## The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Library of Work and Play: Guide and Index

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Title: The Library of Work and Play: Guide and Index

Author: Cheshire Lowton Boone

Release date: July 29, 2014 [eBook #46445]
Most recently updated: October 24, 2024

Language: English

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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE LIBRARY OF WORK AND PLAY: GUIDE AND INDEX ***
Transcriber's Note: This book is a summary and index to a series of books that can also be found in the Project Gutenberg collection. Details of these books can be found in the notes at the end of this volume.

# THE LIBRARY OF WORK AND PLAY
GUIDE AND INDEX

THE
LIBRARY OF WORK AND PLAY

Carpentry and Woodwork
By Edwin W. Foster
Electricity and Its Everyday Uses
By John F. Woodhull, Ph.D.
Gardening and Farming
By Ellen Eddy Shaw
Home Decoration
By Charles Franklin Warner, Sc.D.
Housekeeping
By Elizabeth Hale Gilman
Mechanics, Indoors and Out
By Fred T. Hodgson
Needlecraft
By Effie Archer Archer
Outdoor Sports, and Games
By Claude H. Miller, Ph.B.
Outdoor Work
By Mary Rogers Miller
Working in Metals
By Charles Conrad Sleffel

Wireless Station and Workroom of George Riches, Montclair, N. J. George made most of the Apparatus at Home or in the School Shop

The Library of Work and Play

GUIDE and INDEX

BY

CHESHIRE L. BOONE

Garden City New York

DOUBLEDAY, PAGE & COMPANY

1912

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED, INCLUDING THAT OF TRANSLATION INTO FOREIGN LANGUAGES, INCLUDING THE SCANDINAVIAN

COPYRIGHT, 1912, BY DOUBLEDAY, PAGE & COMPANY

THE COUNTRY LIFE PRESS, GARDEN CITY, N. Y.

## CONTENTS

CHAPTER |  | PAGE
I. | Significance of the Crafts in the Life of a People | 3
II. | The Cultivation of Taste and Design | 16
III. | The Real Girl | 28
IV. | That Boy | 47
V. | A House and Lot—Especially the Lot | 67
VI. | Vacations, Athletics, Scouting, Camping, Photography | 78
Index |  | 85

[vii]

## LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Wireless station and workroom of George Riches | Frontispiece
| FACING PAGE
An example of furniture such as boys like | 4
Clay pots made for germination experiments | 5
The work of children between ten and eleven years of age | 5
Two examples of furniture grouping for the porch or outdoors | 18
The numerous photographs suggest disorder and dust | 19
An interesting curtain which might be duplicated by any girl | 20
Since flowers are so beautiful in themselves, is it not worth while to arrange them with judgment? | 21
A school garden in Jordan Harbour, Ontario, Can. | 28
Domestic science class | 29
The work of girls in the public schools | 30
A children's garden gives fresh air and sunshine | 31
All children love to play at being "grown up" | 32
Girls must sometime learn of the conventions and customs of domestic arrangement | 33
A boys' camp with Ernest Thompson Seton | 48
The play idea very soon grows toward the representation of primitive though adult customs and actions | 49
[viii]A typical boy's workroom and shop | 50
The kind of shop which one may have at home | 51
The kite fever is an annual disease | 52
Pump and waterwheel | 53
Boat made by Percy Wilson and Donald Mather | 54
These are the forerunners of numerous other electrical constructions | 55
A real derrick in miniature | 56
Waterwheels and fan | 57
A self-recording telegraph receiver | 58
Wireless station and workroom of Donald Huxom | 59
An electrical soldering iron and glue-pot | 60
Waterwheel connected with model lathe | 61
Excellent examples of high school work | 62
A manual training shop | 63
The machine shop | 64
The study of aeroplane construction | 65
A successful machine | 64
Finished aeroplanes | 65
The boy who does not love to camp is unique | 68
This and other illustrations of homes, show such places as people make when they care about appearance | 69
Even the most beautiful house must have a background | 70
One should build a house as one builds a reputation | 71
Trees, shrubbery and lawn form the frame of the picture | 72
There was a time not long since, when people built houses according to style | 73
A school garden | 74
The Watchung School garden | 75
[ix]There is a fascination about raising animals whether for sale or as pets | 76
Two more illustrations which will suggest plans for the future | 77
Every child, and especially the boy, needs active outdoor exercise | 78
Organized play (woodcraft) under Ernest Thompson Seton | 79
More woodcraft. Has the boy had a chance at this kind of experience? | 80
Even the technical process of photography has been reduced to popular terms | 81
In these days photography has become so simplified that every child can use a camera to advantage | 81

[3]

## THE LIBRARY OF WORK AND PLAY GUIDE AND INDEX

## CHAPTER I
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE CRAFTS IN THE LIFE OF A PEOPLE

There was never a time in the history of the world when each race, each nation, each community unit, each family almost, did not possess its craftsmen and artists. In every instance, these so-called gifted members were by no means the least important citizens; their names appeared again and again in the stream of tradition as wonder workers and idols of the people. This is still true in the very midst of a materialistic age, when money and mechanics work hand in hand to produce the most in the least time for economic reasons, and when the individual worships "hand-made things." They may even be poorly made or bizarre, but "handwork" satisfies the untutored. Now it is quite possible for the machine to produce a bit of jewelry, textile, or woodwork—even carving—quite as pleasing as any made by hand alone, and it is being done every day. But the machine-made[4] article must be produced in large quantities (duplicates) for profit, whereas the work of hand alone is unique. There lies the reason for reverence of "handwork." It is always individual and characteristic of the workman in style or technique and has no duplicate; it is aristocratic. Among the primitives, the pot, necklace, or utensil was wrought by infinite labor, and, being valuable because unique, was embellished with all the wealth of current symbolism. It was preserved with care and became more valuable to succeeding generations as a tangible record of race culture and ideals. And so down to the present time, the handiwork of the craftsman and skilled artisan has always stood as the one imperishable record of racial development. The degree of finish, the intricacy of design and nicety of construction are evidences of skill and fine tools, well-organized processes, familiarity with material and careful apprenticeship: the pattern, color, ornament, and symbolism point to culture, learning, and standards of taste and beauty. A crude domestic economy, rude utensils, coarse, garish costume and of simple construction, are characteristic of an undeveloped social order. In fact, all the arts of both construction and expression exhibit at a given period the degree of civilization;[5] art products are true historical documents. Since then through their arts and crafts it is possible for one to know a people, does it not follow that one entrance to sympathy with the ideals and taste of the present time is through practice in the arts? Of course a considerable mass of information about them can be conveyed in words, especially to adults who have passed the formative period in life and have not the same work-incentive as have children. But even the adult never really secretes much real knowledge of the arts unless he has worked in them. He acquires rather a veneer or artistic polish which readily loses its lustre in even a moderately critical atmosphere: he learns artistry and the laws pertaining thereto as he would learn the length of the Brooklyn Bridge or the population of El Paso. He merely learns to talk about art. But children learn primarily and solely by doing, and the foundations of taste and culture need to be put down early that they may build upon them the best possible superstructure which time and opportunity permit.

Copyright, 1909, by Cheshire L. Boone
An Example of Furniture such as Boys Like and which They Can Make Under Direction
Copyright, 1909, by Cheshire L. Boone
Clay Pots Made for Germination Experiments in Grade IV. of the Public School. The Boys of this Grade Built a Small Kiln in which these Pots were Fired
The Work of Children between Ten and Eleven Years of Age

The foregoing paragraphs will perhaps have opened the way for questions: "What kind of knowledge is of most worth? Why do children—practically all of them—try to make things, and what is their choice?" And when these queries have been answered[6] so far as may be, do the answers possess immediate value?

At the outset it will be evident that no sort of knowledge will be of much avail until it is put in such form that the student can use it to advantage. Mere knowledge of any kind is inherently static—inert and often seemingly indigestible, like green fruit and raw meat. One too frequently meets college graduates, both men and women, equipped with so-called education, who are economic failures. These people are full of information, well up to date, but they seemingly cannot use it. Their assortment of knowledge is apparently in odd mental sizes which do not fit the machinery of practical thinking as applied to life: it is like gold on a desert isle. What the boy and girl need and desire is (1) a favorable introduction to the sources of information, and (2) the key to its use. They will have to be shown simple facts and truths, and have their mental relations and importance explained. By gradually introducing new knowledge as occasion offers, the field of study is sufficiently widened. Children profit little by books and tools alone: they crave encouragement and some direct constructive criticism. In such an atmosphere their endeavors become significant and profitable, and the accumulated[7] learning will be applied to business or economic ideas which result in progressive thinking, which uses information as a tool, not an end in itself.

If then the arts of a people stand as monuments to its beliefs and ideals, an intimate understanding of some of the arts ought to be provided for in every scheme of education both at home and in school. The child is by nature interested in the attributes of things associated with his life and upbringing. He wants to know about them, how they are made, and learn their uses by means of experiment. The elements of science, mechanics and natural phenomena, business and household art, and finally play (which is often adult living in miniature)—these comprise a large portion of the subject matter which is of prime importance to children. It is just such material as this which bids fair to serve in the future as the basis for public school curricula, simply because of its strong appeal to youth and its potential worth in forming the adult.

The boy makes a kite, a telegraph outfit, or sled in order to give to his play a vestige of realism. He seeks to mold the physical world to personal desires, as men do. Incidentally he taps the general mass of scientific facts or data and extracts therefrom no small amount of very real, fruitful information.[8] The result possesses marvelously suggestive and lasting qualities because it came through effort; because the boy wanted above all things to see his machine or toy work, move, or obey his guiding hand, he was willing to dig for the necessary understanding of the problem. His study brought about contact with numerous other lines of work which were not at the time, perhaps, germain to the subject, but were suggestive and opened various side lines of experiment to be considered later. Therein lies the lure of mechanics and craft work, gardening, outdoor projects, camping, etc.: the subject is never exhausted, the student can never "touch bottom." There is always an unexplored path to follow up. The intensity of interest in mechanical things and in nature is the one influence which can hold the boy in line. Turn him loose among mechanical things where nicety of fitting and accurate workmanship are essential and he appreciates construction immediately, because it is clear that workmanship and efficiency go hand in hand. It is very much the same with the girl: she may not enjoy the tedium of mere sewing, but when the sewing serves a personal end, when sewing is essential to her greatest needs, these conditions provide the only, inevitable, sure stimulus to ambition and effort.

[9]

The school of the past, and often that of the present, has sought to produce the adult by fertilizing the child with arithmetic, grammar, geography, and language. The process resulted in all kinds of crooked, stunted, oblique growth, the greatest assortment of "sports" (to use a horticultural term) the world has ever seen. It isn't intellectual food the child needs most (though some is very necessary); the real need is intensive cultivation. Within himself he possesses, like the young plant, great potential strength and virility, enough to produce a splendid being absolutely at one with his time and surroundings; he simply requires the chance to use the knowledge and opportunities which lie at hand. It is, then, the common subjects of every-day interest—science, business, nature and the like—which are the sources of knowledge which has greatest worth to children.[A] They are the valuable ones because they are of the type which first attracts and holds the child's attention; they are concrete. Through them one may learn language and expression, because one has something worth saying.

The second question, "Why do children like to make things and what is their choice?" in the light[10] of what has been said practically answers itself. Children work primarily in response to that law of nature which urges the young to exercise their muscles, to become skilful and accurate in movement, for the sake of self-preservation and survival. It is another phase of the same law which makes one carry out in work, in concrete form, the ideas which come tumbling in from all conceivable sources. The child can only think and learn in terms of material things. Finally, the child's interests, the things he desires to make and do, are such as will minister to his individual or social needs, his play and imitation, and such as will satisfy his desire to produce articles of purpose. The need may be a temporary, minor one, but every child is stubborn on this one point, that everything he does must lead to utility of a sort; through such working with a purpose he in time rises to an appreciation of beauty and other abstract qualities.

Now this complex condition of child and school and society, in which there is seemingly so much waste—"lost motion"—has always existed; the facts are not new ones by any means. It is a condition where the child is always curious, inquisitive and ready to "hook a ride" on the march of business, science and learning, but the school sternly commands[11] "learn these stated facts because they are fundamental" (philosophically), while society, represented by the parent, alternately abuses the school, which is collectively his own institution, or spoils the child by withholding the tools for learning easily. In the meantime the child, with the native adaptability and hardiness of true need, thrives in barren, untoward surroundings, and matures notwithstanding. In other words, the school and society have always tended toward misunderstanding—toward a lack of mutual interest. In this period of uncertainty, of educational groping, the child is found in his leisure hours pushing along the paths which connect most directly with life and action, shunning the beaten but roundabout highways of custom and conservatism.

The deductions are evident and clear-cut. If one accepts the foregoing statement of the case, and there is ample evidence in any community of size, it will be clear that certain definite opportunities should be opened to the boy or girl to make the most of native talent and enthusiasm. Encourage the young business adventurer or artisan to make the most of his chosen hobby (and to choose a hobby if he has not one already), to systematize it, develop it, make it financially profitable if that is the desire;[12] but first, last and all the time to make it a study which is intensive enough to satisfy his or her productive ambitions. At this age (up to the high school period) the boy or girl may not have been able to decide upon a profession or business, but he is working toward decision, and he is the only one who can choose. Instead of trying to select an occupation for him, father and mother would do well to put the child at the mercy of his own resources for amusement, recreation and business, merely lending a hand now and then in their full development. It will preserve the freshness of youth beyond the ordinary time of its absorption by a blasé attitude toward the world, and lead toward a more healthy and critical kind of study than the haphazard lonesomeness, or the destructive gang spirit of the modern community.[B]

Perhaps it would not be amiss to indicate just how this unofficial study may be promoted, and to name the resources of the parent for the purpose. First of all, nine children out of ten will definitely choose a hobby or recreation or indicate some preference, as photography, animal pets, woodwork, electricity, drawing, sport, one or more of the[13] domestic arts, collecting coins, stamps, etc.; there are as many tastes as children. The child may get his suggestion from the school or companions. Any legitimate taste should be actively encouraged and supplemented by books which really explain and by tools and materials with which to use the books. If it is a shop he wants, try to give him the use of some corner for the specific purpose so that the occupation may be dignified according to its juvenile worth. Second, endeavor to emphasize the economic and social significance of the work done and urge right along some definite aim. If a boy wants a shop, or pets, see that they are kept in condition, attended to, and if possible give some measure of tangible return on the outlay of money and energy. Third, connect the boy's or girl's chosen avocation with real living in every possible manner. Girls are rather fond of those decorative arts which contribute to artistic pleasure, and should they make experiments with stenciling, block-printing, and the like, have them use them also in embellishing their own rooms, the summer camp or club. Fourth, make the child feel that a given hobby is not to be satisfied for the mere asking. Put some limit on the money expenditure until it is clear that the interest is genuine and honest, and that the child[14] is either producing results which are sincere, or acquiring real knowledge. Fifth and last, but perhaps most important of all, support the school in its effort to solve the problem of formal education, because the heavy burden rests there. It is quite essential that the home give the boy and girl every possible chance to develop along original and specific lines at their own pace, to experiment with the world's activities in miniature, and establish the probable trend of individual effort for the future. But this can only supplement and point the way for the formal training which the institution (school) gives. The school, being democratic and dependent upon the general public for existence, takes its cue therefrom, and creating ideals in consonance with public needs perfects the method of reaching them. When father and mother believe in a vigorous, efficient education, rooted deeply in the child's fundamental attitude toward the world and its affairs, then will the public approve and urge the proper kind of organized training. Even so, the school cannot really educate the child—he educates himself through the agents aforementioned—it simply organizes information and gives the pupil access to methods of using facts and ideas.

[15]

In closing this chapter there is one more word to be said concerning the main theme. The arts and crafts[C] of expression and construction fulfil that precise function in the child's preliminary training which they did in the early history of the race. They indicate just that degree of manual skill and constructive ability of which both the youthful individual and the young race are capable; they serve as indices and guides to the development of design, taste and constructive thinking. As the child matures he may elevate a given craft to an art or science, but the early familiarity, the simple processes, he should have, because they are essential to childhood. Hence, the large amount of handwork in the kindergarten and primary school; it is the necessary complement to academic work and balances the educational diet.

[16]

## CHAPTER II
THE CULTIVATION OF TASTE AND DESIGN

It will be evident to the thinking man or woman that art or any phase of it is not to be taught successfully as a profession through books. The very most that one can expect from reading is a knowledge about art matters and acquaintance with the conventions and rules which obtain therein. But even this slight result may be the precursor of a fuller, more intimate familiarity with the principles of good taste and design.

One may be able to say "that is a beautiful room" or "a fine garden" or "a charming gown" and yet be unable to produce any such things. How is it possible then to know if one cannot do? The answer is that, potentially, every individual who really sees and appreciates beauty can produce it through some form of artistic expression; the power to execute and the power of invention are merely undeveloped. And as for the artist or craftsman who can make beautiful things, but who cannot[17] explain how he does it—he is unique, like the mathematical genius; he just sees the answer; it is a gift. Though there are born in every generation a few with the divine spark of genius, the mass of men and women has always learned by effort. In other words, it has been possible to teach the subjects which were found necessary to culture and education; it is quite possible to present the ordinary phases of art to the lay mind in such a way, even through books, that one may have worthy ideals, and a healthy point of view. The present chapter will be devoted to showing how books such as these[D] for boys and girls can contribute to the development of taste.

Frankly, taste has much less to do with fine art than with the arrangement and choice of the ordinary externals of living. Of course fine art does in the last analysis pass judgment upon form, color and design in clothes, furnishings and architecture, but the common home variety of taste is derived directly from custom, comfort, and convention, not from art at all. Only in the later stages of refinement does the lay mind succumb to direct supervision by art. On the other hand, all conventions and ideals are the result or sum total of general experience, in[18] which art has played its part, and has left some impress on the individual, giving rise to belief in a few principles so common as to be accepted by all. Principles of this kind are not always serviceable or effective, because they are not stated in precise language, and cannot therefore become standard. In truth, so far as design is concerned, there are very few absolute rules for guidance, and a book like "Home Decoration" cannot tell the child or parent how to make a beautiful, inspiring home. Its mission is to create the desire for fine surroundings, to suggest ways and means for studying design, especially those phases of decoration associated with the crafts, and above all such a book invites and helps to maintain a receptive attitude of mind toward artistic matters. In the effort to produce work of merit, one becomes critical, and seeks reasons and precedents for judgment. This is the beginning of design study: and the fact that one has real interest in taste is indicative of the desire of the cultured mind for ideals. If a child is allowed to grow up in the "I know what I like" atmosphere, without reasonable contact with choice things, and without the necessity for selection based upon reason, there is small chance that such a child will ever acquire any sense of fitness or taste in material surroundings.

Two Examples of Furniture Grouping for the Porch or Outdoors. These Few Pieces Suggest Comfort, Cleanliness and Moderate Expense
The Numerous Photographs in the Upper Illustration Suggest Disorder and Dust. They do not Decorate. Sometimes a lack of Small, Insignificant Objects like these is the Secret of Successful Decoration

[19]

The aims of all practical books for boys and girls may be summarized about as follows:

(a) To absorb the overflow of youthful energy and turn it into profitable channels.

(b) To develop organized thinking and accomplishment, and eliminate wasted, aimless, non-productive action. This is the complement to the routine of formal training in academic subjects, which are in themselves, normally un-useful.

(c) To explore the field of accomplishment in order to select intelligently a future occupation.

(d) To develop and foster standards and ideals of efficiency, comfort, enjoyment, beauty and social worth. This last purpose includes taste and is the one of concern here.

The peculiar æsthetic standards which interest young people are of the most practical kind. They apply every day and to everybody. And they are fundamental. The illustrations given below will indicate the common-sense way in which design should be approached:

Color. The tones of the color scale have not yet been systematized so well as those of music, but each year students of design and artists move a little toward agreement. Now, suppose one wishes to use two or more tones in a room, how may[20] harmonious effect be secured? The very word "harmony" means agreement, and suggests similarity, likeness, relationship. Therefore the tones one would use in the embellishment of a room should possess some common quality for the harmonizing element. Each tone having that quality as characteristic is similar in that one respect to all other tones having the same quality. Hence they are related in a way. The relation may be made strong or weak by the manipulation of the bond which holds the tones together. For instance:

Red and green are not related at all. By mixing gray with each, red and green become related through gray. By mixing yellow, orange or blue, etc., with red and green, the relationship may be established in the same way.

Yellow and green have a common quality—yellow, and in so far tend toward harmony. But it may not be a pleasing one, and it will be necessary to bring them still closer together by introducing other bonds, as gray or a color. Yellow is very light and green is dark: they will work together better if brought nearer together in value.

An Interesting Curtain which might be Duplicated by almost any Girl—If She Wanted Curtains
Since Flowers are so Beautiful in Themselves, is it not Worth While to Arrange Them with Judgment?

It is by such simple means that all color combinations are brought into line and rendered satisfactory. No rule can be given for mixing or choosing the actual[21] colors, but it is a safe rule to select those of a kind in some respect. The popular belief in low-toned (grayed) color schemes is a sound one, and the principle can be used very comfortably by the amateur decorator in furnishing a home. She can have any colors she wishes, and make them pleasing, if she will unite them by some harmonizing tone. Of course, all grays even are not rich and beautiful, but they are better than unadulterated color. Mr. Irwin in one of his breezy skits quotes the æsthete as saying: "Good taste should be like the policeman at parade; he should permit the assembled colors to make an orderly demonstration but not to start a riot." The moment the unskilled amateur tries to use white woodwork, red wallpaper, and gilt furniture in combination, he or she courts failure simply because the choice lacks the pervading tone which would modify the three. There are ways to secure harmony even under the most adverse conditions, but the technical details are not pertinent here.

Another characteristic which stands in the way of harmony is emphasis. The moment any one tone becomes greatly different from its neighbors in value or otherwise, it stands out, attracts attention, just as in material objects, unusual, curious shapes[22] and sizes invite notice, often beyond their just dues. Hence a brilliant yellow house, a bright green gown, large figured wallpaper, are over-emphatic. Clothes, which by their color and style are loud in their clamor for inspection, are out of key and bear the same relation to surroundings which foreign, exotic manners and customs bear to domestic conventions. And ordinarily one does not seek such prominence.

This question of taste is a vital one to children, and these books about "Needlecraft," "Home Decoration," "Outdoor Work," "Gardening," etc., are indirectly most useful because they put the child in a position to choose. The girl who sews and helps run the home is bound to cross the path of design a dozen times a day. She is faced with problems of arrangement, color and utility at every turn. Her own clothes, her room, the porch and garden, whatever she touches, are inert, lifeless things which await artistic treatment. It is when the child is faced with the problem of personal interest and pleasure that these elementary conceptions of design may be proposed.

Form and Line. Each year fashion decrees for both men and women certain "correct" styles. At slightly longer intervals the shops offer new models of furniture, hangings, jewelry, pottery, etc. Have[23] these new things been devised to meet a change in public taste? Not at all; they are inventions to stimulate trade. Most of such productions are out of place, incongruous, in company with present possessions. One must have a pretty sound sense of fitness and selection in order to use them to advantage or to resist their lure. As single examples, many of the new things are beautiful in color and line, though they may have nothing whatever in common with what one already owns.

One chooses a given pattern in furniture first, because of its utility; second, because of its harmony in line and size with other furniture already owned; and third, because of its intrinsic beauty. It is much less difficult to furnish a house throughout than to refurnish an old room in consonance with others already complete. All the household things need not be of one kind, though the closer one clings to a clear-cut conception of harmony (relationship of some kind) the better the result. Hence clothes may either beautify or exaggerate personal physique, and the garden may attach itself to the house and grounds or stand in lonely, painful isolation. Down at bottom design aims to assemble elements and parts into proper groups, and in the common questions of home decorations and dress the student can[24] usually work on just that simple basis. It is usually the incongruous, over-prominent, conspicuous, or isolated factor in decoration which causes trouble.

This fragmentary discussion will perhaps suggest some of the benefit which may come from the pursuit of crafts and occupations. The illustrations here given are in some detail because it is so easy to overlook design at home and in common things. Everything is so familiar there, one is so accustomed to the furniture, rugs and their arrangement, that it never comes to mind that the situation might be improved. It must be remembered that, when children begin to apply design to their own handicraft, their fundamental conceptions of beauty originate in the home. Either the children must lose faith in home taste, or, as they grow and learn, be allowed to bring their new-found knowledge back into the home and "try it on." This is where the craft does its real work. The true privilege conferred upon children by the possession of such books as these on various special occupations is a chance to obtain, first-hand, individual standards of perfection and beauty. Before this they have merely accepted the home as it stood, with no thought of what was choice or otherwise.

Since taste and design are merely implied, or[25] indirectly included in the several volumes, save "Home Decoration," the latter should be used as a supplementary reference in connection with the others. As has already been said, it is not possible or advisable to systematically teach good taste. It will be better and more effective to just include taste in the several activities the child undertakes. When the girl begins to make things for herself, help her to select materials which are appropriate in every way. Have her seek materials for the purpose. Have her choose decoration and color rather than take the first handy suggestion or copy the plans of another. She would do well to experiment independently. The girl should create her own room down to the last detail, not make everything herself, but plan it, plan its arrangement, its color (tone) if possible, and make those small decorative articles like pillows, runners, curtains, etc. But before beginning such a comprehensive experiment in decoration have her look about a bit and note the conditions imposed. The light and exposure, size of the room, furniture which must be used, treatment of hangings—these are all stubborn factors, but they respond to gradual treatment. Then the room is hers in reality. The boy's attitude toward taste is totally different. He cares less than[26] the girl for the charm of tone and arrangement; he is quite willing to despise the niceties of decoration. He must approach the question obliquely through interest in the efficiency of a given effort; he appreciates the utility phase of design most of all. The boy will come to see gradually that his pets and chickens should be decently housed, and that it is good business to do so. He should not be allowed to impose upon his own family or their neighbors a slovenly yard or garden. He will find that those tools work best which are sharp and clean and always in place. His final lesson in design grows out of association with his mates. When he begins to go to parties, to enter the social world in a small way, a new body of conventions in taste appear and he must be taught to appreciate them if he would be well liked. But the real training in design arises from manual work—the playthings, toys and utensils the boy makes for use. They need not be beautiful nor is there excuse for clumsiness in construction. One cannot expect even the mature child to take much interest in design in the abstract, but when he meets the subject on a common-sense basis, as a part of some personal problem, design—even taste in color and form—acquires definite standing in his esteem. It has earned the right.[27] Hence a liberal contact with youthful amusements and occupations encourages both boy and girl to build ideals of working, and among these ideals taste is bound to appear in some guise—usually unbidden. The book on design or decoration is but a reference, an inspiration, a stimulant, never a text of instruction. The ability to choose, to secure appropriate, beautiful, accurate results, is largely a by-product of judicious reading combined with persistent effort. It remains for the parent to skim off this by-product as it appears and infuse a little of it into each problem the child presents for inspection.

[28]

## CHAPTER III
THE REAL GIRL
What Is the Ideal Home?

A School Garden in Jordan Harbor, Ontario, Canada. Any Child Who has had this Experience, Who Has Produced or Helped Nature to Produce such Wonderful Things, will be Richer in Sympathy for Fine Things
Domestic Science Class. These Girls not only Cook but Learn about Foods, Housekeeping, Entertaining, and Themselves Keep Open House at the School Occasionally

Strange as it may seem, most of the plans for industrial training, the majority of school courses of study, and probably seventy-five per cent. of the books on the crafts and arts have been devised for the use of boys. Now there are hosts of girls in this world, probably as many girls as boys, and these girls are just as keen, intelligent, ambitious and curious about things and how to make them, as are boys. In very early childhood when both boys and girls have the same interests, similar books of amusement are used by both. But as girls develop the feminine point of view and need the stimulus of suggestion and aid in creative work, the literature for them seems meagre; they have somehow been passed by save for a manual now and then on cooking or sewing, left as a sop to their questioning and eagerness. This state of affairs[29] is more than unfortunate, it is fundamentally wrong for two very good reasons. (1) The girl up to the age of twelve or thirteen has practically the same interests, pleasures and play instincts as the boy. She is perhaps not so keenly alive to the charm of mechanical things as the boy, but like all children regardless of sex, she seeks to be a producer. She is just as much absorbed in pets and growing things, in nature, in the current activities of her environment, and requires the same easy outlet for her play instincts as the boy. (2) The girl, when a woman grown, becomes the creator of the home, and too often enters upon her domestic career with a minimum of skill or taste in the great body of household arts, which in the aggregate, give us the material comforts and homely pleasures. Moreover, since she, as a girl, probably did not have the chance to satisfy her play desires and consequently never learned to do things herself, she is at a loss to understand the never ceasing, tumultuous demands of her own children for the opportunity to experiment. To quote Gerald Lee in the "Lost Art of Reading," which is one of the real modern books: "The experience of being robbed of a story we are about to read, by the good friend who cannot help telling how it comes out, is an occasional experience in the lives of[30] older people, but it sums up the main sensation of life in the career of a child. The whole existence of a boy may be said to be a daily—almost hourly—struggle to escape being told things ... it is doubtful if there has ever been a boy as yet worth mentioning, who did not wish we would stand a little more to one side—let him have it out with things. There has never been a live boy who would not throw a store-plaything away in two or three hours for a comparatively imperfect plaything he had made himself...."

When one goes deep enough—below the showy veneer of present-day living—one comes to agree with Mr. Lee. The normal child, especially the boy, is potentially a creator, a designer, discoverer, and we have committed the everlasting sin of showing him short cuts, smoothing away difficulties, saying "press here." No child can survive the treatment.

Father and mother have the very simple obligation to furnish the place, raw material (books, tools, etc.), and encouragement.

Copyright, 1909, by Cheshire L. Boone
The Work of Girls in the Public Schools, Montclair, N. J. These Girls are only Eleven Years of Age
A Children's Garden gives Fresh Air and Sunshine, and Best of All, Brings Nature very Near. To Be Really Happy One Must Make Nature's Acquaintance

For these reasons, if for no other, the girl ought to have a permanent outlet for her native ingenuity and constructive skill in such crafts and occupations as are adapted to her strength, future responsibilities and possible interests. A home should comprise[31] other elements than food and clothes, which are bare necessities; and though these may be expanded and multiplied, becoming in their preparation real art products, they alone are deficient in interest. Look over any well-ordered household, note the multiplicity of things it contains which are primarily woman's possessions, and collecting all one knows about them, the amount of real knowledge is surprisingly small. How much does the embryo housekeeper know about textiles, curtains, carpets, hangings, linens, brass, china, furniture? Where do all these charming things come from? Many of the hangings, table linen, embroidery, etc., are home products. They cannot be bought at all. The simple stenciled curtain which one likes so much draws attention by virtue of its personal quality. To have such things in any abundance the girl must create them, and this she is more than willing to do.

How may one explain the restful atmosphere of certain homes visited? How many housewives have intelligent insight concerning home management and administration; of simple domestic chemistry or sanitation? Yet these are vital elements in the domestic machine. One never mistakes a proper household, orderly, smooth running for the showy establishment—gay outside and sad inside. Even[32] the most untutored child unconsciously responds to the healthy influence of selected material environment and conditions, when these are combined harmoniously. There are systematic ways of creating pleasant rooms, fine grounds, comfortable places for living, places imbued with the spirit of contentment. The people who produce such places are seldom the professional decorator, landscape architect, and hired housekeeper. It is the woman of the family, who, having practised some of the arts, or at least been their disciple, has learned to appreciate order and love beauty. Therewith comes an almost instinctive knowledge of how to use them to advantage. One can never really have beautiful baskets, pottery, sewing, gardens, until one has made them. One surely cannot appreciate the true worth of clean linen, a spotless house, and perfect routine anywhere so thoroughly as in one's own house. It naturally follows that the girl, like the boy, should be a producer, not a mere purchaser, of personal or domestic commodities. She may have unlimited means, but the place where she lives as a girl and the home she seeks to create in adult life will always be impersonal, detached, hotel-like, unless she personally builds it. She must know the structure, composition, and functions of inanimate[33] things; this knowledge comes easiest and persists longer through use and experience.

All Children Love to Play at Being "Grown Up," even Beyond the Time of Childhood. These Girls will make Real Women, because They are Normal and Happy
Girls must sometime Learn of the Conventions and Customs of Domestic Arrangement, and too often Their Only Opportunity Lies in such Classes as These

There is a good bit of psychology behind the suggestions offered, and the reasoning is simple. All our ideas, our plans, and conceptions are just ideas and nothing more until they have been worked up into concrete form—put to test. There is nothing tangible about an idea. But living is real; hence all the details which comprise living are real too and mere thinking about them without action is futile. One must execute, arrange, and experiment with the raw materials of everyday use. The result is either pleasant or otherwise; if otherwise, the effort has somehow failed, and one should do it again and learn thereby; if pleasant, one is the richer and happier for a bit of success, and is warmed by the presence of mere accomplishment.

This last phrase reveals the nub of the whole question—accomplishment. Material surroundings and comforts of course go far to make one happy, and they are the evidence of success, but the ideal home is also composed of people each of whom is or should be a contributor to the work of the world. The ideal home contains no drones, and therefore no discontent. Now the girl cannot plunge headfirst into the maelstrom of domestic management. She[34] must learn her strength and acquire confidence, and there are simple occupations for early years, occupations which train the muscles, sharpen the wits; occupations which through suggestion gradually lead to a wider and wider intellectual horizon, and which, by a cumulation of information and experience, mature both judgment and taste. These occupations form, as it were, some chapters in the unwritten grammar of culture and efficiency whereby the girl grows in self-reliance and maturity.

There are, for instance, a number of crafts which, in their delicacy of technique and the artistic worth of the finished product, are splendid occupations for girls, and some few of which every girl should know. The girl who cannot sew is an object for sympathy; it is the typical feminine craft for the reason heretofore named—that one cannot know how things should be unless one is familiar with the process involved. Gowns are manufactured of pieces of cloth cut in proper shape and sewn together in some, to the male, occult fashion, and this complex operation only explains itself even to a woman by going through the experience. One has always been accustomed to think that the accomplished mistress is also an expert needle-woman or skilled worker in textiles of some kind. Products of the[35] needle and loom have always been her intimate, personal possessions, and the charm of old hangings, lace, needlecraft of all kinds, rests in the main on this personal quality. Without a doubt the most precious belongings of the young girl are her own room with its contents of decorations and furnishing, and the garments which emphasize her inherent feminine charm. It is not only a girl's right, but her duty, to maintain her place as the embodiment of all that is fresh, cleanly and attractive. To this end clothes and the various other products of the needle contribute not a little; a clean-cut, thorough experience in manufacturing things for herself is the best assurance of future taste, which will spread out and envelop everything she touches. It is much the same with clothes and furnishings as with other matters, what one makes is one's own, characteristic, appropriate, adequate, with the touch of enjoyment in it; the purchased article is devoid of sentiment, it is a makeshift and substitute.

Then by all means let the girl learn to sew, learn to do for herself, to study her own needs and desires, to find as she progresses, ways to master the details of woman's own craft, and it is hoped, lay up a store of just the sort of experience which will enable her to supervise the work of others in her behalf when[36] the time comes. But sewing, valuable as it is in connection with the young girl's problems, is not the only craft at hand. In recent years craftworkers have revived a number of old methods of using or preparing textiles for decorative purposes, and some of these have proven increasingly worth while in the household. Stenciling, block-printing, dyeing, decorative darning, and even weaving itself, since they have been remodeled and brought out in simple form, offer opportunities to the wideawake girl. The results in each case may be very beautiful, and perhaps more in harmony with the individual taste and scheme of living of the particular girl than any materials she could buy, because they may be designed and executed for a specific place. Few people, least of all a child, work just to be busy; there is always a motive. With the girl it is a scarf, a belt, collar, curtain, or sofa pillow; is it not well worth while if she can make these for herself or her room, in her chosen design motif, (as rose, bird, tree, etc.) and color? It may be an ordinary design, peculiar color, but they satisfy a personal sentiment which, by the way, can be modified and improved as time goes on. One must needs allow children to begin with the bizarre, distorted, seemingly unreasonable, archaic desires they have and cross-fertilize these[37] with better ones in the hope of producing a fine, wholesome, sturdy attitude of mind.

Among the minor crafts which may be a source of real pleasure and good taste, two are prominent: pottery and basketry. The technique, decorative possibilities, and functions of the finished products as elements in household economy and ornament place these crafts high in the list of those especially suitable for girls, though boys and adults do find them equally interesting. Pottery is so closely associated with flowers and growing things, with the decoration of fine rooms, with choice spots of color, and with those receptacles and utensils which belong to the household, that it makes a strong appeal to the feminine mind. Here is a craft which vies with textiles in age and beauty of design, and possesses even greater charm of manipulation because it is plastic. One can imagine no finer outlet for creative effort.

Lastly, there is the eternal, magnificent, womanly craft—home-making. When one stops to think that the home is the one imperishable, absolute social unit, the power which creates it must take rank with other vital forces of constructive economics. Mothers' clubs and women's organizations of divers kinds, or, rather, the individuals who comprise such societies, are continually drifting into[38] the discussion of the worries, difficulties, and trials which attend the household. The instant household routine becomes awkward or inadequate it affects adversely each individual member of the family, and naturally the mistress who is responsible shoulders a burden. There are times when the maid leaves, or the cooking goes wrong, or the house is cold, or just a time when one gets started for the day badly. There are times when the innate perversity of humans and material things runs riot. One is led to believe that such untoward occasions, since they have been in the past, will in all likelihood continue to crop up to the end of time, though one cannot find any good reason why they should. There are homes unacquainted with any household rumble or squeak, where the domestic machinery is always in order, and flexible enough to care for sudden overloading, or absorb any reasonable shock. In many such places, devoid of servants and confined to a modest income, the mistress is ever an expert; the chances are that her daughters will be equally resourceful. Really, the only sure way to bring up an adequate number of fine, competent, resourceful wives and home-makers is to train them definitely for the profession. The girls must be made acquainted with every detail of the business which[39] they will surely inherit. The people who would live in hotels and frankly abandon home-making themselves merely emphasize the charm of the household, because hotels have nothing in common with homes.

It seems rather strange that a business so old as housekeeping does not, and never has, applied to its development the laws of commercial enterprise. When the community or corporation state sees the need for workmen, foremen or directors, it tries to educate individuals for the purpose. The supply of competent men and women is not left to chance. Whereas, womankind trusts to a very fickle fortune, that every girl will somehow learn to steer the domestic craft and be conversant with methods of preserving family ideals. Contrast the far-sighted plans of business to fill its ranks with the casual training the average girl undergoes to fit her for the future. What is her chance of success? Is it reasonable to suppose that one who has never made a home, or even helped actively to run one made for her, can on demand "make good?" It is a lasting tribute to the inherent genius and indefatigable patience of the modern woman that she has achieved so much with a minimum of experience.

Hence, in order to properly equip one's children for a practically inevitable future, let the girls into[40] the secret of domestic planning; let them know of costs and shopping, income and expenditure; of materials and uses; the care of possessions, repairs and cleaning; try to show them that the menu is not a haphazard combination of ingredients and foods, but a conscious selection of viands which will entice the appetite, furnish proper nutrition and accord with the season. By all means emphasize the fact that housekeeping, like any business, can be systematized so that the hundred and one activities may succeed one another in orderly procession through the weeks and months. Wash day and housecleaning should be absorbed into the domestic program, and never present their grisly features to the home-coming male, with sufficient trouble of his own.

Recent issues of the magazines have contained much discussion of the household tangle, and most of them have ended with the slogans "industrial education," "back to the kitchen," and such. Granted that girls need this training, and that schools in time will give it; granted that the social position of the servant is a source of discussion and friction; that the demands of modern living are exacting; and, finally, granting the insistent prominence of all the other economic disturbances, who is, in the last analysis, to blame? Would a business man[41] think for one moment of handing over any department of his affairs to one not trained for the particular duties involved? Industry in every branch seeks men and women fitted to take charge of even minor matters. And when trained assistants are scarce the obvious policy is to prepare other promising workers for such special places. On the other hand, mothers too often prepare their daughters for marriage, not for home-making, seemingly blind to the fact that marriage is an inert, barren, static condition, save in the stimulating atmosphere of a fine home. How can the servant question ever be settled by untutored girls who get no closer to the domestic question than fudge, welsh rarebit and salted peanuts? The school can and does now, in all well-ordered communities, give a very satisfactory formal, technical training in domestic art and science.[E] There students learn to cook and sew; they learn a good deal about food values, dietetics and simple food chemistry, simple sanitation, etc. But the management of a real house, system and everyday routine, that fine sense of adjustment to the conditions as they exist—these essentials can only be learned in the home itself. The efforts of the school can[42] largely supplement but never replace home guidance, experience and responsibility. Keeping house ought to be a science and art rather than a game of chance.

Definite Suggestions

In the "Library of Work and Play," to which the present book is the introductory volume, one will find a collection of books replete with suggestion. But these are not manuals, or courses to be followed from end to end, because children do not profit most by such a plan. The child is like a pebble dropped into still water. It communicates its energy of momentum to the surrounding fluid and makes a circular ripple, which in turn makes another and wider ripple, until the energy is exhausted. In much the same way the child, landed in the midst of a more or less inert material world, acts upon it with energy, which, however, is never exhausted, producing the results which become more and more extended. He begins in the middle of a given subject and works in all possible directions, which gives one the clue to how to make the most of books like these.[F]

If the girl has not already indicated a decided preference for some recreation or play, place at hand the books which show the possibilities open to her.[43] It would be well for one to go over them rather carefully first in order to know what they contain. Let the girl take her leisure in searching the chapters and illustrations for the suggestion which strikes a responsive chord. Ofttimes it will be quite in order to point to chapters which have a bearing on some personal need or desire. At any rate, the book or chapters which seem to be most significant at the time should be followed up. Read over with her such a volume as "Home Decoration" or "Housekeeping." Let her discuss the plans offered and try them out in her own home. Every girl wants and should have a dainty, inspiring, beautiful room of her own, and as she grows older she also wants the rest of the house to match, so that she can entertain her friends with pride and confidence. If one will take "Housekeeping," "Home Decoration," and "Needlecraft" as texts, and select from them first those suggestions which are immediately apt in a particular home, the girl will shortly find herself looking at home problems from several different and very important angles. But it is desirable also that the study be taken up first in a very simple way, in order to tie it to real living and needs. New curtains, pillows for the porch or den, stenciled scarf, the decorations and menu for a[44] small party, additional linen: these are some of the problems always coming up, which may be used as a beginning. And once the start is made the girl should have the chance to try other experiments along the same line. Read with her the chapter on menus and marketing, or housecleaning, and turn the house over to the daughter for a time to manage—absolutely. There is nothing in the world which children love more or which develops them more quickly than responsibility, and the mutual consideration of household affairs gives the girl real partnership in the domestic business. She may use the "Housekeeping" book as a kind of reference, to be sought when new problems in management fall to her share.

The question of home decoration is so vital that it deserves special statement. The text[G] deals with all those details of interior furnishing and embellishment which indicate taste. All of these are not equally important, nor do they interest all girls to the same extent, and in using the book one can profit most by the study of those topics which touch the individual or particular family. But everywhere there is the problem of furniture arrangement, wall decorations, color schemes, and the skilful[45] use of flowers, pottery and textiles. Give the young people, and especially the girls, an insight into how the interior should be treated. Have them look up pertinent questions in the text and then try their 'prentice hands at creating a pleasant, restful, homelike house with the furnishings at hand plus whatever they can make or secure. Really, the book is as much a volume of suggestion for the mother, to which she can refer her daughter, as a text for the child. There is very keen interest in taste in recent years, among young people as well as parents, and the elements hitherto lacking have been (1) accessible information and (2) opportunity to "try it out." Offer that opportunity; a flat is just as fruitful a field for experiment as a house, perhaps more.

The active participation in outdoor life, nature-study propaganda and the multiplication of popular scientific (nature) literature has greatly opened another field to children—that of raising pets, gardening, etc. Here the boy or girl will readily make some choice at an early day, if there has been any contact with such things. If not, a volume of this kind[H] will be a real stimulant and inspiration, as it should be, not a lesson manual. Place the[46] book in a child's hands, help him look over the conditions, available ground, cost, care, etc.; let him send for circulars and catalogues, or if possible visit some one interested in the same hobby and the experiment is under way with irresistible momentum. It is a godsend to any child to give him a simple, direct statement of what can be done; he furnishes the steam and imagination for future development, and father and mother comprise the balance wheel of the business. This volume and the one on "Outdoor Sports" contain a mass of information which touch the interests of practically all boys and girls at some time in their first sixteen years. When the child is old enough to launch out in any personal undertaking, old enough for even minor responsibilities, when he or she expresses the desire for possession and money, then give them books like these. Let them soak in and digest. Encourage only those requests which are convincing, but give them all the scope possible. Every child will eventually select the pastimes which are best for her though she may stumble in doing so; she will make fewer mistakes, and waste less time if she have access to books which will crystallize and guide her ambitions.

[47]

## CHAPTER IV
THAT BOY

> "The prime spur to all industry (effort) was and is to own and use the finished product."—Hall.

One day the pedagogue, who was a learned man and addicted to study, shut himself up in his library, bent on devising a method for training boys into men. This master was well versed in the sciences so that he could follow the stars in their courses, make the metals and substances of the earth obey his will, and guide the plants in their growth from seed to blossom. Nor was this scholar lacking in sympathy for the arts, if they were not too fine, for his desires all led to systems and orderly arrangements of matter, and those subjects which would not succumb to analysis he looked upon coldly.

A Boy's Camp with Ernest Thompson Seton. There Was Never a Boy Who Did Not "Make-Believe," and Here the Play Spirit, under Stimulating Guidance, Becomes a Powerful Factor in Developing the Appreciation of Community Effort
The Play Idea very soon Grows Toward the Representation of Primitive though Adult Customs and Actions, in which Several Join a Common Body or Company. Hence City Gangs which Merely Seek Romantic Expression

Hence in this problem of education he made a careful survey of the history and development of learning from the beginning—seeking those ideals[48] and standards of culture which had been approved for the scholar, because scholars have always been held in high esteem by those patrons who, being ignorant themselves, wanted scholarship nearby. It was found in the course of his delving that the sciences had originated and developed in about this order, mathematics, astronomy, geology, botany, biology, etc. The arts of expression had of course developed as a group, but chiefly through literature from the beginning. There seemed to be a good deal of recent interest in machines and engineering, and of course certain classes had always tilled the soil, because one must have food; but the study of these activities could not lead to culture, because culture had always had to do with thinking, not manual labor. Therefore it became clear to the master that up to the present time, since the end of all scholarly ambition had been a profession (law, medicine, theology, etc.), education must be a very simple matter. All one had to do was to prepare certain capsules of mathematics, grammar, Greek and Latin, and a few, very few, odd pellets of science, etc., and at stated intervals stimulate the boy's mental organism with the various toxins in rotation. Were these subjects not the very basis of culture, and what would be more logical than[49] direct systematic presentation of the fundamental principles? If the patient did not respond nothing could be done but to use more medicine, more lessons; there could be but one line of treatment. With this question settled the good savant signified his readiness to instruct youth in such branches as were desirable for the educated man, and pupils came in numbers to obtain the precious learning, for the pedagogue was favorably known as a great scholar. But these pupils who came, like the master, happened to live in or about the year 1912, when the chief interests of the people were business, science, and engineering; when transportation and communication had become highly developed and systematized; when farming and agriculture were almost arts, the whole welfare of the nation rested on industry, and utility held high rank as an element in culture among the people who worked. Even when a boy of this period did not seek industrial honors and follow in the footsteps of his father, he must needs be interested as a citizen in so important a source of prosperity. Hence the children who set out to become pupils of the learned teacher were alive to the business and activities of their time and surroundings, and were more than willing to learn when the learning led to a useful end. But[50] the scheme proposed by their mentor was such a queer scheme. Of course it was better to go to school than do nothing and one must study a few things, but how much more fascinating and worth while to talk about birds and animals, trolley cars, the railway, electricity, machines, and doing things with a purpose, than to discuss impossible stories written by people who evidently knew very, very little about young people, to learn unending pages of numbers and definitions and facts, which, since one had no use for them, were speedily forgotten to make room for better material?

