?s`), a. [From Cumulus.] Full of heaps.

Cu"mu*lo*stra"tus (k?"m?-l?-str?"t?s), n. (Meteor.) A form of cloud. See Cloud.

||Cu"mu*lus (k?"m?-l?s), n.; pl. Cumuli (-l&?;). [L., a heap. See Cumber.] (Meteor.) One of the four principal forms of clouds. SeeCloud.

Cun (k?n), v. t. [See Cond.] To con (a ship). [Obs.]

Cun, v. t. [See 1st Con.] To know. See Con. [Obs.]

||Cu*nab"u*la (k?-n?b"?-l?), n. pl. [L., a cradle, earliest abode, fr. cunae cradle.] 1. The earliest abode; original dwelling place; originals; as, the cunabula of the human race.

2. (Bibliography) The extant copies of the first or earliest printed books, or of such as were printed in the 15th century.

Cunc*ta"tion (k?nk-t?"sh?n), n. [L. cunctatio, fr. cunctari, p. p. cunctatus, to delay.] Delay; procrastination. [R.] Carlyle.

Cunc"ta*tive (k?nk"t?-t?v), a. Slow; tardy; dilatory; causing delay.

||Cunc*ta"tor (k?nk-t?"t?r), n. [L., lit., a delayer; -- applied as a surname to Q. Fabius Maximus.] One who delays or lingers. [R.]

Cunc*tip"o*tent (k?nk-t?p"?-tent), a. [L. cunctipotens; cunctus all + potens powerful.] All-powerful; omnipotent. [R] "God cunctipotent." Neale (Trans. Rhythm of St. Bernard).

Cund (knd), v. t. [See Cond.] To con (a ship). [Obs.]

Cun`du*ran"go (k?n`d?-r?n"g?), n. (Med.) The bark of a South American vine (Gonolobus Condurango) of the Milkweed family. It has been supposed, but erroneously, to be a cure for cancer. [Written also condurango.]

Cu"ne*al (k?"n?-a]/>l), [L. cuneus a wege. See Coin.] Relating to a wedge; wedge-shaped.

{ Cu"ne*ate (k?"n?-?t), Cu"ne*a`ted (- ?`tEd), } a. [L. cuneatus, fr. cuneus a wege SeeCoin.] Wedge-shaped; (Bot.), wedge-shaped, with the point at the base; as, a cuneate leaf.

Cu`ne*at"ic (k?`n?-?t"?k), a. Cuneiform. "Cuneatic decipherment." Sayce.

{ Cu*ne"i*form (k?-n?"?-f?rm), Cu"ni*form (k?"n?-f?rm), } a. [L. cuneus a wedge + -form: cf. F. cunei-forme. See Coin.] 1. Wedge-shaped; as, a cuneiform bone; -- especially applied to the wedge-shaped or arrowheaded characters of ancient Persian and Assyrian inscriptions. See Arrowheaded.

2. Pertaining to, or versed in, the ancient wedge-shaped characters, or the inscriptions in them. "A cuneiform scholar." Rawlinson.

{ Cu*ne"i*form, Cu"ni*form }, n. 1. The wedge-shaped characters used in ancient Persian and Assyrian inscriptions. I. Taylor (The Alphabet).

2. (Anat.) (a) One of the three tarsal bones supporting the first, second third metatarsals. They are usually designated as external, middle, and internal, or ectocuniform, mesocuniform, and entocuniform, respectively. (b) One of the carpal bones usually articulating with the ulna; -- called also pyramidal and ulnare.

||Cu*nette" (k*nt"), n. [F.] (Fort.) A drain trench, in a ditch or moat; -- called also cuvette.

Cun"ner (k?n"n?r), n. [Cf. Conner.] (Zoöl.) (a) A small edible fish of the Atlantic coast (Ctenolabrus adspersus); -- called also chogset, burgall, blue perch, and bait stealer. [Written also conner.] (b) A small shellfish; the limpet or patella.

Cun"ning (kn"nng), a. [AS. cunnan to know, to be able. See 1st Con, Can.] 1. Knowing; skillful; dexterous. "A cunning workman." Ex. xxxviii. 23.

> "Tis beauty truly blent, whose red and white
> Nature's own sweet and cunning hand laid on.
> Shak.

> Esau was a cunning hunter.
> Gen xxv. 27.

2. Wrought with, or exhibiting, skill or ingenuity; ingenious; curious; as, cunning work.

> Over them Arachne high did lift

> Her cunning web.
> Spenser.

3. Crafty; sly; artful; designing; deceitful.

> They are resolved to be cunning; let others run the hazard of being sincere.
> South.

4. Pretty or pleasing; as, a cunning little boy. [Colloq. U.S.] Barlett.

Syn. -- Cunning, Artful, Sly, Wily, Crafty. -- These epithets agree in expressing an aptitude for attaining some end by peculiar and secret means. Cunning is usually low; as, a cunning trick. Artful is more ingenious and inventive; as, an artful device. Sly implies a turn for what is double or concealed; as, sly humor; a sly evasion. Crafty denotes a talent for dexterously deceiving; as, a crafty manager. Wily describes a talent for the use of stratagems; as, a wily politician. "Acunning man often shows his dexterity in simply concealing. An artful man goes further, and exerts his ingenuity in misleading. A crafty man mingles cunning with art, and so shapes his actions as to lull suspicions. The young may be cunning, but the experienced only can be crafty. Slyness is a vulgar kind of cunning; the sly man goes cautiously and silently to work. Wiliness is a species of cunning or craft applicable only to cases of attack and defense." Crabb.

Cun"ning, n. [AS. cunnung trial, or Icel. kunnandi knowledge. See Cunning, a.] 1. Knowledge; art; skill; dexterity. [Archaic]

> Let my right hand forget her cunning.
> Ps. cxxxvii. 5.

> A carpenter's desert
> Stands more in cunning than in power.
> Chapman.

2. The faculty or act of using stratagem to accomplish a purpose; fraudulent skill or dexterity; deceit; craft.

> Discourage cunning in a child; cunning is the ape of wisdom.
> Locke.

> We take cunning for a sinister or crooked wisdom.
> Bacon.

Cun"ning*ly (k?n"n?ng-l?), adv. In a cunning manner; with cunning.

Cun"ning*man` (-m?n`), n. A fortune teller; one who pretends to reveal mysteries. [Obs.] Hudibras.

Cun"ning*ness, n. Quality of being cunning; craft.

Cup (kp), n. [AS. cuppe, LL. cuppa cup; cf. L. cupa tub, cask; cf. also Gr. ky`ph hut, Skr. kpa pit, hollow, OSlav. kupa cup. Cf. Coop, Cupola, Cowl a water vessel, and Cob, Coif, Cop.] 1. A small vessel, used commonly to drink from; as, a tin cup, a silver cup, a wine cup; especially, in modern times, the pottery or porcelain vessel, commonly with a handle, used with a saucer in drinking tea, coffee, and the like.

2. The contents of such a vessel; a cupful.

> Give me a cup of sack, boy.
> Shak.

3. pl. Repeated potations; social or excessive indulgence in intoxicating drinks; revelry.

> Thence from cups to civil broils.
> Milton.

4. That which is to be received or indured; that which is allotted to one; a portion.

> O my Father, if it be possible, let this cup pass from me.
> Matt. xxvi. 39.

5. Anything shaped like a cup; as, the cup of an acorn, or of a flower.

> The cowslip's golden cup no more I see.
> Shenstone.

6. (Med.) A cupping glass or other vessel or instrument used to produce the vacuum in cupping.

Cup and ball, a familiar toy of children, having a cup on the top of a piece of wood to which, a ball is attached by a cord; the ball, being thrown up, is to be caught in the cup; bilboquet. Milman. -- Cup and can, familiar companions. -- Dry cup, Wet cup (Med.), a cup used for dry or wet cupping. See under Cupping. -- To be in one's cups, to be drunk.

Cup, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cupped (kpt); p. pr. & vb. n. Cupping.] 1. To supply with cups of wine. [R.]

> Cup us, till the world go round.
> Shak.

2. (Surg.) To apply a cupping apparatus to; to subject to the operation of cupping. See Cupping.

3. (Mech.) To make concave or in the form of a cup; as, to cup the end of a screw.

Cup"bear`er (-bâr`r), n. 1. One whose office it is to fill and hand the cups at an entertainment.

2. (Antiq.) One of the attendants of a prince or noble, permanently charged with the performance of this office for his master. "I was the king's cupbearer." Neh. i. 11.

Cup"board (kb"brd), n. [Cup + board.] 1. A board or shelf for cups and dishes. [Obs.] Bacon.

2. A small closet in a room, with shelves to receive cups, dishes, food, etc.; hence, any small closet.

Cupboard love, interested love, or that which has an eye to the cupboard. "A cupboard love is seldom true." Poor Robin. [Colloq.] -- To cry cupboard, to call for food; to express hunger. [Colloq.] "My stomach cries cupboard." W. Irving.

Cup"board, v. t. To collect, as into a cupboard; to hoard. [R.] Shak.

Cu"pel (k"pl), n. [LL. cupella cup (cf. L. cupella, small cask, dim. of cupa) : cf. F. coupelle. See Cup, and cf. Coblet.] A shallow porous cup, used in refining precious metals, commonly made of bone ashes (phosphate of lime). [Written also coppel.]

Cupel dust, powder used in purifying metals.

Cu*pel" (k*pl"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cupelled (-p?ld"); p. pr. & vb. n. Cupelling.] To refine by means of a cupel.

Cu`pel*la"tion (k`pl*l"shn) n. [See Cupel.] The act or process of refining gold or silver, etc., in a cupel.

The process consist in exposing the cupel containing the metal to be assayed or refined to a hot blast, by which the lead, copper, tin, etc., are oxidized, dissolved, and carried down into the porous cupel, leaving the unoxidizable precious metal. If lead is not already present in the alloy it must be added before cupellation.

Cup"ful (k?p"f?l), n.; pl. Cupfuls (-f&?;lz). As much as a cup will hold.

Cup"-gall` (-g?l`), n. A kind of oak-leaf gall. See Gall.

Cu"pid (k?"p?d), n . [L. Cupido, fr. cupido desire, desire of love, fr. cupidus. See Cupidity.] (Rom. Myth.) The god of love, son of Venus; usually represented as a naked, winged boy with bow and arrow.

> Pretty dimpled boys, like smiling cupids.
> Shak.

Cu*pid"i*ty (k?-p?d"?-t?), n. [F. cupidite, L. cupiditas, fr. cupidus longing, desiring, fr. cupere to long for, desire. See Covet.] 1. A passionate desire; love. [Obs.]

2. Eager or inordinate desire, especially for wealth; greed of gain; avarice; covetousness.

> With the feelings of political distrust were mingled those of cupidity and envy, as the Spaniard saw the fairest provinces of the south still in the hands of the accursed race of Ishmael.
> Prescott.

Cup"-moss` (k?p"m?s`; 115), n. (Bot.) A kind of lichen, of the genus Cladonia.

Cu"po*la (k?"p?-l?), n.; pl. Cupolas (-l&?;z). [It. cupola, LL. cupula, cuppula (cf. L. cupula little tub). fr. cupa, cuppa, cup; cf. L. cupa tub. So called on account of its resemblance to a cup turned over. See Cup, and cf. Cupule.] 1. (Arch.) A roof having a rounded form, hemispherical or nearly so; also, a ceiling having the same form. When on a large scale it is usually called dome.

2. A small structure standing on the top of a dome; a lantern.

3. A furnace for melting iron or other metals in large quantity, -- used chiefly in foundries and steel works.

4. A revolving shot-proof turret for heavy ordnance.

5. (Anat.) The top of the spire of the cochlea of the ear.

Cup"per (kp"pr), n. [Fropm cup.] One who performs the operation of cupping.

Cup"ping (k?p"p?ng), n. (Med.) The operation of drawing blood to or from the surface of the person by forming a partial vacuum over the spot. Also, sometimes, a similar operation for drawing pus from an abscess.

Cupping glass, a glass cup in which a partial vacuum is produced by heat, in the process of cupping. -- Dry cupping, the application of a cupping instrument without scarification, to draw blood to the surface, produce counter irritation, etc. -- Wet cupping, the operation of drawing blood by the application of a cupping instrument after scarification.

Cu"pre*ous (k?"pr?-?s), a. [L. cupreus, fr. cuprum.] Consisting of copper or resembling copper; coppery.

Cu"pric (k?"pr?k), a. [From Cuprum.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or derived from, copper; containing copper; -- said of those compounds of copper in which this element is present in its lowest proportion.

Cu*prif"er*ous (k?-pr?f"?r-?s), a. [Cuprum + -ferous.] Containing copper; as, cupriferous silver.

Cu"prite (k?"pr?t), n. (Min.) The red oxide of copper; red copper; an important ore of copper, occurring massive and in isometric crystals.

Cu"proid (k?"proid), n. [Cuprum + -oid.] (Crystalloq.) A solid related to a tetrahedron, and contained under twelve equal triangles.

Cup"-rose (k?p"r?z), n. Red poppy. See Cop-rose.

Cu"prous (k?"pr?s), a. [From Cuprum.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or derived from, copper; containing copper; -- said of those compounds of copper in which this element is present in its highest proportion.

||Cu"prum (k?"pr?m), n. [L.] (Chem.) Copper.

Cu"pu*late (k?"p?-l?t), a. Having or bearing cupules; cupuliferous.

Cu"pule (k?"p?l), n. [See Cupola.] 1. (Bot.) A cuplet or little cup, as of the acorn; the husk or bur of the filbert, chestnut, etc.

2. (Zoöl.) A sucker or acetabulum.

Cu`pu*lif"er*ous (k?`p?-l?f"?r-?s), a. [Cupule + -ferous: cf. F. cupulifère.] Of, pertaining to, or resembling, the family of plants of which the oak and the chestnut are examples, -- trees bearing a smooth, solid nut inclosed in some kind of cup or bur; bearing, or furnished with, a cupule.

Cur (kûr), n. [OE. curre, kur; cf. dial. Sw. kurre dog, OD. korre watchdog, and Icel. kurra to murmur, grumble, Sw. kurra to rumble, croak, Dan. kurre to coo, whirr; prob. of imitative origin.] 1. A mongrel or inferior dog.

> They . . . like to village curs,
> Bark when their fellows do.
> Shak.

2. A worthless, snarling fellow; -- used in contempt.

> What would you have, you curs,
> That like nor peace nor war?
> Shak.

Cur`a*bil"i*ty (k?r`?-b?l"?-t?), n. The state of being curable; curableness.

Cur"a*ble (k?r"?-b'l), a. [Cf. F. curable. See Cure, v. t.] Capable of being cured; admitting remedy. "Curable diseases." Harvey. -- Cur"a*ble*ness, n. -- Cur`a*bly, adv.

{ Cu`ra*çao", Cu`ra*çoa", } (k??`r?-s?"), n. A liqueur, or cordial, flavored with orange peel, cinnamon, and mace; -- first made at the island of Curaçcao.

Cu"ra*cy (k?"r?-s?), n.; pl. Curacies (-s&?;z). [See Cure, Curate.] The office or employment of a curate.

{ Cu*ra"re Cu*ra"ri } (k?-r?"r?), n. [Native name. Cf. Wourall.] A black resinoid extract prepared by the South American Indians from the bark of several species of Strychnos (S. toxifera, etc.). It sometimes has little effect when taken internally, but is quickly fatal when introduced into the blood, and used by the Indians as an arrow poison. [Written also urari, woorali, woorari, etc.]

Cu"ra*rine (k?"r?-r?n or k?-r?"r?n; 104), n. (Chem.) A deadly alkaloid extracted from the curare poison and from the Strychnos toxifera. It is obtained in crystalline colorless salts.

Cu"ra*rize (-r?z), v. t. To poison with curare.

Cu*ras"sow (k?-r?s"s?), n. [Native name in Brazil.] (Zool.) A large gallinaceous bird of the American genera Crax, Ourax, etc., of the family Cracidæ.

The crested curassow (Crax alector) is black, and about the size of a small hen-turkey, with an erectile crest of curled feathers. It ranges from Mexico to Brazil. The galeated curassow or cushew bird (Ourax Pauxi) is similar in size, and has a large, hollow, blue, pear-shaped protuberance on the head.

Cu"rat (k?"r?t), n. [SeeCuirass.] A cuirass or breastplate. [Obs.] Spenser.

<! p. 357 !>

Cu"rate (k?"r?t), n. [LL. curatus, prop., one who is charged with the care (L. cura) of souls. See Cure, n., and cf. Curé] One who has the cure of souls; originally, any clergyman, but now usually limited to one who assists a rector or vicar. Hook.

> All this the good old man performed alone,
> He spared no pains, for curate he had none.
> Dryden.

Cu"rate*ship, n. A curacy.