A Typical Boy's Workroom and Shop. Pride of Personal Possession Develops rather Early and the Boy Should Have a Place of His Own
The Kind of Shop which One May Have at Home

Now these children were obedient and reverent toward learning and did the tasks assigned them by their master, but in their leisure hours they did a good bit of experimenting along other lines, and found several other studies which were not in the master's scheme much more to their taste. Animals and pets were not only nice, live, soft, downy, fuzzy things to play with, but they had such queer ways and were so useful that one could talk about them forever. And then if one raised numbers of them, often neighbors would desire to purchase, and behold, a business began whereby it was just possible one could make a profit now and then. Again, it was fine if one had even a few tools so that one could put[51] together the toys and playthings necessary to every-day amusement. Of course it was needful to measure and calculate and scheme about materials and costs, but all this scheming led to real purpose, while the questions proposed by the teacher were just questions after all and it couldn't make much difference whether one found the answer or not.

Now the usual thing happened. Because of their reverence for traditional learning and respect for its apostle the youths continued to attend upon the master and go through the ceremonial form of intellectual purification. But really their hearts were outside, wrapped up in the work of the world, where they had found just the tonics which were good for them.

In just so far as the school and home open ways which "enable the student to earn a livelihood and to make life worth living" do we see the passing of the old type school (suggested above) and ideal of training. Not only are there comparatively few in this world capable of receiving high polish through the so-called culture studies, but the definition of culture has changed; now any activity is cultural which arouses one's best efforts. Moreover, the boy of the present is on the lookout for a[52] new type of instructor, one born of the new era of industrial success, a teacher who will unlock the mysteries of modern nature, science, engineering and business, and who will make it possible for the student to find his special abilities or bent at an early age. It is no argument at all to say that the boy is too young to know what is best for him, that the mature mind is the only safe guide. The adult teacher and parent becomes a true guide only when he uses as a basis for guidance those qualities and instincts of childhood which cannot be smothered or eradicated. The child, whether boy or girl, knows instinctively some of the kinds of information which do not agree with him, because they possess no significance at the time and he cannot assimilate and fatten on them. The child needs a new and more nutritious mental diet. Father and mother cannot be of great direct assistance because, strange to say, they are not experts with children, they merely know a child (their own) passably well, but they can provide a most effective, indirect, contributory stimulus through outside opportunities for healthy play and experiment which will supplement the formal instruction of the school. And children of all ages up to the time they go to college need some strong outside interest, or group of them,[53] which will serve as a finder to determine the trade, profession, or business of the future man.

The Kite Fever is an Annual Disease. Common to practically the Whole Country. But it is a Disease which Flourishes only among Normal Children, chiefly Boys
Pump and Waterwheel. A Type of Mechanical Problem which the Boy May Begin With, Both In and Out of School, because It Touches His Keenest Interest

The children who enter the school, from whatever grade of society or given race, are all much alike—lively little animals that sleep, eat and talk continuously, and play, though play and expression are one and the same. They do what all animals do—keep on the move, acquire muscular skill and precision, and endeavor by every possible means to express their ideas and convey them to others. This expression takes on a constructive phase when children play at store, keeping house, fire engine, and make toys of paper and cardboard, and such amusement is the forerunner of that intense mechanical interest which overtakes boys about the age of ten or eleven.[I] Girls have an equally positive leaning which is characteristic and will be noted elsewhere. Watch any group of boys of average parentage and surroundings and make a list of the things they construct for themselves, for their own ends. In any such list extending over a period of several months will be found, according to locality, such things as wagons, sleds, whistles, kites, dog houses, pigeon roosts, chicken coops,[54] boats, guns, etc., etc. The young artisan uses whatever raw material he can; he is chiefly concerned with the plan, and makes the best of conditions and materials. The things he makes are always for real use, a principle held in high esteem in all the arts. In making these toys the boy acquires some exceedingly valuable information and a physical skill and perfection which can only be secured at an early age. He learns about things, about raw material, about tools and utensils common to every household; he gets on speaking terms with the fundamental laws of mechanics and, more than one would imagine, develops a real ingenuity in molding material to his immediate needs. The construction of a bird house or kite is in itself simple enough, but the boy has to spend considerable effort in finding out how to do it, which is beneficial. Moreover, this constant struggle to get into tune with his physical environment and subdue it results in a considerable independence, confidence, and resourcefulness, which under moderately favorable conditions will produce a boy alert to the world in which he lives and full of the spirit of investigation—the critical attitude. Such a boy will not lean on others for either learning or pleasure.

Boat Made by Percy Wilson and Donald Mather, Montclair, N. J., Independent of Adult Assistance. The Method of Construction, which is Unique and Sound, was Devised by the Boys
Copyright, 1910, by Cheshire L. Boone
These are the Forerunners of Numerous Other Electrical Constructions, Many of Which are Produced Out of School, in the Home Workrooms and Shops

Actually, however, the modern boy has not been[55] encouraged along these lines, nor has he been taken very seriously in those activities which affect him most; hence his struggle toward any real efficiency. A prominent man once said:

> "When I was fifteen years of age I could break wild horses to saddle or harness, and teach kicking cows to stand while they were being milked. I could fell trees and drop the tree in any direction desired. I knew the relative value of all native woods, appreciated the differences in soil, grains, fruits, and simple minerals. I could use the draw-shove, adze axe, broad axe, cross-cut saw, sickle and cradle. I could make a figure-four trap, an axe helve, a neck yoke, axe yoke, whiffletree, clevis, and could braid an eight-strand cattle whip. We used to mend our harness on rainy days and I could make a wax-end and thread it with a bristle, and use a brad-awl. I knew how to construct an ash-leach and to make soft-soap, apple butter, and pumpkin pies. I knew the process of weaving flax and wool, of making and burning brick. I knew on sight and had names for a score or more of birds, and had a good idea of the habits of squirrels, skunks, wolves, and the fishes that swam in the creeks. I knew how to cure hams, shoulders, and side-meat: to pickle beef and cover apples with straw and earth so that they would keep in safety through the most severe winter, and open up in the spring fresh and valuable. Of course my knowledge was not of a scientific order, and I could not have explained it to another, because I never knew I had it."

How many boys or girls of the present time possess anything like this sum of useful knowledge—useful for the conditions in which they live? There[56] was a time when children had to learn in order to survive, and now that the necessity is removed and children are simply allowed to grow without purpose, the boy and girl inevitably lose one of the best elements in their training unless new opportunities are opened.

It is not difficult to see how the boy's interest in construction grows and expands; mere acquaintance with boys will furnish the data. At a comparatively early stage the youthful experiments are naturally sifted to a few specialties, which assume prominence either because of the boy's reading or the type of locality in which he lives. From time to time his interest may shift, investigating one subject after another, always seeking the unknown avocation. The process will probably lead in time to a more or less fitting selection of trade or profession. How else is the boy to find himself?

Copyright, 1909, by Cheshire L. Boone
A Real Derrick in Miniature, Operated by Means of a Waterwheel (at the right). The Lifting, Turning and Handling of the Bucket are Controlled by Levers Attached to Spools (in the middle section). This Sort of Thing is Part of Regular School Work
Waterwheels (lower illustrations) and Fan (upper illustration), made by Public School Pupils

After he has passed through the preliminary stages of mere play and haphazard amusement the boy becomes conscious of the mysterious, unusual forces of electricity; they hold even adult attention and wonder, but the boy, being more impressionable and confident, immediately forages for information, reads enormously, and experiments. He takes in the whole subject with a vim and sureness that is[57] de facto evidence of its intrinsic worth for study purposes. And in a much shorter time than adults would require, he has mastered the fundamental laws and is eager to put this wonderful force to work, to make things move. He has the same attitude toward steam and gas engines, water motors, and studies them with the same intensity of purpose. Here are dynamic elements which appeal to the human appreciation of power and which may be harnessed, subdued. The idea is comparable to the ancient reverence for fire, water and the storm. Since modern science has organized engineering and mechanical knowledge and simplified it, the student can have at his disposal just the books and periodicals needed to unlock this storeroom of mystery; these publications were written for the purpose. But there are several other openings for creative effort which appeal no less strongly, and among which both the boy and girl may choose, with complete confidence that there will be ample room for initiative, ingenuity, and utilitarian bias.

Every child loves to go camping, and in common with his elders reveals the close connection with primitive life in general through the pleasure derived from the simplicity of camp life. There in the woods, where conveniences are few, every device[58] and construction counts the utmost, and its purpose is apparent. The whole spirit of such living is more in harmony with child nature and longings than the modern city home; it supplies the craving for physical freedom and places the boy or girl almost entirely on his own resources. What he obtains in the way of pleasure comes from his own efforts and is correspondingly precious. The boy especially finds in camp just as much chance for mechanical skill as elsewhere. Temporary furniture, utensils, cooking conveniences, the shelter, traps, etc., are suggestive. And lastly the unconventional, untrammeled outdoor life stands in that same relation to the boy as it did to the savage (because boyhood is a primitive stage); he puts forth his strongest endeavors to conquer the elements, the climate, the earth, and growing things; to provide himself with food and shelter—in other words, to survive as the savage sought to survive. The idea is truly epic. No wonder the child expands and develops under the simple responsibilities imposed, and absorbs woodcraft with such astonishing ease. The recent extraordinary growth of the summer camp among boys' schools, and the results suggested in the writings of Ernest Thompson Seton, are, with the unfolding of industrial education, two pointed examples[59] of the shifting view of education in the home as well as school. Probably no outside agency will in time become so effective for good as the Boy Scouts, whose code is based on a very primitive framework suited to boys. During a recent visit to California, and while crossing the flat prairies of Kansas, the writer saw a company of scouts at work. It was borne in upon the observer that there was an organization which fitted every locality, every climate; it appealed to boy, not creed, social order, time, or adult dogma.

Copyright, 1910, by Cheshire L. Boone
A Self-recording Telegraph Receiver. An Excellent Example of what the Juvenile Mechanical Mind will Attempt. The Number of Boys Interested in such Projects is Considerable
Wireless Station and Workroom of Donald Huxom, Montclair, N. J. This, too, Indicates how Boys Square Themselves with Scientific Progress

One should at least mention athletics in this connection, because of the excellent physical benefit in both activities. Athletics, however, contains an element which is all-important—team work. And no restraint is so much needed, nor so cheerfully heeded for that matter, by the restless boy and girl as a community of effort. The elimination of a purely selfish personal point of view is very difficult to bring about with the best of children, because they are wrapped up in their own affairs, and nothing serves to introduce them to the rights of others and the value of concerted action for a common good so well as sport. The kind does not matter. Any well-conducted, clean enjoyment of this kind develops that mental pliability and willingness to[60] take a part which is a fundamental of citizenship. Incidentally leaders arise, and the beginnings of organization dawn. It is a great day when the boy learns his first code of signals in the ball team!

Copyright, 1910, by Cheshire L. Boone
An Electrical Soldering Iron and Glue-pot, made at Suggestion of Instructor for Use in School Shop
Copyright, 1909, by Cheshire L. Boone
Waterwheel Connected with Model Lathe

There is one more side (at least) to the boy and girl business—earning money. It is nothing short of marvelous that this desire for personal income, however small, has not been taken seriously. Why do children want to earn money? For the best reason in the world, independence. Man's entire existence from the earliest age down to the twentieth century has been one long struggle toward it—toward survival. First he had to combat the elements and animals, then his fellows, for possession of food, lands, water, raw materials, and wives. When he found that possession of certain commodities added to his importance and therefore comfort and safety, and especially to his privilege, he sought wealth and its freedom. Now the boy and girl follow stages in development toward similar independence, and among the privileges most desired is that of money or possessions of value. If they earn it, the amount represents so much work and gives the coins a fixed worth which cannot be established in other fashion. Moreover, this desire for income (rather than money) is one characteristic[61] of the child between the ages of thirteen and fifteen years. His power of reasoning and organization are developing rapidly, and it is the time when adult ideals and actions first look attractive. The time is ever ripe for launching the boy or girl into any avocation which holds their fancy, that they may forget their own oblique tendencies to laziness, stubbornness, wayward action, and selfishness; these are all characteristic of the stage. Sex changes too play no inconsiderable part, because the boy's companions are for a time all masculine. Business of some kind is just what he needs, and if that business is profitable, a powerful motive is supplied. Perhaps the keenest interest is that in nature, and most children at some time have desired pets—chickens, rabbits, pigeons, dogs, song birds. There is scarcely a town or city condition where some animal hobby cannot be pursued without disturbing others' peace of mind. But it should be looked into seriously as a business, a miniature counterpart of other like enterprises. The disposal of personal service and products to others brings the child in close contact with numbers of adults and adult standards and business connections. It fosters responsibility and places upon the child the burden of proof, to show that he is entitled[62] to a place as a valuable member of society. And just here it may be well to say, even if the child does not need the money he earns, it will be the most precious he will ever own, because since it came through effort, it will be spent with due caution.

The vegetable and flower garden may be made to yield similar returns and such products are always salable. In addition, every house, every yard, every farm is in constant need of repairs, changes and care which the alert boy or girl can furnish. The development of such odd tasks into a business parallels the development of every large enterprise which began in a modest way. It fosters the best of personal and civic ideals, and tames the restless, self-conscious energy of youth into smooth and profitable channels through which to journey in peace to a sane maturity.

Excellent Examples of High School Work which is Really Profitable. These Machines will Work and Develop Power which can be Measured
A Manual Training Shop

Is it any wonder that education is so ineffective at times? In the light of present-day appreciation of physiology and psychology it is increasingly clear that education has furnished an impersonal, rather stilted system of stuffing along restricted lines for a warm-hearted, all-inquisitive, nature-loving human animal which automatically refuses to be nourished thereby, and forages elsewhere. Although the child's judgment can by no means be followed[63] concerning what is best for him, his instincts and possible future will serve as a most excellent guide. His early training must take into account those interests which are most keen and lasting and use them as the framework for instruction, and all subsequent stages of training involve a distinct obligation to build upon this elementary foundation, with a view to social worth. Most children will have to earn a living (the girl usually helps by managing the home), and this necessity is preëminent. But whether rich or otherwise, the ideal of social worth remains for all. And the least the home can do is to nurse childhood's efforts and experiments in play and occupation which lead finally to mature judgment and conceptions.

### How to Use Books with Boys

Boys probably obtain more help from books than girls do because they are more self-reliant, more assertive and impatient. And as has been indicated, more books have been written for boys, but the same general method of use is common to both. The boy too finds in the book of crafts, mechanics, science, or sport a stimulant and incentive. He reads it much as he would a story of adventure. No matter what his greatest enjoyments may be,[64] the perusal of accounts of others' juvenile activities widens the productive horizon in a way not to be ignored, and for this reason "How to Do" books of all kinds are a serious element in the boy's life, at a time when he is less concerned with what to do than with how to produce something. But there is a danger in this catholicity of interest: it may become dilettantism. The boy may merely potter or fuss with one hobby after another, more because he cannot supply the need for more and more information, than because he does not care. Hence it is worth while from time to time to add more fuel to the flame of ambition in a given direction, to provide books and tools, a working place or shop, and open the way for progress in some stated direction.

The Machine Shop. Public School, Montclair, N. J.
The Study of Aeroplane Construction, Public School 77, N. Y. City. This Toy is Full of Possibilities for the Live Boy
A Successful Machine
Finished Aeroplanes. Public School 77, N. Y. City

Specifically, books like those on "Mechanics, Indoors and Out," "Electricity," and "Carpentry," and parts of "Outdoor Work" may be considered as of one type. When he receives the books the boy will spend days in absorbing their contents, maybe dreaming a bit over the possibilities in view, and finally, by a process which will always be unintelligible to the adult, will light upon a problem or group of them that meets his wishes, as the kite for instance; all he needs from then on is human sympathy with the, to him, important undertaking,[65] and he will gallop through all phases of the kite construction and devices, aeroplanes, propellers, forms of motive power, probably bringing up short at the steam or gasoline engine, which opens another chapter. The really important item connected with the use of such books is to keep the young mechanic on one thing at a time. A bit of judicious questioning now and then, always aimed at a group of related problems upon which he may be engaged, will keep his mind working connectedly. His efforts will then be cumulative in effect. Visits to the aero park, the museums, to the shops and technical schools, and to the local power plants are other distinct aids which should be invoked to supplement and emphasize reading and experiment. In some of the cities model kite and aeroplane contests are held at regular intervals, and these put boys on their mettle to succeed. In fact the proper way to use books of this kind is to let the boy use them; let him begin in the middle of the book and work outward or at the end and go backward, but see that he has books which present the subject vividly, simply. Provide him with the essential tools and materials and a place to work. About the surest way to make a success with boys is to let them have a room or corner of their own where they can work[66] to their hearts' content, where they can store their precious belongings, and where companions may come and talk over things. Really the book is inadequate alone. Unless one provide the opening for action, books but aggravate and excite the mind, mockingly spur the student on to "do." Hence with the book goes a tacit obligation to provide means and place, even the most modest, for putting the book to test.

There is yet another phase to this use of books, and it is one which the boy will usually meet, if the texts are adequate. It is this: whatever the young student does best will be the result of real desire, real personal enthusiasm. It is a fallacy to suppose that the boy interested in tools should always put up shelves, mend the door, or fix the fence. He will execute these tasks cheerfully, but they are not the subject of his dreams. On the other hand, if the desire be to earn money, to have a small business of his own, fences and shelves and plant stands may be the most interesting things in the world to him, because they are means, not ends. Hence the printed book is no teacher or trainer of children, no direct guide to future vocation, but is the very essence of inspiration, the foundation from which the young secures nourishment for day dreams and ambitions, out of which he patiently weaves the rich fabric of experience.

[67]

## CHAPTER V
A HOUSE AND LOT—ESPECIALLY THE LOT

The past decade has witnessed a movement, just now taking aggressive shape, which is unique—the interest in outdoors, nature study, farming, summer homes, sport, and what is termed the simple life. It is a movement filled with the greatest promise of any among the host now claiming attention, and bids fair to soothe the tired nerves and over-stimulated minds of a frantically industrial age. Busy men and women, particularly the men, who once thought their affairs would become hopelessly muddled if they were not at the desk each and every day, now indulge in sport, farming or gardening, and horticulture. They have become convinced of the benefits of fresh air and consequent health, and have a calmer, more serene outlook on life as a whole. It has become "quite proper" now to live in the "country," even though the country is represented by a lot 40 × 100,[68] for one may have a garden which produces wonders even on such a lot. Indirectly, people get the desire to fix up their homesteads, to plant hedges and vines, to have window boxes and put on a kind of apologetic style which develops into conscious pride ultimately. One cannot play with such an avocation long without learning a bit more about nature in general, and without any conscious resolution drifts into keeping chickens or pets as a kind of pleasurable refuge from mundane things. All this activity is much more than a fad; it points to a recurrence of the primitive instinct to always bridge the ever-widening gaps between nature and the human, who is merely an extra-developed animal himself. Children always possess in a marked degree a love for outdoors, for animal life, for growing things, and fight hard during the early years to satisfy the desire. When they cannot achieve results at home, the surplus energy is worked off by harrowing the neighbors. Steam will do a great deal of work when under control, but if one allows steam to accumulate it must get off sooner or later, and children are under steam always.

The Boy Who does not Love to Camp is Unique. This Illustrates one of Ernest Thompson Seton's Camps where Boys Come in Contact with Nature at Her Best
This and Other Illustrations of Homes in This Chapter, Show such Places as People Make when they Care about Appearances

The adult, when he becomes a city dweller, takes his nature study in stiff two-weeks' doses, fishing or shooting, plus all the modern gastronomic tidbits[69] he can carry, and accumulates a fine crop of scientific fables and sunburn. This is not real rest, not even the best acquaintance with nature; rather it is a sort of primitive spree, inherited in garbled form from tradition as a seasonal necessity. The truly fine side to the nature movement lies in its influence on everyday living through a sound regard for what nature can do at her best, and the resultant modification of taste in general. It is a questionable satisfaction to make a whirlwind campaign into nature's midst for a few short weeks, comfortably supported by the consciousness of urban conveniences in the end, when there is the possibility of bringing nature to our very doors, almost to the hearthstone. Nature is complacent and excellent company when offered a suitable welcome.

The ideal home is ideal throughout—outside as well as in. There is no vital difference between the kind of pride which demands clean linen and that which craves beautiful lawns (to be used however), beautiful flowers (also to be enjoyed), trees and porches for shade and rest. The kind of nature too which really rests and enthuses one is the kind which may be enjoyed for twelve months in the year; in other words, gardens, grounds, and trees[70] which belong to the climate, to the locality, and, being hardy, commend themselves at all seasons.

Even the Most Beautiful House must have a Background to Soften the Conventional Lines and Areas of Construction
One should Build a House as one Builds a Reputation, Gradually, Allowing Ideals and Execution to Expand and Develop Together. Then the House and Grounds will Appear at Their Best

But nature is no designer. The landscape gardener and the amateur must, by their united efforts, bring an artistic plan to bear upon nature's offerings, using her trees and flowers and the contour of the ground, and create an environment which pleases. The result should not only be fine of itself, but should furnish a proper and rich background for the house which is the centre. There are in existence numerous periodicals devoted to country living, farming, gardening, animals, sports, and the special suburban problem, and also a very distinguished library dealing with similar types. These have a surprisingly wide circulation, probably because they are as a class guiding the public taste in such matters instead of following it. This literature has in a few short years uncovered a new public interest in matters allied to nature, notably in home architecture and surroundings, and there is distinct evidence at the present time of improvement in architectural style. Domestic buildings are more appropriate in material and design than ever before, and are such as seem to be in tune with the somewhat informal suburban or village surroundings. Formerly architectural style was imported from abroad, and[71] with it came a certain few odd fragments of landscape gardening, full of patterns, floral arabesques and geometric arrangements, imitation Renaissance, urns and alert iron dogs to guard the dooryard. One can still find houses with ugly mansard roofs, stiff, forbidding doorways, and gloomy windows, the whole perched high on a hill, or at least elevated above the street, suggesting in every feature the barrenness of the artificial. It is art at its worst. The effort was further emphasized by the consistent designers through formal, wax-like landscape accessories, tender budding plants, cast-iron benches and garden ornaments, which must surely be blood kin to the modern steam radiator and art cook stove. There was nothing human about such a place: it always suggested the hereafter. But the new, healthy, public interests in outdoors, in a joyous life, have banished those artificial shells and substituted a type of dwelling which is planned for living. And the outside aspect of the house gives one the impression that it belongs to that particular spot, for those people for home purposes. Of course all houses are not so successful, but one finds a good many nowadays. It was bound to come, because when people began to study nature, to live closer to their flowers and animals, to want green lawns[72] and pleasant hills, they soon sought a type of shelter which would nestle close to the ground and look hospitable and inviting. Architecture and gardening are more closely related than one would first imagine, and it is questionable whether one can deal successfully with one and ignore the other.

Trees, Shrubbery and Lawn form the Frame of the Picture, and a Bad Frame will Spoil the Finest Picture
There was a Time Not Long Since, when People Built Houses According to Style. They Now Build for Pleasure and Comfort, Producing the Finest Style of All

In previous chapters the discussion of children and their training has touched lightly upon certain points which may well be elaborated a bit here. Most of the child's waking hours would virtually be spent out of doors; no house is large enough. And it was urged that these intense outside activities would be excellent foci for most profitable study. No yard, however restricted, is too small to accommodate some hobby which will absorb the child's energy and aid in generating constructive skill and judgment. The matter of pocket money is also very important and becomes a powerful motive when properly used. But there is another and more mature point of view concerning the home as a whole, which should not be discarded. Every child should learn to so respect and value his own personal property and affairs that he will respect those of others, neighbors for instance. He will not do this unless his own efforts and experiments are taken seriously, or unless his home grounds and living are maintained[73] at top condition, or unless he grows to appreciate a beautiful physical environment. The lawn, the garden, poultry house and stable ought to be in perfect trim all the time. It is better taste to have them so, and it is good business. One cannot succeed with raising pets or animals in unsanitary quarters, or inadequate shelter. It will not be difficult to develop proper ideas of taste and charm in the grounds about the house if one begins with the boy's and girl's own business and steers that to a decent working basis. Ragged grounds, unkempt lawns, weeds, littered porches and hopeless, tired-looking flowers—all persistent manifestations of neglect—leave on the youthful mind ineradicable impressions which undermine good taste.

Most boys and girls dislike any kind of work which is mere drudgery, and most children in these days shy at work for ends other than their own, because they have found that they can have privileges and amusements without responsibility or other return to their parents. The solution lies in the restoration to the boy of a feeling of personal responsibility and pride, restoring to him and his sister the rights of ownership to things and privileges earned, and make the children something other than social puppets. Make their youthful occupations[74] count. Among those occupations one finds a number which are equally fascinating to both children and adults.

Courtesy of Miss Annie Washburn
A School Garden. If Children Cannot Expand at Home, the Public School is Under Obligation to Satisfy the Need for Outdoor Occupation
Courtesy of Prin. F. C. Clifton
A School Garden. Watchung School, Montclair, N. J.

Probably no accessory to the home is more to be valued than the garden, especially the flower garden. It adds so much of color and variety to the whole scheme, and helps to bring the house into intimate relation with the grounds. The finest gardening has probably been due to feminine influence, and every girl can draw from practical experience with growing things a delicacy of taste and wealth of knowledge to apply to ends peculiarly her own. The latent intuitive feminine outlook often remains undeveloped in these days, and no craft will preserve and stimulate it more than gardening. There is a reaction just now against the formal flower beds of tender plants, a patch of exotic color dotting otherwise irreproachable lawns, though the florist would like to keep such arrangements in fashion, for he is seldom a true artist. But better standards of living, a fresher study of nature, a more personal, intimate architecture, have brought into them many of the old garden ideals where the garden belonged to the mistress of the house and showed it. The garden has a most significant history. It has always been a centre of family life, and among the Romans was[75] in fact the element about which the household revolved. Here the family rested and visited, worked and played. The dwelling was built around it, with living rooms which opened on its walks and fountains, bringing the family together in the most intimate way. The early Dutch and English colonists brought to America a similar taste for this soothing adjunct to the home and early put into effect such garden plans as their limited resources permitted. And always it has been the women-folk of the community who have kept the garden alive with persistent belief in its harmonizing influence on the family. Not infrequently the children learned their first lessons in business, in ownership and in responsibility, there. Gardening is one of the oldest and simplest of crafts and may not be overlooked in seeking a pathway for youthful energy.

Perhaps the boy or girl would rather grow fruits or berries, vegetables, raise pigeons, keep bees—one and all are equally good. This is the essential fact: every boy and girl should come into direct and positive contact with some of the important natural phenomena and life. Growing things have to be cared for, they must have food, water and protection. One cannot play with them when one feels like it; they need attention every day. The obligation[76] is a pleasant one, but nevertheless it is an obligation and gives a much needed lesson in a way that sticks.

Any occupation around the home, if it be one which ministers either to the pleasure, comfort or profit of individual members, is quite likely to knit that family into a more compact group. It keeps the children more at home. The interchange of service and advice which brings into relief the interdependence of the individuals stimulates this one of the important characteristics of domestic society. There has been an indication in recent years to lay upon the schools the entire training for manhood and womanhood. It is expected to teach manners and ethics, to give the proper kind of academic information, to formulate character, to even teach "nature." It is impossible to do this. The finest character, habits of study, executive ability, and the social attitude must be started and nursed to strength, if not to maturity, at home. Five hours each day under incomplete authority can accomplish little else than formal instruction. Even the beginnings of technical and scientific training have their roots deep in these childish hobbies which originate and flourish at home, where a deep obligation rests upon parents to make[77] the most of this early time. It is a lead the school can follow, but never originate. The school represents the average educational ideal of a given community, and when schools are inefficient, languish and give indifferent service, it is an excellent index of the local culture standard. Therefore, when parents develop to their highest pitch the enthusiasms and abilities of childhood, when they foster family life and enrich it so that every member, particularly the younger ones, become active participants, and feel that they too have work to contribute to the general welfare, then and then only will the school by force of public sentiment revise its own standards.

There is a Fascination about Raising Animals whether for Sale or as Pets. To the Child this Occupation Acquires the Dignity of a Real Business
Two More Illustrations which will Suggest Plans for the Future

For reasons such as these every home should be a kind of unofficial training school, in which the courses are mostly elective. Some outdoor hobbies which the children will enjoy should be maintained, and, on however small a scale, the house and grounds should be planned with this in view. The city boy and girl will have somewhat limited choice, but even there one can enjoy several hobbies, even in a flat. One can at least grow things, for there are few corners, even in a city, so dark that some plants will not flourish.

[78]

## CHAPTER VI
VACATIONS, ATHLETICS, SCOUTING, CAMPING, PHOTOGRAPHY

Every Child, and especially the Boy, Needs Active Outdoor Exercise. This kind has much to recommend it
Organized Play (Woodcraft) under Ernest Thompson Seton

The boy of to-day is at a real disadvantage in his struggle for health and happiness. He is always a primitive at heart, surging in the direction of direct physical expression, showing almost on the surface the simplicity of savage instincts, to live close to the earth, be outdoors, perform feats of strength and skill, hunt, fish, camp and play at doing the essential acts of life. Through succeeding generations society has perfected a veneer of convention which glosses over the crudities of childish abandon, and as they (children) grow, the polish becomes thicker and more lasting, even so as to make the individual a "ready-to-wear" being. But at intervals, even in adults, one finds the periodic plunge into camp and field. That vacations do not always supply the benefit which doctors would, but cannot, is rather the fault of brevity than of the outings themselves. Boys can,[79] as a rule, enjoy vacations without responsibilities, they can have ample scope for the close acquaintanceship with the simplicities of outdoor living. One of the first true signs of summer is the tents and crude shelters in backyards of our suburban villages. It is the nearest approach to a normal, sane existence the child can make. No proper child omits to play "Indian" or "hunter" in his early years, and no youth ever quite outgrows the keen pleasure of sleeping in the open, companioned by the sighing of the night. One recent experience of the writer, camping among the giant redwoods of California, where one could before going to sleep have a last look at the stars framed by the wondrous trees, and drift to unconsciousness to water music in the gorge way down below, was a time never to be forgotten. It is such experiences as these in the open which both keep and restore one's mental balance; they breed cheerfulness and optimism, develop friendships. And the boy is not so very particular about the place, provided there is water and woods, some companions, and things to do. He loves to swim and should learn. He wants to be of some account and have a part in the camp, learn how to make camp, protect things, prepare for weather, engineer the routine of camp life. Probably no institution[80] outside formal educational institutions is likely to have more vital influence on boys of the future than the Boy Scouts, already mentioned, a marvelous scheme to organize this play spirit. It takes hold of the most primitive instincts in child life, develops them to the highest pitch of efficiency, and turns the enormous energy generated thereby into useful channels by the simplest of devices—service. But be it noted, service for which the need is perfectly plain. The boy gets the finest of physical training imaginable and readily cultivates moral virtues which have been the despair of teachers and parents.

More Woodcraft. Has the Boy had a Chance at this kind of Experience?
Even the Technical Processes of Photography have been Reduced to Popular Terms
In These Days Photography has become so Simplified that every Child can Use a Camera to Advantage

In general, the vacation cannot be more profitably spent elsewhere than outdoors. If a boy cannot actually go into the woods, away from home and the restrictions which modern living must of necessity impose, then the next best thing is pastime or amusement which requires outdoors for a setting. There is much to be said for each and every one of the sports common at the present time, baseball, tennis, football, golf, boating, riding—they are all good—and every healthy child will take part in one or more. Now a book about sport can never teach a boy or girl how to become skilful; it cannot explain the mystery of the golf stroke or pitched curve, but it can and does awaken the spirit of trial and test. It suggests that[81] there is possibly a right way to do things; to play even, if one would succeed. The book may tell of the necessity for team work and organization, for system and regular living, and observance of rules made by others. In other words, the book acts through suggestion, very seldom directly; and for the same reason that one gives children books on mechanics, sewing, pets and gardening, that they may learn of the dignity and worth of these occupations, so also does one recommend books of sport and games, which surely are the more valuable when taken in all seriousness. It is through their games, involving dependence upon the confidence in others, that children acquire the best traits of character.

Aside from the inherent return in physical well-being derived from amusement in the open air—one can use this kind of medicine twelve months in the year—such pastime possesses a second quality of no mean importance; it brings one, ofttimes unconsciously, into communication or hailing distance at least of that nature which is so charming. It is easy to see the beauties of birds and flowers and skies, in camp; and the dynamic loveliness of crisp fall weather, even in a great city, is evidenced out of doors by the animation of passersby. But one cannot read about the beauties of beneficent nature;[82] one must enjoy them personally, and is led on to do so through those pastimes which take place in the open. Several of these have been mentioned, and there is one other: photography.

Photography has almost ceased to be a science; it is a habit. One goes to the store, invests in a comfortably small parcel and a book of instructions which says "press here," and that is about all. The fine succeeding details are minor matters. Whether one merely "presses the button" or goes the whole road and really makes the picture, photography has come to be a regular accessory to sport and enjoyment. No doubt it is evidence of human vanity, but it takes so mild a form and is the source of so much pleasure that the world needs it, to preserve the thousand and one scenes and incidents which comprise the background of life.

[83]

[84]

## INDEX

### SYMBOLS USED

- *—Illustrated
- A—Outdoor Work
- B—Mechanics, Indoors and Out
- C—Carpentry and Woodwork
- D—Home Decoration
- E—Electricity
- G—Gardening
- H—Housekeeping
- K—Outdoor Sports
- M—Working in Metals
- N—Needlecraft

[85]

INDEX

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

PAGE

- Accounts
  - balancing, H 90–91, 99
  - charge accounts, H 98
  - check book method, H 97
  - credits, recording, H 96
  - dairy accounts, A 242
  - debit and credit, H 90
  - department method of keeping, H 92–94
  - housekeeping, H 87–100
  - How to keep household accounts, by C. W. Haskins, recommended, H 99
  - personal expense account, specimen, H 92
  - poultry raising, A 168, 172
  - See also Allowances; Income
- Acorns, care of seed for planting, A 48
- Aeronautics. See Aeroplanes; Balloons; Flying machines; Kites
- Aeroplanes, B 158–185*, C 67–83*
  - balance problem, B 169
  - biplane
    - making toy model, C 68–74*
    - principle of construction, B 173–175*
  - Bleriot monoplane, B 171–173*
  - engines, types used, B 173
  - construction principles in general, B 170–171
  - controlling direction of, B 168–169
  - gyroscope principle applied, B 169
  - making models, B 180–184*, C 67–83*
  - management not difficult, B 177
  - Maxim's aero-curve, B 166–167*
  - monoplane
    - making a model, B 180–184, C 75–83*
    - principle of construction, B 171–173*, 175–177
  - motive power for toy model, B 182–183, C 72, 81–83
  - planes
    - aspect ratio, B 167, 170
    - shape of, B 164–168
  - propeller blades
    - making for a model, B 182, C 70–72*
    - position on machine, B 169–170
  - Santos Dumont monoplane, B 175–177*
  - testing a model, B 183
  - triplane, B 180
  - [86]Voisin biplane, B 173–175*
  - why aeroplanes fly, B 163–168, 195–197
  - wind velocity table, B 198
  - wireless telegraph control a possibility, B 169
  - See also Balloons; Flying machines; Kites
- Ageratum, planting, G 84
  - sowing and blossoming time, G 161
- Agricultural clubs
  - book about, A 519
  - organizing, A 452–454
- Agricultural pests. See Insect pests
- Agriculture.
  - See Dairying; Domestic Animals; Drainage; Fertilizers and Manures; Flower gardening; Forestry; Fruit gardening; Irrigation; Soils; Trees; Vegetable gardening; Vegetables
- Alaska sable, skunk skin, A 484
- Alcohol as a cleaning agent, H 124, 135, 359
- Airships. See Aeroplanes; Balloons
- Alarm clocks, electric, E 302
- Alfred, King
  - story of the burned cakes, H 16
- Algae. See Seaweed
- Alligator wrench, making, M 276
- Allowances
  - how to manage, H 80
- Alloys
  - definition of, M 208
- Almonds
  - food value, H 255
- Alternating currents. See Electric currents
- Althea (Rose of Sharon)
  - characteristics, G 356
- Aluminum
  - extraction from clay, E 263
  - utensils
    - advantages, H 202
    - care of, H 206
- Ammeter, E 25–34*
  - construction, E 25–29
  - how it measures electricity, E 29–30, 32–33
  - shunt, use of, E 32–33
- Ampere, Andre Marie
  - Ampere's rule, E 30–32
- Amusements. See Games; Sports
- Andirons
  - forging, M 363–370*
  - how to use, H 225
- Andrew, Saint
  - story of the loaves and fishes, H 32
- Anemometer
  - [87]making, C 162–165
- Anemone
  - Japanese, characteristics, G 333, 365
  - wood anemone, G 343
- Angora goat, A 109–110
  - book about, A 517
- Animals
  - feeding motherless animals, A 268
  - tamed versus domesticated, K 177
  - training, A 248–270
    - fear versus kindness, A 256–257
    - wild animals, A 259–263
  - See also Domestic animals; Pets; also names of animals, e. g., Birds, Newts, Toads, etc.
- Annealing
  - copper bowl, M 21
  - definition of, M 208
  - steel, M 307–309
  - tools for, M 11–12*
- Annuals (Plants)
  - blooming after frost, G 330
  - climbing, G 331
  - definition of, G 160
  - for cut flowers: table, G 329
  - for heavy soils: table, G 329
  - for rocky places: table, G 332
  - for sandy soils: table, G 328
  - for shady places: table, G 331
  - for sunny places: table, G 332
  - fragrant: table, G 330
  - self sowing, G 331
  - value of, G 316, 359
  - what to plant, G 322
- Annunciators, Electric, E 68–71*
- Antique furniture. See Furniture
- Ants
  - development from the egg, A 393–395
  - garden pest, G 283
  - habits, K 147
  - household pests, H 361
- Anvil
  - metal workers' tool, M 10*
- Apartment houses
  - heating by electricity, E 125
  - how to have a play house in, H 8
- Apiculture. See Bees
- Apple
  - distance to plant trees, G 258
  - food value, H 255
  - saving seeds from cider making, A 50
  - surplus used for cider vinegar, A 413
  - [88]wood for canes, A 59
- Applique
  - embroidery, N 198–202
  - honiton lace, N 237
  - leather, N 83, 85*
  - overlaid work, N 200
  - underlaid, N 201
- Apricots, dried
  - food value, H 255
- April
  - birds, K 175
  - blooming plants, G 364
- Aprons, making, N 26–30
  - bands and strings, N 28–30
  - gathering, N 26–28*
  - sewing apron and work bag combined, N 31–33*
- Aquarium
  - care of sick fish, K 166
  - cost of ready-made boxes and globes, K 163
  - feeding fish, K 166
  - making a water-tight box, K 160–162
  - stocking a self-sustaining aquarium, K 164–166
  - what to keep in, K 161
  - See also Gold fish
- Arago, Francois Jean
  - wave theory of light, E 345
- Arbor vitæ
  - characteristics, C 542
- Arbors. See Pergola
- Arbutus
  - gathering and conserving, A 93
- Arc lamp. See Electric lamp—Arc
- Archery
  - practice of, K 329–331
- Architecture
  - adapting the plan to the purpose, D 6, 13
  - American city versus country homes, D 365–367
  - bungalow, plan and elevation, C 465*
  - dining-room plan, D 9
  - floor plan, D 8*
  - hall plan, D 9
  - kitchen plan, D 10
  - Living-room plan, D 9
  - A model house, D 3–33
  - pantry plan, D 12
  - plan in relation to decorations and furnishings, D 12–13
  - principles of design, D 4–5, 13–16
  - wall areas, considering, D 12
  - See also Building; Carpentry; Cottages; Foundations; Pergola
- Archimedian screw, B 143–145*, 344*
- Armatures[89]
  - ammeter armature, E 29
  - dynamo armature, E 9, 11–13
- Arrowhead (Plant)
  - characteristics, G 366
- Art
  - copyrighting works of art, B 426
- Arthur, King
  - The King's Kitchen: story, H 20
- Artichoke
  - indoor planting time, G 233
- Arts and Crafts.
  - See Basket making; Bead work; Block printing; Brass work; Copper work; Embroidery; Lace making; Leather work; Metal work; Iron work; Silver work; Stenciling
- Arum (Plant)
  - characteristics, G 366
- Ash
  - characteristics, C 564
  - strength of wood, C 496
- Ash tray
  - copper work, M 85*
- Ashes
  - fertilizing value, A 433
- Asparagus
  - insect pests, G 287
- Aspidistra
  - indoor plant, G 196
- Assisi, Saint Francis of, H 25
- Association foot ball, K 331
- Aster
  - characteristics of New England aster, G 365
  - half hardy plant, G 317
  - sowing and blossoming time, G 161
  - starting, G 137
- Athletics
  - all around athletic championship, K 328–329
  - best college record, K 336
  - Olympic games, events, K 372
  - rowing record, K 383
  - training rules, K 11–12
  - value of, K 5–6
- Atlantic cable
  - laying, E 65–66
- Atmospheric pressure. See Barometer
- Attic playhouse, H 5
- Atwater, W. O.
  - Principles of nutrition; quotation, H 251
- Auger
  - bit, C 194*
  - screw principle, B 156
- August
  - [90]blooming plants, G 365
- Australian boomerang, B 232–234*
- Automobiles
  - gasolene consumed per mile, B 401
  - making frame for one and two cylinder motors, B 396–401*
  - making toy automobile, C 62–66*
- Aviation. See Aeroplanes
- Axe
  - selecting, K 96–97
- Azalea
  - indoor plant, G 197