Cu*ra"tion (k?-r?"sh?n), n. [Cf. OF. curacion.] Cure; healing. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Cur"a*tive (k?r"?-t?v), a. [Cf. F. curatif. See Cure, v. t.] Relating to, or employed in, the cure of diseases; tending to cure. Arbuthnot.

Cu*ra"tor (k?-r?"t?r). n. [L., fr. curare to take care of, fr. cura care.] 1. One who has the care and superintendence of anything, as of a museum; a custodian; a keeper.

2. One appointed to act as guardian of the estate of a person not legally competent to manage it, or of an absentee; a trustee; a guardian.

Cu*ra"tor*ship, n. The office of a curator.

Cu*ra"trix (-tr?ks), n. [L.] 1. A woman who cures.

2. A woman who is a guardian or custodian. Burrill.

Curb (k?rb), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Curbed (k?rbd); p. pr. & vb. n. Curbing.] [F. courber to bend, curve, L. curvare, fr. curvus bent, curved; cf. Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?; curved. Cf. Curve.] 1. To bend or curve [Obs.]

> Crooked and curbed lines.
> Holland.

2. To guide and manage, or restrain, as with a curb; to bend to one's will; to subject; to subdue; to restrain; to confine; to keep in check.

> Part wield their arms, part curb the foaming steed.
> Milton.

> Where pinching want must curbthy warm desires.
> Prior.

3. To furnish wich a curb, as a well; also, to restrain by a curb, as a bank of earth.

Curb, v. i. To bend; to crouch; to cringe. [Obs.]

> Virtue itself of vice must pardon beg,
> Yea, curb and woo for leave to do him good.
> Shak.

Curb, n. 1. That which curbs, restrains, or subdues; a check or hindrance; esp., a chain or strap attached to the upper part of the branches of a bit, and capable of being drawn tightly against the lower jaw of the horse.

> He that before ran in the pastures wild
> Felt the stiff curb control his angry jaws.
> Drayton.

> By these men, religion,that should be
> The curb, is made the spur of tyranny.
> Denham.

2. (Arch.) An assemblage of three or more pieces of timber, or a metal member, forming a frame around an opening, and serving to maintain the integrity of that opening; also, a ring of stone serving a similar purpose, as at the eye of a dome.

3. A frame or wall round the mouth of a well; also, a frame within a well to prevent the earth caving in.

4. A curbstone.

5. (Far.) A swelling on the back part of the hind leg of a horse, just behind the lowest part of the hock joint, generally causing lameness. James Law.

Curb bit, a stiff bit having branches by which a leverage is obtained upon the jaws of horse. Knight. -- Curb pins (Horology), the pins on the regulator which restrain the hairspring. -- Curb plate (Arch.), a plate serving the purpose of a curb. -- Deck curb. See under Deck.

Curb"less, a. Having no curb or restraint.

Curb" roof` (r??f`). A roof having a double slope, or composed, on each side, of two parts which have unequal inclination; a gambrel roof.

Curb"stone` (kûrb"stn`), n. A stone set along a margin as a limit and protection, as along the edge of a sidewalk next the roadway; an edge stone.

Curbstone broker. See under Broker.

Curch (k??rch), n. See Courche.

Cur*cu"li*o (k?r-r?"l?-?), n.; pl. Curculios (-&?;z). [L., a grain weevil.] (Zoöl.) One of a large group of beetles (Rhynchophora) of many genera; -- called also weevils, snout beetles, billbeetles, and billbugs. Many of the species are very destructive, as the plum curculio, the corn, grain, and rice weevils, etc.

Cur`cu*li*on"i*dous (k?r`-k?-l?-?n"?-d?s), a. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the Curculionideæ, or weevil tribe.

||Cur"cu*ma (k?r"k?-m?), n. [Cf. F., It., & Sp. curcuma; all fr. Ar. kurkum. Cf. Turmeric.] (Bot.) A genus of plants of the order Scitamineæ, including the turmeric plant (Curcuma longa).

Curcuma paper. (Chem.) See Turmeric paper, under Turmeric.

Cur"cu*min (-m?n), n. (Chem.) The coloring principle of turmeric, or curcuma root, extracted as an orange yellow crystalline substance, C14H14O4, with a green fluorescence.

It possesses acid properties and with alkalies forms brownish salts. This change in color from yellow to brown is the characteristic reaction of tumeric paper. See Turmeric paper, under Turmeric.

Curd (kûrd), n. [Of Celtic origin; cf. Gael. gruth, Ir, gruth, cruth, curd, cruthaim I milk.] [Sometimes written crud.] 1. The coagulated or thickened part of milk, as distinguished from the whey, or watery part. It is eaten as food, especially when made into cheese.

> Curds and cream, the flower of country fare.
> Dryden.

2. The coagulated part of any liquid.

3. The edible flower head of certain brassicaceous plants, as the broccoli and cauliflower.

> Broccoli should be cut while the curd, as the flowering mass is termed, is entire.
> R. Thompson.

> Cauliflowers should be cut for use while the head, or curd, is still close and compact.
> F. Burr.

Curd (k?rd), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Curded; p. pr. & vb. n. Curding.] To cause to coagulate or thicken; to cause to congeal; to curdle.

> Does it curd thy blood
> To say I am thy mother?
> Shak.

Curd, v. i. To become coagulated or thickened; to separate into curds and whey Shak.

Curd"i*ness (-?-n?s), n. The state of being curdy.

Cur"dle (k?r"d'l), v. i. [From Curd.] [Sometimes written crudle and cruddle.] 1. To change into curd; to coagulate; as, rennet causes milk to curdle. Thomson.

2. To thicken; to congeal.

> Then Mary could feel her heart's blood curdle cold.
> Southey.

Cur"dle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Curdled (-d'ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Curdling (-dl?ng).] 1. To change into curd; to cause to coagulate. "To curdle whites of eggs" Boyle.

2. To congeal or thicken.

> My chill blood is curdled in my veins.
> Dryden.

Curd"less (k?rd"l?s), a. Destitute of curd.

Curd"y (k?rd"?), a. Like curd; full of curd; coagulated. "A curdy mass." Arbuthnot.

Cure> (kr), n. [OF, cure care, F., also, cure, healing, cure of souls, L. cura care, medical attendance, cure; perh. akin to cavere to pay heed, E. cution. Cure is not related to care.] 1. Care, heed, or attention. [Obs.]

> Of study took he most cure and most heed.
> Chaucer.

> Vicarages of greatcure, but small value.
> Fuller.

2. Spiritual charge; care of soul; the office of a parish priest or of a curate; hence, that which is committed to the charge of a parish priest or of a curate; a curacy; as, to resign a cure; to obtain a cure.

> The appropriator was the incumbent parson, and had the cure of the souls of the parishioners.
> Spelman.

3. Medical or hygienic care; remedial treatment of disease; a method of medical treatment; as, to use the water cure.

4. Act of healing or state of being healed; restoration to health from disease, or to soundness after injury.

> Past hope! pastcure! past help.
> Shak.

> I do cures to-day and to-morrow.
> Luke xii. 32.

5. Means of the removal of disease or evil; that which heals; a remedy; a restorative.

> Cold, hunger, prisons, ills without a cure.
> Dryden.

> The proper cure of such prejudices.
> Bp. Hurd.

Cure, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cured (krd); p. pr. & vb. n. Curing.] [OF. curer to take care, to heal, F., only, to cleanse, L. curare to take care, to heal, fr. cura. See Cure,.] 1. To heal; to restore to health, soundness, or sanity; to make well; -- said of a patient.

> The child was cured from that very hour.
> Matt. xvii. 18.

2. To subdue or remove by remedial means; to remedy; to remove; to heal; -- said of a malady.

> To cure this deadly grief.
> Shak.

> Then he called his twelve disciples together, and gave them power . . . to cure diseases.
> Luke ix. 1.

3. To set free from (something injurious or blameworthy), as from a bad habit.

> I never knew any man cured of inattention.
> Swift.

4. To prepare for preservation or permanent keeping; to preserve, as by drying, salting, etc.; as, to cure beef or fish; to cure hay.

Cure, v. i. 1. To pay heed; to care; to give attention. [Obs.]

2. To restore health; to effect a cure.

> Whose smile and frown, like to Achilles' spear,
> Is able with the change to kill and cure.
> Shak.

3. To become healed.

> One desperate grief cures with another's languish.
> Shak.

||Cu`ré" (k`r"), n. [F., fr. LL. curatus. See Curate.] A curate; a pardon.

Cure"*all` (k?r"?l`), n. A remedy for all diseases, or for all ills; a panacea.

Cure"less, a. Incapable of cure; incurable.

> With patience undergo
> A cureless ill, since fate will have it so.
> Dryden.

Cur"er (-?r), n. 1. One who cures; a healer; a physician.

2. One who prepares beef, fish, etc., for preservation by drying, salting, smoking, etc.

||Cu*rette" (k*rt"), n.[F., fr. curer to cleanse.] (Med.) A scoop or ring with either a blunt or a cutting edge, for removing substances from the walls of a cavity, as from the eye, ear, or womb.

Cur"few (kûr"f), n. [OE. courfew, curfu, fr. OF. cuevrefu, covrefeu, F. couvre-feu; covrir to cover + feu fire, fr. L. focus fireplace, hearth. See Cover, and Focus.] 1. The ringing of an evening bell, originally a signal to the inhabitants to cover fires, extinguish lights, and retire to rest, -- instituted by William the Conqueror; also, the bell itself.

> He begins at curfew, and walks till the first cock.
> Shak.

> The village curfew, as it tolled profound.
> Campbell.

2. A utensil for covering the fire. [Obs.]

> For pans, pots, curfews, counters and the like.
> Bacon.

||Cu"ri*a (k?"r?-?), n.; pl. Curle (-&?;). [L.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) (a) One of the thirty parts into which the Roman people were divided by Romulus. (b) The place of assembly of one of these divisions. (c) The place where the meetings of the senate were held; the senate house.

2. (Middle Ages) The court of a sovereign or of a feudal lord; also; his residence or his household. Burrill.

3. (Law) Any court of justice.

4. The Roman See in its temporal aspects, including all the machinery of administration; -- called also curia Romana.

Cu"ri*a*lism (k"r**l?z'm), n. The view or doctrine of the ultramontane party in the Latin Church. Gladstone.

Cu"ri*a*list (k?"r?-?-l?st), n. One who belongs to the ultramontane party in the Latin Church. Shipley.

Cu`ri*a*lis"tic (-l?s"t?k), a. [L. curialis belonging to the imperial court, fr. curia, LL., also, counselors and retinue of a king.] 1. Pertaining to a court.

2. Relating or belonging to the ultramontane party in the Latin Church.

Cu`ri*al"i*ty (-?l"?-t?), n. [Cf. LL. curialitas courtesy, fr. curialis.] The privileges, prerogatives, or retinue of a court. [Obs.] Bacon.

Cu"ri*et (k?"r?-?t), n. A cuirass. [Obs.] Spenser.

Cur"ing (k?r"?ng), p. a. & vb. n. of Cure.

Curing house, a building in which anything is cured; especially, in the West Indies, a building in which sugar is drained and dried.

Cu"ri*o (k?"r?-?), n.; pl. Curios (-&?;z). [Abbreviation of curiosity.] Any curiosity or article of virtu.

> The busy world, which does not hunt poets as collectors hunt for curios.
> F. Harrison.

Cu`ri*o*log"ic (-?-l?j"?k), a. [Gr. kyriologiko`s speaking literally (applied to curiologic hieroglyphics); ky`rios authoritative, proper + lo`gos word, thought. Cf. Cyriologic.] Pertaining to a rude kind of hieroglyphics, in which a thing is represented by its picture instead of by a symbol.

Cu`ri*os"i*ty (k`r*s"*t), n.; pl. Curiosities (- tz). [OE. curiouste, curiosite, OF. curioseté, curiosité, F. curiosité, fr. L. curiositas, fr. curiosus. See Curious, and cf. Curio.] 1. The state or quality or being curious; nicety; accuracy; exactness; elaboration. [Obs.] Bacon.

> When thou wast in thy gilt and thy perfume, they mocked thee for too much curiosity.
> Shak.

> A screen accurately cut in tapiary work . . . with great curiosity.
> Evelin.

2. Disposition to inquire, investigate, or seek after knowledge; a desire to gratify the mind with new information or objects of interest; inquisitiveness. Milton.

3. That which is curious, or fitted to excite or reward attention.

> We took a ramble together to see the curiosities of this great town.
> Addison.

> There hath been practiced also a curiosity, to set a tree upon the north side of a wall, and, at a little hieght, to draw it through the wall, etc.
> Bacon.

||Cu`ri*o"so (k??`r?-?"z? or k?`r?-?"s?), n.; pl. Curiosos (- z&?;z or -s&?;z). [It. See Curious.] A virtuoso.

Cu"ri*ous (k?"r?-?s), a. [OF. curios, curius, F. curieux, L. curiosus careful, inquisitive, fr. cura care. See Cure.] 1. Difficult to please or satisfy; solicitous to be correct; careful; scrupulous; nice; exact. [Obs.]

> Little curious in her clothes.
> Fuller.

> How shall we,
> If he be curious, work upon his faith?
> Beau. & Fl.

2. Exhibiting care or nicety; artfully constructed; elaborate; wrought with elegance or skill.

> To devise curious works.
> Ex. xxxv. 32

> His body couched in a curious bed.
> Shak.

3. Careful or anxious to learn; eager for knowledge; given to research or inquiry; habitually inquisitive; prying; -- sometimes with after or of.

> It is a pity a gentleman so very curious after things that were elegant and beautiful should not have been as curious as to their origin, their uses, and their natural history.
> Woodward.

4. Exciting attention or inquiry; awakening surprise; inviting and rewarding inquisitiveness; not simple or plain; strange; rare. "Acurious tale" Shak.

> A multitude of curious analogies.
> Macaulay.

> Many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore.
> E. A. Poe.

> Abstruse investigations in recondite branches of learning or sciense often bring to light curious results.
> C. J. Smith.

Curious arts, magic. [Obs.]

> Many . . . which used curious arts brought their books together, and burned them.
> Acts xix. 19.

Syn. -- Inquisitive; prying. See Inquisitive.

Cu"ri*ous*ly, adv. In a curious manner.

Cu"ri*ous*ness, n. 1. Carefulness; painstaking. [Obs.]

> My father's care
> With curiousness and cost did train me up.
> Massinger.

2. The state of being curious; exactness of workmanship; ingenuity of contrivance.

3. Inquisitiveness; curiosity.

Curl (kûrl), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Curled (kûrld); p. pr. & vb. n. Curling.] [Akin to D. krullen, Dan. krölle, dial. Sw. krulla to curl, crisp; possibly akin to E. crook. Cf. Curl, n., Cruller.] 1. To twist or form into ringlets; to crisp, as the hair.

> But curl their locks with bodkins and with braid.
> Cascoigne.

2. To twist or make onto coils, as a serpent's body.

> Of his tortuous train,
> Curled many a wanton wreath in sight of Eve.
> Milton.

3. To deck with, or as with, curls; to ornament.

> Thicker than the snaky locks
> That curledMegæra.
> Milton.

> Curling with metaphors a plain intention.
> Herbert.

4. To raise in waves or undulations; to ripple.

> Seas would be pools without the brushing air
> To curl the waves.
> Dryden.

5. (Hat Making) To shape (the brim) into a curve.

Curl, v. i. 1. To contract or bend into curls or ringlets, as hair; to grow in curls or spirals, as a vine; to be crinkled or contorted; to have a curly appearance; as, leaves lie curled on the ground.

> Thou seest it [hair] will not curl by nature.
> Shak.

2. To move in curves, spirals, or undulations; to contract in curving outlines; to bend in a curved form; to make a curl or curls. "Cirling billows." Dryden.

> Then round her slender waist he curled.
> Dryden.

> Curling smokes from village tops are seen.
> Pope.

> Gayly curl the waves before each dashing prow.
> Byron.

> He smiled a king of sickly smile, and curled up on the floor.
> Bret Harte.

3. To play at the game called curling. [Scot.]

<! p. 358 !>

Curl (kûrl), n. [Akin to D. krul, Dan. krölle. See Curl, v. ] 1. A ringlet, especially of hair; anything of a spiral or winding form.

> Under a coronet, his flowing hair
> In curls on either cheek played.
> Milton.

2. An undulating or waving line or streak in any substance, as wood, glass, etc.; flexure; sinuosity.

> If the glass of the prisms . . . be without those numberless waves or curls which usually arise from the sand holes.
> Sir I. Newton.

3. A disease in potatoes, in which the leaves, at their first appearance, seem curled and shrunken.

Blue curls. (Bot.) See under Blue.

Curled (kûrld), a. Having curls; curly; sinuous; wavy; as, curled maple (maple having fibers which take a sinuous course).

Curled hair (Com.), the hair of the manes and tails of horses, prepared for upholstery purposes. McElrath.

Curl"ed*ness, n. State of being curled; curliness.

Curl"er (-r), n. 1. One who, or that which, curls.

2. A player at the game called curling. Burns.

Cur"lew (kûr"l), n. [F. courlieu, corlieu, courlis; perh. of imitative origin, but cf. OF. corlieus courier; L. currere to run + levis light.] (Zoöl.) A wading bird of the genus Numenius, remarkable for its long, slender, curved bill.

The common European curlew is N. arquatus. The long-billed (N. longirostris), the Hudsonian (N. Hudsonicus), and the Eskimo curlew (N. borealis, are American species. The name is said to imitate the note of the European species.

Curlew Jack (Zoöl.) the whimbrel or lesser curlew. -- Curlew sandpiper (Zoöl.), a sandpiper (Tringa ferruginea, or subarquata), common in Europe, rare in America, resembling a curlew in having a long, curved bill. See Illustation in Appendix.

Curl"i*ness (k?rl"?-n?s), n. State of being curly.

Curl"ing, n. 1. The act or state of that which curls; as, the curling of smoke when it rises; the curling of a ringlet; also, the act or process of one who curls something, as hair, or the brim of hats.

2. A scottish game in which heavy weights of stone or iron are propelled by hand over the ice towards a mark.

> Curling . . . is an amusement of the winter, and played on the ice, by sliding from one mark to another great stones of 40 to 70 pounds weight, of a hemispherical form, with an iron or wooden handle at top. The object of the player is to lay his stone as near to the mark as possible, to guard that of his partner, which has been well laid before, or to strike off that of his antagonist.
> Pennant (Tour in Scotland. 1772).

Curling irons, Curling tong, an instrument for curling the hair; -- commonly heated when used.

Curl"ing*ly, adv. With a curl, or curls.

Curl"y (k?rl"?), a. Curling or tending to curl; having curls; full of ripples; crinkled.

Curl"y*cue (k?rl"?-k?), n. [Cf. F. caracole.] Some thing curled or spiral,, as a flourish made with a pen on paper, or with skates on the ice; a trick; a frolicsome caper. [Sometimes written carlicue.] [ Colloq. U.S.]

To cut a curlycue, to make a flourish; to cut a caper.

> I gave a flourishing about the room and cut a curlycue with my right foot.
> McClintock.

Cur*mudg"eon (k?r-m?j"?n), n. [OE. cornmudgin, where -mudgin is prob. from OF. muchier, mucier, F. musser to hide; of uncertain origin; cf. OE. muchares skulking thieves, E. miche, micher.] An avaricious, grasping fellow; a miser; a niggard; a churl.

> A gray-headed curmudgeon of a negro.
> W. Irving.

Cur*mudg"eon*ly, a. Like a curmudgeon; niggardly; churlish; as, a curmudgeonly fellow.

Cur*mur"ring (k?r-m?r"r?ng), n. Murmuring; grumbling; -- sometimes applied to the rumbling produced by a slight attack of the gripes. [Scot.] Burns.

Curr (k?r), v. i. [Prob. imitative.] To coo. [Scot.]

> The owlets hoot, the owlets curr.
> Wordsworth.

Cur"rant (k?r"rant), n. [F. corinthe (raisins de Corinthe raisins of Corinth) currant (in sense 1), from the city of Corinth in Greece, whence, probably, the small dried grape (1) was first imported, the Ribes fruit (2) receiving the name from its resemblance to that grape.]

1. A small kind of seedless raisin, imported from the Levant, chiefly from Zante and Cephalonia; -- used in cookery.

2. The acid fruit or berry of the Ribes rubrum or common red currant, or of its variety, the white currant.

3. (Bot.) A shrub or bush of several species of the genus Ribes (a genus also including the gooseberry); esp., the Ribes rubrum.

Black currant,a shrub or bush (Ribes nigrum and R. floridum) and its black, strong- flavored, tonic fruit. -- Cherry currant, a variety of the red currant, having a strong, symmetrical bush and a very large berry. -- Currant borer (Zoöl.), the larva of an insect that bores into the pith and kills currant bushes; specif., the larvae of a small clearwing moth (Ægeria tipuliformis) and a longicorn beetle (Psenocerus supernotatus). -- Currant worm (Zoöl.), an insect larva which eats the leaves or fruit of the currant. The most injurious are the currant sawfly (Nematus ventricosus), introduced from Europe, and the spanworm (Eufitchia ribearia). The fruit worms are the larva of a fly (Epochra Canadensis), and a spanworm (Eupithecia). -- Flowering currant, Missouri currant, a species of Ribes (R. aureum), having showy yellow flowers.

Cur"ren*cy (k?r"r?n-c?), n.; pl. Currencies (-s&?;z). [Cf. LL. currentia a current, fr. L. currens, p. pr. of currere to run. See Current.] 1. A continued or uninterrupted course or flow like that of a stream; as, the currency of time. [Obs.] Ayliffe.

2. The state or quality of being current; general acceptance or reception; a passing from person to person, or from hand to hand; circulation; as, a report has had a long or general currency; the currency of bank notes.

3. That which is in circulation, or is given and taken as having or representing value; as, the currency of a country; a specie currency; esp., government or bank notes circulating as a substitute for metallic money.

4. Fluency; readiness of utterance. [Obs.]

5. Current value; general estimation; the rate at which anything is generally valued.

> He . . . takes greatness of kingdoms according to their bulk and currency, and not after intrinsic value.
> Bacon.

> The bare name of Englishman . . . too often gave a transient currency to the worthless and ungrateful.
> W. Irving.

Cur"rent (k?r"rent), a. [OE. currant, OF. curant, corant, p. pr. of curre, corre, F. courre, courir, to run, from L. currere; perh. akin to E. horse. Cf. Course, Concur, Courant, Coranto.] 1. Running or moving rapidly. [Archaic]

> Like the current fire, that renneth
> Upon a cord.
> Gower.

> To chase a creature that was current then
> In these wild woods, the hart with golden horns.
> Tennyson.

2. Now passing, as time; as, the current month.

3. Passing from person to person, or from hand to hand; circulating through the community; generally received; common; as, a current coin; a current report; current history.

> That there was current money in Abraham's time is past doubt.
> Arbuthnot.

> Your fire-new stamp of honor is scarce current.
> Shak.

> His current value, which is less or more as men have occasion for him.
> Grew.

4. Commonly estimated or acknowledged.

5. Fitted for general acceptance or circulation; authentic; passable.

> O Buckingham, now do I play the touch
> To try if thou be current gold indeed.
> Shak.

Account current. See under Account. -- Current money, lawful money. Abbott.

Cur"rent, n. [Cf. F. courant. See Current, a. ]

1. A flowing or passing; onward motion. Hence: A body of fluid moving continuously in a certain direction; a stream; esp., the swiftest part of it; as, a current of water or of air; that which resembles a stream in motion; as, a current of electricity.

> Two such silver currents, when they join,
> Do glorify the banks that bound them in.
> Shak.

> The surface of the ocean is furrowed by currents, whose direction . . . the navigator should know.
> Nichol.

2. General course; ordinary procedure; progressive and connected movement; as, the current of time, of events, of opinion, etc.

Current meter, an instrument for measuring the velocity, force, etc., of currents. -- Current mill, a mill driven by a current wheel. -- Current wheel, a wheel dipping into the water and driven by the current of a stream or by the ebb and flow of the tide.

Syn. -- Stream; course. See Stream.

Cur"rent*ly, adv. In a current manner; generally; commonly; as, it is currently believed.

Cur"rent*ness, n. 1. The quality of being current; currency; circulation; general reception.

2. Easiness of pronunciation; fluency. [Obs.]

> When currentness [combineth] with staidness, how can the language . . . sound other than most full of sweetness?
> Camden.

Cur"ri*cle (k?r"r?-k'l), n. [L. curriculum a running, a race course, fr. currere to run. See Current, and cf. Curriculum.] 1. A small or short course.

> Upon a curricle in this world depends a long course of the next.
> Sir T. Browne.

2. A two-wheeled chaise drawn by two horses abreast.

Cur*ric"u*lum (k?r-r?k"?-l?m), n.; pl. E. Curriculums (-l&?;mz), L. Curricula (-l&?;). [L. See Curricle.]

1. A race course; a place for running.

2. A course; particularly, a specified fixed course of study, as in a university.

Cur"rie (k?r"r?), n. & v. See 2d & 3d Curry.

Cur"ried (-r&?;d), p. a. [See Curry, v. t., and Curry, n.]

1. Dressed by currying; cleaned; prepared.

2. Prepared with curry; as, curried rice, fowl, etc.

Cur"ri*er (k?"r?-?r), n. [From 1st Curry.] One who curries and dresses leather, after it is tanned.

Cur"rish (k?r"r?sh), a. [From Cur.] Having the qualities, or exhibiting the characteristics, of a cur; snarling; quarrelsome; snappish; churlish; hence, also malicious; malignant; brutal.

> Thy currish spirit
> Governed a wolf.
> Shak.

> Some currish plot, -- some trick.
> Lockhart.

-- Cur"rish*ly, adv. -- Cur"rish*ness, n.

Cur"ry (k?r"r?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Curried (-r?d); p. pr. & vb. n. Currying.] [OE. curraien, curreien, OF. cunreer, correier, to prepare, arrange, furnish, curry (a horse), F. corroyer to curry (leather) (cf. OF. conrei, conroi, order, arrangement, LL. conredium); cor- (L. com-) + roi, rei, arrangement, order; prob. of German origin, and akin to E. ready. See Ready, Greith, and cf. Corody, Array.] 1. To dress or prepare for use by a process of scraping, cleansing, beating, smoothing, and coloring; -- said of leather.

2. To dress the hair or coat of (a horse, ox, or the like) with a currycomb and brush; to comb, as a horse, in order to make clean.

> Your short horse is soon curried.
> Beau. & FL.

3. To beat or bruise; to drub; -- said of persons.

> I have seen him curry a fellow's carcass handsomely.
> Beau. & FL.

To curry favor, to seek to gain favor by flattery or attentions. See Favor, n.

Cur"ry, n. [Tamil kari.] [Written also currie.]

1. (Cookery) A kind of sauce much used in India, containing garlic, pepper, ginger, and other strong spices.

2. A stew of fowl, fish, or game, cooked with curry.

Curry powder (Cookery), a condiment used for making curry, formed of various materials, including strong spices, as pepper, ginger, garlic, coriander seed, etc.

Cur"ry (k?r"r?), v. t. To flavor or cook with curry.

Cur"ry*comb` (k?r"r?-k?m`), n. A kind of card or comb having rows of metallic teeth or serrated ridges, used in currying a horse.

Cur"ry*comb`, v. t. To comb with a currycomb.

Curse (k?rs), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cursed (k?rst) or Curst; p. pr. & vb. n. Cursing.] [AS. cursian, corsian, perh. of Scand. origin; cf. Dan. korse to make the sign of the cross, Sw. korsa, fr. Dan. & Sw. kors cross, Icel kross, all these Scand. words coming fr. OF. crois, croiz, fr. L. crux cross. Cf. Cross.] 1. To call upon divine or supernatural power to send injury upon; to imprecate evil upon; to execrate.

> Thou shalt not . . . curse the ruler of thy people.
> Ex. xxii. 28.

> Ere sunset I'll make thee curse the deed.
> Shak.

2. To bring great evil upon; to be the cause of serious harm or unhappiness to; to furnish with that which will be a cause of deep trouble; to afflict or injure grievously; to harass or torment.

> On impious realms and barbarous kings impose
> Thy plagues, and curse 'em with such sons as those.
> Pope.

To curse by bell, book, and candle. See under Bell.

Curse, v. i. To utter imprecations or curses; to affirm or deny with imprecations; to swear.

> Then began he to curse and to swear.
> Matt. xxi. 74.

> His spirits hear me,
> And yet I need must curse.
> Shak.

Curse, n. [AS. curs. See Curse, v. t.] 1. An invocation of, or prayer for, harm or injury; malediction.

> Lady, you know no rules of charity,
> Which renders good for bad, blessings for curses.
> Shak.

2. Evil pronounced or invoked upon another, solemnly, or in passion; subjection to, or sentence of, divine condemnation.

> The priest shall write these curses in a book.
> Num. v. 23.

> Curses, like chickens, come home to roost.
> Old Proverb.

3. The cause of great harm, evil, or misfortune; that which brings evil or severe affliction; torment.

> The common curse of mankind, folly and ignorance.
> Shak.

> All that I eat, or drink, or shall beget,
> Is propagated curse.
> Milton.

The curse of Scotland (Card Playing), the nine of diamonds. -- Not worth a curse. See under Cress.

Syn. -- Malediction; imprecation; execration. See Malediction.

Curs"ed (k?rs"?d), a. Deserving a curse; execrable; hateful; detestable; abominable.

> Let us fly this cursed place.
> Milton.

> This cursed quarrel be no more renewed.
> Dryden.

Curs"ed*ly, adv. In a cursed manner; miserably; in a manner to be detested; enormously. [Low]

Curs"ed*ness, n. 1. The state of being under a curse or of being doomed to execration or to evil.

2. Wickedness; sin; cursing. Chaucer.

3. Shrewishness. "My wife's cursedness." Chaucer.

Curs"er (k?rs"?r), n. One who curses.

Cur"ship (k?r"sh?p), n. [Cur +-ship.] The state of being a cur; one who is currish. [Jocose]

> How durst he, I say, oppose thy curship!
> Hudibras.

Cur"si*ta`ting (k?r"s?-t?`t?ng), a. [See Cursitor.] Moving about slightly. [R.] H. Bushnell.

Cur"si*tor (k?r"s?-t?r), n. [LL. cursitor, equiv. to L. cursor, fr. cursare to run hither and thither, fr. currere to run. See Current, and cf. Cursor.] 1. A courier or runner. [Obs.] "Cursitors to and fro." Holland.

2. (Eng.Law) An officer in the Court of Chancery, whose business is to make out original writs.

Cur"sive (k?r"s?v), a. [LL. cursivus: cf. F. cursif See Cursitor.] Running; flowing.

Cursive hand,a running handwriting.

Cur"sive, n. 1. A character used in cursive writing.

2. A manuscript, especially of the New Testament, written in small, connected characters or in a running hand; -- opposed to uncial. Shipley.

Cur"sor (k?r"s?r), n. [L., a runner. See Cursitor.] Any part of a mathematical instrument that moves or slides backward and forward upon another part.

Cur"so*ra*ry (-s?-r?-r?), a. Cursory; hasty. [Obs.]

> With a cursorary eye o'erglanced the articles.
> Shak.

||Cur*so"res (k?r-s?"rEz), n. pl. [L. cursor, pl. cursores, a runner.] (Zoöl.) (a) An order of running birds including the ostrich, emu, and allies; the Ratitaæ. (b) A group of running spiders; the wolf spiders.

Cur*so"ri*al (k?r-s?"r?-al), a. (Zoöl.) (a) Adapted to running or walking, and not to prehension; as, the limbs of the horse are cursorial. See Illust. of Aves. (b) Of or pertaining to the Cursores.

Cur"so*ri*ly (k?r"s?-r?-l?), adv. In a running or hasty manner; carelessly.

Cur"so*ri*ness, n. The quality of being cursory; superficial performance; as, cursoriness of view.

Cur"so*ry (k?r"s?-r?), a. [L. cursorius, fr. cursor. See Cursor.] 1. Running about; not stationary. [Obs.]

2. Characterized by haste; hastily or superficially performed; slight; superficial; careless.

> Events far too important to be treated in a cursory manner.
> Hallam.

Curst (k?rst), imp. & p. p. of Curse.

Curst, a. [SeeCurse.] Froward; malignant; mischievous; malicious; snarling. [Obs.]

> Though his mind
> Be ne'er so curst, his tonque is kind.
> Crashaw.

Curst"ful*ly (-fl*l), adv. Peevishly; vexatiously; detestably. [Obs.] "Curstfully mad." Marston.

<! p. 359 !>

Curst"ness (kûrst"ns), n. Peevishness; malignity; frowardness; crabbedness; surliness. [Obs.] Shak.

Curt (krt), a. [L. curtus; cf. Skr. kart to cut. Cf. Curtail.] Characterized by excessive brevity; short; rudely concise; as, curt limits; a curt answer.

> The curt, yet comprehensive reply.
> W. Irving.

Cur*tail" (kr*tl"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Curtailed (- tld"); p. pr. & vb. n. Curtailing.] [See Curtal.] To cut off the end or tail, or any part, of; to shorten; to abridge; to diminish; to reduce.

> I, that am curtailed of this fair proportion.
> Shak.

> Our incomes have been curtailed; his salary has been doubled.
> Macaulay.

Cur"tail (k?r"t?l), n. The scroll termination of any architectural member, as of a step, etc.