B

- Babylon
  - proposed irrigation works, B 247
- Baby's breath (Plant)
  - characteristics, G 329, 365
- Bachelor's buttons. See Cornflower
- Backing enamel
  - definition, M 208
- Bacon
  - cuts, H 270
  - food value, H 250, 253
  - for basting meat, H 357
- Bacteria in soils, G 222
- Baden-Powell, Sir Robert
  - Organizer of the Boy scouts, K 20
- Badminton (Game), K 332
- Bags
  - braiding, N 295–296*
  - raffia hand bag, N 272–273*
  - stenciled, N 81*
- Bait
  - fish bait, K 130–136
  - See also Trapping
- Baked beans
  - food value, H 257
- Baking
  - cake, H 303
  - principles and process, H 283–284
  - thickness of food, H 276
- Baking powder
  - composition and use, H 301
  - how to retain strength of, E 267
- Ball
  - one old cat, K 375
  - See also Base ball; Basket ball; Call ball; Cricket; Foot ball; Hand ball; Hand polo; Hat ball; Hockey; Japanese fan ball; LaCrosse; Polo; Push ball; Racquets; Roley Boley; Skittles; Squash; Tennis; Tether ball; Volley ball
- Ball bearings
  - [91]principle of, B 28
- Balloon vine
  - characteristics, G 331
- Balloons
  - history, B 161–162
  - making paper balloons, B 369–373*
- Balsam
  - characteristics, G 332, C 539
  - gathering, A 65
  - sowing and blossoming time, G 161
- Baltimore belle, story of, N 74–76
- Baltimore oriole
  - as insect destroyer, A 457
- Bananas
  - food value, H 255
- Band saws. See Saws
- Bandy (Game), K 332
- Bantams
  - breeding and care, A 217–218
  - game bantams, A 217
- Bar, Horizontal
  - making a pull up bar, C 270*
- Bar pins
  - silver metal work, M 171–174*
- Barberry
  - characteristics, G 355
  - picking, A 16–17
  - jelly, receipt, A 17, 18
- Barometer
  - complex, how to make, B 258–261*
  - construction of, B 231–232*
  - inventors of, B 256
  - purpose of, B 261
  - simple, how to make, B 256–257
  - theory of, B 256
  - water barometer, how to make, B 257–258*
- Base ball, K 244–266*, 332–334
  - art of playing, K 262–263
  - balls, standard, K 262
  - base hit, K 333
  - bases, K 333
  - bats, K 262
  - batsmen
    - left-handed, K 259
    - qualifications, K 260
    - training, K 250
  - batting, K 260
  - captain's duties, K 249–250
  - catcher, K 254–255
  - diamond, K 333
    - [92]laying out, K 260–262*
  - doubtful balls, providing for, K 258
  - "fan", K 266
  - first baseman, K 255
  - gate receipts, K 264
  - ground rules, K 265
  - home run, K 333
  - innings, K 334
    - choice of, by contesting team, K 264
  - manager's duties, K 249
  - methods, old and modern, K 247–248
  - national game of America, K 244
  - nine, K 245, 332
  - opponent's methods, learning, K 259
  - outfielder, K 257–259
  - pitcher and pitching, K 246*, 247*, 251–254
  - positions, K 245, 333
  - scores, K 264, 333–334
  - second baseman, K 256
  - shoes, K 264
  - short-stop, K 256
  - signals, K 248
  - team, how to organize, K 249
  - third base, K 257
  - training rules, K 250
  - two-bagger, K 334
  - umpire, K 245
  - uniforms, K 263
  - visiting teams, expenses, K 264
  - what makes a game, K 264
- Basket ball rules, K 334
- Basket making
  - materials for, N 242–243
  - porcupine quills for, A 69
  - raffia work, N 250–252, 255–261*
  - rattan basketry, N 243–248*
  - reed flower baskets, G 61–64*
  - sweet grass baskets, A 64
- Bass
  - bait for, K 135
- Basse-taille
  - definition, M 208
- Basswood
  - characteristics, C 560
- Basting meat, H 283, 357
- Basting stitches, N 6*
- Bath tubs
  - cleaning, H 155
  - sanitation, H 217
- Bathroom
  - [93]care and cleaning, H 155–156
- Baths
  - electric shower baths in a summer camp, E 244–247
  - summer camp device, E 160–162
- Bats
  - usefulness of, K 149
- Batteries, Electric. See Electric batteries
- Bayberry
  - description of bush, A 19
  - dips, making, A 20–21
  - leaves for sachet, A 65
- Baywood
  - staining mahogany, C 489, D 230
- Bead work, N 278–294*
  - chains, N 279–285*
  - curtains, N 292
  - cushion covers, N 290–293
  - daisy chains, N 279–282*
  - loom, home-made, N 282–284*
  - portieres, N 290–293
  - purse, N 285–290*
  - stringing the beads, N 278
- Beam action, C 496
- Beams, wooden
  - strength of materials, B 45
- Bean bag
  - rules of game, K 336
- Beans
  - bush beans, varieties, G 297
  - experiments in growing, G 119–122
  - food value, H 250, 254, 255
  - insect pests, G 288
  - planting seeds
    - depth and distance, G 42
    - distance of drills apart, G 297
    - eye downward, G 117
    - quantity to plant, G 36
    - time to plant, G 234
  - pole beans
    - ornamental value, G 296
    - varieties, G 297
  - seeds
    - age for planting, G 34
    - germination per cent., G 33, 233
    - germination time, G 32
  - soil, G 119, 296
  - See also Lima beans; String beans
- Bearings
  - anti-friction, B 326*
- Beck-iron
  - definition of, M 208
  - [94]Bedbugs, H 363–364
- Bedell, Frederick
  - discovery that the same wire carries two currents, E 187
- Bedroom
  - atmosphere, H 158
  - care of
    - morning work, H 146–155
    - night preparation, H 154
    - personal responsibility, H 53
  - furnishings for a girl's room, H 54
  - furniture, designs for, D 57–58*
  - guest room, H 367
  - See also Beds; Closets
- Bedroom electric heater, E 126*
- Bedroom slippers. See Slippers
- Beds
  - bough beds, K 65*
  - camping outfits, K 64–66*
  - designs, D 60*, 373*
  - doll's bed of pasteboard, and fittings, H 11–12
  - making fittings for a doll's bed, N 50–56*
  - making up a bed, H 54, 149–155
  - Bed spread. See Counterpane
- Bee balm (Flower)
  - habits and characteristics, G 333, 347
- Bee-hive. See Bees
- Bee-keepers Association, value of, A 326
- Bee stings
  - prevention and cure, A 317–318
- Beech nuts
  - characteristics, A 37
  - gathering, A 38
- Beef
  - cuts and their uses, H 268–269
  - food value: table, H 252
- Beef tea
  - making, H 278
- Bees, A 287–336
  - books about, A 518
  - brood chamber, description, A 302*, 303
    - what goes on in, A 304–307
  - buying, hints about, A 294–297
  - cost of colony, A 288
  - development from the egg, A 393–395
  - diseases and enemies, A 322, 325
  - egg-laying, A 305
  - feeding, spring and fall, A 321
  - hives
    - arranging, A 292
    - drone and queen trap at entrance, A 316*
    - entrance to, A 303
    - [95]kinds, A 297, 300–304, 325
  - modern, A 301–304*
  - observation hive, A 325, K 169
  - old-fashioned, A 300
  - opening
    - how to open, and remove frames, A 315–318
    - reasons for, A 314
  - putting together, A 298
  - supers, A 302*
  - ventilation, A 294
  - where to place, A 290–291
  - hiving, A 313–314
  - honey
    - harvesting, A 316
    - making, A 322–323
    - plants which supply, A 322
    - supply for hives, A 319
    - uses of, A 326
  - honeycomb cells, A 315–316
  - how bees work, A 324–325
  - how to approach the hive, A 303
  - Italian, A 296
  - keeping
    - how to begin, A 287–290
    - supplies for first year, A 296–298
  - life, length of, A 306
  - locating the hives, A 290–291
  - marketing the honey, A 326–327
  - nucleus, meaning, A 296
  - observation hives, A 325, K 169*
  - products of the hives, A 322–325
  - profit in, A 299–300, 334–336
  - protecting from wind and sun, A 291–292
  - queen bee
    - clipping wings, A 316
    - locating, A 316
    - rearing, A 331–333
    - testing, A 304
  - runaway swarms, securing, A 288
  - shipping, A 294
  - smoking, A 314–315
  - success with bees: stories, A 328–336
  - swarm catcher, home-made, A 310–313*
  - swarming
    - reasons for, A 304
    - time and process, A 307–309
    - to prevent, A 315
  - varieties, A 295
  - wax making, A 323
  - wintering, A 319–321*
  - [96]worker bees, development of, A 305–306
- Beeswax for cleaning irons, H 317
- Beetles
  - development from the egg, A 393–395
  - extermination of pests, G 117, 285, 287, 292
  - mounting specimens, A 384*
- Beets
  - boiling, G 298
  - cooking preparation, H 293
  - food value, H 255
  - insect pests, G 288
  - planting seeds, G 298
    - depth and distance, G 42
    - quantity to plant, G 36
    - time to plant, G 234
  - seed
    - age for planting, G 34
    - germination time, G 32
  - soil preparation, G 298
  - transplanting, to avoid, G 122, 298
- Begonias
  - bedding plant, G 324
  - window box plant, G 193
- Bell, Alexander Graham
  - inventor of the telephone, E 274
- Bellflower
  - habits and characteristics, G 346
- Bellicent
  - mother of Gareth, H 21
- Bellows
  - blacksmith's, M 216*
  - metal worker's, M 12*
- Bells
  - brass work, M 145–147*
  - See also Electric bells
- Belt buckle
  - copper work, M 88–90*
  - designs for, M 195*
- Belt pin
  - copper work, D 350*
- Belts
  - knotted raffia, N 273–274
  - Irish crochet, N 335–337*
  - tooled leather, designs and process, D 324–328*
- Bench
  - double seat for summer house, C 422–424*
  - riverside, B 158
  - selection of wood for, C 409
  - stationary outdoor bench, C 408–409
  - See also Settees
- Bench hook
  - [97]making, C 139–142
- Bench stop, C 139
- Bench work. See Carpentry; Whittling
- Berries
  - food value, H 255
  - picking, A 8–20
  - seasons, A 8
  - washing, H 295
  - See also names of berries, e. g., Raspberry; Strawberry; Thimbleberry; etc.
- Bessemer steel. See Steel
- Bethsaida
  - Story of the loaves and fishes, H 32
- Bezel setting, M 152–157*, 163*, 176
- Bicycle
  - sprocket wheel, B 327*
- Biennials
  - definition, G 160
  - what and how to plant, G 322
- Binding edges and seams, N 51*
- Biplane
  - construction, B 173–175*
  - making a toy model, C 68–74*
- Birch
  - aspen leaved, C 558
  - bark, removing, A 66–67
    - uses, A 67
  - black or sweet birch, C 557
  - blue or hornbeam, C 559
  - gray, C 558
  - kinds and characteristics, C 556–559
  - red, C 557
  - staining mahogany color, D 230
  - white, canoe, or paper birch, C 557
  - yellow, C 557
- Birds
  - April birds, K 175
  - attracting the birds, A 454–459*
  - bath, making, C 219*
  - books about, A 519
  - crows as pets, K 176
  - eggs and nests, collecting, A 460
  - enemies, A 460–461, K 174
  - flight, theory of, B 195–197
  - game preserve, creating, A 464–465
  - houses
    - building, C 213–220*, K 174–175
    - location, C 213
    - suiting the birds, C 219
    - supports for, C 218
  - March birds, K 175
  - [98]May birds, K 176
  - migration, K 175
  - nesting time, K 176
  - non-migrating, K 176
  - protecting fruit from, A 461
  - protection and care of, A 458–459
  - song birds, attracting, A 454–457
    - unlawful to cage, K 173
  - that stay all winter, K 175
  - traffic in skins, A 459–460
  - training, A 263–265
  - value as garden pest destroyers, G 280, A 455–457
- Bit and brace. See Carpentry and Woodwork—Tools
- Bites of insects
  - treatment of, H 364
- Bittersweet, A 56
- Black bass
  - bait for, K 134
- Blacksmithing, M 215–357
  - equipment, M 215
  - fuel, M 229
  - fullering, meaning, M 225
  - iron used, M 230–232
  - tools, M 222, 224–226*, 228, 229
  - See also Forge; Forging; Horseshoeing; Iron work; Tempering; Steel; Welding
- Blankets
  - campers' outfit, K 66
  - making for doll-bed, N 54*
  - washing woollens, H 324, 328
- Bleeding heart
  - characteristics, G 335, 365
- Blood root
  - habits and characteristics, G 343
- Blindman's buff (Game), K 337
- Block and tackle. See Pulleys
- Block printing on fabrics
  - designs and process, D 99–106*
  - laundering articles, D 107
  - materials used for, 107
- Blood stains
  - removing, H 360
- Blotting pads
  - leather, design and making, D 335–338*
  - metal corners, making, M 122–124*
  - making and carving hand blotter, C 125–127*
- Blow pipe
  - metal workers' tools, M 12*
- Blowing engines
  - diagonal catch and hand gear, B 315
- [99]Blue flag. See Iris
- Blue printing
  - leaves and flowers, A 360–361
- Bluebell
  - characteristics, G 364
- Blueberries
  - burning over land, A 13, C 514
  - canning factories, A 12
  - picking, A 13
  - varieties, A 13
  - where found, A 11, C 514
- Bluebird
  - insect destroyer, A 456
  - migration, K 175
- Bluets, G 341
- Bluing clothes, H 18, 320
- Boards. See Lumber
- Boat building, B 84–109*
  - carvel ribbon built boat, B 89
  - centre line of shaft, B 90
  - decks, B 91
  - dimensions of the Mocking Bird, B 68*
  - displacement, B 89
  - exhaust pipe
    - fitting up, B 97–98
    - pet-cock, B 99
    - under water, B 98–99
  - expansion chamber, B 98
  - floor boards, B 91
  - keel
    - block for, B 76
    - laying and setting up, B 85–87*
  - keelson, B 86*
  - knees, B 91
  - "knock down" system, B 66, 68
  - launching the boat, B 134, 136–138
  - laying off the profile, B 90
  - lettering the name, B 131–132
  - materials and dimensions, B 90–93*
  - motor
    - dimensions, B 95
    - installing, B 93–95*
  - motor bed, fitting, B 91, 97
  - offsets, table of, B 92
  - patterns, buying, B 62
  - plan and section of the Mocking Bird, B 66–68*
  - propeller shaft, installing, B 93
  - section of launch, B 89*
  - sections, spacing of, B 91–92
  - sheathing, B 89*
  - skeleton, fitting posts together, B 88*
  - [100]steering gear, B 346*
  - stem, B 86*, 90
  - thwarts, B 91
  - unloading materials, B 84–85
  - varnishing the boat, B 112
  - See also Screw propeller
- Boat house building, B 36–64*
  - covering the frame, B 40
  - doors and windows, B 37
  - foundation, B 36*
  - frame, end and side, B 37–40*
  - pier, constructing, B 19, 76
  - roof, B 40–42
  - slides or ways, B 44–45
- Boats
  - fishing boats, fitting and cost, K 140
  - See also Boat building; Canoes and Canoeing; Launch; Screw Propeller
- Bob sled, K 223*
- Bob white
  - migration, K 176
  - planting seed birds, A 464
- Bo-bo and the roast pig, H 18
- Bobolink
  - migration, K 176
- Bog plants, G 366
- Bohnenberger's machine, B 334*
- Boiling
  - meats and fish, H 278
  - principle and process, H 277
  - seasoning, H 279
  - vegetables, H 279
- Boiling point of liquids, H 277
- Bolsters, H 152
- Bolts
  - forging, M 240–244*
- Book case
  - designs, D 53*, 151*, 177*, C 351*
  - "knock down" design and construction, D 150–156*
  - mission style, C 352
  - staining the wood, D 236, 237
  - with adjustable shelf, design and construction, C 350–353*
  - with glazed doors, design and construction, D 176–180*
  - See also Book rack
- Book cover
  - limp leather design and making, D 342–345*
- Book mark
  - copper work, M 128*
- Book rack
  - copper work, M 121*, D 351*
  - [101]folding, designing and making, C 247–249*
  - wall rack, designing and making, C 347–350*, D 156–161*
- Book shelves. See Book case; Book rack
- Book supports
  - copper work, M 121*, D 351*
- Books
  - care of, H 349
- Boomerang, Australian
  - making, B 232–234*
- Boone, Daniel
  - wilderness traveler, K 51
- Bootees
  - knitted, N 363–366*
- Bordeaux mixture
  - receipt, G 121, 294
  - uses, G 282, 288, 291
- Boring. See Drilling and Boring
- Bossing up, M 208, 419
- Botany
  - collecting native plants in California, A 96–98
  - See also Flower gardening; Flowers
- Bottles
  - killing bottle for insects, A 378–380*, K 151*, 154
  - washing, H 183
- Boulder up (Game), K 345
- Boulders
  - moving on rollers, B 18–19*
  - raising, B 15–17*
- Bow and arrow, K 329
- Bowling
  - lawn bowling, K 366
- Bowls. See Brass work; Copper work; Metal work; Pottery
- Box elder
  - characteristics, C 548
- Box furniture, C 475–478*
- Box kite. See Kites
- Box making
  - design to resemble books, C 397*
  - dovetail joints, C 315–318*
  - drawing instrument box, C 240*
  - hinging a lid, C 239
  - knife and fork box, C 223–226*
  - nail box, C 206–209*
  - pencil box, making and carving, C 106–108*
  - proportions, C 235
  - seat and chest combined, C 476*
  - simple box, C 40*
  - toilet boxes, C 315–318*, 235–241*
  - [102] See also Copper work; Inlaying; Metal work; Wood carving
- Boy Scouts of America, K 19–49*
  - activities, K 43
  - ambulance badge, qualifications for, K 27
  - aviator badge, qualifications for, K 28
  - badges, K 27–36
  - bee-keeper's badge, qualifications for, K 28
  - blacksmith's badge, qualifications for, K 28
  - bugler's badge, qualifications for, K 28
  - campaigning, K 43
  - camps, routine and model programme, K 46–49
  - carpenter's badge, qualifications for, K 29
  - clerk's badge, qualifications for, K 29
  - cook's badge, qualifications for, K 29
  - cyclist's badge, qualifications for, K 29
  - dairyman's badge, qualifications for, K 30
  - electrician's badge, qualifications for, K 30
  - engineer's badge, qualifications for, K 30
  - farmer's badge, qualifications for, K 30
  - finances, K 41
  - fireman's badge, qualifications for, K 31
  - first aid to animals' badge, qualifications for, K 31
  - first-class tests, K 24–25
  - founder of society, K 20
  - gardener's badge, qualifications for, K 31
  - handy man's badge, qualifications for, K 31
  - headquarters, K 19
  - horseman's badge, qualifications for, K 32
  - interpreter's badge, qualifications for, K 32
  - laws, K 25–27
  - leather workers' badge, qualifications for, K 33
  - life saver's badge, qualifications for, K 38
  - marksman's badge, qualifications for, K 33
  - master-at-arms badge, qualifications for, K 33
  - membership requirements, K 22–25
  - missioner's badge, qualifications for, K 33
  - musician's badge, qualifications for, K 33
  - oath, K 22
  - official hand book, how to obtain, K 49
  - origin, K 20
  - pathfinder's badge, qualifications for, K 34
  - patrols, forming, K 27, 38–39
  - photographer's badge, qualifications for, K 35
  - pioneer's badge, qualifications for, K 35
  - piper's badge, qualifications for, K 35
  - plumber's badge, qualifications for, K 35
  - poultry farmer's badge, qualifications for, K 36
  - principles of good scouting, K 39
  - printer's badge, qualifications for, K 36
  - purpose, K 20
  - salute and secret sign, K 22
  - [103]scout craft, K 21, 43
  - scout master, qualifications and duties, K 26, 42–43
  - second-class tests, K 23
  - sign posts for scout master, K 43–46
  - signaler's badge, qualifications for, K 36
  - seaman's badge, qualifications for, K 36
  - stalker's badge, qualifications for, K 37
  - starman's badge, qualifications for, K 37
  - surveyor's badge, qualifications for, K 38
  - swimmer's badge, qualifications for, K 38
  - tenderfoot, class requirements, K 22
  - troop, organization, K 26–27, 40–41
- Boys' clubs. See Clubs
- Brace and bit. See Carpentry and Woodwork—Tools
- Bracelets
  - silver work, M 174–177*
- Bracket
  - brass work, M 146–147*
  - iron work, M 393–395*
  - wood
    - corner bracket, C 246*
    - designs, C 242–244*
    - making, C 245
- Braiding
  - coronation braid
    - daisy pattern, N 109–111*
    - what it is and how to sew it on, N 108–109*
  - fastening the ends of the braid, N 107
  - flat braid, how to sew it on, N 108
  - rugs and mats, N 296
  - soutache braid, N 107
  - stamping the design, N 107
  - weaving
    - four strands, N 295*
    - how to begin, N 295–296*
    - joining a new strand, N 296, 298*, 301
    - on frame, N 296–301*
    - six strands, N 296*
- Braising, H 280
- Brass
  - cleaning, H 135, M 140
  - coloring blue black, M 205
  - coloring green, C 379
  - composition and characteristics of, M 133
  - tarnish, to prevent, M 140
- Brass work, M 133–147*
  - bell and bracket, M 145–147*
  - bracket, M 146–147*
  - crumb tray and scraper, M 135–136*
  - finger bowl, M 133–135*
  - [104]handles to vase, making, M 143
  - soldering a vase, M 144
  - tea caddy, M 136–140*
  - vase, M 140–145*
    - weighting a vase, M 143
  - See also Copper work; Metal work
- Brazilian point lace, N 238*
- Brazing metals, M 310–315
  - preparation of parts and process, M 311–314
  - value, M 314
- Bread
  - baking, H 283
  - brown bread, food value, H 257
  - camp cooking, K 87–88
  - curled bread for camping, E 303
  - food value, H 250, 254, 300
  - freshening dry bread, H 354
  - ingredients, purpose of, H 298–299
  - kneading, H 299
  - mixing, H 299
  - raising, H 300
  - setting, H 299
  - unleavened, H 300
  - yeast for, H 296–297
- Bread board
  - making, C 222–223*
- Breakfast food
  - food value, H 254
  - left overs, H 355
- Breeding
  - purpose and standards, K 177
  - skill in breeding Dutch belted varieties, K 184
  - See also Domestic animals; also names of animals, e. g., Horse; Poultry; Swine etc.
- Bridges
  - building a foot bridge, B 70–73*
- Brier stitch. See Feather-stitching
- Broilers. See Electric broilers; Poultry raising
- Broiling
  - process and utensils, H 275–276
- Brooches
  - silver work, M 171–174*
- Brooders
  - making, K 199
- Brook trout
  - bait, K 136
  - reclaiming a trout stream, A 271–273
- Broth. See Soups
- Brother Juniper's cooking: story, H 25
- Brown bread
  - [105]combinations for food values, H 257
- Brushes
  - paint brushes, H 342
  - stenciling brushes, N 79–80*
  - See also Commutators (Electricity)
- Brussels sprouts
  - soil and planting, G 299–300
- Brussels stitch, N 229–231*
- Buckeye tree
  - characteristics, C 565
- Buckles
  - belt buckles, making, M 88–90*, 195*
  - turn buckles, forging, M 324, 330–334*
- Buckthorn for hedges, G 357
- Buckwheat
  - cakes and sausage, food value, H 258
  - food value, H 254
- Budding plants, G 250–253
- Buffet
  - design, D 56*
- Building
  - base boards, C 475
  - batter boards, posts and sills
    - setting, D 25
  - cheap finishings, C 475
  - chimneys, style of, C 472
  - construction
    - boat house details, B 36–42*
    - house details, D 25–32*
  - cornice detail, D 29*
  - flashing chimneys, C 472
  - interior finish details, D 31*
  - joists, placing, B 39
  - model house, D 3–33
  - rollers for moving heavy weights, B 44
  - sills, setting, D 26–28*
  - walls, finishing, C 472
  - woods and their uses, C 536
  - working drawings for, D 21–23
  - See also Architecture; Bird houses; Boat building; Boat house; Carpentry; Columns; Doors; Floors; Foundations; House framing; Joints; Pergola; Poultry house; Summer house; Strength of materials; Windows; Wood
- Buildings
  - wrecking, B 12–13, 43
- Bulbs (Metal)
  - forging iron bulbs, M 385–388*
- Bulbs (Plant), G 165–179
  - California bulbs, collecting and cultivating, A 94–99
  - bedding plants, G 171, 324
  - blue flowers, list, G 178
  - [106]colors, list, G 177–179
  - drying and storing, G 176
  - easiest to grow, G 166
  - flat for, making, G 61*
  - forcing varieties, G 171
  - insect pests, G 293
  - outdoor planting, soil preparations, G 170
  - planting, hints, G 171
  - planting in lawns, G 360, A 169, 434
  - potting for winter, soil and drainage, G 171
  - red flowers, list, G 179
  - resting time, G 173
  - to prevent plants from blossoming low down, G 175
  - transferring to light and heat, G 174, 175
  - water bulbs, G 168
    - care and development, G 175
  - when to buy, G 167
  - white flowers, list, G 177
  - winter care of, G 139
  - yellow flowers, list, G 178
  - See also Canna; Chinese lilies; Crocus; Hyacinths; Narcissus; Tulips
- Bulgarian drawn work, N 222–226*
- Bull in the ring (Game), K 337
- Bungalow
  - plan and elevation, C 465*
- Bunsen burner, M 11*
- Burdock
  - class and seed time, G 278
  - destroying, A 471
  - distribution of seed, G 273
- Bureau drawers
  - arrangement and care of contents, H 53–54
  - doll's playhouse in, H 9
- Burgees, B 108
- Bur-marigold (Beggarticks)
  - class and seed time, G 278
- Burned wood. See Pyrography
- Burns
  - care of, H 364
- Burroughs, John
  - love for birds, A 263
- Butcher knife. See Knives
- Butt joints, C 251*
- Butter
  - food value, H 250, 254
  - how to judge butter, H 271
- Butterflies
  - breeding, A 398–400
  - classifying a collection, A 386
  - [107]collecting, A 381–384*, K 151–153
    - series to illustrate development, A 395–397
    - time for, A 388
  - development from the egg, A 393–395
  - killing bottle and how to use it, A 378–380, K 151*, 154
  - mounting a collection, A 381–386*, K 153*
  - net for catching, K 151*
- Butterfly weed
  - habits and characteristics, G 348, 365
- Buttermilk
  - cleansing properties, H 356
- Butternut tree
  - characteristics, A 36, C 564
- Buttonball tree
  - characteristics, C 562, G 79
- Buttonholes, N 58–62*
  - cutting, N 62
  - loops, making, N 62*
  - stitch, N 58*
  - tailor-made, N 59*
  - thread for, N 58, 62
- Buttonholing
  - blanket stitch, N 142*
  - finishing edge, N 130, 133
  - Hedebo embroidery, N 202–206*
  - honeycomb stitch, N 144*
  - knotting thread, to avoid, N 131
  - Mount Mellick, N 143
  - padding, N 130–131
  - Roman cut-work, N 138–142*
    - American stitch, N 139*
    - European stitch, N 139–140*
  - scalloping, N 132*
    - cutting out, N 133
  - triangular buttonholing, N 143*
  - See also Wallachian embroidery
- Buttons
  - sewing on, N 4–6*
- Buttonwood
  - characteristics, C 562
- Buying. See Marketing

C

- Cabbage
  - bleaching heads, G 126
  - cooking preparations, H 293
  - family, G 299
  - food value, H 255
  - growing, G 123–128
  - harvesting, G 126
  - indoor planting, G 233
  - [108]insect pests, G 125, 288
  - planting seed
    - depth and distance to plant, G 42
    - early and late crops, G 124
    - quantity to plant, G 36
    - time to plant, G 234
  - savoy variety for poor soil, G 301
  - seed germination
    - per cent., G 233
    - time required, G 32
  - soil requirements, G 19, 301
  - storing, G 127
- Cabinet
  - with drawers, making, C 209–212*
  - with shelves and glass doors, making, D 176–179*
  - See also Filing cabinet; Medicine cabinet; Tool cabinet
- Cabinet work. See Carpentry and Woodwork
- Cables, submarine
  - laying the Atlantic cable, E 65–66
  - number in operation, E 66
  - rates, E 67
- Cactus
  - use of pitch, A 64
- Cahill, Dr.
  - inventor of Telharmonium, E 293–295
- Cake
  - baking, H 303
  - freshening dry cake, H 351
  - making, H 301–303
  - substituting lard for butter, H 355
- Calcimine
  - cleaning walls, H 122
- Calendar back
  - whittling, C 18*
- Calendula
  - sowing and blossoming time, G 161
- Calf
  - beef versus dairy feeding, A 121
  - diseases, A 120
  - fattening, A 121
  - feeding, A 119–122
  - raising, A 118–126
  - teaching to drink, A 119
  - training to lead, A 121, 258
  - watering, A 122
- Calfskin
  - for leather work, N 84
- California bulbs
  - collecting and growing, A 94–99
- California poppies
  - [109]sowing and blossoming time, G 161
- Calipers
  - blacksmiths' tools, M 225
- Call ball, K 338
- Caloric theory of heat, E 342
- Calves. See Calf
- Cambium, A 441
- Camelot, H 20, 22
- Cameras
  - kinds and cost, K 303–304
  - lenses, K 307
- Camp stool
  - making, C 406–408*
- Camphor for packing, H 347, 349
- Camping
  - beds, K 64–66*
  - blankets, K 66
  - bough bed, K 65*
- Boy Scouts' camp, K 46–49
  - brush leanto, K 69*
  - clothing, K 71–74
  - cooking, K 75–92*
    - bread, K 87–88
    - coffee, K 87
    - fish, K 89, 90
    - frying, K 91
    - game, K 89, 90
    - Indian meal, K 88
    - johnny cake, K 88
    - left overs, K 89
    - meat, time, K 90
    - rice, K 90
    - rules, K 86–92
    - utensils, K 82–83
    - vegetables, K 89, 90
  - drainage problem, K 57
  - electric lights, installation and cost, E 162–169
  - fireplaces, building, K 78–79
  - fires
    - for cooking, K 77–82*
    - gypsy rig, K 79
    - hunter's fire, K 78–79
    - lighting in the rain, K 68
    - making, K 67–69
    - that will burn all night, K 68, 78*
  - firewood, providing for, K 55–56
  - fitting up an old mill, E 160–161
  - food, care of, K 85–86
  - girl's work in, K 323–324
  - hints for comfort, K 71–74
  - locality, choosing, K 53–54
  - [110]mosquitoes, protection from, K 70
  - outfit, K 58–74*
  - ovens, K 80–82*
  - principles of, K 50–54
  - selecting a leader, K 53
  - shower bath device, E 161*
  - site, selecting, K 54–58
  - sleeping bag and head shelter, K 52*
  - tents, K 58–60*
    - pegs, securing, K 60
    - pitching, K 61–64*
    - sod cloth, K 61
  - water supply device, K 54–55*
- Canadian pine, C 536
- Candleberry, A 18–19
- Candles
  - bayberry dips, A 20–21
  - shades, making from cardboard and paper, D 358*
- Candlestick
  - copper work, M 47–56*
  - pottery, designing, D 313–315*
  - spiral, iron work, M 388–391*
  - wrought iron, making, M 380–383*
- Candytuft
  - annual, G 322
  - characteristics, G 330, 332
  - sowing and blossoming time, G 161
- Cane rush, K 338
- Canes
  - woods used for, A 59–60
- Canna
  - bedding plants, G 324
  - planting bulbs, G 139, 159
  - planting seeds, G 159
- Canning and preserving
  - elderberries, A 16
- Canoe tilting (Game), K 339
- Canoeing, K 240–243*
  - accidents, avoiding, K 242
  - girl's sports, K 321
  - Indian model canoe, K 240*
  - paddling, K 242–243
  - sailing canoes, K 241–243*
- Canterbury bell
  - biennial, G 322
- Capstan, B 79, 347*
- Car springs, B 264–265*
- Carafe
  - washing, H 183
- Carbohydrates
  - [111]effect of boiling processes, H 277
  - food composition, H 248
  - in vegetables, H 250
  - proportion in diet, H 249, 252
- Carbon bisulphide
  - insecticide, G 283, 289
- Carbon filaments. See Electric lamps—Incandescent
- Carbonic acid
  - as leaf food, G 242–243
- Carbureter, B 95*
- Card, Leslie E.
  - How I started with hens, A 168–172
- Card case
  - making and embroidering, N 183–186*
  - tooled leather, design and making, D 338–340*
- Card tray
  - copper work, D 355–358*
- Carpentry and Woodwork
  - beveling, C 147*
    - gage device for, C 260
  - bill of material, value in making, C 189*, 206
  - board feet, estimating, C 503
  - construction, C 250–257
  - curved rails, making, D 183
  - curves, cutting with gouge, C 258–260*
  - cutting up old lumber, B 75–76
  - doweling, D 134
  - dressing down lumber, C 144–147, 186–190
  - estimating lumber, C 498–509
  - gaining-in shelves, D 153*
  - glued-up work, joining, D 134–136*
  - gluing
    - joints, D 140–142*, 144–146
    - mitre joints, C 232–234*
    - process, C 225
  - gouge work, C 258–265*
  - grooves
    - chiseling, C 207–208, 211
    - cutting, C 110–111*
    - gouging, C 258–260*
  - joint edge, meaning, C 186
  - joints. See Joints in main alphabet
  - mathematics of woodwork, C 498–509*
  - mortise, cutting, D 154
  - nails
    - holding power, B 46–47
    - sinking, C 208*
  - outdoor carpentry, C 457–480*
  - panels
    - for desk, D 184–187*
    - [112]for door, C 354–355, 528–530
    - original purpose of, C 528–530*
  - planing, C 146, D 133–134, 136
    - position for planing, C 178
    - surface planing and taking out wind, C 179
    - use of shooting board, C 106*
  - rabbeting, C 210–211
  - sand papering, D 187
  - shop equipment, C 133–149*
    - grindstone, C 181–184*
    - lumber rack, C 150–154*
    - nail box and cabinet, C 206–212*
    - tool box, making, C 226–227*
    - tool chest and cabinet, making, C 339–346
    - work bench, types, C 134–138*
  - spokeshave work, examples, C 126*, 266*, 271*
  - squaring up stock, C 144–147, 185–190*
  - stock, selection and preparation, D 130–133*
  - systematic plan in working, D 138–139
  - testing grain of the wood for strength, C 245
  - truing up, C 148–149, D 136–138*
  - undercutting, C 263–264*
  - warping, to prevent, D 135*
  - working face of lumber, C 186
  - See also Building; Doors; Floors; House framing; Joints; Lumber; Polishing; Rustic furniture; Stains and staining; Strength of materials; Whittling; Windows; Wood; Wood finishing
- Carpentry and Woodwork—Problems
  - box furniture, C 475–478*
  - brackets, C 242–246*
  - bread board, C 222*
  - camp stool, C 406–408*
  - chest and box seat combination, C 476*
  - checkerboard, C 332–338*
  - clock cases, C 276–290*
  - coat hanger, C 266*
  - couch hammock, C 478–480*
  - drawers, making, C 206–210*, 359*
  - drawing board, C 24*, 381
  - foot stools, C 291–300*
    - mission style, C 374–375*
  - handles for hatchet and hammer, C 271*
  - hinges, setting, C 239
  - household utensils, C 221–226, 272–273*
  - knife and fork box, C 223–226*
  - ladle, C 272*
  - linen chest, C 377–380*
  - magazine rack, D 52*, 165–170*
  - mechanical drawing outfit, C 381–398*
  - medicine cabinet, C 354–360*
  - [113]mitre box, C 228–231*
  - Morris chair, D 50*, 188–193
  - nail boxes, C 206–212*
  - pen and ink trays, C 258–264*
  - pin tray, C 264*
  - rustic furniture, D 209–211*
  - sugar scoop, C 272*
  - toilet boxes, C 315–318*, 235–241*
  - tool cases and chest, C 226–227*, 339–344
  - tool rack, C 341*
  - towel rack, C 274*
  - towel roller, C 267–269*
  - umbrella stand, D 161–165
    - mission design, C 375*
  - See also Bird house; Book case; Book rack; Box making; Building; Chairs; Desk; Doors; Floors; House framing; Inlaying, wood; Joints; Mechanical drawing; Mission furniture; Pergola; Picture frames and framing; Plant stands; Poultry house; Settees; Stains and staining; Tables; Tabourette; Toy making; Whittling; Windows; Wood; Wood carving; Wood finishing
- Carpentry and Woodwork—Tools
  - auger bit, C 194*
  - bench hook, C 139–142*
  - bench stop, C 139
  - bit and brace
    - "chuck", C 193
    - extension bit, C 195*
    - ratchet attachment for corners, C 196
    - types, C 193–197*
  - boring tools, C 193–198*
  - braces, making, C 148
  - cases and cabinets, making, C 226–227*, 339–346*
  - centre bit, C 193*
  - chisels, socket and tang, C 207*
  - clamps, devices for, C 201*
  - coping saw, C 20*
  - cutting tools, construction and action, C 169
  - dowel bit, C 194
  - draw knife, C 216*
  - drill bits, C 196
  - drills, C 193–198*
  - dulling edges on old lumber, B 75–76
  - files, kind and uses, C 204
  - Forstner bit, C 196*
  - gimlet bit, C 194*, 196
  - gouge, C 258–260*
  - hammers, C 203*
  - hand screw, C 200–201*
    - using, C 224–226*
  - mallet, C 200*
  - [114]mitre box, C 228–231*
  - nail set, C 208*
  - oil stone, C 183*
  - planes, C 176–184*
  - pliers, C 199*
  - quality, C 133
  - rack, C 341*
  - rules, C 205
  - saw horse, making, C 143–149*
  - saws, C 169–175*
  - screw driver, C 199*
  - screw driver bit, C 195
  - sharpening, C 179–184*
  - shooting board
    - how to make, C 189*
    - how to use, C 106*
  - spirit level, C 205*
  - spokeshave, C 126
  - square, steel, C 205*, M 5*
  - surface plate, D 136
  - template, C 264*
  - vise, quick action, C 138*
  - winding sticks, D 137*
- Carpets
  - cleaning, H 128
  - storing, H 348
  - See also Rugs
- Carriages
  - cleaning, A 408
- Carrier pigeons, K 180
- Carrot
  - planting seed
    - quantity to plant, G 36
    - time to plant, G 234
  - seed
    - age for planting, G 34
    - germination period, G 32, 233
  - soil for, G 301
  - thinning plants, G 301
  - varieties, G 301
  - wild carrot, G 273, 278
- Carving
  - shelf fungi, A 62
  - See also Wood carving
- Case hardening, M 308–310
- Cast-iron
  - brazing, M 312
- Castors, Acme pin, D 193
- Cat
  - characteristics, K 170–173
- [115]Cat (Game), K 339
- Cat-stitch
  - embroidery stitch, N 102*
- Cat-tail
  - characteristics, G 366
- Catalpa
  - characteristics, G 367
  - ornamental value, G 353
- Catbird
  - insect destroyer, A 456
  - migration, K 175
- Caterpillars
  - collecting specimens, A 395
  - garden pests, G 282, 285, 287, 290
- Cauliflower
  - cooking, preparation for, H 293
  - growing, G 299
  - insect pests, G 289
  - seed, germination per cent., G 233
  - time to plant, G 234
- Cavies
  - care of pets, K 183–184
  - raising for pets, A 206
  - varieties, K 183
- Cedar
  - red
    - characteristics, C 541
    - durability, C 494
  - white, characteristics, C 541
- Cedar bird
  - migration, K 175
- Cedar chest
  - making, C 377–380*
- Ceiling
  - as reflector, H 121
  - care of, H 121
  - decorations to correct defects of height, D 38
- Celery
  - blanching, G 132
  - fertilizer for, G 131
  - food value, H 255
  - insect pests, G 287, 290
  - planting plants, G 131–132
  - planting seeds, G 302
    - indoor planting time, G 233
  - seed
    - age for planting, G 34
    - germination per cent., G 233
    - germination period, G 32
  - soil for, G 131, 301
  - substitutes for, in salad, H 358
  - [116]transplanting, G 302
  - trenches for, G 131
- Cellar, H 208–213
  - care of, H 212
  - cleaning walls, H 210
  - materials for floor and wall, H 208, 210
  - must, preventing, H 212
  - racks for barrels and pans, H 213
  - rooms and equipment, H 210–211
  - ventilation, H 208
  - windows, H 208
- Cells. See Electric batteries
- Cellular kites, making, C 91–92*
- Cement
  - cellar walls, H 208
  - coloring for pottery, D 208
  - columns, building, C 438–440
  - dams, B 246–247
  - engraver's receipt, M 205
  - floors, making, A 137
  - foundations
    - boat house, B 36
    - house, C 459
    - pergola, C 426–433
  - lining pond, G 135–136
  - mixing for floors and walks, A 137, B 20, 32, C 432, G 135
  - Portland, origin and uses, B 246–248
  - retaining walls, riverside, B 238–245
- Cement blocks
  - making, B 242–245
- Cement furniture, D 201–209*
  - color for inlaid designs, D 208
  - decoration, D 207*
  - finishing coat, D 206
  - scratch coat, making and laying, D 204
  - wire forms for, making, D 202–203
- Cement walks
  - floating operation, B 33
  - jointing, B 34
  - laying out, B 9–12
  - leveling, B 30*
  - materials, B 19–20, 32
  - roots, danger from, B 15
  - sides, making, B 30*
  - tampers for, B 31
  - trench digging and filling, B 14, 29–30, 32
- Centigrade scale, B 262
- Centre punch. See Punch
- Chafing dish, electric, E 113*
- Chain-stitch
  - [117]crocheting, N 308*
  - embroidery, N 99–100*
- Chains
  - welding iron chains, M 250–253*
  - adding links, M 253
  - See also Bead work; Necklace
- Chairs
  - box furniture making, C 406–408
  - dining-room, design, D 54*
  - Duxbury design, D 59
  - hall chair, design, D 48*
  - kitchen furniture, H 196
  - Morris chair
    - designs, D 50*, 189*
    - making, D 188–193*
  - See also Bench making; Settees
- Chalk
  - French chalk, H 332, 360
  - lime composition, G 216
- Chamber work, H 146–159
- Chamois gloves
  - washing, H 331
- Chamois skin
  - for leather work, N 84
- Champleve
  - definition, M 208
  - enameling, M 202
- Chanterelles, mushrooms, A 89
- Character
  - influence of occupations on, A 6
- Charcoal
  - how made, M 230
  - purifying qualities, H 242, 354
- Charge accounts. See Accounts
- Chasing metals
  - definition of, M 209
- Chassis. See Automobiles
- Checkerboard
  - designing and making, C 333–338*
  - table, making, C 337*
  - woods to use, C 332–333
- Cheese
  - food value, H 254
- Chemical elements
  - of food, H 248
  - of the human body, H 247
- Cherry tree
  - characteristics of the wild or black variety, C 561
  - seeds, care of, A 48
  - [118]wood for canes, A 59
- Chest
  - making a box seat combination, C 476*
  - making a linen chest, C 377–380*
  - See also Tool boxes and chests
- Chesterton, G. R.
  - keeping good health: quotation, H 244
- Chestnut
  - characteristics of tree, C 562
  - chinquapins, characteristics, A 32–33
  - cultivating, A 31
  - disease, A 30
  - durability of the wood, C 494
  - food value, H 255
  - grafting trees, A 31
  - Japanese, hardy variety, A 30
  - varieties, A 30
  - weevil, pest, A 33
  - wood finish
    - antique, C 489
    - fuming, D 233
- Chicken house. See Poultry houses
- Chickens. See Poultry
- Chickweed
  - class and seed time, G 278
- Chimney, house
  - cold, meaning of, H 224
  - fire, extinguishing, H 234
  - "flashing", C 472
  - See also Flues
- China aster
  - characteristics, G 329
- Chinese lilies
  - water bulbs, G 168, 175
- Chinese windlass, B 81
- Chinquapin
  - characteristics, A 32–33
  - weevils, pest, A 33
- Chip carving. See Wood carving
- Chisel
  - cape chisel, making, M 299*
  - cold chisel, hardening and tempering, M 293
    - making, M 298*, 325*
    - what used for, M 225*
  - hot chisel
    - making, M 324*
    - what used for, M 225*
  - metal work tool, M 9*
  - sharpening, C 179–184*
  - silver work tool, making, M 157–158*
  - socket and tang, how to use, C 207–208*
  - [119]stone chisel, forging, M 341–344*
  - wood chisel, forging, M 337–338
- Chlorinated soda
  - ink stain remover, H 359
- Chocolate
  - food value, H 256
- Christmas greens
  - collecting and marketing, A 50–57
- Christmas tree
  - harvesting, A 53
  - oak trees transformed, A 51
- Chrysanthemum
  - back ground plants, G 321
  - characteristics, G 335
  - time of blooming, G 322
- Chuck ribs, H 268
- Cider
  - wastefulness in making, A 50
- Cigar box
  - copper decorations, M 84*, 85
- Cigar lighters, Electric, E 115*
- Circle
  - how to draw, C 28–30*
- Citizenship
  - training for, A 449–451
- City water supply. See Water works
- City yard
  - making and cost of a garden, G 23, 134–141
- Clamps, C 201*
- Clams
  - cooking, H 291
  - food value, H 254
  - testing, H 291
  - washing, H 291
- Clap boards
  - for siding, C 445
  - removing, B 12
- Clarkia
  - characteristics, G 328, 332
- Claw tool
  - making, M 353*
- Clay. See Soils
- Clay modeling. See Pottery
- Cleaning
  - delicate colors and textures, H 332
  - restoring color taken out by an acid or alkali, H 361
  - stains and spots on fabrics, H 358–361
  - woodwork, H 123
  - [120]See also Brass; Carpets; Curtains; Embroidery; Flues; Furnace; Furniture; House cleaning; Matting; Pictures; Rugs; Shades; Tiles; Vegetables; Walls; Vacuum cleaners
- Cleft grafting. See Grafting
- Clematis
  - decorative value, G 359
  - Japanese, characteristics, G 365
- Clippings
  - making envelope file, N 187–189*
- Clocks
  - cases, making, C 276–290*
  - clocks for cases, selecting, C 276
  - electric clocks
    - alarm clocks, E 302
    - master clock, E 77–78
    - operation, E 75–78
    - program clocks, E 77
    - self winding, E 76
    - watchman's time detector, E 78*
  - fastening the clock into the case, C 282*
  - grandfather's clock, design and construction, C 284–290*
  - hall clock, design and construction, D 193–198*
    - wood finish, D 237
  - mantel clock, design and construction, C 282–284*
  - mission style, design and construction, C 277–278*
  - pendulum clock case, design and construction, C 281–282*
  - pulley mechanism, B 310*
  - wall clock, design and construction, C 279–281*
  - See also Watches
- Cloisonne
  - definition of, M 209
  - enameling, M 201
- Closets, Clothes
  - cleaning and care, H 53, 157
  - window in, D 12
- Closets, Toilet
  - cleaning bathroom toilet, H 155
  - sanitary equipment and care of outdoor closets, H 222
- Closing the house, H 349–351
- Clothes basket for laundry, H 315
- Clothes-horse, H 318
- Clothes line, care of, H 311
- Clothes pins, care of, H 315
- Clothes poles, H 315
- Clothes press. See Closets, Clothes
- Clothing and dress
  - art and fashions, D 122
  - being well dressed, D 122–125
  - business women's attire, D 127
  - camp outfit, K 71–74
  - care of
    - importance, H 57
    - in bureau drawers, H 53–54
    - [121]in closets, H 158
    - responsibility for, H 53
  - children's attire, D 127
  - color in, D 124
  - decorative principles, D 121
  - girl's equipment for outdoor sports, K 319–320
  - harmony and good lines, D 123
  - proportion of income assigned for, H 74, 76, 78
  - See also Dressmaking; Sewing
- Clouds
  - cumulus, B 365
  - formation, B 356–357
  - hail clouds, B 366
- Clubs
  - agricultural, organizing, A 452–454
  - garden club, G 3–16
  - outdoor club, A 451–454
  - science club, E 339
  - sewing club, N 11
  - wireless club, E 331–332
  - See also Boy Scouts of America
- Coal
  - bituminous, value of, M 229
  - estimating energy in, E 6
  - specific gravity, B 279
  - supply decreasing, E 6
  - See also Fire making
- Coasting, K 223
  - luge-ing, K 371
- Coat hangers
  - making, C 266*
- Cocklebur
  - class and seed time, G 278
- Cockroaches, H 362
- Cocoa
  - food value, H 256
- Cocoanuts
  - food value, H 255
- Cocoon. See Silkworms
- Codfish
  - combinations for food value, H 257
  - food value, H 253
- Codling moth
  - woodpecker enemy of, K 168
- Coffee
  - camp cooking, K 87
- Coffee mill
  - mechanical principle of, B 307–308*
- Coffee percolator, Electric, E 113*
- Coffee pots
  - [122]care of, H 207
- Coffee stains, H 359
- Coffee tree, Kentucky
  - characteristics, C 566
- Cold chisel. See Chisel
- Coldframe
  - changing to a hotbed, G 38
  - directions for making, G 48–50*
  - drilling the rows, G 98
  - planning, G 19
  - soil and location, G 97
  - storage for endive, G 305
  - transplanting from, G 101–102
- Coleus
  - bedding plant, G 324
- Collar
  - metal work appliance, M 209
- Collar, dress. See Dressmaking; Irish Crochet
- Collar slides
  - silver work, M 170–171*
- Collecting. See Insects; Plants; Seaweed; Shells
- College athletics
  - best records made in intercollegiate contests, K 336
- College education
  - earning, A 3, 7
- Color
  - due to wave length, E 315
  - in dress, D 124
  - restoring to fabrics, H 361
  - See also Floral decoration; House decoration
- Colts. See Horses
- Columbine
  - habits and characteristics, G 341, 364
- Columns, concrete
  - constructing and setting for pergola, C 434–440*
- Combs
  - silver work, M 194–196*
- Commutation (Electricity)
  - brushes, E 36
  - principle of, E 35–36
- Compass
  - use in drawing, C 28–30
- Compost. See Fertilizers and manures
- Concrete. See Cement
- Cones. See Pine
- Conic sections
  - describing, B 338*
- Coniferous trees, C 535–542
- Conservation of natural resources
  - conserving nature's crops, A 92–94
  - [123]See also Forestry
- Cook
  - duties, H 109, 112
- Cook book
  - making from books and magazines, H 284
- Cookery, H 274–308
  - camp cookery, K 75–92*
  - definition, H 274
  - emergencies, H 354–357
  - freshening bread or cake, H 353
  - left overs, utilizing, H 355, K 89
  - mixtures, principles of, H 296–305
  - preparation of foods for, H 285–305
  - processes, H 275–285
  - purpose of, H 275
  - sequence of work in getting a meal, H 305–308
  - soda, uses of, H 356
  - substitutes for articles called for by receipts, H 354–355
  - sun as cook, H 274
  - time tables, H 309–310
  - warming over food, H 355
  - See also Baking; Boiling; Braising; Bread; Broiling; Cake; Canning and preserving; Coffee; Corn; Desserts; Diet; Eggs; Electric cooking; Fireless cookers; Fish; Food; Frying; Game; Meat; Mushrooms; Oysters; Pastry; Poultry; Rice; Roasting; Shell fish; Soups; Stewing; Tea; Traveler's cooker; Vegetables
- Coons. See Raccoons
- Copper work
  - annealing, M 21
  - ash tray, M 85*
  - belt buckle, M 88–90*, 195*
  - belt pin, D 350*
  - bill file, M 124–126*
  - book mark, M 128*
  - book rack, M 121*, D 351*
  - bowls, M 19–25*
    - chalice, M 60*
    - loving cup, M 86
    - nut set, M 38*
    - shaping, M 19*
  - box for jewels, M 112–115*
  - candlestick, M 47–56*
    - drip pan, M 48*
    - night candle holder, M 50–52*
    - sconce, M 52–56*
    - shaping, M 48*
  - card tray, D 355–358*
  - cedar chest, trimmings, M 115–117*
  - chalice, M 60–63*
  - cigar box decorations, M 84*, 85
  - [124]coloring, D 357, M 202, 204, 205
  - corners, D 353*
  - cutting heavy copper, M 34*
  - desk set, M 117–129*
  - draw filing, M 37
  - enameling on copper, D 354, 355
  - facets, how made, M 22
  - filing, M 36–38*
  - hammering, M 21–23*, 29–30*, 39*
  - handles
    - candlestick, M 49
    - loving cup, M 87*
    - making and riveting, M 76–77
    - making and soldering, M 78–79
  - hat pin, D 348–50*, M 64–67*
    - soldering pin to head, M 68*
  - hat pin holder, M 69–72*
  - hinges, M 100–106*, 112–115*
  - ink well holder, M 118–121*
  - jars, M 56–60*, 82–85*
  - jewel box, M 107–115*
    - hinges, M 112–115*
  - knobs on lids, M 83
  - lamp, Electric, M 92–96*
  - lamp shade
    - framework, M 96–98*
    - setting glass, M 98–99*
  - letter opener, D 347*
  - letter rack, D 346–347*
  - lids
    - chalice, M 62–63*
    - ink well holder, M 120*
    - jewel box, M 111–112*
    - rose jar, M 59
    - tobacco jar, M 83–84*
  - loving cup, M 86–88*
  - match safe, M 81–82*
  - molds for, M 27–28
  - nut set, M 38–40*
  - nut spoon, M 39–40*
  - paper knife, D 347*, M 34–38*, 126*
    - turned handle, M 127*
  - patina, imitation, M 202
    - composition for, M 204
  - pen tray, M 118–119*
  - polishing, M 25
  - rose jar, M 56–60*
  - Russian coffee pot, M 63*
  - sawing, M 35–36*
  - [125]sconce, M 52–56*
  - serving tray, M 75–77*
  - sheet copper, grades, M 14
  - smoking set, M 79–86*
  - soldering
    - handles, M 78–79
    - hat pin, M 68*
  - spindle, M 124–126*
  - spoon for nut set, M 39–40*
  - teapot stand, D 351–353*
  - tobacco jar, M 82–85*
  - trays, M 26–33*, 75–77*
    - ash tray, M 85*
    - handles, making and riveting, M 76–77
    - pen tray, M 118*
    - round, M 26–31*
    - serving tray, M 75–77*
    - smoking set, M 80–81*
    - square, M 31–33*
  - watch fob, D 353–355*
  - See also Brass work; Metal work; Silver work; Tools
- Copyright
  - application items, B 426
  - assigning rights, B 425
  - directions for securing, B 422–426
  - duplicate certificates, B 425
  - fees for recording, B 423
  - issue of work, not limited, B 425
  - invalid, when, B 423
  - labels, B 426
  - paintings, statues, etc., B 426
  - penalties for breaking laws, B 423, 424
  - projected work, B 425
  - renewals, B 425
  - term, B 424
  - trade marks, B 426
  - translation rights, B 424
  - volumes and variations, B 425
- Coral
  - how coral is formed, G 216
- Coral bells
  - characteristics, G 334
- Coral fungi, A 86
- Coreopsis
  - annual, G 322
  - characteristics, G 329
  - sowing and blossoming time, G 161
- Corn
  - contest in growing corn, G 142–150
  - cooking dried corn, A 428
  - [126]cultivation of soil, G 144
  - drying, A 427–428
  - food value, H 255
  - husking for cooking, H 294
  - husks, uses of, A 63
  - insect pests, G 290
  - percentage of corn to cob, G 148
  - points for judging, G 147
  - planting seeds
    - distance to plant, G 42, 144
    - depth to plant, G 35, 42, 144, 235
    - quantity to plant, G 36, 144
    - time to plant, G 234
  - planting varieties near together, G 145
  - pollination, how plants are fertilized, G 145
  - raising on a suburban lot, A 124
  - seed
    - age for planting, G 34
    - book about, A 518
    - germination per cent., G 33, 233
    - selection, G 142–144, 228, A 410–412*
  - soil required, G 19, 144
  - stalk pith, use of, A 63
- Corn meal
  - food value, H 254
  - cleansing property, H 332
- Corned beef
  - food value, H 252
- Cornell University
  - poultry course, A 173
- Cornflower
  - biennial, G 332
  - characteristics, G 330, 332
  - planting, G 159
  - self-sowing, G 316
  - sowing and blossoming time, G 161
- Corning, W. O.
  - experiment with raising goats, A 116–118
- Coronation braid
  - how to braid, N 108–111*
- Cosmos
  - characteristics, G 332
  - sowing and blossoming time, G 161
- Cost of living
  - division of income, H 69–86
- Cottages
  - building and furnishing a simple home, D 366–374*
  - cost of materials, D 372
- Cotyledon
  - [127]seed nourishment, G 230
- Couch Cover
  - weaving design, D 260–262
- Couch hammock, C 478–480*
- Couching
  - embroidery stitches, N 124*
- Counterpane
  - making for doll-bed, N 55*
- Counting-out rhymes, K 340
- Country homes. See Cottages
- Country life
  - making the country a better place to live in, A 449–512
  - See also Camping; Gardening; Sports
- Court, tennis, K 341
- Cover for note book
  - tooled leather, D 331–336
- Cows
  - milking, A 245–247
    - by electricity, E 54
  - profits in keeping cows, A 243–244
    - from one cow on a suburban lot, A 123–126
  - testing for milk supply, A 244
  - See also Calf; Milk
- Crab (Machine), B 79*
- Crabapple, Wild
  - butter or sauce, A 22
  - regions found, A 21
- Crabs
  - food value, H 254
  - cooking soft shell crabs, H 293
  - opening and cooking hard shells, H 292
- Craigin, Belle S.
  - Amateur's experience in poultry raising, A 166–168
- Cranks (Machinery)
  - crank motion, B 312*
  - mechanism, B 319*
- Cream. See Milk and cream
- Cream of tartar
  - uses, H 301
- Credit. See Accounts
- Creepers
  - insect destroyers, A 456
- Creosote
  - wood preservative, C 494
- Cricket, K 341–343
- Crocheting, N 306–319*
  - abbreviations for stitches, N 306
  - chain stitch, N 308*
  - crazy stitch, N 326
  - cross stitch, N 318*
  - doll's cap, N 320–321
  - [128]doll's hug-me-tight, N 321–323*
  - double crochet, N 308*
  - edging stitch
    - loop, N 311*
    - narrow, N 313*
    - tiny edging, N 311*
  - fringe, N 317
  - hooks, N 306–307*
  - insertion stitch
    - cone, N 314*
    - loop, N 312*
    - tiny insertion, N 310*
  - insertion with ribbon, N 315*
  - jacket, N 323–324*
    - shell stitch, N 329–332*
  - patterns, N 320–332*
  - position of hands, N 307*
  - rainbow pattern, N 316–317*
  - scarf, cross stitch, N 318*
  - shawl, rainbow pattern, N 316–317*
  - shells, N 310*, 329–332*
  - single crochet stitch, N 308*, 324*
  - slip stitch, N 308
  - slippers, N 324–329*
    - crazy stitch, N 326*
    - star stitch, N 326–329*
  - star stitch, N 324*, 326*
  - treble crochet, N 309*
  - washing, N 332*
- Crocus
  - planting in lawns, A 169, 434
  - planting tables, G 177, 178
- Crops
  - succession crops, G 92
  - See also Gardening
- Croquet, K 343
  - golf-croquet, K 354
  - See also Roque
- Cross bow spring, B 266*
- Cross stitch
  - embroidery stitches, N 103–106*, 107*, 108*
  - marking towels, N 156
- Crosses
  - drawing designs, C 25*, 27
  - Greek, inlay design, C 322
- Crowbars
  - making, M 352*
- Crows
  - as pets, K 176
- [129]Crucible cast steel. See Steel
- Crumb tray and scraper
  - brass work, M 135–136*
- Crystals, snow, B 367*
- Cuckoo
  - insect eater, A 456
- Cucumber
  - food value, H 255
  - how to peel, H 294
  - indoor planting time, G 233
  - insect pests, G 290
  - origin of, G 303
  - planting seed
    - directions, G 303
    - time to plant, G 234
  - seed
    - age for planting, G 34
    - germination per cent., G 233
  - thinning plants, G 303
- Cucumber vine
  - ornamental value, G 359
- Cuff links
  - metal work, M 192–194*
- Cuffs. See Dressmaking
- Cumulus, B 365
- Curling (Game), K 344
- Curling iron, Electric, E 116*
- Curtains
  - dry cleaning, H 332
  - dusting, H 131
  - girl's room, furnishings, N 380–381
  - materials for stenciling, N 81
  - stencil design, N 75*
  - stenciling, D 108–117*
  - stretching, H 328
  - valance, D 116
  - washing, H 328–329
  - weaving, designs and materials, D 262–265
  - See also Block printing
- Curves
  - drawing, B 339*
- Cushions. See Pillows
- Cut worms, G 293
  - detecting and destroying, G 284
  - toads enemies of, K 168
- Cyanide bottle for killing insects, A 379*, K 152
- Cypress
  - varieties and characteristics, C 540