Cur"tail dog` (dg`; 115). A dog with a docked tail; formerly, the dog of a person not qualified to course, which, by the forest laws, must have its tail cut short, partly as a mark, and partly from a notion that the tail is necessary to a dog in running; hence, a dog not fit for sporting.

> Hope is a curtail dog in some affairs.
> Shak.

Cur*tail"er (kr*tl"r), n. One who curtails.

Cur*tail"ment (k?r-t?l"ment), n. The act or result of curtailing or cutting off. Bancroft.

Cur"tain (k?r"t?n; 48), n. [OE. cortin, curtin,fr. OF. cortine, curtine, F. courtine, LL. cortina, curtian (in senses 1 and 2), also, small court, small inclosure surrounded by walls, from cortis court. See Court.]

1. A hanging screen intended to darken or conceal, and admitting of being drawn back or up, and reclosed at pleasure; esp., drapery of cloth or lace hanging round a bed or at a window; in theaters, and like places, a movable screen for concealing the stage.

2. (Fort.) That part of the rampart and parapet which is between two bastions or two gates. See Illustrations of Ravelin and Bastion.

3. (Arch.) That part of a wall of a building which is between two pavilions, towers, etc.

4. A flag; an ensign; -- in contempt. [Obs.] Shak.

Behind the curtain, in concealment; in secret. -- Curtain lecture, a querulous lecture given by a wife to her husband within the bed curtains, or in bed. Jerrold.

> A curtain lecture is worth all the sermons in the world for teaching the virtues of patience and long- suffering.
> W. Irving.

-- The curtain falls, the performance closes. -- The curtain rises, the performance begins. -- To draw the curtain, to close it over an object, or to remove it; hence: (a) To hide or to disclose an object. (b) To commence or close a performance. -- To drop the curtain, to end the tale, or close the performance.

Cur"tain, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Curtained (-t?nd; 48); p. pr. & vb. n. Curtaining.] To inclose as with curtains; to furnish with curtains.

> So when the sun in bed
> Curtained with cloudy red.
> Milton.

Cur"tal (k?r"tal), a. [OF. courtault, F. courtaud, having a docked tail (cf. It. cortaldo), fr. court short, L. curtus. See Curt, and Curtail.] Curt; brief; laconic.

> Essays and curtal aphorisms.
> Milton.

Curtal dog. See Curtail dog.

Cur"tal, n. A horse with a docked tail; hence, anything cut short. [Obs] Nares.

{ Cur"tal ax` (?ks`), Cur"tle ax`, Curte"lasse (k?rt"las) }. A corruption of Cutlass.

Cur"tal fri`ar (fr?`?r). A friar who acted as porter at the gate of a monastery. Sir W. Scott.

Cur*ta"na (k?r-t?"n?), n. The pointless sword carried before English monarchs at their coronation, and emblematically considered as the sword of mercy; -- also called the sword of Edward the Confessor.

Cur"tate (k?r"t?t), a. [L. curtatus, p. p. of curtare to shorten, fr. curtus. See Curt.] (Astron.) Shortened or reduced; -- said of the distance of a planet from the sun or earth, as measured in the plane of the ecliptic, or the distance from the sun or earth to that point where a perpendicular, let fall from the planet upon the plane of the ecliptic, meets the ecliptic.

Curtate cycloid. (Math.) See Cycloid.

Cur*ta"tion (k?r-t?"sh?n), n. (Astron.) The interval by which the curtate distance of a planet is less than the true distance.

Cur*tein" (k?r-t?n"), n. Same as Curtana.

Cur*tes" (k?r-t?s"), a. Courteous. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Cur"te*sy (k?r"t?-s?), n.; pl. Curtesies (-s&?;z). [Either fr. courlesy, the lands being held as it were by favor; or fr. court (LL. curtis), the husband being regarded as holding the lands as a vassal of the court. See Court, Courtesy.] (Law) the life estate which a husband has in the lands of his deceased wife, which by the common law takes effect where he has had issue by her, born alive, and capable of inheriting the lands. Mozley & W.

Cur"ti*lage (k&?;r"t&?;-l&?;j), n. [OF. cortillage, curtillage, fr. cortil court, courtyard, LL. cortis court. See Court.] (Law) A yard, courtyard, or piece of ground, included within the fence surrounding a dwelling house. Burrill.

Curt"ly (kûrt"l), adv. In a curt manner.

Curt"ness, n. The quality of bing curt.

Curt"sy (kûrt"s), n. Same as Courtesy, an act of respect.

Cu"rule (k"rl), a. [L. curulis, fr. currus a chariot: cf. F. curule.] 1. Of or pertaining to a chariot.

2. (Rom. Antiq.) Of or pertaining to a kind of chair appropriated to Roman magistrates and dignitaries; pertaining to, having, or conferring, the right to sit in the curule chair; hence, official.

The curule chair was usually shaped like a camp stool, and provided with curved legs. It was at first ornamented with ivory, and later sometimes made of ivory and inlaid with gold.

Curule dignity right of sitting in the curule chair.

||Cu*ru"ro (k??-r??"r?), n. [Chilian name.] (Zoöl.) A Chilian burrowing rodent of the genus Spalacopus.

{ Cur"val (k?r"val), Cur"vant (- vant) }, a. [L. curvans, p. pr. ] (Her.) Bowed; bent; curved.

{ Cur"vate (k?r"v?t), Cur"va*ted (-v?-t?d), } a. [L. curvatus p. p. of curvare to curve, fr. curvus. See Curve.] Bent in a regular form; curved.

Cur*va"tion (k?r-v?"sh?n), n. [L. curvatio.] The act of bending or crooking.

Cur"va*tive (k?r"v?-t?v), a. (Bot.) Having the margins only a little curved; -- said of leaves. Henslow.

Cur"va*ture (k?r"v?-t?r; 135), n. [L. curvatura. See Curvate.] 1. The act of curving, or the state of being bent or curved; a curving or bending, normal or abnormal, as of a line or surface from a rectilinear direction; a bend; a curve. Cowper.

> The elegant curvature of their fronds.
> Darwin.

2. (Math.) The amount of degree of bending of a mathematical curve, or the tendency at any point to depart from a tangent drawn to the curve at that point.

Aberrancy of curvature (Geom.), the deviation of a curve from a circular form. -- Absolute curvature. See under Absolute. -- Angle of curvature (Geom.), one that expresses the amount of curvature of a curve. -- Chord of curvature. See under Chord. -- Circle of curvature. See Osculating circle of a curve, under Circle. -- Curvature of the spine (Med.), an abnormal curving of the spine, especially in a lateral direction. -- Radius of curvature, the radius of the circle of curvature, or osculatory circle, at any point of a curve.

Curve (kûrv), a. [L. curvus bent, curved. See Cirb.] Bent without angles; crooked; curved; as, a curve line; a curve surface.

Curve, n. [See Curve, a., Cirb.] 1. A bending without angles; that which is bent; a flexure; as, a curve in a railway or canal.

2. (Geom.) A line described according to some low, and having no finite portion of it a straight line.

Axis of a curve. See under Axis. -- Curve of quickest descent. See Brachystochrone. -- Curve tracing (Math.), the process of determining the shape, location, singular points, and other peculiarities of a curve from its equation. -- Plane curve (Geom.), a curve such that when a plane passes through three points of the curve, it passes through all the other points of the curve. Any other curve is called a curve of double curvature, or a twisted curve.

Curve, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Curved (k?rvd); p. pr. & vb. n. Curving.] [L. curvare., fr. curvus. See Curve, a., Curb.] To bend; to crook; as, to curve a line; to curve a pipe; to cause to swerve from a straight course; as, to curve a ball in pitching it.

Curve, v. i. To bend or turn gradually from a given direction; as, the road curves to the right.

Curv"ed*ness (-?d-n?s), n. The state of being curved.

Cur"vet (kûr"v?t or kûr-v?t"; 277), n. [OE. corvet, It. corvetta: cf. F. courbette. See Curve, and cf. Corvetto.] 1. (Man.) A particular leap of a horse, when he raises both his fore legs at once, equally advanced, and, as his fore legs are falling, raises his hind legs, so that all his legs are in the air at once.

2. A prank; a frolic.

Cur"vet, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Curveted or -vetted; p. pr. & vb. n. Curveting or -vetting.] [Cf. It. corvettare. See Curvet, n.] 1. To make a curvet; to leap; to bound. "Oft and high he did curvet." Drayton.

2. To leap and frisk; to frolic. Shak.

Cur"vet, v. t. To cause to curvet. Landor.

Cur`vi*cau"date (k?r`v?-k?"d?t), a. [L. curvus bent + E. caudate.] (Zoöl.) Having a curved or crooked tail.

Cur`vi*cos"tate (k?r`v?-k?s"t?t), a. [L. curvus + E. costate.] (Bot.) Having bent ribs.

Cur`vi*den"tate (k?r`v?-d?n"t?t), a. [L. curvus + E. dentate.] Having curved teeth.

Cur"vi*form (k?r"v?-f?rm), a. [L. curvus + -form.] Having a curved form.

Cur`vi*lin"e*ad (k?r`v?-l?n"?-?d), n. (Geom.) An instrument for drawing curved lines.

{ Cur`vi*lin"e*al (-al), Cur`vi*lin"e*ar (-?r), } a. [L. curvus bent + E. lineal, linear.] Consisting of, or bounded by, curved lines; as, a curvilinear figure.

Cur`vi*lin`e*ar"i*ty (-?r"?-t?), n. The state of being curvilinear or of being bounded by curved lines.

Cur`vi*lin"e*ar*ly (-?r-l?), adv. In a curvilinear manner.

Cur"vi*nerved` (-n?rvd`), a. [L. curvus bent + E. nerve. ] (Bot.) Having the ribs or the veins of the leaves curved; -- called also curvinervate and curve-veined.

Cur`vi*ros"tral (-r?s"tral), a. [L. curvus + E. rostral.] (Zoöl.) Having a crooked beak, as the crossbill.

||Cur"vi*ros"tres (-r?s"tr?z), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. curvus curved + rostrum beak, rostrum.] (Zoöl.) A group of passerine birds, including the creepers and nuthatches.

Cur`vi*se"ri*al (-s?"r?-al), a. [L. curvus bent + E. serial.] (Bot.) Distributed in a curved line, as leaves along a stem.

Cur"vi*ty (k?r"v?-y?), n. [L. curvitas, from curvus bent: cf. F. curvité.] The state of being curved; a bending in a regular form; crookedness. Holder.

Cur"vo*graph (k?r"v?-gr?f), n. [L. curvus bent + -graph.] (Geom.) An arcograph.

Cush"at (k??sh"?t), n. [AS. cusceote.] (Zoöl.) The ringdove or wood pigeon.

> Scarce with cushat's homely song can vie.
> Sir W. Scott.

Cush"ew*bird (k?sh"?-b?rd`), n. (Zoöl) The galeated curassow. See Curassow.

Cush"ion (k??sh"?n), n. [OE. cuischun, quisshen, OF. coissin, cuissin, F. coussin, fr. (assumed) LL. culcitinum, dim. of L. culcita cushion, mattress, pillow. See Quilt, and cf. Counterpoint a coverlet.] 1. A case or bag stuffed with some soft and elastic material, and used to sit or recline upon; a soft pillow or pad.

> Two cushions stuffed with straw, the seat to raise.
> Dryden.

2. Anything resembling a cushion in properties or use; as: (a) a pad on which gilders cut gold leaf; (b) a mass of steam in the end of the cylinder of a steam engine to receive the impact of the piston; (c) the elastic edge of a billiard table.

3. A riotous kind of dance, formerly common at weddings; -- called also cushion dance. Halliwell.

Cushion capital.(Arch.) A capital so sculptured as to appear like a cushion pressed down by the weight of its entablature. (b) A name given to a form of capital, much used in the Romanesque style, modeled like a bowl, the upper part of which is cut away on four sides, leaving vertical faces. -- Cushion star (Zoöl.) a pentagonal starfish belonging to Goniaster, Astrogonium, and other allied genera; -- so called from its form.

Cush"ion (k??sh"?n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cushioned (-?nd); p. pr. & vb. Cushioning.] 1. To seat or place on, or as on a cushion.

> Many who are cushioned on thrones would have remained in obscurity.
> Bolingbroke.

2. To furnish with cushions; as, to cushion a chaise.

3. To conceal or cover up, as under a cushion.

Cushioned hammer, a dead-stroke hammer. See under Dead-stroke.

Cush"ion*et (k??sh"?n-?t), n. [OF. coissinet, F. coussinet. See Cushion, and cf. Coussinet.] A little cushion.

Cush"ion*less, a. Not furnished with a cushion.

> Rows of long, cushionless benches, supplying the place of pews.
> Hawthorne.

Cush"ion*y (-?), a. Like a cushion; soft; pliable.

> A flat and cushiony nose.
> Dickens.

Cush"ite (k?sh"?t), n. A descendant of Cush, the son of Ham and grandson of Noah.

Cusk (k?sk), n. (Zoöl.) A large, edible, marine fish (Brosmius brosme), allied to the cod, common on the northern coasts of Europe and America; -- called also tusk and torsk.

Cus"kin (k?s"k?n), n. A kind of drinking cup. [Obs.]

Cusp (ksp), n. [L. cuspis, -idis, point, pointed end.] 1. (Arch.) A triangular protection from the intrados of an arch, or from an inner curve of tracery.

2. (Astrol.) The beginning or first entrance of any house in the calculations of nativities, etc.

3. (Astron.) The point or horn of the crescent moon or other crescent-shaped luminary.

4. (Math.) A multiple point of a curve at which two or more branches of the curve have a common tangent.

5. (Anat.) A prominence or point, especially on the crown of a tooth.

6. (Bot.) A sharp and rigid point.

Cusp, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cusped (k?spt); p. pr. & vb. n. Cusping.] To furnish with a cusp or cusps.

Cus"pa*ted (k?s"p?-t?d), a. Ending in a point.

Cus"pid (k?s"p?d), n. [See Cusp.] (Anat.) One of the canine teeth; -- so called from having but one point or cusp on the crown. See Tooth.

Cus"pi*dal (-p?-dal), a. [From L. cuspis, cuspidis. See Cusp.] Ending in a point.

Cus"pi*date (-d?t), v. t. To make pointed or sharp.

{ Cus"pi*date (k?s"p?-d?t), Cus"pi*da`ted (- d?`t?d), } a. [L. cuspidatus, p. p. of cuspidare to make pointed, fr. cuspis. See Cusp.] Having a sharp end, like the point of a spear; terminating in a hard point; as, a cuspidate leaf.

Cus"pi*dor (-d?r), n. [Pg. cuspideria, fr. cuspir to spit.] Any ornamental vessel used as a spittoon; hence, to avoid the common term, a spittoon of any sort.

||Cus"pis (k?s"p?s), n. [L.] A point; a sharp end.

Cus"tard (k?s"t?rd), n. [Prob. the same word as OE. crustade, crustate, a pie made with a crust, fr. L. crustatus covered with a crust, p. p. of crustare, fr. crusta crust; cf. OF. croustade pasty, It. crostata, or F. coutarde. See Crust, and cf. Crustated.] A mixture of milk and eggs, sweetened, and baked or boiled.

Custard apple (Bot.), a low tree or shrub of tropical America, including several species of Anona (A. squamosa, reticulata, etc.), having a roundish or ovate fruit the size of a small orange, containing a soft, yellowish, edible pulp. -- Custard coffin, pastry, or crust, which covers or coffins a custard [Obs.] Shak.

Cus"tode (k?s"t?d), n. [F. or It. custode, fr. L. custos, -odis.] See Custodian.

Cus*to"di*al (k?s-t?"d?-al), a. [Cf. F. custodial, fr. L. custodia. See Custody.] Relating to custody or guardianship.

Cus*to"di*an (k?s-t?"d?-an), n. [From Custody.] One who has care or custody, as of some public building; a keeper or superintendent.

Cus*to"di*an*ship, n. Office or duty of a custodian.

Cus*to"di*er (-?r), n. [Cf. LL. custodiarus.] A custodian. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Cus"to*dy (k?s"t?-d?), n. [L. custodia, fr. custos guard; prob. akin to Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?; to hide, and E. hide. See Hide to cover.] 1. A keeping or guarding; care, watch, inspection, for keeping, preservation, or security.

> A fleet of thirty ships for the custody of the narrow seas.
> Bacon.

2. Judicial or penal safe- keeping.

> Jailer, take him to thy custody.
> Shak.

<! p. 360 !>

3. State of being guarded and watched to prevent escape; restraint of liberty; confinement; imprisonment.

> What pease will be given
> To us enslaved, but custody severe,
> And stripes and arbitrary punishment?
> Milton.

Cus"tom (ks"tm), n. [OF. custume, costume, Anglo-Norman coustome, F. coutume, fr. (assumed) LL. consuetumen custom, habit, fr. L. consuetudo, - dinis, fr. consuescere to accustom, verb inchoative fr. consuere to be accustomed; con- + suere to be accustomed, prob. originally, to make one's own, fr. the root of suus one's own; akin to E. so, adv. Cf. Consuetude, Costume.]

1. Frequent repetition of the same act; way of acting common to many; ordinary manner; habitual practice; usage; method of doing or living.

> And teach customs which are not lawful.
> Acts xvi. 21.

> Moved beyond his custom, Gama said.
> Tennyson.

> A custom
> More honored in the breach than the observance.
> Shak.

2. Habitual buying of goods; practice of frequenting, as a shop, manufactory, etc., for making purchases or giving orders; business support.

> Let him have your custom, but not your votes.
> Addison.

3. (Law) Long-established practice, considered as unwritten law, and resting for authority on long consent; usage. See Usage, and Prescription.

Usage is a fact. Custom is a law. There can be no custom without usage, though there may be usage without custom. Wharton.

4. Familiar aquaintance; familiarity. [Obs.]

> Age can not wither her, nor custom stale
> Her infinite variety.
> Shak.

Custom of merchants, a system or code of customs by which affairs of commerce are regulated. -- General customs, those which extend over a state or kingdom. -- Particular customs, those which are limited to a city or district; as, the customs of London.

Syn. -- Practice; fashion. See Habit, and Usage.

Cus"tom, v. t. [Cf. OF. costumer. Cf. Accustom.]

1. To make familiar; to accustom. [Obs.] Gray.

2. To supply with customers. [Obs.] Bacon.

Cus"tom, v. i. To have a custom. [Obs.]

> On a bridge he custometh to fight.
> Spenser.

Cus"tom, n. [OF. coustume, F. coutume, tax, i. e., the usual tax. See 1st Custom.] 1. The customary toll, tax, or tribute.

> Render, therefore, to all their dues: tribute to whom tribute is due; custom to whom custom.
> Rom. xiii. 7.

2. pl. Duties or tolls imposed by law on commodities, imported or exported.

Cus"tom, v. t. To pay the customs of. [Obs.] Marlowe.

Cus"tom*a*ble (-*b'l), a. [Cf. OF. coustumable.]

1. Customary. [Obs.] Sir T. More.

2. Subject to the payment of customs; dutiable.

Cus"tom*a*ble*ness, n. Quality of being customable; conformity to custom. [Obs.]

Cus"tom*a*bly, adv. Usually. [Obs.] Milton.

Cus"tom*a*ri*ly (-*r*l), adv. In a customary manner; habitually.

Cus"tom*a*ri*ness, n. Quality of being customary.

Cus"tom*a*ry (ks"tm**r), a. [CF. OF. coustumier, F. coutumier. See Custom, and cf. Customer.]

1. Agreeing with, or established by, custom; established by common usage; conventional; habitual.

> Even now I met him
> With customary compliment.
> Shak.

> A formal customary attendance upon the offices.
> South.

2. (Law) Holding or held by custom; as, customary tenants; customary service or estate.

Cus"tom*a*ry, n. [OF. coustumier, F. coutumier.] A book containing laws and usages, or customs; as, the Customary of the Normans. Cowell.

Cus"tom*er (ks"tm*r), n. [A doublet of customary, a.: cf. LL. custumarius toll gatherer. See Custom.]

1. One who collect customs; a toll gatherer. [Obs.]

> The customers of the small or petty custom and of the subsidy do demand of them custom for kersey cloths.
> Hakluyt.

2. One who regularly or repeatedly makes purchases of a trader; a purchaser; a buyer.

> He has got at last the character of a good customer; by this means he gets credit for something considerable, and then never pays for it.
> Goldsmith.

3. A person with whom a business house has dealings; as, the customers of a bank. J. A. H. Murray.

4. A peculiar person; -- in an indefinite sense; as, a queer customer; an ugly customer. [Colloq.] Dickens.

5. A lewd woman. [Obs.] Shak.

Cus"tom*house" (-hous`), n. The building where customs and duties are paid, and where vessels are entered or cleared.

Customhouse broker, an agent who acts for merchants in the business of entering and clearing goods and vessels.

||Cus"tos (ks"ts), n.; pl. Custodes (ks*t"dz). [L.] A keeper; a custodian; a superintendent. [Obs.]

Custos rotulorum (rt`*l"rm) [LL., keeper of the rolls] (Eng. Law), the principal justice of the peace in a county, who is also keeper of the rolls and records of the sessions of the peace.

Cus"trel (ks"trel), n. [OF. coustillier. See Coistril.] An armor-bearer to a knight. [Obs.]

Cus"trel, n. See Costrel. [Obs.] Ainsworth.

Cus"tu*ma*ry (-t*m*r), a. See Customary. [Obs.]

Cut (kt), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cut; p. pr. & vb. n. Cutting.] [OE. cutten, kitten, ketten; prob. of Celtic origin; cf. W. cwtau to shorten, curtail, dock, cwta bobtailed, cwt tail, skirt, Gael. cutaich to shorten, curtail, dock, cutach short, docked, cut a bobtail, piece, Ir. cut a short tail, cutach bobtailed. Cf. Coot.] 1. To separate the parts of with, or as with, a sharp instrument; to make an incision in; to gash; to sever; to divide.

> You must cut this flesh from off his breast.
> Shak.

> Before the whistling winds the vessels fly,
> With rapid swiftness cut the liquid way.
> Pope.

2. To sever and cause to fall for the purpose of gathering; to hew; to mow or reap.

> Thy servants can skill to cut timer.
> 2. Chron. ii. 8

3. To sever and remove by cutting; to cut off; to dock; as, to cut the hair; to cut the nails.

4. To castrate or geld; as, to cut a horse.

5. To form or shape by cutting; to make by incision, hewing, etc.; to carve; to hew out.

> Why should a man. whose blood is warm within,
> Sit like his grandsire cut in alabaster?
> Shak.

> Loopholes cut through thickest shade.
> Milton.

6. To wound or hurt deeply the sensibilities of; to pierce; to lacerate; as, sarcasm cuts to the quick.

> The man was cut to the heart.
> Addison.

7. To intersect; to cross; as, one line cuts another at right angles.

8. To refuse to recognize; to ignore; as, to cut a person in the street; to cut one's acquaintance. [Colloq.]

9. To absent one's self from; as, to cut an appointment, a recitation. etc. [Colloq.]

> An English tradesman is always solicitous to cut the shop whenever he can do so with impunity.
> Thomas Hamilton.

To cut a caper. See under Caper. -- To cut the cards, to divide a pack of cards into portions, in order to determine the deal or the trump, or to change the cards to be dealt. -- To cut a dash or a figure, to make a display. [Colloq.] -- To cut down. (a) To sever and cause to fall; to fell; to prostrate. "Timber . . . cut down in the mountains of Cilicia." Knolles. (b) To put down; to abash; to humble. [Obs] "So great is his natural eloquence, that he cuts doun the finest orator." Addison (c) To lessen; to retrench; to curtail; as, to cut down expenses. (d) (Naut.) To raze; as, to cut down a frigate into a sloop. -- To cut the knot or the Gordian knot, to dispose of a difficulty summarily; to solve it by prompt, arbitrary action, rather than by skill or patience. -- To cut lots, to determine lots by cuttings cards; to draw lots. -- To cut off. (a) To sever; to separate.

> I would to God, . . .
> The king had cut off my brother's.
> Shak.

(b) To put an untimely death; to put an end to; to destroy. "Irenæus was likewise cut off by martyrdom." Addison. (c) To interrupt; as, to cut off communication; to cut off (the flow of) steam from (the boiler to) a steam engine. (d) To intercept; as,, to cut off an enemy's retreat. (e) To end; to finish; as, to cut off further debate. -- To cut out. (a) To remove by cutting or carving; as, to cut out a piece from a board. (b) To shape or form by cutting; as, to cut out a garment. " A large forest cut out into walks." Addison. (c) To scheme; to contrive; to prepare; as, to cut out work for another day. "Every man had cut out a place for himself." Addison. (d) To step in and take the place of; to supplant; as, to cut out a rival. [Colloq.] (e) To debar. "I am cut out from anything but common acknowledgments." Pope. (f) To seize and carry off (a vessel) from a harbor, or from under the guns of an enemy. - - To cut to pieces. (a) To cut into pieces; as, to cut cloth to pieces. (b) To slaughter; as, to cut an army to pieces. -- To cut a play (Drama), to shorten it by leaving out passages, to adapt it for the stage. -- To cut rates (Railroads, etc.), to reduce the charges for transportation below the rates established between competing lines. -- To cut short, to arrest or check abruptly; to bring to a sudden termination. "Achilles cut him short, and thus replied." Dryden. -- To cut stick, to make off clandestinely or precipitately. [Slang] -- To cut teeth, to put forth teeth; to have the teeth pierce through the gum and appear. -- To have cut one's eyeteeth, to be sharp and knowing. [Colloq.] -- To cut one's wisdom teeth, to come to years of discretion. -- To cut under, to undersell; as, to cut under a competitor in trade. -- To cut up. (a) To cut to pieces; as, to cut up an animal, or bushes. (b) To damage or destroy; to injure; to wound; as, to cut up a book or its author by severe criticism. "This doctrine cuts up all government by the roots." Locke. (c) To afflict; to discourage; to demoralize; as, the death of his friend cut him up terribly. [Colloq.] Thackeray.

Cut (kt), v. i. 1. To do the work of an edged tool; to serve in dividing or gashing; as, a knife cuts well.

2. To admit of incision or severance; to yield to a cutting instrument.

> Panels of white wood that cuts like cheese.
> Holmes.

3. To perform the operation of dividing, severing, incising, intersecting, etc.; to use a cutting instrument.

> He saved the lives of thousands by manner of cutting for the stone.
> Pope.

4. To make a stroke with a whip.

5. To interfere, as a horse.

6. To move or make off quickly. [Colloq.]

7. To divide a pack of cards into two portion to decide the deal or trump, or to change the order of the cards to be dealt.

To cut across, to pass over or through in the most direct way; as, to cut across a field. -- To cut and run, to make off suddenly and quickly; -- from the cutting of a ship's cable, when there is not time to raise the anchor. [Colloq.] -- To cut in or into, to interrupt; to join in anything suddenly. -- To cut up. (a) To play pranks. [Colloq.] (b) To divide into portions well or ill; to have the property left at one's death turn out well or poorly when divided among heirs, legatees, etc. [Slang.] "When I die, may I cut up as well as Morgan Pendennis." Thackeray.

Cut, n. 1. An opening made with an edged instrument; a cleft; a gash; a slash; a wound made by cutting; as, a sword cut.

2. A stroke or blow or cutting motion with an edged instrument; a stroke or blow with a whip.

3. That which wounds the feelings, as a harsh remark or criticism, or a sarcasm; personal discourtesy, as neglecting to recognize an acquaintance when meeting him; a slight.

> Rip called him by name, but the cur snarled, snapped his teeth, and passed on. This was an unkind cut indeed.
> W. Irving.

4. A notch, passage, or channel made by cutting or digging; a furrow; a groove; as, a cut for a railroad.

> This great cut or ditch Secostris . . . purposed to have made a great deal wider and deeper.
> Knolles.

5. The surface left by a cut; as, a smooth or clear cut.

6. A portion severed or cut off; a division; as, a cut of beef; a cut of timber.

> It should be understood, moreover, . . . that the group are not arbitrary cuts, but natural groups or types.
> Dana.

7. An engraved block or plate; the impression from such an engraving; as, a book illustrated with fine cuts.

8. (a) The act of dividing a pack cards. (b) The right to divide; as, whose cut is it?

9. Manner in which a thing is cut or formed; shape; style; fashion; as, the cut of a garment.

> With eyes severe and beard of formal cut.
> Shak.

10. A common work horse; a gelding. [Obs.]

> He'll buy me a cut, forth for to ride.
> Beau. & Fl.

11. The failure of a college officer or student to be present at any appointed exercise. [College Cant]

12. A skein of yarn. Wright.

A cut in rates (Railroad), a reduction in fare, freight charges, etc., below the established rates. -- A short cut, a cross route which shortens the way and cuts off a circuitous passage. -- The cut of one's jib, the general appearance of a person. [Colloq.] -- To draw cuts, to draw lots, as of paper, etc., cut unequal lengths.

> Now draweth cut . . .
> The which that hath the shortest shall begin.
> Chaucer.

Cut (kt), a. 1. Gashed or divided, as by a cutting instrument.

2. Formed or shaped as by cutting; carved.

3. Overcome by liquor; tipsy. [Slang]

Cut and dried, prepered beforehand; not spontaneous. -- Cut glass, glass having a surface ground and polished in facets or figures. - - Cut nail, a nail cut by machinery from a rolled plate of iron, in distinction from a wrought nail. -- Cut stone, stone hewn or chiseled to shape after having been split from the quarry.

Cu*ta"ne*ous (k*t"n*s), a. [Cf. F. cutané, fr. L. cutis skin. See Cuticle.] Of or pertaining to the skin; existing on, or affecting, the skin; as, a cutaneous disease; cutaneous absorption; cutaneous respiration.

Cut"a*way` (kt"*w`), a. Having a part cut off or away; having the corners rounded or cut away.

Cutaway coat, a coat whose skirts are cut away in front so as not to meet at the bottom.

Cutch (kch; 224), n. See Catechu.

Cutch, n. (Zoöl.) See Cultch.

Cutch"er*y (kch"r*), n. [Hind. kachahri.] A hindoo hall of justice. Malcom.

Cute (kt), a. [An abbrev. of acute.] Clever; sharp; shrewd; ingenious; cunning. [Colloq.]

Cute"ness, n. Acuteness; cunning. [Colloq.]

Cut"grass` (kt"grs`). A grass with leaves having edges furnished with very minute hooked prickles, which form a cutting edge; one or more species of Leersia.

Cu"ti*cle (k"t*k'l), n. [L. cuticula, dim. of cutis skin; akin to E. hide skin of an animal.] 1. (Anat.) The scarfskin or epidermis. See Skin.

2. (Bot.) The outermost skin or pellicle of a plant, found especially in leaves and young stems.

3. A thin skin formed on the surface of a liquid.

Cu*tic"u*lar (k*tk"*lr), a. Pertaining to the cuticle, or external coat of the skin; epidermal.

Cu"tin (k"tn), n. [L. cutis skin, outside.] (Bot.) The substance which, added to the material of a cell wall, makes it waterproof, as in cork.

Cu`tin*i*za"tion (k?`t?n-?-z?"sh?n), n. (Bot.) The conversion of cell walls into a material which repels water, as in cork.

Cu"tin*ize (k?"t?n-?z), v. t. & i. To change into cutin.

||Cu"tis (k?"t?s), n. [L. See Cuticle.] (Anat.) See Dermis.

Cut"lass (kt"las), n.; pl. Cutlasses (- z). [F. coutelas (cf. It. coltellaccio), augm. fr. L. cultellus a small knife, dim. of culter knife. See Colter, and cf. Curtal ax.] A short, heavy, curving sword, used in the navy. See Curtal ax.

Cutlass fish, (Zoöl.), a peculiar, long, thin, marine fish (Trichiurus lepturus) of the southern United States and West Indies; -- called also saber fish, silver eel, and, improperly, swordfish.

Cut"ler (kt"lr), n. [OE. coteler, F. coutelier, LL. cultellarius, fr. L. cultellus. See Cutlass.] One who makes or deals in cutlery, or knives and other cutting instruments.

Cut"ler*y (kt"lr*), n. 1. The business of a cutler.

2. Edged or cutting instruments, collectively.

Cut"let (kt"lt), n. [F. côtelette, prop., little rib, dim. of côte rib, fr. L. costa. See Coast.] A piece of meat, especially of veal or mutton, cut for broiling.

Cut"ling (kt"lng), n., [Cf. Cuttle a knife.] The art of making edged tools or cutlery. [Obs.] Milton.

Cut"-off` (kt"f`; 115), n. 1. That which cuts off or shortens, as a nearer passage or road.

2. (Mach.) (a) The valve gearing or mechanism by which steam is cut off from entering the cylinder of a steam engine after a definite point in a stroke, so as to allow the remainder of the stroke to be made by the expansive force of the steam already let in. See Expansion gear, under Expansion. (b) Any device for stopping or changing a current, as of grain or water in a spout.

Cu"tose (k"ts), n. [L. cutis skin.] (Chem.) A variety of cellulose, occuring as a fine transparent membrane covering the aerial organs of plants, and forming an essential ingredient of cork; by oxidation it passes to suberic acid.

<! p. 361 !>

Cut"-out` (kt"out`), n. (a) (Telegraphy) A species of switch for changing the current from one circuit to another, or for shortening a circuit. (b) (Elec.) A device for breaking or separating a portion of circuit.