D

- [130]Dado joints, C 236*, 255
- Daffodil
  - narcissus family, G 169
  - Van Sion variety, G 168
  - white and yellow, planting table, G 177, 178
- Dairy cow. See Cows
- Dairy Products
  - food value, H 254
  - See also Butter; Milk
- Dairying
  - book about, A 517
  - keeping accounts, A 241–242
  - sanitary milk pail, A 246*
- Daisy
  - characteristics of the English daisy, G 334
  - class and seed time of ox-eyed and yellow, G 278
  - embroidery stitches, N 177–179*
- Dampers
  - in pipes and ovens, H 229
  - principle of stoves and ranges, H 227–230
- Dams
  - famous dams of concrete, B 246–247
- Dandelion
  - class and seed time, G 278
  - greens, A 63
- Daphne
  - characteristics, G 355
- Darning
  - Limerick darning, lace stitches, N 234
  - stockings, N 9–11*
- Dates
  - food value, H 255
- Day and night
  - cause of, B 213
- Debit. See Accounts
- Decanter
  - washing, H 183
- Decoration and ornament
  - woods suitable for, C 240
  - See also Block printing; Carving; Embroidery; Enamel and enameling; Floral decoration; House decoration; Leather work; Metal work; Pottery; Pyrography; Stenciling; Wood carving
- Decoration, interior. See House decoration
- Deer
  - book about, A 518
- [131]Design.
  - See Architecture; Basket making; Bead work; Brass work; Copper work; Embroidery; Furniture; House decoration; Leather work; Metal work; Pottery; Silver work; Stenciling; Wood carving
- Desk
  - library desk
    - design, D 47*
    - design and construction, D 184–187*
    - wood finish, D 237
  - mission style writing desk, design, C 375*
  - writing desk, design, D 50*
- Desk pad
  - copper fittings, making, M 122–124*
  - leather, design and making, D 335–338*
- Desk sets
  - copper, M 117–129*
  - pen and ink trays, gouge work, C 258–264*
- Dessert
  - combinations for food value, H 259
- Deutzia
  - characteristics, G 256
- Devil's snuff box, A 87
- Dibber, G 47*
- Dies (Metal work)
  - making, M 206–208
- Diet
  - carbohydrates, H 248–252, 277
  - chemical properties, H 249
  - giving undue concern to, H 244–247
  - ideal, objection to, H 261
  - principles of, H 246–263
  - proteins, H 248–252, 277
  - See also Food
- Digestion. See Diet
- Digitalis
  - made from foxglove, A 57
- Dining-room, H 160–187
  - care of, H 51, 160–171
  - furniture
    - arrangement, D 61
    - design, D 53–57*
  - ideal, H 187
  - plan in the model house, D 9
  - work, setting and serving the table, H 160–171
- Dirigible balloons, B 162
- Dish washing
  - cloths, care of, H 184
  - decanters and bottles, H 183
  - egg stains, removing, H 183
  - glasses, H 180
  - preparation of dishes, H 179
  - process, H 179–185
  - rinsing dishes, H 182
  - silver, H 181
  - steel knives, H 184
  - [132]wiping and putting away, H 52, 182–184
  - without running water, H 178
- Disinfectants
  - use in plumbing, H 218
- Ditch drains. See Drainage
- Dividers (Tools)
  - forging, M 340–341*
  - using in metal working, M 5*, 24*
- Diving, K 238*
  - girls as divers, K 320
- Dixie's land (Game), K 345
- Dock, yellow
  - class and seed time, G 278
- Dogs
  - as friends, K 187
  - bathing, K 188
  - boarding dogs as a business, A 237–238
    - profits from, A 239
  - breeds, K 187–188
  - farm dogs, A 106
  - feeding, A 238, K 188
    - puppies, A 224
  - fleas, K 188, 189
  - house, working drawing of a toy house, C 42*
  - housing, K 188
  - punishing, K 189
  - raising, A 223–226
    - story of success in, A 235–240
  - selecting a pet, K 187–188
  - training, A 249–252, K 189–192
    - for cattle herding, A 250, 251
    - for hunting, K 190–192
    - for retrieving, A 250
    - for running machinery, A 255–256
- Dog's tooth violet
  - characteristics, G 342
- Dogwood
  - characteristics, C 563, G 356
- Doilies
  - Irish crochet edge, N 335*
- Doll's clothes
  - cap
    - crocheted, N 320–321*
    - knitted, N 362*
  - cape, knitted, N 360*
  - hug-me-tight, crocheted, N 321–323*
  - jacket, knitted, N 360–362
  - leggings, knitted, N 363*
  - See also Dressmaking; Sewing
- Doll's furniture
  - [133]bed fittings, N 50–56*
  - cigar box trunk, H 12
  - pasteboard box for bed, H 11, 12
- Domestic Animals
  - books about, A 517
  - raising, A 100–202
    - for pets, A 203–240
  - See also Cat; Cow; Dog; Horse; Pigeon; Poultry; Sheep; Swine
- Domestic Economy. See Housekeeping
- Door handles
  - metal work, M 406, 407, 416*
- Door hasp
  - forging, M 338–340*
- Door knockers
  - escutcheon plate, M 410*, 412–414
  - iron metal work, M 410–415*
- Door pulls
  - metal work, M 415*
- Doors
  - batten door, C 448*
  - electric door opener, E 55*
  - frames, setting, C 469
  - hanging, C 474
  - inside trim, C 473*
  - paneled, C 354–355, 528–530*
  - saddles, C 474
- Dough. See Bread; Pastry
- Dovetail joints, C 253*, 256*, 313–314*
- Dowel bit, C 194
- Dowel for weaving, N 297
- Dowel joints, C 251*
- Doweling, D 134
- Dracenas
  - window box plant, G 193
- Drafting. See Mechanical drawing
- Dragon-flies
  - habits, A 388
- Drainage
  - ditch building, G 123
    - grading and digging, G 114
  - pipe, depth laid, G 111
  - problem for garden plot, G 110–122
  - "sighting" for drop and bed level, G 112–114
  - sloping land, G 17
  - standing water, G 21
  - stones for trough, setting, G 116
  - tiles, laying, G 115
  - types of drains, G 22
  - wooden troughs, disadvantage of, G 115
- [134] Drainage, House. See Plumbing; Refrigerator
- Draught
  - of open fires, H 224
  - principle of stoves and ranges, H 227–230
- Draw knife, C 216*
- Draw plate
  - definition of, M 209
- Drawer pulls
  - metal work, M 417–419*
- Drawing
  - designing a corner for stencil work, D 111
  - designs for block printing, D 100–101*
  - how to enlarge or reduce a drawing, C 390, B 339
  - outline drawing for stencil work, D 112
  - See also Mechanical drawing
- Drawing board
  - making, C 24*, 381–383*
- Drawing instruments
  - making a box for, C 240*
  - making a mechanical drawing outfit, C 381–398
- Drawnwork, N 207–226*
  - all-over, N 213–220*
  - Bulgarian weaving patterns, N 222–226*
  - butterfly pattern, N 220–222*
  - convent work, N 213–216*
  - daisy pattern, N 219*
  - feather stitch, N 212*
  - filling spaces, N 219
  - frames for, N 222
  - handkerchiefs, N 213–219*
  - maltese cross, N 219
  - Mexican, N 211*
  - sheaf stitch, N 211*
  - soaping threads, N 213
  - twist stitch, N 212*
  - See also Fagotting; Hardanger embroidery; Hemstitching
- Dress. See Clothing and dress
- Dresser. See Bureau
- Dressmaking
  - bands, cutting, N 64
  - bias bands, cutting, N 65
  - box plaits, N 71
  - collars
    - cutting, N 64
    - fastening to waist, N 70
  - cuffs
    - cutting, N 64
    - sewing on sleeves, N 68
  - cutting from a pattern, N 63–67*
  - frills, cutting, N 64
  - patterns
    - [135]allowing for seams, N 65
    - cutting doll's skirt from, N 42*
    - cutting from, N 63–67
    - drawing and cutting, N 41*
    - notches and perforations, N 66
    - pinning material on, N 66–67*
  - plaiting skirt, N 71–72*
  - seams, tailored, N 72
  - skirts
    - bands, N 39*, 44
    - basting seams, N 42
    - cutting from a pattern, N 42, 63–64*
    - hemming, N 36, 43
    - plackets and gussets, N 35–40*, 43
    - plaiting, N 71–72*
    - putting on the bands, N 44
  - sleeves
    - cutting, N 64
    - gathering, N 69*
    - putting into waist, N 70*
    - putting together, N 68*
  - waists
    - cutting, N 64
    - cutting from pattern, N 67*
    - joining seams, N 69
  - See also Sewing
- Driftwood
  - gathering, A 405
- Drilling and boring tools
  - draw boring, C 415*
  - drills for copper and silver, M 9*
  - forging and tempering rock drills, M 344–349*
  - forging hand drills, M 347–349*
  - kinds and their uses, C 193–198*
- Driveways of ashes, G 77
- Drowning
  - method of rescue from, K 239
- Dry cleaning
  - delicate and light-colored articles, H 332
- Duck on a rock (Game), K 345
- Ducks
  - book about, A 517
  - brooders, A 193
  - characteristics, A 192
  - feeding ducklings, A 192
  - how to select for cooking, H 271
  - marketing, A 191
  - raising, A 190–193
    - ducks versus chickens, A 191–192
  - story of a boy's animal cage, A 235
  - [136]varieties, K 181
  - water not essential for raising, A 190–191
  - wood ducks, domesticating, A 462*
- Duplicating machine, B 416
- Dusting
  - bedroom, H 53
  - floors, H 125
  - house cleaning process, H 145
  - little services, H 51
  - opening the house, H 352
- Dutch collar
  - Irish crochet, N 346–350*
- Dutch oven, K 81
- Dyeing
  - colors, how to obtain, D 278–279
  - hints, D 277–278
  - lace, N 238
- Dynamometer, B 324*
- Dynamos, E 3–9
  - alternating current, E 21–24
  - batteries replaced by, E 249–250
  - construction of a simple dynamo, E 222–225*
  - definition of, E 19
  - efficiency, E 5–6
  - field, E 9, 11–13
  - generating electricity, E 9–10
  - how a dynamo generates both direct and alternating currents, E 222
  - how used as a motor, E 45–48
  - installing, E 225
  - load, E 105
  - magneto, E 19–24*
    - illustration of use, E 21–23
    - rate of vibration, E 22–23
    - use for ringing telephone bells, E 287–290*
  - principle of a simple dynamo, E 11–13*
  - producing tones with, E 293–295
  - series wound, E 34*
  - shunt wound, E 34*
  - transmitters not power producers, E 7
  - See also Armatures

E

- Earth
  - attraction exerted by sun and moon, B 229–230
  - diameter, B 213
  - distance from sun and moon, B 229–230
  - elements, B 214
  - globular form proved, B 212–213*
  - rotation, B 213, 214
- Eddy kites
  - making, C 86*
- [137]Edging. See Crocheting; Irish crochet
- Edison, Thomas A.
  - discovery of carbon filaments, E 134
  - new storage battery, E 262–263
- Eggplant
  - cooking preparation, H 294
  - parasites on, G 304
  - planting seed, G 304
    - indoor planting time, G 233
    - time to plant, G 234
  - seed, germination per cent., G 233
  - soil for, G 304
  - transplanting, G 304
- Eggs
  - cooking, preparation for, H 288
  - ducks' eggs, A 192
  - fancy breed eggs, A 221
  - food value, H 254
  - gold fish eggs, A 229
  - Guinea fowl, value of, A 179
  - insect eggs, A 393
  - judging freshness of, H 271
  - marketing, A 158
  - pheasant eggs, packing, A 199
  - preserving
    - for winter use, A 177–178
    - yolks in water, H 357
  - record for laying hens, A 157
  - selecting for sitting hens, A 148
  - separating yolks from whites, H 288
  - stains
    - removing, H 183
  - See also Poultry
- Egyptian Pyramids, B 54–56
- Elderberries
  - canning, receipt, A 16
  - picking, A 15
  - steam pudding, receipt, A 16
- Electric annunciators
  - construction and operation, E 68–71*
- Electric apparatus and appliances
  - using electricity to aid the memory, E 301–304
  - See also Armatures; Clocks; Dynamos; Telegraph; Telephone; Vacuum cleaners; and words beginning Electric
- Electric armatures. See Armatures
- Electric batteries
  - cells, positive and negative plates, E 256, 261
  - dry cells
    - cost, E 166
    - increase of voltage by increased resistance, E 194–198
    - structure, E 250–251
    - [138]use for lighting a summer camp, E 162–167*
  - electrolytic cells, E 257–260
  - galvanic cells
    - depolarizing agent, E 256
    - effect of heat on chemical action, E 254
    - electricity produced by chemical action, E 251
    - polarization of, E 256–257
  - replaced by dynamos, E 249–250
  - simple cell, chemical action, E 254–256
  - sparking apparatus for a gasolene engine, E 178–203*
  - storage batteries, E 258–263
    - Edison battery, construction and care, E 262–263
    - lead, construction and care of, E 261–262
  - why they run down, E 192–194
- Electric bells
  - alternating current bells, E 288
  - equipment and installation in a house, E 296–299
  - operated by induced current, E 350–352
  - operated by wireless outfit, E 324*
  - operation of electric bells and buzzers, E 72–75*
  - transmitter in wireless telegraph, E 321
- Electric buzzer
  - operation, E 72–73*
  - used in electric organ, E 278–279
- Electric cars
  - electric heaters, E 125
  - See also Electric railroads
- Electric central station, E 204–217*
- Electric cigar lighter, E 115*
- Electric circuit breakers, E 78*
- Electric circuits
  - open and closed, E 73
- Electric clocks. See Clocks
- Electric conductors
  - copper sulphate, E 259
  - copper versus iron, E 64
  - effect of impurities in water, E 64
  - salt solution, E 253, 265
  - water, E 200
- Electric controllers
  - arc lamp feed, E 84
  - automatic
    - air control, E 53
    - principle of, E 49–53*
  - elevator switches, E 83
  - principle of, E 17
  - See also Electric rheostat
- Electric cooking
  - broilers, E 114*
  - chafing dish, E 113*
  - [139]coffee percolator, E 113*
  - fireless cooker, E 128–132*, 308
  - hot plate, E 110–113*
  - oven, E 114, 305–308*
  - toaster, E 115
  - traveler's cooker, E 113*
  - with incandescent lamps, E 127*
- Electric curling iron, E 116*
- Electric currents
  - alternating
    - definition, E 31
    - for telephone bells, E 288
    - generation of, E 11
    - how produced, E 21–24
  - changing alternating to direct currents, E 238–239
  - chemical reaction produced by powerful currents, E 263–264
  - decomposition of water, E 264
  - different currents pass through the same wire, E 187
  - direct, definition of, E 31
  - induced current
    - by interrupting the circuit, E 184
    - by moving the magnet, E 17–18
    - direction of, E 186
    - experiments, E 349–352
  - magnetic field about, E 353*
  - primary and secondary, in spark coils, E 184–192*
  - produced by chemical action, E 251–263
  - rectifiers, E 238–239
  - secondary, voltage, E 189–190
  - telephone, E 287
- Electric engine
  - principle of a toy engine, E 58*
- Electric flash light, E 154–155*
- Electric flasher, E 120–125*
- Electric fuses, E 117*
  - "blowing", E 146, 292
- Electric gas lighter, E 118–120*
- Electric generators. See Dynamos
- Electric heating
  - apartments, E 125
  - applications, E 107–159
  - bedroom heater, E 126*
  - cars, E 125
  - hot plates versus incandescent lamps, E 131
  - pad, E 117
  - principle of, E 97–106*
  - See also Electric cooking
- Electric hot plate, E 110–113*
- Electric incubator, E 114
- Electric induction coil
  - [140]illustration, E 96
- Electric insulators and insulation, E 14
  - glass knobs for telephone wires, E 290
- Electric iron, E 243*
  - principle and cost of using, E 107–110
- Electric lamps, Arc
  - arc lamp feed, E 84
  - carbons, adjustment, E 150–152*
  - glass globes, economy of, E 150–152
  - mechanism, E 147–150
  - mercury vapor lamp, E 155–156*
  - Moore light, E 156
  - search light, E 153*
  - stereopticon, E 153*
- Electric lamps, incandescent
  - burglar's flash light, E 154–155*
  - connecting lamps with the circuit, E 142*
  - construction, E 142–143*
  - cooking with, E 127*
  - current required, E 30
  - filament
    - carbon, E 134–135
      - life of, E 144–145
      - making of, E 142
      - testing, E 141
    - development of, E 132–135*
    - metal, E 145–146
    - platinum wire, E 133
    - sizes, measuring, E 134
  - hylo, use and cost of, E 138*
  - intensity, comparison of, E 137–141
  - Nernst lamps, E 157
  - numbers manufactured, E 134
  - operating by induced currents, E 349–352*
  - operating by wireless outfit, E 327
  - resistance, E 29
    - of lamps in parallel, E 123*
  - socket, E 143*
  - tungsten lamp, E 141*, 144, 145
- Electric light
  - percentage of waste in producing, E 150
  - search light, E 153*
- Electric light fixtures
  - copper lamp, M 92–96*
  - design, D 361–364*
- Electric lighting
  - cost, E 41, 139–141, 144
  - fitting up a summer camp, E 160–167
  - growth of demand for, E 134
- Electric measurements
  - units, E 37–42*
    - [141]ampere, E 30
    - kilowatt hour, E 41
    - volt, E 39
    - watt, E 39
- Electric meters
  - care when closing house, H 351
  - reading, H 239
  - See also Ammeter; Voltmeter; Wattmeter
- Electric milking machine, E 54
- Electric motors, E 43–56
  - acting as dynamo, E 36
  - compared with dynamo, E 47–48*
  - E. M. F. in motors, E 48
  - See also Electric controller
- Electric organs, E 55, 278–279*, 293–295
  - pipe organ, E 44–52
- Electric oven, E 114
  - automatic control of temperature, E 306–308*
  - brick, construction, E 305–308
- Electric potential
  - meaning of difference in potential, E 200–202
- Electric power
  - conversion of steam into electric energy, E 4
  - cost in large and small plants, E 204
  - production of, E 3–10
- Electric power distribution
  - cost, E 210
  - distances, power and cost, E 210–211
  - loss in transmission, E 210, 216
  - voltage in relation to distances, E 211
- Electric power plants
  - central stations, E 204–205*
    - equipping an amateur plant, E 220–239
  - estimating the capacity, E 219
  - number and annual output in the United States, E 205
  - water power for, E 202–217
- Electric pumps
  - use of, E 51–54
- Electric push buttons, E 74–75*
  - for elevators, E 69–70*
  - house bells, E 297–299
- Electric railroads
  - current controller, principle of, E 53
  - toy operated by wireless outfit, E 325–327*
  - what moves the cars, E 16
- Electric resistance
  - impedance, E 285–286
  - laws for wires, E 120
  - of electric lamps, E 29
  - of lamps in parallel, E 123*
  - [142]ohmic resistance, E 285
  - principle of electric heating and lighting, E 100–106
  - resistance board, E 30
  - starting box, E 48, 81–83*
  - telephone circuit, E 285–287
  - unit, ohm, E 91–93
  - variation of heat with resistance, E 291
  - wires, diameters and resistance, E 136
- Electric rheostats, E 47–49*
  - See also Electric controller
- Electric seal, A 491
- Electric shock
  - conditions necessary, E 170
  - electric waves, E 315
  - experiments with spark coil, E 176, 178–180, 180–183*
  - how it feels, E 170–177
- Electric shower bath
  - constructing, E 244–247*
- Electric soldering iron, E 116
- Electric spark coil
  - automobile spark coil, E 95*
  - gasolene engine equipment, E 178–203*
  - how voltage is raised by the spark coil, E 180–183
  - jump spark coils, E 184
  - make and break coils, E 183
  - primary and secondary, E 188–192
  - principle, E 180–187*
  - telephone, E 279–281*
  - vibrator, E 190
  - voltage, E 191
  - wireless telegraph, E 321–322*
  - with two windings, E 187–191*
- Electric spinner, E 57*
- Electric switches, E 74–75*
  - circuit breakers, E 78*
  - double-pole, single throw, E 52*
- Electric thermostat, E 124
  - for brick oven, E 306–308*
- Electric toys
  - engine, E 58*
  - spinner, E 57*
  - train operated by wireless, E 325–327
- Electric transformer
  - construction, E 212–216*
  - illustration, E 96*
  - magnetic circuit, E 214*
  - relation of voltage to windings, E 215
  - step-up and step-down transformer, E 216
- Electric washing machine
  - construction and use, E 241–243*
- [143]Electric waves, E 309–323
  - changes in length, E 316
  - Hertzian waves, E 346
- Electric welding, E 158–159
- Electric wires
  - diameters, E 135–137
  - glass knobs for insulating, E 290
  - ground wire for wireless telegraph, E 321
  - resistance
    - laws of, E 120
    - tables, E 135–137
- Electric wiring
  - use of earth circuit, E 290–291
- Electricity
  - Ampere's rule, E 30–32
  - chemical transformer, E 256
  - doing chores with, E 241–243*
- E. M. F., meaning, E 203
  - electrical current compared with water current, E 176, 197–198, 201
  - every-day uses, list, E 219
  - galvanic, E 248
  - how electricity feels, E 170, 177
  - medical use, E 175
  - Ohm's law, E 92–93
  - See also Induction (Electricity); Telegraph; Telephone; Wireless telegraph; also headings beginning Electric and Electro
- Electrocution, E 175–176
  - of rats, E 271–273*
- Electrolysis
  - of solutions, E 257–261
  - of water, E 264–266
- Electrolyte, E 256
- Electrolytic actions in every-day life, E 266–270
- Electrolytic cell, E 257–260
- Electromagnet, E 11–24
  - applications of, E 54–96*
  - arc lamp control, E 148
  - construction, E 15*
  - discovery of, E 14, 17
  - lifting power, E 15–16, 79–81
  - magnetic intensity, E 16
  - principle of, E 14–15
  - strength compared to bar magnets, E 16
  - use in relay, E 322
- Electrometallurgy
  - separating iron from ore, E 79*
- Electromotive force
  - counter electromotive force in motors, E 48*
- Electroplating, E 259–261
- Elevators
  - [144]electric controllers, operation of, E 83
  - how annunciators are operated, E 68–71*
- Elijah and the widow's cruse of oil, H 32
- Ellipse, drawing, B 210–211*, C 19*
  - string and pin method, C 112*
  - trammel method, C 113*
- Elm
  - red or slippery elm, C 558
  - rock or cork elm, C 560
  - white or American, C 559
- Embankments
  - retaining wall for riverside, B 238–245
  - wall for lawn, G 74
- Emblems
  - bullion embroidery, N 155
- Embossing iron, M 361
- Embroidery, N 98–241*
  - bars, twisted and woven, N 141*
  - blanket stitch, N 142*
  - bullion stitch, N 165–166*
  - bullion work, N 154–156
  - butterfly pattern, drawnwork, N 220–222*
  - buttonhole and satin stitch design, N 166*
  - buttonholing, N 130–134*, 142–145*
  - card case, N 183–186*
  - cat stitch, N 102, 215*
  - chain stitch, N 99–100*
  - cleaning
    - washing, H 329, N 136–137
    - without washing, N 379
  - collars, Hedebo embroidery, N 203*
  - combination stitch, N 148–154*
  - combinations of colors and stitches, D 118–119
  - compass design, N 167–168
  - couching stitch, N 124*
  - cross stitch, N 103–106*, 107*, 108*
  - daisies, N 167, 177–180*
  - designs, planning, D 118
  - drawnwork, N 211–226*
  - eyelet work, N 160–163*
  - fagotting, N 145–146*, 229*
  - feather-stitching, N 116–118*
  - flower work, N 176–189*
    - colors, N 176
    - shading, N 179–180
    - stems, N 180
  - French knots, N 164–165*
  - Hardanger, N 190–197*
  - Hedebo embroidery
    - bars, N 204*
    - [145]circles, N 204–206*
    - materials for, N 202
    - triangles, N 204*
  - hemstitching, N 207–210*, 215*
  - herring-bone stitch, N 101*
  - honeycomb stitch, N 144*
  - hoops, N 122–123
  - ismet stitch, N 125*
  - Kensington stitch, N 178–179*
  - lace, embroidering on, N 180
  - ladder stitch, N 158–159*
  - lazy-daisy stitch, N 119–120*
  - leaves, shading, N 179
  - letters, N 147–154*
  - lingerie hats, N 171–174
  - long and short stitch, N 177*
  - monograms, N 152–154*
  - needles, N 121
  - outline stitch
    - combination stitches, N 148–154*
    - rough and smooth, N 101*
  - padding, N 99, 130–131, 147–148, 156
  - picots, N 192*, 194*
  - pin cushion top, N 193–196*
  - pyramid stitch, Hardanger, N 195*
  - ribbon work, N 181–189*
    - card case, N 183–186*
  - rococo, N 181–189*
  - Roman cut work, N 138–142*
  - satin stitch, N 147–149*, D 119
    - design, N 158*
  - scalloping, N 132–133
    - drawing scallops, N 135
  - seeding, N 154*
  - shadow embroidery, N 125–128*
  - silks, when not to use, N 157
  - skeleton stitch, N 381
  - smocking, N 112–114*
  - spider stitch, N 142
  - stamping patterns, N 128–129
  - star patterns, Hardanger, N 191*
  - stem stitch, N 154
    - substitute for, N 379*
  - suggestions for a girl's room, N 372–381
  - threading the needle, N 103
  - tools, N 121–123
  - Turkish stitch, N 125*
  - Van Dyke stitch, N 151*
  - Wallachian embroidery, N 134–137*
- Emergencies, housekeeping, H 353–369
- [146]Enamel and enameling, M 197–211
  - backing, M 208
  - basse-taille, M 208
  - black spots, removing, M 201
  - champleve method, M 202, 208
  - characteristics of enamel, M 197
  - cloisonne, M 201, 209
  - finishing, M 201
  - firing process, M 199–201
  - muffle furnace for, M 199
  - on copper, D 354–355
  - on silver, D 355
  - placing enamel on metal, M 198
  - polishing, M 205
  - preparing enamel, M 197
  - tools, M 197
  - unsoldering, M 205
  - See also Wood finishing
- Enamel ware
  - kitchen utensils, H 201
- Endive
  - blanching, G 305
  - planting and transplanting, G 305
  - seed, time to plant, G 234
  - winter culture, G 305
- Engineering. See Mechanics
- Engines
  - external and internal combustion, B 121–122, 128–130, 387
  - oscillating, B 333–334*
  - parallel motion, mechanism, B 332–333*
  - speed regulator, B 328*
  - steam versus gas or oil, advantages, B 121
  - See also Electric engines; Electric motors; Gasolene motors; Horse power; Steam engines; Turbines
- English bind weed (Morning glory)
  - class and seed time, G 278
- Engraving
  - cement, M 205
  - iron work, M 361
- Ensigns, code, B 108, 109
- Entomology. See Insects
- Envelope for clippings
  - making, N 187–189*
- Equestrian polo, K 377
- Ermine, A 495
- Escallops. See Scallops
- Escutcheon plates, M 410*, 412–414
- Etching
  - iron work, M 362
- Ether (of space)
  - [147]chemical waves, effect of, E 336
  - development of the universal ether idea, E 339–348
  - kinds of ether waves, E 310–316
  - medium for transmitting wave motions, E 343
  - original meaning, E 344
  - wave theory, exponents of, E 344–346
  - waves sent forth by Halley's comet, E 333–338
- Evergreens, C 535–542
  - for hedge, G 82
  - landscape gardening, G 354
  - southern smilax, A 54
  - See also Pine
- Exercise
  - value of, K 10–13
  - walking, K 14–17
- Exhibits, vegetables and flowers, G 201–208
  - flowers, arrangement, G 205
  - labeling, G 205
  - vegetables
    - arrangement, G 202, 204
    - preparation of, G 202
- Eyelet work
  - designs for, N 163*, 164*, 167–168
  - edges of, N 169
  - lingerie hat, N 169*
  - making eyelets, N 161–162*
  - padded eyelets, N 162*
- Eyes and hooks
  - sewing on, N 24–25*

F

- Face plate
  - definition of, M 209
- Fagots
  - collecting, A 406
- Fagotting
  - lace stitches, N 229*
  - Bermuda fagotting stitch, N 145–146*
- Fahrenheit scale, B 261
- Fancy work. See Applique; Basket making; Bead work; Braiding; Crocheting; Embroidery; Hemstitching; Knitting; Lace making; Needle work; also names of articles, e. g., Pin case; Sewing apron, etc.
- Faraday, Michael
  - discovery of magneto-induction, E 14, 17
  - theory of ether phenomena, E 345
- Farm machines
  - dog power for running, A 255
- Farmers' bulletins
  - [148]how to secure, A 513
- Farming.
  - See Dairying; Domestic animals; Drainage; Fertilizers and manures; Flower gardening; Forestry; Fruit; Gardening; Irrigation; Soils; Trees; Vegetable gardening; Vegetables
- Fashion. See Clothing and dress
- Fat (Game), K 346
- Fats
  - food composition and value, H 249, 250
  - frying fats, H 282
  - proportion in diet, H 249, 252
- Feather race, K 347
- Feather-stitching
  - decorations in, N 119
  - double stitch, N 117*
  - marking with, N 156
  - seaweed stitch, N 118*
  - single stitch, N 116*
  - threads, N 118*
- Feathers
  - goose, A 189–190
  - poultry, A 159
- Feed rolls
  - mechanism, B 316*
- Fences. See Hedges
- Fermentation
  - principle of, A 414
- Fern dish
  - making pottery, D 310–313*
- Ferns
  - care of, in house, G 197
  - gathering, A 55, 359
  - varieties to grow, G 198
- Fertilization of plants, G 246–248
- Fertilizers and manures
  - amount required for poor soil, G 18
  - hen manure, A 143
  - leaf mold, making, A 421–424
  - preparing manure for hotbeds, G 108
  - sod for compost, G 262
  - source of nitrogen, G 223
  - wood ashes, A 433
    - for strawberries, G 94
  - See also Humus; Lime; Nitrates; Phosphates; Potash
- Field athletics. See Track athletics
- Field, Cyrus, W.
  - and the Atlantic cable, E 65
- Figs
  - food value, H 255
- Files and rasps, C 204
  - draw filing in copper work, M 37
  - [149]metal work, M 9
- Filing cabinet
  - construction, C 358–359*
  - drawer designs to represent books, C 397*
  - for drawings, making, C 395–396
- Filling. See Wood finishing
- Finance. See Accounts; Allowances; Housekeeping; Income
- Finger bowls
  - brass work, M 133–135*
  - use of, H 172
- Finishing. See Wood finishing
- Fir. See Balsam
- Fire
  - mystery of flame, H 226
- Fire extinction
  - burning grease, H 236
  - chimneys, H 234
- Fire making
  - camp fires, K 67–69
    - for cooking, K 77–82*
  - coal fire, H 227–233
    - daily care, H 232
    - laying and lighting, H 231
  - furnace fires, H 233
  - lighting a fire with kerosene, H 231
  - open wood fires, H 223–227
  - See also Ranges
- Fire of coal: story, H 37
- Fire screen for metal work, M 11*
- Fire tools
  - making, M 370–379*
  - poker, forging, M 371*
  - shovel, forging, M 372*
  - stand for, making, M 377–379
  - tongs, making, M 374–377*
    - riveting, M 376
  - See also Andirons
- Firearms
  - shot guns versus rifles for boys, K 112
  - use of, K 110–124*
- Fireless cookers
  - electric, E 128–132*, 308
- Fireplaces
  - camp fireplaces, K 78–79
  - hearth, flue and draught, H 223–224
  - made of field rock, D 371*
  - tiles, making, D 318–320
  - See also Andirons; Fire tools
- Fires
  - damage from, C 513
  - danger from oily cloths, H 12
  - [150]preventing forest fires, A 467–468
- Fireworks
  - operated by wireless outfit, E 327–328*
- Firing pottery, D 299–301*
- Fish
  - boiling, H 290
    - whole, H 278
  - broiling, H 275–276
  - cleaning, H 289
    - to preserve heads and tails, H 290
  - food value, H 250, 253
    - combined with vegetables, H 259
  - frying, K 91
  - how to select for cooking, H 271
  - pan fish, meaning, K 130
  - protecting from natural enemies, A 273
  - taming, A 266
  - See also Brook trout; Gold fish; Shell fish; Trout
- Fish spears
  - forging, M 240*
- Fishing, K 125–143*
  - bait, K 130–136*
  - bait casting, K 137–138
  - boats, K 140
  - fly casting, K 130, 134–137*
  - gaff, K 141
  - game fish, K 126
  - hooks, K 128–129*
  - landing nets, K 141*
  - line winder, whittling, C 15*
  - lines, selection and care, K 128, 135
  - methods, K 129
  - qualifications of a successful fisherman, K 125
  - reels, K 127
  - rods, selecting, K 127
  - rules, K 142
  - still fishing, K 129, 139–140
  - tackle, K 126–129*
  - time to fish, K 141
  - trolling, K 133*, 139*
- Fixtures. See Electric light fixtures
- Flag (Plant)
  - characteristics of dwarf flag, G 334
- Flags
  - yacht signal code, B 107–109
- Flannels
  - washing, H 324, 328
- Flash light
  - burglar's, E 154–155*
- Flat irons. See Electric iron
- Fleece. See Goats; Sheep
- [151]Flemish oak stain, D 231
- Fletcher, Horace
  - theory of food chewing, K 10
- Fleur-de-lis. See Iris
- Flicker
  - bird house for, C 219
- Flies
  - book about, A 519
  - breeding places, A 476–477
  - danger to health, A 475
  - development from the egg, A 393–395
  - exterminating, A 475–478
- Floating heart
  - characteristics, G 366
- Floors
  - building
    - estimating lumber for octagon or hexagon, C 507–509
    - for model house, D 28
    - for summer house, C 417
    - laying floors, C 471
    - setting beams, C 470
  - carpets versus rugs for, H 125
  - cement floors for poultry house, A 137
  - color scheme in house decoration, D 16
  - cleaning appliances, H 142
  - dusting, H 125
  - finish for wood floor, H 192
  - kitchen floors and floor coverings, H 191
  - polishing, H 126
  - refinishing, H 127
  - waxed floors, polishing, H 126
  - See also Carpets; Matting; Rugs; Strength of materials; Vacuum cleaner
- Floral decoration
  - backgrounds, D 89–90
  - color scheme, D 84–86
  - combinations, D 83
  - dining table, D 91–92
  - garden method, D 83
  - grouping, D 82
  - holders and vases, D 86–89*
  - Japanese idea, D 81
  - principles of arrangement, D 93–94
  - wild flowers, decorative value, A 56
- Flour
  - cleansing qualities, H 332
  - food value, H 254
- Flower basket
  - weaving, G 61–64*
- Flower embroidery. See Embroidery
- Flower gardening, G 315–335
  - [152]annuals, G 328–331
    - blooming after frost, G 330
  - arrangement of plants, G 317
  - background plants, G 317, 320, 321
  - bedding plants, G 323
  - biennials, G 322
  - border plants, G 137, 321
  - climbing annuals: table, G 331
  - color scheme, G 315, 361
  - cut flowers: tables, G 329, 333
  - drills, making, G 156
  - establishing a nursery business in California, A 94–99
  - formal garden
    - border, G 152
    - color scheme, G 154
    - diagram of, G 153
    - gradation of plants, G 151, 152
    - staking plots and paths, G 154, 155
    - straight lines in, G 357
  - fragrant flowers: tables, G 330, 333
  - girls' work, G 151–164
  - hardy and self-sowing plants, G 316–321
  - house plants, G 196–198, H 139
  - informal gardens, G 358
  - insect pests, G 199, 293
  - location of garden, G 361
  - perennials, G 333–335
  - potted plants, G 180–200
    - drainage, G 172, 183–185
    - pests, remedy, G 199
    - pots, cleaning, G 184
    - potting process, G 186–187
    - soil, G 171, 183–185
    - transplanting, G 181–182
    - watering, G 199
  - profit in
    - selling flowers, G 373
    - selling seeds, G 371–372
    - selling young plants, G 370–371
  - rock garden, G 324–326
  - round beds, making, G 136–137
  - school grounds, G 82–84
  - screening unsightly places, G 362
  - selection of flowers for landscape effect, G 361
  - self-sowing annuals: table, G 331
  - shady places, annuals for: table, G 331
  - slipping plants, G 188–190
  - soil, annuals that suit heavy or sandy soils, G 328–329
  - succession in bloom by months, G 316, 364
  - time table, G 161
  - [153]topping plants, G 199
  - See also Bulbs; Gardening; Vines; Wild flower gardening; Window boxes; also names of special flowers, e. g., Chrysanthemum; Larkspur; Pansy
- Flower missions, A 62
- Flowers
  - collections, labeling, K 156
    - preparation and mounting, K 155
  - cut flowers
    - annuals for, G 329, 333
    - care of, H 160
  - honey or pollen producing, A 322
  - jardiniere for, making, G 66–68*
  - pistils and stamens, G 246–247
  - propagating wild flowers, A 467
  - protecting wild flowers, A 465–467
  - supplying city children with wild flowers, A 61
  - water and bog plants, G 366
  - See also Floral decoration; Flower gardening; Plants; Wild flower gardening; Window box; also names of special flowers, e. g., Lily
- Flues
  - cleaning, H 234
  - purpose of, H 224
  - See also Chimney
- Flux
  - definition of, M 209
  - iron and steel, M 221
  - use of, in welding, M 247
- Fly casting, K 134–137*
- Flying
  - theory of, B 195–197
- Flying machines
  - glider, B 179
  - heavier than air and lighter than air types, B 162–163
  - See also Aeroplanes; Balloons
- Fobs. See Watch fobs
- Foliage plants, G 324
- Follow the leader (stump master), K 387
- Food
  - ash, meaning of, H 249
  - carbohydrates, H 248
  - combinations, H 257–261
  - condensed, harmful, H 261
  - fats, H 249
  - non-nourishing, value of, H 260
  - pre-digested, harmful, H 261
  - proportion of income to be used for food, H 74, 78
  - protein, H 248
  - refuse, meaning, H 248
  - [154]values, H 247–257
    - experiments of United States Government, H 250
    - variety essential, H 249, 262
  - See also Cookery; Diet; Fish; Fruit; Marketing; Meat; Vegetables; also names of special foods, e. g., Bread; Macaroni, etc.
- Football, K 267–283*, 348–350
  - association or soccer, K 269, 331
  - captain, K 273
  - centre rush, qualifications, K 270, 272
  - dangers of the game, K 267
  - "down", K 275, 281, 349
  - drop kick, K 272, 349
  - ends, qualifications, K 270, 273
  - field goal, K 276, 349
  - full-back, qualifications, K 272, 273
  - goals, choosing, K 276
  - gridiron, K 273*, 274, 348
  - half-back, qualifications, K 271, 273
  - kicking off, K 276, 281
  - line-up diagram, K 268, 270*
  - players, weight and size, K 270
  - playing the game, K 274–276, 348
  - positions of players, K 269, 349
  - punt, K 349
  - quarter-back, qualifications, K 270, 273
  - Rugby, K 269
  - rules, K 280–283
  - rushing the ball, K 275
  - "safety", K 282
  - scores, K 276, 281–282, 348
  - scrimmage, K 281
  - season, K 267
  - shoes, K 280*
  - signals, K 277–279
  - tackles, qualifications, K 270, 273
  - team, organization, K 269–273
  - team work, K 273–274
  - touchdown, K 275, 349
  - training, K 283
  - uniform, K 279–280*, 350
- Foot bridge. See Bridge building
- Foot pound, B 123
- Foot stools
  - designs and construction, C 291–300*
  - mission style, design, C 374–375*
- Forest fires
  - damage from, C 513
  - preventing, A 466–468
- Forestry
  - [155]book about, A 516
  - conservation, C 519
  - value of forests, C 514–516
  - waste timber problems, A 406
  - See also Lumber and lumbering; Trees; Wood lots
- Forge
  - bellows, M 216*
  - building fire in, M 217–218
  - construction, M 216
  - draught systems, M 227–229
  - explosion, danger of, M 229
  - portable forge, M 222–223*
    - draught system, M 228
  - tuyere, M 216
- Forget-me-not
  - characteristics, G 365, 366
- Forging
  - bending, M 236
  - bending corner in iron, M 271–273*
  - bolts, M 240–244*
  - butcher knife, M 354–357*
  - crow bar, M 352*
  - dividers, pair of, M 340–341*
  - door hasp, M 338–340*
  - eccentric strap, M 334*
  - fish-spear, M 240*
  - fork, two pronged, M 239*
  - garden hoe, M 335–337*
  - gate hooks, M 236–238*
  - grub hoe, M 328–330*
  - hand drills, M 347–349*
  - hand hammers, M 316–322*
  - harness hooks, M 238*
  - heating steel, M 290
  - hinge and butt, M 283–285*
  - ice-shaver, M 327*
  - nail puller or claw tool, M 353*
  - nuts, M 244–246*
  - oxidizing fire, M 233
  - pipe method, M 333
  - pitchfork, M 239*
  - punching holes, M 245*
  - reducing fire, M 233
  - rock drills, M 344–349*
  - shackles, M 349–352*
  - sockets for wire ropes, M 281–283*
  - stake pin, M 233–235*
  - staples, M 235–236*
  - steel hook, M 266–271*
  - stone chisels and picks, M 341–344*
  - [156]tongs, iron, M 287–288*
  - turn buckles, M 330–334*
  - upsetting
    - bolts, M 241*
    - definition, M 315
    - rings, M 249
  - wood chisel, M 337–338
  - wrenches of steel, M 273–281*
  - See also Blacksmithing; Iron work; Welding
- Formal garden, G 151–155, 357
- Forsythia
  - selection principles, G 37
- Foundations
  - boat house, B 36
  - cellar, C 459
  - concrete
    - box mold for, C 430, 458*
    - bracing, C 460*
    - leveling, C 460
    - pergola foundation, C 426–433
    - setting columns, C 435
    - setting wooden frame, C 435, 458
    - thickness of wall, C 459
  - depth for houses, C 458–459
  - house building, D 25–28*
  - posts
    - for small buildings, C 443
    - setting, D 26–28*
    - setting and leveling, C 413–417*
- Four o'clock
  - sowing and blossoming time, G 161
- Fowl. See Poultry
- Fox
  - book about the silver fox, A 517
- Foxglove
  - biennial, G 322
  - characteristics, G 333, 334, 347, 365
  - digitalis made from, A 57
  - sowing and blossoming time, G 161
- Fragrant herbs and grasses, A 64
- Frames. See Picture frames
- Framing. See House framing; Picture frames
- Francis of Assisi, Saint
  - stories about, H 25
- Franklin, Benjamin
  - kite flying, B 186
- Fraternity pillows, N 376
- French chalk for dry cleaning, H 332, 360
- French hem, N 21
- French knots
  - [157]letter outlining, N 150
  - needle for, N 166
  - working, N 164*
- French seal, A 501
- Fresnel, Augustin Jean
  - theory of light wave, E 345
- Fringe
  - knotting fringe, N 275–277*
  - raffia, N 274
- Frogs
  - taming, A 266
- Fruit
  - food values, H 255
  - selection of, for food, H 271
  - washing, H 295
  - See also names of fruits, e. g., Apple; Grape; Orange, etc.
- Fruit trees
  - budding, G 251–253
  - distance to plant, G 258
  - protecting fruit from birds, A 461
  - seeds versus grafting, G 257–258
  - See also Grafting
- Frying
  - fats for, H 282
  - methods, H 281
- Fuchsias
  - bedding plants, G 324
- Fuel
  - blacksmith's fuels, M 229
  - refuse timber, A 406
  - See also Coal
- Fulcrum
  - principle of, B 21–28*
- Fullering. See Blacksmithing
- Fumed oak and chestnut, process, D 233
- Fungi
  - shelf fungi, A 62
  - See also Mushrooms
- Fur
  - dry cleaning, H 332
  - packing, H 347
  - See also Ermine; Mink; Mole; Muskrat; Rabbit; Sable; Seal; Skins; Skunk; Weasel
- Furnace
  - draughts and dampers, H 227–230
  - gas and oil for heating steel, M 290
  - house furnace, management and cleaning, H 233
  - muffle furnace for enameling, M 199
- Furniture
  - antique
    - [158]mahogany table refinished, D 241–243
    - re-finishing, D 238–243
  - bedroom, D 57–58*
  - beds, designs, D 60*, 373*
  - box furniture, making, C 476–478*
  - care of furniture and fittings, H 121–145
  - castors, Acme pin, D 193
  - concrete furniture, making, D 201–209*
  - covers for, H 348
  - decorative value, D 46
  - dining-room, D 53–57*
  - enameling white, D 235
  - evolution of, C 291–292
  - hall furniture, D 47–50*
  - kitchen furniture, H 193–199
  - living room, D 50–53*
  - outdoor, C 408–416*, D 198–211*
    - designing, principles of, D 200
  - painted, cleaning, H 134
  - polish, H 133, 162
  - renovating, D 238–239
  - rustic, D 209–211*
    - woods for, A 410, K 101–102
  - selection for use and beauty, H 115–120
  - upholstered, cleaning, H 132, 332
  - See also Book case; Book rack; Carpentry and Woodwork—Problems; Chairs; Desk; House decoration; Stains and staining; Tables; Tabourette; Wood; Wood carving; Wood finishing
- Furrows. See Gardening
- Fusee, principle of, B 80*
- Fuses. See Electric fuses

G

- Gaging lumber, C 186, 188
- Gaillardia
  - characteristics, G 332, 335
  - sowing and blossoming time, G 161
- Gained or housed joints, C 255*
- Galileo, Galilei
  - barometer invention, B 256
- Galloway, Beverly T.
  - back yard swimming pool, A 282–286
- Galvani, Luigi
  - production of electric currents by chemical action, E 248
- Galvanic electricity, E 248
- Galvanized iron, E 248
  - soldering, M 44
- Galveston sea wall, B 247
- [159]Gambling in housekeeping expenditures, H 70
- Game and game birds
  - cooking in camp, K 89, 90
  - creating a private game preserve, A 464–465
  - domesticating wild game, A 461–464
  - protecting, A 463
  - wild rice food for, A 78
  - See also Bantams; Guinea fowl; Pheasants
- Games
  - list of one hundred games, K 326–328
  - See also Archery; Base ball; Camping; Canoeing; Coasting; Fishing; Football; Golf; Hockey; Hunting; Skating; Skiing; Swimming; Tennis; also names of games, e. g., Croquet; Marbles, etc.
- Garbage
  - can
    - cleaning, H 110, 221
    - location, H 221
  - disposal of, H 220
    - in country, H 222
- Garden club
  - election of officers, G 14
  - exhibits, G 201–208
  - reports on garden plots secured, G 3–12
  - vote to aid Oldfield Centre school grounds, G 14
  - vote to disbar girls, G 16
- Garden hockey, K 350
- Garden paths
  - materials and making, G 358
- Garden pests. See Insect pests
- Gardening
  - city back yard, G 23, 134–141
  - compost pile, G 262
  - drills, making, G 156
  - exhibits, G 201–208
  - furrows, making, G 264*, 266–267
  - hill, meaning of, G 116
  - hoeing, G 266
  - indoor experiments, G 28–40
  - money-making garden, G 368–376
    - selling garden fittings, G 372–373
  - plan, drawing, G 43–47*
    - paper plan for garden plots, G 261
  - preparing new plot, G 261–263
  - pricking out plants, G 100
  - raking, G 266
  - rows, direction to plant, G 260
  - rubbish, removing from new site, G 263
  - site for a garden, choosing, G 259–261
  - sowing seeds, G 268
  - spading, G 263–265
  - [160]success, principles of, G 270
  - succession crops, G 92
  - thinning seedlings, G 268
  - transplanting, G 101–102, 118, 268–270
  - trenching, G 263–265*
  - work shop end of the garden, G 41–71*
  - See also Coldframe; Drainage; Fertilizers and manures; Flower gardening; Herbs; Hotbeds; Insect pests; Landscape gardening; Lawns; Plant food; Plants; School grounds; Seeds; Soils; Vegetable gardening; Vegetables; Vines; Weeds
- Gardening—Tools and appliances
  - bulb flat, making, G 61*
  - dibber, G 47*
  - flower basket, weaving, G 61–64*
  - good versus poor tools, G 89–90
  - hoe, how to use, G 107
  - labels for plants, making, G 58*
  - measurements on tool handles, G 156
  - plant jardiniere, G 66–68*
  - pot rest, G 68–71*
  - reel, making, G 51*
  - sieve, making, G 59–61
  - spades, how to use, G 88
  - stake, making, G 50*
  - sundial, making, G 64–66*
- Gareth
  - service in the king's kitchen, H 20
- Garlic, wild
  - class and seed time, G 278
- Garret playhouse, H 5
- Gas and oil engines
  - compared with steam engines, B 121, E 179
  - construction and fuel supply, B 128–130
  - cylinder, what takes place in, E 178
  - water supply, quantity, B 130
  - See also Gasolene motors
- Gas furnace
  - heating steel, M 290
- Gas lighter, Electric, E 118–120*
- Gas lighting
  - average bill for careful families, H 76
- Gas meters
  - reading, H 238
- Gas range
  - baking bread in, H 283
  - cleaning, H 235
  - fire from fat, extinguishing, H 236
  - lighting, H 234
- Gasolene
  - composition, B 104
  - [161]danger of explosion, B 104
- Gasolene automobiles. See Automobiles
- Gasolene launch. See Boat building; Launch
- Gasolene motors
  - action, B 388
  - automobile frames, construction, B 396–401*
  - carbureter, B 95*
  - description and dimensions, B 95*
  - exhaust pipe, B 97–98, 103
  - expansion chamber, B 98
  - four-stroke cycle, B 388–391*
  - installing in launch, B 93–95
  - motive power, how obtained, B 388
  - motor-cycle, principle, B 387–388
  - muffler, B 97–98
  - multiple cylinders, B 393
  - petcock, B 99
  - pipe joints, finishing, B 102
  - power, developing, B 105–107
  - single cylinder, B 391, 394*
  - sparking, B 105–106
    - electric equipment for, E 178–203
  - stationary
    - foundations, B 100–102
    - location, B 99
    - vibration, avoiding, B 100–102
  - stopping the engine, B 104
  - suction and overflow pipes, B 102
  - tank, setting, B 102
  - testing new engine, B 111
  - two-cylinder, B 392*
  - two-stroke cycle, B 388
  - vertical, B 391
  - water jacket, B 110
  - water supply, B 103–104
- Gate hooks
  - forging, M 236–238*
- Gearing. See Mechanical movements
- Geese
  - book about, A 517
  - breeds, A 189, K 181
  - domesticating wild geese, A 463
  - fattening for market, A 189
  - feathers, plucking, A 189–190
  - feeding and caring for goslings, A 188
  - food value, H 253
  - how to select for cooking, H 271
  - raising, A 188–190
  - setting eggs, A 188
- Genista
  - indoor plant, G 197
- [162]Georgia pine. See Pine
- Geraniums
  - bedding plant, G 323
  - slipping, G 188–190
  - wild geranium, G 342
  - window box plant, G 193
- Germination of seeds. See Seeds
- Gifts
  - playthings outgrown, H 10
  - spent in advance, offense of, H 70
  - the tenth of your income, H 81
- Gilding
  - lettering name on boat, B 131
- Gimlet bit, C 194*, 196
- Ginger root
  - use of, A 58
- Girders, wooden
  - strength of materials, B 45
- Girls' clubs. See Clubs
- Girls
  - outdoor sports for, K 318–325
- Girl's room
  - color scheme, N 375, 378, 379
  - cretonne versus linen for furnishings, N 373
  - curtains, N 380–381
  - stenciling furnishings, N 377
  - wall decorations, N 377
  - window seat, N 374
- Girl's secret, G 25–27
- Glass
  - cutting with a wheel cutter, D 196
  - for lamp shade, M 400
  - kitchen utensils, H 203
  - leaded glass, soldering, D 196–197*
  - polishing, H 134
  - washing, H 180
- Glider flying machine, B 179
- Glove box. See Boxes
- Gloves
  - cleaning chamois gloves, H 331
- Glue
  - preparing and using, C 225
  - See also Carpentry
- Gnomon
  - making, B 209
- Goat
  - age, telling, A 111
  - Angora
    - commercial value, A 114
    - fleece, A 109, 114
  - book about, A 517
  - [163]common goat, advantages of, A 114–116
  - feeding, A 111–113
  - housing, A 109, 113
  - kid, care of, A 111
  - market value, A 117
  - milk, value, A 115
  - products, A 110
  - profit from, A 107–108
  - raising, A 107–118
    - experiment in New England, A 116–118
  - rate of increase, A 115
  - selecting for a herd, A 110
  - space needed, A 109, 114
  - value in reclaiming land, A 116–118
  - water supply, A 109
- Goat skin
  - for leather work, N 84*
- Godetia
  - characteristics, G 322, 329, 331
- Gold fish
  - age, A 227
  - book about, A 517
  - characteristics, A 226
  - color of young, A 231
  - diseases, A 232
  - eggs, care of, A 229
  - enemies, A 233
  - food, A 228, 231
  - habits, A 228
  - hospital, A 232
  - making an aquarium, K 160–162
  - raising for profit, A 228–233
  - rearing tank, A 228, 230
  - spawning pond, A 229
  - storage tank, A 231
  - training, A 227
  - winter tank, A 232
- Golden bell
  - characteristics, G 355
- Golden glow
  - characteristics, G 334, 365
- Golden oak finish, D 230
- Golden seal
  - value, A 57
- Golf, K 296–300*, 351–354
  - addressing, K 297*
  - bogie score, K 300
  - caddy, K 352
  - clubs, K 299*, 352
  - course, K 296, 351
  - [164]hole, K 297, 351
  - links, K 353
  - playing the game, K 352
  - putting, K 300
    - green, K 297, 352
  - scoring, K 298, 300
  - tee, K 297
- Golf-croquet, K 354
- Gong. See Brass work—bell
- Gophers
  - destroying, A 493
- Gouge
  - blacksmith's tool, M 225
  - sharpening, C 179–184*
  - woodworker's tool, C 258–260*
- Governors (Machinery)
  - gyroscope governor, B 335*
  - steam engine, B 313–316*, 329
- Grafting
  - cleft grafting, G 257–258
  - improving stock, G 254–258
  - occupation for boys, A 409*
  - scion and stock, G 254–256
  - season for, G 255
  - tongue grafting, G 256
  - wax making, G 256
  - whip grafting, G 256–257
- Grain
  - food value, H 250, 254
  - See also Corn
- Grandfather's clock
  - making, C 284–290*
- Granite for roadway, G 85
- Grape
  - food value, H 255
  - green grape jelly, receipt, A 15
  - wild grapes
    - picking, A 14
    - jelly receipt, A 15
- Grape juice
  - book about, A 518
  - food value, A 417
  - making, A 418–421
- Grass seed
  - kind for rapid growth, G 76
  - preparing the soil, G 74–76
  - sowing, G 77
- Grass stain
  - removing, H 359
- Grasses
  - [165]basketry uses, A 64
- Grasshoppers
  - distinguishing young from old, A 393
  - garden pests, G 282
- Grates. See Fireplaces
- Gravel
  - road beds, G 85
  - See also Cement walks
- Graver
  - definition of, M 209
- Gravitation
  - definition, E 341
  - laws of, B 277–280
  - principle of, B 57–59
- Gravity
  - acceleration, meaning of, B 278
  - force, meaning of, B 277
  - specific gravity, meaning of, B 279–280
- Grease spots
  - removing, H 360
- Greek cross, C 322
- Greens (Cookery)
  - dandelion greens, A 63
- Greens, Christmas, A 50–57
- Grinding machine
  - edge runners or chasers for crushing, B 336*
- Grindstones
  - grinding tools with, C 181–184*
  - principle of, B 28
  - types and uses, C 181*
- Grosbeak, rose-breasted
  - insect destroyer, A 457
  - migration, K 176
- Grounds. See School grounds
- Grouse
  - book about, A 519
- Guests
  - entertainment of, H 366–369
- Guinea fowl
  - book about, A 517
  - characteristics, A 179, 181–182
  - eggs, value, A 179
  - feeding, A 180
  - marketing, A 179, 181
  - raising, A 180–182
- Guinea pigs
  - as pets, K 183
  - making a house for, C 451–454*
  - raising for pets, A 205
  - See also Cavies
- [166]Gum. See Spruce gum
- Gum tree
  - sweet gum, red gum, or liquid amber, C 562
- Gun. See Firearms; Rifles; Shotgun
- Gussets. See Sewing
- Gymnastics
  - outdoor life versus gymnastics, K 11
  - pull up bar, making, C 270*
- Gyroscope
  - applied to aeroplanes, B 169
  - Bohnenberger's machine, B 334*
  - construction of, B 267–268*
  - mechanism, B 334*

H

- Hab-enihan (Game), K 354
- Hacmatack, C 530
- Hail
  - formation, B 363–366
- Haley over (Game), K 355
- Halibut
  - food value, H 253
- Hall clock
  - design and construction, D 193–198*
- Hall furniture, D 47–50*
- Halley's comet
  - ether waves sent forth by, E 333–338
- Halley's thermometer, B 261
- Halved joints, C 253*
- Ham. See Pork
- Hamburg steak, H 268
- Hammer
  - adze eye claw hammer, C 203*
  - claw hammer, C 203*
  - cross peen hammer, making, M 316–318*
  - hand hammer, M 224*
  - handles, making, C 271*
  - hard wood peg for copper work, M 28
  - peen, M 254*
  - planishing hammer, M 8*
  - raising hammer, M 7*
  - round peen hammer, making, M 318–322*
  - set hammer, M 225*, 323*
  - shaping hammer, M 7*
- Hammocks
  - making couch hammocks, C 478–480*
- Hand ball, K 355
- Hand polo, K 356
- Hand tennis, K 356
- Handkerchief
  - [167]drawnwork, N 213–219*
  - hemstitching, N 207–209*
  - rolling the edge, N 21*
- Handkerchief box. See Boxes
- Handles
  - wooden, making, C 271*
  - See also Copper work; Metal work
- Hands
  - removing stains, H 357
- Hardanger embroidery, N 190–197*
  - bars, weaving, N 192
  - block stitch, N 190–191*
  - materials, N 190
  - picots, N 192*, 194*
  - pin cushion tops, N 193–196*
  - pyramid stitch, N 195*
  - star pattern, N 191*
- Hardening metals. See Steel
- Hardie
  - blacksmith tool, M 226*
  - making, M 322*
- Hardy plants
  - meaning, G 317
- Hare
  - "varying" hare, A 499–500
- Hare and hounds, K 17
- Harebell, Carpathian
  - characteristics, G 334
- Harrowing, G 124
- Harvesting nature's crops, A 8–100
- Haskins, Charles Waldo
  - How to keep household accounts, recommended, H 99
- Hat
  - baby's buttoned hat, N 174–175
  - how to select a hat, D 125
  - lingerie hat, N 169*, 171–174
  - raffia hats, N 262–270
    - for doll, N 253–255
- Hat ball, K 357
- Hat pin
  - copper work, D 348–350*, M 64–69
- Hat pin holder
  - copper work, M 69–71*
- Hatchet handle
  - making, C 271*
- Haws (fruit)
  - location and uses, A 24
- Hawthorne, Nathaniel
  - quotation, H 43
- Hawthorne, English
  - [168]characteristics, G 366
- Hayes, Ruth
  - success with chickens, A 160–163
- Hazel nut
  - cultivating, A 33–34
  - for fence hedge, A 34
  - gathering time, A 35
  - pruning bushes, A 35
- Health. See Hygiene
- Hearth
  - meaning, H 224
- Heat
  - British thermal unit, E 100–101
  - calorie and caloric, meaning, E 342
  - generation, E 98–100
  - transmission by radiation, E 314
  - waves
    - length, E 316
    - production and velocity, E 313–315
    - theory, E 343
- Heating
  - automatic control of temperature, E 306–308*
  - regulation by electric flasher, E 120–125*
  - See also Electric heating; Fuel; Furnace; Steam radiators
- Hedebo embroidery, N 202–206*
- Hedges
  - hazel bush, A 34
  - poplar versus evergreen, G 82
  - shrubs for, G 357
- Helianthus
  - background plant, G 320
  - sowing and blossoming time, G 161
- Helicoptere flying machine, B 163
- Heliotrope
  - bedding plant, G 324
  - characteristics of winter plant, G 333
- Hellebore, white
  - insecticide, G 117, 285
- Hemlock
  - characteristics, C 539
- Hemming. See Sewing
- Hemp ropes. See Ropes
- Hemstitching
  - double hemstitching, N 210*
  - handkerchiefs, N 207–209*
  - padded, N 215–216*
- Hen coops. See Poultry
- Hen manure. See Fertilizers and manures
- Henry, Joseph
  - first to make electro-magnets, E 14
- [169]Hens. See Poultry
- Hepatica
  - blossoming time, G 339
  - habits and characteristics, G 339, 364
- Herbarium, K 155
- Herbs
  - bee balm, G 347
  - for basket weaving and sachets, A 64
  - in colonial gardens, G 326
  - list of, G 327
  - soil for, G 326
  - uses, G 326
- Hero engine, B 114*
- Herring
  - food value, H 253
- Herring-bone
  - embroidery stitch, N 101*
- Hertz, Heinrich
  - discovery of electric waves, E 346
- Hertzian waves, E 346
- Hewitt, Peter Cooper
  - inventor of mercury vapor lamp, E 156
- Hexagon
  - problem in estimating lumber for hexagon floor, C 508
- Hickory
  - characteristics, A 39–40, C 564
  - food value of nuts, H 256
  - lumber value, A 39
  - varieties, A 40
- Hide and seek, K 361
- Hides. See Skins
- High kick, K 357
- Hinges
  - copper or brass, metal work, M 116*
  - copper or silver, metal work, M 100–106*
  - iron hinge and butt, making, M 283–285*
  - ornamental, making, M 391–393*
  - riveting, M 114*
  - setting, C 239
- Hives. See Bees
- Hockey
  - forward, K 214
  - garden hockey, K 350
  - goal tender, K 214
  - ice hockey, K 212–215*, 358
  - lawn hockey, K 367
  - "puck", K 212
  - rink, K 215
  - rules, K 215
  - skates, cost, K 358*
  - [170]team, K 214, 358
  - uniform, K 213, 358
  - See also Curling
- Hoe
  - forging a garden hoe, M 335–337*
  - forging a grub hoe, M 328–330*
  - how to use, G 107–266
- Hog. See Swine
- Hogan, Clarence A.
  - raising chickens, A 159
- Hoisting machinery
  - inclined plane, B 52–62, 64
  - lewis for lifting stones, B 347*
  - lifting magnets, E 79–81*
  - screws, B 139–147
  - tongs for lifting stones, B 348*
  - See also Capstan; Pulleys; Windlass
- Holly
  - care of trees, A 52
  - characteristics, C 560
  - wood, value, A 52
  - wreaths, making and marketing, A 52–53
- Hollyhocks
  - background plant, G 320
  - characteristics, G 334, 365
  - sowing and blossoming time, G 161
- Home decoration. See House decoration
- Homemaking
  - art of, H 44
  - See also Housekeeping
- Homing pigeons, K 180
- Honey
  - cooking with, A 327
  - food value, H 254
  - marketing, A 326
  - plants which supply, A 322
  - wholesomeness, A 326
  - See also Bees
- Honeysuckle
  - decorative value, G 359
- Honiton applique, N 237
- Hood
  - knitted, N 366–368*
- Hooke, Robert
  - wave theory of light, E 343
- Hooker, Ava
  - a start with poultry, A 172–177
- Hooks
  - centrifugal check hooks, B 326*
  - forging
    - [171]gate hooks, M 236–238*
    - harness hooks, M 238*
    - steel hook, M 266–271*
- Hooks and eyes, sewing on, N 24–25*
- Hoops, embroidery, N 122–123
- Hop hornbeam, or iron wood
  - characteristics, C 558
- Hop vine
  - value, G 360
- Hopover(Game), K 358
- Hopscotch, K 359
- Hopper joints, C 251*
- Horizontal bar
  - making a pull up bar, C 270*
- Horse
  - book about, A 517
  - raising colts, A 101–103
  - training, A 252–255, 258
- Horse chestnut, G 367
- Horse power
  - converting into kilowatts, B 125
  - estimating, B 122–125
  - estimating energy in coal, E 6
- Horsemanship, K 225–232*
  - bridle wise horse, K 227
  - care of the horse, K 230
  - girls as riders, K 321
  - jumping fences, K 231*
  - mounting, K 226–227*
  - packing a horse, K 230
  - saddles, selecting, K 225–226*
  - selecting the horse, K 232
  - styles of riding, K 227–228
- Horseshoeing, M 221–222*
  - heels, M 222
  - making shoes, M 218–222*
  - mule shoes and horse shoes, M 218
  - toe calk, M 221*
- Hospitality. See Guests
- Hot water bottle
  - electric heating pad, E 117
- Hotbed
  - coldframe changed to, G 38
  - directions for making, G 48–50*
  - preparing for winter, G 108, 109
  - time to transfer plants, G 235
- Ho-ti and the roast pig, H 18
- House cleaning, H 337–352
  - appliances for, H 140, 147
  - order of work, H 143–145
  - [172]principles, H 142
  - repairs and renovations, H 338, 339
  - small spaces, H 338
  - unobtrusive methods, H 128
  - weekly schedule, H 108
  - woodwork, H 123
  - See also Ceilings; Cellar; Curtains; Floors; Flues; Furnace; Furniture; Garbage can; Kitchen; Lamps, oil; Laundry work; Matting; Painting; Paper-hanging; Pictures; Refrigerator; Rugs; Shades; Tiles; Vacuum cleaners; Walls; Windows
- House decoration
  - ceilings, D 36
    - correcting defects of height, D 38
  - color scheme, D 16–20
    - harmony, D 35–36
    - interior woodwork, D 20
    - southern and northern exposures, D 18–19
  - corrective for architectural defects, D 37–38
  - decorative fabrics, D 95–120
  - Dutch room, suggestion, N 379
  - experimenting, D 41–43
  - floors, color scheme, D 16, 20, 36
  - French room, suggestions, N 379
  - furniture
    - arrangement, D 59–63
    - selection, D 46–59
  - modifying rules, D 43–45
  - overcrowding, D 62
  - principles, D 34–35
  - re-decorating old houses, D 37
  - relation to building plan, D 12–13
  - summer cottage suggestions, D 370
  - ten commandments, D 45–46
  - use and beauty of possessions, H 115–120
  - walls, D 36, 39–41
    - stenciling, N 76
  - window seats, N 374–375
  - See also Copper work; Curtains; Cushions; Floral decoration; Furniture; Girl's room; Leather work; Metal work; Pictures; Portieres; Pottery; Stenciling; Weaving
- House fly. See Flies
- House framing
  - construction details, D 25–32*
    - drawings and instructions, C 461–464*
  - corner framing, C 462*
  - corners, finishing poultry house, C 446*
  - paper for siding, C 471
  - siding
    - cheap houses, C 445
    - [173]cottages and bungalows, C 464
    - putting on weather boards, C 471
    - tongue and groove boards for, C 475
  - small and cheap houses, C 444–445*
  - studding for a boat house, B 37–38*
  - summer house construction, C 413–417*
  - window and door frames, setting, C 469
- House plans. See Architecture
- Household pests, H 361–364
- Housekeeper
  - effacement of, H 383–384
  - health of, H 385
  - stories of inspiration, H 388–389
  - worries, H 384
  - See also House cleaning; Housekeeping; Servants
- Housekeeping
  - accounts, keeping, H 87–100
  - adjustment of work, H 112
  - alleviations, H 333
  - as a profession, H 382–387
  - bedroom work, H 146–159
  - closing the house
    - marking wrapped articles, H 351
    - meters, shutting off, H 351
    - packing, H 347–349
    - repairing household appliances, H 349
    - traps, care of, H 351
  - daily work, H 103
  - dignity of, H 387
  - dining-room and pantry work, H 51, 160–187
  - emergencies, H 353–369
  - expenses, division of income, H 74–80
  - home training for, H 46
  - inspiration, H 388–389
  - learning and helping, H 43–59
  - learning by observation, H 58
  - menus and marketing, H 244–273
  - My heritage, H 63–68
  - objections to, H 382
  - opening the house, unpacking, H 352
  - playhouse, H 3–40
  - possessions, use and beauty, H 115–120
  - rest provisions, H 113
  - schedules of work, H 101–113
  - school lessons helpful in, H 45
  - servants, H 370–381
  - upstairs work, H 146–159
  - See also Cookery; Food; Furniture; House cleaning; House decoration; Insect pests; Ironing; Kitchen; Laundry; Marketing; Needle work; Plumbing; Receipts; Servants; Sewing
- [174]House plants. See Plants
- Huckleberries
  - canning factories, A 12
  - picking, A 13
  - where and how they grow, A 11, C 514
- Hudson seal, A 491
- Hugo, Victor
  - his description of Paris sewers mentioned, H 216
- Humming birds
  - taming, A 265
- Humus
  - soil composition, G 8, 9
- Hunt the sheep, K 360
- Hunting
  - choosing companions, K 118
  - training dogs for, K 190–192
  - See also Game and game birds; Shooting
- Huygens, Christian
  - wave theory of light, E 344
- Hyacinth
  - cone developer, G 175
  - indoor planting, G 166, 167
  - planting and blooming time, G 177, 178
  - varieties, G 167, 177, 178
  - water growing, G 169, 175
- Hydrangea
  - characteristics, G 356, 365
- Hydro-electric stations in the United States, E 202–207
- Hygiene
  - how to keep well, K 3–5
  - outdoor life, K 6–9
  - rules of health, K 12
  - value of play, K 4, 10
  - See also Athletics; Exercise; Walking
- Hygrometer
  - construction, B 231–232*
- Hylo electric lamps, E 138*
- Hyperbola
  - describing, B 338

I

- I spy, K 361
- Ice
  - home-made, A 435–437
- Ice box. See Refrigerator
- Ice Hockey. See Hockey
- Ice-shaver
  - forging, M 327*
- Incandescent lamps. See Electric lamps, Incandescent
- Inclined plane
  - [175]principle of, B 52–62*
  - rule for power, B 64
- Income
  - allowances, management of, H 80
  - gifts, provisions for, H 81
  - how to divide for family needs, H 72–85
  - increasing, ways to avoid, H 73
  - management of, H 70–86
  - savings from, H 82
  - uncertain, management of, H 71
- Incubators, K 197–199
  - electric, E 114
    - temperature regulator, E 124*
- Indian bracelet
  - making, M 176–177*
- Indian proverb about home making, H 44
- Indian's plume (Bee balm), G 333, 347
- Induction (Electricity)
  - current induced
    - by interrupting the circuit, E 184
    - by moving the magnet, E 17–18
  - direction of induced currents, E 186
  - experiments, E 349–352
  - human voice as interrupter, E 282–283
  - piano strings as interrupter, E 281
  - telephone induction coil, E 279–281*
  - tuning fork as an interrupter, E 280
  - wireless spark coil, E 321–322*
- Ink stains
  - removing, H 359
- Ink well holder
  - copper work, M 117–121*
  - gouge work, C 261–263*
- Inky caps, mushrooms, A 90
- Inlaying, metal, M 362
- Inlaying, wood, C 319–331*
  - borders, designs and making, C 324–328*
  - buhlwork, C 329
  - building up designs, C 320–322*, 323*, 329*
  - checkerboard, design and making, C 326–327*
  - curved designs, C 328
  - gluing process, C 323
  - marquetry work, C 328
  - placing the design, C 324
  - thickness of veneer, C 319
  - woods suitable for, C 319
- Inoculation of soil, G 119
- Insect pests, G 280–295, K 167–168, H 361–364
  - ants, G 283
  - asparagus beetle, remedy, G 287
  - [176]bean anthracnose, G 288
  - bed bugs, H 363–364
  - book about, A 519
  - cabbage worm, G 125, 288
  - caterpillars, G 282, 285, 287, 290
  - cauliflower lice and maggots, G 289
  - celery caterpillar, G 287, 290
  - chestnut weevil, A 33
  - chicken lice, A 148, 149
  - cockroaches, H 362
  - cut worms, G 284, 292, 293
  - destruction of, by birds and toads, A 455–457, G 280–281
  - detecting, G 283–284
  - eggplants, G 305
  - gnawing class, remedy, G 281–282
  - grasshoppers, G 282
  - hornworm, G 292
  - house plant pests, G 199
  - household pests, H 361–364
  - leaf-hopper, G 293
  - moths, prevention and extermination of, H 362
  - plant lice, G 284, 291, 293
  - potato bug, G 287, 292
  - red spider, G 293
  - rose slug, G 284, 293
  - slugs, G 117, 284, 285, 293
  - squash bug, G 287, 291, 292
  - striped beetle, G 117, 285, 287, 292
  - sucking class, G 282
  - tomato worm, G 286
  - water bugs, H 362
  - See also Flies; Insecticides; Mosquitoes
- Insecticides
  - bordeaux mixture, G 121, 294
  - kerosene emulsion, G 130
  - Paris green, G 130
- Insects
  - adult stage, A 394
  - chrysalides, A 394, 396
  - development, A 393–395
  - distinguishing young from old, A 391–393
  - egg stage, A 393
  - habits, A 388–391
  - homes, A 397–399
  - injurious and helpful, K 167–168
  - larval stage, A 394
  - life of a butterfly, A 395–397
  - pupa stage, A 394
  - [177]See also Ants; Beetles; Butterflies; Dragon-flies; Grasshoppers; Moths; Silkworms; Spiders; Wasps
- Insects—Collecting and preserving
  - baiting moths, A 400–402, K 153–154
  - sugar receipt, A 401, K 153
  - books about, A 519
  - breeding cage, making, A 399–400*
  - cases for preserving, A 385, 387*, 388, C 395–397
    - cornstalk pith for lining, A 63
  - classifying, A 386–389
  - egg shell, mounting, A 396
  - eggs of butterflies, A 395
  - filing cabinet, making, C 395–397
  - killing bottle, making and using a cyanide bottle, A 378–380*, 382, K 151–152*
  - mounting, A 380–386*, K 152*
  - net making, A 376–378*
  - outfit, A 375, K 151
  - pinning butterflies and beetles, A 383–385*
  - pins for mounting, A 380
  - spreading board, A 381*
  - times and localities for collecting, A 388–389
- Insertion. See Crocheting
- Instruments. See Tools
- Insulation. See Electric insulators and insulation
- Insurance. See Life insurance
- Intercollegiate Amateur Athletic Association of America
  - best records, K 336
  - events contested for, K 360
  - rowing record, K 383
- Interior decoration. See House decoration
- Invalid tray
  - preparing, H 365–366
- Inventions
  - ancient and modern, B 271–277
  - See also Aeroplanes; Matches; Typewriters; Wireless telegraph; and words beginning Electric
- Iris
  - blue flag, G 366
  - border plant, G 321
  - dwarf, characteristics, G 334, 364
  - English, planting and blooming time, G 178
  - German, characteristics, G 365
  - Japanese, characteristics, G 333
  - Spanish, planting and blooming time, G 178
  - varieties, G 321
- Irish crochet, N 333–350*
  - baby Irish pattern, N 344–346*
  - belt, N 335–337*
  - doily with edge, N 335*
  - Dutch collar, N 346–350*
  - edging, N 344–345*
  - [178]grapes, N 345
  - jabot, N 342–344*
  - leaves, N 345
  - materials, N 333
  - motifs, joining, N 334
  - rose, N 339–340, 344
  - shamrock, N 341
  - tie rose, N 337–338*
    - wheel pattern with rose and straps of shamrock N 338–342*
- Irish stew; story, H 14
- Iron
  - galvanized
    - incorrectly named, E 248
    - soldering, M 44
  - magnetic properties, E 13
  - oxidation, preventing, M 247
  - pig iron, M 230
  - stretching processes, M 315
  - wrought iron, M 230–232
- Iron work
  - bending corner, M 271–273*
  - bracket, making, M 393–395*
  - bulbs, making, M 385–388*
  - candlestick, making, M 380–383*
    - spiral, M 388–391*
  - chains, welding, M 250–253*
  - decorative forgings, suggestions, D 364
  - handles, M 384
  - hinge, making, M 391*
  - hinge and butt, making, M 283–285*
  - kettle stand, making, M 406–409*
    - lamp holder for, M 408
  - lamp, making, M 396–405*
    - holder, M 408
    - shade and holder, M 399–400
  - punching holes in, M 245*
  - rings, welding, M 248–250*, 254*
  - spirals, making, M 385
  - tongs, forging, M 285–288*
  - twists, M 383
    - braided strand, M 384
  - umbrella stand, M 409
  - wrench, forging, M 273*
  - See also Andirons; Blacksmithing; Fire tools; Welding
- Ironing
  - bed linen, H 327
  - board for, H 315
  - clothes-horse for, H 318
  - electric irons for, E 107–110, 243*
  - embroidery, H 329
  - [179]iron, care and use, H 316
  - iron holders, H 317
  - iron-stand, H 318
  - lace, H 330
  - process, H 326–327
  - scorched places, H 335
  - starch sticking, to prevent, H 335
  - table linen, H 327
  - wax, cloths and paper, H 318
- Ironwood
  - characteristics, C 558
- Irrigation
  - book about, A 518
  - Chinese treadmill device, B 337*
  - Persian wheel device, B 343*

J

- Jabot
  - Irish crochet, N 342–344*
- Jack fagots, K 362
- Jack-in-the-pulpit
  - description of, G 344
- Jacket. See Crocheting
- Jai-a-li (Pelota), K 376
- Jam
  - thimbleberry, A 11
- Japan barberry
  - hedge shrub, G 357
- Japan quince
  - hedge shrub, G 357
- Japanese clematis
  - characteristics, G 365
- Japanese fan ball, K 362
- Japanese hop
  - characteristics, G 331
- Japanese snow flower
  - characteristics, G 356
- Japanese snowball
  - characteristics, G 356
- Jardiniere. See Plant stand
- Jelly
  - barberry jelly, A 17
  - green grape jelly, A 15
- Jerusalem cherry tree, indoor plant, G 197
- Jew fish
  - catching, K 126
- Jewel box
  - copper work, M 107–115*
- [180]Jeweler's tools. See Tools
- Jewelry. See Silver work
- Joe Pye weed
  - habits and characteristics, G 349
  - story of name, G 348
- Johnny cake
  - camp cooking, K 88
- Joints
  - butt, C 251*
  - clamping mitre joints, D 144*
  - dado, C 236*, 255*
  - dovetail
    - blind, C 256*
    - box, C 314*, 256*
    - half-blind, C 256*
    - lap, C 253*
    - single, C 313–314*
    - single open, C 256*
  - doweled, D 148*, C 251
  - gained or housed, C 255*
  - gluing, D 140–141*, 144–146*
    - mitre joints, C 232–234
  - halved, C 253*
    - lap joint, D 147*
  - hopper, C 251*
  - joint edge, definition of, C 186
  - kinds and construction, D 140–141*, 143–148*
    - lap, C 251, 253*, 256*
  - lock, C 255*
  - mitre, C 232–234*, D 143–146*
    - lap, C 256*
  - mortise and tenon, C 250*, D 147*, 154*
    - blind, C 255*
    - draw boring, C 415
    - end, C 256*
    - relished, C 256*
    - through, C 255*
  - notched, C 255*
  - rabbeted, C 255*
  - rubbed joint, C 251*
  - splice or scarf, C 257*
  - stretcher, C 256*
  - tongue and groove, C 257*
  - trick, C 257*
- Jonquil
  - narcissus family, C 169
  - planting and blooming time, G 178
- July
  - blooming plants, G 365
- June
  - [181]blooming plants, G 365

K

- Kale
  - planting and care, G 299
  - time to plant, G 234
- Keel. See Boat building
- Kelvin, Lord
  - and the Atlantic cable, E 66
- Kennels. See Dogs
- Kensington stitch
  - flower embroidery, N 178–179*
- Kentucky coffee tree, C 566
- Kerosene
  - cleaning woodwork, H 124, 134
  - lighting fires with, H 231
- Kerosene emulsion
  - insecticide, G 284, 289
  - receipt, G 294, 295
- Key rack
  - carving design, C 123
  - whittling, C 12–14*
- Key tag
  - whittling, C 14*
- Kick the stick (Game), K 363
- Kiln
  - lumber kiln method, C 524–525
  - portable pottery kiln, D 299–301*
- Kilowatt
  - converting into H. P. B., B 125
  - hour, E 41
- Kindling wood
  - cutting and collecting as a business, A 404–408
- King Alfred. See Alfred, King
- Kingbird
  - insect eater, A 456, 457
  - migration, K 176
- King of the castle (Game), K 364
- Kitchen
  - chairs, H 196
  - cleaning weekly, H 110
  - clock, H 199
  - curtains, H 198
  - floors, H 191–193
  - furnishings, H 188–200
  - hooks, H 198
  - house plan, D 10
  - light fixtures, H 199
  - ornament, H 199
  - rugs, H 193
  - shelves, H 197
  - sink, H 194
  - [182]size, H 188
  - tables, H 194
  - walls and woodwork, H 189
  - See also Ranges
- Kitchen utensils, H 200–207
  - aluminum, advantages and care, H 202, 206
  - bread board, making, C 222–223*
  - care of, H 205
  - materials, H 201
  - selection, H 203, 207
  - sugar scoop and ladle, making, C 272*
  - See also Soldering
- Kites, B 185–200
  - aeroplane kite, making, C 84–87*
  - American Malay
    - launching, C 92
    - making, C 86*
  - box kites
    - launching, B 191, C 92
    - making, B 189–191*
  - bridle, fastening, C 88*, 91*
  - cellular, making, B 191–192*, C 91–92*
  - Chinese, designs, C 96
  - coverings, importance of, C 94
  - detail drawings, C 91*
  - Eddy kite, making, C 86*
  - flying, C 88–90
    - principle of, B 185–189*
  - groups, flying, B 192*, C 90
  - joining sticks, C 84–85, 87*
  - lines, C 88
  - making, B 187–195, C 84–96*
  - materials, C 85, 88, 94
  - photographing by means of, B 194
  - record flight, B 185–187
  - reels for, C 88
  - sails, C 85
  - shape, B 188
  - stability, principle of, C 94
  - tailless, C 84–95
  - tails, principle of, B 188
  - tandem, C 95*
  - tetrahedral, making, C 92–94*
  - war kites, making, B 193*
  - wind velocity table, B 198
- Knife. See Knives
- Knife box
  - making, C 223–226*
- Knife work. See Whittling; Wood carving
- Knights of the Round Table. See Round Table
- [183]Knitting, N 351–371*
  - baby hood, N 366–368*
  - baby vest, N 368
  - basket stitch, N 358*
  - bootees, N 363–366*
  - doll's cap, N 362*
  - doll's cape, N 360*
  - doll's jacket, N 360–362*
  - doll's leggings, N 363*
  - German method, N 352*
  - lace pine pattern, N 369–371
  - materials for, N 351
  - patterns, N 360–371*
  - shawl
    - finishing edge, N 357
    - long, N 356–358
    - wide, N 358, 359
  - stitches
    - basket stitch, N 358*
    - binding off, N 354–356
    - casting off, N 354–356
    - casting on, N 351*
    - popcorn, N 356*
    - purling, N 353*
  - washing, N 332
  - widening the row, N 355
- Knives
  - butcher knife, forging, M 354–357*
  - steel, washing, H 184
  - whittling, C 6*
- Knot holes
  - how made, A 442
- Knots
  - raffia knotting, N 271–275*
  - silk, cotton, or linen, N 275–277
  - See also Sewing
- Knuckle of veal, H 270
- Kodak, K 304
- Kohlrabi
  - planting and care, G 300