Cut"purse` (kt"pûrs`), n. One who cuts purses for the sake of stealing them or their contents (an act common when men wore purses fastened by a string to their girdles); one who steals from the person; a pickpocket

> To have an open ear, a quick eye, and a nimble hand, is necessary for a cutpurse.
> Shak.

Cut"ter (k?t"t?r), n. 1. One who cuts; as, a stone cutter; a die cutter; esp., one who cuts out garments.

2. That which cuts; a machine or part of a machine, or a tool or instrument used for cutting, as that part of a mower which severs the stalk, or as a paper cutter.

3. A fore tooth; an incisor. Ray.

4. (Naut.) (a) A boat used by ships of war. (b) A fast sailing vessel with one mast, rigged in most essentials like a sloop. A cutter is narrower end deeper than a sloop of the same length, and depends for stability on a deep keel, often heavily weighted with lead. (c) A small armed vessel, usually a steamer, in the revenue marine service; -- also called revenue cutter.

5. A small, light one-horse sleigh.

6. An officer in the exchequer who notes by cutting on the tallies the sums paid.

7. A ruffian; a bravo; a destroyer. [Obs.]

8. A kind of soft yellow brick, used for facework; -- so called from the facility with which it can be cut.

Cutter bar. (Mach.) (a) A bar which carries a cutter or cutting tool, as in a boring machine. (b) The bar to which the triangular knives of a harvester are attached. -- Cutter head (Mach.), a rotating head, which itself forms a cutter, or a rotating stock to which cutters may be attached, as in a planing or matching machine. Knight.

Cut"throat` (k?t"thr?t`), n. One who cuts throats; a murderer; an assassin.

Cut"throat`, a. Murderous; cruel; barbarous.

Cut"ting (kt"tng), n. 1. The act or process of making an incision, or of severing, felling, shaping, etc.

2. Something cut, cut off, or cut out, as a twig or scion cut off from a stock for the purpose of grafting or of rooting as an independent plant; something cut out of a newspaper; an excavation cut through a hill or elsewhere to make a way for a railroad, canal, etc.; a cut.

Cut"ting, a. 1. Adapted to cut; as, a cutting tool.

2. Chilling; penetrating; sharp; as, a cutting wind.

3. Severe; sarcastic; biting; as, a cutting reply.

Cut"ting*ly, adv. In a cutting manner.

Cut"tle (k?t"t'l), n. [OF. cultel, coltel, coutel, fr. L. cultellus. See Cutlass.] A knife. [Obs.] Bale.

{ Cut"tle (kt"t'l), Cut"tle*fish` (- fsh`), } n. [OE. codule, AS. cudele; akin to G. kuttelfish; cf. G. kötel, D. keutel, dirt from the guts, G. kuttel bowels, entrails. AS. cwiþ womb, Goth. qiþus belly, womb.] 1. (Zoöl.) A cephalopod of the genus Sepia, having an internal shell, large eyes, and ten arms furnished with denticulated suckers, by means of which it secures its prey. The name is sometimes applied to dibranchiate cephalopods generally.

It has an ink bag, opening into the siphon, from which, when pursued, it throws out a dark liquid that clouds the water, enabling it to escape observation.

2. A foul-mouthed fellow. "An you play the saucy cuttle with me." Shak.

Cut"tle bone` (bn`). The shell or bone of cuttlefishes, used for various purposes, as for making polishing powder, etc.

Cut*too" plate` (k?t-t??" pl?t`). A hood over the end of a wagon wheel hub to keep dirt away from the axle.

Cut"ty (kt"t), a. [Cf. Ir. & Gael. cut a short tail, cutach bobtailed. See Cut.] Short; as, a cutty knife; a cutty sark. [Scot.]

Cut"ty (k?t"t?), n. [Scotch.] 1. A short spoon.

2. A short tobacco pipe. Ramsay.

3. A light or unchaste woman. Sir W. Scott.

Cut"ty*stool` (-stl`), n. 1. A low stool. [Scot.]

2. A seat in old Scottish churches, where offenders were made to sit, for public rebuke by the minister.

||Cut"wal (kt"wl), n. [Per. kotwl.] The chief police officer of a large city. [East Indies]

Cut"wa`ter (kt"w`tr), n. (Naut.) 1. The fore part of a ship's prow, which cuts the water.

2. A starling or other structure attached to the pier of a bridge, with an angle or edge directed up stream, in order better to resist the action of water, ice, etc.; the sharpened upper end of the pier itself.

3. (Zoöl.) A sea bird of the Atlantic (Rhynchops nigra); -- called also black skimmer, scissorsbill, and razorbill. See Skimmer.

Cut"work` (kt"wûrk`), n. (Fine Arts) An ancient term for embroidery, esp. applied to the earliest form of lace, or to that early embroidery on linen and the like, from which the manufacture of lace was developed.

Cut"worm` (-w?rm`), n. (Zoöl.) A caterpillar which at night eats off young plants of cabbage, corn, etc., usually at the ground. Some kinds ascend fruit trees and eat off the flower buds. During the day, they conceal themselves in the earth. The common cutworms are the larvæ of various species of Agrotis and related genera of noctuid moths.

||Cu*vette" (k?-w?t"), n. [F., dim. of cuve a tub.]

1. A pot, bucket, or basin, in which molten plate glass is carried from the melting pot to the casting table.

2. (Fort.) A cunette.

Cy*am"e*lide (s*m"*ld or -ld; 104), n. (Chem.) A white amorphous substance, regarded as a polymeric modification of isocyanic acid.

Cy*am"el*lone (s*m"l*ln), n. (Chem) A complex derivative of cyanogen, regarded as an acid, and known chiefly in its salts; -- called also hydromellonic acid.

Cy"a*nate (s?"?-n?t), n. [Cf. F. cuanate. See Cyanic.] (Chem.) A salt of cyanic acid.

Ammonium cyanate (Chem.), a remarkable white crystalline substance, NH4.O.CN, which passes, on standing, to the organic compound, urea, CO.(NH2)2.

Cy`an*au"rate (s?`?n-?"r?t), n. See Aurocyanide.

Cy*a"ne*an (s?-?"n?-a]/>n), a. [Gr. kya`neos dark blue.] Having an azure color. Pennant.

Cy*an"ic (s?-?n"?k), a. [Gr. ky`anos a dark blue substance: cf. F. cyanique. Cf. Kyanite.] 1. Pertaining to, or containing, cyanogen.

2. Of or pertaining to a blue color.

Cyanic acid (Chem.), an acid, HOCN, derived from cyanogen, well known in its salts, but never isolated in the free state. -- Cyanic colors (Bot.), those colors (of flowers) having some tinge of blue; -- opposed to xanthic colors. A color of either series may pass into red or white, but not into the opposing color. Red and pure white are more common among flowers of cyanic tendency than in those of the other class.

Cy"a*nide (s?"?-n?d or -n?d; 104), n. [Cf. F. cyanide. See Cyanic.] (Chem.) A compound formed by the union of cyanogen with an element or radical.

Cy"a*nin (s?"?-n?n), n. [See Cyanic.] (Chem.) The blue coloring matter of flowers; -- called also anthokyan and anthocyanin.

Cy"a*nine (s?"?-n?n or -n?n; 104), n. (Chem.) One of a series of artificial blue or red dyes obtained from quinoline and lepidine and used in calico printing.

Cy"a*nite (-n?t), n. [See Cyanic.] (Min.) A mineral occuring in thin- bladed crystals and crystalline aggregates, of a sky-blue color. It is a silicate of aluminium. [Written also kyanite.]

Cy*an"o*gen (s?-?n"?-j?n), n. [Gr. ky`anos a dark blue substance + -gen: cf. F. cyanogène. So called because it produced blue dyes.] (Chem.) A colorless, inflammable, poisonous gas, C2N2, with a peach-blossom odor, so called from its tendency to form blue compounds; obtained by heating ammonium oxalate, mercuric cyanide, etc. It is obtained in combination, forming an alkaline cyanide when nitrogen or a nitrogenous compound is strongly ignited with carbon and soda or potash. It conducts itself like a member of the halogen group of elements, and shows a tendency to form complex compounds. The name is also applied to the univalent radical, CN (the half molecule of cyanogen proper), which was one of the first compound radicals recognized.

Cyanogen is found in the commercial substances, potassium cyanide, or prussiate of potash, yellow prussiate of potash, Prussian blue, Turnbull's blue, prussic acid, etc.

Cy`a*nom"e*ter (s?`?-n?m"?-t?r), n. [Gr. ky`anos a dark blue substance + -meter: cf. F. cyanomètre.] An instrument for measuring degress of blueness.

Cy`a*nop"a*thy (-n?p"?-th?), n. [Gr. ky`anos a dark blue substance + pa`qos affection.] (Med.) A disease in which the body is colored blue in its surface, arising usually from a malformation of the heart, which causes an imperfect arterialization of the blood; blue jaundice.

Cy*an"o*phyll (s?-?n"?-f?l), n. [Gr. ky`anos a dark blue substance + fy`llon leaf.] (Bot.) A blue coloring matter supposed by some to be one of the component parts of chlorophyll.

Cy"a*nosed (s?"?-n?st), a. [See Cyanic.] Rendered blue, as the surface of the body, from cyanosis or deficient aëration of the blood.

||Cy`a*no"sis (s?`?-n?"s?s), n. [NL. See Cyanic.] (Med.) A condition in which, from insufficient aëration of the blood, the surface of the body becomes blue. See Cyanopathy.

Cy*an"o*site (s?-?n"?-s?t), n. [See Cyanic.] (Min.) Native sulphate of copper. Cf. Blue vitriol, under Blue.

Cy`a*not"ic (s?`?-n?t"?k), a. (Med.) Relating to cyanosis; affected with cyanosis; as, a cyanotic patient; having the hue caused by cyanosis; as, a cyanotic skin.

Cy*an"o*type (s?-?n"?-t?p), n. [Cyanide + -type.] A photographic picture obtained by the use of a cyanide.

Cy"an"u*rate (s?-?n"?-r?t), n. (Chem.) A salt of cyanuric acid.

Cy*an"u*ret (-r?t), n. (Chem.) A cyanide. [Obs.]

Cy`a*nu"ric (s?`?-n?"r?k), a. [Cyanic + uric: Cf. F. cyanurique.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, cyanic and uric acids.

Cyanuric acid (Chem.), an organic acid, C3O3N3H3, first obtained by heating uric acid or urea, and called pyrouric acid; afterwards obtained from isocyanic acid. It is a white crystalline substance, odorless and almost tasteless; -- called also tricarbimide.

Cy*ath"i*form (s?-?th"?-f?rm), a. [L. cyathus a cup (Gr, ky`aqos) - form:cf. F. cyathiforme.] In the form of a cup, a little widened at the top.

Cy*ath"olith (s?-?th"?-l?th), n. [Gr. ky`aqos a cup + -lith.] (Biol.) A kind of coccolith, which in shape resembles a minute cup widened at the top, and varies in size from to of an inch.

Cy`a*tho*phyl"loid (s?`?-th?-f?l"loid), a. [NL. cyathophyllum, fr. Gr. ky`aqos a cup + fy`llon a leaf.] (Paleon.) Like, or pertaining to, the family Cyathophyllidæ.

Cy`a*tho*phyl"loid, n. (Paleon.) A fossil coral of the family Cyathophyllidæ; sometimes extended to fossil corals of other related families belonging to the group Rugosa; -- also called cup corals. Thay are found in paleozoic rocks.

Cy"cad (s"kd), n. (Bot.) Any plant of the natural order Cycadaceæ, as the sago palm, etc.

Cyc`a*da"ceous (s?k`?-d?"sh?s or s?`k?-), a. (Bot.) Pertaining to, or resembling, an order of plants like the palms, but having exogenous wood. The sago palm is an example.

Cy"cas (s?"k?s), n. [Of uncertain origin. Linnæus derives it from one of the "obscure Greek words."] (Bot.) A genus of trees, intermediate in character between the palms and the pines. The pith of the trunk of some species furnishes a valuable kind of sago.

Cyc"la*men (s?k"l?-m?n), n. [NL., fr. Gr. kykla`minos, kyklami`s.] (Bot.) A genus of plants of the Primrose family, having depressed rounded corms, and pretty nodding flowers with the petals so reflexed as to point upwards, whence it is called rabbits' ears. It is also called sow bread, because hogs are said to eat the corms.

Cyc"la*min (-m?n), n. A white amorphous substance, regarded as a glucoside, extracted from the corm of Cyclamen Europæum.

Cy"clas (s?"kl?s), n. [Cf. Ciclatoun.] A long gown or surcoat (cut off in front), worn in the Middle Ages. It was sometimes embroidered or interwoven with gold. Also, a rich stuff from which the gown was made.

Cy"cle (s?"k'l), n. [F. ycle, LL. cyclus, fr. Gr. ky`klos ring or circle, cycle; akin to Skr. cakra wheel, circle. See Wheel.] 1. An imaginary circle or orbit in the heavens; one of the celestial spheres. Milton.

2. An interval of time in which a certain succession of events or phenomena is completed, and then returns again and again, uniformly and continually in the same order; a periodical space of time marked by the recurrence of something peculiar; as, the cycle of the seasons, or of the year.

> Wages . . . bear a full proportion . . . to the medium of provision during the last bad cycle of twenty years.
> Burke.

3. An age; a long period of time.

> Better fifty years of Europe than a cycle of Cathay.
> Tennyson.

4. An orderly list for a given time; a calendar. [Obs.]

> We . . . present our gardeners with a complete cycle of what is requisite to be done throughout every month of the year.
> Evelyn.

5. The circle of subjects connected with the exploits of the hero or heroes of some particular period which have served as a popular theme for poetry, as the legend of Arthur and the knights of the Round Table, and that of Charlemagne and his paladins.

6. (Bot.) One entire round in a circle or a spire; as, a cycle or set of leaves. Gray.

7. A bicycle or tricycle, or other light velocipede.

Calippic cycle, a period of 76 years, or four Metonic cycles; -- so called from Calippus, who proposed it as an improvement on the Metonic cycle. -- Cycle of eclipses, a period of about 6,586 days, the time of revolution of the moon's node; -- called Saros by the Chaldeans. -- Cycle of indiction, a period of 15 years, employed in Roman and ecclesiastical chronology, not founded on any astronomical period, but having reference to certain judicial acts which took place at stated epochs under the Greek emperors. -- Cycle of the moon, or Metonic cycle, a period of 19 years, after the lapse of which the new and full moon returns to the same day of the year; -- so called from Meton, who first proposed it. -- Cycle of the sun, Solar cycle, a period of 28 years, at the end of which time the days of the month return to the same days of the week. The dominical or Sunday letter follows the same order; hence the solar cycle is also called the cycle of the Sunday letter. In the Gregorian calendar the solar cycle is in general interrupted at the end of the century.

Cy"cle (s?"k'l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cycled. (-k'ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Cycling (-kl&?;ng).] 1. To pass through a cycle of changes; to recur in cycles. Tennyson. Darwin.

2. To ride a bicycle, tricycle, or other form of cycle.

{ Cyc"lic (s?k"l?k or s?"kl?k), Cyc"lic*al (s?k"l?-kal), } a. [Cf. F. cycluque, Gr. kykliko`s, fr. ky`klos See Cycle.] Of or pertaining to a cycle or circle; moving in cycles; as, cyclical time. Coleridge.

Cyclic chorus, the chorus which performed the songs and dances of the dithyrambic odes at Athens, dancing round the altar of Bacchus in a circle. -- Cyclic poets, certain epic poets who followed Homer, and wrote merely on the Trojan war and its heroes; -- so called because keeping within the circle of a single subject. Also, any series or coterie of poets writing on one subject. Milman.

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Cy"clide (s?"kl?d), n. [Gr. ky`klos circle.] (Geom.) A surface of the fourth degree, having certain special relations to spherical surfaces. The tore or anchor ring is one of the cyclides.

Cy"cling (s?"kl?ng), n. The act, art, or practice, of riding a cycle, esp. a bicycle or tricycle.

Cy"clist (s?"kl?st), n. A cycler.

Cy"clo- (s?"kl?-). [Gr. ky`klos circle, wheel.] A combining form meaning circular, of a circle or wheel.

Cy`clo*bran"chi*ate (s?`kl?-br?n"k?-?t), a. [Cyclo- + branchiate.] (Zoöl) Having the gills around the margin of the body, as certain limpets.

Cy`clo*ga"noid (s?`kl?-g?"noid or -g?n"oid), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Cycloganoidei.

Cy`clo*ga"noid, n. (Zoöl.) One of the Cycloganoidei.

||Cy`clo*ga*noi"de*i (s?"kl?-g?-noi"d?-?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ky`klos circle + NL. ganoidei. See Ganoid.] (Zoöl.) An order of ganoid fishes, having cycloid scales. The bowfin (Amia calva) is a living example.

Cy"clo*graph (s?"kl?-gr?f), n. [Cyclo- + -graph.] See Arcograph.