L

- Labeling. See Insects—Collections; Plants—Collections; Shells
- Labels for plant markers, making, G 58*
- Lace and lace making, N 227–241*
  - basting braid, N 227, 228
  - Brussels stitch, single and double, N 229, 231*
  - buttonholed bar, N 233*
  - Connemara lace, N 235–237*
  - [184]dyeing lace, H 331, N 238
  - edge finishing, N 234
  - fan stitch, N 232*
  - fagotting, N 229*
  - foundation stitch, mesh or net, N 230
  - Honiton applique, N 237
    - braids for, N 236–238
  - Irish crochet lace, N 333–350*
  - knitted lace, pine pattern, N 369–371
  - Limerick darning, N 234
  - maltese cross, design, N 233*
  - over handing on, N 15*
  - point lace, N 227
    - Brazilian, N 238–241*
  - Renaissance, N 227
  - rolling and whip stitching on, N 22
  - spider stitch, N 231–232*
  - Teneriffe or Brazilian point, N 238–241*
  - twisted bar stitch, N 124*, 233
  - washing, H 330
  - whitening, H 331
- Lacquer
  - for brass, M 140
- Lacrosse, K 364
- Ladder stitch, N 158–159
- Lady bug,
  - value to farmers, K 168
- Lakes
  - tides, B 228
- Lamb
  - cuts and their uses, H 270
  - food value
    - combinations, H 259
    - table, H 253
  - See also Sheep
- Lamp
  - copper work, electric lamp, M 92–96*
  - steel base, making, M 401–403*
  - wrought iron
    - making, M 396–405*
    - shade holder, M 399
- Lamp, oil
  - care of, H 136
  - trimming wicks, H 137
- Lamp shade
  - copper work, M 96–99*
  - glass for, M 400
  - See also Candle shade
- Land drainage. See Drainage
- Landscape gardening, G 351–367
  - [185]formal gardens, G 357
  - flower gardens, G 360–362
  - garden furnishings, G 363
  - hedges, G 357
  - helping nature, G 363
  - lawns
    - flowers, what and where to plant, G 360
    - treatment of, G 352
  - points to observe, G 362–363
  - principles of, G 351
  - purpose, G 357
  - screening unsightly places, G 362
  - shrubs
    - grouping, G 354–355
    - selection principle, G 357
    - table of, G 355–356
  - summer house, location, G 363
  - trees, selection and grouping, G 353–354, 357
  - vines, G 359
  - water garden, G 362
  - wild flower garden, G 362
  - See also Flower gardening; Gardening; Shrubs; Trees
- Lantern
  - metal work, M 405–406*
- Lantern wheel, B 322*
- Lap joints, C 251, 253*
- Laplace, Pierre Simon
  - Corpuscular theory of light, E 344
- Larch
  - characteristics, C 530
- Larkspur
  - background plant, G 320
  - characteristics, G 365
  - oriental, characteristics, G 333, 335
  - sowing and blossoming time, G 161, 320
  - varieties, G 319, 320
- Larva. See Insects
- Last tag (Game), K 370
- Lathe tools
  - making, M 300–306*
- Lattice work, D 209–211*
- Launch
  - launching the boat, B 134, 137–138
  - rules for running, B 74–75
  - See also Boat building; Gasolene motors
- Laundry work
  - appliances, H 312–320
  - blankets, H 324, 328
  - bluing, H 18, 320
    - removing, H 334
  - [186]boiling clothes, H 323
  - chamois gloves, H 331
  - clothes basket, H 315
  - clothes line, care of, H 314
  - clothes pins, care of, H 314
  - colored clothes, H 324
  - curtains, H 328–329
  - economizing, H 333
  - electric washing machinery, E 241–243*
  - embroidery, H 329, N 136–137
  - emergencies, H 333–336
  - freezing weather, H 334
  - hanging out clothes, H 323, 325
  - knitting and crochet work, N 332
  - lace, H 330
  - muddy water, H 334
  - poles for, H 315
  - rinsing clothes, H 323
  - schedule for wash days, H 106
  - silk clothes, H 325
  - soaking clothes, H 322
  - soap, H 319
  - soiled clothes, care of, H 321
  - sorting clothes, H 318
  - sprinkling and folding clothes, H 325–327
  - starch, H 319
  - starching clothes, H 323
  - stormy days, H 333
  - stove, H 315
  - tubs, care of, H 313
  - wash board, H 313
  - wash boiler, care of, H 313
  - wash stick, H 314
  - washing process, H 321–322
  - white clothes, H 321
  - woolens, H 324
  - wringer, H 314
  - See also Ironing
- Lavender
  - growing, G 327
- Lavender stick
  - making, A 424–427*
- Lawn bowling, K 366
- Lawn bowls, K 365
- Lawn hockey, K 367
- Lawn mower
  - care of, A 432–433
- Lawn skittles, K 368–370
- Lawn tennis. See Tennis
- Lawns
  - [187]crocuses in, A 169, 434
  - embankment wall, making, G 73
  - flowers in, what and where to plant, G 360
  - grading, G 74
  - landscape gardening, G 352
  - mowing, A 432–433
  - rolling, G 75
- Layering plants, G 250
- Laying the table. See Setting the table
- Lazy tongs, B 313*
- Lead
  - bath to prevent steel oxidation, M 284, 291
  - soldering, M 44
- Leaded glass
  - cutting and soldering, D 196–197*
- Leaf hopper, G 293
- Leaf mold
  - making, A 421–424
- Leaks. See Plumbing
- Leap frog, K 347
  - Spanish fly, K 385
- Leather work, D 321–345*, N 83–90*
  - applique, N 83, 85*
  - applying designs, N 87–90
  - articles made from, list, N 89
  - belt designs and tooling, D 324–328*
  - book cover, D 342–345*
  - card case, D 338–340*
  - cover for note book, D 331–334*
  - cutting, N 88, 89
  - dampening for tracing, N 88
  - decoration, principles of, D 322
  - designing, N 86
  - desk pad, D 336–338*
  - knots, D 330*
  - lining articles, D 339, 341
  - mat, design and tooling, D 328–330*
  - paste, receipt for, N 88, 95, 96
  - pasting, N 85, 89
  - pen wiper, designs and tooling, D 330–331*
  - planning a skin, N 84*
  - polishing, N 96
  - purse, D 340–342*
  - skins suitable for, D 322, N 83–85*, 92
  - stitching by hand, D 333–335*
  - tinting, N 96
  - tooled leather, N 91–97*
    - embossing with die N 93*
    - paste, receipt for, N 95, 96
    - polishing, N 96
    - [188]process, D 326–328*, N 92–94
    - relief work, D 329*, N 93–95*
      - filling with paste, N 95
    - Russia calf for, N 92
    - tools, D 323–324*, N 91*, 96*
  - tracing the design, N 87, 92
- Leaves
  - blue printing, A 361
  - giving off water, G 245
  - simple, compound and doubly compound, C 543*
- Leek
  - germination per cent., G 233
- Left overs
  - utilizing, H 355
- Legumes
  - value as plant food, G 223
- Lemon lily
  - characteristics, G 333
- Lemon tree, ponderosa, G 196
- Lemons
  - food value, H 255
  - preserving in water, H 357
  - removing stains with, H 359
- Letter copying devices, B 418
- Letter opener
  - copper work, D 347*
- Letter rack
  - carving, C 112–117*
  - copper work, D 346–347*
  - two compartments, making and carving, C 109–112*
- Lettering. See Gilding
- Letters. See Embroidery
- Lettuce
  - cabbage lettuce, G 306
  - cos lettuce, G 306
  - food value, H 255
  - going to seed, G 307
  - head lettuce, G 306
  - planting seed
    - depth to plant, G 42, 235
    - distance to plant, G 42
    - how to sow the seed, G 95
    - indoor planting time, G 233
    - quantity to plant, G 36
    - time to plant, G 234
  - seed
    - age for planting, G 34
    - germination per cent., G 233
    - germination period, G 32
  - succession crops, G 307
  - [189]transplanting, G 101
- Lever
  - arms, B 23*
  - double, B 25–27
  - lazy tongs, B 313*
  - principle of, B 21–28*
  - rule for power, B 63
- Library tables. See Tables
- Lice
  - cauliflower pests, G 289
- chicken lice, A 148
  - powder receipt, A 149, K 201
  - plant lice, G 284
- Life insurance
  - advantages and disadvantages for saving, H 83
- Lifting machinery. See Hoisting machinery
- Light
  - ancient theory of, E 342
  - color dependent upon wave length, E 315
  - electro-magnetic theory, E 346
  - emission theory, E 345
  - a form of vibration, E 343
  - theories held by eminent scientists, E 343–346
  - velocity, B 249–251, E 311
  - waves, E 310
    - length of, B 251, E 315
- Lighting
  - economizing bills, H 236
  - reading meters, H 238–240*
  - See also Electric lighting; Gas lighting
- Lightning
  - arrester, E 292*
  - weather symbol, B 362
  - why lightning is seen before thunder is heard, B 249
- Lilac
  - characteristics, G 356
- Lily
  - red speciosum, planting and blooming time, G 179
  - white day lily, G 333
- Lily-of-the-valley
  - characteristics, G 365
  - false, G 345
- Lima bean
  - food value, H 255
  - planting, G 297
- Lime
  - disinfectant, H 212
  - protecting vines from insects, G 118
  - See also Soil
- Limerick darning, N 234
- Limestone
  - [190]formation of, G 216
  - road material, G 85
- Linden
  - characteristics, C 560, G 367
- Linen. See Doilies; Ironing; Table linen
- Linen chest
  - making, C 377–380*
- Lingerie hat
  - eyelet work, N 169*
  - making and trimming, N 171–174
- Links. See Chains; Cuff links
- Linoleum
  - care of, H 191
- Liquids
  - boiling point, H 277
- Living expenses. See Housekeeping
- Living-room
  - furniture, D 50–53*
    - arrangement, D 61
- Loam
  - meaning of, G 220
- Loaves and fishes: story, H 32
- Lobster
  - boiled, H 292
  - color, H 292
  - food value, H 254
- Lock joints, C 255*
- Lockjaw
  - cause and prevention, B 248–249
- Locks
  - escutcheon plates, making, M 410–414*
  - See also Door hasp
- Locomotives
  - boilers, B 117
  - link motion valve gear, B 317
- Locust
  - durability of black locust wood, C 494
  - varieties and characteristics, C 565, G 367
- Log cabin
  - woods for making, K 101
- Lombardy poplar, G 353, 367
- Looms. See Bead work; Weaving
- Loops for buttonholes, N 62*
- Lotus, American
  - characteristics, G 366
- Luge-ing (Game), K 371
- Lumber and lumbering
  - "boom", C 520
  - clear lumber, C 499
  - curls or eyes, how made, A 443
  - [191]cutting logs, K 100
  - defects, detecting, C 524–530
  - drive, C 520
  - drying, C 495
  - estimating, problems in, C 504–509
  - kiln-dried, C 524, D 132–133
  - knot holes, how made, A 442
  - knots versus strength, C 497
  - length, standard, C 499
  - log jams, C 521
  - measuring, C 503
  - old method of sawing, C 136*
  - plain sawed, D 131*
  - quarter-sawed, D 131*
  - railroad consumption, C 517
  - saw mills, C 522
  - seasoning, C 524–525, D 132
  - shakes, C 530
  - shearing, C 496
  - shrinkage, principle of, C 528–530
  - thickness, standard, C 498
  - volume of business in United States, C 517
  - warping, principle of, C 527*
  - waste in cutting, C 512
  - waste in saw mills, C 522–523
  - winding lumber, C 531
  - See also Forestry; Trees; Wood
- Lumber rack
  - making, C 152–154*
- Luncheon: story, H 32

M

- Macaroni
  - food value, H 254
- McCray, Arthur H.
  - Profits of bee-keeping, A 333–336
- Machine shop
  - equipping to run by electric power, E 226, 229–231
- Machinery.
  - See Capstan; Engines; Gas and oil engines; Gasolene motors; Locomotives; Mechanical movements; Motorcycles; Sewing machines; Steam engine; Tools; Typewriters; Water wheels; Wheels; Windmills
- McIntyre, Flora
  - How I earned two hundred dollars, A 331–333
- Mackerel
  - food value, H 253
- Madeira embroidery. See Eyelet work
- Magazine cover
  - tooled, N 94*
- Magazine rack
  - [192]design, D 52*
    - and construction, D 165–170*
  - wood finish, D 237
- Maggots
  - garden pests, G 291
- Magic lantern. See Stereopticon
- Magnesia
  - cleaning properties, H 332
- Magnet
  - earth as a magnet, E 14
  - iron, E 13–14
  - poles, E 28*
  - steel, how to retain magnetism, E 28
  - See also Electro-magnet
- Magnetic field, E 13
  - about electric currents, E 353*
  - dynamo, E 9, 11–13
  - effect upon a magnet, E 353*
- Magnetos. See Dynamos
- Mahogany
  - imitation stain, C 489, D 230
- Maids. See Servants
- Mallet
  - carpenter's tool, C 200*
  - metal worker's tool, M 8*
- Maltese cross
  - drawing, C 27*
  - lace making pattern, N 233*
- Mandrake. See May apple
- Mandrel, M 154*, 209
- Manifolding devices, B 418, 421
- Manures. See Fertilizers
- Maple
  - box elder or ash-leaved maple, C 548
  - characteristics, C 544
  - moose wood, C 548
  - mountain, C 548
  - Norway maple, G 367
  - qualities of, G 78
  - red or swamp maple, C 547, G 367
  - seeds, value of, A 47
  - silver, white, or soft maple, C 546
  - sugar or rock maple, C 545, G 367
  - sycamore, C 547
- Maple sugar and syrup
  - boiling down, A 75
  - bonbons, A 77–78
  - books about, A 516
  - colors, changes in, A 75
  - food value, H 254
  - [193]identifying trees, A 71
  - proportion of syrup to sugar, A 76
  - sap
    - care when running, A 73
    - ingredients, A 75
    - states that have sugar trees, A 69
  - straining, A 76
  - sugar making, C 546
    - equipment and preparation, A 72
    - Indian methods, A 69
    - primitive and modern methods, A 70–71
  - tapping trees, A 72–74
  - testing when boiling, A 76
  - weather for making, A 74
- Marathon race
  - championship, K 371
- Marble
  - composition, G 216
- Marbles
  - first shot "fat", K 346
  - names of, K 373
  - playing, K 372
  - reals, K 373
- March
  - birds, K 175
  - blooming plants, G 364
- Marconi, Guglielmo
  - inventor of wireless telegraph, E 316, 346
- Marguerites
  - bedding plants, G 324
- Marigold
  - African, characteristics, G 332
  - characteristics, G 330
  - good blooming plant, G 323
  - marsh marigold, characteristics, G 366
  - planting seeds, G 158
  - pot marigold, characteristics, G 329, 331
  - sowing and blossoming time, G 161
  - varieties, G 157
- Marine engines. See Gasolene motors; Steam turbines
- Marketing, H 264–273
  - principles of buying, H 265
  - quantities, consideration of, H 272
  - staples, buying of, H 272
  - See also Names of articles, e. g., Fish; Meats; Vegetables; etc., also Beef; Shad, etc.
- Markets in Venice, H 264
- Marking
  - bath towels, N 150*, 156
  - combination stitches, N 150–157*
  - cross stitch, N 156
  - [194]emblems, bullion, N 154–156
  - feather-stitching, N 156
  - French knots, N 150
  - ladder stitch, N 158–159
  - monograms, N 152–154
  - napkins, N 156, 157
  - outlining, N 150*
  - papier-mache letters, N 156
  - table and bed linen, N 157
- Marquetry work, C 328
- Marsh rabbit, A 509
- Martha, H 382–387
- Martin
  - migration, K 176
- Masonry. See Cement; Foundations; Retaining walls
- Match safe
  - copper work, M 81–82*
- Match scratchers
  - drawing and making, C 38*
- Matches
  - invention of, B 272
- Mathematics
  - woodwork mathematics, C 498–509
- Mats
  - corn husk for braiding, A 63
  - tooled leather, designs and process, D 328, 329*
  - woven rattan, N 247*, 249
  - See also Rugs
- Matt tool
  - definition of, M 210
- Matting
  - cleaning, H 131
- Mattress
  - making for doll-bed, N 50–52*
  - corn husks for, A 63
- Maxim's, aero-curves, B 166–167*
- Maxwell, James Clark
  - scientist, E 341
- May
  - birds, K 175
  - blooming plants, G 365
- May apple, A 23, G 345
- Mayonnaise
  - remedy for curdled, H 356
- Meadow lark
  - migration, K 176
- Meadow mushroom, A 89
- Meals
  - clearing the table, H 176
  - effect of mental attitude during, H 247
  - [195]preparation
    - advance, H 308
    - sequence of work, H 305–308
  - serving
    - courses, H 170
    - dessert course, H 172
    - duties of waitress, H 169–172
    - finger bowls, H 172
    - who to serve first, H 172
    - without a maid, H 174–176
- Measures. See Weights and Measures
- Meat
  - boiling whole, H 278
  - braising, H 280
  - broiling, H 275–276
  - buying principles, H 266
  - camp cooking, K 90
  - cooking, preparation for, H 285
  - cuts of, H 268*
  - food value, H 250
    - table, H 252
  - judging condition of, H 270
  - left overs, H 355
  - names of parts, H 267
  - roasting, H 282
  - stewing, H 280
  - See also Beef; Fish; Lamb; Mutton; Pork; Poultry; Veal
- Mechanical drawing, C 23–39*
  - circles, C 28–30*
  - crosses, C 24–27*
  - curves, B 339
  - cylinder and cones, C 34*
  - design for filing cabinet, C 395–396*
    - for match scratcher, C 38*
  - ellipse, B 210–211*, C 19*, 112–114*
  - enlarging or reducing drawings, C 390, B 339
  - first lessons, C 24–30*
  - triangle, hexagon and star, C 29*
- Mechanical drawing—Instruments
  - compass
    - proportional compasses, B 339*
    - how to use, C 28–30
  - cyclograph for describing circular arcs, B 339*
  - drawing board
    - how to use, C 23–25*
    - making, C 381–383*
  - drawing table, making, C 391–394*
  - irregular or French curves, making, C 387
  - making an outfit, C 381–398
  - pantagraph
    - [196]making, C 388–391*
    - how to use, B 325*
  - section liners, C 387
  - T-square
    - making, C 384–386*
    - to prevent warping, C 394
    - use of, C 24
  - triangles, constructing, C 386–388*
  - views and dimensions, C 32–34*
- Mechanical movements
  - anti-friction bearing, B 326*
  - balance, principle of, B 25
  - balance spring, B 330–331*
  - capstan, B 347*
  - centrifugal check hooks, B 326*
  - circular motion
    - continuous, B 323*
    - intermittent, B 321–324*
    - variable, B 321*
  - combination, B 327–328*
  - compasses, B 339
  - compound, definition, B 306
  - crank motion, B 312
  - cyclographs for describing circular arcs, B 339*
  - diagonal catch and hand gear, B 315, 316
  - disk-engine, B 334*
  - driving feed rolls, B 316*
  - endless bands, B 336*
  - feed motion, B 337*
  - fulcrum, principle of, B 21–28*
  - Geneva stop, B 319*
  - governor
    - centrifugal, B 313*
    - engine, B 329
    - water wheel, B 314*
  - grinding or crushing, B 307–308*, 336*
  - gyroscope, B 334–335*
  - hyperbolas, B 338*
  - irregular motion, B 319–321*
  - lantern wheel, B 322*
  - lewis, B 347*
  - link-motion valve gear, B 317–318*
  - number of, B 307
  - oscillating engines, B 333–334*
  - pantagraph, B 325*
  - parabolas, B 338*
  - parallel motion, B 332–333*
  - parallel ruler, mechanism, B 331–332*
  - pendulums, B 329–330*
  - perpetual motion
    - [197]definition, B 306
    - impossibility of, E 234–237
  - pulleys, B 309–310*
  - ratchet wheel, B 322–324*
  - rectilinear motion, B 312*
  - releasing hook, B 326*
  - rollers, principle of, B 28
  - rolling contact, B 318*
  - rotary, B 312*
  - rotary engines, B 340*
    - intermittent, B 322*
  - simple, definition, B 306
  - speed, changing, B 328*
  - steering gear, B 346
  - stop and rotary motion, B 319*
  - toe and lifter, B 329*
  - tongs for lifting, B 348*
  - tread mills, B 337*
  - turbine, Jonval, B 341*
  - water wheels, B 341–344*
  - windmills, B 346*
  - weight, lever and fulcrum, B 23–28*
  - See also Mechanics; Pumps
- Mechanical powers. See Inclined plane; Lever; Mechanics; Pulley; Screw; Wedge; Wheel and axle
- Mechanical toys. See Toys
- Mechanics
  - first mechanical power, B 21
  - problems in estimating mechanical power, B 82
  - progress of mechanical arts, B 271–277
  - six mechanical powers defined, B 63–64
  - See also Aeroplanes; Electric power; Engines; Gasolene motors; Inclined planes; Kites; Lever; Mechanical drawing; Mechanical movements; Perpetual motion; Power; Pulley; Pumps; Screw; Water wheel; Wedge; Wheel and axle
- Medicinal plants
  - digitalis from foxglove, A 57
  - golden seal, A 57
  - pokeweed, A 58
  - weeds, G 272
- Medicine cabinet
  - making with paneled doors, C 354–357*
- Melon
  - origin, G 307
  - planting seed
    - depth and distance, G 42
    - quantity to plant, G 36
    - time to plant, G 234
  - seed
    - age for planting, G 34
    - [198] See also Muskmelon; Watermelon
- Mending and repairing. See Patching; Soldering
- Menus, H 244–263
  - combinations and varieties, H 259–260
  - selection for ease in cooking, H 308
  - variety, essential, H 262
  - See also Diet; Food; Marketing
- Mercury vapor lamps, E 155–156*
- Metal work
  - alloys, M 208
  - andirons, forging, M 363–370*
  - belt buckle, designs, M 195*
  - bending process, M 315
  - blotter pad, corners for, M 122–124*
  - bossing up, M 208, 419
  - bowl
    - making, M 13*, 16–22*
    - Dutch bowls, M 77–79*
    - finger bowls, M 133–135*
  - brazing metals, M 310–315
  - chasing, M 209
  - coloring metals, D 357
    - blue black, M 205
    - heating process, M 203
    - oxidizing silver, M 204
    - patina, imitation, M 202
      - solution for, M 204
    - violet, M 203
  - corners for chest, M 116
    - for desk pad, M 122–124*
  - decorative forgings, suggestions, D 364
    - metal work, M 410–419*
  - definitions of terms, M 208–211
  - designing patterns, M 13–14*
  - die making, M 206–208
  - door handles, making, M 406, 407, 416*, 417
  - door knockers, M 410–415*
  - door pulls, M 415*
  - drawer pulls
    - designs, M 144*
    - making, M 417–419*
  - drawing process, M 315
  - embossing, M 30, 31
    - process, M 361
  - engraving process, M 361
  - escutcheon plate, M 412*
  - etching, M 362
  - eye bolt, M 415, 418
  - facets, M 22*
    - oval, M 39
  - flux, M 209
  - [199]forming process, M 315
  - hammering, M 22*, 30, 39
  - handles
    - cedar chest, M 116
    - crumb scraper, M 136*
  - hinges
    - cabinet, M 106*
    - cedar chest, M 116
    - copper or silver, M 100–106*
    - fine hinges, M 103*
    - riveting to box, M 114*
    - tube hinges, M 101–103*
      - binding tubes in place, M 105*
    - wings, making, M 104*
  - impressing, M 361
  - inlaying, M 362
  - lanterns, M 405–406*
  - letter openers, M 128*
  - lids, M 59*, 62*, 120, 139
  - lock plates, M 105, 116
  - molds
    - making, M 27–28*
    - value of, M 31
  - pickling metals, M 210
  - planishing, M 210
  - processes other than smithing operations, M 361–363
  - repairing by brazing, M 314
  - repousse
    - definition, M 210
    - design, M 30*
  - ring and ring post for box, M 120
  - riveting, M 73–77*
    - handles, M 88
    - iron tongs, M 288*
    - process, M 73, 76*
  - rivets, making, M 77
  - splitting iron or soft steel, M 362, 364–365*
  - tools for, M 5–15*, 208–211
  - trimmings
    - for cedar chest, M 115–117*
    - for cigar box, M 115–117*
  - tubing for hinges, making, M 101–103*
  - twisting process, M 315
  - upsetting, definition, M 315
  - wire, reducing size of, M 101
  - See also Annealing; Blacksmithing; Brass work; Candlestick; Copper work; Enamel and Enameling; Fire tools; Forging; Iron work; Silver work; Soldering; Steel; Tempering; Tools; Welding
- [200]Meteorology. See Barometer; Hail; Lightning; Rain; Thermometer; Weather
- Meter. See Ammeter; Electric-meters; Gas-meters; Voltmeter; Wattmeter
- Metric system, C 500–503
- Mexican drawnwork, N 211*
- Mice
  - as pets, K 184
  - pests, H 361
- Microbes
  - tetanus, B 249
- Mignonette
  - annual, G 322
  - characteristics, G 330
  - choosing and planting, G 158
  - sowing and blossoming time, G 161
- Mildew
  - removing stains, H 359
- Milk
  - boiling point, H 277
  - book about, A 517
  - food value, H 250, 254
  - goat's milk, value, A 115
  - marketing, A 247
  - removing ink and rust stains with, H 359
  - testing for butter fat, A 243
  - sanitary and unsanitary methods of milking, A 245–247
- Milking machine, Electric, E 54
- Milkweed (Prickly lettuce)
  - class and seed time, G 278
  - distribution of seed, G 273
- Mimeograph, B 416
- Minerals
  - collecting, K 156
- Mining machinery
  - centrifugal check hook, B 326*
- Mink
  - breeding season, A 483
  - skin
    - stretching, A 507
    - value, A 484, 506
  - skinning, A 507*
  - trapping, A 483–484
- Minnows
  - catching, K 132–133*
- Mirrors. See Glass
- Mission furniture
  - book case, making, C 352
  - clock case, making, C 277–278*
  - foot rests, making, C 374, 375*
  - library table, making, C 360–367*
  - making, C 361–376
  - [201]plant stands, making, C 372–373*
  - tabourette, making, C 308–310*
  - tea table, making, C 367–372*
  - umbrella rack, making, C 375*
  - writing desk, design, C 375*
- Mission oak finish, D 231
- Mississippi River
  - proposed dam across, B 246
- Mitchell, Frank
  - success with chickens, A 163
- Mitre box
  - making and testing, C 228–231*
- Mitred joints, C 232–234*, 256*, D 143–146*
- Model house. See Architecture
- Modeling. See Pottery
- Molasses
  - food value, H 254
- Mole
  - fur, A 491
  - habits, A 489
  - trapping, A 489–491
- Mollusks
  - preserving specimen, A 374
- Money. See Accounts; Allowances; Income
- Mongolian pheasants, A 197
- Monogram
  - embroidering, N 152–154
- Monoplane
  - construction of, B 171–173*
  - toy model, making, C 75–83*
- Months
  - lunar and calendar, B 214
- Moon
  - diameter, B 229
  - distance from earth, B 229
  - light, origin, B 214
  - orbit, B 216
  - phases, B 215*
  - rotation, B 216
  - See also Tides
- Moon flower
  - characteristics, G 331
- Moon vine
  - value, G 359
- Moore, D. McFarland
  - inventor of Moore light, E 156*
- Moore electric lamp, E 156*
- Mops
  - kinds and uses, H 141
- Morels
  - [202]mushrooms, A 86
- Morning glory
  - characteristics, G 331
  - sowing and blossoming time, G 161
  - value, G 359
- Morris, William
  - rule for household possessions, H 115
- Morris chair
  - construction, D 188–193*
  - designs, D 50*, 189*
  - history of designs, D 188
  - wood finish, D 237
- Morrison, Arthur
  - budget of housekeeping expenses, H 78
- Morse, Samuel Finley Breese
  - inventor of the telegraph, E 60
- Mortise and tenon joints, C 250*, 255*, 256*, 415
- Mosquitoes
  - book about, A 519
  - breeding places, A 474
  - enemies of, A 475, K 168
  - eradicating, A 473–475
  - protection from, in camping, K 70
- Moss pink
  - characteristics, G 364
- Moths
  - baiting, A 400–402, K 153–154
  - collecting and mounting, K 151–153
  - collecting time, A 388
  - development from the egg, A 393–395
  - how they come out of the cocoon, A 347
  - pests, H 362
  - See also Silkworm
- Motion. See Mechanical movements
- Motor boat. See Boat building; Gasolene motor; Launch
- Motor cycles
  - engines, B 387–391*
- Motors. See Aeroplanes; Automobiles; Dynamos; Electric motors; Engines; Gasolene motors; Locomotives; Steam engines; Vacuum cleaner; Water wheel
- Molding. See Metal work; Pottery
- Molds
  - concrete block molds, B 243
  - concrete furniture molds, D 202
  - die making, M 206–208
  - metal work, M 27–28, 31
- Mount Mellick stitch, N 143
- Mountain climbing
  - healthfulness of, K 17
- Mountains
  - [203]snow line, B 368
- Mounting specimens. See Insects; Plants; Seaweed
- Mouse club
  - membership, K 184
- Movements. See Mechanical movements
- Moving toys. See Toys
- Muffins
  - mixing ingredients, H 302
- Mulberry leaves
  - food for silkworms, A 337
- Mullein, moth
  - class and seed time, G 278
  - habits and characteristics, G 347
- Mumblety peg, K 374
- Mushrooms
  - book about, A 516
  - chanterelles, identifying, A 89
  - cooking, A 84, 87
  - coprinus comatus, A 90
  - coral fungi
    - cooking, A 87
    - identifying, A 86
  - edible varieties, A 83*, 85–92
  - food value, H 255
  - inky caps, identifying, A 90
  - meadow mushrooms, A 89
  - morels, identifying and gathering, A 86*
  - oyster mushrooms, identifying, A 91
  - propagation, A 88
  - puff balls
    - cooking, A 84
    - identifying, A 83–84, 87–89
    - varieties, A 88–89
  - shaggy manes, A 90
  - where to get information about, A 91
- Music
  - transmitted by telephone, E 295
- Musical instruments. See Organ; Piano; Pipe organ; Telharmonium
- Musk
  - characteristics, G 331
- Muskmelon
  - American, outdoor planting, G 308
  - English, how grown, G 307–308
  - food value, H 255
  - indoor planting time, G 233
  - seeds, germination per cent., G 233
- Muskrat
  - book about, A 519
  - food, A 509
  - fur, value, A 491
  - houses, A 503
  - [204]river trapping, A 504
  - setting and baiting traps, A 504
  - skinning, A 507*
  - skins, value, A 506
  - swamp trapping, A 503
  - trapping, A 492
    - season, A 504
- Mustard, wild
  - class and seed time, G 278
- Mutton
  - cuts and their uses, H 270
  - food value, table, H 253
- My heritage, H 63–68
- Myrtle
  - characteristics, G 365

N

- Nail puller
  - making, M 353*
- Nails
  - boxes for, making, C 206–209*
  - cabinet for, making, C 209–212*
  - driving into plaster walls, C 246
  - holding power, B 46–47
  - sinking nails, C 208*
- Napkin
  - marking, N 157
  - See also Table linen
- Napkin rings
  - silver or copper work, M 191–192*
- Naphtha
  - cleaning properties, H 332
- Narcissus
  - easy to grow, G 166
  - poets narcissus, planting and blooming time, G 177
  - varieties distinguished, G 169
  - water bulbs, G 168, 175
- Nasturtium
  - characteristics, G 323, 328, 329, 332
  - dwarf, characteristics, G 332
  - planting, G 83, 156
- Natural resources
  - conservation, A 92–94
    - by specimen collectors, A 362
- Nature study
  - keeping a diary, K 148–149
  - making a beginning, K 144–150
  - methods, K 150
  - mineral collections, K 156
  - [205]practical side, K 167
  - water life, K 158–167
  - water telescope, K 159
  - See also Insects; Plants; Shells; Silkworm
- Necklace
  - silver work, M 166–170*
- Neckties. See Ties
- Needham, John
  - Reclaiming a spring, A 280–282
- Needlecase
  - making, N 46–47*
- Needlecraft. See Basket making; Bead work; Braiding; Crocheting; Drawnwork; Dressmaking; Embroidery; Irish crochet; Knitting; Lace making; Leather work; Sewing
- Nemophila
  - characteristics, G 331
- Nernst lamp, E 157
- Nets
  - butterfly net, K 151*
  - collector's net for water specimen, K 158*
  - making, for insect collecting, A 376–378
- Newspapers
  - cleaning lamps with, H 138
  - polishing glass with, H 134
- Newton, Sir Isaac
  - corpuscular theory of light, E 344
  - theory of tides, B 217–218
- Newts
  - taming, A 266
- Nigger baby (Game), K 381
- Nile River
  - dam across, B 247
- Nitrates
  - plant food, G 10, 221, 223
    - for sandy soil, G 224
- Norfolk Island pine, G 196
- Norway pine. See Pine—red
- Notched joints, C 255*
- Notched trophy stick, C 11*
- Nut hatch
  - insect destroyer, A 456
- Nutrition. See Diet; Food
- Nuts
  - beech nuts, A 37–39
  - book about, A 516
  - chinquapins, A 32
  - food value, H 255
  - grading for market, A 42
  - growing, A 43–46
    - from seeds, A 46
  - [206]hazel nuts, A 33–35
  - hickory nuts, A 39
  - pecans, A 40–43
  - pine nuts, A 29
  - tree seeds, A 46
    - care of, A 48
  - use of, A 46
  - walnuts, A 35–37
- Nuts (Iron)
  - forging, M 244–246*

O

- Oak
  - antique, stain for, C 489
  - black jack or barren oak, characteristics, C 554
  - black or yellow, characteristics, C 554
  - chestnut oak, characteristics, C 552
  - durability of wood, C 494
  - Flemish oak stain, D 231
  - forest green oak finish, D 232
  - fuming, D 233–234
  - golden oak finish, D 229
  - gray oak stain, D 232
  - laurel oak, characteristics, C 555
  - live oak, characteristics, G 367
  - mission oak finish, D 231
  - mossy-cup or bur oak, characteristics, C 551
  - oak gall, K 147
  - pin oak, characteristics, C 553, G 367
  - post or iron oak, characteristics, C 552
  - quality of, G 79
  - quarter-sawed, C 551*, D 131–132
  - red, characteristics, C 552
  - scarlet, characteristics, C 553
  - stains, list of, C 482
  - swamp white oak, characteristics, C 552
  - weathered oak stain, D 233
  - white, characteristics, C 549–551
  - willow oak, characteristics, C 554
- Oats
  - depth to plant seeds, G 235
- Obelisks
  - moving, B 56–57
- Occupations
  - berry picking, A 8–13
  - best ways of earning money, A 3–6
  - birds, attracting, A 455–461
  - carriage cleaning, A 408
  - character building, A 6–7
  - [207]choosing, A 6
  - cider vinegar, making, A 412–417
  - collecting Christmas greens, A 50–57
  - collecting insects, A 374–403
  - collecting plants, A 94–99, 349–374
  - collecting tree seeds, A 46–50
  - collecting useful plants, flowers, grasses, etc., A 57–69
  - collecting wood for rustic furniture, A 410
  - corn, drying, A 427–428
  - corn, selecting seed, A 410–412*
  - fall work, list of, A 5
  - forest fires, preventing, A 467–468
  - game preserve, creating, A 464–467
  - grape juice making, A 417–421
  - harvesting nature's crops, A 8–99
  - keeping bees, A 287–336
  - kindling wood, gathering, A 404–408
  - lavender sticks, making, A 424
  - leaf mold, making, A 421–424
  - making brooks and springs useful, A 271–286
  - maple sugar making, A 69–78
  - mosquitoes and flies, exterminating, A 473–478
  - mushroom gathering, A 83–94
  - nuts, gathering and growing, A 29–45
  - odd jobs, A 404–448
  - orchard work, A 409*
  - outdoor worker's library, A 516–519
  - raising animals for pets, A 203–240
  - raising domestic animals, A 100–202
  - silkworms, raising, A 337–348
  - snow shoveling, A 431–432
  - spring work, list of, A 6
  - summer work, list of, A 5
  - tennis court, making, A 428–431
  - training animals, A 241–270
  - trapping, A 478–512
  - weeds, killing, A 469–473
  - wild fruit, gathering, A 14–29
  - winter work, list of, A 5
  - year-round, list of, A 6
  - See also Housekeeping
- Ocean. See Tides
- Odd jobs, A 404–448
- Oersted, Hans Christian
  - discovery of magnetic action of currents, E 14
  - discoverer of magnetic field about an electric current, E 353
- Ohm, George Simon
  - Ohm's law, E 92–93
- Oil cloth as a floor covering, H 191
- [208]Oil engines. See Gas and oil engines
- Oil furnace
  - heating steel in, M 290
- Oil lamp. See Lamp, oil
- Oil nut. See Butternut
- Oilstone
  - sharpening tools, C 183*
- Okra
  - germination per cent., G 233
- Olympic games
  - events contested for, K 372
- One old cat (Game), K 375
- Onion
  - food value, H 255
  - indoor planting time, G 233
  - insect pests, G 291
  - peeling, H 294
  - planting seed
    - depth and distance to plant, G 42
    - quantity to plant, G 36
    - time to plant, G 234
  - planting sets and seed, G 309–310
  - seed
    - age for planting, G 34
    - germination per cent., G 233
    - germination period, G 32
  - soil for, G 23, 309
- Open air life. See Outdoor life
- Opening the house. See Housekeeping
- Opossum
  - bait for, A 509
  - skin, value, A 509
- Orange
  - food value, H 255
- Orange root, G 348, 365
- Orchard. See Fruit trees
- Organ
  - electric, E 55, 278–279*
  - pipe organ, E 44–52
  - telharmonium, E 293–295
- Oriental rug
  - washing, A 447
- Oriole
  - insect eater, A 457
  - migration, K 176
- Ornithoptere flying machine, B 163
- Osage orange
  - hedge shrub, G 357
- Osmium lamp
  - metal filament, E 145
- Oswego tea, G 333, 347
- [209]Outdoor furniture. See Furniture
- Outdoor games. See Games
- Outdoor life
  - sleeping outdoors, A 6–9, 52*
  - value of, K 6
  - See also Camping
- Outdoor sports. See Sports
- Outdoor work
  - free printed matter, how to obtain, A 513–516
  - occupations suited to the four seasons, A 5
  - odd jobs, A 404–448
  - See also Occupations
- Outlining. See Marking
- Ovens
  - camp ovens, K 80–82*
  - clay, K 81
  - dampers for regulating, H 229
  - Dutch, K 81
  - electric, E 305–308
  - reflector, K 80, 81*
  - temperature for baking and roasting, H 282, 283
- Owl
  - as a pet, K 184
- Oxen
  - trained oxen, value of, A 258–259
- Oyster
  - broiling, H 275–276
  - cleaning, H 291
  - food value, H 253
  - opening, H 290
  - testing, H 291
- Oyster mushroom, A 91

P

- Packing
  - books, H 349
  - fixtures, H 348–349
  - furs and woolens, H 347
  - textile furnishings, H 348
- Paint
  - cleaning woodwork, H 122, 124, 134
  - removing stains, H 359
  - stenciling, N 81–82
- Painting (Mechanical)
  - brushes, H 342
  - mixing paints, H 342
  - preparing surface, H 341
  - summer house, C 424
- Palms
  - care of, G 198
  - [210]varieties to grow, G 198
- Panama canal
  - cement used for, B 246
- Pandanus
  - window box plant, G 193
- Pansy
  - care of bed, G 318
  - characteristics, G 329, 331
  - picking flowers, G 319
  - planting seeds, G 318
  - to prevent running out, G 319
  - tufted, characteristics, G 334
- Pantagraph, B 325*
  - making, C 389*
- Pantry
  - arrangement, H 177
  - plan in model house, D 12
  - See also Dish washing
- Paper hanging
  - applying paste, H 345
  - matching and cutting, H 344
  - putting on paper, H 345
  - quantity of paper required, H 343
  - removing old paper, H 344
- Paper knife
  - carving designs, C 122*
  - copper work, D 347*, M 34–38*, 126–128*
  - whittling, C 121–123*
- Papier-mache letters for marking, N 156
- Par (Game), K 347
- Parabolas
  - describing, B 338*
- Parasites
  - eggplant pests, G 305
- Paris green
  - insecticide, G 282, 285, 288, 290, 292
  - rule for mixing, G 130
- Paris sewers
  - described by Victor Hugo, H 216
- Parsley, G 310
  - planting seed
    - depth to plant, G 42, 235
    - distance to plant, G 42
    - in a box, G 164
    - quantity to plant, G 36
    - time to plant, G 234
  - seed
    - age for planting, G 34
    - germination per cent., G 233
- Parsnips
  - food value, H 255
  - [211]planting seed, G 310
    - time to plant, G 234
  - wild parsnips, class and seed time, G 278
- Partridge
  - migration, K 176
- Pass it (Game), K 375
- Passe partout, D 72–78*
  - color scheme, D 73–74
  - materials and tools, D 75
  - process, D 75–78*
  - Paste
    - receipt, H 346
    - for leather work, N 88, 95, 96
- Pastry
  - filling pies, H 304
  - juices, to prevent boiling over, H 305
  - mixing the dough, H 303, 304
  - soggy crust, preventing, H 304
- Patching
  - square patch, N 33–35*
- Patents
  - applying for, B 200–201, 205
  - Canadian, B 207
  - caveat, provisional protection, B 206
  - drawings and specifications, B 202–205
  - duration, B 205
  - fees for application, B 205, 206
    - in a foreign country, B 208
  - re-issuing, B 205
  - time required to procure, B 205
  - what granted for, B 206
- Patterns. See Embroidery; Dressmaking; Stenciling
- Peach trees
  - care of seeds for planting, A 48
  - distance to plant trees, G 258
- Peacock
  - care and feeding of young chicks, A 186
  - habits of the hen, A 186
  - Indian peacock, value, A 187
  - raising, A 185–188
    - acquiring information about, A 187
- Peanuts
  - food value, H 256
- Pear
  - distance to plant trees, G 258
  - food value, H 255
- Peas
  - food value, H 250, 255
  - insect pests, G 291
  - planting seed, G 311
    - [212]quantity to plant, G 36
    - time to plant, G 234
    - seed
      - age for planting, G 34
      - germination per cent., G 33, 233
      - germination period, G 32
- Peasants
  - German embroidery work, N 196
- Russian applique work, N 198
- Pecan
  - commercial value, A 42, 43
  - cultivating, A 40–41
  - gathering, A 41–42
  - grading, A 42–43
  - polishing for market, A 43
- Peen of hammer. See Hammer
- Pelota (Game), K 376
- Pelts. See Skins
- Pen rack
  - design and making, C 117–119*
- Pen tray
  - gouge work, C 259*, 263*
- Pen wiper
  - tooled leather, D 329–330*
- Pencil box
  - making and carving, C 106–108*
- Pencil sharpener
  - drawing and making, C 38*
- Pendulum
  - compound bar, compensation pendulum, B 330*
  - mercurial compensation pendulum, B 329*
- Pennant
  - yacht pennant, B 107
- Peony
  - annuals, G 316
  - arrangement in the garden, G 321
  - Chinese, characteristics, G 335, 365
  - depth to plant, G 321
  - European, characteristics, G 335
  - garden, characteristics, G 365
  - planting and blooming time, G 179
- Pepper
  - indoor planting time, G 233
  - planting and transplanting, G 311–312
  - planting seed
    - depth and distance to plant, G 42
    - quantity to plant, G 36
    - time to plant, G 234
  - seed
    - age for planting, G 34
    - [213]germination per cent., G 233
    - germination period, G 32
  - stuffing, varieties for, G 312
  - varieties, G 312
- Pepper bush, sweet
  - characteristics, G 356
- Perennials
  - definition of, G 160
  - for cut flowers: table, G 333
  - fragrant: table, G 333
  - low: table, G 334
  - medium height: table, G 335
  - tall: table, G 334
  - value of, G 316
- Pergola
  - designing and building, C 425–440*
- Perpetual motion, B 306
  - impossibility of, E 234–237
- Persimmons
  - picking, A 23
  - region grown, A 22
- Pests. See Household pests; Insect pests; Mice; Rats
- Pets
  - book about, A 517
  - care of, K 170–192
  - housing, C 451–456*, K 186
  - ornamental land and water fowl, K 180–182
  - raising, A 203–240
  - story of a boy's animal cage, A 233–235
  - taming wild animals, K 186
  - trained, market value, A 248
  - See also Bantams; Birds; Cats; Cavies; Crows; Dogs; Ducks; Gold Fish; Guinea pigs; Mice; Pigeons; Poultry; Rabbits; Raccoon; Shetland pony; Squirrels
- Petunia
  - characteristics, G 329
  - good bloomers, G 323
  - sowing and blossoming time, G 161
- Pheasant
  - book about, A 517
  - breeds, A 197
  - coops and rearing ground, A 200–201
  - eggs, packing, A 199
  - feeding young chicks, A 200
  - localities in United States for raising, A 198
  - migration, K 176
  - protection from birds of prey, A 202
  - raising, A 196–202
    - care of mother, A 199
    - in England, A 199
  - [214]serving in German fashion, A 197
  - varieties, K 181
  - See also Guinea fowl
- Phlox
  - characteristics, G 330, 331, 332, 365
  - late, characteristics, G 335
  - sowing and blossoming time, G 161
- Phœbe bird
  - insect destroyers, A 457
  - migration, K 175
- Phosphates
  - plant food, G 10, 221, 224
- Photography, K 301–317
  - action of chemical waves, E 336
  - cameras, kinds and cost, K 303–304
  - dark room, K 309
  - developers and developing, K 313–315
  - exposure, K 312
  - fixing bath, K 314, 315
  - focusing, K 311–312
  - lens, importance of, K 307
  - negatives, preserving, K 316
  - plates versus films, K 308
  - printing papers, K 315
  - snap shots, taking, K 305–307
  - snap shots versus real photography, K 302
  - subjects, choosing, K 310
- Piano, Electric, E 54
- Pickerel weed
  - characteristics, G 366
- Pickles
  - walnuts, A 37
- Pickling metals
  - definition, M 210
- Picks (tools)
  - forging stone picks, M 344*
- Picnic tables and benches
  - making, B 132–134
- Picture frames and framing
  - carbon photographs of a masterpiece, framing D 69–72
  - carving designs, C 101, 102, 130–132
  - colonial interiors in colors, framing, D 68
  - gluing mitred joints, D 144–146*
  - joints
    - kind required, D 147
    - mitred, D 143–144*, C 232–234*
  - large photographic reproduction, framing, D 148
  - palette photograph frame, C 131
  - passe partout, D 72–78*
  - rabbeting, C 232*
  - [215]selecting, D 67
  - shrinkage, D 146
  - silver work, M 185–186*
  - staining, D 69, 71
  - stock, securing, D 142–143*
  - whittling back for, C 131
  - whittling out of solid piece, C 19–22*
- Pictures, D 64–80*
  - cleaning, H 135
  - decorative value, D 64
  - grouping and hanging, D 66–67
  - hanging correctly, D 79*
    - considering space values, D 64–65
  - height to hang, D 80
  - hooks and wires, D 78–80
  - Japanese way of hanging, D 65–66
- Piers
  - foundation walls, B 19
  - filling space between, B 76
- Pies. See Pastry
- Pig. See Swine
- Pig iron, M 230
- Pig pen. See Swine
- Pig weed
  - class and seed time, G 278
- Pigeon holes. See Filing cabinet
- Pigeons
  - breeds, A 208, K 178
    - prize winners, K 179
  - carrier pigeons, K 180
  - characteristics, A 207
  - common, care of, K 179
  - devotion of male, A 211
  - dove cote, A 208–209
    - care of, A 215
    - for fancy breeding, K 179
    - sanitary provisions, A 213
  - dragoons, K 178
  - fancy pigeons for pets, A 207–217
  - feeding, A 214, K 179
  - fly made of wire, A 212*
  - market value, K 179
  - nest building, A 210
  - nest dishes, A 210, 211
  - nesting compartment, building, A 209–210
  - net for capturing, A 209*
  - perches, making, A 210
  - pests, guarding against, A 209
  - pouter, K 178
  - roosts, making, A 210*
  - [216]rufflenecks (Jacobins), K 178
  - tumblers, characteristics, A 208, K 178
  - water bath, A 214
  - white fan tail, model, K 178
  - See also Squabs
- Pile driving machine
  - releasing hook, B 326*
- Pillow
  - bead work, N 293
  - choosing cushion covers, D 97
  - cornhusks for filling cushions, A 63
  - fraternity pillow, N 376
  - lingerie pillow, N 375
  - making for doll-bed, N 52
  - See also Block printing; Stenciling
- Pillow case
  - making for doll-bed, N 53*
  - marking, N 157
- Pillow shams
  - fastening, H 152
- Pin
  - insect pins, A 380
  - metal work tool, M 210
- Pin case
  - making, N 56*
- Pin cushion
  - embroidered, N 193–196
- Pin tray
  - gouge work, C 264*
- Pine
  - cones, gathering and storing, A 49
  - Georgia pine, characteristics, C 535
  - long leaf, A 55
  - pitch pine, characteristics, C 536
  - red, characteristics, C 536
  - white
    - characteristics, C 535
    - strength, C 496
  - white pine seeds
    - gathering and curing, A 48–49
    - marketing, A 49
  - yellow, characteristics, C 536
- Pine needles. See Balsam
- Pine nuts
  - gathering, A 29
- Pink
  - characteristics, G 329
  - fringed, characteristics, G 333
  - moss pink, characteristics, G 364
- Pioneer life
  - [217]"goin' plummin'", A 26–29
- Pipe organ
  - operating by electricity, E 44–52
- Pipes. See Plumbing; Soldering; Stove pipe; Waste pipes
- Pistil
  - seed making function, G 247
- Pistons
  - mechanism of, B 315–316*
- Pitch block
  - definition of, M 210
- Pitch fork
  - forging, M 239*
- Pitcher plant
  - characteristics, G 366
- Plackets. See Dressmaking
- Plaited skirts. See Dressmaking
- Plane. See Inclined plane
- Planes and planing
  - adjusting planes, C 177
  - block plane, C 176, 178
  - cap iron, adjustment and use, C 184*
  - jack plane, C 178
  - operation of the plane, C 146, 178–179, D 133–134, 136
  - sharpening plane irons, C 179–184*
  - smooth plane, C 177*
  - use of shooting board, C 106*
  - wooden and iron, C 176*
- Planishing
  - definition of, M 210
- Plant breeding
  - budding, G 251–254
  - improving seeds, G 246–248
  - layering, G 249–251
  - methods, G 249
  - mongrel varieties from close planting, G 105, 145
  - seed selection, G 225–233
  - slipping, G 188–190
  - topping, G 199, 250–251
- Plant food, G 221–226
  - chemicals essential for, G 221
  - how plants feed, G 225
  - nitrogen, G 10, 221
    - for sandy soil, G 224
    - source of, G 223
  - phosphorus, G 10, 221, 224
  - potash, G 10, 221, 224
  - source and value of, G 10
- Plant stands
  - jardiniere of wood, G 68–71*
  - mission style, making, C 372–373
  - [218]stool making, G 53–55
- Plantain
  - rib-grass, class and seed time, G 278
  - seed production, G 274
- Planting tables. See Flower gardening; Seeds; Shrubs; Vegetable gardening
- Plants
  - action of chemical waves, E 336
  - books about, A 518
  - effect of light, G 242
  - essential parts, G 240
  - food manufactured and stored by, G 242–245
  - herbaceous plants, definition, G 317
  - honey or pollen plants, A 322
  - leaves
    - food factory, G 242–245
    - functions, G 240
  - lice, destroying, G 284, 291, 293
  - life history, G 239–248
  - making wooden labels for, G 58*
  - medicinal plants, A 57
  - root-system, G 240–241
  - stems, passage way, G 241
  - studying, A 349–369
  - transplanting, G 118, 268–270
    - from coldframe, G 101–102
  - useful to attract birds and protect trees, A 461
  - See also Flower gardening; Flowers; Gardening; Insect pests; Plant breeding; Plant food; Salad plants; Seeds; Vegetable gardening; Vegetables; also names of plants
- Plants—Collection and preservation, A 349–363
  - arranging specimens, A 352–353
  - blue printing, A 360–362
  - classifying specimens, A 356–359
  - drying specimens, A 353
  - labeling specimens, A 356, K 156
  - marketing collection, A 360
  - mounting specimens, A 353–356, K 155
  - outfit for, A 352
  - preserving in covers, A 356
  - reasons for collecting, A 349–350, 360
  - representing different stages of growth, A 359–360
  - rules of the game, A 362
  - seaweed, A 362–374
- Play
  - importance of, K 4–5
- Playhouse, H 3–40
  - in flats and apartments, H 8
  - in garret, H 5
  - in a tree, H 3
  - [219]make believe, H 8, 13
- Playthings
  - make believe, H 11–12
  - See also Toys
- Pleurisy root, G 348, 365
- Pliers
  - carpenter's tool, C 199*
  - metal worker's tool, M 6*
- Plug in the ring (Game), K 376
- Plum
  - care of seeds for planting, A 48
  - distance to plant trees, G 258
  - origin and distribution of wild plums, A 24
  - value of trees in chicken yards, K 204
- Plumb-line
  - home-made device, G 114
- Plumbing, H 213–223
  - care of, in closed houses, H 348
  - importance of, H 219
  - leaks, peppermint test, B 254
  - location of pipes for housekeeper, H 216
  - principle of the U, H 216–218*
  - taps, repairing, B 255
  - traps, construction and care, H 217–218
  - ventilation pipes, H 319
  - See also Soldering; Waste pipes
- Pocket book. See Purse
- Point lace. See Lace making
- Poison Ivy
  - destroying, A 472–473
- Poisoning. See Lockjaw
- Poker
  - making fire tools, M 371*
- Pokeweed
  - roots and berries, A 58
  - shoots as food, A 58
- Polish and polishing
  - French polish, C 490
  - wax polish, C 490
  - See also Brass work; Copper work; Enamel; Floors; Furniture; Glass; Metal work
- Pollination of plants, G 247
  - corn growing, G 145
- Polo
  - equestrian, K 377
  - hand polo, K 356
  - water polo, K 392
  - wicket polo, K 393
- Pompey's pillar, B 57
- Pond making in a city back yard, G 134–136
- Ponderosa
  - [220]indoor plant, G 196
- Pony as a pet, A 203–205
- Poplar
  - Carolina, G 367
  - characteristics, C 563
  - for landscape gardening, G 353
  - quick growers, G 79
- Popp-mallow
  - characteristics, G 334
- Poppy
  - characteristics, G 328, 331
  - depth to plant seeds, G 235
  - Iceland, sowing and blossoming time, G 161
  - in England, G 271
  - Oriental, characteristics, G 335
  - planting, G 84, 158
  - plume, characteristics, G 334
  - self-sowing, G 316
  - transplanting, G 156
- Porcupine quills
  - how to procure, A 68
  - uses, A 69
- Pork
  - cuts and their uses, H 270
  - food value, H 253
    - combined with vegetables, H 259
  - used as chicken, H 358
- Porterhouse steak, H 269
- Portieres
  - bead work, N 290–293
  - stenciling, N 81
  - weaving designs, D 260–261
  - See also Block printing
- Portland cement
  - origin and uses, B 246–248
- Portulaca
  - blooming plants, G 323
  - characteristics, G 328
- Posts
  - preserving underground, C 402
  - See also Foundations
- Pot rest, G 68–71*
- Pot roast, H 268
- Potash
  - plant food, G 10, 221, 224
- Potato
  - boiled or baked, H 280
  - food value, H 255
  - insect pests, G 287, 292
  - planting seed potatoes, G 129
    - [221]cutting device, A 437–439*
    - depth and distance to plant, G 42
    - quantity to plant, G 36
  - profit from raising, G 130
  - spraying, G 130
  - soil for, G 129
- Potato race, K 378
- Pots and pans
  - care of, H 198, 201
  - materials, H 201
  - soldering, M 43–45
- Potted plants. See Flower gardening
- Pottery, D 280–320*
  - bat and how made, D 286
  - "bisque," meaning, D 301
  - bowl
    - decorating, D 294–299*
    - designing and modeling, D 287–294*
  - candlestick, designing, D 313–315*
  - clay, selecting, D 284
  - coiling method, D 283, 291*
  - concrete pottery, D 207–209*
  - decoration
    - applying the design, D 297–298
    - classes, D 295–297*
    - color combinations, D 303–304
    - methods, D 294
    - modeling a decoration, D 298
    - under-glazing, D 298–299
  - designing, D 288–290*
    - avoiding natural forms, D 290
    - testing profiles, D 290*
  - development of, D 280–281
  - fern dish, D 310–313*
  - firing, D 299–301
    - glazed pottery, D 306
  - glazes, matt and bright glaze mixes, D 303
  - glazing, D 301–307*
    - grinding the glaze, D 302
  - "grog" making, D 316
  - handles, making, D 309*
  - kiln, portable, D 300*
  - materials and tools, D 284–287*
    - template, D 292*
  - modeling process, D 290–292*
  - potter's wheel versus hand method, D 282–283
  - scientific principle of, D 281
  - scraping, D 293*
  - "slip," meaning, D 294
  - testing work, D 292*
  - [222]tiles for tea plate and fireplace, D 315–320*
  - tools, D 285–287
  - vases, designing and decorating, D 307–310*
- Poultry, A 132–178, K 193–207
  - accounts, how to keep, A 153, 157, 168, 172
  - acquiring information, A 187
  - amateur's experience with, A 166–168
  - American breeds, K 195
  - Asiatic breed, K 195
  - Bantams, breeding and care, A 217–218
  - books about, A 517
  - Brahmas, K 195
  - breeding pure stock, A 156
    - purpose of, K 177
  - breeds, characteristics, A 220–222, K 194–195
  - broilers, raising, K 195
    - fattening for market, A 152–153
  - brooders, making, A 175, K 199
  - broody hens, curing, A 144
  - business methods in poultry raising, A 153–159
  - care and housing, A 133–143, K 193–207
  - city experiment with, A 159
  - cleanliness, A 142–143, 146
  - clipping wings, K 207
  - Cochins, K 195
  - cooking
    - broiling, H 275–276
    - preparation for, H 285–288
  - coops, model, A 147–151*
  - crested variety, care of, A 222
  - drawing poultry, H 287
  - dust bath for, A 141*, K 206
  - eggs
    - best layers, K 195
    - cost of, for settings, K 196
    - effect of feeding on layers, A 171
    - keeping a record for idlers, A 157*
    - of fancy fowls, A 221
    - quality affected by feed, A 146
    - selections for settings, A 148
    - testing layers, A 154–155*
    - winter laying, K 205–206
  - exercise, provisions for, A 138, 146
  - expenses of one experiment, A 176
  - experiments, A 159–177
  - fancy breeds and their care, A 219–222, K 194–195
  - fattening broilers for market, A 152, 153
  - feathers, marketing, A 159
  - food value: table, H 253
  - fruit trees in the chicken yard, K 204
  - [223]Hamburgs, characteristics, A 220
  - hatching
    - average number from a setting, K 196
    - time required for eggs to hatch, A 148, K 198, 201
  - hen gate, A 158*
  - Houdans, characteristics, A 220
  - incubators, A 175
    - average time for eggs to hatch, K 198, 199
    - operating, K 197–199
  - killing, H 286
  - Lakenvelders, characteristics, A 220
  - Langshans, K 195
  - Laying hens. See Poultry, eggs
  - Leghorns, K 195
    - eggs, A 221
    - in a prize contest, A 160–163
  - lice
    - on small chicks, A 148, K 201
    - preventing, A 143
  - marketing, A 156–159
  - Mediterranean breeds, K 195
  - molting season, A 145
  - nests for sitting hens, A 147
  - non-sitters, K 195
  - ornamental land and water fowl as pets, K 180–182
    - cost of, K 181
  - Orpingtons, record price, K 194
  - plucking, H 286
  - Plymouth rocks, K 195
  - Polish varieties, A 220
  - prize contests, stories of, A 160–164
  - prize-winning Orpingtons, K 194
  - profit in, K 193
  - ranging versus housing, A 134
  - runs, cornfields for, A 176
  - selection of, for cooking, H 271
  - shows, purpose of, K 177
  - sitting hens
    - coops for, A 147–148*, 150
    - feeding, A 144
    - nests for, A 147
    - raising, K 200–201
  - starting a business with eggs versus chickens, K 195–196
  - stories of success in raising, A 159–177
  - thoroughbreds versus mongrels, K 194
  - training for poultry raising, A 173
  - trap nests for testing layers, A 154–155*
  - white Wyandotte, A 168–172, K 195
  - wild fowl, clipping wings, K 81
  - winter care, K 205–206
  - [224]young chicks, care of, K 202–203, A 147–153
  - Yokahamas, A 220
  - See also Ducks; Game and game birds; Geese; Guinea fowl; Peacock; Poultry feeding; Poultry houses; Turkey
- Poultry feeding
  - effect on quality of eggs, A 146
  - feeding six thousand hens in one half hour, A 164–166
  - growing feed, A 153
  - making hens lay, A 171
  - molting season, A 145
  - rack for feed pans, to prevent waste, A 145*
  - regularity essential, A 146
  - self-feed grain box, A 139*
  - self-feed grit box, A 136*
  - sitting hens, A 144
  - trough for feed, making, C 450*
  - winter feeding, K 206
  - young chicks, A 150–153, K 199
- Poultry houses
  - building a poultry house, A 132–143*, C 441–450*, K 204*
  - cleaning provisions, A 140, K 204
  - construction principles, A 135, C 441–442
  - coops, A 147–150*
  - corners, finishing, C 446*
  - curtained shed, A 138
  - doors and windows, A 137*, C 448
  - dropping board, A 140, C 449
  - dust bath, A 141*, K 206
  - floors, cement, A 137
  - foundation, C 443–444
  - frame for window screen, C 449
  - framework of the house, C 444–445*
    - for an eleven dollar house, A 133*
  - furnishings, A 139–142*, K 204*
  - heat, planning for, A 135
  - location, A 135, K 207
  - materials, A 136–137
  - nests, location, A 140–141, K 204
  - roofing paper, C 449
  - roosts, making, A 139, C 450, K 204
  - runs, A 141, 142, C 450, K 204
  - sanitary principles, A 142–143, 146
  - scratching shed, A 138, K 204, 205
  - siding for frame, C 445
  - sleeping room, K 204
  - working drawings, C 443, 447
- Powell. See Baden-Powell, Sir Robert
- Power
  - dynamometer for measuring, B 324*
  - foot pound, B 123
  - [225]problems in estimating, B 82
  - steam versus electricity, E 3–5
  - units of power, B 122–125
  - See also Electric power; Gasolene motors; Mechanics; Steam; Water power
- Precious stones
  - bezel setting, M 152–157*, 163*, 176
  - cutting metal away for setting, M 157–159*
  - prong setting, M 159–161*
  - selecting for rings, M 152
- Preserves
  - storing in cellar, H 211
  - See also Canning; Jam; Jelly
- Press copying methods, B 418
- Pressing skirts, N 73
- Prime roasts, H 269
- Printing
  - block printing, D 98–106
- Prisoner's base, K 378
- Propeller. See Aeroplanes; Screw propeller
- Proteins
  - effect of boiling, H 277
  - effect of cold water, H 278
  - food composition, H 248
  - foods containing, H 250
  - proportion in diet, H 249, 252
- Proverbs
  - Indian proverb about home making, H 44
- Pruning
  - hazel bushes, A 35
  - methods, A 439–443*
- Puff balls, A 83–84, 87–89
- Pulleys
  - chain, B 322*
  - dynamometer, B 324*
  - endless chain, B 310
  - expanding, B 321*
  - mechanical principle of, B 49–52*
  - movable, theory of, B 50–51*
  - multiple, B 51–52*
  - rule for power, B 63, 310
  - snatch block, B 50*
  - Spanish bartons, B 310*
  - triangular eccentric, B 311*
  - use of, B 43*
  - White's pulley, B 310*
- Pumpkin
  - planting, G 312
    - depth and distance to plant, G 42
    - quantity of seed to plant, G 36
    - [226]time to plant, G 234
    - with corn, G 117
  - seed
    - age for planting, G 34
    - germination per cent., G 233
  - striped beetle pests, G 117
- Pumps
  - action of, B 235–236
  - Archimedes screw, B 143–145*, 344
  - double acting, B 346*
  - force pumps, B 236, 345
  - lift pumps, B 236, 345*
  - plunger pump for vacuum cleaner, B 379–381*
  - theory of, B 234–235
  - See also Windmills
- Punch (Tool)
  - centre punch, making, M 297*
  - metal work tool, M 7*
- Pupa. See Insects
- Puppy. See Dogs
- Purdy, Carl
  - collecting and growing California bulbs, A 94–99
- Purling, N 353*
- Purse
  - bead work, N 285–290*
  - tooled leather, making, D 340–342*
  - See also Card case
- Purslane (Pursley)
  - class and seed time, G 278
- Push ball, K 379
- Push button. See Electric push button
- Pyramids of Egypt
  - how they were built, B 54–56
- Pyrography
  - outfit, C 330–331
  - woods suitable for, C 240, 330
- Pyrometric cones, D 300*