Cy"cloid (s?"kloid), n. [Cyclo- + -oid: cf. F. cycloïde.] (Geom.) A curve generated by a point in the plane of a circle when the circle is rolled along a straight line, keeping always in the same plane.

The common cycloid is the curve described when the generating point (p) is on the circumference of the generating circle; the curtate cycloid, when that point lies without the circumference; the prolate or inflected cycloid, when the generating point (p) lies within that circumference.

Cy"cloid, a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Cycloidei.

Cycloid scale (Zoöl.), a fish scale which is thin and shows concentric lines of growth, without serrations on the margin.

Cy"cloid, n. (Zoöl.) One of the Cycloidei.

Cy*cloid"al (-al), a. Pertaining to, or resembling, a cycloid; as, the cycloidal space is the space contained between a cycloid and its base.

Cycloidal engine. See Geometric lathe.

||Cy*cloi"de*i (s?-kloi"d?-?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ky`klos circle + - oid.] (Zoöl.) An order of fishes, formerly proposed by Agassiz, for those with thin, smooth scales, destitute of marginal spines, as the herring and salmon. The group is now regarded as artificial.

Cy*cloid"i*an (s?-kloid"?-an), a. & n. (Zoöl.) Same as 2d and 3d Cycloid.

Cy*clom"e*ter (s?-kl?m"?-t?r), n. [Cyclo- + -meter.] A contrivance for recording the revolutions of a wheel, as of a bicycle.

Cy*clom"e*try (-tr?), n. [Cyclo- + -metry: cf. F. cyclométrie.] (Geom.) The art of measuring circles.

Cy"clone (s?"kl?n), n. [Gr.&?;&?;&?;&?;&?; moving in a circle, p. pr. of &?;&?;&?;&?;&?;, fr. ky`klos circle.] (Meteor.) A violent storm, often of vast extent, characterized by high winds rotating about a calm center of low atmospheric pressure. This center moves onward, often with a velocity of twenty or thirty miles an hour.

The atmospheric disturbance usually accompanying a cyclone, marked by an onward moving area of high pressure, is called an anticyclone.

Cy*clon"ic (s?-kl?n"?k), a. Pertaining to a cyclone.

Cy"clop (s?"kl?p), n. See Note under Cyclops, 1.

Cy`clo*pe"an (s?`kl?-p?"an), a. [L. Cyclopeus, Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;&?;, fr. &?;&?;&?;&?;&?; Cyclops: cf. F. cyclopeen.] Pertaining to the Cyclops; characteristic of the Cyclops; huge; gigantic; vast and rough; massive; as, Cyclopean labors; Cyclopean architecture.

{ Cy`clo*pe"di*a Cy`clo*pæ"di*a } (s?`kl?-p?"d?-?), n. [NL., from Gr. ky`klos circle + paidei`a the bringing up of a child, education, erudition, fr. paidey`ein to bring up a child. See Cycle, and cf. Encyclopedia, Pedagogue.] The circle or compass of the arts and sciences (originally, of the seven so-called liberal arts and sciences); circle of human knowledge. Hence, a work containing, in alphabetical order, information in all departments of knowledge, or on a particular department or branch; as, a cyclopedia of the physical sciences, or of mechanics. See Encyclopedia.

Cy`clo*ped"ic (s?`kl?-p?d"?k or -p?"d?k), a. Belonging to the circle of the sciences, or to a cyclopedia; of the nature of a cyclopedia; hence, of great range, extent, or amount; as, a man of cyclopedic knowledge.

Cy`clo*pe"dist (-p?"d?st), n. A maker of, or writer for, a cyclopedia.

Cy*clop"ic (s?-kl?p"?k), a. [Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;&?;, fr. &?;&?;&?;&?;.] Pertaining to the Cyclops; Cyclopean.

Cy"clops (s?"kl?ps), n. sing. & pl. [L. Cyclops, Gr. Ky`klwps (strictly round- eyed), pl. Ky`klwpes; ky`klos circle + 'w`ps eye.] 1. (Gr. Myth.) One of a race of giants, sons of Neptune and Amphitrite, having but one eye, and that in the middle of the forehead. They were fabled to inhabit Sicily, and to assist in the workshops of Vulcan, under Mt. Etna.

Pope, in his translation of the "Odyssey," uniformly spells this word Cyclop, when used in the singular.

2. (Zoöl.) A genus of minute Entomostraca, found both in fresh and salt water. See Copepoda.

3. A portable forge, used by tinkers, etc.

Cy`clo*ra"ma (s?`kl?-r?"m? or -r?"m?), n. [Cyclo- + Gr. "o`rama sight, spectacle.] A pictorial view which is extended circularly, so that the spectator is surrounded by the objects represented as by things in nature. The realistic effect is increased by putting, in the space between the spectator and the picture, things adapted to the scene represented, and in some places only parts of these objects, the completion of them being carried out pictorially.

Cy"clo*scope (s?"kl?-sk?p), n. [Cyclo- + -scope.] A machine for measuring at any moment velocity of rotation, as of a wheel of a steam engine. Knight.

||Cy*clo"sis (s?-kl?"s?s), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ky`klwsis circulation, from kykloy^n. See Cyclone.] (Bot.) The circulation or movement of protoplasmic granules within a living vegetable cell.

||Cy`clo*stom"a*ta (s?`kl?-st?m"?-t?), ||Cy*clos"to*ma (s?-kl?s"t?-m?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ky`klos circle + sto`ma, -atos mouth.] (Zoöl.) A division of Bryozoa, in which the cells have circular apertures.

{ Cy"clo*stome (s?"kl?-st?m), Cy*clos"to*mous (s?-kl?s"t?-m?s) }, a. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the Cyclostomi.

||Cy*clos"to*mi (s?-kl?s"t?-m?), n. pl. [NL. See Cyclostomata.] (Zoöl.) A glass of fishes having a suckerlike mouth, without jaws, as the lamprey; the Marsipobranchii.

Cy`clo*sty"lar (s?`kl?-st?"?r), a. [Cyclo- + Gr. sty^los column.] Relating to a structure composed of a circular range of columns, without a core or building within. Weale.

Cy"clo*style (s?"kl?-st?l), n. [Cyclo + style.] A contrivance for producing manifold copies of writing or drawing. The writing or drawing is done with a style carrying a small wheel at the end which makes minute punctures in the paper, thus converting it into a stencil. Copies are transferred with an inked roller.

Cy"der (s?"d?r), n. See Cider. [Archaic]

Cy*do"nin (s?-d?"n?n), n. (Chem.) A peculiar mucilaginous substance extracted from the seeds of the quince (Cydonia vulgaris), and regarded as a variety of amylose.

Cyg"net (sg"nt), n. [Dim. of F. cygne swan, L. cycnus. cygnus, fr. Gr. ky`klos: but F. cygne seems to be an etymological spelling of OF. cisne, fr. LL. cecinus, cicinus, perh. ultimately also fr. Gr. ky`klos.] (Zoöl.) A young swan. Shak.

Cyg"nus (s?g"n?s), n. [L., a swan.] (Astron.) A constellation of the northern hemisphere east of, or following, Lyra; the Swan.

Cyl"in*der (s?l"?n-d?r), n. [F. cylindre, OF. cilindre, L. cylindrus, fr. Gr. ky`lindros, fr. kyli`ndein, kyli`ein, to roll. Cf. Calender the machine.]

1. (Geom.) (a) A solid body which may be generated by the rotation of a parallelogram round one its sides; or a body of rollerlike form, of which the longitudinal section is oblong, and the cross section is circular. (b) The space inclosed by any cylindrical surface. The space may be limited or unlimited in length.

2. Any hollow body of cylindrical form, as: (a) The chamber of a steam engine in which the piston is moved by the force of steam. (b) The barrel of an air or other pump. (c) (Print.) The revolving platen or bed which produces the impression or carries the type in a cylinder press. (d) The bore of a gun; the turning chambered breech of a revolver.

3. The revolving square prism carrying the cards in a Jacquard loom.

Cylinder axis. (Anat.) See Axis cylinder, under Axis. -- Cylinder engine (Paper Making), a machine in which a cylinder takes up the pulp and delivers it in a continuous sheet to the dryers. -- Cylinder escapement. See Escapement. -- Cylinder glass. See Glass. -- Cylinder mill. See Roller mill. -- Cylinder press. See Press.

Cyl`in*dra"ceous (-dr?"sh?s), a. [Cf. F. cylyndracé] Cylindrical, or approaching a cylindrical form.

{ Cy*lin"dric (s?-l?n"dr?k), Cy*lin"dric*al (-dr?-kal), } a. [Gr. kylindriko`s, from ky`lindros cylinder: cf. F. cylindrique.] Having the form of a cylinder, or of a section of its convex surface; partaking of the properties of the cylinder.

Cylindrical lens, a lens having one, or more than one, cylindrical surface. -- Cylindric, or Cylindrical, surface (Geom.), a surface described by a straight line that moves according to any law, but so as to be constantly parallel to a given line. -- Cylindrical vault. (Arch.) See under Vault, n.

Cy*lin"dric*al*ly (s?-l?n"dr?-kal-l?), adv. In the manner or shape of a cylinder; so as to be cylindrical.

Cyl*`in*dric"i*ty (s?l`?n-dr?s"?-t?), n. The quality or condition of being cylindrical.

Cy*lin"dri*form (s?-l?n"dr?-f?rm), a. [L. cylindrus (Gr. ky`lindros) cylinder + -form: cf. F. cylindriforme.] Having the form of a cylinder.

Cyl"in*droid (s?l"?n-droid), n. [Gr. ky`lindros cylinder + -oid: cf. F. cylindroïde.] 1. A solid body resembling a right cylinder, but having the bases or ends elliptical.

2. (Geom.) A certain surface of the third degree, described by a moving straight line; -- used to illustrate the motions of a rigid body and also the forces acting on the body.

Cy*lin`dro*met"ric (s*ln`dr*mt"rk), a. [Gr. ky`lindros + me`tron measure.] Belonging to a scale used in measuring cylinders.

||Cy"ma (s"m) n. [NL., fr. Gr. ky^ma. See Cyme]

1. (Arch.) A member or molding of the cornice, the profile of which is wavelike in form.

2. (Bot.) A cyme. See Cyme.

Cyma recta, or Cyma, a cyma, hollow in its upper part and swelling below. -- Cyma reversa, or Ogee, a cyma swelling out on the upper part and hollow below.

Cy*mar" (s*mär"), n. [F. simarre. See Chimere.] A slight covering; a scarf. See Simar.

> Her body shaded with a light cymar.
> Dryden.

||Cy*ma"ti*um (s*m"sh*m), n. [L., fr. Gr. kyma`tion, dim. of ky^ma a wave.] (Arch.) A capping or crowning molding in classic architecture.

Cym"bal (sm"bal). n. [OE. cimbale, simbale, OF. cimbale, F. cymbale, L. cymbalum, fr. Gr. ky`mbalon, fr. ky`mbh, ky`mbos, anything hollow, hollow vessel, basin, akin to Skr. kumbha pot. Cf. Chime.] 1. A musical instrument used by the ancients. It is supposed to have been similar to the modern kettle drum, though perhaps smaller.

2. A musical instrument of brass, shaped like a circular dish or a flat plate, with a handle at the back; -- used in pairs to produce a sharp ringing sound by clashing them together.

In orchestras, one cymbal is commonly attached to the bass drum, and the other heid in the drummer's left hand, while his right hand uses the drumstick.

3. A musical instrument used by gypsies and others, made of steel wire, in a triangular form, on which are movable rings.

Cym"bal*ist, n. A performer upon cymbals.

Cym"bi*form (s?m"b?-f?rm),, a. [L. cymba boat (Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;) + -form: cf. F. cymbiforme.] Shaped like a boat; (Bot.) elongated and having the upper surface decidedly concave, as the glumes of many grasses.

||Cym"bi*um (s?m"b?-?m), n. [L., a small cup, fr. Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;.] (Zoöl.) A genus of marine univalve shells; the gondola.

Cyme (s?m), n. [L. cyma the young sprount of a cabbage, fr. Gr. &?;&?;&?;, prop., anything swollen, hence also cyme, wave, fr. &?;&?;&?; to be pregnant.] (Bot.) A flattish or convex flower cluster, of the centrifugal or determinate type, differing from a corymb chiefly in the order of the opening of the blossoms.

Cy"mene (s?"m?n), n. (Chem.) A colorless, liquid, combustible hydrocarbon, CH3. C6H4.C3H7, of pleasant odor, obtained from oil of cumin, oil of caraway, carvacrol, camphor, etc.; -- called also paracymene, and formerly camphogen.

Cy"me*nol (s?"m?-n?l), n. (Chem.) See Carvacrol.

Cy"mi*dine ( s?"m?-d?n or -d?n; 104), n. (Chem.) A liquid organic base, C10H13.NH2, derived from cymene.

Cy*mif"er*ous (s?-m?f"?r-?s), a. [Cyme + -ferous.] Producing cymes.

{ Cym"ling, Cymb"ling (s?m"l?ng) }, n. A scalloped or "pattypan" variety of summer squash.

Cy"mo*gene (s?"m?-j?n), n. (Chem.) A highly volatile liquid, condensed by cold and pressure from the first products of the distillation of petroleum; -- used for producing low temperatures.

Cy"moid (s?"moid), a. [Cyme + -oid.] (Bot.) Having the form of a cyme.

Cym"o*phane (s?m"?-f?n or s?"m?-), n. [Gr.&?;&?;&?; wave + &?;&?;&?; To appear: cf. F. cymophane. So named in allusion to a peculiar opalescence often seen in it.] (Min.) See Chrysoberyl.

Cy*moph"a*nous (s?-m?f"?-n?s or s?-), a. Having a wavy, floating light; opalescent; chatoyant.

{ Cy"mose (s?"m?s; 277), Cy"mous (s?"m?s), } a. [L. cymosus full of shoots: cf. FF. cymeux. See Cyme.] (Bot.) Having the nature of a cyme, or derived from a cyme; bearing, or pertaining to, a cyme or cymes.

Cym"ric (k?m"r?k), a. [W. Cymru Wales.] Welsh. -- n. The Welsh language. [Written also Kymric.]

Cym"ry (-r?), n. [W., pl.] A collective term for the Welsh race; -- so called by themselves . [Written also Cymri, Cwmry, Kymry, etc.]

Cy"mule (s?"m?l), n. [Cf. L. cymula a tender sprout, dim. of cyna. See Cyme.] (Bot.) A small cyme, or one of very few flowers.

||Cy*nan"che (s?-n?n"k?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;&?; a dog's collar, a bad kind of sore throat. Cf. Quinsy.] (Med.) Any disease of the tonsils, throat, or windpipe, attended with inflammation, swelling, and difficulty of breathing and swallowing.

Cy*nan"thro*py (s?-n?n"thr?-p?), n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;&?; of a dog-man; &?;&?;&?;&?;, &?;&?;&?;, dog + &?;&?;&?;&?;&?; man: cf. F. cynanthropie.] (Med.) A kind of madness in which men fancy themselves changed into dogs, and imitate the voice and habits of that animal.

Cyn`arc*tom"a*chy (s?n`?rk-t?m"?-k?). n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;, &?;&?;&?;&?;, dog + &?;&?;&?; bear + &?;&?;&?; fight.] Bear baiting with a dog. Hudibras.

Cyn`ar*rho"di*um (s?n`?r-r?"d?-?m), n. [NL., from Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;&?; dog-rose; &?;&?;&?;&?;, &?;&?;&?;, dog + &?;&?;&?; rose.] (Bot.) A fruit like that of the rose, consisting of a cup formed of the calyx tube and receptacle, and containing achenes.

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Cyn`e*get"ics (sn`*jt"ks), n. [Gr. kynhgetikh` (sc. te`chnh art), fr. kynhge`ths hunter; ky`wn, kyno`s, dog + &?;&?;&?; to lead.] The art of hunting with dogs.

{ Cyn"ic (sn"k), Cyn"ic*al (-*kal), } a. [L. cynicus of the sect of Cynics, fr. Gr. kyniko`s, prop., dog- like, fr. ky`wn, kyno`s, dog. See Hound.] 1. Having the qualities of a surly dog; snarling; captious; currish.

> I hope it is no very cynical asperity not to confess obligations where no benefit has been received.
> Johnson.

2. Pertaining to the Dog Star; as, the cynic, or Sothic, year; cynic cycle.

3. Belonging to the sect of philosophers called cynics; having the qualities of a cynic; pertaining to, or resembling, the doctrines of the cynics.

4. Given to sneering at rectitude and the conduct of life by moral principles; disbelieving in the reality of any human purposes which are not suggested or directed by self-interest or self-indulgence; as, a cynical man who scoffs at pretensions of integrity; characterized by such opinions; as, cynical views of human nature.

In prose, cynical is used rather than cynic, in the senses 1 and 4.