Q

- Quail. See Bob white
- Quaker ladies, G 341
- Quarter sawed oak, C 551, D 131–132*
- Queen Anne's lace, G 349
- Quills, porcupine, A 68
- Quoits, K 379

R

- Rabbeted joints, C 255*
- Rabbit
  - [227]bait, A 508
  - breeds, common and fancy, K 182, A 498
  - care of, K 185
  - characteristics, A 497
  - enemies, A 498
  - fur, value, A 501
  - house, construction, C 451–454*, K 182–183*
  - hunting, A 500
  - raising for pets, A 206
  - snares, making, A 500
  - story of a boy's animal cage, A 234
- Raccoon
  - bait for, A 509
  - habits, A 268
  - skin, value, A 509
  - story of a boy's animal cage, A 234
  - taming, A 268–269
- Racing
  - feather race, K 347
  - marathon race, K 371
  - potato race, K 378
  - sack race, K 384
  - three legged race, K 390
  - tub race, K 390
  - water race, K 393
- Racquets or Rackets (Game), K 380
- Radiators
  - steam as distributors of heat, E 314
- Radish
  - icicle, G 95
  - indoor planting time, G 233
  - insect pests, G 291
  - planting seed
    - depth to plant, G 42, 236
    - distance to plant, G 42
    - quantity to plant, G 36
    - time to plant, G 234
  - quick development, G 313
  - seed
    - age for planting, G 34
    - germination per cent., G 233
    - germination period, G 32
- Raffia work, N 250–277*
  - basket making, N 243, 250–252
    - covers, N 252
    - handles, N 255–256
    - melon-shaped basket, N 257–259*
  - belts, N 273–274
  - braiding raffia, N 262–263*, 268
  - doll's hammock, N 271
  - [228]doll's hat, N 253–255*
  - fringe, N 274
  - hats
    - braiding, N 263–264*
    - trimming, N 264, 268, 270
    - weaving on wire frames, N 264–268
  - jewel case, N 260–261*
  - knotting raffia, N 271–275*
  - materials for, N 250
  - napkin ring, N 252, 253*
  - preparing the raffia, N 262, 268
  - shopping bag, knotted raffia, N 272–273*
  - skip stitch, N 257
  - Solomon's knot, N 265
  - split stitch, N 257
  - three strand braid, N 268–270
  - whisk broom, N 275*
  - winding stitch, N 257
- Rafters. See Roofs
- Ragout, H 269
- Ragweed
  - class and seed time, G 278
- Rain
  - causes of, B 355–356
  - drops, formation, B 357–360
    - shape, B 360
  - fall
    - effect on forestation, B 361
    - measuring, B 349–353*
    - recording, B 362–363
  - gauge, making, B 350–353*
  - importance of, B 354
  - period of rainfall, B 360
  - table for measures, B 353
  - weather symbol, B 362
- Raisins
  - food value, H 255
- Raking, G 265
- Ranges
  - draughts and dampers, H 227–230
  - See also Gas range
- Raspberries
  - food value, H 255
  - picking wild raspberries, A 9
- Ratchet wheel
  - mechanism, B 322–324*
- Rats
  - book about, A 519
  - electrocution device, E 271–273*
  - [229]trapping, A 496
- Rattan work
  - baskets, N 243–248*
  - mats, N 247*, 249
  - whisk broom holder, N 249
- Reamur thermometer scale, B 262
- Receipts
  - barberry jelly, A 17
  - canning elderberries, A 16
  - elderberry steamed pudding, A 16
  - green grape jelly, A 15
  - pickled walnuts, A 37
  - thimbleberry jam, A 11
  - wild crabapple butter, A 22
  - See also Camping—Cooking; Cookery; Insecticides; Paste
- Red line, or Red lion (Game), K 381
- Red spider, G 293
- Reed basket
  - weaving, G 61–64*
- Reel
  - making a garden reel, G 51*
- Refrigerator
  - cleaning, H 109, 241
  - drainage, regulating, H 240
  - economy in ice supply, H 242
  - how to avoid odors, H 241
  - location, H 240
  - purifying, H 242
- Remington typewriter, B 403–409*
- Renaissance lace. See Lace
- Rent
  - what proportion of income to use for, H 74, 77, 78
- Repairing. See Furniture; Soldering
- Repousse
  - definition of, M 210
- Retaining walls
  - batter, making, B 244–245
  - "closers", B 244
  - designing, B 240–241*
  - foundation, B 238*, 245
  - Galveston sea wall, B 247
  - "header", B 244
  - pointing, B 246
  - "stretcher", B 244
- Rheostat. See Electric rheostat
- Rhubarb
  - food value, H 255
- Ribbon embroidery. See Embroidery
- Rice
  - camp cooking, K 90
  - food value, H 254
  - [230]washing, H 295
  - wild rice
    - characteristics, A 78–79
    - harvesting, A 79
    - uses of, A 78, 79
- Richards, Ellen H.
  - "Cost of living" quoted, H 74
- Rifles
  - aiming, K 122
  - care and cleaning, K 123
  - learning to use, K 120–123
- Rings
  - iron, welding, M 248–250*, 254*
  - silver work, M 152–162*
  - steel, making, M 265*
  - See also Precious stones
- Rivers
  - protecting river banks, B 237
  - tides, B 227, 229
  - See also Retaining walls
- Riveting
  - handles, M 88
  - iron tongs, M 288*
  - making rivets, M 77
  - metal, M 73–77*
  - metal worker's tool, M 10*
  - rivet set, M 73
  - silver letters on copper, M 188–190*
  - stove pipe, M 74
- Roads
  - material for road-bed, G 85–86
  - repairing dirt roads, G 84–86
- Roast pig, story, H 18
- Roasting
  - meats, H 282
  - open fire for, H 282
  - thickness of food, H 276
- Robbers
  - Irish stew and the robbers: story, H 15
- Robin
  - insect destroyers, A 457
  - migration, K 175
- Rock
  - how soil was formed from, G 213
  - See also Boulders
- Rock garden
  - flowers to plant in, G 325
  - location, G 324
  - plants, G 340
  - [231]soil requirements, G 325
- Roentgen rays
  - ether waves, E 316
- Roley boley (Game), K 381
- Roller
  - ball-bearing principle, B 28
  - making wooden rollers, C 268*
  - moving rocks on rollers, B 18
- Roman cut work, N 138–142*
- Roof
  - construction for summer house, C 418–422*
  - construction of frame, C 465–469*
  - cornices, C 421
  - hip roof, construction, C 466*
  - painting, B 42, C 422
  - rafters
    - fitting, C 467*
    - making curved rafters, C 418
  - roofing paper, C 419
  - saddle boards, C 421
  - shingling, B 40–42, C 419–422*
    - estimating shingles, B 40
    - nails required, B 42
  - square of shingling or clap boarding, meaning, B 41
- Rooms. See Bedroom; Dining-room; Furniture; Girl's room; Guests; House decoration; Kitchen; Living-room; Pantry; Servants
- Ropes
  - carrying power of hemp, B 47
  - preservative for hemp, B 48
  - strength of wire rope, B 48
- Roque, K 382
- Rose
  - Christmas, characteristics, G 333
  - insect pests and remedies, G 284, 293
  - Irish crochet, N 339–340, 344
  - moss, characteristics, G 332
- Rose chafer, G 293
- Rose jar
  - copper work, M 56–60*
- Rose slug, G 284
- Rotascope. See Gyroscope
- Rotation of crops, G 149
- Round steak, H 268
- Round Table, Knights of
  - how Gareth became a knight, H 20
- Rowing
  - intercollegiate record, K 383
- Rubbed joints, C 251*
- Rubber plant
  - topping, G 199, 250
- Rubbish
  - [232]disposal of, G 263
- Rubicon (Game), K 383
- Rugby football, K 348
- Rugs
  - bathroom, H 156
  - beating-rack, A 444–446*
  - braiding, N 295–296*
  - carpets versus rugs, A 443–444
  - cleaning, A 443–448, H 128
  - dry cleaning, H 332
  - kitchen, H 193
  - Oriental, washing, A 447
  - storing, H 348
  - washing, A 446–447
  - weaving, D 252–260*, N 297–305*
    - color combinations, D 255
    - designs, D 252–253, 256–258*, N 302
    - materials, D 253, 258, N 301
    - preparing the woof, D 253–254
    - process, D 259–260, N 300–301
    - setting the loom, N 297–300
    - woof shuttle, D 254*
- Rulers
  - carpenter's rule, C 205
  - parallel, mechanism of, B 331*
- Run, sheep, run (Game), K 360
- Running
  - hare and hound chases, A 17
- Russia calf for tooled leather, N 92
- Rustic furniture
  - collecting wood for, A 410
  - suggestions for making, D 209–211*
- Rye
  - food value, H 254

S

- Sable, Alaskan, A 484
- Sachets
  - herbs and grasses for, A 65
- Sack racing, K 384
- Sad iron. See Electric iron
- Saddles
  - English, Mexican and army, K 225–226*
- Safety valves for steam engines, B 116
- Sage
  - growing, G 327
- Saint Francis of Assisi, H 25
- Salad plant
  - endive, G 305
  - lettuce, G 306
- Salamander
  - [233]taming, A 266
- Salary. See Income
- Salmon
  - bait for, K 136*
  - food value, H 253
- Salt
  - removing stains with, H 358
- Salt cellar
  - silver work, M 183–184*
- Salt pork
  - cuts, H 270
- Salvia
  - bedding plants, G 324
- San Jose scale, K 167
- Sand bag
  - definition of, M 210
- Sand papering. See Whittling
- Sandy soil. See Soils
- Sanitation. See Garbage; Plumbing; Refrigerator; Sewerage
- Santos Dumont's monoplane, B 167*, 175–177
- Sap. See Maple sugar
- Sardine
  - food value, H 253
- Sashes. See Doors; Windows
- Satin stitch, N 147–149*
  - combinations, N 148–154*
  - design, N 158*
- Sauce
  - wild crabapple, A 22
- Sausage
  - buckwheat cakes combination, H 258
  - food value: table, H 253
- Sauteing, H 281
- Saving
  - methods, H 83–85
  - necessity and value, H 82
- Savoury herb, G 328
- Saw horse
  - making, C 143–149*
- Saw mills, C 522
- Saws
  - band saw, C 522
  - brazing steel band saws, M 313
  - buck saw, C 172*
  - compass saw, C 172*
  - construction principles, C 171–172*
  - coping saw, C 20*
  - cross cut saws, principle and use, C 170*
  - danger of the power saw, D 187
  - gang saw, C 522
  - hack saw, C 175*
  - [234]metal worker's tools, M 9*
  - rating by points, C 173
  - rip saw, principle and use, C 169*
  - sawing copper work, M 35–36*
  - turning saw, C 173*
  - using, position for, C 174*
- Saxifrage
  - habits and characteristics, G 340, 364
- Scabiosa
  - sowing and blossoming time, G 161
- Scales
  - mechanical principle, B 24–25*
- Scalloping, N 132–133*, 135
- Scallops
  - cooking, H 292
- Scarf
  - crocheted, N 318*
- Scarf pin
  - silver work, M 162–165*
- Scarfing, M 254–257, 258
  - wrench, M 275*
- Scarlet runner beans, G 297
- Scarlet sage, G 324
- Scarlet tanagers
  - insect destroyer, A 457
- School grounds
  - improving, G 72–87
- Science
  - value of study, E 338–340
- Science club, E 339
- Scilla, bell flowered
  - planting and blooming time, G 177, 178
- Scissors
  - protecting points of, N 48
  - shears for metal work, M 5*
- Sconce
  - copper work, M 52–56*
- Scorched stains
  - removing, H 335
- Scotland's burning, K 384
- Scours
  - remedy, A 120
- Scouts. See Boy Scouts of America
- Scraper
  - definition of, M 210
- Screen. See Fire screen
- Screw
  - Archimedian, B 143–145*, 344*
  - case hardening screws, M 309–310
  - concealing in woodwork, method of, C 343*
  - [235]countersunk, meaning, C 190
  - driving, B 157
  - endless, B 142
  - finish, C 191
  - flat and round head, C 190–191*
  - friction, provision for, B 142
  - mechanical principle, B 139–147*
  - number designation, C 191
  - nut, principle of, B 140
  - power principle, B 140–147
  - principle applied to tools, B 156
  - removing, device for, B 157
  - rule for power, B 64
  - use of, C 190–192*
  - wooden screw, strength of, B 156
  - worm gear, B 141*
  - worm and wheel, B 145–147*
- Screw drivers, C 195, 199–203*
- Screw propeller
  - aeroplane, B 169–170, C 70–72*
  - blades
    - area versus power, B 149–150
    - finding area, B 154
    - principle, B 147
  - features of, B 148
  - pitch, calculating, B 155*
  - power
    - calculating, B 150–155*
    - principle of, B 149–150
  - speed, reckoning, B 148
- Sea walls. See Retaining walls
- Seal
  - electric, A 491
  - French, A 501
  - Hudson, A 491
- Seams. See Dressmaking
- Search light, Electric, E 153*
- Seasoning
  - broiled meats and vegetables, H 276, 279
- Seats. See Benches; Chairs; Settees
- Seaweed
  - care of specimens before mounting, A 364
  - collector's outfit, A 363
  - mounting specimen, A 364–368*
  - time and places for collecting, A 363
  - varieties, A 369
- Seeds, G 227–238
  - age for planting purposes, G 34
  - cotyledon, G 230
  - depth to plant: table, G 35, 235
  - [236]distribution of wild seeds, G 273
  - envelopes, making, G 56–58*
  - germination
    - aiding, G 236
    - experiments, G 31
    - per cent., G 232–233
    - table, G 32
  - method of improving, G 246–248
  - planting
    - compacting soil, G 237–238
    - how to plant, G 99, 268
    - quantity to plant: table, G 36
    - time, indoor and outdoor, G 233–235
  - saving for sale or planting, G 371
  - selection
    - germ developing power, G 231
    - impure seed, G 231
    - seed plants, G 227–228
    - size, G 228–233
  - selling, how to put up seed, G 371–372
  - soaking, G 138
  - testing for germinating value, G 33, 143
  - See also Grass seed; Trees; Vegetables; also names of plants, e. g., Beans; Nasturtiums; Pansy; Peppers, etc.
- Seesaw
  - mechanical principle of, B 26
- Selvage, N 15
- September
  - blooming plants, G 365
- Servants, H 370–381
  - cook, duties, H 109, 112
  - days out, adjustment of work, H 111
  - duties
    - four or five maids, H 105
    - one maid, H 104, 107
    - three maids, H 105, 108
    - two maids, H 104, 108, 112
  - hours, H 379
  - mistress and maid
    - business relations, H 376–377
    - personal relations, H 371–375
  - personal liberty, lack of, H 372
  - proportion of income required for, H 76
  - room, H 378
  - servant question, H 370–381
  - meals, when served, H 105
  - waitress
    - dress, H 173
    - duties, H 169–172
- Serving table. See Buffet; Setting the table
- [237]Serving the meal. See Meals—Serving
- Serving tray
  - copper work, M 75–77*
- Seton, Ernest Thompson
  - Boy Scouts organizer, K 49
- Settee
  - box furniture, making, C 477*
  - garden settle, making, D 200*
  - hall settle, D 49*
  - outdoor settee, making, C 410–411*
- Setting the table
  - dining table decorations, H 164
  - glasses, H 165
  - methods, H 167
  - serving table, use of, H 166
  - sideboard arrangements, H 166
  - silver, H 165
  - table linen, H 162–164
- Settle. See Settee
- Sewer pipes. See Plumbing
- Sewerage system,
  - importance of, H 214
- Sewing
  - apron making, N 26–30*
  - back stitching, N 12*
    - half back stitch, N 13*
  - bands for
    - aprons, N 30*
    - skirts, N 39*, 44
  - basting stitches, N 7*
  - binding, N 51*
  - blanket making, N 54*
  - buttonhole stitch, N 58*
  - buttons, N 4–6
  - care of hands, N 19
  - counterpane for doll's bed, N 55*
  - crow's foot stitch, N 55*
  - darning, N 9–11*
  - felling seams, N 68
  - French hem, N 21
  - gathering, N 26–30*
    - stroking, N 27*
  - gussets, N 35–40*
  - helping mother, N 3
  - hemming
    - French hem, N 21
    - gauge, notched card, N 17*
    - rolling the edge, N 21*
    - skirt, N 36, 43
    - straightening the edge, N 17
    - turning corners, N 20*
    - [238]turning the hem, N 17
  - hooks and eyes, N 24–25*
  - knotting the thread, N 5
    - substitute for, N 14, 16
  - mattresses, N 53*
  - needle case, N 46–47
  - needles, emery for, N 19
  - over-casting, N 15*
  - over-handing, N 15–17*
  - patching, N 33–35
  - pillow cases, N 53*
  - plackets, N 35–40*, 43
  - plain sewing, N 3–11
  - position of sewer, N 19–20
  - rolling the edge, N 21*
  - running and back stitch combination, N 14*
  - running stitches, N 7*
  - scissors, how to hold, N 12*
  - seams
    - felling, N 68
    - stitches for, N 12–17*
  - sewing apron, N 31–33*
  - sewing case, N 45–49*
  - stitches, N 12–25*
  - tape loops on towels and dresses, N 23*
  - thimble, how to use, N 4*
  - thread, length of, N 5
  - tucking, N 36
  - turning corners, N 20
  - whip stitch, N 21*
  - work box, fittings, N 3
  - See also Basket making, Bead work; Braiding; Dressmaking; Embroidery
- Sewing machines
  - boat-shaped shuttle type
    - carriers and drivers, adjustment, B 303–304*
    - looping the thread, B 302
    - setting needles, B 305*
  - cleaning, B 281
  - oiling, B 281*
  - puckering, to prevent, B 283–285
  - rotary hook type
    - bobbin case, B 293–295*
      - holder, adjusting, B 301*
    - compared with boat-shaped shuttles, B 299–300
    - construction, B 285–293*
    - feed, regulating, B 298
    - feed motion, B 337*
    - hook guide and hook driver, B 289–292*
    - hook ring, B 293
    - [239]needle bars, setting, B 287–288
    - needles
      - changing, B 292
      - setting, B 303–305*
    - presser foot, B 297–299*
    - repairing shuttles, B 300
    - stitch regulator, B 286*, 293
    - take up spring, replacing, B 295–297*
    - tension, B 288–289
    - thread controllers, B 301–303*
    - threading, B 286*, 298, 302
    - Wheeler and Wilson, B 299–300
  - shuttle action of different types, B 283–284*
  - tension, adjusting, B 283–285
  - threads to use, B 282
  - types, B 280
  - vibrating shuttle, B 281–285*
    - presser foot, adjustment, B 285
  - Wheeler and Wilson, B 299–300, 337
- Shackles
  - forging, M 349–352*
- Shad
  - food value, H 253
- Shades
  - cleaning window shades, H 131
  - See also Candle shade; Lamp shade
- Shadow embroidery
  - stitches and materials, N 126–127*
- Shagbarks, A 39
- Shamrock pattern for Irish crochet, N 341
- Sharks
  - catching, K 126
- Sharpening tools. See Tools
- Shawl
  - crocheting rainbow shawl, N 316–317*
  - knitting, N 356–359*
- Shears
  - protecting points of scissors, N 48
  - tools for metal work, M 5*
- Sheep
  - feeding, A 104–105
    - book about, A 517
  - lambs, care of, A 105
  - raising, A 103–107
  - shearing, A 106
- Sheepskin for leather work, N 83
- Sheets
  - making for doll-bed, N 54*
  - marking, N 157
  - [240] See also Beds; Ironing
- Shell fish
  - broiling oysters, H 275
  - food value, H 253
  - preparing for cooking, H 289–293
- Shellac
  - method of using, C 486, D 216–217
  - source and qualities, C 486
- Shells
  - book about, A 518
  - collecting, A 369–374
    - outfit, A 372
    - preserving and labeling specimens, A 374
- Shelters. See Summer house
- Shelving. See Book case
- Shetland pony
  - breeding for profit, A 205
  - characteristics, A 203–205
- Shingling. See Roof
- Shinney, K 367
- Shirley poppies, G 322
- Shoe buttons
  - how to sew on, N 6
- Shoepac, K 209
- Shoes
  - base ball, K 264
  - foot ball, K 280*
  - for winter sports, K 208–209
- Shooting
  - hints on how to shoot, K 115–118
  - rifle shooting, K 120–123
  - "wiping his eye", K 117
- Shooting board
  - how to make, C 189*
  - how to use, C 106*
- Shop. See Carpentry and Woodwork; Work shop
- Shot guns
  - aiming, K 113, 117
  - barrel lengths, K 120
  - care and cleaning, K 123
  - choke-bore gun, K 119
  - double barrels, K 111*
  - "drop" of a gun, K 113
  - for small game, K 112
  - learning to shoot, K 114–118
  - pattern, testing, K 118–119
  - selecting, K 112–113
  - styles for various purposes, K 119
  - unloading, K 115
  - See also Rifles
- Shovel
  - [241]blacksmith's shovel, M 226, 229*
  - fire tools, making, M 372–373*
  - home-made snow shovel, A 432
- Shrubs
  - characteristics: table, G 355–356
  - hazel bush, A 34
  - planting and transplanting, G 134
  - selection principles, G 37, 354, 355, 357
- Sideboard
  - arranging for service, H 166
  - design, D 55*
- Siding. See House framing
- Sieve
  - making a garden sieve, G 59–61
- Signals and signaling
  - marine flag code, B 107–109
  - weather signals, B 361–362
- Silkworm culture, A 337–348
  - apparatus for rearing, A 339*
  - book about, A 518
  - cocoons
    - preparing for market, A 347
    - spinning, A 345–347*
    - weight of, A 347
  - eggs
    - hatching, A 340–341
    - laying, A 338–339
  - first age, A 343
  - food and feeding, A 337, 339–346
    - racks for, A 342*
  - moth
    - how it comes out of the cocoon, A 347
    - life of, A 338
  - molting periods, A 343–345
  - stages of growth, A 337
  - varieties of silk spinners, A 338
- Silver
  - cleaning and care, H 111, 185
  - setting the table, H 165
  - washing, H 183
  - See also Silver work
- Silver fox
  - book about, A 517
- Silver maple. See Maple
- Silver work
  - bar pins, M 171–174*
  - bezel setting, M 152–157*, 163*, 176
  - bracelets, M 174–177*
    - Indian design, M 176–177*
  - brooches, M 171–174*
  - [242]characteristics of silver for working, M 151
  - collar slide, M 170–171*
  - comb, M 194–196*
  - cuff links, M 192–194*
  - enameling on, D 355
  - gems
    - selecting, M 152
    - setting, M 152–161*, 163*, 165, 176
  - hinges. See Metal work—hinges
  - lettering silver on copper, M 187–190*
  - links, making, M 167–169*
  - mustard spoon, M 182*
  - napkin ring, M 191–192*
  - necklaces, M 166–170*
  - oxidizing silver, M 204
  - pendants, M 169
  - picture frame, M 181, 185–186*
  - pin, M 163–164*
  - rings
    - bezel setting, M 152–157*
    - deep set stone, M 157–159*
    - prong setting, M 159–161*
    - twisted silver wire, M 161–162*
  - riveting letters, M 188–190*
  - salt cellar, M 183–184*
  - salt spoon, M 183*
  - scarf pin, M 162–165*
    - setting the stone, M 165
  - spoons, M 178–184*
  - sugar tongs
    - bowl design, M 182*
    - claw design, M 180–182*
  - tools
    - chisel, making, M 157*
    - mandrel, M 154*
  - watch fob, M 187–190*
  - See also Copper work; Metal work
- Simmering
  - definition, H 277
- Sink
  - location and care of kitchen sinks, H 193
- Sirloin steak, H 269
- Skate sailing, K 215–216*
- Skating, K 210–216
  - club skate model, K 210*
  - damming a brook or pond, A 280
  - fancy figures, K 210
  - hockey skates and playing, K 212–215*
  - racing skates and skating, K 211
  - sprinting stroke, K 212
  - [243]tennis court for skating pond, A 279–280
- Skee. See Skiing
- Skiing, K 219–222*, 385
  - jumping, K 222
  - ski pole, K 222*
  - skis, K 218–220*
- Skins and hides
  - curing, A 511
  - removing, A 510
  - tanning, A 511–512
    - solution, A 507
- Skirts. See Dressmaking
- Skittles
  - lawn skittles, K 368–370
- Skunk
  - nests and habits, A 485
  - pelts, value, A 484, 487
  - tame, A 270
  - trapping, A 484–486
- Sled
  - bobsled, K 223*
  - toy, working drawing, C 40, 42*
- Sledge
  - blacksmith's tool, M 226
- Sleep and sleeping
  - advantages of outdoor sleeping, A 6–9
  - preparation for outdoor sleeping, A 9, 52*
- Sleeves. See Dressmaking
- Slippers
  - crocheting, N 324–329*
- Slippery elm, C 559
- Slugs
  - exterminating, G 118
  - garden pests, G 285
  - rose slugs, G 284, 293
- Small fruits. See Berries
- Smartweed
  - class and seed time, G 278
- Smilax, Southern, A 55
- Smith Premier typewriter, B 409–411*
- Smocking
  - honeycomb pattern, N 112–114
  - stitch, N 114*
- Smoking
  - dangers of, K 13–14
- Smoking set
  - copper work, M 79–86*
- Snake
  - taming, A 266
  - venomous, K 149
- Snake's head, G 349, 365
- [244]Snapdragon, G 277
- Snares. See Traps
- Snarling iron
  - definition of, M 210
- Snow
  - crystals, forms and colors, B 366–368*
  - formation, B 366
  - line, B 368, 369
  - measuring snowfall, B 367
  - perpetual snow, B 368
  - shoveling, A 431–432
  - uses of, B 367
  - weight, B 367
- Snow shoeing
  - skis and skiing, K 217–222*
  - snow shoes, K 216–217*
- Snowballs
  - Japanese, G 37
- Snowdrop
  - planting and blooming time, G 177
- Soap for laundry, H 319
- Soccer. See Foot ball
- Socket wrench. See Wrench
- Sockets
  - making an open wire rope socket, M 281–283*
- Soda
  - combined with cream of tartar, H 301
  - some uses of, H 356
  - sour milk and, H 357
- Sofa cushion. See Pillow
- Softening metal. See Annealing
- Soils
  - acid, improving, G 30, 115, 222
  - adapting crops, G 17–23
  - clay
    - absorption of water, G 218
    - characteristics, G 8
    - formation, G 214–215
    - improving, G 9, 104, 218–219, 224
    - lime for acid soil, G 30
  - elements, G 8
  - formation of, G 213
  - humus, G 8
  - improving poor soil, G 9, 103–105, 218–219, 224
  - impure air in, H 208
  - inoculation, purpose and method, G 119, 122
  - lime
    - absorption of water, G 218
    - formation, G 215–216
    - humus for, G 225
    - improving, G 218
    - [245]testing for, G 216
  - loam, meaning of, G 220
  - preparing for grass seed, G 74–76
  - physical and chemical needs, G 9
  - sand
    - absorption of water and heat, G 217
    - characteristics, G 8
    - formation of, G 214
    - improving, G 9, 218
    - nitrogen needed, G 224
  - subsoil, G 220
  - testing, G 28–31
  - top-soil, G 220
  - See also Drainage; Flower gardening; Plant food; also names of plants
- Soldering
  - brass vase, M 144
  - copper handles, M 78–79
  - electric iron for, E 116*
  - hard soldering, materials and directions, M 41–42
  - heat and tools for, M 11–12*
  - iron, making, M 45–46*
  - metals, M 41–46*
  - outfit, B 252, M 11–12*
  - preparations, B 252
  - process, B 253
  - soft soldering
    - materials and tools, M 43
    - process, M 40, 43–45
  - tinker's dam, B 253
  - unsoldering, M 205
- Solomon's seal, false
  - habits and characteristics, G 345
- Song birds. See Birds
- Sorrel
  - class and seed time, G 278
- Sound
  - production of, E 281
  - variation with speed, E 292
  - velocity, B 249–251, E 311
    - in dry air, water and metals, B 250
    - independent of pitch, E 316
  - vibrations of metal disks, E 294–295
  - waves, E 310
    - length, B 251, E 315
- Soups
  - beef stock, what to buy, H 268
  - boiling meat for stock, H 278
  - to keep from curdling, H 356
- Soutache braid
  - [246]for braiding, N 107
- Spading
  - how to spade, G 88, 265
- Spanish fly (Game), K 385
- Sparrow
  - bird enemy, K 174
  - book about, A 519
  - migration of song sparrow, K 175
- Specific gravity
  - meaning and application, B 279–280
- Speed indicator
  - mechanism and use, E 231*
- Spice bush
  - characteristics, G 355
- Spiders
  - food for young wasps, A 391
  - nature study, K 145
- Spiked loosestrife
  - characteristics, G 365
- Spinach
  - cleaning, H 294
  - food value, H 255
  - germination per cent. of seed, G 233
  - time to plant, G 234
- Spindle
  - copper work, M 124–126*
- Spinning. See Silkworm
- Spirea
  - characteristics, G 356
  - hedge shrub, G 357
  - Van Houtte's, a good variety, G 37, 38
- Spirit level, C 205*
- Splice or scarf joints, C 257*
- Spoons
  - mustard spoon, silver work, M 182*
  - nut set spoon, copper work, M 39–40*
  - salt spoon, silver work, M 183
  - tea spoon, silver work, M 178–180*
- Sports
  - girls' outdoor sports, K 318–325
  - winter sports, K 208–224*
  - See also Archery; Base ball; Camping; Canoeing; Coasting; Cricket; Curling; Fishing; Foot ball; Games; Golf; Horsemanship; Hunting; Racing; Rowing; Shooting; Skate sailing; Skating; Skiing; Swimming; Track athletics; Trapping; Walking
- Spots. See Cleaning
- Spring beauty
  - habits and characteristics, G 340
  - transplanting, G 340
- Springs (Machinery)
  - [247]air spring, B 331*
  - bearing springs, B 265–266
  - car springs, B 265*
  - cross bow, making, B 266*
  - draw spring, B 265*
  - tempering steel, M 295
  - uses, B 264
- Springs (Water)
  - preparing for trout culture, A 273–274
  - reclaiming springs, A 274–277
  - story of how one spring was reclaimed, A 280–282
- Sprocket wheel, B 327*
- Spruce gum
  - gathering, A 80–83
  - making, A 82
  - marketing, A 82
  - uses, A 81
  - white spruce, A 81
- Spruce tree
  - seed year, A 47
  - variety and characteristics, C 537–538
- Squabs
  - book about, A 517
  - care of, A 216
  - homers as breeders, A 194–195
  - killing and dressing, A 196
  - marketing and profit, A 195
  - raising, A 193–197
  - record keeping, A 216
  - where to get information about, A 194
  - See also Pigeons
- Square, steel
  - carpenter's tool, C 205*
  - metal worker's tool, M 5*
- Squash
  - food value, H 255
  - insect pests, G 287, 291, 292
  - planting seed, G 312
    - depth to plant, G 236
    - time to plant, G 234
  - seed
    - age for planting, G 34
    - germination per cent., G 233
- Squash (Game), K 386
- Squirrels
  - as pets, K 184
  - bad habits of the red squirrel, A 267
  - bait for, A 508
  - flying squirrels as pets, K 185
  - [248]taming, A 266–267
- Stabbler, Sydney S.
  - My experience with honey bees, A 328–331
- Stains and staining
  - alcohol stains, value of, D 227
  - applying stains, D 228–229
  - asphaltum, D 229
  - black walnut imitation, D 230
  - brown stain, C 223
  - chemical
    - composition and use, C 483
    - preparing, C 488
  - Flemish oak, D 231
  - forest green oak, D 232
  - fumed oak and chestnut, process, D 233–234
  - golden oak finish, D 229
  - gray oak, D 232
  - mahogany imitation, D 230, 231, C 489
  - mission oak, D 231
  - natural colors versus imitation, C 482
  - object of staining, D 226
  - oil stain
    - composition and use, C 483
    - merits of, C 487, D 227
  - perfect stain, D 227
  - preparation of surface, C 483
  - water stain
    - advantages of, C 487, D 227
    - composition and use, C 483
  - weathered oak, D 233
- Stake pin
  - making, M 233–235*
- Stand pipe
  - principle of, H 215
- Staples
  - designing and making, M 235–236*
- Star of Bethlehem
  - planting and blooming time, G 177
- Starch
  - boiled starch, making, H 320
  - cold starch, making, H 319
  - protecting, H 319
  - starching clothes, H 323
  - sticking to irons, to prevent, H 335
- Stars
  - effect of aerial tides, E 229
  - telling points of the compass by, K 109
  - time required for light to travel from, E 312
- Starting box (Electric), E 48
  - operation of, E 81–83*
- Steam
  - [249]condensation, B 125
  - dry steam, B 125
  - expansion principle, B 127
  - generation of, B 115–116
  - heat units, B 126–127
  - wet steam, B 126
- Steam engines
  - Calipyle, B 114–115
  - cylinder and piston, B 117–118*
  - disk engine, B 334*
  - governors, B 313–316*, 329
    - gyroscope, B 335
  - heating principle, B 121
  - hero engine, B 114*
  - history of, B 114–115, 272
  - horsepower, estimating, B 122–124
  - noise from exhaust, reason, B 113, 120
  - power generation and distribution, B 117–120
  - principle of, B 115–117
  - rotary, B 340*
  - safety valve, B 116
  - slide valve, B 118–120*
  - toe and lifter for valves, B 329*
  - waste in power, E 6
- Steam radiators as distributors of heat, E 314
- Steam turbine, B 128
- Steam whistles
  - why steam is seen before whistles are heard, B 249
- Steamboats
  - development of, B 271
  - See also Screw propeller; Steam turbine
- Steel
  - annealing, M 307–309
  - Bessemer steel
    - manufacture and use of, M 267
  - brazing, M 313
  - carbon steel, M 289, 308
  - case hardening, M 308–310
  - crucible cast steel, making, M 297
  - cutting tool steel, M 299
  - grades, M 296
  - hardening
    - forged fires for, M 290
    - lathe tools, M 301
    - solutions, M 291–292
  - hook, making, M 266–271*
  - invention of, B 271
  - lanterns, making, M 405–406*
  - manufacturing, M 267
  - oxidation, prevention of, M 291
  - [250]sockets, forging, M 281–283*
  - soft, M 264–288*
    - weldless ring, making, M 265*
    - working heat, M 264
  - stretching processes, M 315
  - tempering, M 292–296
    - color scheme, M 293–295
    - grade of steel required, M 296
    - lathe tools, M 301
    - side tool, M 304
  - testing
    - for carbon, M 289
    - for hardness, M 292
  - tool making, M 322–326
  - tool steel, M 289
  - welding, M 296
  - wrenches, forging, M 273–283*
  - wrought iron versus, M 266
  - See also Knives; Tool making
- Stenciling, N 73–82*
  - brushes for, N 79–80*
  - color schemes, D 114
  - corner designs for borders, D 111–112
  - cutting the stencil, D 113, N 76
  - designs, making, D 108–113*
    - repeating unit, D 110*
    - transferring, D 113
  - materials and tools, N 81, D 108
  - outline drawing, D 112
  - paints for
    - mixing colors, N 81–82
    - testing, D 114–115
  - patterns, making from paper, N 76–79*
  - pillows, N 77*, 378
  - pinning the stencil, D 114
  - process, D 115–116, N 79
  - repeating and joining units, D 110*
  - reversing the pattern, N 80
  - stencil bands, size and purpose, D 109–110*
  - use in home decoration, N 76, 377
  - washable, N 80
  - water colors for, N 81
- Stereopticon lamp, E 154*
- Stewing, H 280
- Stickseed
  - class and seed times, G 278
- Still Pon no moving, K 337
- Stings
  - care of, H 364
- [251]Stitches. See Crocheting; Embroidery; Knitting; Lace making; Sewing
- Stock
  - sowing and blossoming time, G 161
  - ten-weeks, characteristics, G 330
- Stock breeding. See Breeding
- Stockings
  - darning, N 9–11*
- Stone wall for lawn, G 73
- Stones. See Boulders; Precious stones
- Stools. See Foot stools
- Storage battery. See Electric batteries
- Store room in cellar, H 211
- Stories
  - Brother Juniper's cooking, H 25
  - Fire of coals, H 37
  - Irish stew, H 14
  - King Alfred and the cakes, H 16
  - King's kitchen, H 20
  - Loaves and fishes, H 32
  - The luncheon, H 32
  - Roast pig, H 18
  - Widow's cruse of oil, H 29
- Storing. See Packing
- Stove pipe
  - riveting, M 74
- Stoves
  - draughts and dampers, H 227–230
  - laundry, H 315
  - See also Fire making; Gas range; Ovens
- Strawberries
  - care of first-year plants, G 92
  - experimenting with varieties, G 92–93
  - food value, H 255
  - growing, G 88–96
  - hill culture versus matted row, G 94
  - planting rules, G 93–94
  - soil and location, G 88
  - staking the bed, G 91*
  - wood ashes for fertilizer, G 94
- Street cars. See Electric cars
- Strength of materials
  - nails, B 46–17
  - ropes, hemp and wire, B 47–48
  - timbers, estimating, B 45
  - woods, C 495–497*
- String beans
  - cooking preparations, H 295
  - food value, H 255
  - planting, G 297
- Striped beetle
  - remedy for, G 285
- [252]Stump master (Game), K 387
- Submarine cables. See Cables, Submarine
- Suckers (Game), K 387
- Sugar
  - food value, H 254
- Sugar bush. See Maple sugar
- Sugar-scoop
  - making a wooden scoop, C 272*
- Sugar-tongs
  - silver work, M 180–183*
- Sumach
  - Christmas green, A 56
- Summer cottage. See Cottages
- Summer house
  - building, C 411–424*
  - location, G 363
  - making a double seat for, C 421–424
- Sun
  - cooking processes, H 274
  - distance from earth, B 230
  - time required for light to travel from, E 312
  - See also Tides
- Sundial
  - making, B 209–210*, G 64–66*
  - setting up, G 160–162
  - sun time versus clock time, G 161
- Sunflower
  - double, characteristics, G 334
  - food for squirrels, G 20
  - late, characteristics, G 334, 365
  - planting seed, G 106
  - sowing and blossoming time, G 161
- Swages
  - blacksmith tools, M 225*
- Swallows
  - migration, K 176
- Swans
  - varieties, K 181
- Swastika
  - inlaying design on wood, C 322, 323*
- Swedish drawn work. See Hardanger embroidery
- Sweeping carpets and rugs, H 129
- Sweet alyssum
  - characteristics, G 329, 330
  - planting seeds, G 157, 322
- Sweet clover and sweet fern leaves for sachet, A 65
- Sweet flag
  - characteristics, G 366
- Sweet grass
  - basket making, A 64
- [253]Sweet lavender, G 327
- Sweet pea
  - characteristics, G 329, 330
- Sweet potato
  - food value, H 255
- Sweet sultan
  - characteristics, G 330
- Sweet William
  - biennial, G 322
  - characteristics, G 335, 365
- Swimming
  - accidents, K 239
  - artificial supports, K 239
  - breast stroke, K 235
  - dangers, avoiding, K 234
  - diving, K 238*
  - dog stroke, K 234
  - fancy stroke, K 238
  - girls as swimmers, K 320
  - learning how, K 234–237
  - on the back, K 238
  - overhand or overarm strokes, K 237
  - pool, artificial
    - cost, A 285
    - in back yard, A 282–286
    - keeping water fresh, A 286
  - pool, book about, A 518
  - pool, natural
    - damming of stream, A 278–279
  - strokes, K 234–235, 237–238
  - value as exercise, K 234
- Swine, A 126–132
  - book about, A 517
  - brood sow
    - care of, A 130–131
    - selecting, A 129
  - cleanliness, A 129
  - fattening, A 131
  - feeding young pigs, A 131
  - pen, building, A 127
  - profit in raising, A 129
- Sycamore
  - characteristics, C 562
- Sycamore maple. See Maple
- Symbols. See Signals
- Syrup. See Molasses; Maple sugar and syrup