Cynic spasm (Med.), a convulsive contraction of the muscles of one side of the face, producing a sort of grin, suggesting certain movements in the upper lip of a dog.

Cyn"ic, n. (Gr. Philos) 1. One of a sect or school of philosophers founded by Antisthenes, and of whom Diogenes was a disciple. The first Cynics were noted for austere lives and their scorn for social customs and current philosophical opinions. Hence the term Cynic symbolized, in the popular judgment, moroseness, and contempt for the views of others.

2. One who holds views resembling those of the Cynics; a snarler; a misanthrope; particularly, a person who believes that human conduct is directed, either consciously or unconsciously, wholly by self-interest or self-indulgence, and that appearances to the contrary are superficial and untrustworthy.

> He could obtain from one morose cynic, whose opinion it was impossible to despise, scarcely any not acidulated with scorn.
> Macaulay.

Cyn"ic*al*ly (sn"*kal*l), adv. In a cynical manner.

Cyn"ic*al*ness, n. The quality of being cynical.

Cyn"i*cism (sn"*sz'm), n. The doctrine of the Cynics; the quality of being cynical; the mental state, opinions, or conduct, of a cynic; morose and contemptuous views and opinions.

||Cy*noi"de*a (s?-noi"d?-a), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;&?;&?;, &?;&?;&?;, a dog + -oid.] (Zoöl.) A division of Carnivora, including the dogs, wolves, and foxes.

||Cyn`o*rex"i*a (s?n`?-r?ks"?-?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;, &?;&?;&?;, dog + &?;&?;&?;&?;&?; appetite. ] (Med.) A voracious appetite, like that of a starved dog.

Cy`no*su"ral (s?`n?-sh?"ral or s?n`?-), a. Of or pertaining to a cynosure.

Cy"no*sure (s?"n?-sh?r or s?n"?-sh?r; 277), n. [L. Cynosura theconstellation Cynosure, Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;&?; dog's tail, the constellation Cynosure; &?;&?;&?;&?;, &?;&?;&?;&?;, dog + &?;&?;&?;&?; tail. SeeCynic.] 1. The constellation of the Lesser Bear, to which, as containing the polar star, the eyes of mariners and travelers were often directed.

2. That which serves to direct. Southey.

3. Anything to which attention is strongly turned; a center of attraction.

> Where perhaps some beauty lies,
> The cynosure of neighboring eyes.
> Milton.

Cy"on (s?"?n), n. See Cion, and Scion.

Cyp`er*a"ceous (s?p`?r-?"sh?s or s?`p?r-), a. (Bot.) Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a large family of plants of which the sedge is the type.

Cyp"e*rus (s?p"?-r?s), n. [NL., from Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?; sedge.] (Bot.) A large genus of plants belonging to the Sedge family, and including the species called galingale, several bulrushes, and the Egyptian papyrus.

Cy"pher (s?"f?r), n. & v. See Cipher.

||Cyph`o*nau"tes (s?f`?-n?"t?z), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;&?;&?; bent + &?;&?;&?;&?; sailor.] (Zoöl.) The free-swimming, bivalve larva of certain Bryozoa.

Cyph"o*nism (s?f`?-n?z'm or s&?;"f&?;-), n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;, fr. &?;&?;&?;&?; a crooked piece of wood, a sort of pillory, fr. &?;&?;&?; bent, stooping.] A punishment sometimes used by the ancients, consisting in the besmearing of the criminal with honey, and exposing him to insects. It is still in use among some Oriental nations.

||Cy*præ"a (s?-pr?"?), n. [NL.; cf. Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?; a name of Venus.] (Zoöl.) A genus of mollusks, including the cowries. See Cowrie.

Cy`pres" (s?`pr?" or s?`pr?s"), n. [OF., nearly.] (Law) A rule for construing written instruments so as to conform as nearly to the intention of the parties as is consistent with law. Mozley & W.

Cy"press (s?"pr?s), n.; pl. Cypresses (-&?;z). [OE. cipres, cipresse, OF. cipres, F. cypr&?;s, L. cupressus, cyparissus (cf. the usual Lat. form cupressus), fr. Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;, perh. of Semitic origin; cf. Heb. g&?;pher, Gen. vi. 14.] (Bot) A coniferous tree of the genus Cupressus. The species are mostly evergreen, and have wood remarkable for its durability.

Among the trees called cypress are the common Oriental cypress, Cupressus sempervirens, the evergreen American cypress, C. thyoides (now called Chamaecyparis sphaeroidea), and the deciduous American cypress, Taxodium distichum. As having anciently been used at funerals, and to adorn tombs, the Oriental species is an emblem of mourning and sadness.

Cypress vine (Bot.), a climbing plant with red or white flowers (Ipotœa Quamoclit, formerly Quamoclit vulgaris).

Cyp"ri*an (s?p"r?-a]/>n), a. [L. Cyprius, fr. Cyprus, Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;, an island in the Mediterranean, renowned for the worship of Venus.] 1. Belonging to Cyprus.

2. Of, pertaining, or conducing to, lewdness.

Cyp"ri*an, n. 1. A native or inhabitant of Cyprus, especially of ancient Cyprus; a Cypriot.

2. A lewd woman; a harlot.

Cyp"rine (s?p"r?n or s?"pr?n), a. [Cf. Cypress.] Of or pertaining to the cypress.

Cyp"rine, a. [See Cyprinoid.] (Zoöl.) Cyprinoid.

Cy*prin"o*dont (s?-pr?n"?-d?nt), n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?; kind of carp + &?;&?;&?;&?;, &?;&?;&?;&?;, a tooth.] (Zoöl.) One of the Cyprinodontidae, a family of fishes including the killifishes or minnows. See Minnow.

Cyp"ri*noid (s?p"r?-noid), a. [Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?; a kind of carp + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Like the carp (Cyprinus). -- n. One of the Cyprinidae, or Carp family, as the goldfish, barbel, etc.

Cyp"ri*ot (s?p"r?-?t), n. [F. Cypriot, Chypriot.] A native or inhabitant of Cyprus.

||Cyp`ri*pe"di*um (s?p`r?-p?"d?-?m), n. [NL., fr. Cypris Venus + pes, pedis, foot.] (Bot.) A genus of orchidaceous plants including the lady's slipper.

||Cy"pris (s?"pr?s), n.; pl. Cyprides (s&?;p"r&?;-d&?;z). [L. Cypris, the Cyprian goddess Venus, Gr. Ky`pris. See Cyprian.] (Zoöl.) A genus of small, bivalve, fresh-water Crustacea, belonging to the Ostracoda; also, a member of this genus.

Cy"prus (s?"pr?s), n. [OE. cipres, cypirs; perh. so named as being first manufactured in Cyprus. Cf. Cipers.] A thin, transparent stuff, the same as, or corresponding to, crape. It was either white or black, the latter being most common, and used for mourning. [Obs.]

> Lawn as white as driven snow,
> Cyprus black as e'er was crow.
> Shak.

Cy"prus*lawn` (-l?n`), n. Same as Cyprus. Milton.

||Cyp"se*la (s?p"s?-l?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?; any hollow vessel.] (Bot.) A one-seeded, one-celled, indehiscent fruit; an achene with the calyx tube adherent.

Cyp*sel"i*form (s?p-s?l"?-f?rm), a. [L. cypselus a kind of swallow, Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?; + - form.] (Zoöl.) Like or belonging to the swifts (Cypselidæ.)

Cyr`e*na"ic (s?r`?-n?"?k or s?`r?-), a. [L. Cyrenaicus, fr. Cyrene, in Libya.] Pertaining to Cyrenaica, an ancient country of northern Africa, and to Cyrene, its principal city; also, to a school of philosophy founded by Aristippus, a native of Cyrene. -- n. A native of Cyrenaica; also, a disciple of the school of Aristippus. See Cyrenian, n.

Cy*re"ni*an (s?-r?"n?-a]/>n), a. Pertaining to Cyrene, in Africa; Cyrenaic.

Cy*re"ni*an, n. 1. A native or inhabitant of Cyrene.

2. One of a school of philosophers, established at Cyrene by Aristippus, a disciple of Socrates. Their doctrines were nearly the same as those of the Epicureans.

Cyr`i*o*log"ic (s?r`?-?-l?j"?k or s?`r?-), a. [See Curiologic.] Relating to capital letters.

Cyr"to*style (s?r"t?-st?l), n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?; bent + &?;&?;&?; pillar.] (Arch.) A circular projecting portion.

Cyst (sst), n. [Gr. ky`stis bladder, bag, pouch, fr. ky`ein to be pregnant. Cf. Cyme.] 1. (Med.) (a) A pouch or sac without opening, usually membranous and containing morbid matter, which is accidentally developed in one of the natural cavities or in the substance of an organ. (b) In old authors, the urinary bladder, or the gall bladder. [Written also cystis.]

2. (Bot.) One of the bladders or air vessels of certain algæ, as of the great kelp of the Pacific, and common rockweeds (Fuci) of our shores. D. C. Eaton.

3. (Zoöl.) (a) A small capsule or sac of the kind in which many immature entozoans exist in the tissues of living animals; also, a similar form in Rotifera, etc. (b) A form assumed by Protozoa in which they become saclike and quiescent. It generally precedes the production of germs. See Encystment.

Cyst"ed (s?s"t?d), a. Inclosed in a cyst.

Cyst"ic (s?s"t?k), a. [Cf. F. cystique.] 1. Having the form of, or living in, a cyst; as, the cystic entozoa.

2. Containing cysts; cystose; as, cystic sarcoma.

3. (Anat.) Pertaining to, or contained in, a cyst; esp., pertaining to, or contained in, either the urinary bladder or the gall bladder.

Cystic duct, the duct from the gall bladder which unites with the hepatic to form the common bile duct. -- Cystic worm (Zoöl.), a larval tape worm, as the cysticercus and echinococcus.

{ Cys"ti*cerce (s?s"t?-s?rs), Cys`ti*cer"cus (-s?r"k?s), } n. [NL. cysticercus, fr. Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?; bladder + &?;&?;&?;&?; tail: cf. F. cysticerque.] (Zoöl.) The larval form of a tapeworm, having the head and neck of a tapeworm attached to a saclike body filled with fluid; -- called also bladder worm, hydatid, and measle (as, pork measle).

These larvae live in the tissues of various living animals, and, when swallowed by a suitable carnivorous animal, develop into adult tapeworms in the intestine. See Measles, 4, Tapeworm.

Cys"ti*cule (s?s"t?-k?l), n. [Dim. of cyst.] (Anat.) An appendage of the vestibular ear sac of fishes. Owen.

Cys"tid (s?s"t?d), n. (Zoöl.) One of the Cystidea.

||Cys*tid"e*a (s?s-t?d"?-?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?; a bladder, pouch.] (Zoöl.) An order of Crinoidea, mostly fossils of the Paleozoic rocks. They were usually roundish or egg-shaped, and often unsymmetrical; some were sessile, others had short stems.

Cys*tid"e*an (-t?d"?-a]/>n), n. (Zoöl.) One of the Cystidea.

Cyst"ine (s?s"t?n; 104), n. [See Cyst.] (Physiol. Chem.) A white crystalline substance, C3H7NSO2, containing sulphur, occuring as a constituent of certain rare urinary calculi, and occasionally found as a sediment in urine.

Cys"tis (s?s"t?s), n. [NL.] A cyst. See Cyst.

Cys*ti"tis (s?s-t?"t?s), n. [Cyst + -itis: cf. F. cystite.] (Med.) Inflammation of the bladder.

Cys"to*carp (s?s"t?-k?rp), n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?; bladder + karpo`s fruit.] (Bot.) A minute vesicle in a red seaweed, which contains the reproductive spores.

Cys"to*cele (-s?l), n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?; bladder + &?;&?;&?; tumor: cf. F. cystocele.] (Med.) Hernia in which the urinary bladder protrudes; vesical hernia.

{ Cys"toid, Cys*toid"e*an }, n. Same as Cystidean.

Cys*toi"de*a (s?s-toi"d?-?), n. Same as Cystidea.

Cys"to*lith (s?s"t?-l?th), n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?; bladder + -lith.] 1. (Bot.) A concretion of mineral matter within a leaf or other part of a plant.

2. (Med.) A urinary calculus.

Cys`to*lith"ic (-l?th"?k), a. (Med.) Relating to stone in the bladder.

Cys"to*plast (-pl?st), n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?; bladder + &?;&?;&?; to form.] (Biol.) A nucleated cell having an envelope or cell wall, as a red blood corpuscle or an epithelial cell; a cell concerned in growth.

Cyst"ose (s?s"t?s), a. Containing, or resembling, a cyst or cysts; cystic; bladdery.

Cys"to*tome (s?s"t?-t?m), n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?; bladder + &?;&?;&?;&?; to cut: cf. F. cystotome.] (Surg.) A knife or instrument used in cystotomy.

Cys*tot"o*my (s??s-t?t"?-m?), n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?; bladder + &?;&?;&?;&?; to cut: cf. F. cystotomie.] The act or practice of opening cysts; esp., the operation of cutting into the bladder, as for the extraction of a calculus.

Cyth`er*e"an (s?th`?r--?"an), a. [L. Cythereus, from Cythera, Gr. &?;&?;&?;, now Cerigo, an island in the Ægean Sea, celebrated for the worship of Venus.] Pertaining to the goddess Venus.

Cy"to*blast (s?"t?-bl?st), n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?; hollow vessel + -blast.] (Biol.) The nucleus of a cell; the germinal or active spot of a cellule, through or in which cell development takes place.

Cy`to*blas*te"ma (-bl?s-t?"m?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;&?;&?; hollow vessel + &?;&?;&?;&?; growth.] (Biol.) See Protoplasm.

Cy`to*coc"cus (-k?k"k?s), n.; pl. Cytococci (-s&?;). [NL., fr. Gr. &?;&?;&?; hollow vessel + &?;&?;&?;&?; kernel.] (Biol.) The nucleus of the cytula or parent cell. Hæckel.

Cy"tode (s?"t?d), n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?; hollow vessel, from &?;&?;&?;&?;. See Cyst.] (Biol.) A nonnucleated mass of protoplasm, the supposed simplest form of independent life differing from the amoeba, in which nuclei are present.

Cy`to*gen"e*sis (s?`t?-j?n"?-s?s), n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?; hollow vessel + E. genesis.] (Biol.) Development of cells in animal and vegetable organisms. See Gemmation, Budding, Karyokinesis; also Cell development, under Cell.

{ Cy`to*gen"ic (s?`t?-j?n"?k), Cy`to*ge*net"ic (-j?-n?t"?k), } a. (Biol.) Of or pertaining to cytogenesis or cell development.

Cy*tog"e*nous (s?-t?j"?-n?s), a. (Anat.) Producing cells; -- applied esp. to lymphatic, or adenoid, tissue.

Cy*tog"e*ny (-n?), n . (Biol.) Cell production or development; cytogenesis.

Cy"toid (s?"toid), a. [Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?; hollow vessel + -oid.] (Physiol.) Cell-like; -- applied to the corpuscles of lymph, blood, chyle, etc.

Cy"to*plasm (s?"t?-pl?z'm), n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?; hollow vessel + &?;&?;&?;&?; a mold.] (Biol.) The substance of the body of a cell, as distinguished from the karyoplasma, or substance of the nucleus. -- Cy`to*plas"mic (-pl&?;z"m&?;k), a.

||Cyt"u*la (s?t"?-l?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?; a hollow vessel.] (Biol.) The fertilized egg cell or parent cell, from the development of which the child or other organism is formed. Hæckel.

Czar (zär), n. [Russ. tsare, fr. L. Caesar Cæsar; cf. OPol. czar, Pol. car. ] A king; a chief; the title of the emperor of Russia. [Written also tzar.]

Cza*rev"na (z?-r?v"n?), n. [Russ. tsarevna.] The title of the wife of the czarowitz.

Cza*ri"na (z?-r?"n?), n. [Cf. G. Zarin, Czarin, fem., Russ. tsaritsa.] The title of the empress of Russia.

Cza*rin"i*an (z?-r?n"?-an), a. Of or pertaining to the czar or the czarina; czarish.

Czar"ish (z?r"?sh), a. Of or pertaining to the czar.

Czar"o*witz (z?r"?-w?ts or t??r"?-v?ch), n.; pl. Czarowitzes (- &?;z). [Russ. tsarévich'.] The title of the eldest son of the czar of Russia.

Czech (ch?k; 204), n. 1. One of the Czechs.

2. The language of the Czechs (often called Bohemian), the harshest and richest of the Slavic languages.

Czech"ic (ch?k"?k), a. Of or pertaining to the Czechs. "One Czechic realm." The Nation.

Czechs (ch?ks), n. pl.; sing. Czech. [Named after their chieftain, Czech.] (Ethnol.) The most westerly branch of the great Slavic family of nations, numbering now more than 6,000,000, and found principally in Bohemia and Moravia.

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