T

- Table linen
  - care of, H 163
  - ironing, H 327
  - [254]marking, N 157
- Table runner
  - block printing, D 102–106
  - designs, D 99–101
  - materials, D 98
  - weaving, D 273–276
- Tables
  - checkerboard table, making, C 337*
  - dining table design, D 54*
  - drawing table, making, C 391–394
  - fastening table tops to prevent warping, D 135*
  - kitchen, H 194
  - library table
    - design, D 51*
    - heavy, design and construction, D 174–176*
    - light, design and construction, D 170–174*
    - mission style, making, C 360–367*
    - wood finish, D 237
  - picnic tables, making, B 132–134
  - polished, care of, H 161
  - round centre table
    - design and construction, D 180–184*
    - wood finish, D 237
  - tea table, mission style, making, C 367–372*
  - See also Setting the table
- Tabourette, C 301–312*, G 53–55
  - circular top, making, C 302–304*
  - estimating lumber for, C 506
  - hexagonal top, C 305–308*
  - mission style, making, C 308–310*
  - Moorish design, C 310–312*
  - octagonal top, making, C 304*
  - working drawings, C 303, 307*
- Tag (Game), K 345
  - last tag, K 370
  - warning, K 391
  - wood tag, K 394
- Tamarack. See Larch
- Tanager
  - migration, K 176
- Tanning skins, A 507, 510–512
- Tantalum lamp
  - metal filament, E 145
- Tapes
  - sewing on, N 23*
- Tapestry
  - weaving, N 303–304
- Tapioca
  - food value, H 254
- Tarnish on brass
  - [255]preventing, M 140
- Tarpon
  - catching, K 126
- Tea
  - camp cooking, K 87
- Tea caddy
  - brass work, M 136–140*
- Tea kettle
  - iron work stand for, making, M 406–409*
- Tea pot stand
  - copper, D 351–353*
- Tea pots
  - care of, H 207
- Tea spoons. See Spoons
- Tea stains, H 359
- Teeter-tauter
  - principle of, B 26
- Telegraph
  - invention and development, E 59–61
  - key, E 63*
  - Morse code reading, E 63
  - poles, use of glass knobs, E 64
  - relay, E 67–68*
  - signals, how produced, E 61–63*
  - sounders, operation of, E 63
  - wires, insulation, E 64
  - See also Cables; Submarine; Wireless telegraph
- Telephone, E 274–295
  - automatic registering device, E 276
  - bells
    - magnets for ringing, E 287–290
    - operation of, E 289
  - burning out of the coil, E 291
  - central battery system, E 276
  - current in telephone circuit, E 287
  - double metallic circuit, first used, E 275
  - electric spark coil, E 279–281
  - history of, E 274–276
  - lightning arrester, E 292*
  - music transmitted by, E 295
  - pole, equipment, E 290
  - receiver
    - as switch and circuit, E 290
    - construction and action, E 276–278*
    - operating by induced current, E 351–352
    - principle of, E 93–95*
    - vibrator, E 278–282
  - resistance in the circuit, E 285–287
  - simple telephone system, E 283–285*
  - sounds, how produced, E 22, 277–282
  - transmitter, construction, E 282–284
  - [256]vibrations of disks, E 295
  - volume of business in 1907, E 274
  - wires
    - installation, E 290
    - use of ground wire, E 292
- Telescope
  - water telescope, K 159
- Telharmonium, E 293–295
- Temperature. See Thermometers
- Tempering
  - hand hammers, M 317, 321
  - knives, M 356
  - lathe tools, M 301, 304
  - steel, M 292–296
- Teneriffe lace, N 238*
- Tennis, K 284–296*
  - court tennis, K 341
  - girl's sports, K 322
  - hand tennis, K 356
  - "love", K 294
  - playing the game, K 293–296
  - racket
  - how to hold, K 295*
  - selecting, K 285
  - scoring, K 294
  - stroke, K 295
  - tether tennis, K 388
- Tennis court
  - accessories, making, C 406–422*
  - back stop, making, C 403–405*
  - dimensions and directions, C 399, K 286–287*
  - drainage, K 288
  - grass versus clay, K 285, 287
  - laying out, C 399–402*
  - making and caring for, A 428–431
  - marker, home made, A 430
  - marking, K 290–293*
  - net, putting up, C 403
  - post for net, placing and preserving, C 402
  - surfacing and leveling, K 289
- Tents
  - "A" tent, K 60*
  - brush lean-to, K 69*
  - Indian tepee, K 63*
  - lean-to, K 59, 69*
  - trapper's tent, K 62*
  - wall tent, K 58*
- Tetanus
  - cause of, B 248
- Tether ball, K 388
- [257]Tether tennis, K 388
- Thermometers
  - centigrade scale, B 262
  - changing one scale into another, B 262–263
  - Fahrenheit scale, B 262
  - history and purpose, B 261
  - scales in use, B 261–263
  - theory of, B 261
- Thermostat, Electric, E 124
- Thimble
  - how to use, N 4*
- Thimbleberry
  - description of, A 10
  - jam, receipt, A 11
  - picking, A 11
- Thistle
  - Canada, class and seed time, G 278
  - Russian, class and seed time, G 278
- Thorn apple, A 23
- Thrasher, brown
  - insect destroyer, A 456
  - migration, K 175
- Thrush
  - migration, K 176
- Thunder
  - weather symbol for thunder storm, B 362
  - why thunder is heard last, B 249
- Tides, B 212–236
  - aerial, B 228
  - cause of, B 217–220
  - ebb and flow, B 218
  - elevations, changes in, B 226–227
  - height, B 229
  - lakes, B 228
  - lunar, B 217–227
  - moon's distance from the meridian, effect of, B 225–227
  - neap tides, B 223
  - open seas, B 227
  - rivers and channels, B 227
  - Sir Isaac Newton's theory, B 217–218
  - solar, B 222–223, 225
  - spring tides, B 223–225
  - theory of, B 220–226*
  - time, changes in, B 218–220
- Tidiness
  - meaning of, H 51
- Ties
  - Irish crochet, N 338–344*
- Tile drains. See Drainage
- Tiles
  - cleaning, H 136
  - [258]decoration of, D 317
  - fireplace tiles, D 318–320
  - for kitchen floors, H 191
  - making, D 315–320*
  - tea tiles, D 318*
  - uses, D 315
  - See also Drainage
- Timber. See Building; Lumber; Strength of materials; Trees; Wood
- Time
  - day and night, cause of, B 213
  - division of, B 214
- Tin
  - kitchen utensils, H 202
  - See also Soldering
- Tinker's dam, B 253
- Tip cat
  - drawing and making, C 35–37
- Titmouse
  - insect destroyer, A 456
- Toad
  - book about, A 517
  - enemy to cut worm, K 168
  - garden pest destroyer, G 280, A 265
  - taming, A 266
- Toasters, Electric, E 115
- Tobacco jar
  - copper work, M 82–85*
- Tobogganing, K 223
- Toilet boxes. See Box making
- Toilet closets. See Closets, toilet
- Toilet fixtures
  - care of, H 148, 155, 156
- Tomato
  - dwarf champion, G 314
  - food value, H 255
  - indoor planting time, G 233
  - insect pests, G 286, 292
  - peeling tomatoes, H 294
  - planting seed
    - depth and distance to plant, G 42
    - quantity to plant, G 36
    - time to plant, G 234
  - removing ink stains with, H 359
  - seed
    - age for planting, G 34
    - germination per cent., G 233
    - germination period, G 32
  - staking the vines, G 119
  - starting and transplanting, G 118–119
  - [259]vines, overgrowth of, G 313
- Tommy Tiddler's Land (Game), K 345
- Tongs
  - blacksmith's tools, M 226*, 228
  - fire tools, making, M 374–377*
  - iron tongs, making, M 285–288*
- Tongue and groove joints, C 257*
- Tongue grafting. See Grafting
- Tool boxes and chests, C 226–227*, 339–341*
  - old-fashioned chest, C 341–344*
  - suit case design, C 345–346*
- Tool making, M 296–306*
  - boring tool, M 304*
  - cape chisel, M 299*
  - centre punch, M 297*
  - cold chisel, M 298*, 325
  - crowbars, M 352*
  - cutting off tool, M 305*
  - diamond point, M 301*
  - dividers, M 340–341*
  - drills, M 347–349*
  - eccentric strap, M 334*
  - fire screen, M 11*
  - fire tools, M 370–379*
  - hammers, M 7*, 316–324*
  - hardening, M 289–292
  - hardie, M 322*
  - hoe, M 328–330*
  - hot chisel, M 324*
  - lathe tools, M 300–306
  - nail puller or claw tool, M 353*
  - pitch fork, M 239*
  - rock drills, M 334–349*
  - round nose, M 300
  - set hammer, M 323*
  - shovel, M 372–374*
  - side point, M 303
  - steel for, M 289
  - stone chisel, M 341–344*
  - stone pick, M 344*
  - tempering steel for, M 292–296
  - tongs, iron, M 286–288
  - wood chisel, M 337–338
  - wrenches, steel, M 273–281
  - See also Forging; Steel; Welding
- Tooled leather. See Leather work
- Tools
  - anvil stake, M 10*
  - beck iron, M 208
  - burners, M 11–12*
  - calipers, M 255
  - [260]chisels, M 9, 157*, 225*
  - dividers, M 5*
    - using, M 24*
  - draw plate, M 100*, 102, 209
  - drills, M 9*
  - enameling tools, M 197
  - face plate, M 209
  - files, M 9*
  - fullers, M 224*
  - gouges, M 225
  - graver, M 209
  - hack saw, C 175
  - hammer, M 7*
    - hand hammer, M 224*
    - peen, M 254*
    - set hammer, M 225*
  - hardie, M 226*, 274*
  - jewelers' snips, M 5*
  - leather work tools, D 323–324*, N 91*, 96*
  - mallet, wooden, M 8*
  - mandrel, M 209
  - matt tool, M 210
  - pin, M 210
  - pitch block, M 210
  - planishing hammer, using, M 22*
  - pliers, M 6*
  - pottery modeling tools, D 285–287
  - principle of the inclined plane applied to, B 59
  - punch, M 7*, 297*
  - ring mandrel, M 154*
  - riveting tool, M 10*
  - sand bag, M 210
  - saw frame, M 9*
  - scraper, M 210
  - screw principle, B 156
  - shaping tools, M 10*
  - shears, M 5*
  - shovel, M 226*, 229
  - sledge, M 225
  - snarling iron, M 210
  - soldering outfit, M 11–12*
  - square, steel, M 5*, C 205*
  - stake and riveting tool, M 11
  - swages, M 225*
  - tracer, M 211
  - tongs, M 226*, 228
  - vise, M 6*, 21*, 22*
  - wedge, principle of, B 59–61*
  - wooden block, M 6*, 19*
    - [261]using, M 28*
  - See also Carpentry and Woodwork—Tools and appliances; Chisels; Drilling and boring tools; Gardening—Tools; Hammers; Tool boxes; Tool making; Wedge; Wrenches
- Topping plants, G 199, 250–251
- Tops
  - plug in the ring, K 376
- Towel rack
  - making a wooden rack, C 274*
- Towel roller
  - making a wooden roller, C 267–269*
- Towels
  - marking, N 157
- Toy making, C 40–49
  - aeroplanes, C 68–83*
  - boat in a storm, C 52–56*
  - designing moving toys, C 58–60*
  - dog house, C 42*
  - electric engine, E 58*
  - electric spinner, E 57*
  - electric train operated by wireless outfit, E 325–327*
  - fencers, C 46–48*
  - happy Jack windmill, C 159*
  - Indian paddlers, C 44–46*
  - moving toys, C 58–95
    - cautions, C 61
    - method of procedure, C 58–60*
  - racing automobile, C 62–66*
  - sawyers, C 50–52*
  - turkey and executioner, C 56–57*
  - wooden boxes, C 40*
  - See also Kites
- Toys
  - giving away, H 10
  - inventions and discoveries, H 11
- Tracer
  - metal worker's tool, M 211
- Track athletics
  - all round championship, K 328
  - best college record, K 336
  - intercollegiate contest events, K 360
  - Olympic games, events, K 372
  - one hundred yard dash, best record, K 329
  - scoring in all round championship, K 328
- Trained animals. See Animals
- Transferring
  - embroidery patterns, N 128–129
  - stencil designs, D 113
- Transplanting. See Vegetable gardening; also names of plants, e. g., Beets; Lettuce, etc.
- [262]Trapping, A 478–510
  - baiting traps, A 509
    - carrot bait, A 508*
    - for muskrats, A 505
  - books about, A 519
  - box traps, A 479*, C 454*
  - deadfall trap, A 486, 509, C 454*
  - gophers, A 455*
  - land animals, A 493
  - mink, A 483–484
  - moles, A 489–491
  - muskrats, A 491–493, 505
  - profit and recreation in, A 501
  - rabbits, A 497–501
  - rats, A 495–497
  - river trapping, A 504
  - rules of the game, A 479–483
  - skunks, A 484–488
  - snares, C 455*
    - with carrot bait, A 508*
  - steel jaw traps, setting, A 504
  - steel traps, cruelty of, A 502
  - stop-thief traps, A 505–506*
  - traps, humane and inhuman, A 502
  - swamp trapping, A 503
  - water animals, A 502
  - weasel, A 494–495
  - woodchucks, A 488
- Traps (Plumbing)
  - construction and purpose, H 217, 218
  - defective, reason and remedy, H 218
  - location, H 217, 219
- Trash
  - disposal of, H 220
- Trays
  - gouge work, C 258–265*
  - See also Copper work
- Tread-mill
  - training dogs to run, A 255–256
  - mechanism, B 337*
- Trees
  - age, how to tell, C 525
  - broad leaved, C 532–533, 543–555
    - compound leaves, C 543*
    - doubly compound, C 543*
    - maple, C 544–548
    - oak, C 548–555
    - simple leaves, C 543*
  - cambium layer, A 441
  - classification and characteristics, C 532–566
  - [263]coniferous trees, names and characteristics, C 535–542
  - cutting down, art of, K 98–99*
  - danger of roots to cement walks, B 15
  - growth process, C 525
  - heart wood versus sap wood, C 526
  - identifying, A 48, 71
  - planting directions, G 80–82
  - playhouse in a tree, H 3
  - products of, C 511
  - qualities of different varieties, K 101
  - rings, meaning, C 525
  - selecting and planting, G 78–82
  - seeds for propagation
    - gathering, A 46–50
    - ripening and drying, A 48
    - treatment, where to get information, A 49
  - table describing, G 367
  - See also Forestry; Fruit trees; Grafting; Landscape gardening; Lumber and lumbering; Nuts; Pruning; Wood; also names of trees, e. g., Maple; Oak; Pine, etc.
- Trellises, D 209–211*
- Trench. See Cement walk; Drainage; Gardening
- Trestle. See Saw horse
- Triangles (Tools)
  - making, C 386–388*
- Trick joints, C 257*
- Trilliums
  - habits and characteristics, G 344
- Trimmings. See Crocheting
- Triplane, B 180
- Trolling, K 139*
- Trophy stick, notched, C 11*
- Trout
  - bait, K 134, 135
  - culture from eggs, A 273
  - feeding, A 272
  - reclaiming the trout stream, A 271–272
- Trout lily, G 342
- Truck garden. See Vegetable gardening
- Trumpet vine
  - decorative value, G 359
- T-square, C 24*
  - making, C 384–386*
  - to prevent warping, C 394
- Tub racing, K 390
- Tubs. See Bathtubs; Laundry
- Tucking, N 36*
- Tulip
  - cone developer, G 175
  - planting bulbs indoors, G 166
  - [264]red, planting and blooming time, G 179
  - tree, characteristics, C 561
  - varieties, G 168
  - white, planting and blooming time, G 177
  - yellow, planting and blooming time, G 178
- Tungsten lamp
  - cost of, E 141*, 144
  - metal filaments, E 145
- Turbines
  - Fourneyron, B 342*
  - Jonval, B 341*
  - steam, B 128
  - water, B 145
- Turkey
  - book about, A 519
  - breeds, A 185
  - enemies, lice and wet, A 184
  - feeding young turkeys, A 183, 184
  - food value, H 253
  - habits of turkey hen, A 183
  - hatching, time required, A 183
  - laying and sitting habits, A 183
  - raising, A 182–185
  - selection of, for cooking, H 271
- Turn spit dog, B 337
- Turnip
  - food value, H 255
  - planting seed
    - depth and distance to plant, G 42
    - quantity to plant, G 36
    - time to plant, G 234
  - seed
    - age for planting, G 34
    - germination per cent., G 33, 233
    - germination period, G 32
  - soil, G 314
- Turnip-root cabbage
  - planting, G 300
- Turpentine
  - moth exterminator, H 347
  - paint stain remover, H 359
- Turtle head
  - characteristics, G 365
  - where found, G 349
- Turtles
  - taming, A 266
- Typewriter
  - alignment, B 420
  - "blind" writer, B 406
  - carbon copying device, B 418
  - [265]card indexing device, B 415
  - carriage, B 403, 404
    - interchangeable, B 415*, 416
      - mechanism of, B 421
  - disconnecting parts, B 413
  - double shift, B 406
  - duplicators, B 416–418
  - essential features, B 419–422
  - invention of, B 402
  - keyboard, B 403, 406, 412, 419
    - universal, B 412
  - kinds, B 402
  - line-spacing mechanism, B 405, 421
  - noiseless operation, B 422
  - Oliver, mechanical principle, B 412–413*
  - paper feed, B 404
  - platen
    - essentials, B 421
    - interchangeable, B 415
  - Remington
    - description of parts and their uses, B 403–407*
    - improvements, B 407–409
  - ribbon movement, B 422
  - ribbons, two and three colors, B 409, 411, 414
  - scales, B 406
  - semi-visible writers, B 407
  - single shift, B 406
  - Smith-Premier, B 409–411*, 414
  - spacing bar, B 405
  - tabulator, B 413–414
  - type
    - cleaning, B 421
    - cleaning device, B 410
    - mechanism, B 403, 404, 409, 412, 420
  - visible writers, B 407
  - work done by, B 402

U

- U-tube, theory of, H 215–216
- Umbrella handles
  - woods and roots for, A 59–61
- Umbrella stand
  - design and construction, D 161–165*
  - iron work, M 409
  - mission design, C 375*
  - wood finish, D 236
- Unleavened bread
  - nutriment, H 300
- Upsetting. See Forging
- Upstairs work, H 146–159
- Utensils. See Kitchen utensils

[266]

V

- Vacuum cleaner
  - electric, E 243*
  - home made, B 378–386*
  - plunger pump, making, B 379–381*
  - power driven, home made, B 381–386*
  - principle of, E 53
  - using, B 386
  - water motor, B 381*
- Valerian
  - characteristics, G 333
- Vane. See Weather vane
- Varnish and varnishing
  - drying, time required, D 221–222
  - dull finish, D 224
  - flat finish, D 224
  - grades of varnish, C 486
  - method of using, B 112, C 486
  - number of coats needed, D 222
  - quality of varnish, recognizing, D 220
  - rubbing down process, D 223
  - "sag" and how corrected, D 220–221
- Vase
  - brass work, M 140–145*
  - concrete garden vase, making, D 203–209*
  - pottery, making, D 307–310*
  - typical flower holders, D 87–89*
- Veal
  - as chicken, H 358
  - cuts and their uses, H 269
  - food value: table, H 253
- Vegetable gardening, G 296–315
  - combinations for late planting, G 116
  - indoor and outdoor planting time, G 233–235
  - intermingling from close planting, G 105
  - money making garden, G 368–374
  - planting tables
    - age for planting, G 34
    - depth and distance, G 42
    - germination per cent., G 233
    - germination time, G 32
    - quantity to plant, G 36
  - seeds, selling, G 371–372
  - selling young plants, G 370–371
  - transplanting, G 268–270
    - from the coldframe, G 101–102
    - strawberry boxes for, G 118
  - [267]See also Coldframe; Drainage; Fertilizers and manures; Gardening; Herbs; Hotbed; Insect pests; Plant food; Plants; Soils; also names of vegetables, e.g., Beans; Cabbage; Carrot, etc.
- Vegetables
  - boiling, H 279
  - burning, treatment, H 356
  - camp cooking, K 89, 90
  - cleaning, H 293
  - cooking, H 356
    - preparation for, H 293–295
    - with left overs, H 355
  - dandelion greens, A 63
  - exhibits, preparation for, G 202
  - food value, H 250, 255
  - husking, H 294
  - peeling, H 294
  - pokeweed roots, cooking, A 58
  - preparation for selling, G 369
  - scraping, H 294
  - seasoning, H 279
  - selection of, for cooking, H 271
  - shelling, H 294
  - soaking, H 295
  - stewing, H 280
  - See also names of vegetables; e. g., Cauliflower; Parsnip; Pumpkin; etc.
- Verbena
  - characteristics, G 332
  - planting, G 84
- Village improvement
  - books about, A 518
  - what boys and girls can do, A 469–472
- Vinegar
  - cider vinegar
    - book about, A 518
    - making, A 412–417
  - "mother," meaning, A 415
- Vinegar cruet
  - washing, H 183
- Vines
  - annuals, G 359
  - climbers, G 359
  - for covering fences and buildings, G 138
  - scarlet runner bean, G 297
  - training, G 139
  - use in landscape gardening, G 359
- Violet
  - California, characteristics, G 333
  - habits and characteristics, G 346, 364
  - insect pests, G 293
  - Russian, characteristics, G 333
  - tufted, characteristics, G 334
  - where to plant, G 346
  - [268]wild varieties, G 346
- Vireos
  - insect destroyers, A 456
  - migration, K 176
- Virginia creeper
  - decorative value, G 359
- Vise
  - bench vise, M 6*, 21*, 22*
  - quick action, C 138
- Voisin's biplane, B 173–175*
- Volley ball, K 390
- Volta, Alessandro, E 90
  - perfected method for producing electricity by chemical action, E 248
- Voltmeter
  - for direct and alternating currents, E 93
  - measuring electric pressure, E 39–42
  - multipliers, E 92
  - principle and operation, E 84–93*

  W

  - Waists. See Dressmaking
  - Waiting on table. See Meals—Serving
  - Waitress
    - dress, H 173
    - duties, H 169–172
  - Wake robin, G 344
  - Walking
    - healthfulness of, K 14–17
  - Walking stick
    - carved by the engraver beetle, A 60
    - orange wood, A 59
    - roots for handles, A 60
    - shaping, A 61
  - Walks. See Cement walk; Garden paths
  - Wall brackets. See Brackets
  - Wall cabinet. See Medicine cabinet
  - Wall flower
    - characteristics, G 332
  - Wall paper. See Walls
  - Wall rack. See Book rack
  - Wallachian embroidery
    - drawing scallops, N 135
    - meaning of, N 134
    - stitch, N 134*
  - Walls
    - care of, H 122
    - cleaning appliances, H 142
    - cleaning wall paper, H 123
    - decoration of, D 36, 39–41, N 76
    - dry cleaning, H 332
    - [269]how to drive nails into plaster walls, C 246
    - kitchen, H 189
    - paneled walls, cleaning, H 122
    - See also Embankments; Paper hanging
  - Walnut
    - black
      - characteristics of tree, C 563
      - imitation stain, C 489, D 230
    - device for husking, A 36
    - drying and storing nuts, A 35
    - food value of nuts, H 256
    - receipt for pickled walnuts, A 36–37
    - white, characteristics of tree, C 564
  - Wandering Jew
    - window box plants, G 193
  - Warbler
    - insect destroyer, A 456
  - Wardrobe. See Closets, Clothes
  - Warning (Game), K 391
  - Warp. See Weaving
  - Wash board and wash boiler
    - care of, H 313
  - Washing. See Laundry work
  - Washing dishes. See Dish washing
  - Washington (Game), K 392
  - Washington thorn, A 23
  - Washstands
    - cleaning, H 148
    - used as playhouse, H 8
  - Wasps
    - development from the egg, A 393–395
    - feeding grub, A 391
    - habits, A 390–391
  - Waste
    - classification, H 220
    - disposal of
      - in country, H 222
      - in cities, H 220–222
  - Waste pipes
    - care of, H 156
    - construction principle, H 216–217
    - disinfection in cleaning, H 218
    - misuse of, H 220
  - Waste water
    - disposal of, H 216
    - in country, H 222
  - Watch fob
    - copper and enamel, D 353–355*
    - silver or copper work, M 187–190*
  - Watches
    - [270]balance and spring, B 374
    - Geneva stop, B 319*
    - magnetized, B 373–375
    - mechanism, B 80, 374
    - non-magnetic, B 375
    - regulators, B 330–331*, 374
    - testing for magnetism, B 375
  - Watchman's time detector, E 78*
  - Water
    - boiling point, H 277
    - cold water as a preserver, H 357
    - substitute for milk, H 357
  - Water and bog plants
    - table, G 366
  - Water bugs, H 362
  - Water bulbs. See Bulbs
  - Water closets. See Closets, Toilet
  - Water fowl, K 181
  - Water garden, G 362
  - Water glass
    - egg preservative, A 177
  - Water life, K 158–167
    - collector's net, K 158*
    - telescope for observing, K 159
  - Water lilies
    - table, G 366
  - Water meter
    - vibrating trough, B 343*
  - Water mint
    - characteristics, G 366
  - Water motor. See Water wheels
  - Water pipes. See Plumbing; Waste pipes
  - Water polo, K 392
  - Water power
    - estimating, E 220
    - from a continuous fall of water, B 341*
    - reclaiming a spring, A 281–282
    - See also Water supply; Water wheels
  - Water race, K 393
  - Water seal
    - construction and purpose, H 217
  - Water supply
    - importance of source, H 213
    - principle of the tower, H 215
    - spring water, A 276
    - summer camp devices, E 160–162
    - theory of U-tube in waterworks, H 214–215
  - Water tank. See also Pumps; Water wheels; Wells
    - electric warning for empty tank, E 302*
  - Water tax
    [271]economizing bills, H 236
- Water wheels
  - ancient, B 344*
  - Archimedian screw principle, B 344*
  - barker or reaction, B 343*
  - breast wheel, B 341*
  - governors, B 314–315*
  - overshot, B 341*, 342
  - undershot, B 341*
  - vacuum cleaner motor, B 381
  - volate, B 342*
  - See also Turbines
- Water works. See Water supply
- Watermelon
  - food value, H 255
  - germination per cent., G 233
  - planting, G 308
- Watt, James
  - inventor, E 40
- Watt
  - unit of power, B 125
  - See also Kilowatt
- Wattmeter, E 35–42
  - illustration of motor principle, E 36
  - measuring watt hours, E 40–41
  - registering amount of electricity used, E 37–38
- Wax
  - bayberry dips, A 20–21
  - grafting, G 256
  - making beeswax, A 323
  - wood finish, C 490, D 225–226
  - See also Floors
- Wax beans, G 297
- Wax myrtle, A 18–19
- Waxwings
  - insect destroyers, A 457
- Weasel
  - colors of fur, A 495
  - habits, A 494
- Weather
  - records, how made, B 362–363
  - symbols, B 361–362
  - See also Barometer; Rain; Thermometer; Weather vane; Wind
- Weather boarding. See House framing
- Weather vane
  - making, C 154–168*
  - Zeppelin airship weather vane, making, C 165*
- Weathered oak finish, D 233
- Weathering
  - meaning, B 41
- Weaving, D 244–279, N 296–305
  - [272]bordered table scarf, D 273–276
  - color effects, N 304–305
  - curtains and draperies, D 262–265
  - dowel, N 297
  - dyeing, materials for, D 276–279
  - French as weavers, N 303
  - hand loom
    - bridge, N 299
    - description of treadle loom, D 247–249*
    - home-made, without treadle, N 296–297
    - primitive loom, D 245
    - setting, D 249–251, N 297–300
    - shuttle and bobbin, D 246*
    - shuttle for woof cloth, D 254
    - simple cardboard loom, N 8
  - materials to use, N 301
  - pattern weaving, D 265–273
    - drawing in the pattern, D 267–270*
    - hit-and-miss pattern, N 302
    - operation of the harnesses, D 270–272
    - pick, D 271*
    - variations in patterns, D 272, 275
  - portieres and couch covers, D 260–262
  - process, D 249–252, N 300–301
    - beating up the woof, D 252, N 300
    - drawing in the warp, D 251, N 300
    - pairing threads, N 298
    - preparing the warp, D 249, N 297
    - warping the loom, D 250, N 298
  - rattan mats, N 247*, 249
  - rugs, D 252–260, N 297–303
    - harmonizing effects, N 304
  - tapestry designs, N 303
  - warp and woof, D 246, N 8–9*
  - warping hook, D 251*
  - See also Braiding
- Wedge
  - cutting tool, C 169
  - principle of, B 59–61*
  - rule for power, B 64
- Weeds, G 271–280
  - annuals, destroying, G 275
  - biennials, destroying, G 276
  - book about, A 519
  - definition of, A 469
  - destroying and preventing, A 469–472, G 275–279
  - distribution of seeds, G 273
  - foreign, G 279
  - good points, G 272
  - medicinal, A 57–58, G 272
    - [273]book about, A 516
  - perennials, destroying, G 276–277
  - propagation
    - seeds, G 274
    - trailing branches, G 275
  - table of, G 278
  - test of acid soil, G 29
- Weevils
  - chestnut weevil, A 33
- Weigela
  - characteristics, G 356
- Weight
  - principle of lifting, B 23–28*
- Weights and measures
  - English versus metric system: tables, C 500, 502
  - tables, H 311
  - units of measurement, C 499, 502
  - See also Electric measurements
- Welding, M 247–263*
  - built-up work, M 247
  - butt welds, M 257*
  - definition of, M 247, 315
  - chains, M 250–253*
  - cleft weld, M 258*
  - corner plate, M 261*
  - electric, E 158–159
  - flat welds, M 254–257*
  - flat welds and T-welds, M 261–263*
  - horse shoes, M 221
  - iron oxidation, preventing, M 247
  - iron ring, M 248–250*, 254*
  - iron tongs, M 287–288*
  - jump weld, M 259–261*
  - kinds, M 254
  - lap weld, M 258*
  - scarfing, M 254–256*, 258*
    - a wrench, M 275*
  - socket wrenches, M 277–281*
  - T weld, M 262–263*
  - temperature of fire, M 234–235
  - tool steel to wrought iron, M 352
  - turn buckles, M 330*
  - upsetting, M 260*
- Wells
  - location and care, H 214
  - See also Pumps
- Western Union Telegraph Company
  - equipment and amount of business, E 60
- Whale oil soap
  - [274]spray for insects, G 289, 290
- Wheat
  - depth to plant seeds, G 235
- Wheel and axle
  - principle of, B 27, 78–82*
  - rule for power, B 64
- Wheel-barrow
  - leverage principle, B 27
  - making, B 375–378*
- Wheels
  - mechanical movements, B 318–325*
  - See also Screw propeller; Turbines; Water wheels
- Whip grafting. See Grafting
- Whisk broom
  - raffia, N 275*
- White pine. See Pine
- White rabbit. See Rabbit
- Whitewash
  - preparing surface walls, H 340
  - preparing the lime, H 339–340
  - value for cellar walls, H 210
- Whittling, C 6–22
  - beveling, C 122
  - calendar back, C 18*
  - curves, cutting, C 15*
  - cutting out process, C 12*
  - drawing the design, C 12*
  - first lessons in, C 9–12*
  - fish line winder, C 15*
  - key rack, C 12–14*
  - key tags, C 14*
  - knife
    - kind to use, C 6*
    - method of holding, C 8*
  - paper knife, C 121–123*
  - picture frames, C 19–22*
  - propeller blades, C 70–72*
  - sand papering edges, C 15
  - testing with the try square, C 9*
  - tip cat, C 35–37*
  - weather vane making, C 154–156*
  - windmills, C 159–168*
  - woods for, C 7
  - worsted winder, C 16*
  - See also Wood carving
- Wicket polo, K 393
- Wicks
  - trimming, H 137
- Widow's cruse of oil: story, H 29
- Wild animals. See Animals
- Wild carrot
  - [275]class and seed time, G 278
  - seed distribution, G 273
- Wild crabapple, A 21, 22
- Wild flower gardening
  - April, June and July blooms, G 338–339
  - decorative value of wild flowers, A 56
  - landscape gardening, G 362
  - late blooms, G 339
  - March blooms, G 338
  - May blooms, G 338
  - planning and care, G 336
  - soil, G 337, 338
  - succession of bloom, G 338–339
  - transplanting, G 337
- Wild flowers. See Flowers
- Wild fowl. See Game and game birds; Water fowl
- Wild geranium
  - characteristics, G 342
- Wild grapes. See Grapes
- Wild nuts
  - list of, A 29
- Wild plums
  - "goin' plummin'", A 26–29
- Wild raspberries, A 10
- Wild rice, A 78–79
- Winch
  - setting up, B 77–78*
  - uses, B 78–81
- Wind. See Winds
- Wind break
  - trees for, G 79, 82
- Wind flower, G 343
- Wind root, G 348, 365
- Windlass
  - principle of, B 78–82*
- Windmill
  - Common windmill, B 346*
  - happy Jack weather vane, C 159–162*
  - horizontal weather vane, C 162–165*
  - six-bladed weather vane, C 167–168
  - Zeppelin weather vane, C 165*
- Window-box
  - advantages over pots, G 190
  - construction and painting, G 191–192
  - crowding plants in, G 194
  - draining, G 163
  - how to fasten to window, G 195
  - selection of plants for sunny and shady windows, G 192–196
- Window seat for girl's room, N 374
- Windows
  - [276]batten blinds, C 475
  - cleaning, H 134
  - details of window frames, D 30*
  - hanging, C 474
  - inside trim, C 473*
  - location of cellar windows, H 208
  - setting frames, C 469
- Winds
  - measuring device, B 199–200*
  - table of velocity, B 198
  - See also Weather vane; Windmill
- Winter sports, K 208–224*
  - clothing and footwear, K 208–210*
- Winterberries
  - description of, A 57
- Wire
  - reducing size of, M 101
  - See also Electric wires
- Wire ropes. See Rope
- Wireless Club, E 331–332
- Wireless Telegraph
  - accidents prevented by, E 347, 355–357
  - aerials, E 331
  - amateur stations, E 347
  - antennæ, E 320*
  - C. Q. D. message, meaning, E 356
  - coherer
    - circuit, E 323*
    - construction, E 316–321*
  - discovery, E 346
  - electric bell
    - as transmitter, E 321
    - operated by wireless, E 324*
  - ether waves, E 316
  - fireworks, operated by, E 327–328*
  - first company organized, E 346
  - first practical use, E 346
  - first public stations, E 347
  - ground wire, E 321
  - Hertzian waves, E 346
  - incandescent lamps operated by, E 327*
  - law requiring use on steamers, E 347
  - Morse alphabet, E 330
  - operation of a simple type, E 320–321*
  - relay, E 322–323
  - sending messages to ocean steamers, E 347
  - signal code, E 330
  - spark coil, construction, E 321–322*
  - tapper, E 329–330*
  - toy train operated by, E 325–327*
  - [277]trans-Atlantic messages first sent, E 346
- Wistaria
  - decorative value, G 359
- Witch hazel
  - characteristics, G 356
- Wolf and sheep (Game), K 394
- Women
  - Heritage of, H 63–68
  - home making power, H 44
- Wood
  - best woods for special purposes, K 101
  - decay, cause of, C 492
  - durability, C 492–494
  - hard wood, C 532, K 101
    - beech, C 556
    - black jack or barren oak, C 554
    - black or sweet birch, C 557
    - black or yellow oak, C 554
    - bur oak (mossy cup), C 551
    - chestnut oak, C 552
    - cypress, C 540
    - elm, white or American, C 559
    - Georgia pine, C 535
    - holly, C 564
    - honey locust, C 565
    - hop hornbeam, ironwood, C 558
    - hornbeam, or blue birch, C 559
    - larch, C 539
    - laurel oak, C 555
    - locust, black and yellow, C 565
    - paper birch, C 558
    - pin oak, C 553
    - post or iron oak, C 552
    - red birch, C 557
    - red elm, slippery elm, C 559
    - red oak, C 553
    - red or swamp maple, C 547
    - red pine, C 536
    - rock, cork elm, C 560
    - silver, or white maple, C 546
    - sugar maple, C 545
    - swamp white oak, C 552
    - tamarack, C 539
    - white oak, C 550
    - willow oak, C 555
    - yellow birch, C 557
    - yellow pine, C 536
  - preservation, C 493–495
  - soft wood, C 532, K 101
    - Arbor vitæ, C 542
    - balsam, C 540
    - [278]basswood, linden, C 560
    - black spruce, C 538
    - box elder, C 548
    - buckeye, C 565
    - fir, C 540
    - gray, or aspen-leaved birch, C 558
    - hemlock, C 539
    - moosewood, C 548
    - mountain maple, C 548
    - pitch pine, C 536
    - red cedar, C 541
    - red spruce, C 538
    - white cedar, C 542
    - white pine, C 535
    - white spruce, C 538
  - strength of, C 495–497*
  - See also Forestry; Kindling wood; Trees
- Wood anemone
  - habits and characteristics, G 343
- Wood carving
  - black and white design, C 127
  - blotter pads, designs, C 125–126
  - chip carving, C 98–108*
  - curved cutting, C 104–108
  - designs
    - elliptical, C 112–115
    - for borders, C 98–103*
    - for centres, C 103–108*
    - for corners, C 103*
  - flat work, C 97–119*
  - glove box design, C 128
  - holding the knife, C 100*
  - key rack designs, C 123, 126
  - knives for carving, C 99*
  - letter racks, designs, C 109–117
  - origin, C 98
  - paper knife, C 121–123*
  - pencil box, C 106–108*
  - penholder, C 117–119*
  - picture frames, C 129–132*
  - polishing, C 131
  - triangular cutting, C 98–99
  - veining, C 117*
  - woods for, C 121
- Wood finishing
  - aging wood, C 489
  - antique finish, C 489
  - cleaning, the first step, D 213
  - colors, obtaining, C 488
  - dead flat surface, C 485
  - [279]dull finish, D 224
  - enameling white, D 235
  - fillers, C 484
    - cost of surfacing, D 217
    - liquid, formula, D 216
    - importance of, D 213–215
    - paste, formula, D 218
      - applying, D 219
    - when to use liquids or paste, D 215
  - flat finish, D 224
  - polishing, C 489–491
  - process, C 484–487
  - re-finishing
    - old furniture, D 238–243
    - mahogany table, D 241–243
    - rubbing down process, D 223
    - scraping, D 239
  - shellac, using, C 486, D 216–217
  - varnish, removing, D 240
  - wax finish, D 225–226, C 490
  - white enamel, D 235
  - white wood, D 230
  - woods that do and do not require fillers, C 484
  - See also Stains and staining; Varnish and varnishing
- Wood fire. See Fires
- Wood lot
  - clearing for kindling wood, A 407
- Wood screws
  - strength of, B 156
- Wood staining. See Stains and staining
- Wood tag, K 394
- Woodchucks
  - taming, A 269
  - trapping, A 488
- Woodcraft, K 93–109*
  - axemanship, K 96–97
  - getting lost, K 102–109
  - land marks, K 103
  - lost signals, K 108
  - See also Trees
- Woodpecker
  - insect destroyer, A 457, K 168
- Woodwork. See Carpentry and Woodwork
- Woof. See Weaving
- Wool combing machine
  - roller motion, B 320*
- Woolen clothes
  - laundering, H 324
  - storing, H 347
- Work. See Housekeeping; Occupations
- [280]Work bag and sewing apron combined, N 31–33
- Work bench. See Carpentry
- Work shop
  - garden tool making, G 41–71*
  - See also Carpentry
- Worms
  - fish bait, K 130
- Wren
  - insect destroyer, A 456
  - migration, K 176
- Wrench
  - alligator wrench, making, M 276*
  - flat wrought iron wrench, making, M 274–277*
  - forging, M 273–274*
  - hardie for, M 274*
  - socket wrench, M 279–281*
    - welding, M 277–279
- Wringer for laundry work, H 314
- Writing desk. See Desk
- Wrought iron
  - making, M 230–232
  - steel versus, M 266

X

- X-ray
  - ether waves, E 316
  - physiological effect, E 336

Y

- Yachts
  - flag signals, B 107–109
  - See also Launch
- Yeast
  - principle in bread making, H 296–298
- Young, Sir Thomas
  - ether wave theory of light, E 345

Z

- Zeppelin's dirigible balloon, B 162
- Zinnia
  - characteristics, G 328
  - planting, G 159
  - selecting seeds, G 323

### FOOTNOTES:

[A] For the elaboration of this question as it concerns girls see Chapter IV.

[B] Both boys and girls have clubs, societies and organizations, which are useless, enervating or merely harmless when they exist without purpose. If, on the other hand, the aggregate energy can be collected into profitable channels, these same gangs or societies are a real source of education and training. Any organization without consistent, sustained purpose is a waste of social energy. Baseball is worth while, but the merits of high school fraternities are doubtful.

[C] It will be evident that the term crafts as here used is a more comprehensive term than when employed in connection with the arts and crafts furore of the past few years. Any kind of manual occupation may be a craft; if it involves a measure of art and science it may become more than a craft. But with children the craft stage, which is characteristic, includes many occupations which may not even be true crafts as the term is ordinarily used.

[D] Library of Work and Play.

[E] As the High Schools of Springfield, Newton, and Brookline, Mass.; Cleveland, Ohio; Los Angeles, Cal., among others. And the elementary schools of practically every well-organized community.

[F] "Library of Work and Play."

[G] "Home Decoration."

[H] "Outdoor Life."

[I] This bias toward mechanics has already been noted by teachers and parents, but in recent years has assumed unusual significance because of the extraordinary development of industry. This, combined with the researches of modern psychology and pedagogy, has introduced a new, a powerful motive into teaching.

Transcriber's Notes:

Corrected obvious typos and inconsistencies, otherwise spelling has been left as printed. A small amount of inconsistent hyphenation left as printed.

- p.64. dilletantism -> dilettantism.
- p.111. bisulphid -> bisulphide.
- The following corrections have been made after referrence to the
- relevant book.
- p.101. 'wall rack, designing and making, C 347–350*, D 156–151*'
- corrected to 'wall rack, designing and making, C 347–350*, D 156–161*'.
- p.137. Crum tray -> Crumb Tray.
- p.142. 'experiments with spark coil, E 196, 198–201, 180–183*' changed
- to 'experiments with spark coil, E 176, 178–180, 180–183*'.
- p.169. 'cooper or brass, metal work, M 116*' changed to 'copper or
- brass, metal work, M 116*'.
- p.199. crum scraper -> crumb scraper.
- p.229. Reamur is correctly spelt Reaumur but has been left as it was
- spelt in 'Mechanics'.

This book is a summary and index to the following books which can all be found in the Project Gutenberg collection. In the html version of this text, links are made to the other volumes, though for volumes G and K it has only been possible to a link to the correct chapter.

- A—OUTDOOR WORK Project Gutenberg e-book 45154
- B—MECHANICS, INDOORS AND OUT Project Gutenberg e-book 45083
- C—CARPENTRY AND WOODWORK Project Gutenberg e-book 43574
- D—HOME DECORATION Project Gutenberg e-book 44750
- E—ELECTRICITY Project Gutenberg e-book 45331
- G—GARDENING Project Gutenberg e-book 13537
- H—HOUSEKEEPING Project Gutenberg e-book 44732
- K—OUTDOOR SPORTS Project Gutenberg e-book 16316
- M—WORKING IN METALS Project Gutenberg e-book 45004
- N—NEEDLECRAFT Project Gutenberg e-book 44766

*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE LIBRARY OF WORK AND PLAY: GUIDE AND INDEX ***
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